BOSCH PLAYS KEY DOMINICAN ROLE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110016-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2003
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: October 20, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

26550 Approved For R&MCAWO 4 050011001 Otober .20, .1985
splintered interests are submerged in the know a little more about the lovely country- feet way to start a meal. one couldn't
larger unity of nationhood. Motivated side outside the city. And she was right, ask for a more pleasant bre. y a deep sense of pride in his nationality. By car to the Ideal way to approach the American decor. burnished> hung with
the Mexican fuses patriotism with humanism city. For it turns out that thara are in ancient firearms and otber.tpsst-aa}blils, sift
in a way that redounds to the common and reality three separate Pbl adelphlas. There the seems. Pa'tlpns are conerogy pilesa s'e-
individual good." L the bistorlc old city.. the bright modern main withi,,resson. Wbosye[ sP~i-sa:i2tla
The state. for Instance, owns the oil and one, and than, along the outskirts. what may way will not be disappointed In OWW"We
electric power industries and railroad and well be the most beautiful suburbs in quality of the food or the.
telegraph systems; slaughterhouses and America. service. It s 49 y-
easily twtgl tore! atom In II :a>vf'
public marketplaces. Public and private No one has really seen Philadelphia with- amu"s guidebook. _,,
ownership compete In steel, paper. chemicals out passing through that pastoral region ei After lunch we wanhsred. e.gand electrical products. Private enterprise rolling bills and green parks bordering the corner at the old city to visit all tltoh "must'
has as its preserve the hotel. glass and Schuylkill River as it winds Its way into, see" landmarks in and around Independence
aluminum Industries, among others. through, and out of the city like a is ? Square. scarce oe the adoption at the Declare.
The ruling elite Is dedicated to social pro- snake. And anyone who has not visited lion of Independence. meeting place at the
Freers--but "keep its feet on Arm political. Philadelphia over the pant 4 or 5 years can Continental Congress al4.cg.th/.Qogsitt ..
social and economic ground when issues con- have an Idea of the changes that have taken tonal Convention of IP87 ;sWd sect ?c[ -the
owning expansion of social security benefits, place In thus city which played such an lm- Government of the United etiwtes,*Qln 1700
labor rights and public welfare measures are portant part in our history. to 1800.
at stake." are We started from Now York after breakfast, mstory lives here. It is In: the mallow
I. akin nations a wof saying that other sped along the turnpike off across the Dela- brick of Independence Hall, In the brooms
Its system, but would b from following ware a River and soon found ourselves ap- of the famous Liberty Bell. Tbsmen who
Is not rem, but Brandenburg . The main maintains
point, this he proaching Philadelphia from the north. sall- founded our country walked these quaint
suggests, necessarily true.
"Mexico found a workable Ing through the green acres of first Penny- &lieys. worshiped in the nearby churches,
suggests based on Its own tfound a and le pack Park and then Tacony Creek Park, Tarry In the hall what' the Deolaratlencf
key to s.
on skirting along the edge of Germantown, then Independence was signed, visit Cangrow Rail
Its need and r n Its own This Is the e
giving ourselves up to the meandering drives Where Washington was inaugurated for his
development elsewhere in Latin America." of Fairmount Park.
PHILADELPHIA: A BEAUTIFUL AND
HISTORIC CITY
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, much to
my gratification, the Chicago Tribune?
a. rather unusual source-published on.
Sunday, October 3, 1965, an excellent ar-
ticle entitled "Philadelphia: A Beautiful
and Historic City," written by H. P.
Koenig, with the subtitle "Visitor Will
Find 1-Day Tour Is Much Too Short."
Mr. President, it is heartening, indeed,
to read these comments about Phila-
delphia, the birthplace of American lib-
erty. In that fine Journal, the Chicago
Tribune. Although I often find myself
frequently In disagreement with that
newspaper, I wish to commend it for this
excellent article.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
article printed In the Rtooan.
There being no oblection, the article
was ordered to be printed In the Recoan,
as follows:
PHm DZI-PI3IA : A BEAUTIFUL AND HISTORIC
Crrr-`frsrroa WnL nND 1-Day Toots Is
Mucx Too SHORT
(By H. P. Hoenig)
PHn nu,PHIA.-This is being written In a
hotel room In Philadelphia. I hadn't
planned It that way. By this time of the
evening I had expected to be back In my own
apartment in New York thinking of other
things beside the conceit of travel writers
who spend months banging about conti-
nental Europe, examining cities and country-
slde in microscopic detail, and then, when
they return to their own country, feel they
can do one of the most Important and most
beautiful cities in the United States in a
single day.
So you might say guilt and shame keep
me here tonight; but it is more than that,
really. It is a matter of curiosity and an-
ticipation, too. 'More Is so much to be en-
joyed and appreciated in and around Phila-
delphia that one needs more time.
When we first decided to come here It had
been my intention to take an early morning
train from New York, Spend the day exploring
the city, and then return the same way in
the evening. After all, we had been in Phila-
delphia before. This was to be merely a re-
fresher course In what William Penn's "City
of Brotherly Love" had to offer the traveler.
All around were tall trees. Ulm lawns. !m- second term. Stop od on tree-aboided pes-ah-
preesive estates, and colonial mansions. The b out back to ponder Whst M Memo to
De s0 close to our past.
spacious homes set amidst serene scenery Not far away is Carpenters' Rail, the old
must surely be among the moat beautiful In Custom House, the Stock Etohat ;, gist
America. The shimmering river was never
far away. I can think of no other metrop" Cdance hurch, whorftanklin't e ere B Beits sy Ross ns the tiny bract rap.
oils that has so much erne said to blue
greenery practically made ade the net Americas
at Its doorstep and in so close to the real Ellreth's Alley. Neat Colonial hoses. dais 9s
country. There were times when It seemed far back as the 17th century and are still
we were Miles removed from the city streets, lived In today.
tin around a bend would be the river again
and there on the other side one Saw the The entire area can be covered on foot In
allghtly fantastic skyline of Penn's original an hour or two. but that means crowding it.
