PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S PROMPT ACTION IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC SAVED LIVES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500120001-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 27, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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May 27, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
their right to be treated fairly under the law. California. He has hit upon the crux
Further, as I have already pointed out, in of this debate. Last year, it was the
several States the electorate that would in
fact approve any apportionment system in analogy of State government with the
the next few years will be an electorate which Federal Government and the. Senate;
is already in Imbalance because of existing or the so-called Federal analogy. This
past racial discrimination in reigstering and time it will be whether the people should
voting. decide the matter in a referendum.
These are some of .the specific problems The position of the Senator from Wis-
which are clearly discernible in the proposed consin is very simple on this matter.
amendments. But in conclusion, i would The fact is that the Senator from Cali-
like to point out that the question goes far
beyond
beyond mere technical uuderrepresentation forma and I have responsibility as Sen-
this one segment of the population. The ators. It seems to me that we must pass
question is whether or not the States will on the merits of legislation and whether
have political systems capable of action to It should be submitted in a referendum
meet the most urgent problems of our so- to the people or not. We could have a
ciety, of which the most pressing and most referendum which would enable the
difficult is that of low-income Negroes and people to pass a national lottery, to legal-
other nonwhites living in the blighted and
congested parts of the urban centers. How- ize gambling, or legalize selling of harm
ever the language of these proposed amend- ful drugs. We could say leave it to the
e
ments Is changed, they plainly contemplate people, pass the buck, let the people de-
the possibility of a malapportioned house in tide these and all issues. Why not?
every State legislature which will at the very Can we walk off and forget our duty?
least have veto power over welfare, eco- Do we have no responsibility once we
nomic, educational, and civil rights meas- submit an issue to the people? Do we
ures aimed at remedying urban problems, approve or anything?
and particularly the condition of the urban
Negro. And if our experience in past years I believe that the Senator from Cali-
means anything, it is unrealistic to expect forma knows that even if the people can
responsiveness to these needs by a legislative act, we are given the responsibility under
body whose members owe little or no political the Constitution to express our own posi-
alleeience to the ?a.,,.Te 4 ,,....a _1 _,__ i, __ _
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. PROXMIRE. I yield.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from California Is recognized.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, my
good friend, the senior Senator from
Wisconsin, knows of the respect in which
I hold him. I do not want now to en-
cumber the RECORD with a long colloquy
on a highly controversial issue which the
Senate and House of Representatives will
face later.
I simply say to the Senator that, in our
society, we must place our trust In the
people. It is the people at the ballot
box who must, in the final analysis, make
many of the very basic policy decisions
which confront them.
saying let the people decide. -
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator has expired.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
ask for 3 additional minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, the Senator from Wiscon-
sin is recognized for an additional 3
,
a Senator must decide how ito! vote on leave the decision to a referendum in all
a matter which runs so completely of the 50 States. And I would be basic-
counter to a principle in which he deeply ally reluctant to vote for a denial of the
believes--the principle that every man right to equal representation of each
should have an equal vote-then he cer- man-black or white, rich or poor, liter-
tainly has a right to stand on the floor ate or illiterate-in hLs own State leg-
of the Senate and fi
ht
h
g
as
ard
It has seemed to me, therefore, that issue is also to be Put before the people pRESIDENT
if a constitutional amendment were to in a referendum. JOHNSON'S PROMPT
place the right in the people to make a I also remind the Senator from Cali- ACTION IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
decision at the ballot box with reference fornia, and I am sure that the Senator SAVED LIVES
to the manner in which they would de- from California knows, perhaps in the Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
sire to apportion their legislative branch, history of California, that a referendum President of the United States has been
the ends of our type of society would be can be worded in such a way and pro- criticized on our intervention in Santo
very well met, and the people themselves moted in such a way in the newspapers, Domingo, and there has been a great deal
would be making the choice. on the television, on the radio through of confusion about it. One of the clear-
People make mistakes on occasion, the use of an enormous amount of est reports on the instant situation which
but not very often. Therefore, it has money, that people can be deceived. preceded the President's action was
seemed to me, I say to my friend, that I have great faith in the people. I written by Virginia Prewett in the Wash-
giving the people in each State a con- would not be a U.S. Senator today If I ington Daily News. I read from that
tinuing right on election day to make did not have. We must realize that on article briefly:
their decision with respect to the re- a matter as complicated as this, and as At 5:30 p.m., a unanimous request had
apportionment problem is in the very removed from their immediate interest- come from our nine-man diplomatic country
essence responsive to the type of society since it is not a matter of taxation or team in the Dominican Republic requesting
which our Founding Fathers envisioned. war-people can be deceived. It is a immediate military assistance to save the
I make this comment obviously in no duty, a fundamental, inescapable duty lives of a thousand Americans in the Embaia-
spirit of rancor, but because I do want for Members of Congress to vote on the dor Hotel.
to point out that when we debate as he merits of the matter. "That cuts,"
have Pe Amen n people "I'm not sees the light, my able friend-who has Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, on the. wake up tomorrow mor the American people
therefend a bhun
devoted himself to principle ? record latter dyed of our ring down and
ecause
here-I and others will have an oppor- completely t agree. my friend's say, alas, tKat I I didn't do our down t because
tunity to debate at close range whether the technes of deptionand deceit Congress should recommend a const- are constantly available to those in our incidents is a fine leading and upconcise
hink
to t theeeport tutlonal amendment to the people and society who would try to mislead, wheth- eosion Domingo which n which I President's
have the people in each State make that er the problem be an issue on the ballot should d on Santo
called to can to the the attention of think
decision. - in a State or in a presidential campaign, s Congress and nd the American people, and
, d
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, i or, indeed, In a senatorial campaign. 11 ask unanimous consent that the article
thank the distinguished Senator from I speak now as a Californian, The be printed in the RECORD at this point.
11463
record of the people of my State in pass-
ing judgment on multitudes of issues
deemed by them to be serious is an ex-
cellent record. While occasionally de-
ception has done its work effectively and
successfully, the people in the long run
have been able to rectify the errors which
may have crept into their votes in prior
elections.
This is a very crucial issue. I would
not equate it with many of the other
problems which we have before us, all of
which are important. This is a funda-
mental question concerning the form of
government in the several States.
I look forward-as i am sure will be
the case when the Issue is pending-to
spending time on open and constructive
debate with my friend in order, in the
public interest, to attempt to find out
specifically the arguments in favor of the
proposal, as well as the arguments that
are not in favor of the proposal.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator has expired.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
ask for 3 additional minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senator from Wisconsin is recognized
for an additional 3 minutes.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
believe that the Senator from California
is one of the most reasonable as well as
one of the ablest Members of the Senate.
With respect to these basic matters-and
this is a basic, fundamental, and most
important principle-I would never vote
to deny people the right of religious free-
dom, the right of freedom of speech
the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE May 27, 1965
There being no objection, the article phone tie President's message to every Latin
American Ambassador. This the nine diplo-
WAS ordered to be printed in the RECORD, mats dii. Not only OAS members, but also
as follows: Jamaica and Trinidad were called.
L.B.J.'s PROMPT DOMINICAN REPSSBLIC ACTION Senator ROBERT KENNEDY, Democrat,, of
SAVED AMERICAN LIVES New York, has critically compared President
(Novz.-This is the last of three articles in Johnson's procedure with the Latin Ameri-
which Virginia Prewett, prize-winning Wash- cans wi:h that of his late brother during the
ington Daily News columnist on Latin Cuban missile crisis.
America, gives a behind-the-scenes report = WHEN J.F.N. SPOKE
on how President Johnson decided to send On Goober 22, 1962, President Kennedy
Miss forces Into the Dominican Republic. a spoke t) the Nation at 8:30 p.m., announcing
Prewett received inform ation from m a his mtintion to order a naval quarantine
high source, who cannot be identified.) around Cuba. That night he had the Latin
(By Virginia Prewett) Ameriom Ambassadors notified and, like W.
When President Johnson between 5:30 Johnson, called an OAS meoetticng officially the rn d
P.M. and 6:30 p.m. on April 28 quickly tele- clay. ~Ster the meeting y approved
phoned or called in the Nation's top officials his action, he ordered U.S. Navy units, al-
about landing marines In the Dominican ready in position, to impose the quarantine.
Republic, a conversation was being held be- President Kennedy could do this because
tween our Embassy there and the Wash- the United States had the initiative in this
ington message center. crisis. -This permitted him to control the
on. mercyiif Presdent Johnson, in contrast,
News was relayed to the President that timing - was Guatemala, Embassies of Ecuaad.or had bbeen fired Argentina,
imposed by the wild moat the
bs in
the The U.S. aid mission had been raided. The Santo Domingo. If he had announced he
evacuation zone around the Embajador Ho- meant to send in marines the next day, it
tel had been broken into again. virtually would have invited a mob attack
At 5:30 p.m., a unanimous request had on the Embajador Hotel-and the emergence
come from our nine-man diplomatic "coun- of a regime of some kind controlled by Com-
try team" in the Dominican Republic re- munis B.
questing immediate military assistance to REASONS DISCUSSED
save the lives of a thousand Americans in On 'thursday, April 29, at 10:30 a.m., the
the Embajador Hotel. OAS met and Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker
d1 nd the reasons for it.
a
h
r
THAT CUTS IT
,,That cuts it," said President Johnson.
"I'm not going to have the American people
wake up tomorrow morning andfind a hun-
dred of our people dead down there because
I didn't do anything."
He took the position that if he did not act,
he risked immediate blood guilt for the
Americans. The vision of another Cuba was
strong in his mind.
He said later of the moment: "We know
there are evil forces everywhere-in this
country and everywhere else. But here in
the United States they're not in control. At
that moment, In Santo Domingo, they were
In control."
