REMARKS BY CONGRESSMAN JOHN BRADEMAS ON THE PRESENT POLITICAL SITUATION IN GREECE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP69B00369R000200290063-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 7, 2001
• Sequence Number: 63
• Publication Date: August 25, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

August 2SAp. Ryed For Rele 8W1E(ll4Q1 Ce RECORD 03 9ROO0 00290063-4 HOUSE
Hal departed ,the newspaper business and
Miami to set up one of the more successful
public relations businesses in Manhattan,
but he never got printer's ink out of his blood
or the sand out of his shoes. I'll miss the
man more than I can say, because the real
friends you make in a lifetime are not many.
He was a top hand with newspapers, PR or
anything to which he put his hand, but
more Important he was a man , a man of
sincerity, integrity and strength. May he
sleep well, and may his fine memory comfort
his widow, Marion, and son, Rick. I an proud
to have been his friend.
Another friend of many years, golf pro
Ross_ Sobel, will appear on Wednesday's
`.'Today" show an- teach Hugh Downs the
fundamentals of the great Scotch game. Ross
gives lessons and holds clinics on the SS
Ariadne.
When civilian Deputy Secretary of Defense
Cyrus Vance retired, he had several medals
pinned on his chest,, though Vance hadn't
been in battle or done a heroic deed, Notice
a general with his chest covered with, "fruit
salad." Most that hardware came from for-
eign countries, and was for being a general.
In some states the probate of wills has
tuned into a racket that has milked many
an estate dry. Norman Dacey wrote a book
called "How to Avoid Probate" designed to
keep little people from being rooked. So a
judge decided the book was an improper
practice of law and banned its sale. Hitler
burned any publication that exposed wrong
doing in the Third Reich. The Supreme Court
should degide if "book burning" techniques
by judges is legal.
It probably would be asking the impos-
Bible, but has Stokely( Carmichael ever con-
sidered that Negroes have become a sena-
tor, a Supreme Court judge and an astro-
naut, and that some of the highest paid
people in sports and entertainment are
black? Has he ever given thought that many
at the bottom of the economic pile are there
because they are lazy, lack ambition and
won't even take the trouble to improve
themselves?. That goes for both black and
.white.
Some baseball fans seem to think the
New York Mets the worst team the National
League has ever known. They don't know
the half of it. In 1883 the Plrils,dephia Phil-
lies won 17 games and lost 81. They added a
special touch, too. The Providence team shut
.them out 28-0. Those records have not been
beaten, or even equalled in 84 years. So
maybe the Mets aren't really as bad as they
have seemed_the past few years.
[From the New York Times, July 10, 1967]
HAL LEYSHON 66, PUBLICITY MAN-ACCOUNTS
INCLUDED FLORIDA, TRUMAN AND PETRILLO
Hal I. Leyshon, a public-relations con-
sultant who helped develop the images of
Florida as a resort, President Harry S. Truman
as a choice for election in 1948 and James
Caesar Petrillo as "Friendly Jimmy" rather
than as the "Czar of Music," died of a heart
attack yesterday in Doctors Hospital. He was
66 ears oil
d
so Isume that it will not be too difii-
cultto If ve these reports ready.
Mr. GROSS. I am one of those who
expect to be here, and I would like to have
the reports and all the information that
it is possible to obtain on those bills on
Monday.
Mr. ALBERT. I trust and hope and be-
lieve that the gentleman will have them
before we meet.
Mr. GROSS. Are any of those bills of
an emergency nature?
Mr. ALBERT. I do not consider them
to be of an emergency nature, but the
committee has reported them and asked
that we put them down. We do have other
business that we have to take care of
next week. I think it is the better part of
wisdom to finish these bills next week.
Mr. GROSS. What other business? I
heard the gentleman say that two or
three times. I wonder what the other
vasion. He was released as a lieutenant Mr. ALBERT. The gentleman is cor-
colonel and resumed active direction of his rect. All I can say is, I hope they will be
organization here after V-E Day. available. I am sure that the committee
Mr. Leyshon conducted for the Air Power
League the national campaign that preceded will make an effort to have them avail-
Congressional adoption of equal status able to members. They did not put down
among the services for the Air Force, the most important bill on the agenda,
which President Truman defeated Gov..
