FINAL REPORT FOR AERIAL EQUIPMENT PROGRAM SC 21-54

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00657R000300050001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 14, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 27, 1999
• Content Type: REPORT

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NRO REVIEW COMPLETED
FINAL REPORT
PROGRAM
SC-21-54
REPORT NO. 5490
August 20, 1959
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~iPd`Cal~j3~J-~
:COPY -.3 OF I
FINAL REPORT
for
AERIAL EQUIPMENT PROGRAM
under
SC 21-54
DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING
Contributing Authors:
Copy No. '5 Report No. 5490
Number of Pages 46 +1 August 20, 1959
i
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ?
II. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ? . ? ? . . . . . . . . . ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? . 2
III. GENERAL HISTORY* ? . . ? . . ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 6
IV. GENERAL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS . . ? . ? ? ? . . ? . . . ... 8
V. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . ? ? . . 11
A. Panoramic Camera System ? ? r ? 11
1, MK I Tracking Camera . ? 11
2. MK I-A Tracking Camara, ? ? . ? . ? ? . ? ? . ? ? 17'
B. Viewing and Control.. System ?? . ? ?,. ?a ? .., ?; ,, . ?, . ? ? ? . ? 19
l.., Hand Controll.,, ?, .. ?, ? . ?? ?? ? ? ? . ?. ?, ?, .. ?, ? ?, 21,
2,., Memory Unit:., . ? , . . . , . . . . . . ? ? ? ? 24
3. Driftsight.... ? . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , . ? ? ? ? 26
C. Optical Systems for, the Camera Configurations . ? ? . . . 28
1? System for A Configuration. . . ? ? , . . . ? . 28
2. System for B Configuration, ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 31
3.. System for C Configuration* ? . . ? . ? . ? ? ? ? 33
4. Windows ? . . ? ? . ? . ? . . ? ? ? 36
D. Significant Aug>-H:Lary Equipment ? ? ? . . ? ? ? ? ?,? , ? 37
VI. CONCLUSIONS* ? . , . . ? ? , . , . ? ? ? ? . . , . ? . ? ? ? . ? ? 43
VII, APPENDIX ? . ? ? . . ? ? ? . . . ? ? . . ? . . . ? . ? ? . ? . ? . 46
A. List of Pertinent Publications, , ? ? . . ? ? . . ? ? ? ? 46
Engineering Report No. 5490 i?
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
I. PANORAMIC CAMERA . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
II. PANORAMIC CAMERA - ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL COMPONENTS. . . . . 13
III. PANORAMIC CAMERA - FILM COMPARTMENT. . . . . . . . . . ? . . . 15
IV, PANORAMIC CAMERA - FILM FORMAT 16
V. PANORAMIC CAMERA - SCANNING DIRECT AND LIMITS . . . . . . . . .. 18
VI. VIEWING AND CONTROL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
VII. HAND CONTROL . . . . , . . . . . . 22
VIII. MEMORY UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
IX* DRIFTSIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . 27
X. 24" f/8 LENS . . . . . 29
XI. 36" f/10 LENS ? ? ? ? . . ? . . . ... . . . ? . . ? . . . . ? . 32
XII. C SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . 34
XIII. OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT, COLLIMATOR . . . . . . . , . . . ? . . ? 39
XIV. 100" COLLIMATOR. . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . 41
XV. 300" COLLIMATOR. . . ? . . ? . ? r 42
Engineering Report No. 5490 ii.
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I. INTRODUCTION
This report is a brief summary of the activities carried
out by The Perkin-Elmer Corporation in its participation in the Aerial
Equipment Program under SC 21-54. It presents the primary objective of
this activity, gives the historical developments, and describes the
equipment supplied by this corporation. Technical advancements which
resulted are also discussed.
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II. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
This firm was delegated certain areas of responsibility in optical
instrumentation. The primary purpose of this optical instrumentation was to
supply photographic reconnaissance equipment for high altitude surveillance.
The time urgency of producing operational equipment had a major influence
in determining the philosophy and method of approach. The philosophy was
to obtain an operational capability at the earliest possible time and with
the utmost security. This operational capability was to include equipment
which would give maximum performance possible for the surveillance mission.
It was apparent that the vehicle for the mission would be available consider-
ably in advance of the more sophisticated optical systems required for 1the
ultimate capability. These considerations formed ,the basis for a decision
to supply several equipment packages, each of which was to be a definite
improvement over the preceding one.
The first equipment package, which may be considered Phase I. was
based on an effort to obtain an iimnediate reconnaissance capability. It
consisted of modifying existing equipment available to give improved per-
It was obvious at the outset that existing photographic equipment,
'even with a judicious amount of carefully executed optical refinement, would
not be capable of achieving the performance levels that could be accomplished
by equipment designed and manufactured specifically for this intended mission.
That recognition led to the formation of Phase II. Phase II consisted of a
program to design and manufacture optics which would replace the optics used
in Phase I.
Phase II, however, was also an intermediate step. It did not
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represent the maximum general reconnaissance performance desired. To obtain
maximum general reconnaissance capability, it was felt-that equipment would
have to be designed for this specific mission. It was obvious that the
achievement of such an objective would require more time than that allowed
for the previous phases. Therefoxq, it was decided that specific new equip-
ment would be developed concurrea*?W?,with the other phases. This program
constituted Phase III. The resulti;#g.equipment would eventually replace
the Phase I and II units for general: ;reconnaissance use.
Finally, Phase IV would moist of equipment whose use would be
highly specialized. It was envf ned that equipment built under this phase
might well have to advance the state of the art to perform the specialized
function. To advance the state of the art, new auxiliary equipment was
necessary and had to be constructed to make a complete operational unit.
Moreover, the design and manufacture of this equipment had to be undertaken
on a crash schedule.