Mr. Johnson ordered multiple messages to
go into effect at 6:30 p.m. The marines
were to land. The first pathfinder group
did lKnd in LCT's at Haina seaport not long
afterward. By 7:50 p.m., 405 marines were
an ng
e
reviewed t
The CAS asked the Papal Nuncio in Santo
l5omix go to arrange a ceasefire. Late that
night the OAS called an emergency foreign
ministers' meeting and approved establish-
ment of an international safe haven in the
Domirican Republic.
On kpril 30, the special meeting sent Sec-
retary ;General Jose Mora to Santo Domingo.
The next day the OAS named a special five-
man leacemaking team and sent it to Santo
Domingo on a U.B. military plane.
Acting at its swiftest, the OAS thus man-
aged 'm get its peace team In 4 days after
the crisis peak when a thousand Americans
were :.p,danger at the Embajador.
The OAS simply did not have the ma-
chine-7 or the precedents to go in quick-
ly and protect the foreign nationals. The
hope is that it will develop the needed mus-
cles oat of the Dominican crisis.
These are the people you might ask wheth-
er Mr. Johnson should have sent in the Ma-
rines.
DESPERATE NEED FOR U.S. GOV-
ERNMENT COUNTERINSURGENCY
COMPETENCE
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, one
matter that I am sure has concerned all
Members of Congress has been the suc-
cess of the Communists in. South Viet-
nam with their subversive tactics. Re-
cently an excellent parley took place at
Airlie House: in Virginia, attended by
university professors, business leaders,
officials of the Federal Government,
journalists, and others, to discuss our
experience with counterinsurgency
Max Freedman wrote an article on
this subject, which was published in last
night's Washington Star. I quote from
the article:
At present the men working on counter-
insurgency are found in marginal positions
in various departments and agencies of the
Government. They are usually remote from
the centers of power, and their advice and
assistance often are ignored until the
troubles have burst upon us. They lack the
power and prestige inside the bureaucracy
which come only from an established com-
mitment, a large budget, and a purpose
which visibly commands the support of the
President.
He goes onto say--
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator has expired.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that I may have
1 additional. minute.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. PROXMIRE. I quote further
from the article:
The important point is that the Commu-
nists boast that they have discovered a new
kind of warfare in subversion, while we have
been haphazard and meager, furtive and un-
derhand, in our response to that challenge.
The panel wants this inadequate U.S. policy
to be replaced by a visible, vigorous, and en-
during commitment.
CONTRADICTIONS SHOW
A s:gnificant feature of the U.S. press criti-
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article by Max Freedman,
which seems to me to support the Free-
dom Academy which many of us have
supported or something much like it, be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no Objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows,
PARLEY STUDIES FUTURE V.S. POLICY
(By Max Freedman)
With the military order. Mr. Johnson tier of the order to land the Marines is
stressed his urgent hope for a cease-fire and that :t comes from the same spokesmen who
a settlement of Dominican differences. most vociferously and tenaciously defended
He also called for congressional leaders to the lastro regime. "Anti-war" crusaders
meet with him at 7:15 pm. condsann the order to land the Marines in
When he issued the landing order, he di- one breath and call for Cuba-type revolu-
fficers of the State Depart- tions .throughout Latin America in the next.
e
a o
rected the ar
ment's American Republics Division to no- But what President Johnson recalls is that
tify all Latin American ambassadors that thousands of American lives were in danger.
many Latin American embassies and diplo- He sites a new and vicious subversion creep-
mats in the Dominican Republic had called lug into the Western Hemisphere, the kind
on the United States for help, that the U.S. we ale fighting in Vietnam.
Marines were landing to save American and If he had to it do oevr, he would land For 3 days the recent conference at
other lives, and that the United States ur- the Marines again. Airlie House in Virginia had drawn about 100
gently requested an OAS meeting the next Important in the story is the fact that people into an examination of the major
day. U.S. forces in Santo Domingo have evacu- problems in world affairs. The participants
REDS SPOTTED ated many more nationals of the other coon- came from Universities and from business,
The congressional leaders stayed with the tries than our own countrymen. from the Federal Ga ies andt, from journal-
President until 9 pm. When they asked MANY MOVED OUT ism, and from other disciplines. Divided in
about Communist :influence, Mr. Johnson In all about 2,000 Americans were moved their training and experience, they were
told them that the Communist apparatus out. And more than 2,500 citizens of 45 united in their determination to confront
had been spotted emerging. other nations. the problem is that will. face the United States
At first two known members of the Com- in the next 10 years in its "Strategy for
monist apparatus were spotted seizing stra- They include people from Canada, China, Peace" the theme od the conference.
tegic command of groups or objectives, then Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria-the
nine were spotted, and more and more. DUI!- world. Latin Americans evacuated include This Airlier~d demanstrnct f m
lug the day the pro-Castro talisman cry of Argentines, Bolivians, Brazilians, Chileans, the recent gestures
"pars don" d(to , the wall) had multiplied as cane Colcmblans, Costa Ricans, Ecuadorans, Salvadorans, Cubans, atemal= the mere exprmesion of academiicn_anxiet a with d
mobs sacked, muted, and killed.
After 6:30 pals.., aisle State Department area ens, Haitians, Panamanians, Nicaraguans, protest. Its discussions at1 had a practical
chiefs for Latin America were called to Mexicans, Peruvians, Uruguayans, Vene- purpose--to make scholarship relevant to the
actual agenda of the Government and to set
their offices. Their instructions were to tale- zuelans, and Jamaicans.
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May 27, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
seminars are conducted by experienced re-
ferees who speak from practical experience
and deal entirely with matters of procedure
and administration within the framework
of the Bankruptcy Act. This first seminar,
followed by a second a month ago, has .
already begun to promote greater uniformity
of administration. The published proceed-
ings have been made available to all referees
who have not yet attended these seminars,
but it is our hope that in due time we will
have an opportunity for the older and more
seasoned referees to meet with the newer
referees with the end result that better serv-
ice can be afforded to the public in spite
of variations in local laws and conditions.
Much work has been done by the Judicial
Conference of the United States in the field
of pretrial procedures, in the trial of com-
plicated cases, the trial of multiple cases
emanating from a common cause, statistics,
court administration, the implementation of
the Criminal Justice Act and Rules of Prac-
tice and Procedure by Chief Judges Biggs,
Murrah, Johnsen, Hastings, and Senior Judge
Mari.:, and their committees. But for most
of them it has been a slow and hard grind
in order to make progress. Really I believe
the time has come when the bench and bar
should join with vigor in finding ways and
means to keep us current with our work. We
do not want to change established princi-
ples of decision-making, but it stands to
reason that if courts fall to keep pace with
the workload, further inroads on the judicial
process will be made through administrative
procedures that will water down the rights
of our citizens to their day in court.
I am pleased to be able to report significant
progress on the part of several advisory com-
mittees which have been studying and work-
ing on revisions of the Federal Rules of
Practice and Procedure. Five of the ad-
visory committees have been working over
a period of nearly 5 years on this important
task and four of them are about to send the
products of their labors to the Standing
Committee of the Judicial Conference on the
Rules of Practice and Procedure.
The -Advisory Committee on. Civil Rules
and the Advisory Committee on Criminal
Rules have made a thoroughgoing study of
the existing civil and criminal rules. Their
recommendations were circulated, as were
those of the other committees, at least twice
to the bar generally and to scholars through-
out the country, and the comments received
have been given the fullest study and con-
sideration by the committee members.
The Advisory Committee on Admiralty
Rules has prepared amendments to the civil
rules designed to merge the admiralty pro-
cedure into the civil procedure.
A complete set of appellate rules has been
prepared by the Advisory Committee on
Appellate Rules and these rules are also
designed to reach the standing committee
when it meets this summer.
It is probable, therefore, that the reports
of these four advisory committees will reach
the judicial conference and the Supreme
Court for consideration later this year.
At the close of the last session of Congress,
legislation was enacted authorizing the
promulgation of Rules of Practice and Pro-
cedure under the Bankruptcy Act. The
Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules,
which has also held several meetings over
the past years, now has a new charter for
action which will require it to make a new
start in some areas of its activities.
Earlier this year, at the request of the
judicial conference, I appointed members to
an advisory committee to study the possi-
bility of adopting uniform rules of evidence
in Federal courts. This committee, under
the chairmanship of Albert_ E. Jenner, Jr.,
of Chicago, is, like the other advisory com-
mittees, broadly representative of the legal
profession across the country. Prof. Edward
W. Cleary, of the University of Illinois, will
act as reporter for this committee. Their
labors are certain to be long-and arduous,
but they are fortunate in having available
to them the results of the studies of the
American Law Institute in formulating its
Model Code of Evidence and the subsequent
work of the Commissioners on Uniform State
Laws. A few States have also made extensive
studies in this area, which will be available
to the committee.
The bench and bar are deeply indebted to
our colleagues on these advisory commit-
tees. They have given fully and conscien-
tiously of their time and efforts to the work
of the committees. This has involved many
hours of controversy and long hours of study
of the many comments which have been
received from all parts of the country on the
proposed revisions of the rules.
On August 20, 1964, the President signed
the Criminal Justice Act, a statute which
will have profound implications for the ad-
ministration of justice in this country.
There are two major innovations in this
statute. First, when defendants are fi-
nancially unable to employ counsel of -their
own, the court must appoint counsel for
them as early in the proceedings as possible,
which means in most cases when the de-
fendant is first brought before the U.S. com-
missioner. Heretofore, counsel was rarely
appointed in Federal criminal proceedings
until arraignment in the district courts.
This will be a new burden on the U.S.
Commissioner and raises serious questions as
to the ability of many commissioners to cope
with this added responsibility.
The commissioner system is as old as the
Republic. It was established by the first
Congress. It has grown and developed dif-
ferently as the Nation has expanded, so that
today the functions and activities of the
commissioner lack consistency, as do the
qualifications of the commissioner himself.
A recent survey showed that of the approxi-
mately 1,100 commissioners, only about two-
thirds were lawyers.