Thomas E. Dewey. At that time the Leyshorn`
concern was also in the early stages of its, long
Also in 1948, Mr. Leyshon beanie public-
relations consultant to the American Feder-
ation of Musicians and its president, Mr.
Petrillo, whose belligerent attitude had made
him unpopular with the press and public.
In 1948, the musicians'; union gave 15,000
free performances, ranging from symphonies
to jazz duets, and Mr. Petrillo became music
chairman of President` Truman's. inaugural.
Concerning his efforts in behalf` of the un-
ion and its boss, Mr.;Leyshon said:
"If you can make a man and his works
available to the press of this country on a
factual and timeld basis, he is certain to get
an even break. If newspapermen get the
brushoff, they're Ping to give the brushoff."
BEGATr' IN JOURNALISM
Mr. Leyshon Ivas born in Mountain Ash,
Ky., and attendd Maryville (Tenn.) College.
During the Florida boom of the early nine-
teen-twenties a became Sunday editor of
The Miami Ne
lication of wh
s and in 1925 directed pub-
ittttt was said to be the world's
largest single i
Mr. Leyshon
1938 he directed publica-
of news stories, covering
line," the story of a Pulitzer Priz
newspaper crusade In the South.
American Red Cross, Trans World Airlin
and other clients.
seas Press Club, the Miami Club, National
Press Club and the Welsh Society of St.
David's.
Surviving are his widow, the former
Marion Pollard, and a son, Hal Richards Ley-
shon.
A funeral service will be held at 1 P.M.
Wednesday at Frank E.' Campbell's, Madison
Avenue at 81st Street.
Y an
Ived a,15 East 85th Street. ADJOURNMENT TO MONDAY,
-Hal Leyshon & Associates, the public- AUGUST 28, 1967
relations arid legislative consultant firm he
founded here in 1941, has for the last six Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan-
years represented the Virgin Islands. imous consent that when the House ad--
Mr. Leyshon, as editor of The Miami Daily journs today, it adjourn to mdet o
News, directed that newspaper's Pulitzer Monday next.
Prize-winning
expose of venal Miami politics . The SPEAKER. Is there objectio to
in 1938.
Mr. Le shoo entered the request of the gentleman from kla-
Y public relations. on Noma?
two frorjte, when the United States declared
war in 1941. He established his firm in Rocks- Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I;~serving
fell q W d ,operated it, in absentia, the right en an to object, first of a I would
while serving as a,public information officer like to ask the distinguishe4T majority
overseas an in Washington for the Army Air leader if the reports on the bistrict bills
Forces. will be available before ngit Monday. I
He joined the service as a captain and later, 'understand that the ggfltleman from
.As a major, was assigned to Supreme Head- Oklahoma asked for peripission that they
quarters shortly before the Normandy in- have until Saturday night to file reports.
business is.
Mr. ALBERT,
resolution.
Mr. GROSS. Yes.
H 11219
Mr. ALBERT. We must have a quorum
here for the purpose of enacting that.
Mr. GROSS. On what date does the
gentleman anticipate he will call up the
adjournment resolution?
Mr. ALBERT. I hope we can do it Mon-
day, but we have to deal with another
body on that matter. If possible, I would
like to do it on Monday.
Mr. GROSS. The point I am trying to
arrive at is why, if there is to be no seri-
ous business next week other than the
conference report, which might well have
been taken care of tomorrow, and then
have an adjournment for a 2-week pe-
riod rather than 10 days. Are we going
through some sort of a gesture as far as
holding sessions next week is concerned
other than the conference report?
Mr. ALBERT. The conference report
will not be brought up next week. The
conference report will be brought up on
the 12th of September.
