VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100003-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: August 29, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

20144
Approved Wl*1OCiRp7RD M
#446R000400"b429, 1966
commissaries and low rent housing on the
base.
Wives of men who go overseas normally
must give up base housing and if they don't
live in a town close to a base, they may lose
many other benefits, including medical care,
py default.
VIETNAM
(Mr. MACDONALD (at the request of
Mr. GETTYS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MACDONALD. Mr. Speaker, I be-
lieve my colleagues in the House of Rep-
resentatives will be interested in the ex-
cellent statement on Vietnam made by
my friend, Harold W. "Abe" Lincoln,
candidate for Congress, seeking the Dem-
ocratic nomination in the new Eighth
District of Maryland. "Abe" Lincoln
formerly served me most ably as admin-
istrative assistant and in. addition has
25 years of legislative and executive ex-
perience in the Government. The char-
acter and spirit of this man is admirably
shown by this fine and thoughtful state-
ment on a subject which has received the
attention of many of the citizens of our
country. It gives me great pleasure to
share with my colleagues, and I hope
many other Americans too, "Abe" Lin-
coln's clear, firm serious treatment of
the important and serious matter of
Vietnam :
[Summary]
termined use of our strength on behalf of
principles we stand ready to defend, as in
Viet Nam today. But I do not support a
foreign policy based entirely upon force. I
deplore the fact that after Viet Nam we are
not addressing ourselves to the avenues that
can and must be explored to prevent the Viet
Nams of the future. What is at stake today
is leadership in Foreign Affairs, just as this
was the issue in 1960. I intend to be a ques-
tion asking Congressman to the government
and a question answering Congressman to
my constitutents, and I intend to find a
better answer than we now have about the
relationship of our interests and our com-
mitments. I would urge the House Foreign
Affairs Committee to conduct a full review
of our Asian treaty commitments and in this
context to recognize that the key issue in
the world today is the problem of Red China.
Isolation and containment is not the answer
for the long range future. Involvement in
the affairs of the world must be the objec-
tive. Just as "windows to the west" were
finally opened at the end of the Czarist
Regime in Russia, so must we expand our
present small steps to tempt China to lessen
her isolation. Equally important is the prob-
lem of proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Evidence continues to mount that a non-
proliferation agreement with the Russians is
within reach. Such a treaty should be vig-
orously pursued and if inertia exists in the
State Department, as some suggest on this
isue, then I would urge President Johnson
to assume the initiative personally as Presi-
dent Kennedy did in his American Univer-
sity speech of June 10, 1963, which led in
short order to the atmospheric test ban
treaty.
Certainly no freshrhan Congressman can
solve all the problems, but he should know
what they are and report his judgment to
his constituents.
DEFENSE-FOREIGN AFFAIRS: THEIR INTERRE-
LATIONSHIPS-THE ROLE OF A CONGRESSMAN
Each member of Congress is first a national
official and as such has a primary responsi-
bility to work for and promote those meas-
ures directly related to our National Se-
curity. A flexible and viable foreign policy,
together with a national defense capability
second to none, are the interrelated compon-
ents that determine our national security
interests. Over 50% of our Federal Budget
is devoted to direct defense expenditures and
the conduct of our foreign affairs. Defense
today means the war in Viet Nam and my
position on this issue consistently expressed
since my announcement on June 28th is as
follows:
When national security considerations re-
quire the commitment of American troops to
combat, as in Viet Nam today, the President
of the United States in his Constitutional
role of Commander-in-Chief of our splendid
troops shall first as a citizen always have my
prayers as I believe he will always have by
the majority of Americans. As a candidate,
they have my unqualified support for their
unrelenting efforts to achieve an honorable
peace by bilateral negotiations and as your
Congressman, should I be deemed worthy of
that position of high trust and responsibility,
the President, as Commander-in-Chief, re-
gardless of party affiliation, will always have
my support when national security consider-
ations require the commitment of American
troops in combat when all efforts to keep the
peace, or restore peace, have failed.
In determining what our national security
interests are before troop commitment oc-
curs, it is the constitutional duty of each
Congressman to require a hard and specific
accounting of what precisely our country's
vital interest are and where they are located.
The war in Viet Nam has raised far more
questions concerning the nature of our
treaty alliances in Asia than it has supplied
answers for the future. Are they unilateral
in nature, or do they represent Mutal Assist-
ance Pacts, as represented. I support a de-
(Mr. BINGHAM (at the request of
Mr. GETTYS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. BINGHAM'S remarks will ap-
pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. BINGHAM (at the request of Mr.