Proceedings before a commissioner have
generally been informal, conducted without
a stenographic record, and without counsel
being present. The commissioner's only
compensation has been through small fees
which he has collected. Once the Criminal
Justice Act becomes operational, the ques-
tion arises whether the proceedings before
the commissioners will not have to become
formal and be adequately reported and,, if
so, whether our commissioners are qualified
and competent, especially the one-third who
are not lawyers, to conduct formal hearings.
Undoubtedly, the passage of the Criminal
Justice Act will bring to light many inade-
quacies in our commissioner system. I be-
lieve our experience may well demonstrate
the need for a thoroughgoing study of the
system not only to assure the effective ad-
ministration of the act at the commissioner
level but also to assure that the position of
U.S. Commissioner is a meaningful one
viewed in the light of current needs.
The second major innovation of the Crim-
inal Justice Act is the provision for at least
partial compensation for assigned counsel in
criminal cases. It also provides for the ap-
pointment and compensation of expert wit-
nesses. The judges of each district have
been required by the act to make appropri-
ate plans for the disbursement of public
funds for this purpose and the circuit coun-
cils are given supervision over the program.
This requirement places a difficult adminis-
trative burden upon the courts and the suc-
cessful discharge of this new function will
require the active cooperation of the bar.
The act must be administered in a manner
that will be both fair and adequate to the
11481
defendant as well as equitable to the mem-
bers of the bar. This act poses a real chal-
lenge to our profession because we have had
no similar experience. It cannot be the
problem of the courts alone. The local bar
associations must participate both in the
making and administration of the plans.
The members of those associations must
each accept a measure of responsibility, and
it should not be delegated to those in our
profession who are willing to accept the
partial compensation because they find dif-
ficulty in making a living otherwise. To
permit this would convert the objective of
affording legal assistance to indigents to that
of affording assistance to indigent lawyers.
Recently, the President sent to the Con-
gress a challenging message calling upon the
Nation for a renewed and increased effort to
combat the problem of crime and delin-
quency. As lawyers, we should accept this
challenge as being particularly directed to-
ward us. The judicial branch of the Gov-
ernment is necessarily involved in every as-
pect of this effort because criminal cases
are processed through the courts and be-
cause the judiciary is deeply concerned with
effectiveness of our correctional system.
In furtherance of the President's message,
the Attorney General and I discussed the
desirability of reorganizing Federal correc-
tions into an administrative system which
would have jurisdiction over the entire Fed-
eral correctional process from beginning to
end, including the training of all correction-
al personnel, both those in correctional in-
stitutions and those engaged in supervision
in the community.
To me, this is a challenging idea and one
that seems to offer an opportunity for a vast
improvement for dealing with people con-
victed of crime in Federal courts. A cor-
rectional agency thus broadly organized
should participate with other agencies in
Government, including particularly the Na-
tional Institute of Mental Health, the Vo-
cational Rehabilitation Administration, and,
of course, the U.S. judges through the Judi-
cial Conference of the United States in con-
tinuous practical research and development
in the correctional field.
More and more, modern legislation has
been giving the sentencing judge opportu-
nity to adopt flexible programs to meet the
particular needs of the individual before
him, programs which combine the facilities
and techniques now under separate admin-
istrations.
More and more, institutional adminis-
trators and probation officers have felt that
the ultimate success of their work depends
upon their understanding of and coordina-
tion with what is done in other phases of
the correctional process.
Perhaps most important, we are realizing
that the hope for continued progress in cor-
rections rests on the development of pro-
grams of research and evaluation which will
create and test against alternatives a large
number of techniques to be matched with the
individual offender.
We are proud of the advances recently made
in corrections. The Judicial Conference
Committee on the Administration of the Pro-
bation System, the Bureau of Prisons, and
the Parole Board have been imaginative in
their response to the development of
knowledge and technique. The steps which
they have taken lead logically to the creation
of a unified Federal correctional service.
Continuous research and development is
the lifeblood of a successful correctional
system. This requires continuous experi-
mentation, constant research. It is im-
portant in any system which 1s created that
the research and development be separately
organized within the correctional system so
that its personnel will not be diverted from
their research functions and become involved
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE May 27, 1965
be closely integrated with the system.
'An important advantage which would re-
sult from a unified service would be the
strengthening of the professional character
of correctional personnel. The new system
would break down and eliminate the present
administrative barriers and distinctions and
it would require intensive basic training.
Proper training programs are a vital part
of any correctional system. They would
result in making the services of our pro-
bation officers of even greater usefulness to
our district court judges.
By providing promotion from and to insti-
tutional and field positions and by transfers
from one part of the country to another,
new opportunities would develop for the in-
fusion of knowledge, the gaining of experi-
ence and the rewarding' of excellence with
responsibility equal to ability.
Another function which a unified service
can uniquely perform is the administration
of new correctional techniques which plainly
out across traditional lines. We have long
known that the presentence investigation is
invaluable to institutional classification and
treatment and to the Parole Board in making
its decision. We have also known, and acted
on the knowledge, that prerelease planning
and counseling are essential to community-
based treatment. These simply illustrate the
inevitable interdependence of the parts of
the process. It is new' programs, such as
work-release and halfway houses, which
bring this interrelationship to the forefront.
You can easily see how difficult it would be
to place and administer these hybrids in a
system which drew lines between the insti-
tution and the community.
It goes without saying that the services
of all personnel now engaged in one or
another part of the Federal correctional field
would be needed in the operations of a
unified system. The functions they now
perform would be continued, and often ex-
panded, but for the first time all functions
would be conducted on a coordinated basis
and within the concept of a career service.
The renewed interest of the Department of
Justice in improving our corrections system
has been most gratifying. I hope the judi-
ciary will play its proper role in achieving
these necessary and important changes.
We note a tendency today to blame the
courts afid the rulings of the courts for the
vast amount of crime. Thinking persons,
and especially lawyers, know that this is not
the fact. They know that crime is insep-
arably connected with factors, such as pov-
erty, degradation, sordid social conditions,
the weakening of home ties, low standards of
law enforcement, and the lack of education.
The courts, law professors and lawyers every-
where have a deep responsibility, however, to
see that the rules which guide our criminal
trials are fair, adequate and capable of effl-
dent administration. We of the legal pro-
fession must consider this as one of our ma-
jor responsibilities, as must every bar as-
sociation, national, State or local.
Every lawyer has taken an oath to dedi-
cate himself to the preservation of the rule
of law. He must, therefore, realize that it
is his responsibility not only to perfect pro-
cedures in the law but' as a. citizen to see
that the conditions that give rise to crime,
vice and violence are not permitted to exist
in his community.
No nation, regardless of its general eco-
nomic prosperity can continue to prosper
unless its citizens in all walks of life are
dedicated to law observance, not merely by
the other fellow, but by all. In a free soci-
ety such as ours, this is the only secure
foundation upon which we can build our
home and business lives. Otherwise, we
build upon sand,.
There are other things that I could prop-
erly discuss with you, but time is precious
and you have your own agenda to which I
must now leave you, with the knowledge
t tat your discussions will, as usual, be pur-
poseful. I hope they will also be satisfying
ti you and contribute to the better admin-.
iioation of justice throughout the land.
IOCOMOTIVE INSPECTION LAW
IGNORED BY ICC
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, I wish to
t ring to the attention of the Senate a
ratter which has been of concern to me
and to many others. It involves the
Interstate Commerce Commission and
the operation of the locomotive inspec-
tion law. That law, as we know, pro-
vides that there shall be appointed by
the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, a director of loco-
r.lotive inspection and two assistant
Directors. Following the provisions for
these appointments, their respective
cuties are defined and spelled out in this
public law.
'From information made available to
the, it appears that offices of these Pres-
ilential appointees have in, effect been
tripped of their authority and their
i,utonomy, and have been relegated to a
itatus not contemplated or providedfor
by law. To me, this is not in keeping
kith either the spirit or the letter of the
c.bngressional act, and is not in keeping
with the significance Congress placed on
i i ilroad-equipment safety, in providing
specifically that these should be Presi-
dential appointees, requiring Senate
i ipproval.
More than a year ago, in an order
dated April 6, 1964, the Interstate Com-
lherce Commission reorganized various
li-tlreaus. In so doing, the management
and technical direction legislatively as-
signed to the Director of Locomotive
: nspection, his assistant, and the district
locomotive inspectors, were transferred
1;0 regional managers of the Commission
itself and/or the office of the Managing
Director of the Commission and the
Commission's Bureau of Safety and
i 3ervice.
Such a transfer of authority and direc-
i.ion is clearly in direct violation of the
'.:.ocomotive Inspection Act, which was
onacted by Congress to assure the great-
est possible safety to the shipping and
ixaveling public and to engine-service
1tmployees on the Nation's railroads.
The Locomotive Inspection Act pro-
,Tides that there shall be appointed, by
'fie President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, a Director of
:locomotive Inspection and two Assistant
;Directors, who shall have general super-
litendence of the inspectors.
In precise language, the act in-
structs the Director of Locomotive In-
iection as to his duties and responsi-
)ilities.
The act also defines the relationship
Between the Director of Locomotive In-
i43ection and the Interstate Commerce
,commission, by providing that the Com-
pission shall, first, furnish the Director
yith such legal, technical, stenographic,
Ind clerical help as he may require;
second, set his salary and the salary of
ais assistants in accordance with the
classification Act of 1949; third, appoint
district inspectors, after civil service
Ixamination, questions for which were
?repared by the Director; fourth, review
lppeals from the Director's findings or
orders; and fifth, review rules and regu-
lations drafted by the Director.
It is obvious that the act intends and
provides for an autonomous Director,
with powers, duties, and responsibilities
in keeping with the importance of this
area of Federal regulation. But the
Commission's reorganization order de-
rails the legislative 'intent, and wrecks
the possibility of economic and efficient
administration by the Director of Loco-
motiveInspection.