Mr. GROSS. Then, all' we have is the
istrict bills on Monday, plus the ad-
Mr. ALBERT. And the adjournment
solution. That is correct.
Mr. GROSS. And we are going to stay
session next week for this purpose?
Mr. ALBERT. I would advise the gen-
the adjournment resolution passed This
is a matter with which we must deal with
the other body.
Mr. GROSS. What period of time will
the adjournment resolution be for? For
10 days?
Mr. ALBERT. Approximately, yes.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Oklahoma?
Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, reserving the right to object, I
would like to join in wishing the Presi-
dent the best for his birthday, and hope
that he has a fine time with his family
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -
on that day. We are very proud of him in
these difficult times. He is a former
Member of this House who has been-se-
lected for the highest office in the land.
We often disagree and we sometimes
agree. Nevertheless, we know he is Presi-
dent of the United States, and he has
our best wishes on this happy day.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
There was no objection.
I was also assured by people of the
highest authority in the present Govern-
ment that all members of the Govern-
ment are anxious to see the work of
the commission progress as rapidly as
possible to the point that Greece can
return to constitutional rule as soon as
possible.
Mr. Speaker, I made clear in these
conversations that I was most encour-
aged to hear this pledge because I was
confident that most Members of Con-
gress, most Americans, and most of the
people of the free world would like to see
DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR mentary democracy in Greece. 1 noted Greece return as soon as possible to con-
WEDNESDAY BUSINESS - the April 26, 1967, statement of King stitutional forms of government since
e
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- Constantine in which the King de- wone estofntae riec pawhu poses Greece the
lmous consent that the business in order Glared: , of is
return to the country for the earlmenpos- part, is the gprornmont of free and con-
on Calendar Wednesday of next week be sible My axdent wish Is
dispensed SPEAKER. with. goverment. - Mr. Speaker, I feel sure that Members
from ection Okla- to On April 28, 1967, Secretary of State of Congress as well as the President and
the ,The request t of of the the gentleman there objection
homa? Dean Rusk also made clear that the all those in the executive branch charged
There was no question. U.S. Government officially supports the with the responsibility for the conduct of
earliest return of democratic institutions our foreign policy will follow with great
in Greece. As Secretary Rusk said then: interest the efforts of the present gov-
We BY CONGRESSMAN JOHN we are now awaiting concrete evidence ernment of Greece to carry out this
BRADEMAS ON TIIE PRESENT PO- that the new Greek government will make stated intention of seeing a new constitu-
LITICAL SITUATION IN GREECE every effort to reestablish democratic insti- tion prepared and put into effect as soon
(Mr. BRADEMAS asked and was given tutions which have been an integral part as possible. The progress made on this
of Greek political life. matter will certainly be a key to the
permission to address the House for 1
minutes and to revise and extend his re- Now I should here note, Mr. Speaker, political future of Greece as a member of
the alliance of Western democracies.
marks.) that there has been established by the CONCRETE EVIDENCE
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I had new Greek Government- a constitutional
the opportunity a few days ago, to- commission composed of persons emi- I should here note, Mr. Speaker, that
gether with my distinguished colleague, nent in Greek professional and public one of the concerns I heard expressed by
the gentleman from Maine [Mr. KYaosl, life who have been charged with the re- a number of Greeks of moderate opinion
to visit Greece, and because that coun- sponsibility of revising the present Con- is that, in Secretary Rusk's phrase, if
try has experienced a significant change stitution of Greece. This commission is there is no "concrete evidence that the
in government in recent months, I take scheduled to complete its work by No- new Greek Government will make every
this time to make a brief report on my umber 30, 1967. effort to reestablish democratic institu-
impressions, after a week's stay. The revised constitution-Is then to be tions," there is a serious danger that op-
I do not pretend that these comments submitted to the present Government for position to the present regime will be
represent a thorough or exhaustive sur- its review and recommendations follow- built up in such fashion as to lead to vio-
vey of the present political picture in ing which, the Government has stated, lence and a situation which could be of
Greece, for such a survey was not pos- a plebiscite will be conducted in the advantage chiefly to the Communists.