GETTYS) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. BINGHAM'S remarks will ap-
pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
air, and land are having on the health
and welfare of the people of this country.
Mr. Speaker, environmental pollution
is not a new problem. It is one that has
grown as our population has risen and
our technology grown more sophisticated.
For years, apathy and inaction allowed
the problem of pollution to swell to un-
foreseen magnitude. However, now, as
the miserable results have become all
too obvious, public interest has quick-
ened, fortunately, and the public is ask-
ing its representatives to provide leader-
ship in the abatement of pollution.
Mr. Speaker, my concern with the
,problems and consequences of pollution
has arisen throug firsthand experience.
A portion of the Second Congressional
District of Michigan borders directly on
Lake Erie. Public indifference in years
past has resulted in the contamination
of the once clean water of this great lake.
To aid in bringing the problem of
water pollution to the attention of my
colleagues, and to the people of the
United States, I will insert items in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD which will serve
to provide further insight into this major
national problem.
As the first part of this series, I insert
a recent speech made in Detroit on No-
vember 4, 1965, by Mr. Murray Stein,.
Acting Assistant Commissioner for En-
forcement of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration. Mr. Stein
relates the consequences of water pollu-
tion in Lake Erie, his remarks clearly
point out how imperative it is that im-
mediate action be taken to redeem this
national resource.
THE SECOND BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE
For both the United States and Canada,
one of the most lucky consequences of the
ice age was the formation of the Great
Lakes. As the giant glaciers began to recede
and the temperatures rose, about 18,000
years ago, the first small finger lakes ap-
peared where the southern edges of the
Great Lakes are now. As the glaciers shrank
further northward, the Lakes grew to their
present size. They are the largest area of
fresh water in the world, and they have un-
doubtedly been the single most important
factor in the development of the region
around them. Were it not for the Great
Lakes, this region would probably have de-
veloped as a primarily agricultural economy.
Instead the Great Lakes region, for both the
United States and Canada, supports an in-
dustrialized, multi-faceted economy. In
both countries the Great Lakes regions have
made an invaluable contribution to the na-
tional economies, and both retain a tre-
mendous growth potential.
Civilizations are conditioned by natural
resources, but not completely predeter-
mined by them. Not all countries are as
rich as their natural resources could make
them. In some cases men have exploited
what the earth has given them; in others
they have let the earth lie fallow. In the
early history of the Great Lakes region the
Indians did not change their mode of exist-
ence by harnessing the talents of the Lakes.
The Indians fished the Lakes, used them for
drinking water and transportation, and left
the Lakes much as they had found them.
The potential of the Great Lakes lay wait-
ing, and their beauty remained undisturbed.
The Europeans in their expansions west-
ward seized the Great Lakes region as
quickly as they could. In 1615 Samuel de
Champlain first ventured onto Lake Huron;
55 years later France owned the entire St.
Lawrence River-Great Lakes region. No
(Mr. VIVIAN (at the request of Mr.
GETTYS) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, as a mem-
ber of the Committee on Science and
Astronautics, I have been privileged to
serve on the Subcommittee on Science,
Research, and Development under the
very able leadership of the distinguished
Representative from bonnecticut,
EMILIO Q. DADDARIO.
The subcommittee recently conducted
an investigation of what progress is be-
ing made in development of techniques
and equipment for abatement of envi-
ronmental pollution, and of what effects
the increasing pollution of our waters,
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August 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
Aspen Award should go to the Athens Center
of Ekistics which tries to create the City of
Man.
But dreaming and conceiving is not
enough. We have to carve the stones and
lift them and this is why I try hard to help
build all sorts of cities because we can learn
only by building and suffering.
Faced with the practical every-day diffi-
culties I turn to myself and ask whether we
can build the human city. My body is be-
ginning to get weaker, my senses, especially
my 'eyesight, do not help me as in the past,
but my mind advances in knowledge and
sees the confirmation of this possibility, and
my soul mobilizes my whole self into a very
positive affirmation: Yes, mankind can build
the human city.
AMERICAN POW FAMILIES
(Mr. OLSEN of Montana (at the re-
quest of Mr. GETTYS) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. OLSEN of Montana. Mr. Speaker,
on Wednesday, August 24, 1966, the
Washington Evening Star published a
story by John T. Wheeler which shocked
me and I am sure many other Members
of Congress as well. David Brinkley of
the National Broadcasting Co. news staff
also commented on this story in the
Huntley-Brinkley evening news.
The headline of the story read "Red-
tape, Indifference Snarl POW's Fami-
lies," It seems that immediately after
an American serviceman is taken pris-
oner or is listed as missing a heavy
burden falls on his wife and family.