"Green Oountrie Towne," and, In the fore- absorbing too much within too abort a period
ground, the magnificent classic facade of that of time. These reminders of our national
Greek temple of Philadelphia's Museum of heritage deserve better. And thou iravaNrs
Art. who have been here before should know that
That was where we headed. We paid our this entire end of the city is beips.
admission and went inside. I am not mars rebuilt, cleaned up, trimmed, and pea
I was prepared for what we found. I know In every possible way In Order to dimplay time
sophisticated New Yorkers who trudge about hlaborW monuments to far greater wdtan-
from museum to museum in Antwerp, Am- fie'
oterdam. Brussels, Parts, Munich, and Roma. But the truly new look of Pl adelpbiga Is
wearing out shoes, emerging with watery to be discovered at the other and cf Iowa,
eyes, setting themselves up as smalltime In the sector between City Bali and tits
authorities on the works of Plater Brueghel Schuylkill River. a 22-acre area bas been dip.
the elder, Hieronymus Bosch, Georges ROD- molahed to make way for a complex of-tow
alt, and Recnbrandt van Rijn, and yet structures that are the very latest In the way
chances are these same people have not of architecture and city planning.
bothered to make the leas than 100-mile Penn Center turns out to be an ultsamod-
journey from their own city to one of the em city within a city. The gleaming build-
truly great museums of the world. The Inge In aluminum, enamel, and statnleessteel
Philadelphia museum houses a collection blend perfectly Into the landscape of re-
of paintings as exciting as many to be come training structures that have ]out dlstino-
upon abroad. Lion to downtown Philadelphia for genera-
There are striking Picasso.. Ce unea, and Lions. The broad avenues are rominlsoent at
Braque, one has seen only in reproduction Europe. Tree-dotted esplanades run between
before. Then Come works of contemporary buildings. There in a lovely. light, wide.cpen.
American artists equally as Important and airy mood to the entire project that the
impressive in their awn right, visitor is sure to appreciate.
We had `o leave all too soon, , Reluctantly And then, not far away, alou$ those quiet
we went out between those stately columns side Streets running oft from *itbnhos r
and down steps looking out across the city Square, one comes to the sedate old Oblonlal
displaying a vista of statuary and fountains, mansions that have so much character and
wide avenues trimmed with lawns and trees. dignity and seem to at into ones cooospt
Here are America's own grand boulevards, of what the cradle of the Nation should look
and examples of elegance and grandeur to like.
match the European capitals. Late afternoon found us wandering along
We drove along Benjamin Franklin Park- those streets. We reached walnut street just
way Into the bright, new rebuilt part of the as men and girls were leaving 011136". Shope
city, followed Chestnut Street peat those were preparing to close. The mood seemed a
enduring monuments out of the past where million miles removed from the restlessness
the story "f the United States as we know of our native New York. We knew than we
It began. The area around Independence had gotten to know only a small part of the
Mall has been called the most historic square city. We had come close to only the most
mile In America, We went almost as far, obvious and external aspect of the life of
as the Delaware, than swung back up Wal- Philadelphia. There was still that entire
nut street to park across from old Orig- other side to be searched out-the pity of
Inal Bookbinders, generally considered to be people who live and work hire, the good
one of the half dozen or so top restaurants Stores and quiet taverns they patroelae, the
in the country.
"
theater,
Antique Row,- and the very special
It was my wife's suggestion that we go by Seafood is the specialty of this century- mood one cannot hope to touch on a whirl-
car. In that way, she felt, we might get to old establishment. Snapper soup Is the per- Wind tour of sights and scenery.
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000500110016-8
 whrace came their inhabitants. Despite the industry would put $10 billion additional Into Merle, U.S. negotiator when this treaty was
equator, there are heal = 1 > i,
F,,clal servtoee, and al{fi
, I~a~ Q. >~ 0i0,44" "0 d as attadr
find
l pul h
t
even
ua
omeownership, were to satisfy the basic needs of the LOUR
Strong unions an the dookx and In the American people for homes, wok and land,
railroads and oil fields. have created a rela- health and schools. With this help the Al"
tively well-pald middle class' which acts as Banos planner, hoped the Latin nations
a counterbalance to Communist agitation. would be able to increase their industrialiaa?
l4andam, which calls for the overthrow of Lion to the level of that of Western lheopa,
the existing order as a means of Improving Their target was a 2.5 percent increase in
man's lot, has a hollow ring. The slum the gross national product.
dwellers, according to Halperin (who studied The dollars had strings tied to them whim
them firsthand for 2 years), are more com-
fortable than they were on the farm, and
"cannot be made to believe that revolution
Is necessary to achieve the further material
improvements they desire ? ? ? they are
realists on the lookout for material improve-
mont, and in politics they tend to support
the than who Is in a position to provide such
improvement, even if he in a dictator or a
politician with an unsavory record."
Halperin cites results of three recent elec-
tions to question the Communists' appeal
In the alums: the 18613 Peruvian presidential
race, where the slum districts of uses, worst
In Latin America, voted for Gen. Manuel Od-
ria, most conservative of four candidates;
the Venezuelan presidential election a few
months later, when Arturo Uslar Pietri, con-
servative intellectual and business candidate,
got a majority of the Caracas slum votes:
and in Chile. In 1964, when Christian Demo-
crat Eduardo Frei Montalva won over Marx-
ist Salvador Allende in the Santiago and
Valparaiso slums,
GUUSIL * ?s' AOVANTACI
The great Imponderable, however, is the
future of the scattered guerrilla bands such
as that led by You Boss in Guatemala. Ralph
Sanders, associate professor of political act-
ence at the College of the Armed Forces,
wrote recently: "The available evidence in-
dicates that Insurgents can operate with
relatively little popular support. The as-
statamce of a fraction of the population to
provide sustenance and intelligence is suf-
ficient as long as the remainder of the local
Inhabitants do not actively oppose him."