sible. Congressman KYaos and I were in country on the revised constitution. Although I was gratified to hear
Athens at the invitation of His Emi- THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION leaders of the present government of
nence Archbishop Iakovos, of the Greek Obviously, one of the key factors in any Greece assure me of their earnest inten-
Orthodox Church of North and South consideration of the political future of tion to return the country to constitu-
America, for the purpose of attending Greece is the work of this constitutional tional rule, I nonetheless believe it wise
meetings held there of the Archdiocesan commission and the implementation of for the U.S. Goverment, which presently
Council of the Greek Orthodox Church its work. Differing people with whom I has a military aid agreement with
of North and South America. I might spoke in Greece expressed differing views Greece, to continue our present suspen-
aay, -parenthetically, that during our on such questions as whether, in fact, the sion of major shipments under this
visit we also had the high privilege of present military government will allow agreement pending a review of this
talking in Istanbul to His All Holiness the constitutional commission to com- assistance to determine if it is any longer
Patriarch Athenagoras I, Ecumenical plete its mission. A related question is justifiable. In this connection, I note that
Patriarch of Constantinople and spirit- whether or not, if the commission is per- Secretary of Defense Robert S. Mc-
ual leader of Eastern Orthodoxy. mitted to write a revised constitution, the Namara made the following statement in
Although I did not undertake an ex- government will allow it to be put into May of this year to the Greek Minister of
haustive survey of the political scene in effect within a reasonable period of time Defense, Lt. Gen. Gregory Spandidakis:
Greece, I nonetheless had an oppor- - and with the free election which have I told General Spandidakis that it would
tunity to talk to a number of persons come to be regarded as a at least be very difficult for us to proceed with our
military aid program unless there was an
representing a wide spectrum of political one of the hallmarks of a genuinely indication that his government did intend to
opinion in Greece, including both per- free and democratic and constitutional preserve the constitutional guarantees.
sons of the highest level of the present government. Mr. Speaker, I am aware of of the impor-
opposed and persons very strongly Mr. Speaker, I believe it here important M tant Sp that Grams ware NATO and
opposed to that Government. Naturally, for me to note that leaders at the highest while l: that that our Government
I talked to members of the American level of the present Government of should believ to a concerned Government
Embassy staff in Athens and I also had Greece assured me, in response to my place of Greece in obe with the
ur security arrange-
the. opportunity to meet briefly King questions, that it should be possible for planes through NATO, I see no compel-
Constantine, who is expected to visit the the constitutional commission to pre- me reason, at least e n time,
United States shortly. sent the Government the revised con- cling hange son policy voiced by t me, to
Mr. Speaker, on May 3, 1967, I ad- stitution within the period of time which McNamara.
dressed the House concerning the mili- has been set by the Government for that RESTRICTIONS ON FREEBOMS
tary coup which took place on April 21, purpose, that is, 6 months. This would
-1967, and which resulted in the over- mean that the date for termination of There is, it should be here stated, con-
throw of the Government of Greece the commission's work would be Novem- siderable difference among the several
shortly before the elections that were ber 30, 1967. observers of and participants in Greek
scheduled for late May. I said then that
I was deeply distressed by the military
coup and that as an American of Greek
origin, I was particularly saddened to
see the legitimate Government of the
birthplace of democracy scrapped by a
group of Army officers. I went on to ex-
press certain reservations about the pol-
itical situation in Greece.
FOR EARLIEST POSSIBLE RETURN OF CONSTITU-
TIONAL DEMOCRACY
I said that I hoped that at the earliest
possible moment there would be a return
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politics with whom I talked about the PROPOSED NONPROLIFERATION
earnestness of intention of the govern- TREATY
ment to return to constitutional democ-
racy. Censorship of the press now pre- permission to address the House for 1
vails and although the new official in minute, and to revise and extend his re-
time charge neofwsppepressr coluaffairsm, hinist mself with a a dis long- - marks, and include extraneous matter.)
a
tinguished reputation, assured me that
there would soon be full press freedom, I
saw no signs of this development while I
was in Greece and I therefore expressed
to this press official a frank skepticism
about his prediction.