Equipment built under this phase would be used for special re-
connaissance missions based on information from Phase III equipment. It
was felt that in this way both requirements, that of immediate availability
and that of maximum capability, could best be accomplished.
The tables on the following two pages describe the equipment and
coverage intended for these phases, The Al Configuration satisfied Phase I,
the A2 Configuration corresponded to Phase II, Phase III was initiated with
the B Configuration, and it was the purpose of the C Configuration to pro-
vide Phase IV.
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CAMERA CONFIGURATION CHARACTERISTICS
Configuration
Tracker
Al
A2
B
C
M1 J
M2
M1
M2
M3
Auxiliary in-
Mapping and medium
Medium
Medium scale
Spotting camera
Mission
formation for
scale military
scale mill
military industrial
military industrial
Purpose
all configur-
industrial intelligence
tary indus
intelligence
intelligence
ations.
trial in-
tellige
Focal
Length
31'
fa"
24?
24?
3611
36"
180n
.
180n
1801_
Ran-e- Photo
000
5000
1080
3250
1725
2875
500
3500
single
1750
double
lightlire
stereo
stereo
stereo
stereo
stereo
stereo
stereo
sot photos
line
line
Niles`
~..-:
Area Cover-
Transverse-
horizon-to-
20 x 20
5 x 10
5 x 10
6.6 x 6.6
6.6 x 6.6
1 x 1
1 x 1
1 x 1
age
horizon.
miles
miles
miles
miles
miles
mile
mile
mile
Vertical Photo
Flt. th -10 mi.
Angular Cover;
42? along fit.
186? total
115? total
115? total
Hor.-to-
86? total
1200-total
120? total
120? total
age
Transverse
path X
1800 transsurse
74?per camera
41opercanera
41opercaaera
hor.
2go per exp
28?per exp
4? per exp
4? per exp
i 4?Per ex
Ground Scale
1:280
000
1:140,000
1:35,000
11:35,000
1:23,300
1:23,300
(1:4670
1:4670
1:4670
Vertical
,
Photo
Ground Reso-
18 ft
18 ft.
4 ft.
4 ft,
2.5 ft.
2.5 ft.
3/8 ft.
3/8 ft.
3/8 ft.
lotion
.
Vertical.1ho to
Provide cont.
Maps for location and
Identifi-
Identification and
Detail analysis of installations
Uses of
thor.to hon C?V.
identification of in-
cation of
analysis of install-
for technical and economic in-
Information
of mission,
dustrial installations
industrial
ations for technical
formation
fpping med.
scale mil itary
installs-
and economic infor-
industrial in-
tions
mation
telligence.
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 A,
6" TR IMET
~.__... _ L. f _. _ I
CAMERA CONFIGURATION LA T ERAL COVERAGE
A2
THREE 24" FIXED CAMERAS
HORIZON LINES //" ? ,,41?8',- ~,--MAX. COVERAGE 11
118 (TYP) SINGLE
EXPOSURE
COVERAGE
42mi
651 mi
B Mode 1
ONE 36? ROCKING LENS CAMERA
C Modes 1 R 3
ONE 180' WIELDA6LE LENS CAMERA
A,
O.I 4" ROCKING CAMERA
HORIZON LINE- Jf -MAX. COVERAGE
CHARTER CAMERA
3" PR15M LATERAL
5WEEP
115?84 / ZSINGLE\.
C ~rVJVRL
COVERAGE
10mi
-42 rei
-651 mi
B Mode 2
ONE 36" ROCKING LENS CAME
C N1od-, 2
ONE 180" WIELDABLE LENS CAMERA
lmi
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III. GENERAL }IISTORY
To achieve these objectives within the security requirements, an
organization tailored to serve this program was necessary. When the nature
of the task is considered and the difficulties under which the program was
undertaken (short delivery and rigid.. security restrictions) are recognized,
the magnitude of the job of liaison becomes apparent.
Perkin-Elmer was given primary responsibility for a major portion
of the Aerial Equipment Program. In January, .1955, this Corporation formed
a separate division which became known as the Projector Division. Facilities
were located in an office in Stamford, Connecticut, apart from the main head-
quarters and facilities of the parent Corporation, and Dr. Roderic M. Scott,
Vice President of the Corporation, took personal responsibility for the
Projector Project. To safeguard the high security aspects of the program,
the staff of this office was kept to a minimum.
The primary functions.of the Projector Office were controlling,
defining, scheduling, coordinating, expediting, and integrating the various
phases of the program. Customer contact was made through this office be-
ginning February, 1955.
The office was fully protected and equipped with private, monitored
telephone lines. The method followed was to conduct business on an informal
and personal basis; on this basis to convey all essential information with-
out revelation of the program, its purpose, or other secure information.
The prime contract with the customer was subdivided by this office
to contracts with various subcontractors (some of which were specified by the
customer), and with Perkin-Elmer. Throughout the program, suppliers' meet-
ings aided in detailing project planning, served to coordinate broad planning
efforts of the various contractors, and helped solve many of the current
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problems.
A facility, known as Plant No. 9, was established in Pasadena,
California, in which a subcontractor carried on its portion of the program.
As the program progressed, a test site was established by the customner, to
serve as a facility at which the equipment could be tested.
Close coordination with Dr. James Baker of SPICA made it possible
to manufacture optics from design data within the shortest possible lead
times. SPICA, under subcontract to Perkin-Elmer, was responsible for the
design of the new optical systems which were used in the program. Besides
design and performance specifications themselves, the scope of the sub-
contract included some supervision of the construction of the lenses and
cameras to insure that design specifications would be met.
Frequently technical problems .arose which, .tint appeared,,were cer-
tain to result in compromise of capability or delay. However, by careful
analysis and diligent effort, the philosophy originally laid out was main-
tained throughout the program.