What does the Commission have to say
for itself, when questioned about the
changes? I am advised that the Director
of Locomotive Inspection has complained
to no avail, and that, representatives of
the highly responsible and reputable
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, as
well as railroad labor generally, also
have complained. They are told to go
to court if they do not like the new way
of doing things.
A court appeal, with its attendant de-
lays and expense, should not be neces-
sary, in a situation in which the execu-
tive and legislative intent are clear and
unequivocal.
I remind the Interstate Commerce
Commission, the oldest of the independ-
ent agencies, that it is a creature of Con-
gress; that its members are appointed
by the President, by and with the ad-
vice and consent; of the Senate; that its
budget is subject to scrutiny by this
body; and that it is not free to disregard
ENDORSEMENT OF PRESIDENT
JOHNSON'S ACTION ON THE DO-
MINICAN REPUBLIC
Mr. MCGEE. Mr. President, with
American troops now being withdrawn
in large numbers from the Dominican
Republic, it is well for us to realize and
appreciate the good they have done there,
and the good services rendered mankind
by our President when he decided, on
April 28, that the Marines and para-
troopers should go to Santo Domingo.
Mob rule was the situation in Santo
Domingo. Foreign embassies, includ-
ing our own, had been fired upon. The
lives Of many--again including Amer-
icans--were in jeopardy, as the cry of
"Paredon," or ...ro the wall," caught on
with the mobs.
Mr. President, Virginia Prewett, who
writes for the Scripps-Howard newspa-
pers, is an acknowledged authority on
Latin America. She is a prize-winning
reporter. In a series of articles which
concluded yesterday, she has detailed
the chaos in the Dominican Republic and
the wisdom of President Johnson's deci-
sion to intervene. I ask unanimous con-
sent that the concluding article in Vir-
ginia :P:rewett's series, from the Wash-
ington Daily News of May 26, be printed
in the :RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follovs:
(From the Washington Daily News;
May 26, 19651
L.B.J.'s PROMPT DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ACTION
SAVED .AMERICAN LIVES
(By Virginia Prewett)
When President Johnson between 5:30
p.m. and 6:30 p.m. on April 28 quickly tele-
phoned, or called in the Nation's top officials
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May 27, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 11483
about landing marines in the Dominican American ambassadors notified and, like Mr. efit of those who come after us, can be
Republic, a conversation was being held be- Johnson, called an OAS meeting for the next intensified greatly if American will pitch
tween our Embassy there and the Washing- day. After the meeting officially approved in. Last week, when volunteers scoured
ton message center. his action, he ordered U.S. Navy units, al- the Potomac River and its banks for
News was relayed to the President that the ready in position, to impose the quarantine. litter, we had a good example of the type
Embassies of El Salvador, Argentina, Guate- President Kennedy could do this because
i _ - i? +hi. Of citizen effort which can be effective.
U.S. aid mission had been raided. The evac- crisis. This permitted him to control the
uation zone around the Embajador Hotel had timing.
been broken into again. President Johnson, in contrast, was at the
At 5:30 p.m., a unanimous request had mercy of timing imposed by the wild mobs in
come from our nine-man diplomatic country Santo Domingo. If he had announced he
team in the Dominican Republic requesting meant to send in marines the next day, it
immediate military assistance to save the virtually would have invited a mob attack on
lives of a thousand Americans in the Emba- the Embajador Hotel-and the emergence of
jador Hotel. a regime of some kind controlled by Com-
"That cuts it," said President Johnson. REASONS DISCUSSED
"I'm not going to have the American people On Thursday, April 29, at 10:30 a.m., the
wake up tomorrow morning and find a hun- OAS met and Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker
dred of our people dead down there because reviewed the landing and the reasons for it.
I didn't do anything." The OAS asked the Papal Nuncio in Santo
He took the position that if he did not act, Domingo to arrange a cease-fire. Late that
he risked immediate blood guilt for the night the OAS called an emergency foreign
Americans. The vision of another Cuba was ministers' meeting and approved establish-
strong in his mind. ment of an international safe haven in the
He said later of the moment: "We know Dominican Republic.
there are evil forces everywhere-in this On April 30, the. special meeting sent Sec-
country and everywhere else, But here in retary General Jose Mora to Santo Domingo.
the United States they're not in control. At The next day the OAS named a special five-
that moment, in Santo Domingo, they were man peacemaking team and sent it to Santo
in control." Domingo on a U.S. military plane.
Mr. Johnson ordered multiple messages to Acting at its swiftest, the OAS thus man-
go Into effect at 8:30 p.m. The marines were aged to get its peace team in 4 days after the
to land. The first pathfinder group did crisis peak when a thousand Americans were
land . in LCT's at Haina seaport not long in danger at the Embajador.
afterward. By 7:60 p.m., 405 marines were The OAS simply did not have the machin-
ashore. ery or the precedents to go in quickly and
SETTLEMENT SOUGHT protect the foreign nationals. The hope is
that it will develop the needed muscles out
With the military order, Mr. Johnson
of the
stressed his urgent hope for a cease-fire and Dominican crisis.
a settlement of Dominican differences. CONTRADICTIONS SHOW
He also called for congressional leaders to A significant feature of the U.S. press criti-
meet with him at 7:15 p.m. cism of the order to land the Marines is that
When he issued the landing order, he di- it comes from the same spokesmen who most
rected the area officers of the State Depart- vociferously and tenaciously defended the
ment's American Republics Division tonoti- Castro regime. "Antiwar" crusaders con-
fy all Latin American ambassadors that demn the order to land the Marines in one
many Latin American embassies and diplo- breath and call for Cuba-type revolutions
mats in the Dominican Republic had called throughout Latin America in the next.
on the United States for help, that,the U.S. But what President Johnson recalls is that
Marines were landing to save American and thousands of American lives were in danger.
other lives, and that the United States ur- He sees a new and vicious subversion creep-
gently requested an OAS meeting the next ing into the Western Hemisphere, the kind
day. we are fighting in Vietnam. .
REDS SPOTTED If he had it to do over, he would land the
The congressional leaders stayed with the Marines again.
President until 9 p.m. When they asked Important in the story is the fact that U.S.
about Communist Influence,' Mr. Johnson forces in Santo Domingo have evacuated
told them that the Communist apparatus many more nationals of other countries than
had been spotted emerging. our own countrymen.
At first two known members of the Com- MANY MOVED OUT
munist apparatus were spotted seizing stra-
tegic command of groups or objectives, then
nine were spotted, and more and more. Dur-
ing the day the pro-Castro talisman cry of
"Paredon" (to the wall) had multipled as
mobs sacked, looted, and killed.
After 6:30 p.m., nine State Department
area chiefs for Latin America were called
to their offices. Their instructions were to
telephone the President's message to every
Latin American ambassador. This the nine
diplomats did. Not only OAS members, but
also Jamaica and Trinidad were called.
Senator ROBERT KENNEDY, Democrat, of
New York, has critically compared President
Johnson's procedure with the Latin Amer-
icans with that of his late brother during
the Cuban missile crisis.
WHEN J.P.R. SPOKE
On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy
spoke to the Nation at 6:30 p.m. announcing
his intention to order a naval quarantine
around Cuba. That night he had the Latin
out, and more than 2,500 citizens of 45 tiful country which we have inherited."-is
other nations! very appropriate in our campaign.
They include people from Canada, China, The Governor of the State of Wyoming,
Europe, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria-the Clifford P. Hansen, is going to give a procla-
world. Latin Americans evacuated include mation to the citizens of the State of Wyo-
Argentines, Bolivians, Brazilians, Chileans, ming which will be read at the Lions con-
Colombians, Costa Ricans, Cubans, Domini- vention in Cody, Wyo., May 27, 28, and 29.
cans, Ecuadorians, Salvadorians, Guatema- The International Lions president, Claude
lans, Haitians, Panamanians, Nicaraguans, DeVores, will be the main speaker Thursday
Mexicans, Peruvians, Uruguayans, Venezue- evening in Cody. The International Lions
lans, and Jamaicans. - Club represents 800,000 people in approxi-
These are the people you might ask whether mately 126 countries. It is the largest serv-
Mr. Johnson should have sent in the Marines, ice organization in the world. We, the Lions
of Wyoming, feel deeply flattered that the
THE BEAUTIFY AMERICA CAM-
PAIGN-LETTER FROM ARVID D.
IDEEN
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, the cam-
paign to beautify America, to enhance
our land for our benefit and for the ben-
The Lions Clubs of Wyoming, too, have
joined this effort, with a "let's litter less"
program aimed at every citizen of our
State and every visitor. Their campaign
is a public-relations effort to make peo-
ple aware of the need to decrease litter.
The State is cooperating in a very real
way. The State Penitentiary, for in-
stance, is constructing large highway
signs to be displayed on major rights-of-
way entering Wyoming; and the cam-
paign is intended to be carried, also, into
the two great national parks within our
borders-Yellowstone and Grand Teton.
Mr. President, I think this is a very
commendable effort by the Lions Clubs
of Wyoming. To illustrate its scope, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD a letter from Arvid D.
Ideen, chairman of the program.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CASPER MOUNTAIN LIONS CLUB,
Casper, Wyo., May 25, 1965.
The Honorable GALE McGEE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
My DEAR MR. MCGEE: The Lions of Wyo-
ming have started a "let's litter less" pro-
gram which will be supported by approxi-
mately 2,500 Lions representing 60 clubs
around the State of Wyoming. This litter
program is the result of a proclamation at
our State Lions convention in Rawlins in
1964 and I was selected as the chairman for
this program.
I have enclosed a sample of the bumper
stickers that will be utilized in this pro-
gram. We also have 500 window display post-
ers and 150 highway signs to be displayed.
the penitentiary is making large signs, 18
feet long, to be displayed on the major roads
entering the State of Wyoming. We hope
to distribute 40,000 book matches in Yellow-
stone and Grand Teton National Park areas
through cigarette vending machines. This
will bring the litter program to the attention
of the citizens of Wyoming and the many
tourists which we anticipate this year.
