SUPPORT OF OUR FIGHTING MEN IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400110016-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2005
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: September 7, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

September 7, f OerJ ved For @&M 99"M 6 1N 000400110016-9
INTERVIEWED KHRUSHCHEV
Well traveled abroad, Davis can claim what
few others can-a personal interview in 1959
with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev.
His wife, Pauline, was a constant compan-
Ion in Davis' many political campaigns, in-
cluding the blistering pace set In a 1960 spe-
cial election when Davis, by a close 1,118
votes, lost a U.S. senate seat to the current
Democratic incumbent, Sen. QUENTIN N. BuR-
DICK.
His popularity within his administration
was shown that year as state officials filed
through the governor's reception room with
tears in their eyes to bid Davis farewell as
he left the governor's office.
But Davis continued his party work, was
named state Republican chairman and later,
in 1964, made an unsuccessful bid for party
endorsement to run against BURDICK once
again.
NOW LIVES IN BISMARCK
The Davises currently live in Bismarck
They have three children. He Is a native of
Goodrich, the town near which the Davis
ranch still operates.
During his service as governor, his associ-
ates recall Davis as "a man always ready to
listen and discuss problems and whose office
door was always open to those he served."
He has an amazing ability to recall names-
first and last-and if there's a Legionnaire
who doesn't know of him, it's a cinch they
will before his term ends.
the book was reissued it included addi-
tional material from more recent exper-
ience proving that nothing has changed
in the purpose of the privately owned
utilities to drive out of business publicly
owned electric systems 'and destroy any
meaningful regulation of their own
activities.
The consumers of the United States
have, in fact, no effective protection of
their interests except for the regulatory
Commissions of the Federal, State, and
local governments. The members of
these Commissions, and this is especially
true of the Federal Power Commission,
have the vital responsibility of controll-
ing acts of private utilities to guard the
public from damaging assaults on the
cost of living. At this time, when our
economy seems unstable because of vio-
lent changes resulting from war, the role
of the economic regulatory agencies of
the Federal Government is particularly
sensitive and must be exercised with
exceptional care.
No regulatory agency can be better
than its members. The difficult and fre-
quently controversial nature of the regu-
latory power requires the assignment to
these commissions of the highest caliber
of public servant. These appointments
demand selection of individuals who are
A GOOD APPOINTMENT TO THE not only able but courageous in their
FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION vigilance to protect the public interest.
John Carver's record as Assistant Sec-
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, the retary of Interior for Public Land Man-
President has made an excellent choice agement and as Under Secretary of the
in selecting John A. Carver, Jr., for ap- Department of the Interior assures me
pointment to the Federal Power Com- Mr. Carver will be a valuable member of
mission. No more important responsi- the Federal Power Commission. His
bilities are exercised by agencies of the ability and integrity are unquestioned.
Government than the regulation of util- He can be depended upon to be a fair
ities serving basic needs of society. The judge of the complex issues with which
effective regulation of suppliers of the he will have to deal and I know he will
21003
history and many of the parents and wives
and other relatives of those who are sent to
fight it, feel they have been abandoned by
the American people.
Said the mother of a son fighting in Viet
Nam: "The general public is really unaware
of the war and the loss of lives there. Ex-
cept for those of us who have loved ones
fighting and dying 'in this war, the public
doesn't seem to know or care what is going
on in Viet Nam. There are no gold stars
for windows in this war."
Neither, she said, are there any other signs
of public recognition of the sacrifices of fam-
ilies whose sons and husbands and brothers
are serving their country in this war. Actu-
ally, many wives and relatives of servicemen
In Viet Nam are reluctant to display bumper
stickers available to them from some vet-
erans organizations because of fear of reprisal
and villification by anti-war extremists.
"Each of us feels isolated in a terribly
tragic situation," she said. "There are lots
of families being hurt by this war, lots more
than the general public realizes. And many
more will be hurt as the war goes on."
This terrible hurt to the individual family
was simply and poignantly expressed in a
letter to this paper by another mother whose
son died valiantly. "Our son was only 20,
a boy to us, but a man among men. We
miss him very much."
We make these points particularly to urge
backing for a new group here, called Sup-
port. Inspired by Times Herald corre-
spondent Warren Bosworth's stories of the
war, the organization was set up by a group
of relatives of servicemen in Viet Nam. It
is seeking to rally backing for these service-
men, to reassure them thgt they are not
"forgotten men in a forgotten war," as Bos-
worth wrote. "We are trying to instill some
spirit into the public," one leader of Sup-
port said.
The organization also is trying to bring
what aid and comfort it can to families
whose loved ones have died in Viet Nam.
SUPPORT deserves all the help and backing
we can give it.
essential commodities subject to the be a strong protector of the public in- ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INTER-
jurisdiction of the Federal Power Com- terest at the Federal Power Commission, GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
mission 'is of special importance to every as we all know he has been at the Depart-
consumer in the United States. The m +t of the Interior. Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts.
power that provides individual hos Mr. President, on August 10 I spoke on
with necessities of light and heat as me well the senate floor on the need to build an
as myriad conveniences of modern civili- SUPPORT OF OUR FIGHTING MEN effective communications system between
zation and which also drives our corn- IN VIETNAM local, State, and Federal levels of gov-
dispensable ingredient of American life. Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I want ate Joint Resolution 187 that ich would
Its value cannot be counted, but the to. call my colleagues' attentions to the authorize the Advisory Commission on
cost which those using it must pay must formation of a group of persons who are Intergovernmental Relations to study
be fairly determined and established at organizing in Dallas in support of our and design a national information sys-
a just and reasonable rate. fighting men in Vietnam. In fact the tem utilizing advanced informational
For more than 35 years, I have had a organization is called Support. technology which would provide State
deep and abiding interest in matters The peculiar characteristic about this and local executives with the information
affecting the public interest in the regu- group is that it is composed of families they need to achieve the fullest utiliza-
lation of basic utilities and have fought of men who are stationed in Vietnam. tion of Federal programs and assistance.
consistently for effective administration The worthy aim of these courageous As I visualize this system, it would also
of legislation establishing regulatory people is to vocalize their support for our provide the kind of systems analysis and
standards. Nation's Vietnam policy, and to register information data necessary to enable
In 1931 I published a book, "The Pub- their approval of our present southeast both Congress and the administration to
lic Pays," republished in a new updated Asian confrontation with communism. oversee the enactment and administra-
edition in 1964, in which are recounted I ask permission to have printed at tion of Federal programs. Such over-
the callous abuses of the public interest this point in the RECORD an editorial sight should permit the implementation
by the private electric power utilities from the Dallas Times Herald in sup- of a coherent national agenda of priority
that had been permitted to occur during Port of Support. programs, rather than the present prac-
the decade of the 1920's in the absence There being no objection, the editorial tice of legislating piecemeal in a random
of any meaningful regulatory controls. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, fashion. I am hopeful that hearings on
"The Public Pays" tells the story of the as follows: my proposal can soon be held before the
cynical and unscrupulous propaganda [From the Dallas (Tex.) Times Herald, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Re-
campaign of the self-styled investor- Aug. 26, 19661 lations.
owned utilities which was meant to To RIGHT AN INJUSTICE Since the joint resolution was intro-
crush the then emerging consumer- One of the great injustices of our time in duced almost a month ago, I have heard
owned power systems, destroying the this nation is that many of those who fight fron} a great number of organizations
whole public power movement. When one of the dirtiest, most vicious wars in our both within and outside the Government
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 2-1 004 Approved ForefnSSC6NA/L91if&ff 675ENAT 0004001 SEptember 7, 1966
indicating their support for the develop- revealed in this paper by the citation or de- ards, and way of life-and include not only
ment of such an information system, and scription of various independent and com- the fields of missllry, aviation, and space but
the desperate need which presently exists munity efforts being experienced in Federal, also medicine, land and sea transportation,
ticularly heartened by the interest shown
by officials of the Bureau of the Budget.
In particular, I have read with great in-
terest a paper prepared by Mr. Willard
Fazar for delivery at the annual meeting
of the American Political Science Asso-
ciation. Mr. Fazar, who is with the Bu-
reau's Office of Management and Orga-
nization, reviews in great detail the many
factors responsible for our present crisis
in communication. He documents the
fragmentation of effort which is going on
in the development of information sys-
tems, and he makes a persuasive case for
the development of an informational sys-
tem along the lines I have suggested in
my joint resolution.