It is perhaps not surprising that a
number of my own conversations with
persons formerly active in politics-and I
here illclude people who in the United
States would be described as holding
moderate to conservative views-were
conducted, at their request, behind closed
doors.
Mr. Speaker, the present government
requires anyone planning to invite more
than five persons to his home to secure
permission from the police. In this con-
nection, I am sure that most Members
of Congress were astonished at the sever-
ity of the prison sentence-5 years-
imposed a few days ago on a former
Foreign Minister of Greece, Evangelos
Averoff, for holding a social gathering
without a police permit. The fact that the
present Prime Minister of Greece, Cons-
tantine Kollias, said that his government
would recommend a pardon fox the for-
mer Foreign Minister does not diminish
the significance of such an action. I
might here note that Mr. $veroff was
the Foreign Minister of Greece during
the conservative ,administration of Prime
Minister Constantine Karamanlis.
Probably the most disconcerting evi-
dence that there is still a considerable
degree of what most people would regard
as a characteristic of a police state
rather than a democracy is the fact that
there are still many political figures un-
der arrest in Greece, either in prison or
under house surveillance. This includes
some former members of the Greek Par-
liament of different political parties. I
understand that about half of the politi-
cM.i prisoners have now been released, but
my point still holds true.
If I may summarize my observations,
then, Mr. Speaker, the present military
regime in Greece has pledged to return
the country to constitutional govern-
ment. My own judgment, on the basis
of my observations, is that, there is so far
little evidence that the Government has
taken what Secretary Rusk, to repeat,
calls "concrete steps" in this direction or
that it intends to do so. I believe that it
should be the. continuing policy of the
U.S. Government to encourage the pres-
ent regime in Greece to make good on its
own stated intentions.
I realize, Mr. Speaker, that Greek poli-
tics in the months prior to the military
coup had been plagued by instability, and
I realize as well that there are no easy
alternatives to the present situation in
Greece. V am confident, however, that
most Members of`Congress and most of
the American people would agree that
the presence of a military dictatorship in
Greece for any lengthy period of time
would be disastrous for the cradle of
democracy and would make. a mockery
of what is after all the principal purpose
of the Western alliance-freedom.
Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Speaker, at 10
a.m., this morning, eastern standard
time, Ambassador William C. Foster, an
behalf of the United States, officially
introduced a proposed treaty on the non-
proliferation of nuclear weapons at the
Eighteen Nation Disarmament Confer-
ence in Geneva. At the same time the
representative of the U.S.S.R., Ambas-
sador Alexei Roshchin, introduced a sim-
ilar treaty on behalf of his country. I
have used the word similar because until
we have had an opportunity to review
the Soviet proposed treaty in detail, we
of course cannot be certain that it is
identical in all respects to the U.S. pro-
posal.
The proposed treaties introduced this
morning represent the culmination of
31/2 years of conscientious and difficult
negotiations by Ambassador Foster
and his able associates in the Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency with
representatives of our allies, the so-
called neutral nations of the world, and
representatives from behind the Iron
Curtain. Ambassador Foster and his as-
soicates are to be commended for their
work. Our Nation as well as all nations,
of the world owes a debt of gratitude to
the representatives of the United States,
the representatives of the U.S.S.R., and
the representatives of the other nations
who have been and are now engaged in
the difficult and demanding responsibil-
ity of negotiating an acceptable and ef-
fective treaty to help prevent further
proliferation of nuclear weapons in this
dangerous world in which we live.
There is, I believe, a new sense of
urgency recognized by both the United
States and the U.S.S.R. that any addi-
tional entries into the nuclear weapons
club must be discouraged.- The unex-
pectedly fast technological accomplish-
ments of the Chinese Communists in de-
veloping and testing nuclear and thermo-
nuclear devices, coupled with their rapid
development of IRBM and ICBM de-
livery systems, give greater emphasis to
the importance of bringing nuclear
weapons under international control.