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IV. GENERAL EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
The entire photo reconnaissance system equipment was planned and
tailored to meet the needs of the mission. Mission requirements made it
essential to:
(a.). Obtain a continuous photographic recording which would give
maximum, high quality coverage of the general area being
surveyed. To satisfy the requirements for monitoring the
mission, a panoramic tracking camera was designed and de-
livered.
(b.) Provide a means for an operator to visually observe this
area and equip that operator with a means of pointing
special photographic equipment. To satisfy the require-
ments for operator viewing and control, a periacope-type`
viewer, hand control device, and memory-computer device
were designed and delivered.
Provide a number of camera configurations for the survey
and spotting functions. To satisfy the need for high
acuity photo reconnaissance, four camera configurations
were developed. These were known as the Al, A2, B and C
Configurations.
It was also necessary to test and maintain the equipment.in?plant
and in the field. For this purpose, special support equipment was also
necessary. This equipment was considered in two groups: factory develop-
meat and test equipment, and field test and support equipment.
Contrary to the philosophy of most contracts, in which equipment
designed is finally turned over to the using agency, the equipment under
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this program was designed to be operated and/or serviced by specially
trained factory personnel. A separate program was established to permit
proper training of personnel while the equipment was being manufactured.
This approach resulted in a considerable saving of time in providing oper-
ational equipment and also maintaining high reliability in the use of this
equipment.
The following chart lists the specific equipment assigned to
Perkin-Elmer, and describes the sub-contracting organization.
This report does not discuss the mechanical aspects of the A, B,
and C Configurations, which are included in the final report submitted to
the Government by Hycon Mfg. Co.
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Panoramic
Camera
Viewing. and
Control System
Opt. Design-P-2
Glass Mfg.-P-E
Mech. Design-P-E & DACO
Mech. Mfg.-DAGO
EQt ASSIGNED TO P-Z
(Aid.. Sub-Contracting .Orga*iaati.i)
Window
A
Coafignr
B
Configurations
C
Configurations
Design-P-1
Mfg.-P-Z
Including dome for-sextant
Driftsight
Memory-
Computer
A
Configuration
Opt. Design-SPICA . Opt. Design-SPICA
Glass Mfg.-P-E Class Mfg.-P-E
Mech. Design-Hyeon Mech. Design-Hycon
Mech. Mfg.-Zyeoi Mech. Mfg.-Hycon
AX
Configuratt"
Opt. Design-P-9 Design-P-E Design-P-Z Opt.:Bevark-P-E Opt. Design-SPI
Glass Mfg.-P-E Mfg.-H.0.Bohms Mfg.-P-Z Mech.Iewrk-J co* Glass Mfg,-P-B
Mech. Design-P-1 Mech. Design-Hy
Mech. Mfg.-DACO NW16 Nfg".wNYc4M
Collimator
300"
Collimator
Opt. Design-P-Z Opt. Design-P-8
Class Mfg.-P-Z Glass Mfg.-P-E
Mach. Design-P-Z Mech. Design-P-E
Mach. Mfg.-P-1 Mech. Mfg.-P-E
The mechanical aspects of the A,B, & C Configurations
are discussed in the final report submitted directly to the
Government by Hycom Mfg. Co.
Electronic
Ina e
Evaluator
Des. & Mfg. P-Z
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V. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
A. Panoramic Camera System
(Fig. No's. I, II0 III, IV and V)
1. Mark I Tracking Camera
It was clear at the inception of this program that a panoramic
monitor would be needed to photographically record the flight path. A pri-
mary requirement was to provide a camera of high image quality to give hor-
'izon-to-horizon coverage with 60% overlap of the entire flight path. A
further requirement was to provide entirely automatic operation.
The resulting panoramic camera, often referred to as the Data
Camera or Tracking Camera, proved to be a very useful and important instru-
ment. The unit employed scanning principles to obtain successive 180o.pan-
oramic photographs and had the capability of a 607". stereo overlap. It was
fully automatic in operation and had a film capacity large enough to provide
horizon-to-horizon photographic coverage for a complete mission. Completely
self contained and requiring only a 28- volt dc power source, it weighed less
than 53 pounds fully loaded. No special accessories were needed; image motion
compensators, Intervalometers, aperture controls and other devices necessary
to obtain sharp, clear images were built into the instrument. The entire
field was scanned through a small 5-inch diameter dome. The resulting photo-
graph, on 70mm film, had a 2.47 by 9.425-inch format. Data presentation which
appeared on each frame consisted of a level and time indicator.
Under close Perkin-Elmer direction throughout the course of the
contract, a portion of the design (in details only) plus drafting, manufactur-
ing, assembly, and test was subcontracted to DACO Instrument Company. A
rigid delivery schedule was established with DACO which was satisfactory to
the program.
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1 1. Access Cover for Change Gears 4. Dry Gas Supply Hose Connection
2. Desiccator S. Vacuum Pump Hose Connection
3. Receptacle
Figure I. Mark IA Tracking Camera, Showing Forward Cover
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1.
Thermal Relay (H802, H803)
6.
Metering Solenoid (L804)
2.
Relay (K811)
7.
Scan Solenoid
3.
Relay (K810)
8.
Take-up Clutch
4.
Latching Relay (K812)
9.
Drive Shaft for Programmer
Mechanism
5.
Aperture Programmer Gear
Assembly
10.
Metering Cam Switch (S 806)
Figure ii. View of Camera Showing Electrical
and Mechanical Components
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Two problem areas now devel+aMed. These were design and debugging
problems:
(a.) The rigid delivery schedule did not allow enough
time for thorough prototype debugging teats prior
to operation., and
(b.) due to the necessary security measures, project
engineers who designed the equipment did not have
cognizance of the ultimate end-use of the equip-
ment. This lack of end-use knowledge resulted in
slight over-design in some functions of the camera.