I believe Mr. Fazar's paper is extremely
informative on this subject, and I ask
unanimous consent that it be printed at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was.ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FEDERAL INFORMATION COMMUNITIES: THE
STSTEMS APPROACH
[Abstract]
The need for better information manage-
ment in government stems from recent de-
velopments which include the accelerated
pace of change, the increased complexity of
government responsibilities and programs,
the growth of new knowledge and explosion
.of documentation, the skyrocketing of Fed-
eral grants-in-aid to states and localities,
and the institution and spread of the Plan-
ning, Programming, and Budgeting System
(PPBS) at many levels of government. With
the expanded adoption of the systems ap-
proach and with the availability of modern,
multiple-access, time-shared computer sys-
tems capable of storing very large data bases
and serving many users simultaneously, the
ability to deal with many of these develop-
ments has increased greatly.
Despite the variations in government
agency missions and in the information sub-
stance required, there is considerable dupli-
cation and overlap in information require-
ments, processes, and problems faced within
and among the many agencies of govern-
ment. A great fragmentation of effort has
been expended to deal with the information
management problem through the creation
of numerous information systems and cen-
ters to serve a wide variety of special pur-
poses at all levels of government. This ex-
perience has led to the natural evolution of
the concept of an "information community."
The members of a given information com-
munity would share their common needs for
information substance, analyses, and proc-
essing. This paper will develop the concept
of an information community and describe
some explicit efforts directed toward em-
ploying the systems approach for better in-
formation management In various Federal
communities.
yeuxacy oI cnange cnauenges the capacity of
FEDERAL INFORMATION COMMUNITIES: THE today's managers to deal with today's dy-
(By Willard Fazar, Executive Office of the
President, Bureau of the Budget, Office of
Management and Organization, prepared
for delivery at the 1966 annual meeting of
The American Political Science Associa-
tion, New York City, Sept. 6--10, 1966)
(NOTE.-The views expressed in this paper
are solely those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Bureau
of the Budget.)
This paper is intended to illuminate the
complex problem of advancing information
management in government. It will focus on
efforts in the Federal Government and inter-
relate them to the efforts and needs of State
and local governments. It will present the
systems concept as an effective approach for
moving toward more effective and coordi-
nated information management within and
among government information communi-
ties.
Information is a primary resource for
prosecuting the missions and for achieving
the objectives of all levels of government.
Getting the right information to the right
people at the right time is the goal toward
which we must progress for the benefit of all
types of management action and decision-
making in government. The need for im-
provement has been dramatized through
such descriptions of the problem as "the! in-
formation dilemma," "the information
crisis," "the information explosion," "the in-
formation revolution," and "the paperwork
jungle." The problem is so large in scope
and. so great In complexity that it defies de-
scription in a few pages of text.
Nevertheless, with your forebearance, what
is being done and what should be done to
achieve the Information management ad-
vancements essential for more effective mian-
agement and decision-making within and
among the various levels of government-
Federal, State, and local-will be synopsized
in the text that follows.
THE SETTING
The urgency for better information man-
agement in government is emphasized by a
variety of significant and continuing develop-
ments that make up the setting for today's
information predicament. Many of these de-
velopments are so intertwined that they
prod each other onward further to confound
the information management problem. A
brief review of some of these developments
may help you to appreciate their impact on
the information quandary that has grown
faster than our capacity to cope with it.
For example:
The growth of new knowledge. For many
decades we have experienced an exponential
growth of new knowledge. This growth is
reflected by the increases in average hold-
ings at ten university libraries founded be-
fore 1831. Their average holdings have
doubled every 16 years, from about 12,000
volumes in 1835 to 200,000 volumes in 1'900
to more than 1,000,000 volumes in 1940,1 and
over 2,000,000 volumes today.
In order to create a mechanism for insur- The accelerated pace of change. Since
ing that the significant and interrelated ele- World War II, the pace of change, sometimes
ments of the information management prob- described as "the collapse of time," has ac-
lem are considered in a complete and inte- celerated beyond the wildest dreams of our
grated fashion, the systems approach is vital. forefathers. Almost daily, we create more
The systems approach calls for analysis of significant: innovations than could have
the entire problem in a community to draw been expected in an entire lifetime before
together the elements that must interact the nineteenth century. Such innovations,
effectively for integrated information man- changes, and "discoveries" spread over many
agement. This analysis, expressed in narra- fields that bear on man's behaviour, stand-
tive, diagrammatic, and quantitative terms, should be supported by the application of the I Bibliography in, an Age of Science, R.ld-
tools of management science and operations enour, Shaw, and Hill, University of Illinois
research. The need for this approach will be Press, 1951.
cisions in the future for which they have
traditionally won acclaim In the past.
The mushrooming of research and devel-
opment. Federal expenditures for research
and development have jumped more than
150-fold in less than two decades-from $10:)
million In 1949 to nearly $16 billion in 1966
and 1967. This rise has been accompanied
by a corresponding increase in published
scientific journals, technical reports, new
books, and monographs. The world-wide
number of scientific journals has grown from
eight in 1700 to 100 In 1800, 10,000 in 1900 3
to well over 100,000 today. Some 100,000
technical reports are published each year in
the United States as a result of Federally-
sponsored R & D efforts, Between 1958 and
1962, the Senate Committee on Government
Operations examined the Information prob-
lem as related to research and development,
and published several reports and prints with
recommendations for improvement? Many
leading R & D administrators agreed with
testimony presented to the effect that if a
project would cost less than $100,000 to com-
plete, it was cheaper to duplicate the work
than to learn whether it had been done
before or was being done elsewhere.
The electronic computer and communica-
tions breakthroughs. Our capacity to store,
process, and transmit vast quantities of in-
formation has advanced remarkably over the
past decade. The number of computers
used for handling and processing informa-
tion in the executive branch of the Federal.
Government climbed from one in 1951 to
more than 2,600 today. Continuing ad-
vancements are being made in computer
speeds, in storage and processing capability,
in reduction of size, and in economy so that
the growth in number to be used in the
United States is estimated to exceed 80,000
by 1975.4 We are moving rapidly toward
the widespread application of time-sharing
of individual computers. Multiple-access to
a single computer by a widespread variety of
users who have remote but direct access
terminals is now being practiced. Exten-
sions under way in the state of this art will
benefit both large and small users on either
a continuous or an occasional basis.
In. the words of William T. Knox: "Part
cause, and part effect of the tremendous
growth rate shown above are the improve-
ments (past and future) in computers. The
size of computers will probably decrease by
a factor of about 1,000 by 1980. Computer
speeds will increase to a level of about one
billion operations per second by 1980, and
the cost per operation will have decreased by
a factor of about 200 from present levels.
"Well before 1980, computers will be small,
powerful, and inexpensive. Computing
power will be available to anyone who needs
it, or wants it, or can use it. The new situa-
tion will accent personal rather than organi-
zational use. In many cases the user will
have a small personal console connected to
a large, central computing facility; in other
cases he may have a small personal computer.
Corresponding developments In man-
2
"The Exponential Curve of Science," Derek
de Solla Price, Discovery, June 1956.
3 For example, Interagency Coordination of
Information, Hearings before the Subcom-
mittee on Reorganization and International
Organizations of the Senate Committee on
Government Operations, 87th Congress, Sec-
ond Session, Sept. 21, 1962.
`The New Look in Information Systems,
William T. Knox, U.S. Office of Science and
Technology, July 1966.
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21078
come here today to this beautiful State 'of
West Virginia where we have seen so many
friendly faces in the last six years that we
have come among you, to dedicate this im-
portant national project, this Sulnmersville
Dam, that will not only serve West Virginia,
but will serve the entire people of the Nation
who today have their eyes on a growing, on
a coming, on a developing, on a proud peo-
ple-the people of West Virginia.
Mrs. JOHNSON. Friends, to be present at
the dedication of this dam is, to me, a very
thrilling and hoped for moment.
As we flew across, we got the most impres-
sive view of a magnificent dam. It is sort
of a feeling that this is both the end and
the beginning.
It is the end of a lot of planning and
dreaming and fruition of work.