Roger Hillman, former Director of Intelli-
gence and Research for the State Depart-
ment, led an effective partisan movement in
Burma during the Second World War with
10 percent of the people pre-Wert, 10 percent
proenemy, and the rest "Indifferent or
turned Inward toward their own family and
village." The latter category encompasses
much of rural Latin America today.
The four largest Communist parties in
Latin America (exclusive of Cuba. where
membership Is estimated at 85,000) arc Ar-
gentina (60,000 to 70.000), Brazil (30.000, plus
150,000 to 200,000 sympathizers), Chile (25:
000 to 30.000) and Venezuela (80,000).
Mere numbers, however, aren't the sole
yardstick of Communist influence. Commu-
nists helped keep alive the anti-United States
turmoil In Panama in early 1964 over whether
flags of both Panama and the United States
should be displayed In the Canal Zone. The
Communist-Innuenced tin miners' union in
Bolivia has kept that unhappy nation In
chaos for more than a year. The danger in
Communist intermingling with any move-
ment feeding on emotionalism Is that the
Reds could be hurled into leadership If estab-
lished order collapses.
ALLIANCE FOR PSOORSSS
means agreed to tax the local tycoonit on a
realistic scale (and actually make sailm-
tiona), and carve up nonproductive hsclen-
des, no money.
The scent of Ut3. money was Ignored by
dictatorships In Paraguay, Haiti, Bcuedor.
Bolivia and Guatemala: government vanished
altogether In the Dominican Republic last
April 24 and didn't reappear until Septarp-
her. The idealism of the Alliance didn't take
into account the preference any Incumbent
Latin power has for the status quo. .
To Latins, the Alliance's disappointment is
doubly biting because they expected so much
from it,
RZLUCI'ANT INVUSTOSS
Business has shied from investment in
Latin America, reflecting fears both at gov-
ernmental instability and of Communist
terrorists who regularly blast U.S. oil instal-
lations in Venezuela. The no-oompensatlon
expropriation of U.S. properties by Fidel Cas-
tro is a raw memory for U.S. budne~usn,
Latins themselves prefer to send ttleir elrtra
dollars to the United States or Europe for
safekeeping or investment.
Of the 17 countries which signed the Al-
liance charter, only 7 met the 2.5 percent
growth goal In 1964. But one of the seven,
Bolivia, was gripped with political chaos, and
another, Argentina, still shows a 1.1 percent
decrease for the past 6 years. In the last
decade the Latin share of exported goods on
the world market slumped from 11 to 6 per-
cent.
There Is a semblance of compliance In some
nations with a key pledge of the Alliance
charter: "To reform tax laws, demanding
more from those who have the moat, to pun-
ish tax evasion severely, and to redistribute
the national Income in order to benefit those
who are most In need." Guatemala. alti-autu
run by a military clique, took In W Million
the Drat year a graduated Income tax was
to affect. Peru L giving 511.000 acres of An-
dean land to 14 Indian communities built
upon It.
Yet several Latin authorities now maintain
that the United States violated the hernia
principle of the Alliance by Its Intervenicn
in the Dominlotan crisis in the spring. Jo-
seph Grunwald of the Brookings Institution,
a nonpartisan Washington research Institute,
said of this:
"There is no more pretense. The Alliance
to dead in some countries already. It's just
another aid program. For Intellectuals, Its
dead as a revolutionary image." Even right-
ists "can't tell the difference between our
response there and that of Communists in a
similar situation."
RIGHT Or DZTEN5$
Latins opposed to the Dominican inter-
vention cite article 15 of the charter of the
Organization of American States, to which
the United States is a signatory: "No state or
Put concisely, the Alliance for Progress Is group of states has the right to Intervene, di-
(or was) an attempt by the Untied States to rectly ar Indirectly, for any reason whatever,
"assist free men and free governments In In the Internal or external affairs of any
coating off the chains of poverty" in Latin other state. The foregoing principle pro-
America, using President Kennedy's inau- habits not only armed forces but also any
gural address phraseology. The Latin ns- other form of interference or attempted
done (excepting Cuba) signed the charter of threat against the personality of the slate
the Alliance August 17. 1961, In Punta del or against Its political, economic and cul-
F.ste. a Uruguayan resort town. The cost over tural elements."
a decade was put at $100 billion, of which Another OAS treaty, however, gives mem-
the United States would provide $10 billion ber states the right to defend each other
in public funds. Hopefully, U.B. private against an armed attack from outside. Adolf
,
pea visa to the right of defemst by skis'
nations. : - -
72M StAft Department's
thlnks Aillan to beginning Thalaatnmas 'liana
a; to atiahe
head+May, oplatons at other cbswvwa not-
Awithstanding. In his 1864 report to freer
dent Johnson he spoke of a ,new unity of
purpces In making the Alliance not J a
statement at goals but a reality,"
Mann also threw In a Ibis wffich Latins
upset over the Dominican ta$ervoation mkt
'find ptmaing: "We need bettor understand-
ing of the flnpedfineats to progteer and, a
tr eats,' will to saCr fake soon-farm political
advantages and peraona3 gain so that solid
and essduriag foundations of peogress In free-
dom can be laid."
A THISO Fellers
What, then. Is the alternative path that
Latin Americans can choose Instead of Cas-
trolam or the Alliance for Progress?
Observer see a dynamic third force making
itself felt.-Christian Democracy, which has
as Its tenets the Papal encyclicals advocating
social and economic justice for the under.
privileged masses of the developing nations.
The Social Democrats, in 1964, won the
presidency of Chile when 10duardo Frei Mon-
talva beat a Marxist candidate: they are also
strong and growing in Venezuela, Peru, Bra-
zil. and Argentina. The party has common
Interests with the Roman Catholic Church,
but It Is not a church movement, Leadership
In social reform by young C06tholle priests
In Latin America gives the ehuroh a bond
with the Christian Democrats.-.yet similar
support comes from the Latin American
Episcopal Church.