We of the Lions Club feel that the quota-
tion of John F. Kennedy-"I don't think
there is anything that could occupy our at-
tetfon with more distinction than trying to
international president has taken time to
come to the State of Wyoming, which is one
of the smallest Lions districts in Lionism.
If you have any suggestions or contacts
that could be made in connection with our
"let's litter less" program, I would appreciate
your advising me accordingly.
Your-very truly,
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 11484
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 27, 1965
MELVIN RUDER, NORTH DAKOTA- tor and publisher of the Hungry Horse News
NATIVE SON, WINS PULITZER' of Columbia Falls, Mont., a 12-time winner
PRIZE of National Editorial Association Awards.
Ruder served as editor of the University of
Mr. BURDICK. Mr. President, an-' North Dakota News Service in 1938-40 and as
other . North Dakota native son , hat..
achieved fame. He is Melvin Ruder, s
native of Manning, 'N. Dak., and now the
editor and publisher of the Hungry Horse
News at Columbia Falls, Mont. Mr
Ruder was awarded the Pulitzer PrizE
for general reporting in giving outstand-
ing local coverage to the disastrous
Mgntana floods of last year
assistant professor of journalism in 1940-41.
He was president of the Montana State
Press Association in 1957-58, and is currently
on the executive board. He is also a member
of the Columbia Falls School Board. At
homecoming last fall, Ruder was one of six
outstanding alumni selected for the Sioux
Award honor.
Mr. Ruder was graduated from Bis- CONSERVATION OF THE POTOMAC
RIVER
marck High School and then went on tc
the University of North Dakota to earn. Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, an
his bachelor and masters degrees in, increasing number of national organiza-
journalism and sociology. tions are currently directing their atten-
He is the winner of several National _ tion to the Potomac River.
and' State awards for editorial excellence, Although these groups have long been
and service to his community. I believe concerned with the conservation of the
he exemplifies the excellent caliber of Potomac, their interest has now been
persons we rear on the North Dakota greatly reinforced by President John-
plains. Mr. President, I ask to have son's message on national beauty.
printed at this, point in the RECORD all In the May issue of the Izaak Walton
article from Newsweek magazine of May magazine, the article entitled "Oppor-
17, 1965, and another from the May. 1965 tunity on the Potomac," presents a clear,
issue of the University of North Dakota concise statement of what is involved
Alumni Review. in planning for the development of the
There being no objection, the articles Potomac River Basin.
were ordered to be printed in the REC- ~ As this article points out, the nation-
ORD, as follows: wide significance will not be the benefits
[From Newsweek magazine, May 17, 19651 which will accrue to the Potomac region,
PRIZE FOR HUNGRY HORSE but rather the example it will provide
Melvin. H. Ruder was out in a barn last for other river basins. A successful plan
week, covering a high-school conservation for the Potomac must be developed and
tour sponsored by the Columbia Falls, Mont.- carried out jointly by the Federal, State,
Grange, when a neighbor burst upon him and local governments.
exclaiming, "Mel, your wife is calling * * , Such intergovernmental cooperation is
Mej, you won a prize." Ruder-who is pub. the key to successful rive basin plan-
lisher, 'editor, reporter, photographer, and Wing. I am confident that Secretary
general factotum of his own little weekly, the Udall recognizes this fact. His recent
Hungry Horse News (circulation: 4,271)-
did not wait for the rest. He raced to the invitation to the Governors of Maryland,
nearest phone. "The Pulitizer," he shouted Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsyl-
at his wife. "The Pulitzer, did I win it?" vania, and the Chairman of the District
Ruder had indeed won one of journalism's of Columbia Commissioners is a welcome
most sought after awards. The 50-year.old step toward such cooperation.
Ruder, who founded his paper in 1946 with Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
the aid. of a 6i loan, was awarded the $1,000
sent that "Opportunity On the Potomac"
prize for general local reporting for his cov-
erage of a flash flood last June in nearby be included at this point in the RECORD.
Flathead Valley. Renting an airplane, and There being no objection, the article
then driving a car along the railroad tracks was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
("The road was washed out"), Ruder helped as follows:
warn 400, families. "I lost money on the OPPORTUNITY ON THE POTOMAC
flood edition," said Ruder. "We just .for For decades, the Potomac River has flowed
got all about advertising.,'
under the nose of Congress as a horrible but
(From the University of North nakn+.A accurate example of stream conditions all
Alumni Review, May 19651 _ across rimerica; connicting resource pres-
sures within its watershed are symbolic of
those facing every major drainage basin in
Melvin H. Ruder, 50-year-old publisher of the United States. Much of the Potomac is
the Hungry Horse News at Columbia Falls, terribly polluted-cleanup action has been
Mont., has been awarded a Pulitzer Prize for slow. Real estate speculators would destroy
general local reporting in outstanding coy- the natural beauty of its banks,. and the
erage of a disastrous flood last June. Corps of Engineers has been trying for years
A native of Manning, N. Dak., Ruder re-to straitjacket the river with a series of ma-
ceived his bachelor of arts degree In jour- jor dams under a plan which conservationists
nalism and his master's degree in sociology believe is based on narrow and outmoded
From the University of North Dakota. He principles. In many respects, then, the Po-
taught journalism at the university for 2 tomac is little different than other streams-
years before editing the Westinghouse Corp. except that its association with Washington
publications. has brought continuing national public at-
The Pulitzer Prizes, named for the late tention.
Joseph Pulitzer, who founded the St. Louis Today, it appears that because of this na-
Post-Dispatch and later bought the New tionwide Interest the Potomac will soon be-
York World, have been awarded annually come a positive example of what America's
since 1917 by trustees of the Columbia Uni- rivers ought to be. President Johnson set
versity Graduate School of Journalism. the guidelines in his message on natural
Winners are chosen by a 14-member advisory beauty:
board. "The river rich in history and memory
Ruder was graduated from the University which flows by our Nation's Capital should
of North Dakota in 1937 with a B.A. degree, serve as a model -of scenic and recreation
and with an M.A. degree in 1942. He is edi- values for the entire country. To meet this
objective I am askLng the Secretary of,tb.e
Interior to review the Potomac Basin devel-
opment plan now under review by the Chief
of Army Engineers, and to work with the
affected States and local governments, the
District of Columbia, and interested Federal
agencies to prepare a program for my con-
sideration.
A program must be devised which will: (a)
Clean up the river and keep it clean, so it
can be used for boating, swimming, and fish-
ing; (b) protect its natural beauties by the
acquisition of scenic easements, zoning, or
other measures; (c) provide adequate recre-
ational facilities; and (d) complete thepres-
ently authorized George Washington Memo-
rial Parkway an both banks.
I hope action here will stimulate and in-
spire similar efforts by State and local
governments on other urban rivers and water-
fronts, such as the Hudson in New York.
They are potentially the greatest single
source of pleasure for those who live in most
of our metropolitan areas.
The Department of the Interior is already
hard at work to Implement the President's
directive. Locally, conservationists believe
that for the first tirae a truly comprehensive
plat., will be prepared for the Potomac from
mountain headwaters to its mouth on Chesa-
peake Bay. Presumably, consideration will
be given for the first time to recreational and
other opportunities afforded by the Potomac
estuary-a forgotten part of the river under
the corps' plan. It is expected that the Po-
tomac will indeed be cleaned up, and that
major portions of its wild stretches will be
permanently preserved. It is hoped that
adequate public access to the river will be
planned from mountains to bay, so that the
Potomac may become a major recreation re-
source for a heavily populated region.
But the President's program for the Poto-
mac will be most important for its nation-
wide significance-not for the benefits which
will accrue to the Potomac region. Mr.
Johnson's words seem to express a clear hope
that State and local governments will assume
primary responsibilities for action on the
Potomac-that his Potomac River program
will' not be a Federal program, but rather
an outline for coordinated local, State, and
Federal efforts under Federal guidance.
The Potomac cannot become a national
model. for river preservation and beautifica-
tion if the Federal Government undertakes
the major job. It will stand as a model only
if States and localities elsewhere are shown
by example how they can implement similar
programs on other streams-just as it will
stand as a model only if the entire river and
all its potentials are fully considered.
For too long have the natural values of
America's rivers been effectively overlooked
or even forgotten by the several States. With
rare exception, the only massive river plan-
ning in this country has been done by Fed-
eral agencies (generally for limited purposes
not including preservation of beauty), with
the States watching in near apathy if at all.
The President's program for the Potomac
provides an outstanding opportunity to
change all this. It deserves the assistance
and close attention of conservationists
everywhere.
NAVAL MUSEUM IN NAVY YARD
Ms.. BREWSTER. Mr. President, the
fact. that what happens in and to the city
of Washington is of national concern
was once again demonstrated when the
senior Senator from Alaska [Mr. BART-
LETT-] introduced legislation to make a
portion of the Washington Navy Yard a
naval museum..
The bill, S. 1927, has great merit.. It
not gnly calls for a museum, but also for
plans to develop recreational facilities
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 May 27, 1965
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2709
Although REA is 30 years old, it was as
far back as 1924 that Franklin Delano
Roosevelt first began thinking about
the problem of electrifying rural Amer-
ica. In August 1938, in a speech at
Barnesville, Ga., President Roosevelt
gave this account of the birth of REA:
Fourteen years ago, a Democratic Yankee
came to a neighboring county in your State
in search of a pool of warm water wherein
he might swim his way back to health.
There was only one discordant note in that
first stay of mine at Warm Springs. When
the first-of-the-month bill came in for
electric light for my little cottage, I
found that the charge was 18 cents a kilo-
watt-hour-about four times what I pay at
Hyde Park, N.Y. That started my long
study of public utility charges for electric
current and the whole subject of getting
electricty into farm homes * * * So it
can be said that a little cottage at Warm
Springs, Ga., was the birthplace of the Rural
Electrification Administration.