I think all the planners, the public serv-
ants and the engineers who helped bring it
about are entitled to a "job well done".
. It is also the beginning of a pleasant rec-
reation area, for good family Sunday trips;
with lots of visitors coming from every-
where in the United States.
I am happy to be here to see the beginning
of it. I hope that for many years all Ameri-
cans will enjoy this beautiful part of the
country, as I have had the chance to do
several times.
Thank you.
ELECTIONS IN SOUTH VIETNAM
NEXT WEEK
(Mr. BROOMFIELD asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker,
some pundits are attempting to explain
South Vietnam's election next week in
terms of "right" versus "left."
But the issue in that embattled land is
much more fundamental. It is a ques-
tion of "right" versus "wrong."
Certainly, the Vietcong are taking the
election of a South Vietnamese constit-
uent assembly with deadly seriousness.
They have unleashed a wave of terror-
ism and -assassination in an attempt to
stop the election or to so disrupt the pro-
ceedings that "foul" can be called when
the results are counted.
The reason for this Vietcong concern
is the realization that this first step
toward self-determination-the election
of any assembly to draft a national con-
stitution-could well mean the eventual
end of rebel sanctuaries in the South
Vietnamese countryside.
For the most part, farmers have taken
the view that the war is really of little
concern to them. It has been a battle
between military government, which
they distrust and often despise, and the
forces of communism, which they find
equally distasteful.
Since the farmers are taxed by both
the regular government and the Viet-
cong, and since the armies of both have
brought death to their families and
destruction to their homes and crops,
their attitude is at least understandable.
But what if the farmer loses this
neutrality? What if he feels he has an
ever-growing stake in the future of his
country and in his central government?
The disappearance of peasant neu-
trality could mean the disappearance of
the Vietcong`as a fighting force in South
Vietnam.
CONGRESSIONAL. 'RECORD - HOUSE 'September 7, 1966
The Vietcong well realize that the
ballot box could be a weapon as deadly
as a bullet to the Communist cause, and
that is why everything possible is being
done to stop them.
Giving the farmer a stake in govern-
ment, giving him a portion of the deci-
sionmaking power in the drafting of a
constitution and eventually electing his
own leaders in his central government
could mean an end to this neutrality.
What is sometimes forgotten is that
the South Vietnamese held elections at
the local level a year ago, and they were
fair and honest.
Furthermore, voter turnout was con-
siderably higher than in similar elec-
tions in the United States, even though
many voters risked their lives to get to
the polls and many candidates were
assassinated by the Vietcong.
It has been expedient-but wrong-
for us to support military dictatorship in
South Vietnam. Let us hope that
September 11 will mean a turn in the
road toward a representative govern-
ment in Saigon for the South Viet-
namese.
Let us also hope that the 310,000
American troops in South Vietnam will
offer maximum protection to voters on
election day to protect them from
terrorists attacks.
We need to pay more than lipservice
to self-determination in Asia. We need
positive action to back up our sometimes
empty words.
TRIBUTE TO THE LATE DR. WILL
MENNINGER
(Mr. MIZE asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to include a newspaper article.)
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, the entire
world lost a great man yesterday by the
death of Dr. Will Menninger, in Topeka,
Kans. The outstanding work of Dr.
Menninger and members of his family in
the field of psychiatry has contributed
tremendous knowledge toward the treat-
ment of those who are mentally and emo-
tionally sick.
By unanimous permission, I include an
article on the passing of Dr. Menninger
that appeared in this morning's Wash-
ington Post:
WILLIAM C. MENNINGER, PSYCHIATRIST, DEAD
Dr. William C. Menninger, who died yes-
terday at his home in Topeka, Kans., headed
the Menninger Foundation, famed psychiat-
ric treatment, training and research center.
The center was founded by his father, the
late Charles F., and his equally noted
brother, Karl, who is chief of staff there.
Dr. Will, as he was known by top members
of his profession, had suffered from lym-
phoma, a malignancy of the lymph nodes,
which was discovered last January after ex-
ploratory surgery at the Mayo Clinic in
Rochester, Minn.
He was given radiation treatment at that
time and returned to Topeka in February.
But a return visit to the Mayo Clinic was
made in July and he went back to Topeka
last month. He would have been 67 on
Oct. 15.
FOUNDATION STARTED IN 1919
The Foundation was started as a clinic in
Topeka in 1919. Dr. Will joined the staff in
1925 after receiving degrees from Washburn
College in Topeka, Columbia University and
the Cornell University Medical College and
interning at Bellevue Hospital in New York.
He became medical director of the clinic in
1930 and president of the Foundation in
1957. As the Foundation grew, he and his
brother agreed that its most extensive opera-
tion should be training many types of work-
ers in mental health and research. These
activities took priority over private practice.
Dr. Will was no stranger to Washington.
He had taken postgraduate work at St. Eliz-
abeth Hospital in 1927. During World War
iI he was stationed here as director of the
neuropsychiatry consultants division in the
Office of the Surgeon General.
LECTURED HERE
In later years he visited Washington a
number of times to lecture before mental
health groups. In February, 1962, he ap-
peared before a joint session of Maryland's
Senate and House to urge budget increases
for State mental hospitals. He had spoken
before legislatures in at least 25 states as
part of his effort to improve treatment of
the mentally ill.
Dr. Menninger belonged to a number of
professional organizations and had served as
president of three of them-the American
Psychiatric Association, the American Psy-
choanalytic Association and the Group for
the Advancement of Psychiatry.
He held a number of citations, among them
the Distinguished Service Medal and the
French Legion of Honor, awarded for his serv-
ice during World War II.
He also received the first Lasker Award in
1944 for outstanding service in the field of
mental hygiene,
Dr, Menninger was the author of a number
of articles and medical papers.
He summed up his philosophy this way:
"The problem Is to convince people that
emotional disturbances do exist, that they
are a kind of sickness and that they can be
helped by psychiatry. Too often, people don't
understand the nature of their problem.
"They grow discontented, apathetic, de-
pressed; they blame somebody in Washing-
ton, or they get angry at other people. It
never occurs to them that they have an
emotional disease."
All three of Dr. Menninger's sons are asso-
ciated with the Foundation-Dr. Roy W. and
Dr. W. Walter as psychiatrists, and Philip B.,
in administrative work, His wife, Catherine,
also survives.
FEDERAL CONTROLS OF INTEREST
WILL NOT HELP THE BUILDING
INDUSTRY AND WILL MAKE
MONEY "TIGHTER"
(Mr. TALCOTT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, I think
there is a lot of confusion and misunder-
standing relating to H.R. 14026, to set
temporary interest controls, which we
will be taking up later this afternoon.
Much misunderstanding stems from our
lack of understanding, of our very com-
plex and interrelated fiscal, monetary,
economic, industrial, and political sys-
tems. When we are ignorant we should
listen to experts on the subject. In this
case we have many "experts" in the
several fields, but most are unable to
relate their fields of expertise to other
segments of our economy, industry, and
society.
'Unfortunately, too many members of
our Banking and Currency Committee
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September 7, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 21077
Democratic Party. I will have to give you
a report on that later.
My old friend, KEN HvcHLER, has repre-
sented the Fourth District for seven years.
He is one of the most effective Members of
Congress. He served in both the Roosevelt
and Truman Administration.
JAMES KEE, of the Fifth District, is one of
the fabulous freshmen of the 89th Congress.
He has done yeoman service on the problems
of Appalachia. We are very grateful that he
is a member of the West Virginia Delegation.
We are also honored by the presence of
your great Governor, my good friend, Hulett
Smith, who addressed you a short time ago,
and by the. added presence of Governor
Charles Terry, of the State of Delaware.
I want to thank Mayor Bryant, Secretary
of State Bob Bailey, and others who wel-
comed me here.
We came here today to consummate an act
of faith in the future of the great State of
'West Virginia.
This is one of the greatest satisfactions
tthat can ever come to any President.
Two and a half years ago I flew over the
Ohio River Basin. I saw the destruction
that was brought on by one of the worst
floods in 20 years. I felt anger and frustra-
tion that such tragedies could still occur in
the most advanced and most powerful na-
tion in all the world. I knew that we had
both the ability and the resources to harness
these wild forces of nature, and I was very
anxious to get on with the task.