Christian Democracy is both an alterna-
tive and a safety valve. It permits young
university students to be critical of the
existing order (even capitalism) without re-
verting to the extreme of communism.
Frei's motto In Chile, for instanee. was
"Revolution with Liberty," and be has been
carrying out left-of-center policies wblch
mesh the Alliance for Progress With Chilean
Ideas about the future of their hezaispbere.
To Latin Americans Christian Democracy
stands as a "solution" that 1e essentially
Latin American---suited to their hts6ory,
temperament and special oonwtboa.
The growth of Christian Democracy bears
out beliefs of men such as Ernst Halperin
that communism has no spiritual appeal to
Latins, and of such men as Tannenbaum
that the existing order will not Change Itself.
1tixICAN sterns
But even Christian Democracy pals, in
comparison to the unique Mexican system of
government, which combines elements of
democracy, socialism said aristocracy. prank
Brandenburg of American University., writing
in OrbIs, called the Mexican power structure
simply, "The revolutionary family."
The usual head of the family Is the pred-
dent, assisted by about 20 favorite sons--na-
tional and regional politicians, wealthy in-
dividuals, some labor leaders and Intel-
lectuals. There are subgroups of business,
the professions, the press, veterans' groups,
and the government bureaucracy itself. The
head of the family, by dint of defining the
relative power of these vested_ interests,
names the President, who serves for a sole
6-year term. (The election Is through the
machinery of the Party of Revolutionary In-
stitutions, or PRI, which collects more than
90 percent of the vote in any national bailot-
Ing.) The president, in street a dictator for
6 years, names state and municipal beads and
has a rubber-stamp legislature at his service.
Economically, the revolutionary family
permits a mixture of state ownership and
private enterprise, and a social welfare system
unsurpassed anywhere else in Latin America.
Brandenburg writes. "Parochial and
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 265148 Approved For Rel~ea'MMO f5- M-IZDP67B0U~49050011001Q8 obe7' 20,-1165
production; rather. it L essentially a am- armed expeditions against several other The State Department also claims' it 1s
Sumer. Caribbean countries also ruled by military gradually bankrupting Cuba. sc.
"This means that the working force has a strongmen, All failed, and the Organisation Ineptitude of Cuban leaders led with
heavier burden to beer. Because a htgbar of American elate/, the regional peace ekeeplgg the success of our efforts" to. depri of
percentage of production must be oonsumed group, slapped Castro's wrists. Castro then access to the industrialised markets of the
on the necessities of life, there is lees avail- launched upon a different tack? subtler in free world, has brought about serjCu4 goo..
able to invest in farms and factories that tons. The State Department lists four Man nomio deterioration in the Island," ' The
are needed to increase production." channels for his activity: :+alted States won't trade with CUbe.l chips
In 1960, the United Nations estimated, the The formation of front groups both In the from other nations which call there aren't
housing deficit in Latin America was 40 mil- United States and Latin America in the guise admitted to U.B. ports. Nonetheless, United
lion units; this shortage is Increasing In pro- of friendship societies or committees for the States allies such as Great Britain and. Can-
portion to the population boom. despite defense of the Cuban revolution. Les ads trade regularly with Fidel Castro. chid be
frantic homebuilding projects Under the Al- Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President vacs the economic shortages as a r&IM g
lianoe for Progress. The Latins also must Kennedy. was a member of one of these point for anti-U.S. Propaganda.
find teachers and classrooms for igotbkr 400 fronts, the Fair Play for Cuba Ooeemitte., aNT1au7sasnsa Taanrnfe
minion persons who will peas through child- Ad intensi
a
a
d
i
ve prop
g
n
a program, us
ng
hood between now and 2000. Urban centers, Prenaa Latina, a Cuban news wire service,
with a 14-percent average annual growth and powerful radio transmitters. One broad-
rate, must provide transportation, streets, cast series, "Radio Free Dixie." is aimed at
electricity, sewerage. southern Negroes In the United States.
A NIM aORXZTT Covert material support, largely financial,
Thus, then, is posed the Latin dilemma:
A continent aware of its shortcomings and
misery, and groping for a solution. Three
pathways, appear open to Latin leaders, each
overlapping the other in part, and each with
the same goal, a new society.
The makeup of that new society-and one
Is Doming, most Latin American scholars
agree-L the crucial question, from the
V.S. point of view. The paths reaching to-
ward It are commulam and/or state social-
ism; rebuilding under the Alliance for Prog-
ress, with U.S. leadership, in fact if not In
form; Or a uniquely Latin creation of a new
force, neither pure democracy nor pure so-
cialism, but one which can cope with the
problems of a continent. In order, here is an
assessment of the present status and future
of each path.
Communism Is not a newcomer to Latin
America. Parties were formed there as long
ago as 1918. generally on the periphery of the
labor movement. In 1935 the Reds were
strong enough In Brazil to attempt a coup,
which collapsed in I day. But only in the
last decade has the Red influence among
Latins become a concern to the United
States. In 1954 the Central Intelligence
Agency was instrumental in overthrowing a
Communist-alined government in Guate-
mala which was importing arms from Soviet-
bloc nations.
The Communists got their strongest foot-
hold beginning in 1959, when guerrillas led
by Fidel Castro. then 82 years old, overthrew
Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista, The
Castro regime started as a broad-based pop-
ular front, but soon disintegrated into a
Communist movement. As Castro set about
remolding Cuban society he alienated first,
American business Interest on the Island, sec-
ondly, the U.S. Government, and finally,
broad sections of the middle and upper
classes who had aided his revolution against
the corrupt Batista.
TmmsRNOa or 0O1CMIINMMM
The CIA this time wasn't successful In Its
attempt to toss out a Red government.