The degree to which these problem areas were anticipated is
questionable. The fact is that the lack of thorough prototype debugging
resulted in specific and definite problems which appeared later in the pro-
gram.
One prototype and 20 production units were built and supplied
to the field. After the units had, beqq, i }, the_ fpj1d for some time, it be-
came apparent to field engineers that certain mipgr..changes could be made
in the field to improve operation and better serve the end-use.. It was
found, for example, that bushings in the scan prism mechanism had become
worn and had to be replaced (by a factory representative) with a more last-
ing type of bushing. Banding occurred and resilient couplings in the drive
mechanism were incorporated to absorb vibrations which were contributing to
banding.
It should be made clear that since this was a new, uncon-
ventional and highly secretive application, a number of unknowns would be
introduced into the problem and that these unknowns might seriously. affect
the performance of the equipment. Decisions, however, had to be made, and
it is a recognized fact that these decisions did affect equipment performances
both favorably and adversely. In some instances these decisions forced a
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1.
Brake Tension Adjustment
4.
Retracting Lever
2.
Clock Dimmer (R830)
5.
Filter Selector
3.
Aperture Cam
6.
Sprocket Gate
Figure UI. Film Compartment of Camera With Film and
Spools Removed
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is.
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ADJACENT PICTURE
( PRECEDING)
2.375 - INSIDE PERFORATIONS
2.47 - PICTURE WIDTH
IMC = ZERO AMPLITUDE
--- - .188
0
TIME INDICATOR IMAGE
0
APPROX.
0.4 DIA.
INDICATES
TIME OF COMPLETION
CAMERA
NADIR
o
-347-
1.047
VERTICAL INDICATOR IMAGE
SEE ENLARGED VIEW.
.6 APPROX.
DIMENSION
WHEN THERE IS
1.2 --
APPROX.
OF EACH EXPOSURE
* DIMENSIONS LOCATING HORIZONS DO NOT
TAKE ACCOUNT OF EARTH'S CURVATURE.
L. - I
1-.3e--\
70*10
?.754r
Figure Iv, Film Format
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breakthrough in-the state of the art and resulted in performance far above
expectations.
In other instances these decisions caused results which re-
quired corrective action. With regard to the panoramic tracking camera,
for example, a decision was made to incorporate an integrating type system
for the automatic control apparatus. This decision was based upon an assump-
tion of environmental conditions, and while it was a logical decision, it
was wrong. Because the automatic exposure system was an integrating system,
it was influenced by underlying cloud cover and, therefore, did not give
satisfactory results. Until it was possible to make a major overhaul of the
cameras (for a period of approximately two year.a) it was necessary to oper-
ate the cameras with fixed slit aperture. Fortunately, the camera was de-
signed to provide this alternate method of operation.
Some method of exposure control was desirable. However, limited
field facilities did not permit incorporation of an alternate system into
the camera. The first opportunity to make this conversion presented itself
in the spring of 1958. A retrofit program was then undertaken. During this
retrofit program changes were made in the camera, converting the Mark I
cameras to what was then designated as the Mark IA.
2. Mark IA Tracking Camera
Mark I cameras in the field were returned to the factory in
1958 on a scheduled basis, overhauled and tested, and returned to the field.
By returning only a few cameras at a time for modification, the customer was
assured of having tracking camera capability in the field at all times.
The program had two purposes; that of overhauling the Mark I
cameras which had by then accumulated a great number of hours of use, and
that of incorporating into these cameras those changes which would make them
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DIRECTION MIRROR
OF FLIGHT
Figure V,0 Scanning Direction and Limits
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functionally more reliable or equip them for improved performance.
A pre-programmed cam-activated exposure control was designed and
installed, to provide a suitable exposure control for the mission. The IMC
capability of the camera, which was found to be unnecessary for this partic-
ular mission, was removed. Stray light was a problem, and prism masks were
added to prevent stray light effects. Moreover, it was realized that the
operation could be improved by changing the electrical wiring, and several
wiring changes were incorporated. Circuit changes were made and the substi-
tution of improved sealed relays were added.
While the overhauled Mark IA cameras were being tested (and in
some instances after they were deployed into the field), several malfunctions
developed which required field retrofit programs to correct. Again, this
was due to a debugging time limitation. Improvements in the metering mechan-
isms insured more positive latclit}g.aactt1ot,ti_,.t ,,nigher duty switches and re-
sistors were installed to reduce arcing and welding of contacts.
The Mark IA modification program added many hours of reliable
operation to the equipment, and incorporated features to improve performance.
Although a statistical study has never been undertaken to determine the actual
resolution of either the Mark I or Mark II units, it is estimated that performance
between 25 to 45 lines per mm AWAR has been recorded on film. The resolution
levels obtained were affected by atmospheric conditions, image contrast, and
similar variables.
B. Viewing and Control System
(Fig. No. VI)
To make the reconnaissance system effective, it was necessary to
(1) equip the operator with a viewing device to observe the terrain and areas
of general interest over which he was operating and (2) to equip him with a
control device to control the various modes of operation of the different
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1.
Scanning Periscope
(Driftsight)
4.
Flexible Shafts
7.
Junction Box
5.
Hand Control
8.
Hand Control Cable
2.
Desiccation Fitting
6.
Memory Unit
9.
Memory Unit Cable
3.
Desiccation Fitting
Figure vi. Periscope, Hand Control and Junction Box
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camera configurations.
The need for a viewing device was readily solved by developing a
suitable scanning periscope. The need for a control unit, however, proved
more of a problem. Due to the difference in complexity of the control
functions (the C configuration required a more complex control than the A
or B configurations) the original plan was to provide two different hand
control units. The first hand control, which would be employed with either
the A or B configurations,was to be a relatively simple device. Basically
it would permit a selection of the various modes of operation of these con-
figurations, as well as direct the line of sight of a periscope type viewing
device.