Today we move one step closer toward this
goal. The Summersville Dam completes a
three-reservoir system of the Kanawha River
Basin. It is a key part of our flood control
pans for the entire Ohio and Mississippi
River Basins.
It will prevent flood damages averaging
nearly $3 million a year.
In the dry seasons, water from Summers-
vi:tle Reservoir will be used to reduce pollu-
tion and to meet the ever-growing demands
of the great industries of the great City of
O].arleston, where we had such a wonderful
welcome just a short time ago.
The Reservoir will also become West Vir-
ginia's newest recreation center. It will at-
tract millions of visitors. It will bring new
prosperity to the region. It will give life
and truth to the statement that West Vir-
ginia is the great outstanding tourist attrac-
of this Nation.
I think I know some little something
about what a project like this will mean to
you people. I grew up in a country where
water was life itself. It was the most pre-
cious resource that we possessed, except for
the very air that we breathed.
During most of the year, the land was
parched and cracked; live oak and scrub
cedar were about all It would support. And
when the rains finally came, the rivers then
flooded. The people were drowned. Prop-
erty was destroyed. Our topsoil was washed
away Into the Gulf of Mexico.
We changed all that, beginning 30 years
ago when I was a young man, back in 1937.
In time we built six great dams on the
Colorado River in Central Texas. We
stop led the floods and we stopped the
drownings. We brought electricity to all the
farm, homes. We created a vast recreation
area for hundreds of thousands of families
to visit each year.
That story is not unique. It has hap-
pened in California. It has happened in
India. It has happened in Kentucky. It
has happened in Israel. It is the story of
man's ageless quest to make the waters of
the earth serve him-to escape the despotism
of flood and drought.
In a sense, the whole story of man is
revealed in his search for dependable water
supplies. Where there has been too little,
wars have been fought over what there was.
Where there has been too much, great cities
and flourishing agricultures have been en-
golfed and destroyed. Where there was
enough-and where people could depend
upon it and where the people could control
it-civilization has blossomed and has
endured.
It is no different today.
Even in the advanced nations, competition
for the use of water is growing-and the
supply of usable water Is diminishing.
America, with all of Its power and all of its
great wealth, still suffers periodic drought.
The Northeast has been gripped in such a
drought for five straight years with no end
in sight.
But the situation is far worse in the devel-
oping nations of the world. I have seen
many of its consequences first hand.
In those lands there is an urgent need for
water that is simply clean and pure enough
for humans to drink-for drinking-for
cooking-for washing-for bathing. Nearly
half a billion people who live in developing
nations obtain their water from unsanitary
sources.
Water for growing food-water for pro-
ducing the elementary goods of life-these
are the desperate needs in country after
country, nation after nation.
The production of goods require increasing
amounts of water that tax the resources
already available. Consider this figure: It
takes 70,000 gallons of water to produce a
single ton of steel.
If our water needs are great today, when
three billion human beings inhabit the
earth, Imagine the situation at the end of
this century--when that population will be
more than 6 billion human beings.
Our water needs by the year 2000 will not
be met merely by doubling the water re-
sources of today. They must be expanded
several times over.
It should be clear by now that we are in a
race with disaster. Either the world's water
needs will be met, or the inevitable result will
be mass starvation in the world, mass
epidemics in the world, and mass poverty
greater than anything you have ever known
before.
If we fail, I can assure you today that not
even America's unprecedented military
might will be able to preserve the peace for
very long.
We must be prepared to take action-and
we must take it quickly. We know that the
battle can be won. We believe that with
what we know now-and with what we are
just beginning to learn-we can find solu-
tions to problems which just a few years ago
were considered insurmountable
Working through the United Nations, we
have joined with 100 other countries to fur-
ther man's knowledge of water and its rela-
tionship to environment.
We have committed ourselves to a Water
for Peace Program. A plan of action has
now been developed and was presented to me
just this week.
First, we will sponsor an International
Conference on Water for Peace in Wash-
ington next May 23 through 31.
I know West Virginia will take pride. She
will provide a great deal ofthe leadership in
her Congressional Delegation, in Senator
RANDOLPH, for that Conference.
We hope to focus universal attention
throughout the world on mankind's need
for water and to stimulate practical coopera-
tion among all the nations of the world to
meet man's need for water.
Secondly, we will continue our efforts to
find cheaper and. better ways of converting
sea water and brackish water that can be
used for both irrigation and human con-
sumption.
We have a great many experiments in the
mill now that will come up with, we hope,
exciting and unbelievable results.
This is one oR our great hopes for the
future, for while our population continues
to increase, the amount of water presently
available remains the same as it was 5,000
years ago.
The Administration just asked Congress'
approval to share in constructing the world's
largest nuclear-fueled desalting and electric
power plant in the marvelous Western area
of Los Angeles.
Ultimately that plant will produce 150
million gallons of fresh water daily--75
times the capacity of our largest desalting
plants today.
Our breakthroughs in this areas--when
they occur-will be shared by the rest of the
world.
Third, we must join with other nations in
creating or strengthening regional centers
for water resource development.
Fourth, we must develop more trained
water experts here in the United States.
These experts will provide services to coun-
tries that need leadership, need competence,
and that are requesting our help.
Fifth, we must seek ways to train such
experts in other countries-so we can man
the new regional water institutions.
Sixth, we must encourage the interna-
tional development of whole river basins for
flood control, for water conservation. This
kind of development offers man unique op-
portunities for international cooperation and
for the reduction of tensions between na-
tions in the world.
Seventh, we must encourage more effective
cooperation with other nations and inter-
national organizations in resisting water pol-
lution in all parts of the world. We just
cannot afford to continue befouling the water
that we have labored at such cost to secure.
The race for water will not be an easy
one. It will require the best we have. It
will require a spirit of cooperation among na-
tions unknown In the history of man.
That is why I am trying to get people to
think of this most important subject before
it is too late.
This race must be won. There Is no ac-
ceptable alternative. For unless it is won.
all that we have been seeking to provide for
the growing nations--all the technical assist-
ance and training--all the contributions of
modern science and technology-all the food-
stuffs and fertilizers-all the industrial loans
and educational development.-all the secu-
rity from external aggression-will be worn
away by the and winds of drought.
A genuine peace cannot be founded In a
desert. A genuine peace cannot be founded
among crowded nations that are starved for
this elemental-yes, this divine-gift.
My old friend, the great historian, Walter
Prescott Webb, of the University of Texas,
once wrote that "In their efforts to provide
a sufficiency of water where there was not
one, men have resorted to every expedient
from prayer to dynamite. The story of their
efforts is, on the whole, one of pathos and
tragedy, of a few successes and many fail-
ures."
Here today God has blessed you, and you
are blessed, with one of the few successes.
As we look out at this magnificent new
dam and reservoir to our backs, I have re-
newed hope that still other resources-the
power of science and the determination of
man-will, along with a little prayer, and
a good deal of dynamite, empower us to
quench the thirst of generations to come.
You in West Virginia have shown that
you not only have the prayer and the dyna-
mite, you have the leadership in the Con-
gress. You have the leadership of the great
Corps of Engineers who participate. You
have leadership in the state level with your
great Governor-to build projects like this
that millions in years to come will enjoy,
andmillions today will thank you for.
With this hope Mrs. Johnson and I have
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CONGREB`SIONAI RECORD.-- APPENDIX September 7, 1966
alternate to this would be to install more'
rail racks at a cost of approximately $25,000.
Presently we are working toward further
standardization of cases and packaging by
dimensional size so that we can go to more
palletization. If we are forced into these
proposed packaging changes, it would elim-
inate this program which we feel is saving
thousands of dollars in distribution costs.
-5. Assuming that all of these modifications
were made to meet new standards, we also
would find it necessary to expand the pack-
aging department area to maintain any
semblance of our existing efficient operation.
The least expensive approach might be to
puild an 'addition to our building. This
would probably cost us $100,000 at this time.
This expansion would not be warranted on
the basis of productivity but rather would
be dictated because of the dimensional
changes in the packaging and weight
changes.
Thus at the minimum we would be forced
to spend $86,000 for. equipment and space
alone, and expansion of the plant facilities
Would cost another $100,000. Another cost
factor, difficult to determine, is the "down-
time" of these packaging machines, as we do
not have enough sales to keep these machines
operating 90% of the time. Our machines
presently operate about 90% of the time.