Although there is very little possibility
at this time that Communist China will
be a signatory to any nonproliferation
treaty, it is imperative that we make
every effort to bring as many nations as
possible into agreement not to further
any additional proliferation of nuclear
weapons. We must also work toward the
day when the people of China an be
brought within the family of all nations.
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
to place in the RECORD at the conclusion
of my remarks the proposed treaty
tabled this morning in Geneva. You will
note that it contains eight separate arti-
cies. One article-article III-has been
left blank. The reason is that, whereas
the United States and the U.S.S.R. both
recognize the necessity for some type of
international inspection system, we have
not as yet reached agreement as to how
this may best be accomplished. During
the upcoming sessions of the conference,
we will hopefully negotiate accepted
language. The remaining articles are ex-
pected to be identical with the proposed
treaty tabled by the U.S.S.R. I believe it
is most significant that, in these trouble-
some days when there is such a strong
difference of opinion between our coun-
try and the U.S.S.R. over Vietnam and
other matters, both nations recognize
the importance of a nonproliferation
agreement and that such a major step is
possible between the two.
AUGUST 24, 1967.
DRAFT TREATY ON THE NONPROLIFERATION OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
The States concluding this Treaty, here-
inafter referred to as the "Parties to the
Treaty,"
Considering the devastation that would be
visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war
and the consequent need to make every ef-
fort to avert the danger of such a war and
to take measures to safeguard the security
of peoples,
Believing that the proliferation of nuclear
weapons would seriously enhance the danger
of nuclear war,
In conformity with resolutions of the
United Nations General Assembly calling for
the conclusion of an agreement on the pre-
vention of wider dissemination of nuclear
weapons,
Undertaking to cooperate in facilitating
the application of International Atomic En-
ergy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear
activities,
Expressing their support for research, de-
velopment and other efforts to further the
application, within the framework of the
International Atomic Energy Agency safe-
guards system, of the principle of safeguard-
ing effectively the flow of source and special
fissionable materials by use of instruments
and other techniques at certain strategic
points.
Affirming the principle that the benefits
or peaceful applications of nuclear technol-
ogy, including any technological by-products
which may be derived by nuclear-weapon
States from the development of nuclear ex-
plosive devices, should be available for peace-
ful purposes to all Parties to the Treaty,
whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear-
weapon States,
Convinced that in furtherance of this
principle, all Parties to this -Treaty are en-
titled to participate in the fullest possible
exchange of scientific information for, and
to contribute alone or in cooperation with
other States to, the further development of
the applications Of atomic energy for peace-
ful purposes,
Declaring their intention that potential
benefits from any peaceful applications of
nuclear explosions should be available
through appropriate international proce-
dures to non-nuclear-weapon States Party
to this Treaty on a non-discriminatory basis
and that the charge to such Parties for the
explosive devices used should be as low as
possible and exclude any charge for research .
and development,
Declaring their intention to achieve at the
earliest possible date the cessation of the nu-
clear arms race,
Urging the cooperation of all States in the
attainment of this objective,
Desiring to further the easing of interna-
tional tension and the strengthening of trust
between States in order to facilitate the ces-
sation of the manufacture of nuclear weap-
ons, the liquidation of all their existing
stockpiles, and the elimination from national
arsenals of nuclear weapons and the means
of their delivery pursuant to a treaty on gen-
eral and complete disarmament under strict
and effective international control,
Noting that nothing in this Treaty affects
the right of any group of States to conclude
regional treaties in order to assure the total
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H 11222 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE August 25, 1967
absence of nuclear weapons in their respec- which are hereby designated the Depositary
tive territories, Governments.