The second and more complicated hand control for the C configur-
ation was to provide V/H information, a correction for drift, and a com-
puter. The computer would, in effect, be a memory unit which would enable
the operator to pre-select targets of interest observed through the drift-
sight and store this target information in the computer., When the vehicle
was in an optimum position for photography, operation of,the C configuration
spotting cameras would be automatically initiated.
To be consistent with the number of C configurations anticipated,
it was envisioned that six of the more complicated hand controls would be
required. After careful consideration of scheduling and production diffi-
culties, it was decided to produce only that hand control which would have
full system capability. The computer mechanism - a separate unit - would
simply not be attached to the hand control with either A or B configurations.
1. Hand Control (Fig. No. VII)
The Hand Control itself was an electromechanical device which
provided basic control of the periscope viewing mechanism and also delivered
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1.
Periscope Cable Adapters '4.
Press-To-Test Lamps
7.
A + E Boresighting
2.
Control Handle
5.
Hand Control Connector
Clutch
8.
Memory Unit
3.
Store Button
6.
Memory Unit Connector
Figure VII. Hand Control
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information to and partially controlled the equipment configurations, as
indicated earlier. It was a panel mounted tracking control consisting
primarily of a number of gear drive mechanisms and electrical components.
It was equipped with both a master ON-OFF switch for energizing related
equipment in the over-all system and an OFF-STANDBY-MODE selector switch
for turning the automatic tracking feature off, placing it on standby, or
selecting any one of three modes of operation. A control handle on the
unit provided direct azimuth and elevation control of the periscope line of
sight, and a switch permitted changing power (magnification) of the peri-
scope by electrical drive. Adjustments for V/H and for correction of drift
were included, as well as a storage switch for energizing the Memory Unit
when attached. Finally, several test lamps for fault-proof checking of
related equipment were incorporated in the device.
The problem areas which arose were somewhat representative
of those encountered in other hardware areas by prime and sub-contractors
alike. The design of the Hand Control, for example, was handled by Perkin-
Elmer and the manufacturing sub-contracted to H. O. Boehme Company. Schedul-,
ing permitted only limited testing and, in general, functional operation was
good. When placed in the final operational environment, however, several
.problem areas arose. High cable friction in the connecting cables between
Driftaight and Hand Control resulted from the unusually cold environment,
and it was necessary to reroute the connecting cables and substitute more
suitable (dry molykote impregnated) cables for the final operation environ-
ment. Failures of the protective rubber boot became frequent due to sensi-
tivity of the rubber to the. ozone environment, During retrofit program the
boots were replaced with specially dipped neoprene ones.
Another significant problem was the fact that production units
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lacked adequate means for accurate boresighting due to the lack of know-
ledge during the design stage of the difficulties of access to the equip-
ment when installed in the vehicle. A subsequent retrofit program made it
possible to incorporate a cone-clutch coupling for accurate, convenient,
boresighting of those Hand Controls to be used with the C configuration,
2. Memory Unit
(Fig. No. VIII)
One of the requirements of the viewing and control system was
to provide a memory capability to be used in conjunction with the C con-
figuration. It was the purpose of this memory system to provide a means
of storing information on the position of the object tracked, and to signal
the time at which the object crossed a predetermined position. Since the
object, vehicle, or both might be moving at some velocity, and since this
equipment delivers the signal to related equipment, allowance was made for
lead angle and anticipation of the required signal.
These functions were accomplished by recording the angular
position CC (1) of the object, a particular value of tangent 4 (2) and
subtracting that from the V/H of speed altitude ratio until the time when
the difference between tangent .6 and V/H is zero. At that time a signal
was delivered to indicate that the object had reached the predetermined po-
sition. The lead angle was preset into the unit (before use) to provide the
anticipation required to prepare other equipment for the final signal.
The memory-computer unit was mounted directly below the Hand
Control from which it received directional information. It was a coding
device combining both computing and storage functions in a single unit. It
employed the syncopic coding principle, converting information from shaft
rotations to pin positions, it was able to store and read-out information with
(l) oC represents the angle in a lateral plane perpendicular
to the direction of flight.
(2) AT represents the forward angle as measured from the nadir.
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1 . Pin Disc ' 4 . Code Read-out contacts
2. Punch disc 5. Relays
3. Code disc 6. Resistors
FIG. VIII. Memory-Computer Unit, Covers Removed
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an accuracy of about plus or minus .25% of full scale.
Unfortunately, the C configuration was not operational for
this program and therefore the Memory Unit did not have the opportunity
to provide its intended function.
3. Driftsight
(Fig. No. IX)
The periscope-type viewing device was designed to permit the
rator to see beneath the vehicle as well as to acquire targets. The
periscope, which later became known as the Driftsight, was an in-line track-
ing device equipped with a dual prism scanning head and display type eyepiece.
Scanning in azimuth and elevation was accomplished by a dome-protected ro-
tatable scanning prism at the objective end of the optical system. Cables
from the Hand Control provided manual control for azimuth and elevation
scanning. By proper calibration with the Hand Control azimuth and elevation
coordinates of a selected target could be determined.
A power changer, increasing the power and reducing the field
was incorporated. During the change in magnification, the image always re-
mained in focus. The power selector was mounted on the Hand Control panel.
As mentioned earlier, one of the requirements was to use the
Periscope in conjunction with the Hand Control to determine velocity/height
(V/H) rates as well as drift. V/H rate determinations were made by adjust-
ing the elevation scan rate of the periscope's scanning head until-a viewed
target did not move with respect to a reticle in the periscope. Direct
calibration of the scan rate adjustment permitted determination of the V/H
ratio. Drift determination was accomplished by rotating the scanning head
to compensate for a horizontal or diagonal movement of the target with re-
spect to a fixed reference.