If we were to add two more machines, they
might operate 40% to 50% of the time.
For these reasons, it is estimated that our
costs would be increased .01? to .020 per
package to comply with the changes in
"standards" described above.
This additional cost would be forced upon
our firm would be even more difficult for
us to be competitive and thus retain the
'relatively small share of the market we now
have.
The impact of this bill unquestionably
will be far greater on the small firm. Should
standards be set, as this bill proposes, the
ability of major firms to re-tool ar purchase
machinery or equipment is related to their
ability to finance such re-tooling and pur-
chases. The smaller firm on the other hand,
arid, especially in light of today's tight money
market, will be seriously handicapped, and
unable to retool in time to maintain even
its very small position in the industry. If
standards are'established, many small firms
may g6 out of business, and the already high
concentration of business among a few com-
paniesWill further increase.
Studies by both the National Commission
on Food Marketing and the Senate Judiciary
Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly
`indicate that a relatively few firms dominate
many of the field of grocery manufacturing.
The latest available statistics reveal that
there are 267 companies in my own particular
industry. The four largest firms account for
31% of all sales; the next four largest com-
mand 16% of the market. A total of only
50 firms account for 91% of the entire sales
of our industry. Thus 157 firms are left with
only nine percent of the market. We are
concerned with those 157 firms and their
ability to finance and to re-tool when there
are backlogs of orders for machine tools in
some industries from 18 months to two years.
Can there be any doubt that the larger
company placing the larger order and with
a, quadruple A credit rating will receive
precedence when orders are placed for new
machinery made necessary by the adoption
of "standards" under this bill?
. $Ccording to the report of the National
.Commission del Food Marketing, "High con-
cen#ration is 'found almost everywhere. The
four firms achieving the largest sales volume
and 65 percent of the shortening. Among
the exceptions are pickles, jams and jellies,
and confectionery products, but the tendency
toward high concentration generally pre-
vails".
Appendix A gives the concentration ratio
in several areas of grocery manufacturing.
This table Indicates the preponderant num-
ber of small firms In our industry that may
be drastically penalized by the enactment of
this legislation.
Such ratios of concentration confirm that
the "standards" established under this bill
would tend to favor the larger companies
because of their greater production capacity
and high automation. Few small firms could
afford the cost of numerous trips to Wash-
ington to participate in the long drawn-out
"standards" hearings that would follow en-
actment of this bill.
The Committee is urged to examine this
proposed legislation in light of current Con-
gressional discussions concerning changes in
the tax laws now allowing a 7% investment
credit for new machinery and equipment.
According to Treasury Department sources,
it is the larger firm, not the smaller firm,
that has utilized the investment credit pro-
vision. We must assume that this is be-
cause of the small firm's inability to raise
capital and partly because of its low income.
If this Committee were to approve the pro-
posed labeling-packaging legislation much
of the equipment now being used by small
firms could become obsolete. We urgently
request this Committee to ask for a ruling
from the Treasury whether companies pres-
ently using depreciation guidelines could
take an immediate deduction for equipment
becoming obsolete. What would happen to
their other equipment that is on the guide-
lines since the cost of replacing the obsolete
equipment would be much greater today?
What allowances would be given by Treasury
In the company's tax return?
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, many dis-
tinguished witnesses have fully covered these
points, and I do not wish to belabor the
issues. But In concluding I wish to empha-
size a few undeniable facts which ought to
be conclusive.
First, you can review this record from one
end to the other and you will find no evi-
dence of any kind which establishes that the
subject matter of this legislation is of suffici-
ent gravity or of sufficient volume to justify
the exercise of federal authority especially in
terms of advance clearance.
Second, it is my opinion that this legisla-
tion, if passed as proposed, can impose an
unnecessary price burden on consumers
amounting to between 15% and 20%.
Third, the pressures of present federal reg-
ulation are gradually forcing the production
of food into the hands of the giant corpora-
tions. The regulatory burden on research
and development in terms of endless bureau-
cratic entanglement and expense is making
it more and more prohibitive for the small
manufacturer to stay in the food business.
His only recourse is to sell out to the large
competitor.
I believe I have demonstrated to this Com-
mittee that I believe In fairness to my cus-
tomers in terms of quality, price and packag-
ing. I firmly believe that I must adhere to
this policy in order to stay in business. But
I also insist that in this close margin busi-
ness any extensive meddling with manage-
ment decisions in this area can very quickly
put me out of business. Furthermore, I am
convinced that it is impossible to regulate
matters of ethics which are purely matters
of personal opinion, and I think it is most
unwise and impractical to attempt to do so.
I appreciate the opportunity to appear be-
fore this Committee.
APPENDIX A
Concentration ratios in manufacturing industry, 1958'-Report by the Bureau of the
Census for the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, Committee on the Judiciary,
U.S. Senate, 1962
Meat packing plants ______________________
2,646
Concentrated milk_______________________
149
lee cream and ices________________________
1,171
Canned scafoods------ ___________________
229
Cured fish------______
77
Canned fruits and vegetables -------------
1,347
Dehydrated fruits and vegetables--______
130
Pickles and sauces________________________
637
Flour and meal___________________________
703
Rice milling_________________________
61
Flour mixes----------------------------
109
Cane sugar, refining______________________
16
Chocolate and cocoa______________________
26
Shortening and cooking oil_______________
66
Margarine-
-----------------------------
22
-
Flavoring---------------------- --
498
Macaroni and spaghetti------------ _ ------
205
A Reporter's View of Vietnam
SPEECH
OF
HON. ED EDMONDSON
OF OKLAHOMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
.in each dry grocery product category usually Tuesday, September 6, 1966
.account Ior' more than 50 percent of total
domestic sales. For example, it is estimated Mr. EDMONDSON Mr. Speaker, Jim
that the four largest manufacturers in 1965 O Lucas, who writes for the SCrippS-
sold. 95 percent of the baby food, more than
90 percent of the soup, more than 65 percent Howard newspapers, 1s one the finest
of the coffee, 75 percent of the cake mixes, combat correspondents American jour-
57
65
73
90
59
69
73
s6
81
98
55
67
82
98
62
70
68
85
84
99
94
98
100
----------- -
98
97
----------99+
--------------
--------------
78
87
64
87
nalism has ever produced. The list of
his achievements and honors is as long
and distinguished as his career, which
started with the Marine Corps in the
Pacific in World War II. Perhaps the
best indication of his insight and ap-
proach can be seen in the fact that Jim
is the only two-time winner of the Ernie
Pyle Award, given for writing in the
tradition of the late Ernie Pyle.
Jim was in Vietnam 6 months ahead
of most of the American frontline cor-
respondents, and he has seen our efforts
there grow from advisory force to major
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September 7, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A4685
nies the four largest firms account for 31%
of all sales, and 50 firms command 91%, leav-
ing nine percent of the entire market for
157 firms, "We are concerned with those
:157 firms and their ability to finance re-
tooling when there are backlogs of orders
for machine tools in some industries from
18 months to two years," he said,
Skinner emphasized that the pressures of
present federal regulation are gradually forc-
ing the production of food into the hands of
the giant corporations. "The regulatory bur-
den on research and development In terms
of endless bureaucratic entanglement and
expense is making it more and more pro-
hibitive for the small manufacturer to stay
in the food business and his only recourse is
to sell out to the large competitor".
The NSBA Board Chairman said any sig-
n.ficant change in package size is almost
prohibitive J. terms of cost. By example, he
showed how some changes in weights for his
macaroni packages could result in additional
costs of $86,000 for equipment and space
alone, plus a probable additional investment
of $100,000 for warehousing. "This expan-
sion would not be warranted on the basis of
productivity but rather would be dictated
because of the dimensional changes in the
packaging and weight changes," he said.
Skinner said that "lack of knowledge of
th,I market, ignorance of cost factors, and
unawareness of the competitive pressures can
put a company out of business as quickly as
anything I know, and yet it is seriously pro-
pocaed here to give bureaucracy control over
these vital decisions."
"I wonder if anyone has stopped to think
that the idea of seeking government author-
ity In advance .before making a vital busi-
ness decision is absolutely inconsistent with
some of our most fundamental and cherished
American traditions," he asked.