Cuban exiles, organized and armed by the
CIA, attempted an invasion of Cuba In April,
1961, but were repulsed by Castro's militia
and army. Some 1,200 men were captured,
to be ransomed a year later In exchange for
drugs and medicines. In May 1961. Castro
declared he was a Marxist and Cube took
on the trappings of a Communist state, with
the hammer end sickle flying over public
buildings and Soviet-bloc weapons in the
hands of its soldiers and militiamen.
Externally. Fidel Castro's strategy has been
consistent since 1969-that of converting the
Andes into the "Sierra Maestra of the
Americas," alluding to the mountain range
which sheltered his 2-year-long guerrilla war
against Batista s numerically superior army.
Castro's tactics, however. have reflected
sophisticated flexibility.
In the first 6 months of 1969, flushed with
his triumph over Batiste, Castro hurled
to subversive groups abroad. Is funneled in
through diplomatic corridors. Small boats
from Ouba also haul arms to revolutionists
in other Latin countries, principally Vene-
zuela.
Indoctrination and training of hundreds
of Latin Americans In Cubs, including
schooling in Sabotage, terrorism, and guer-
rilla tactics. The trainees, mostly to their
late teens and twenties, go to Cuba via
Prague ostensibly to study agricultural or
Industrial techniques. Once there; however,
they are put through realistic offensive and
defensive exercises, taught how to survive In
the jungles and given weapons and map In-
struction. They are also schooled in the art
of Infiltrating and subverting student, labor,
and other groups In their own countries.
TERROa of vxcmun.s
Edwin M. Martin, former Latin American
expert in the State Department, said in a talk
of this problem, "Venezuelans seem to be
the most numerous national group among
these trainees, and we do not consider it
sheer coincidence that Venezuela's demo-
cratic government and the Venezuelan people
are being subjected most heavily to the ter-
rorist and guerrilla activities of the Castro
Communists in that country.'
Cube's technique for Latin Insurreationlsts
is based on three premises:
A guerrilla band, by Its very existence, can
create a revolutionary situation where none
existed previously. Peasants, not urban
workers, make up the revolutionary force
in Latin America. (Here Cuba differs from
the Soviet concept and alines with the Com-
munist Chinese, who support agrarian rather
than urban revolution.) Lastly, a guerrilla
band can whip a regular army.
couxrxarNa casrso
To help Latin governments protect thsms-
svesthe
sionel agait CtiasStattro terroriisrat nsts m
es saddlitarsubvernda
, United ns
yr -
polies personnel In riot control and counter-
guerrilla tactics. These courses are given at
UB. military schools at Port Oulick, in the
Canal Zone of Panama, and at Part Br'aR,
N.C.
Martin noted, however, that guns and po-
lice aren't the sole antidote for Castroism,
"Theoretically we could put vast amounts of
arms and riot equipment Into Latin Smart-
can hands today (be was talking In 196$) to
stamp out rebellion and to shoot down the
Communist leaders and followers. But Into
whose hands would we put these arms? Now
can we be sure that the riot queliers of today
will not be the rioters tomorrow? What good
are arms and security controls In a permua-
neatly unstable society?"
(Martin was prophetic. During the last
year a sizable portion of the Guatemalan
Army has been tied down fighting a gueayfua
leader named Marco Antonio You Bosa, bead
of the Movimtento Revolucionarto 13 de No-
vtembre-MR-13. Yon Boas, who Is opposing
the military rule of Col. Enrique Peralta
Asurdia, Is a graduate of the U.S. anti-
guerrilla school at Fort Gulick.)
DOMIMICAN urrmVmrrzON
The existence of a Communist state only
90 miles south of Florida L a political ember-
rasenunt to the United States and one which
It doesn't want to am repeated elsewhere.
Foe that reason President Johnson respond-
ed quickly last April when he got Infarms-
tion, later questioned. that Communists
threatened to take control of a revolt in the
Dominican Republic. He dispatched 18.000
U.B. marines and soldiers In a unriaterai ac-
tion which was roundly denounced by other
Intervention-wary Latin states.
The State Department's generally alarmist
view of Communist subversion In Latta
America isn't universally accepted by other
authorities. Juan Bosch. the only freely
elected president In the histor
of th
Do
y
e
-
The State Department, as a matter of na- minican Republic (he was thrown out by a
tional policy, works briskly to counter Cae- coup in September 1963. 9 months after be
trob export of revolution. And It claims took once) claims rightists use the woad
considerable success In the United States at- "communism- as a tarbrusa with watch to
tompts to weaken and discredit the Cuban smear opponents. Bitter over the V.B. Inter-
Government, ventlon In his country, Bosch wrote In Sat-
The October 1962, crisis, in which former urday Review last summer:
Soviet Premier Khrushchev capitulated to "Today there has spread over the countries
President Kennedy and withdrew potentially of America a fear of communism that is lead-
offensive missiles, "proved to be of tnestt- lag us all to kill democracy for fear that
enable value In unmasking the Castro regime, democracy is the mask of communism."
previously regarded by many as a model for Bosch maintains that a democratic society,
a new Latin American revolution, as just and its accompanying guarantees of freedom,
one more tool of Moscow." The confronts- ultimately will smother oommu niam.
tion displayed that the then-Soviet leader- Another dissenter is Ernst Halperin, re-
ship was not ready to risk nuclear war to -search associate at the center for interaa-
xrotect Latin comrades. - tional studies at Massachusetts Institute of
(In the framework of the Brno-Soviet Pat- Technology, who says flatly that the chances
icy split. the bsckdown was costly to the So- of a Coenmtmist-dominated regime are slim
vista. The Venezuelan Communist Party, Indeed in Latin America.
for Instance, immediately switched to a Halperin supports his thesis with oooclu-
policy of revolution through violence, as ad. alone that differ sharply faun the popular
vocated by the Chinese, rather than revolu- image of Latin America The poverty-plenty
tion through political Change, as advocated - contrast. while frightening to the outsider.