Today a suitable plaque and marker at
Warm Springs remind visitors that here
arose the circumstances which started
the search and inspired the efforts to
light up rural America and bring the
blessings of abundance of electric power
to the farm homes of this great country
of ours.
At the time President Roosevelt issued
his executive order creating the Rural
Electrification . Administration, only
6,956 farms in Georgia had service, 2.8
percent of the farms. The national
average then was 10.8 percent of the
farms electrified and we in Georgia were
only a fourth of the national average.
In August 1935, REA approved its first
loan to the Peach State, and in June of
1936 the first line was energized.
Today 69,000 miles of line are reaching
368,000 rural consumers as a result of
this most significant program, one which
has done more to change the lives and
living conditions of rural Georgia than
anything else. The investment to serve
these fellow Georgians totals over $166
million and it is being handled through
interest-bearing loans to 45 borrowers, of
which 44 are nonprofit electric coopera-
tives.
What a contrast. In 1935, only 2.8
percent of our farms had electric service.
Today 98.8 percent of the 92,000 farms
in the State are served. And of that
percent, three-fourths have `received
service made possible by REA loans.
But this fine record, repeated in most
of the States throughout our Nation,
would not have been possible but for a
most significant milestone sponsored by
a Georgia Congressman. I refer, of
course, to Stephen Pace. It was his bill
in 1944 which made a significant change
in the interest rate on REA loans and
the payout period. His legislation re-
moved the shackles which prevented REA
from moving ahead rapidly to electrify
rural America and reach those thinly
settled areas to which no one else could
ever bring electric service using conven-
tional means and methods,
The goal of area coverage received
concrete support through the provisions
of the Pace Act. Farms never before
capable of receiving electric service now
found this great modern invention capa-
ble of application and aid in increasing
farm production and making us the
greatest food-producing Nation the
world has ever seen.
The Pace Act set a uniform, firm in-
terest rate. This made it possible for
directors of the hundreds of electric sys-
tems to plan their future expansions on a
sound basis, without jeopardizing the
ability to repay loans on the earlier sec-
tions they had built. By extending the
payout period the Pace Act provided an
extra margin of credit which enabled the
REA borrowers to expand and serve more
consumers without endangering their
ability to meet payments on what had
already been borrowed and invested.
Because more money is invested in the
electric power business than any other
business in this country and because in-
vestment capital plays such a large role
in developing additional electric service,
the wise provisions of the Pace Act made
possible one of the most remarkable loan
repayment records in the history of
finance.
By the first of this year, REA borrow-
ers in Georgia had made a total of $78,-
297,355 in payments on their Govern-
ment loans. These included $48 million
repaid on principal as due, $6 million of
principal repaid ahead of schedule, and
interest payments of $24 million. No
borrower was overdue in its payments.
The record is also outstanding in the
other 45 States in which REA has made
loans. The money invested in rural
electric systems is coming back to the
U.S. Treasury on schedule and even
ahead of the contract payment dates.
From time to time there has been opin-
ion voiced that the interest rate set by
the Pace Act is not high enough. Yet we
must consider that in my State of
Georgia, the REA-financed systems, with
three-fourths of all the rural load, are
still averaging only 4.3 consumers per
mile and annual revenue of $437 per
mile.
In Georgia, as in the other States, for
every $1 invested in our electric lines,
the consumers have spent $5 in wiring
their homes and farmsteads and getting
appliances with which to use the elec-
tricity now available to them. In 1953
the average monthly consumption was
208 kilowatt-hours. By 1963 the aver-
age had risen to 450 kilowatt-hours,
more than double. And it is continuing
to rise and double every 8 to 10 years.
Surveys have shown that the nearly
1,000 REA electric borrowers have cre-
ated a new rural market for over a billion
and a quarter dollars for equipment and
appliances. Here is a stimulus to the
economy which could not be reached in
any other way. Workers in the cities,
manufacturers everywhere have greater
demand for their products as a result of
rural electrification. Yes, REA can be
proud of the record it has made.
Laurie W. Tomlinson-An Exemplary
Public Servant Retires
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 20, 1965
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, the ca-
reer Federal employee always earns and
deserves high standing in our Govern-
ment. Particularly in Congress we have
learned to respect these men and women
who dedicate their lives to their country,
and we count on them to help us serve
our constituencies in a prompt and fair
manner.
One distinguished career employee
and officer of the Government retires on
May 31, 1965, in Jacksonville, Fla., where
he went to work for the Internal Revenue
Service as a clerk in 1933.
He is Laurie W. Tomlinson, who grad-
uated from the University of Florida law
school, and worked up the ladder from
an IRS clerk, to chief field deputy in
Florida in 1937, to assistant collector in
1949, and to District Director for Florida
in 1952.
Laurie W. Tomlinson is an exemplary
public servant. Not only did he perform
an outstanding service to the Nation in
his 32 years with the IRS-that saw the
Florida IRS collections grow from $71/2
million in 1933 to approximately $2 bil-
lion in 1965-but he was also a civic
leader of his community. He served
many organizations, including the presi-
dency of the Jacksonville Exchange Club
and of the Family Consultation Service,
and he also served on the board of direc-
tors and executive committee of the
Community Chest-United Fund.
On May 24, 1965, a large group of
Laurie Tomlinson's friends, fellow IRS
directors and employees honored him in
Jacksonville, Fla. With him were his
wife of 30 years-Isabel Tomlinson; his
mother, his son, Laurie, Junior, and his
daughter, Mrs. Joe J. Stephenson. They
all received the blessings of his fellow
workers.
Mr. Speaker, I commend to the House
the following article from the Florida
Times-Union, a fitting tribute to this
man's great service to our Nation:
AFTER 32 YaARs: IRS Boss TOMLINSON
RETIRES
(By Dick Crouch, Times-Union staff writer)
Florida's Federal tax boss last night got a
retirement farewell from the people who
know him best-the employes of the Internal
Revenue Service.
Some 500 persons gathered at the Robert
Meyer Hotel to say goodby to Laurie W. Tom-
linson, Director of IRS' Florida district since
1952. He is retiring May 31.
The occasion brought out the brass from
Washington as well as local clerks and secre-
taries. Tomlinson's successor, F. S. Schmidt,
who will be sworn in this morning, also was
there.
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A2710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 27, 1965
Leading the Washington delegation we s
Bertrand M.. Harding, IRS Deputy Commiin
stoner, (the No. 2 job). Heading the ro-
gional visitors was W. J. Bookholt, of Atlanta,
Commissioner of the southeastern divisfo:a.
The evening brought out some littler
known facts about Tomlinson, who went -;o
work for IRS 32 years ago at $24 a week at d
now earns $24,000 a year.
The son of a physician, he was born in
Lake Butler and lived in Starke and Lake
Wales as a boy. Be earned his allowanne
working in a drugstore and a nursery.
After he was graduated from the Unive?-
sity of Florida Law School, he practiced for 2
years in Lakeland before joining IRS.
That was in 1933 when Franklin D. Roose-
velt became President, which means Tomli3[-
son has served five men of the White House--
something few men in Government cf II
boast.
Last night, he received gifts and. honors
from two employee unions-the National A3-
socie.tion of Internal Revenue Employes ar.d
the American Federation of Government Eni-
ployes-and his fellow directors from other
IRS districts.
Isabel Tomlinson, his wife of 30 years, weir
also honored. She recalled her early years
as a nursing trainee at Riverside` hospital
and how they struggled like everybody el ce
during the great depression.
Mr. and Mrs. Tom1lnson's two children alto
were on hand-Laurie Jr. and Mrs. Joe Jr.
Stephenson.. So was his mother.
Although Tomlinson faces retireme]it
(and a week's cruise) with mixed emotiors,
a poetic employee of his perhaps summed i-.p
his feelings best
"No more taxpayers to sue."
President's Action in Dominican Republic
OF
HON. WALTER S. BARING
OF' VADA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ,
Thursday, May 27, 1965
Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, undid'
leave to extend my remarks, I should like
to have inserted in the Appendix of the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the following edr-
torial which appeared in the Reno Ev'-
ning Gazette, Reno, Nev., an May 6, 1963.
The editorial sums up my sentiment c n
President Johnson's action in the. Dii-
Ininican Republic:
PREVENTING ANOTHER CUBA
President Johnson's prompt dispatch )f
troops into the Dominican Republic to pr e-
tect American lives and property has the
wide approval of American citizens, most if
whom realize that decisive action could pr-
vent that Caribbean country from becoming
another Cuba.
The President was aware that his more
could bring a storm of protest from some
quarters. The Latin American nationalists
promptly raised the familiar charge of
"Yankee imperialism" and "gunboat dipla-
macy." Expected, of course, was a simil it
chorus from the Communist countries all
from some European quarters where criticise
of the United States is a common theme.
The Communist hand in the Dominict n
civil war already is apparent, and it is al ,o
evident that Fidel Castro's agitators ha?re
taken a hand in the uprising.
Had the United States acted with such
firmness and dispatch at the start of Fidel
Castro's revolution in Cuba, it is possible
that that island would not have goc~e
through the torment it has experienced in
the last 6 years, and the United States would
not be faced with a Communist outpost just
90 miles from its shore.
Address by Hon. Carlton R. Sickles at the
Graduation Ceremonies of the Univer-
sity of Maryland's School of Social
Work
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, May 27, 1.965
Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to bring to your attention a speech
delivered last night by my Maryland
colleague, Congressman CARLTON R.
SICKLES, at the graduation ceremonies
of the University of Maryland's School
of Social Work in Baltimore.
In his message, Congressman SICKLES
impressed upon these emerging profes-
sional social workers the importance of
harmonious cooperation between public
and volunteer agencies, between profes-
sional workers and the subprofessional
indigenous poor who must be involved in
current antipoverty and social welfare
operations. .