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Design considerations of the periscope were to make it as
lightweight as possible, thoroughly reliable and easily installed. These
requirements were met by the use of plastic lenses where possible, by in-
corporation of detachable sections for easy installation, and by use of
mechanical. linkages instead of servo motors to provide scanning control
from the Hand Control. One of the early operational problems of the Drifteight
was fogging of the dome. This was eventually rectified with the employment
of pre-purified nitrogen as a desiccant and a rather sophisticated desiccating
procedure.
In retrospect the design of the unit could have better facil-
itated installation and maintenance if the designers had been made knowledge-
able of the environment. In particular, accommodations would have been pro-
vided for a ready detachment of the eyepiece: knuckle toa facilitate install-
ation, and replacement of the power changer motor for maintenance would have
been made possible without removing the instrument from the vehicle.
Early optics manufactured presented a blurred line across the
field where the scanning prisms were cemented back to back, and a fairly
prominent line where the elements of the roof, mirror were cemented together.
These components eventually were all replaced to minimize these distractions.
In addition, modification of the reticle provided a crow's foot at the center
of the field.
C. The Optical Systems of the Camera Configurations
1. System for,A Configuration (Fig. No. X)
To accomplish the initial objective of getting some equipment
available in the shortest possible time, a quantity of lenses were supplied
to Perkin-Elmer for refinement, The lenses were intended for use in the A
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FIG. X. 24" f/8 LENS
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configuration. The first to be received were a quantity of six 24" f/6
Bausch and Lomb lenses. Because the castings were of brass and were en-
tirely too heavy for the purpose they were discarded almost immediately.
Almost simultaneously a quantity of about 60 Pacific Optical Company 24"
f/6 lenses were provided. Under Dr. Baker's direction these lenses were
evaluated and reworked. Preliminary examination showed that all the lenses
suffered inaccurate centering to some degree, making it necessary to re-
work the cells. After this action, a program of respacing various ele-
ments and modifying the radii of two of the curves was initiated. These
modifications resulted in a disappointingly small improvement in perform-
ance. A further modification was the application of an aspheric figure to
one of these surfaces in order to maximize the ow-axis performance. The
improvement was considerable, bringing the resolving power from about 28
lines per millimeter up to about 48 lines per millimeter in the immediate
vicinity of the center of the field. The change at larger field angles,
however, was exceedingly small. A final modification program was initiated
to modify the lens to improve the field performance. These modifications
were performed on a prototype basis. When sufficient improvement was real-
ized, production began on the quantity of 60.
Concurrent with the stop-gap program of reworking the 24"
f/6 (Pacific Optical) lenses, a program was established for producing an
entirely new lens (Phase II). Based on Dr. Baker's design, a prototype of
a 24" focal length and f/8 aperture lens was built. After considerable
testing and some modification, the prototype was found to be acceptable. At
this point the new lens was placed in production and the reworking of the
Pacific Optical lenses was halted. (About 40 Pacific Optical lenses had been
completed by that time). A program of field replacement of the Pacific Optical
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lenses was then introduced.
A quantity of red and yellow filters to be used with the 2411
lenses were also supplied. These were examined and filters which would not
reduce the resolution capability of the lens were selected. Unfortunately,
it was foun.i that there were not enough filters of sufficient quality to
compliment the quantity of lenses being produced. As a result, additional
filters had to be manufactured.
2. System for B Configuration (Fig. No. XI)
A lens design was originated by Dr. Baker which was to be used
in the unit known as the B Configuration (Phase III). This was a 36" focal
length f/10 lens. As the design became available, glass was ordered and
the unit was placed in production. Six units were originally planned. Dur-
ing the production phase some problems with the shutter developed by Hycon
arose and a new drawer-shutter was developed. It was decided that this new
drawer-shutter should be incorporated. This, in turn, required the pro-
duction of new castings to accommodate the new shutter.
Filters also caused difficulty. A yellow filter;- was necessary
and a dichroic coating was placed on the inner surfaces of a 36" lens to
provide the yellow filter. Due to certain technical reasons, difficulty was
encountered in selecting an appropriate coating. A requirement later arose
for a red filter, and it was necessary to add a glass filter, in.conjunction
with the existing dichroic coating to produce an equivalent red. Due to
clearance problems these glass filters had to be made thinner than was desir-
able.
The design of the 36" f/10 lens required its use with a light-
weight elliptically shaped mirror. Due to the extremely tight tolerances,
production of this mirror was very difficult. Considerable engineering was
required before a satisfactory mirror was produced.
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FIG. XI. 36" f/10 LENS
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3. System for the C Configuration (Fig. No. XII)
The requirement for an optical system such as the "C" Config-
uration was based upon the need for a reconnaissance spotting system which
would record specific targets and obtain maximum detailed information. It
was envisioned that such a system would be used on missions which were
planned on the basis of information gained by previous missions with other
configurations. The original design and concepts of the "C" Configuration
contained more sophisticated thinking and advancement in current technolo-
gies than any of the other configurations,-and required a substantial ad-
vancement in the state of the art.
Original planning envisioned a camera with a long focal length
optical system, IMC, magazine for 5,300 ft. of 3 mil film for 18 x 18 inch
format, center of gravity mount for inertia stabilization, drive for ob-
lique scan, a min-vib unit, an automatic exposure control, and a capability
for several modes of operation.