by the Soviets. There were similar spies- Isn't neoesseriiy the harbinger of social eata-
ten of the Reds from Soviet to Chinese ors- ciysm. Halperin maintains.
entation in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Why? Halperin argues: The city slums are
and Chile.) many cuts above the rural poverty from
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 Octooer 20, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENA'T'E 26544
tUb~ ~Sf1 e>UOt~dYq"ssplYdeSOll idlltlltY440~ri1lYai ~Clie~fea
Ito". and downright pAPFA %YAnL qr RroMM
stlfing and discouraging, and at the moment ment enabled wealthy caudMon---the upper- no inland counterparts of Chicago, DetrQtt,
seemingly Inaumountable. class Spanlsh-parent landowners and mat- or ran Nana" City. Thirty of the prorid-
Latin America is so diverse (280 million chants-to seize power economically and p0- slat capitals of Peru, In 1964, bad no so"
persons In 20 nations) as to defy capsuliza- litlcatiy. The caudillos used slave and peon contact with the rest of the nrttoei; people
tion. Yet certain generalizations hold true labor to wort large haclepdas td's system :lives lifetime Ip 2-mile-t11gh Aadeaa viila~ls
for most of its countries: that rivalled. for brutality and impovaUh- without once descending Into modem clviti-
Under his present government the average
Latin (and this excludes a handful Of coun-
tries notably Mexico) is condemned to pov-
erty, ignorance and hunger--based on normal
Western standards.
The nations are writhing on the threshold
of the 20th century, and they are going to
enter It. Paw will emerge as 17.6.-patterned
democracies; the beet the United States can
expect is U.S.-oriented governments,
A number of ingredients exist for perves-
aioa of Latin nationalism Into the state
socialism of Cuba, or the anthill oollectivlsa-
tion of Communist China and its negation
of the human spirit. Other of the ingredi-
ents, however, are lacking, and the Latin
masses have shown no Inclination to unfurl
a Red flag.
191COLACTED NEIGHBORS
If Latin America indeed does tilt to the
aide of the United States-but this In by no
means guaranteed-It could serve as what
former Presidential adviser and diplomat
Adolf A. Berle calls the principal demo-
graphic oounterbalaace to the rising and
somewhat unpredictable power emerging on
the Asian mainland.
Two decades of preoccupation with Asia
and Europe left an Imbalance in V.B. global
commitments. Now Europe has stabilized.
and the United States Is learning In Vietnam
the bitter sum of Communist domination of
what started as a nationalistic movement.
In July 1984, HissasT H. Humpuaay said
the United States must seek to avoid a simi-
lar Impasse In Its Latin policy. Writing in
Foreign Affairs, the then Senator said:
"Our policy should be designed to dis-
courage intrahemispheric rivalry which
would Baikenize the continent:, as well as to
prevent Communist subversion which would
divide the hemisphere Into an endless strug-
gle between Communist and non-Commu-
nist states.'
The United States has both Inherent ad-
vantages and disadvantages in dealing with
Latin Americans. Economically It over-
whelms the remainder of the Western Hemis-
phere as merchant and customer. Militarily
Is. has been both protector from foreign ag-
gression and chaperon against what It oon-
siderod unwise ventures for the Latins. (In
this century U.S. troops have entered Cuba,
Haiti, the Dominican Republic. Honduras,
Mexico, and Panama.)
RTJZGT OF DISCRIMINATION
Yet something is lacking In the United
States-Latin relationship, despite all the for-
mal protestations of "good neighbors," and
backslapping businessmen and diplomats,
Prof. Frank Tannenbaum of Columbia Uni-
versity. speaking as a 50-year observer, says
Americans trying to fathom the resentful
feelings of Latins toward the United States
fail "to point to the most serious source of
our dimaulties-the treatment of Latin
Americans as inferiors,"
Tannenbaum continues: "we are heirs to a
tradition about colored people and it Influ-
ences all of our attitudes, feelings, notions.
habits, gestures and verbal expressions about
them." The manifestation of Tannen-
baum's theory comes in the condescension of
businessman, tourist and ambassador alike.
and Is reciprocated In the sotto voce Insult
directed at the Yankee's turned back.
The Latin American situation is a product
of both history and geography (and here
again there are exceptions to general state-
ments applied to the entire region). After
Bolivar put to flight the Spanish colonial
rope. Indiana and freemen were shunted
Into the highlands and remote and unarable
areas.
TasOrrIONAL ARMY ROLE
But the eaudillos' power was limited, con-
fined to villages and provinces. The army,
as the only force of nationwide scope, was
the oohesiV that enabled loose confedera-
tions of the caudlUos to make up a govern-
ment. The army also Supped into the habit
of living off the land by exaction. When the
army could not get what It wanted. It sim-
ply changed governments, and took for Itself
extra military functions.
The omoer corps gave the inborn the op-
portunlty to achieve power and wealth, and
the ranks gave allegiance to the strongest
omcer-politician in their midst. The In-
trigue was endless. An officer would muster
enough support to seize the presidency, than
grab what he could in a hurry and distribute
the remainder to his followers. But there
was seldom enough to satisfy, prompting new
intrigues from which would emerge a new
atrougman.
Between the Independence period of 1820'-
25 and the First World War the Spanish-
American countries experienced 115 success-
ful revolutions and many times that number
of abortive revolts.
None resulted In any reforms, however.
The caudillos ranged in caliber from tyrant
to benevolent despot, and the military did
nothing to change them. Writes historian
Edwin Lieuwen of the University of New
Mexico:
"With the great majority of the population
Inarticulate, poverty-stricken and politically
apathetic, the military were under no popu-
lar pressure to change the existing social Sys-
tem, nor did they show any Inclination to do
so,'
Whatever social changes have come have
resulted from the sheer weight of the bur-
geoning urban masses (principally In Bradt
and Argentina). Yet the military continues
to hold an effective veto power over a major-
ity of Latin governments.
Latin American government may be
summed up. "rigid in structure, unstable in
personalities."