Enactment of the legislation could impose
an unnecessary price burden on consumers
amounting to between 15% and 20%, Skinner
said..
The National Small Business Association is
headquartered in Washington, D.C.
STATEMENT of LLOYD E. SKINNER ON BEHALF
or., NATIONAL SMALL BUSINESS ASSOCIATION
B;mORE HOUSE INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN
COMMERCE COMMITTEE, HOLDING HEARINGS
onr H.R. 15440 AND S. 985, TRUTH IN PACK-
AGING, AUGUST 1966
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Com-
mittee: My name is Lloyd E. Skinner. I am
President of Skinner Macaroni Company of
Omaha, Nebraska, and also past President of
the National Macaroni Manufacturers Asso-
ciation. I am appearing here today as Chair-
man of the Board of Trustees of National
Small Business Association of Washington,
D.C.
I have twice testified against this bill, in
April of 1963 and agaltl in May of 1965, not
because I am not in sympathy with the ob-
jectives of the Bill, but because of the grave
doubts about the apparent lack of under-
standing of the economic considerations in-
volved, as well as the potential impact upon
small business and the consumer.
I have closely followed the testimony re-
lating to this legislation. I have carefully
studied all of the evidence produced. I have
examined the marketing situation with re-
spect to my own industry, and I have not
been able to verify the existence of sufficient
consu,:ner deception and confusion to justify
the legislation under consideration.
I would like to observe also that all
through the hearings the general tone stir-
rounding the discussion of this matter ap-
pears ",o cast industry on the one hand and
consumers on the other in -roles which are
basically antagonistic and incompatible.
This is certainly not a realistic view, and in
fact misrepresents the attitude of the food
manufacturer and processor. The truth is
that the patronage of consumers is absolutely
essential-but this hinges on a number of
factors which include price, quality, pack-
aging, class of advertising, class of distribu-
tion, manner of display, type of promotion,
and general reputation of the product. I
wish to point out with great emphasis that
these are not independent elements of food
marketing-they are interlocking mecha-
nisms of the competitive process, and it is
impossible to treat one phase -of this chain as
though it could be manipulated and recast
to fit a theoretical or idealistic notion of
merchandising reform.
In addition to these considerations it
must be remembered that the paramount
consideration of any business enterprise is
to stay in business and there are a, great
many concerns in the food industry with
high quality competitive products which
have exactly the same idea. I would ven-
ture to assert that at least 95% of the
huge volume of food items sold in this coun-
try today are beyond serious criticism with
respect to display of price and weight, and
general packaging practice. The competi-
tion between these items is so keen that the
slightest disruption of the manufacturing
and distributing process by regulation or
otherwise can cause a chain reaction of seri-
ous proportions.
This legislation proposes to transfer from
management to government bureaucracy
some of the most critical and costly deci-
sions with which management is faced.
There is no room for mistakes or delays In
this area. Lack of knowledge of the market,
ignorance of cost factors, and unawareness
of the competitive pressures can put a com-
pany out of business as quickly as anything
I know, and yet it is seriously proposed here
togive bureaucracy control over these vital
decisions.
I would like to point out with great em-
phasis that this legislation does not deal
with offenses which as a matter of public
policy clearly ought to be prohibited by gen-
eral law. At best we are talking about mat-
ters of personal opinion-about what kind
of a label can be easily understood by a con-
sumer of the lowest mentality about fair
display of relevant factual information. The
implication of much of the testimony here
is that most consumers are fools, which you
will agree is not the case. There is no ques-
tion but that this legislation would put fed-
eral bureaucracy in complete control of the
size, the weight, the pictorial matter and
the copy on every food package.
My own company by any standards is a
relatively small business, and yet we have
over $300,000.00 invested in packaging ma-
chinery. Any deviation from the standards
for which this machinery is designed could
result in disastrous expense. I was amazed
to note that the Secretary of Commerce sug-
gested that it might be desirable to provide
some sort of advance clearance of package
labeling and design. This is the most im-
practical idea I have ever heard advanced.
Anyone who has ever had any experience with
government knows that this process entails
six months to a year's delay, to say nothing
of the expenditure of many thousands of
dollars in trying to convince some official
why it is necessary to do things in a par-
ticular way--whether it be to meet compe-
tition, to satisfy the psychological prefer-
ences of the consumers, to reduce manufac-
turing costs, or the necessity of staying
within the performance limits of automated
machinery.
I wonder if anyone has stopped to think
that the idea of seeking government author.
ity in advance before making a vital business
decision is absolutely inconsistent with some
of our most fundamental and cherished
American traditions. Advance government
permission is the Latin system-nothing can
be done without a government license.
Unless I have been misinformed all these
years I have been under the impression that
we are dedicated to the proposition that,
within reasonable limitations, the American
citizen is free to do as he pleases, and that
if he transgresses the law he must be tried
and proved guilty of a specific offense.
This legislation proposed to deal with mer-
chandising ethics which are matters purely
subject to personal opinion. What kind of
adjectives will be regarded as likely to mis-
lead? What kind of pictorial matter leads
to a false conclusion about the product?
What is a proper relation of price to weight?
How full is a full pack when you produce a
number of food products of different den-
sities and shapes which inevitably will re-
duce in volume as a consequence of trans-
portation? Furthermore, it certainly cannot
be argued that these considerations are of
such gravity that public policy demands ad-
vance clearance by the government. Such a
contention would be little short of ridiculous.
With respect to the packages used by our
company, we clearly display the weight of
Each product contained therein so there
can be no mistake about the weight of
the product that is purchased by the con-
sumer. Our packages do have a certain uni-
formity. This is not at all due to merchan-
dising plans but instead is a result of prac-
tical necessity. Our packaging machinery
will adjust the size of packages to a limited
extent and within a very narrow range. We
are thus compelled to market the full line of
pasta-that is, spaghetti, macaroni, etc.-in
packages of similar size. In view of the fact
that shapes and density vary from product
to product, the degree of "fill" is slightly
different in each case, and for this reason we
take great pains to display the weight of the
contents in figures of unmistakable size. I
can assure you that any significant change In
package size is almost prohibitive in terms
of cost, and changes in package dress repre-
sent a major cost item of serious proportions.
With runaway inflation threatening the
economy, the Committee is to be commended
for probing into the additional costs of
manufacturing products that would - result
if certain "product standards" are set by
the Federal Government. Here are realistic
estimates as to how my costs could rise.
Assuming weights are established for mac-
aroni products on the basis of 8, 12, 16
ounces and up, and assuming that the 5
ounce egg noodle product is retained, these
basic changes and additional costs would be
forced upon us:
1. In cut goods where we have one basic
machine handling the 7 and 12 ounce and
2 pound carton line, it is our opinion that,
due to the variation of density of products,
we would have to install a duplicate machine
to offset expensive change-overs. Machines
are built to take specific size dimensions.
When there are changes in dimensions of
carton, it takes two to three hours to change-
over. It is therefore more economical to
invest in a new machine. The cost of this
investment would approximate $34,500, in-
cluding additional space of 650 square feet,
for the machine.
2. In the case of our poly line cut goods,
we would need an additional machine at a
cost of $25,000 since all volumetric fillers
are tailor-made to product weights. Ap-
proximately 50 more square feet of floor
space would be needed for packaging. This
would total $25,500 for the floor space and
packaging machine.
3. In the case of long goods in our poly
line, there would be an additional cost of
formers, etc. of approximately $1,000 for
changing to 1.2 ounces.
4. In addition to the above, we must con-
sider the results of the added weight on our
skids. Our capacity for high rise stacking
of pallets could be limited, thus reducing
storage In our warehouse department by 10
per cent. This in turn could force the ex-
pansion of our warehouse facilities. The
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 September 7, -Wved FolttrA9Lq0MP.6714tp10400110016-9
military offensive. He is home now for
a well-earned month of rest, and will
return to Vietnam next week to continue
his reporting there.
During his visit here, it has been my
privilege to hear him. speak twice. The
picture he gives of the war in Vietnam is
refreshingly optimistic and inspiring,
although fully realistic. The report he
brings on the quality of our troops there,
both as fightingmen and effective repre-
sentatives of American democracy, is
full of praise.