During the first year of work on the "C" Configuration, the
original configuration changed several times. Originally it was planned as.
a 200-inch re-imaging system with 18,x 18 inch format. It became evident
that because of space limitations this focal length was impractical, and was
changed to a 144-inch focal length system. Optical considerations dictated
the next change, to a 120-inch re-imaging system. The final dimensions of
180-inch focal length, and 13 x 13 inch format were based on the primary
need for maximum foci' length. A"SKEW-Z" optical configuration was decided
upon in order to make maximum use of the available space.
As originally planned, the configuration was designed with
three modes of operation, In mode 1, the spotting mode, objects of interest
could be selected by the operator of the periscope. This selection could be
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FIGURE %II
C SYSTEM
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made ahead of the lateral plane of the aircraft. By pushing a button, the
operator could store the desired object so that a burst of pictures would
automatically be initiated when the selected object reached the lateral
plane of the vehicle. A burst of six pictures with 60% overlap in the later-
al direction'resulted. Mode II, run away mode, permitted the camera to take
photographs continuously from a fixed oblique angle position equal to the
oblique angle of the periscope line of sight. In Mode III, alternating
mode, the operation is similar to that of Mode II, except that the camera
is cycled in oblique angle to provide 10% overlap in the lateral plane.
Thus, the coverage along the line of sight track is the same as in Mode II
.but the area is wider by a factor of 1.9.
Under Perkin-Elmer engineering liaison, Hycon designed and
constructed the hardware for six configurations. At the same time, optical
work progressed at Perkin-Elmer facility from designs delivered by Dr. Baker.
The first production camera was completed in October 1956.
Flight tests of this initial unit revealed several areas which
required further work. Essentially, performance of this initial system
indicated that results were far below design expectations. The programs
which followed this initial investigation were all aimed at improving the
resulting performance of the system. Certain design concepts were changed,
optical quality was improved, although it was recognized that such factors
as vibration were certain to cause image degradation.
Although many of the concepts used in the configuration were
advancements in the state of the art, there were also occasions where ill-
conceived designs were incorporated. During the various programs that occurred
after the original unit was built, attempts were made to improve performance.
New optics systems were made, new and modified components were installed, and
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various changes were incorporated. Unfortunately, these attempts did not
seem to meet the degree of improvement desired. Based upon the relative
unsuccessful efforts to improve the system and based upon considerations
of customer requirements, support for the "C" Configuration was terminated
in the spring of 1958.
4. Windows
With. the exception of the Data Camera and the periscope which
had their own protruding dome, all the other optical configurations needed
windows in the equipment bay. Since an attempt was being made to obtain
maximum resolution from each of the optical systems, it was imperative that
the windows be of sufficiently high quality to avoid degrading the ultimate
image. Thus, the design and construction of appropriate windows became more
than a simple hardware problem.
Eight different sizes and shapes of windows were required.
Because of the atmosphere and environment in which they were working, a study
had to be undertaken to determine necessary window strength. Preliminary de-
sign included extensive tests to establish strength of glass on a statistical,
basis, and develop strength equations for designs. Production included.100%
strength testing by hydrostatic pressure to insure that the windows were
flawless and not subject to breakage. Optical requirements were held to strict
pre-determined tolerances, The resulting window designs proved very satis-
factory in use and pressure blowout or breakage never occurred.
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36.
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D. Significant Auxiliary Equipment
1. Electronic Image Evaluator
In searching for a more accurate indication of lens quality a
concept long familiar to communication engineers was suggested whereby a
"transmission factor" is determined for each lens. This factor is the measure
of the amount of information transmitted by the lens when imaging a lined
pattern whose brightness varies harmonically across it. It is determined
by dividing the amplitude of the sinusoidally varying brightness in the image
by that in the object. A plot of this factor as a function of number of lines
per millimeter in the pattern is highly informative. It provides information
on the performance expected by the lens when imaging specific targets.
To be able to select and test the best possible reconnaissance
lenses to be used with this program, a lens testing instrument based on these
principles was built. In this instrument, a contrast transmission curve is
obtained by analyzing electronically for the Fourier components of a period-
ically scanned slit image. This system presented advantages over the use of
multiple slits in that data on almost. all lined frequencies could be obtained
using a single slit and a nutating mirror to scan its image across an exit
slit.
Use of this instrument proved that there was unquestionably more
useful information available from contrast transmission curves than from the
standard resolution charts. The information presented was also more direct.
The instrument was used successfully in selecting and evaluating
the performance of the 24 and 36 inch lenses, and in evaluating the effects
of various modifications on these lenses.
Z. Rotating Light Time Equipment (ROLIT)
Since the program was concerned with developing a series of
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cameras which would give optimum performance, a system had to be developed
which would adequately test the various functions of the different units.
In addition to the standard type of ground tests usually employed on aerial
reconnaissance cameras, it was proposed that certain in-flight testing be
provided. In order to accomplish this an assembly of equipment known as the
"rotating light time equipment" was built..
This equipment consisted of a rotating 12 sided mirror which
sequentially reflected light to a.line of 81 reflecting mirrors located on
posts on the ground. These mirrors reflected the light skywards. In this
manner, the equipment provided a string of blinking lights on the ground for
use by airborne aerial cameras. The spacing sequence and rate of blinking
was accurately known, thus providing a time and space standard. If a camera
exposure was made of the blinking lights the developed negative yielded an
accurate record of shutter speed, accuracy of I.M.C. and motion.
There were relatively-few problems in building and installing
this equipment. The major difficulty was in obtaining a light source of
sufficient intensity, Even though the installation was accomplished, due
to other technical difficulties with the equipment and the urgency of delivery,
the equipment found very limited use.