"
GEOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND
Geographically. however, conditions are
even worse, and South America can best be
described as a basket case, a series of iso-
lated nations clinging to the coastline of a
hostile continent. A formidable mountain
range, the Andes, splits its Interior for the
entire 4,500-mile north-to-south length, with
peaks of up to 23,000 feet. Passes are few
and high, 12,000 to 14,000 feet-not trade
routes, but precarious scratches through
which creep roads, mule tracks and race M11-
roads.
To Latin America, vastness is synonymous
with worthlessness. The Amazon River
Basin of Brazil contains 2 million square
miles, two-thirds the airs of the continental
United States. The river system has 40,000
miles of navigable water, and the Amazon it-
self stretches the equivalent of the distance
from New York to Liverpool, England. Yet
the basin Is a nonproductive hothouse, Its
rains so heavy they leach the soil Of soluble
minerals, its teutperatxues so hot they pre-
vent the buildup of fungi and humus eesen-
tial to fertility.
Because of the poor transportation created
by geographic barrier's, South America is a
coastal continent, the majority of its people
nrDIA1r rorvs.AT$0X
The Isolation leaves enclaves of unseelin!-
lated Iedlam (14 to $0 million of toms, by
guess and count). which form non-8psnish-
speaking suboultutee living apart from the
formal structure of the nation. For four
centuries the Indiana have successfully re-
sisted "tempts to make them Europeans or
even Latin Americans. Tiny Guatemala,
with only 17 million persons. has within, its
cramped borders 21 different Indian gugpek
descended from the Maya-Quiche tribe. Cll.
Lazaro Oardenas, while president of Mexico
in 1934-40, said after visiting a tribe of Ysqul
Indians: 'Somos extranjeros aqut"--we are
strangers here.
Despite its vastness, Latin America's third
grave handicap is population Imbalance.
The Sap of the stork's wings signal Impend-
ing disaster for the continent, which has the
fastest-growing population of any major sub-
division in the world. According to the
Economic Commission for Latin America
(ECLA). a U.H. group. between 1958 and 1964
the population increased by 2.8 percent per
year, compared with 0.8 percent in Western
Europe, 1.67 percent in the United States,
and an estimated 2.1 percent in Communist
China.
BOLA projects a threefold Increase In the
population by 2000-meaning 680 million
Latins at the dawn of the 21st century, com-
pared with some 69 million in 1900.
In the decade of the 1950's Brazil alone in-
creased by an astonishing 36.5 percent. fraan
82 to 71 million persona. Some two-thirds
of this new growth was in urban areas (19
to 32 million, or 70 percent), four times more
than the countryside (33 to 39 million, or 18
percent).
The growth is attributable to better health
programs that widened the gap between birth
and death rates----DDT, antibiotics. Improved
sanitation and water supplies. Liberal sexual
mores also contribute. Illegitimacy hasn't
been frowned upon since the first Portuguese
and Spanish colonizers made friends with In-
dian women. Latin American women marry
early and bear often; a 1960 survey by the
United Nations found the average Brazilian
woman had six live births. El Naclonal, lead-
ing paper in Venezuela, reported In July that
only 20 of 100 births in that country are to
married couples.
The affluent United States. with the educa-
tional and governmental services structure
built during decades of economic boom. Is
hard-pressed to absorb Its population In-
crease--which is minuscule by Latin stand-
ards. The new Latins must be squeezed Into
facilities that are already overcrowded.
sVRDZN TOR AL IANCx
Thomas Mann, President Johnson's cblef
adviser on Latin America, says of the popu-
lation spurt:
"Ibis arithmetic has a direct and Import-
ant bearing on the ability of Lbe American
states to achieve the Alliance for Progress
goal that the Increase in the Income of every
mtian, woman and child in the hemisphere
shall not be less than 2.5 percent per capita
per year"
The composition of the Latin populace, re-
sultantly, I. markedly different from the
United States. Speaking to a birth-control
group recently, Mann noted. For example.
about one-fourth of the population Is less
than 10 years old. A large portion of the
population therefore contributes tittle to
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 265, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE October 20, 1965
d GatiThe s~mbttia pea ptpj~_ i 1y rrnn8~ Q~$u{ speed
dices. The NATO ~,o~la~tl'O,~S a ert'~ [!r"v 46 {yes oo -~0 >tnarticle that he neither his eha nor his
clear the air and also to help the Wert Ger- as follows: In touch with the Dominican assess nor his
mans make up their minds, follows: sharp and voluble tongue.
In the next installment of clarlflcatton Boeca Putre KUr Dotttraaxt ROLE acfaThis week Mr. Bosch aomapiaUte that Mr,
must come the abandonment of the miscon- (By Paul Hofmann) was -~ favoring Oy the his Foreign Reformist In lflelr
party of tamer
caption that there exists a choice for Ger- SANTO DosawOO, Doisnmcax Rzpuwa' President Joaquin Bala
many between defiance and reconciliation In October 16. ??Cooaradeq lease check arm and goer. spthat the
Eastern Europe. There is a faction in Ger- p your army police were makles pro- Balaguer
many, which has its counterpart In Wash- weapons here," reads a sign at the foot of a propaganda.
stairway that leads up to former President Mr. Bosch has not yet formerly declared his
tngton, which nurses the Illusion that the Juan Bosch's second-floor office and home in candidacy for the coming election, but It is
Soviet Union can be forced behind its own a green downtown house. generally thought that he will run. Dr.
frontiers and that Beat Germany can then be The large hall upstairs looks like the wait- Balaguer has already said he is a candidate.
united with West Germany-all this to be Ing room of a popular lawyer, except for a MUNISTS
done by a special German-American military couple of bodyguards who did not check their Bosch' Mr. s a party rty defines esrItato
combination. Probably very few Germans, rifiee yge Itself ions Socialist
. The green house is a new political and democratic. cratic. In the 1982 elections it
even among those who give lip service to this power center.