Have agreed as follows: 3. This -Treaty shall enter into force after
ARTICLE I Its ratification by all nuclear-weapon States
d
Each nuclear-weapon state Party to this
Treaty undertakesnot to transfer to any re-
cipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices or control over such
weapons or explosive devices directly, or in-
directly; and not in any way to assist, en-
courage, or induce any non-nuclear-weapon
State to manufacture or otherwise acquire
nuclear weapons or :other nuclear explosive
devices, or control over such weapons or ex-
plosive devices.
ARTICLE II
Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to
this Treaty undertakes not to receive the
transfer from any transferor whatsoever of
nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
devices or of control over such weapons or
explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not
to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;
and not tq.seek or reecive any assistance in
the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices.
ARTICLE III
(International control)
signatory to this Treaty, an
States signatory to this Treaty, and the
deposit of their instruments of ratification.
For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-
weapon State is one which has manufac-
tured and exploded a nuclear weapon or
other nuclear explosive device prior to/dan-
nary 1, 1967.
4. For States whose instruments,,df ratifi-
cation or accession are deposited subsequent
to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall
enter into force on the date of the deposit
of their instruments of ratification or
accession.
5. The Depositary Governments shall
promptly inform all signatory and acceding
States of the date of each signature, the date
of deposit of each instryfinent of ratification
or of- accession, the date of the entry into
force of this Treaty, p'IId the date of receipt
of any requests for convening a conference or
6. This Treaty ,,shall be registered by the
Depositary Governments pursuant to Article
102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted Each Party shall in exercising its national
as affecting the inalienable right of all the sovereignt have the right to withdraw from
Parties to the Treaty to develop research, the Treat if it decides that extraordinary
production and use of nuclear energy for events, r ated to the subject matter of this
peaceful purposes without discrimination Treaty, ave jeopardized the supreme in-
and in conformity with Articles I and II of terests o its country. It shall give notice of
this Treaty, as well as the right of the such wit drawal to all other Parties to the
Parties to participate in the fullest possible Treaty an to the United Nations Security
exchange of information for, and to contrib- Council t ee months in advance. Such
ute alone or In cooperation with the States notice shat include a statement of the ex-
to, the further development of the applica- traordinary ents it regards as having jeop-
tions of nuclear. energy for peaceful pur- ardized its supreme interests.
poses.
ARTICLE V
1. Any Party to this Treaty may propose
amendments to this Treaty. The text of any
proposed amendment shall be submitted to
the Depositary Government which shall cir-
culate it to all Parties to the Treaty. There-
upon, if reqeusted to do so by one-third or
more of the Parties to the Treaty, the De-
positary Governments shall convene a con-
ference, to which they shall invite all the
Parties to the Treaty, to consider such an
amendment.
2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be
approved by a majority of the votes of all
the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes
of all nuclear-weapon States Party to this
Treaty and all other Parties which, on the
date the amendment is circulated, are mem-
bers of the Board of Governors of the Inter-
national Atomic Energy Agency. The amend-
ment shall enter into force for all Parties
upon the deposit of instruments of ratifica-
tion by a majority of all the Parties, includ-
ing the instruments of ratification of all
nuclear-weapon States Party to this Treaty
and all other Parties which, on the date the
amendment is circulated, are members of
the Board of Governors of the International
Atomic Energy Agency.
3. Five years after the entry Into force of
this Treaty, a conference of Parties to the
Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland,
In order to review the operation of this Treaty
with a view to assuring that the purposes
and provisions of the Treaty are being
realized.
ARTICLE VI
1. This Treaty shall be open to all State`s
for signature, Any State which does not sign
the Treaty before its entry into force in
accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article
may accede to it at any time.
2. The Treaty shall be subject to ratifica-
tion by signatory States. Instruments of rat-
ification and instruments of accession shall
be deposited with the Governments of ,
This Treaty, the nglish, Russian, French,
Spanish and Chin a texts of which are
equally authentic, ah 11 be deposited in the
archives of the De sitary Governments.
Duly certified copies o this Treaty shall be
transmitted by the Depositary Governments
to the Governments of t e signatory and ac-
S
di
tvw
ng
,.