Jim has just published a book "Date-
line Vietnam," based on his observations
and reporting there, which should be
must reading for any American who
wishes to become acquainted with the
frontline efforts in Vietnam.
Mr. Speaker, I would like to have the
epilog of this book appear here in the
RECORD. I believe it gives the reasons
for our efforts in Vietnam as clearly and
understandably as I have ever seen them
presented. This epilog should be re-
assuring to all Americans who believe,
as r do, that our efforts in Vietnam are
essential if freedom is to be preserved
in the world.
The epilog follows:
EPILOG-LONG KHANH
"Why do you do it?" the old man asked.
They made a strange pair, the old Viet-
namese and his -American visitor. The old
man with his scraggly beard had lived in
this village all of his years, and was its elder.
The young American had been twice
wounded defending the village, and bears a
silver plate in his head. Back from the hos-
pital a second time, he had walked the half-
mile into town to see his friend.`
In Vietnamese, the old man's question was
the equivalent of "What's in it for you?"
Capt. Ed Fricke of Paris, Ill., son of a coal
miner, hesitated over a cup of steaming tea.
"I do not know that I have the knowledge
or the words to tell," he said.
"Try, my son," the old man prompted.
"We know you. We depend on you. But
we do not understand you. Why does your
body take these blows for us? -Why do you
risk your life for my country? You are not
Vietnamese."
"I am not Vietnamese,"' the American
agreed.
"Is it," the old man asked, "that you want
to prevent us from becoming Communists?"
"I do not want you to become Commu-
ists," the young man replied, "unless you
freely choose to."
The old man was puzzled.
"Why should we choose to become Com-
munists?" he asked.
"I do not think you will," the Captain said.
"No free man ever has.- But if you chose, I
would not prevent you. Do you understand
me?"
The oldster was not sure he did.
"Do you say that Communism is evil?" he
asked.
"I know it."
"You know it?"
The American nodded.
"There Is much in the world that is bad,"
the old man countered. "There is much that
is bad here."
"There is much that is bad in my country,"
the Captain said. "But we are free to change
the bad to good as we acquire wisdom. Man
must be free to grow.11
"Do you think we are free in Long Ithanh?"
the old man asked.
"You can be," the young American replied.
"I believe you will be. You asked me why
I am here. That is my answer. I want you
to be free."
The old man was pleased. Cackling, he
called out to those who had clustered about
and told them what the young American had
said. Excitedly, they discussed it among
themselves.
The old man smiled.
"My people remind me," he said, "that In
our country we have an adage: Throw gold at
the feet of a poor man and he will spit on it.
Give him a cup of water with dignity and he
will be your friend."
"I want to be your friend." The young
Captain smiled and rose to go back to his
camp.
The old man walked with him to the end
of the village street.
"Good-by," he said. "Come again to see
me, my friend."
University of Delaware Provost Urges
Federal Action on Recommendations by
Research and Technical Programs Sub-
committee To Prevent Conflicts Between
Federal Research Programs and Na-
tion's Goals for Higher Education
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. HENRY S. REUSS
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, September 2, 1966
Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, since the
investigation by the Research and Tech-
nical Programs Subcommittee into con-
flicts between the Federal research pro-
grams and the Nation's goals on higher
education, an increasing number of uni-
versity administrators, faculty, students,
and members of the public have ex- ing the new-found knowledge to the farms
pressed their concern over the need for and industries of the nation. But these
corrective action. developments were slow and were confined
Dr. John W. Shirley, provost and vice- to a handful of special institutions. And
president for academic affairs at the even in these institutions, Federal support
University of Delaware, in an article was but a small portion of the total budget.
During World War II, when the govern-
published in Science and Society, ex- ment did turn to the colleges and universi-
pressed disappointment that action on ties of the land for support to the war effort
the subcommittee's recommendations in both teaching and research, any differ-.
has not been adequate. He emphasized ences in objectives were forgotten. Colleges
particularly the importance of action on and universities were quick to assume their
recommendations that Federal agencies responsibility for the common welfare. Iso-
5pOriSOririg research at universities seek lation and the ivory tower dropped out of
fashion. Physicists, chemists, and mathe-
a balance between teaching and re- maticians joined the Manhattan Project or
search, stress the importance of teach- the Naval Research Center. English and
ing, and provide broader general support history teachers taught Air Force physics
through institutional grants. or astronavigation. Colleges and govern-
The full text of the article follows: ment were as one, united by the war against
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN COOPERATION BETWEEN the common enemy.
UNIVERSITIES AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES This unification of purpose and effort paid
off more handsomely than even the most
(By John W. Shirley, provost and vice presi- optimistic would have predicted. Rockets
dent for academic affairs, University of and atomic power-capable of destruction or
Delaware, Newark) of regeneration-were dramatic in their im-
So many reams of paper and gallons of ink pact on the war. The Kilgore Subcommittee
have been expended in the analysis and dis- of the Senate Committee on Military Af-
cussion of university-government relation- fairs pointed out to Pres. Roosevelt that con-
ships, and so many basic issues are yet un- tinued support of science and science edu-
resolved, that it seems presumptuous to ap- cation was absolutely essential for the na-
proach this problem again. Yet, without tional defenses Scientists were quick to call
question, the role of government in higher attention to the peacetime benefits to be
education is one of the most critical matters derived from continued research and de-
facing our colleges and universities today, velopment, and the need for further support
and ways and means of establishing univer- of higher educational programs. Vannevar
sity-government cooperation may well be the Bush, at the request of the President, re-
most important task to which we can now viewed the Kilgore proposals.'
assign our efforts. Though it would be pat- He first suggested massive Federal support
ently unfair to lay the blame for higher of science research and development through
education's monumental problems on gov-
ernment's doorstep, it cannot be denied that Footnotes at end of speech.
A4687
recent government actions and Federal sup-
port have intensified these problems and
brought them into focus. Any solution of
these educational problems will require a
better understanding between government
officials and educators than now exists, and
a more cooperative effort on the part of all
concerned than we have seen in the past.
Possibly the basic underlying cause of the
government-education conflict is the un-
resolved question of the purpose of education
in a democratic society. At a recent confer-
ence at the University of Pennsylvania.' a
discussion session was devoted to the ques-
tion of goals and values in education. Almost
diametrically apposed views were given: that
education needed to be isolated from the
transient economic and social goals of a
particular time, to concentrate on unchang-
ing truths and the essential nature of man;
and that education only could be reflection
of the society which supported it, and should
be responsive to the changing needs of the
day. Probably the dichatomies are not as
black and white as these positions indicate,
but educators have been inclined to stress
the historical and the traditional, and gov-
ernment has been more concerned with the
relevant.
The first direct Federal support for higher
education, the Morrill Land-Grant Act of
1862, was in essence a Federal reaction to
the isolation and conservatism of the col-
leges of that day. In this action, the gov-
ernment gave grants of land to each state to
enable the establishment of special col-
leges with commitments to the education of
the average citizen-particularly those en-
gaged in agriculture and industry. This was
a revolutionary move in an educational world
still geared to the classics and to the produc-
tion of professional men-teachers, preach-
ers, and lawyers. In fact, one university used
the Federal funds to establish a chair in
Greek because, it reasoned, a classical edu-
cation was what the farmers needed,' Sub-
sequent Federal actions, however, gave sup-
port in increasingly large measure for re-
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 A4688
Approved F ,k"/,I%tg*dWftVW1 00040011Pp per 7, 1966
the establishment of a National Science
Foundation, responsible directly to the Pres-
ident, operated through long-range programs
assigned to the colleges and universities of
the nation and subject to their controls.
But these recommendations had implica-
tions, both political and educational. Uni-
versities were fearful lest government spon-
sored research might be too applied and too
narrowly conceived. They wanted Institu-
tional grants to be subject to the purposes
established by the universities themselves.