notion, really believe in the idea. More Many Dominicans view it as a potential the swept Santo Interior. The r. The Domingo and the Per, lparts
likely, they harbor the Idea that by being source of new trouble for a nation that is the war hin Dominican an oom-
radicalited
joined to us In some special relationship, the painfully trying to recover from a sao the rank and file. The numerically weakak Cthny
West Germans will have something to trade 4-month civil war. Others are convinced are gain axe still ceamong twe, but So-
off when they sit down to bargain with the that professor Bosch. since his dramatic ersratlioon, especially Influence
Soviet Union. homecoming September 25. has restored true
intelleettuai and
On our side, our German policy has become perspective in the Dominican Political Pic- by backing h may try to "capture- 1fr Bosch
a mixture of anti-German prejudice and of tune, by backing his candidacy. Balaguer appeasement. That military absurdity, the POPULAR roans Generalissimo hDr. was initially a dgureTruj for
illo.
multilateral mixed-manned nuclear force of No observer of the Dominican scene will When 31-yeareE Trujillo d dictatorship
surface ships, was conceived in distrust of the deny that Mr. Bosch, for better or worse, ended, Dr Bala ter won
Germans with the Intention of fooling them.
represents gt prestige n honesty
Its basic assumption is that the Germans will forrce, a strong and genuinely popular and moderation, t His perta has now theses,
follow another Hitler unless the present-day port mainly of the upper and middle classes.
Germans are given the illusion that they. too, Right now, the Dominican Republic Is not The Balaguer party advocates
are a first-class, that is to say a nuclear, supposed to have any domestic politics. The reforms, but does not reject the backi g!o
power. Hector Garciregime of Provisional a-GodoY, strongly ly backed by President
the general former Il elections are and the held he as sche If duled. the
In the Interests of the hygiene of German- United close r between M and D . Be -
American relations, we should give up the lawns n States. Is the Organization
impartiality of in its close race between Mr. Bosch and Dr, gala-
idea of deceiving the Germans and of appeaa- terse, s pledged to impatlsllty In ts Sorer is likely.
labors to restore some normalcy.
ins them lest they do the horrible things we
impute to them. This week, significant progress was made Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, corlsld-
e
The honest and healthy 'seals of German- when Government police entered downtown eration of the Dominican Republic prob-
ho re honest and healthy a candor. Such Santo Domingo for the first time since early lem leads one Inexorably to a considera-
Ameri re, us tO recognize mutual that r nation In the civil was, and rebel forces left the riots of our whole Latin American policy,
which
Cando rng!sqwuires us t must have no access to more that they had been controlling for which I believe Is in grave need of over-hauling.
weapons. Its vital interest In re- On Friday the long-divided capital was at vides much An excellent va luabuab article Which pros
unification which must be achieved by last reunified when the Inter-American Peace vides much background on this
reconciliation with its former enemies, most Force lifted its cordon around the rebel subject was published In the Monday
particularly those to the east. Reunification sector morning, October 18 Issue of the Phil-
cannot be achelved by any kind of German The Garcia-Godoy regime is committed adelphla Inquirer, entitled "Cuba and
nuclear threat, either real or fictitious. It to preparing elections for next June. and Latin America: Our Neighbors to South."
can be achieved only by the President's policy since the provisional president cannot be a The article, to my way of thinking, is
of building bridges, and therefore, it is in- candidate and very few other Dominicans
cumbent upon the Germans to stop coo- have any chance of becoming the future the most balanced. reasonable, and r
read-
and pl
try Igo build. ondering about every bridge head of state, Mr. Bosch inevitably will play able summary of the problems which
we an
The Germans will find, as we, too, shall tioneering. Important role In the forthcoming else- seconfront us In Lan en In a long time, a And I ask uunatttim~
find, that as Germany and America seek the Most U.S. official, here are, to say the least, consent to have it printed In the Rxcoltn,
solution of the problems of security and unenthusiastic about the prospect of a Bosch
reunification in an increased agreement with comeback to power. Washington became in- was There ordered beano aprinted 1Objection, the article
the Soviet Union, Gaullist France will not be volved militarily in the Dominican civil war 11 the RiCCiED,
our enemy and our inveterate opponent. We last spring mainly to prevent a Communist follows:
shall then all be reallned together. takeover, and for some time seemed to side CSSA Aria LATrx Amasren Ooa NiuaH qas o
Mr. CLARK. Mr. Lippmann takes the with Dominican rightists who simply equated SOUTH-ECONOMIC GAINS Ouster BY RraE Tr
same view as do I and a Mr. Bosch with communism. POPULATION
great many Mr. Bosch won about 60 percent of the (By Joseph C. Goulden)
others, that It Is far more important to votes cast by a million or so Dominicans Simon Bolivar, dying en route to exile after
obtain a nuclear nonproliferation treaty in December 1962, when the little Caribbean ending Spanish domination of the South
with Russia than to go on further with country had Its first democratic elections American continent in the 1820's, said bit
the ?ALP, an 111-conceived and obsolete in nearly 40 years. On September 25. 1963, terly. "America is ungovernable. Those who
effort to solve a part of the German a proclamation signed by 25 high Armed served the revolution plowed the sea"
problem. Forces oiYlcers accused him of weakness In After 136 years little has happened to dis,-
the face of a Communist takeover threat turb the chilling pessimism of Bolivary judg-
and declared him deposed. The coup was ment. Latin America remains the New
BOSCH PLAYS KEY DOMINICAN bloodless. It was also useless, most Domin- World's problem child. The Alliance for
ROLE leans agree today. Progress, the United States first earnest ef-
Mr. Bosch's reinstatement as constitutional fort to lift the bulk of Latins into the modern
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, the news-- President was the basic Issue of the civil era. Is foundering. The Inertia created by
papers carry word of new dlsorders in war that erupted after Donald Reid Cabral', decades of maladmintetaation, dlsorganiza-
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