Representative SICKLES' speech fol-
lows:
SOCIAL WORK ON THE MOVE
(By Congressman CARLTON R. SICKLES)
I am delighted to be with you on this im-
portant occasion.
I commend you who have recently finished
the arduous study required for a master's
degree in social work, for not having been
done the easy thing and decided at some
point along the way that you could just as
well pursue your career without full pro-
fessional education.
In earning your master's degree you have
equipped yourself to be a leader in the cen-
turies-old effort to see that all of mankind
have an equal chance for happiness and
satisfaction.
You have earned the right to have your
professional judgment respected-and acted
upon. You have shown your willingness to
tackle jobs that require responsible and de-
cisive action. You have demonstrated your
patriotism-for the social well-being of our
Nation depends on the social well-being of
her people.
Your master's degree means that you have
the knowledge and the professional compe-
tence to carry out responsible missions in
the congested quarters of the inner city and
in the barren hollows of Appalachia. You
understand and know what should be done
about crowded housing, illiteracy and lack
of skills, sickly bodies, and-more damag-
ing than all the rest-bias and bigotry-
aimed at people solely because they are poor,
or poor and dark skinned.
The opportunities to practice your new
profession stretch widely across the profes-
sional horizon.
Your skills and judgment and your pres-
tige would be equally welcome in dozens of
agencies, schools, hospitals, churches, and
institutions throughout Maryland and, In-
deed the Nation. You are badly needed by
hundreds upon hundreds of families, chil-
dren, and adults who are suffering from so-
cial, health, and economic problems in every
community in this land.
Wherever you go, I am confident that you
will be appreciated because the demands
upon your profession are greater than ever
before.
The rapid growth of our national popula-
ticn-with the great increases in the propor-
tion of young people and the elderly-is, in
itself, a major challenge to the social wel-
fare field. Child welfare and health agen-
cies are bursting at the seams and waiting
lists are long. Many of the children who
need help most are not receiving it because
we do not yethave the staffs and the pro-
grams to reach out to them and their par-
ents.
Similarly, facilities and services for senior
citizens-despite the widespread interest and
activity in this field-have not been able
to keep pace with the expanding population
of the aged.
In our large cities, problems are further
complicated by many other changes. Large
numbers of relatively unskilled newcomers
came to our cities in response to the need.
for workers during the two decades following
the Second World War.
They have now found, in too many cases,
that their job opportunities have disappeared
with the Impact of automation and the large
number of unskilled applicants.
Unskilled workers in all age groups and
in all parts of the country are feeling the
pressure of technological change. While
new opportunities are opening rapidly for
the highly skilled worker, the worker with
few skills has found his future darkened and.
his hope dimmed.
Statistically we know that nearly one-
fifth of all American families, including one-
fOarth of all of our children, are living in.
poverty today. We are confronted by a crit-
ical situation. whose solution will require the
best efforts of all of us.
Our cities are involved in an especially
difficult set of problems: the high concen-
trations of population; the continuing decay
of the slums, which get older every year and
would be decaying even if nobody lived in
them; the serious lack of sufficient recrea-
tional and cultural facilities in neighbor-
hoods where they are needed the most; and
the urgent shortages of health and medical
care that press most tightly on those with
low incomes. The list of problems that
complicate the lives of the poor could be
extended almost indefinitely.
it was considerations such as these that
led the President to declare unconditional.,
war on poverty in America; to propose the
antipoverty bill-the Economic Opportunity
Act--which was enacted last year; and to
urge a series of measures relating to educa-
tion, health, welfare, air and water pollu-
tion, and urban development.
It was similar considerations that led 3
years ago to the passage of the 1962 public
welfare amendments to the Social Security
Act, the most far reaching attempt to im-
prove our public welfare programs since they
were initiated 30 years ago. These amend-
ments have made possible a wide range of
progressive changes in our public welfare
programs. I don't need to remind this group
that the potential benefits of this historic
legislation are only beginning to be realized.
States were given a 5-year period in which
to fully establish the greatly expanded so-
cial services authorized by the 1962 amend-
merits. It was expected also that it would.
take this period of time to get into full
operation the staff development programs
that would train the increased numbers of
public welfare employees who would be
needed to carry out these social services.
.Along with this tremendous surge of ac-
tivity in public health and welfare programs,
voluntary agencies throughout the Nation
are asking themselves challenging questions
about their own programs: Who needs serv-,
ices? What kinds of services are needed?
Tow can changing programs be formulated
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May 27, 1965 \J CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
RUSK DEFENDS UNITED STATES ON
STEPS IN OAS
(Mr. ELLSWORTH (at the request of
Mr. HALL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, yes-
terday the gentleman from Massachu-
setts [Mr. MORSE], on behalf of the
gentleman from New York [Mr. HORTON],
the gentleman from Maryland [Mr.
MATHIAS],the gentleman from New York
[Mr. REID], and me, read into the RECORD
a statement on the "Dominican Crisis
and the Inter-American System."
That statement included our view that
"the failure to inform the OAS of U.S.
intervention before it was underway was
an insensitive oversight." We suggested
that while OAS agreement before the
landing of U.S. forces would not have
been practical in view of the shortness
of time, the Organization could at least
have been told that the landing was
going to be undertaken. The gentleman
from Massachusetts [Mr. MORSE] and I
had personally given the full text of our
statement to top State Department offi-
cials 24 hours before delivery on the floor.
This morning's New York Times car-
ries a story by John Finney about yes-
terday's press conference by Secretary
Rusk. Finney reports that Rusk said
that the administration had begun to
call OAS ambassadors to inform them of
U.S. intervention immediately after the
4ecision was made. But, Finney reports,
when the official transcript of the press
conference was released the words "OAS
ambassadors" had been changed to read
"Latin American ambassadors," many of
whom do not represent their govern-
ments before the OAS.
The article goes on to describe how the
Secretary had claimed that the United
States had called meetings of the Inter-
American Peace Committee on April 27
and the OAS Council on April 28 to dis-
cuss the Dominican situation. While
both of these meetings did occur before
the landing of U.S. forces, we do not be-
lieve that the United States gave any
indication at either session that it was
about to land troops. Furthermore, as
Finney writes, despite what Secretary
Rusk has said, neither meeting was
called by the United States.
I can only wonder whether the admin-
istration's efforts to deny any breach of
responsible diplomatic practice in the
failure to notify the OAS of U.S. inter-
vention before the fact may not com-
pound the error.
Mr. Finney's story is reprinted at this
point in the RECORD,
RUSK DEFENDS UNITED STATES ON STEPS IN
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES-HIS
REPORT OF CRISIS ACTION IS AT VARIANCE
WITH MINUTES
(By John W. Finney)
WASHINGTON, may 26.-Secretary of State
can Rusk, in the face of diplomatic and
,litical criticism, defended the administra-
~-n today against charges that it had by-
ssed the organization of American States
the Dominican crisis.
In making his defense, the Secretary cited
chronology of U.S. dealings with the OAS
at was at variance with the official record
the inter-American organization. He also
took the unusual step of amending the
transcript of his news conference to correct
an overstatement about the degree of U.S.
cooperation with the Organization.
The administration has come under con-
siderable diplomatic criticism for sending
Marines into the Dominican Republic on the
evening of April 28 without having consulted
or informed the OAS. Domestic political
criticism was added today to the diplomatic
complaints.
Five Republican Congressmen led by Rep-
resentative F. BRADFORD MORSE, of Massa-
chusetts, charged in a statement that the
administration had severely jeopardized the
future of collective security in the Western
Hemisphere by its actions in the Dominican
crisis.
One of the specific Republican complaints
was that the administration, in an "insensi-
tive oversight," had failed to inform the
Organization of American States of the U.S.
military intervention before it was under-
way.
WASHINGTON'S REBUTTAL
The administration has maintained that
the situation in the Dominican Republic was
deteriorating too quickly to permit consulta-
tion with the Organization. This point was
made today by Mr. Rusk, who said it was
"one of those situations where events them-
selves made it necessary that some action be
taken before the formal machinery could
be convoked and could act upon it on a
multilateral basis."
But starting with the President's state-
ment of April 28 announcing the dispatch of
the troops, the administration has also
sought to give the impression that OAS
members were kept fully informed.
Today, for example, Mr. Rusk said that
immediately after the White House decision
in the evening of April 28 to intervene, the
State Department began calling "OAS am-
bassadors" to inform them of the action.
In the transcript finally issued by the
State Department, this was amended to
"Latin American Ambassadors," after it was
called to the Department's attention that
many of the representatives in the Inter-
American Organization had complained pri-
vately they had not been informed of the
administration's action.
While seemingly minor, the distinction be-
tween Latin American Ambassadors and Or-
ganization of American States representa-
tives has assumed troublesome proportions
to the administration. Many of the Latin
American countries are represented in the
Inter-American Organization by someone
other than their Ambassador to the United
States. The administration's failure to no-
tify the OAS representatives, apparently
through lack of coordination and oversight,
explains much of the criticism of the U.S.
actions within the Organization.
EFFORTS TO INVOLVE OAS
Asked why the United States had not con-
sulted or informed the Inter-American Orga-
nization before sending in troops, Mr. Rusk
gave a lengthy reply. On April 27, he noted,
we did call together the Peace Committee
of the OAS, for a discussion of the situation
in the Dominican Republic." The following
day, he said, the United States asked for a
meeting of the Organization's Council "for a
futher discussion."
Later that day, after the Marine landings,
the United States asked for an emergency
meeting of the Council, which was held
April 29. In retrospect, Mr. Rusk said, "it
might have looked better" if the United
States had insisted upon a meeting the eve-
ning of April 28-a point also made privately
by many of the Organization's diplomats.
Mr. Rusk's account of the sequence of
events was at some variance with official
minutes of the Organization of American
States. These minutes show that the initia-
tive to involve the Organization in the Do-
minican situation, both before and after the
11557.
marine landings, did not come primarily from
the United States.