In witnwess. whereof th~,yiundersigned, duly
authorized, have signed th\s Treaty.
Done in at - this - day of
BACKGROUNDER ON DRAFT
TREATY, AUGUST
tabled at Geneva today
preamble and eight artic
The draft was work?
co-chairmen of the Ei
the Soviet Union, in
allies. It has been re
ence, includin
join in worki
can then
probably
.
The central core of the draft lies in Arti-
cles I.'and II. Essentially, they would bind
nuc9lear weapon powers not to transfer nu
cJe'ar weapons to non-nuclear-weapon pow-
firs, and the latter not to manufacture or
otherwise acquire nuclear weapons. These
undertakings also apply to "other nuclear
explosive devices", which would be prohibited
because they and the technology of their
development are essentially indistinguish-
able from nuclear weapons.
The treaty deals with what is prohibited,
not.what is permitted. Thus Articles I and
II prohibit any arrangement involving trans-
fer of nuclear weapons, directly or indirectly.
4, 1967
s comprised of a
S.
out between the
hteen Nation Dis-
e United States and
But the treaty does not, for example, pre-
vent NATO consultation and planning for
its nuclear defense or the permanent NATO
committee established for this purpose since
no transfer of nuclear weapons or devices is
involved.
The preamble declares the Intent of signa-
tories to work for other measures to halt a
nuclear arms race, supports the principle of
regional nuclear free zones, and expresses
the intention to share potential benefits of
peaceful explosions without discrimination
and to seek reduction of the intrusiveness
of physical inspection through development
of automated safeguards.
Article III, on safeguards, is left blank in
the draft, because all the points at issue
have not been resolved in the past several
months of discussions. However, the area of
agreement on the treaty as a whole is so
great that the United States and the Soviet
Union believe the present draft should be
brought to the consideration of the whole
conference, while the co-chairmen continue
to seek an acceptable formulation on safe-
guards.
Presently there are two international sys-
tems of safeguards, those of the Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and of
the European Atomic Energy Community
(EURATOM). While the United States has
followed a policy of seeking a worldwide
safeguards system, it realizes that EURATOM
countries wish to maintain the safeguards
system they have already established, which
they view as an important element of prog-
ress towards European unity. The United
States, therefore, believes the treaty should
include effective, mandatory safeguards ad-
ministered on a worldwide basis in a way that
takes existing EURATOM safeguards into ac-
count.
The Soviet Union holds that the treaty
should include mandatory safeguards, ad-
ministered by the IAEA, on all non-nuclear
parties. For treaty purposesthe Soviets con-
sidei administration of safeguards by EURA-
TOM to be "self-inspection", i.e. allies check-
ing on allies.
Article IV would assure non-nuclear-
weapon states that the treaty would not im-
pede peaceful nuclear developments, recog-
nizing the right of participants to exchange
information and contribute, alone or in co-
operation with others, to further develop-
ment of peaceful applications. Such national
development and international cooperation
applies to research, production and use as
well as to information equipment and
materials.
Article V prescribes the procedure for
amendments, which would require a majority
vote, including those of all parties having
nuclear weapons and of parties who are mem-
bers of the IAEA Board of Governors at the
time the amendment is considered. This
clause is designed to ensure that amendments
desired by the majority have a fair chance
of adoption while at the same time prevent-
ing amendments lacking wide support among
countries having advanced peaceful nuclear
programs.
Article V also provides for a review of the
operation of the treaty after five years, pro-
viding non-weapon states a forum to express
any dissatisfaction they feel with progress
toward disarmament.
Article VI deals with signatures and entry
into force, in language comparable to that
of the existing limited test ban treaty. The
number of signatures to be required to bring
the treaty into force has not been decided.
The United States has no specific view on
this matter, but believes the number should
be large enough to allow-the-treaty to start
achieving its purpose as soon as it enters
into force.
Article VI defines nuclear-weapon powers
as those possessing such weapons on January
1, 1967. This date was chosen to freeze the
number at the present five, by preventing
other states from achieving the status of a
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