It is felt that this type of test equipment is a sophisticated
approach which will find great use in future programs,
3. Test Collimators (Fig, No's, XIII, XIV and XV)
In order to test the different optical configurations two types
of collimating devices were designed and constructed. Both collimators were
essentially the same except for focal length and aperture. One was a 100"
f/25 system, while the other was a 300" f/27 system. The collimator design
employed an off-axis optical system to contain the folded optical path. The
Engineerinc Renort Nn- S4Qn 38,
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 ~... E. ._ ~_ L... _ [. .. L_ [_...._ _ L_.. E_ [.... L_._. E t-
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--------
Figure x= Optical Schematic Diagram.
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collimator head contained a light source, various pin-holes and resolution
targets, as well as a viewing eyepiece and attachment for a Land Camera.
A scanning mirror was located at the objective end of the collimator to direct
the collimated bundle either into the equipment being tested or back into
the collimator head. Each collimator was mounted on a base which had adjust-
ments necessary to facilitate its use.
Both collimators were used extensively in the field. The 300"
collimator was limited mainly to use with the "C" Configuration, It was found
that the 300" collimator, being of such long focal length, was very sensitive
to such degrading influences as vibration and thermal gradients. Extreme
precautions had to be taken when it was used so that its effects were not
misconstrued to be that of the optical system under test.
Less sensitive to vibration and thermal effects, the 100" system
proved to be very versatile and useful in testing the A and B configurations.
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 It E t. E I a I I I I E C [ I [_
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 I.. I [ 1, 1. I I i I i
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Figure'XV. 300" COLLIMATOR
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
The program was quite successful, and this can. be attributed to three
considerations:
1. The contracting organization engendered maximum application of tech-
nical talents by permitting the suppliers great freedom in technical
decisions and choice of subcontractors, and encouraging close liaison
among the suppliers. In addition, the contracting organization was
at all times receptive to imaginative approaches to technical problems,
fully appreciative that advancements in the state of the art were
necessary to preserve the intention of the program.
2. The concept of a completely compatible photographic reconnaissance
system, designed from its inception for a particular set of conditions,
as opposed to the more usual assemblage of universal components, has
markedly increased the ability to obtain maximum information for a
specific type of mission. This is best exemplified by the fact that
optics design was predicated on detection of medium and low contrast
objects; not the high contrasts usually employed as design bases, cAic!A
are not found under actual flight conditions. Optics designs were
tempered by considerations of parameters of films which would be avail-
able. Films were tailored to obtain maximum compatibility with the image
forming system. Mechanical structures were designed with stabilization
requirements, vibration frequencies and levels, and with"performance
goals in mind.
3. The services of manufacturers' field engineer., were exclusively employed
for maintenance and operation. These field services were in close liaison
with the continuing product improvement programs maintained by the manu-
facturers. The field activities included periodic visits by high level
technical support groups.
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The results have been impressive. Embodied in the equipment of
this program are several technical advancements, numerous functional improve-
ments as well as examples of the application of unique techniques and philoso-
phies which contributed to advancements to the state of the art of aerial re-
connaissance. Performance levels of modified standard equipment in the Al
Configuration have nearly doubled. The A2, employing a modified standard
camera,but special optics,has increased performance capability even more.
The B Configuration, employing the new philosophy of object space scanning,
obtained consistent resolution levels far in excess to any obtained with
standard equipment of equivalent focal length, and,thus introduced a new
reconnaissance technique. The Panoramic Camera virtually out-performed and
obsoleted the tri-metrigon system for aerial reconnaissance where space, weight
and reliability were considerations.
Although the termination of the C Configuration did not provide
the ultimate"spotting operatiod'desired, the system nevertheless developed
four advanced design features: (1.) a reimaging projection system, (2,) a
center of gravity support, (3.) object space scanning, and (4.) lightweight
reflecting optics. During tests this configuration produced results which
yielded more information than any other known photographic reconnaissance
c atttera.
The capability of target storage, as embodied in Mode I operation
of the C Configurationasuccessfully demonstrated a new and impressive capa-
bility which could be incorporated in other reconnaissance systems. The
Memory Unit itself represents an advance in the state of the art as a mechan-
ical mechanism capable of reliably performing its functions, yet being at
the sane time lightweight and compact.
In order to be able to comprehensively evaluate design and perform-
ance characteristics of the optics, new evaluation techniques had to be de-
veloped which would yield more information than the standard resolution tests.
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The image evaluator which resulted has led to concepts which are now finding
wide interest in the industry and which promise to become standard tools of
the trade.
Acute weight considerations led to the use of ribbed construction
of high quality optical mirrors in the B and C Configurations. The. lightweight
construction of the mirrors in these systems showed that such a philosophy was
practical.
Additionally, more sophisticated testing and handling techniques
were developed which permitted a more comprehensive knowledge of equipment
capabilities so necessary to maintaining the equipment at maximum operating
conditions.
In conclusion, the prime factor in the success of this program was
the integration of vehicle and equipment performances. All vehicle functions
were designed to accommodate the specific mission, and all reconnaissance
equipment considered both mission and vehicle characteristics. This is an
ideal, but unfortunately rare, consideration and this organization is most
pleased to have participated in this enterprise.
Engineering Report No. 5490 45,
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APPENDIX
LIST OF PERTINENT PUBLICATIONS
Publication Number Description
151-1374 Instruction Manual for Model 151 Tracking
Camera and Test Equipment
522-0026 Instruction Manual for MK I-A Tracking
Camera and Test Equipment
Instruction Manual for Model 152 Hand
Control and Periscope. Model 153 Memory
Computer and Junction Box, and Teat Equip-
ment
162-1235 Instruction Manual for Model 162 100-inch
f/25 Auto-Collimator
162-1236 Instruction Manual for Model 162 300-inch
f/25 Auto-Collimator
Final Engineering Report - Aerial Survey-
ing Equipment Program, by Hycon Manufactur-
ing Company
Summary Test Report 73-C Configuration -
Approximately April 1958, by Hycon Manu-
facturing Company
Engineering Report No. 5490 46.
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