According to the minutes, for example, the
April 27 meeting of the Inter-American
Peace Committee was called at the request of
the Chairman, Alfredo Vazquez Carrizosa, of
Colombia, and was limited largely to a report
by the Dominican representative. State De-
partment officials said, however, that the
United States had privately urged the Chair-
man to call the meeting and that some sup-
plementary information had been supplied
by the American representatives.
Contrary to the suggestion of Mr. Rusk,
the April 28 meeting of the Organization's
Council was not called at the request of the
United States to discuss the Dominican situ-
ation. The meeting had already been sched-
uled to discuss routine OAS matters, and the
discussion of the Dominican situation was
limited to a further report by the Dominican
representative.
(Mr. MOORE (at the request of Mr.
HALL) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. MOORE'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
ARMENIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY
(Mr. DERWINSKI (at the request of
Mr. HALL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, to-
morrow, May 28, marks the 47th anniver-
sary of the proclamation of independence
by the Armenian people from Soviet and
Turkish domination. On May 28, 1918,
the Armenians united their forces in an
attempt to maintain a free Armenia.
However, they were prevented from
achieving this goal by the fortunes Of
war, the indifference of World War I
allied powers, and their statesmen.
The nationwide commemoration of the
genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman
Turks against the Armenian people 50
years ago was also the subject of House
debate recently.
It is important to note the vigorous
support which Americans of Armenian
extraction have been giving to the crea-
tion of a special House Committee on the
Captive Nations. They have recognized
the practical contribution which such a
committee would make to exposing Soviet
colonialism over Armenia and the neigh-
boring countries under Soviet domina-
tion.
I join in saluting the brave Armenian
people on this anniversary of their inde-
pendence and encourage them to main-
tain their faith and hope in the legiti-
mate restoration of independence and
freedom to Armenia.
Mr. Speaker, Armenian-Americans
have made tremendous contributions to
our national political, economic, educa-
tional, and artistic successes. As loyal
Americans they have maintained a very
proper and steadfast interest in the res-
toration of freedom to the brave Arme-
nian people still held in bondage. ? On
this anniversary of Armenian independ-
ence, let us rededicate ourselves to the
cause of Armenia and all other peoples
who are still deprived of the right of
self -determination.
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 11558 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE May 27, 1965
DESPITE COMPUTERS BOMBERS
PROVE WORTH
(Mr. ARENDS (at the request of Mr.
HALL) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, time and
again over the past several years, our
Committee on Armed Services has taken
exception to Defense Secretary Mc-
Namara's overemphasis of missiles in lieu
of manned bombers. We have repeatedly
pointed out that to have a balanced na-
tional- defense, capable of dealing effec-
tively with any emergency-a little war,
a big war, a brush war, a guerrilla war-
whenever and wherever it may arise, it
is essential that we have bombers in our
arsenal and replacement bombers in. pro-
duction.
Such a program we do not have. This
is not the fault of some of ourprofes-
sional military leaders, such .as retired
Air Force Chief of Staff LeMay, who have
called attention to this need and defi-
ciency in our defense planning. Nor is it
entirely the fault of the Congress. Secre-
tary McNamara has refused to follow the
advice of the military professionals and
"The final irrevocable answer to bomber
effectlveness came in the Pacific (during
World War II), when Japan surrendered be-
"fore any hostile soldier set foot on her soil."
The opinion is unanimous among the men
who have studied the problem, including
,such professionals as Gen. Curtis E. LeMay,
.retired Air Force Chief of Staff; Gen. Thomas
S, Power, retired Strategic Air Command
Chief; Senator RicHARD B. RUSSELL, chairman
of the Senate Armed Services Committee,
and Representative L. MENDEL RlvEas, chair-
man of the House Armed Services Commit-
tee.
These are men of experience whose opinion
should carry more weight in defense matters
than all the computers in the Defense De-
partment. They are aware that defense re-
quirements are more than a consideration of
money alone. Overall capability, human fac-
tors and the nature of the war also have a
bearing.
The computers are not to be blamed. They
do not make independent assessments, but
collate the figures spoon-fed to them.
The blame for the serious national de-
fense problem caused by the accidental loss
of the 10 bombers in South Vietnam rests
squarely on the Defense Department. It is
urgent that Congress overrule the computers
once and for all and assume its constitu-
tional obligation to raise and support armies.
abide by the wishes of the Congress. PRESIDENT NEEDS AND DESERVES
What has been taking place in South SUPPORT. OF ALL AMERICANS
Vietnam points up the importance Of and
____, r_._ - -._ r The SPEAKER. Under previous order
Prove Worth" which appeared in the minutes.
Illinois State Journal, Springfield., Ill., (Mr. FUQUA asked and was given per-
last Monday, May 24: mission to revise and extend his re-
DESPITE COMPUTERS, BOMBERS PROVE WORTH marks.)
An unfortunate and tragic accident in Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, no nation
South Vietnam resulted in the loss of Ameri- in the history of the world has spent
can lives and the destruction of 40 U.S. air- more of its resources in the quest for
craft including 10 B-57 bombers. peace and no nation in the world has
Ordinarily the loss of 10 aircraft from suffered indignities and humiliation with
the defense arsenal would be a cause for con- more compassion and understanding
cern, but not a cause for alarm. This is un-
der ordinary circumstances when profession- ` than has the United States.
We seek not world domination; we
al military men and Congress make the de- seek neither to conquer nor possess our
fense hardware decisions. ___ ._-. ..c
types of a particular aircraft is extremely Today, in a sense, we are engaged in
serious. - armed conflict on two sides of the earth:
Congress, following professional military ;South Vietnam and the Dominican Re-
advice, insists the manned bomber is a vital
public. This Nation that seeks world
element in a balanced national defense force. peace, this Nation that gives freely of its
It has backed its opinions with appropria-
tions for development of new manned bomb- substance to raise the living standards
era. of all human beings, this Nation that be-
The Defense Department refuses to provide lieves in the inherent rights of the in-
the.bombers. dividual man- and individual nations,
The transistors and, tubes of the electronic x finds itself denounced because it dares to
banks in the Defense Department insist in- stand up for freedom and for peace.
stead that missiles are replacing the manned This is not the world of 100 years ago;
toart' of -bomber.
of Defense Their Robert human McNamara, spokesman , is who arbi- Secre- it is not even the world of a decade ago.
t
trarily follows the robots' commands, Scientific advances so startling that they
Isn't, it strange that the computers always, would have stunned the imagination only
reflect the judgment of the Secretary of De- 25 years ago today are accepted matter
fense? of factly.
Despite the computers' statistics, ground- Remember, if you will, the period only
to-ground missiles with the pay-load of a 10 years ago when talk of placing a man
the Vietnam Vietnam bomber have conflict. not been used to date in on the moon and travel throughout the
On the other hand, the bombers have been universe would have been considered al-
flying missions almost daily with proved re- most lunacy. Today it is not a question
cults. At,the time of their destruction the of whether man will go to the moon, only
B-57's were being readied for service, when.
Military men know the value of manned Advances in medicine, in technology,
bombers with intelligent humans at the con- and all phases of science have brought
trots exercise illustrious name As `Lt. In Gen, Ira the dawn of a day when we shall wipe
Baker, ini ; out diseases and sickness that strike
aviation and a columnist for Copley ility ar Newss
Service, said: down millions. We have the technologi-
cal know-how to solve the age-old prob-
lem of the world, how to feed people.
Scientific application of agricultural
principles and mechanization such as are
practiced in the United States, would
certainly lead to a day when hunger
throughout the length and breadth of
the globe would be banished.
'Yet in spite of these advances, we see
man; on the brink of another war. To-
day the decisions are not quite so easy to
make. The nuclear power of the nations
of the world can literally wipe out all
human existence.
It is this type of world in which Lyn-
don B. Johnson must lead. When we
consider the record of service which he
has made in the cause of world peace, it
is heartrending to see a segment of the
population denounce so unreasonably
the course of action he has embarked,
upon in carrying out the commitments
we have to world peace; for, my col-
leagues, this is the only course of action
open to us, if we are ever to see a world
at peace.
We seek not to dominate South Viet-?
nam nor to subjugate its people. We seek
not to impose colonialism upon the
Dominican Republic. But, we do seek
self-,determination for the peoples of the
world, and sometimes it becomes neces-
sary for a nation that seeks only peace to
use ;arms to attain that goal.
It was President Theodore Roosevelt
who espoused a policy- of walking softly
but carrying a big stick. It is my consid-
ered: judgment that Lyndon B. Johnson's
philosophy is that of seeking every hon-
orable means for a just and lasting peace
but with a willingness to fight to protect
freedom and the cause of peace when no
other course is open.
As I told the people in my district on
my television report last week, I support
without reservation the decisions of the
President in his actions to preserve world
peace.
In making these statements, I am not
unmindful of the toll of human life, of
the sacrifice made by the more than 400
brave American young men who have
given, that last full measure of devotion
in South Vietnam. I know full well that
these sacrifics are understood better by
no one than they ,:re by President John-
son,.
Each loss of life for a man who has
dedicated so much of his life seeking
world peace, economic progress, and
freedom is a heavy burden to bear.
Sometimes there are those who must
die in order that others might live.
From Valley Forge to the Argonne, from
Iwo Jima to Saigon, the thousands of
crosses marking the graves of American
servicemen bear mute testimony that
others were willing to give their lives that
we might live in peace and freedom.
And as much as it hurts, this is the
world in which we live in the sixties..
The situation rrtay_well worsen befor
it gets better. I expect that it will.
The plague of communism seeks to ir.
filtrate into every area of the worl
Subversion, deceit, lies, barbaric disn
gard for human life and dignity are tl
calling card of these men who hold hi
man life so cheaply. Their leaders se
not peace, but power. They follow
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