Government was fearful of turning large
sums of Federal funds over to universities
and their trustees, over whom the govern-
ment bad little or no control. It was not
until 1947 that both the House and Senate
agreed on a Foundation which would grant
funds for science development, but leave the
control largely to the institutions. But this
action was vetoed by -Pres. Truman on the
grounds that this bill] "would, in effect,
vest the determination of vital national poli-
cies, the expenditure of large public funds,
and the administration of important govern-
ment functions in a group of individuals
who would be essentially private citizens." 6
It was in this general context that the final
act establishing the National Science Foun-
dation was passed in 1950 and Alan Water-
man became its first director, Early policies
spelled out the fact that while grants or con-
tracts were to be made generally on specific
research or development projects, the govern-
ment was to retain most of the decision-
making responsibilities for the assignment
of federal funds. Future Federal invest-
ments In higher education-in spite of the
continued protests of the colleges and uni-
versities-were to follow this pattern.
During the next 15 years, Federal spend-
ing for research and development increased
at the astounding rate of about 20% each
year to a total of over $16,000,000,000 in 1965?
Of this total Federal spending for research,
more than $1,800,000,000 were budgeted in
institutions of higher education-more than
15% of the total operating budgets of the
2,000 colleges and universities of the nation.
National Science Foundation support for re-
search, a modest $1,000,000 in 1952, had risen
to more than $300,000,000. National Insti-
tute of Health grants for 1965 amounted to
over $500,000,000; defense projects came to
almost that amount; NASA research grants
were nearly $100,000,000; and the Atomic
Energy Commission was more than $60,-
000,000.1
Both the rate of this growth and the mag-
nitude of the Federal role in subsidizing the
total educational picture have been matters
of concern to educational administrators.
Programs and grants have come faster than
plans, staffs, and facilities could handle
them. In the face of universal demand, fa-
culty members could not be found to per-
form the research being supported. Graduate
faculty and facilities were not adequate to
cope with the increased number of graduate
students being supported and trained on
Federal funds. And the burgeoning of these
activities came just at the time that the
post-war babies were crowding Into colleges
and universities Inadequately manned and
equipped to handle increased undergraduate
student numbers and mushrooming knowl-
edge at the same time. The leisurely ivory
tower of pre-World War II became a thing
of the past. The campus became a beehive
of frenized activity. College deans and presi-
dents, of necessity, because less and less aca-
demic and more and more like business ex-
ecutives as they met each new problem with
at least a temporary solution. A number
of national studies were made to try to re-
solve some of the issues between the educa-
tors and the government agencies and pol-
icies," and most national organizations de-
voted sessions to the discussion of possible
ways of bringing them together.
As educational administrators were ex-
pressing alarm over the institutional effects
of governmental support of special educa-
tional area, especially about the way in which
the sciences were overbalancing the huin an-
ities and social sciences, students, too, began
to bring charges that the educational times
were out. of joint. They complained that
universities were getting-too huge and imper-
sonal as a result of their new opulence, that
research had come to overshadow teaching
in the eyes of the faculties, that students
had become only numbers in the automated
records of mechanical educational factories.
Their complaints were echoed by large seg-
ments of the faculties--particularly those in
the less-supported areas, but surprisingly
enough by many of the young graduate
teaching and research assistants who were
supported by Federal grants which had -made
their education not only possible, but profit-
able. These complaints were echoed by par-
ents, concerned citizens, and by school teach-
ers and administrators who took some com-
fort in finding the colleges and universities
under some of the pressures they had long
endured, As we all know, 1965 was a year
of student sit-down strikes, teach-ins, dem-
onstrations, marches on the White House,
and of faculty and administration confer-
ences, committee investigations, and general
soul-searchings.
All of these: factors led inevitably to a
Federal investigation of these matters. A
subcommittee on Research and Technical
Programs of the Committee on Government
Operations, under the chairmanship of Rep.
HENRY S. Reuss of Wisconsin, staged a full-
dress investigation of what they called the
"conflicts, between the federal research pro-
grains and the nation's goals for higher edu-
cation." This study addressed itself to many
facets of the current problems: the diversion
of professors from teaching to research, and
the inequities which resulted from concen-
trating funds in limited areas of natural and
physical sciences in the graduate schools
of relatively few of the nation's ranking uni-
versities. It also called attention to the
students' protests against the lack of inter-
ested and experienced professors. To investi-
gate these problems, the committee sent to
some 300 educators, administrators, and dis-
tinguished citizens a letter of inquiry on
five fundamental aspects of the matter: the
effects upon the students of the emphasis
upon research rather than teaching; the re-
sults of this research upon the faculty in
terms of possible shift in loyalties from
the campus to government, profession, or in-
dustry; the difficulties and distortions of the
institutions caused by curricular imbalances,
concentration of funds in larger research-
oriented institutions in selected areas, and
the shifts in institutional purposes and pro-
grams to conform to the demands for re-
search; the effects upon the graduates in
terms of shifts of careers from teaching to
research, and the possible over-emphasis In
presently popular disciplines and scarcity
in others currently less in demand; and,
finally, a consideration of possible methods
of improving the government's future role
in the use of research funds and other sup-
ports for higher educational programs 10
More than 200 replies to these questions
were received by the committee, most of them
thoughtful and comprehensive. Nearly every
conceivable point of view is represented in
these replies, as was also the case in the
formal hearings held by the committee in
June, 1965.10 To recount or summarize these
diverse opinions would be fruitless. The
summary report of the committee to the
House of Representatives on Oct. 13, 1965,"2
though to some it appears biased, appears
to me to reflect a reasonable analysis of the
testimony presented. In addition, It brings
together a large number of statistics on the
distribution., nature, and scope of Federal
support of research, on the effects of this re-
search support on graduate programs, and
the benefits and harms which the nation and
its colleges and universities have reaped
from Federal grants and contracts. Every
educational administrator should go through
it carefully.
Recognizing that "too many scientists and
engineers have been diverted . . . Into re-
search work, and too few are available for
teaching," IS the Reuss Committee report sug-
gested that the government take steps to
reverse this direction. Scientific manpower
data should be maintained by the Bureau of
the Budget, and the balance between teach-
ing functions and research activities should
be controlled. The Bureau of the Budget
should alert the agencies to tailor their pro-
grams to meet this balance. In addition,
government should stress teaching at all
levels; all graduate students holding Federal
fellowships, should be required to teach;
science teaching fellowships, matching re-
search fellowships, should be instituted: and
Presidential awards recognizing and reward-
ing outstanding undergraduate teaching
should be begun.' I
General support of education on a much
broader base should be established, the com-
mittee report continued. Project awards
should be modified to cover all geographic
areas of the nation and should go to a much
larger number of institutions than at pres-
ent. Panels of reviewers should be drawn
from a wider range of colleges and should
represent broader and more varied points of
view. The currently small programs of un-
restricted institutional grants should be
widely expanded, and general support for
scholarship and instruction in the areas of
the humanities and social sciences should be
massively increased." Few educators would
quarrel with these recommendations; they
directly reflect the pleas and requests of the
colleges for the past decade.
But anyone who expected the conclusions
of the Reuss Committee to have an imme-
diate impact on Federal appropriations for
educational support probably was disap-
pointed in the President's budget as pre-
sented to the Second Session of the 89th Con-
gress in 1966. Except for some implementa-
tion of the National Humanities Foundation
and a slight increase in institutional
grants occasioned by increased research
funds, the budgets for the major granting
agencies continue along the same lines as
before. As a matter of fact, from the point
of view of the colleges and universities, the
already-acute problems stand to be intensi-
fied rather than diminished. The high level
funding of the National Defense Education
Act has suddenly thrown new billions of
dollars into national education both in new
programs and augmented old ones.
For the fiscal year starting in July, 1966.
the President's message to Congress estimates
that "promotion of higher education will
amount to 3.8 billion." 10 The bulk of these
funds is earmarked for research and training
in areas vital to the national defense, health,
or welfare. But an increasing number of pro-
grams are action programs tied to special
projects of the New Society. These pose new
drains on limited academic personnel and
draw the teacher more and more away from
the campus and the classroom.
The roles of education and government are
becoming intermingled more than they ever
have been in the past.- Generally speaking,
education has been concerned with the prep-
aration of the oncoming generation for en-
trance into society, or for readjustment to
change. Government has been the opera-
tional body in areas of public welfare and
economic and social development. But the
Great Society is changing this as universities
are being asked to assume partnership roles
in Federal programs. As one example. the
Poverty Program is permeating many aspects
of our academic programs. Not only are our
colleges of education being asked to institute
special programs to train teachers for the
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