For one thing, the pay of the service-
man is stopped. It is frozen, and his
family is forced to do the best it can
without any of his pay. This done pre-
sumably because the serviceman's status
is indefinite. He is not recorded as killed
in action, so his family cannot receive
insurance, but he may be dead in which
case his family cannot receive his pay.
Wives and families have to leave mili-
tary bases and thus have a difficult time
obtaining the free medical care that they
are entitled to. There are other prob-
lems directly traceable to the Federal
Government as well as State govern-
ments. For example, joint tax returns
con no longer be used because, the hus-
band is not present. Many legal prob-
lems result and the attorney fees, of
course, have to be paid for by the family
of the serviceman. Many men are sent
to Vietnam on short notice, and there is
not time for them to arrange for powers
of attorney for their wives.
The article leads us to believe that the
families of servicemen are left alone to
contend with the bureaucracy and walls
of red tape because their husbands are
places in a gray area in relation to Gov-
ernment regulations. According to the
article, a Pentagon spokesman said that
such problems are "normal things that
must be put up with when a man is
missing or captured. Anyone with some-
one missing in action or captured will
hit snags." If this is a normal situation
with these families, I think the situa-
tion should be changed. If a burden has
to be placed somewhere when there is
doubt as to a serviceman's status, the
burden should be placed on the Govern-
ment and not on widows, wives, or fami-
lies. Where there is a choice! between
the convenience of a Government fi-
nance officer and that of a family, the
burden should be shouldered by the fi-
nance officer.
I am going to contact the Secretary
of Defense to see if there is any way that
the Government can do its share to clean
up this mess. If his answer is not sat-
isfactory, I will ask that the Subcom-
mittee on Census and Statistics, which is
continuing its investigation into the
"paperwork jungle," look into this mat-
ter and clean up this situation.
. The article follows, and I ask that it
be entered into the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Aug. 24, 19661
RED TAPE, INDIFFERENCE SNARL POWs'
FAMILIES
(By John T. Wheeler)
Wives of U.S. fighting men missing or cap-
tured in Viet Nam say they sometimes must
shoulder bewildering burdens because their
husbands have become legal "nonpersons."
Some of them contend they have been
forced to tackle walls of red tape and bu-
reaucratic indefference in carrying the load.
When a man is declared missing or cap-
tured, his status falls into a gray legal area,
somewhere between alive and dead. He can-
not act for himself, and his wife or depend-
ents can't act for him, except in special
circumstances.
THE MAJOR PROBLEMS
Major complaints reported by next of kin
include:
Problems in making ends meet because
money the serviceman had been. sending
home stops and the pay he was getting is
frozen. It can take weeks or months to
unfreeze part of it.
A. federal income tax bureau refused to
process a joint return unless the wife some-
how got the signature of her husband, who
had been shot down over North Viet Nam.
The same woman had to sell the family car
because when she moved to a new state she
couldn't get new license plates without the
signature.
Wives and children who are entitled to free
medical treatment can't get it sometimes in
emergencies because they are not allowed to
live on military bases.
Attorney fees to solve legal problems di-
rectly related to a missing man's or POW's
status must be borne by the families.
CALLED "NORMAL THINGS"
Only bare-boned, sometimes confusing re-
ports are issued by the Defense Department
concerning the fate of lost men. Many
doubts are cleared up only after families ask
congressmen for help.
A Pentagon spokesman said such problems
are "normal things that must be put up with
when a man is missing or captured. Anyone
with someone missing in action or captured
will hit snags."
He said the Pentagon does its best to give
families the full details of casualties. Com-
plaints he said must be the exception.
Each service maintains a casualty assist-
ance office to help dependents in whatever
way possible after their men become casual-
ties, the spokesman said.
Instances of problems faced by families
have cropped up in reports from a recently
formed civilian group seeking to protect
POWs legal rights, and in interviews with
some wives.
Names of the missing men and their fam-
ilies have been omitted to prevent the Com-
munists from confronting captured men with
reports of difficulties encountered by their
20143
dependents. The Defense Department de-
clines to make public information about the
men for the same reason.
One woman who tried to get quick cash
from the Air Force after her husband was
shot down reported, "One officer at the base
told me to go on relief because he couldn't
give me the money.
"It was only a couple of weeks before
Christmas and I said, 'You've got to be kid-
ding me.' But he wasn't."
She had been getting a regular postal
money order from her husband in addition
to a monthly allotment of $200, a deduction
from his pay arranged by the serviceman.
Told she could not draw against her hus-
band's pay, which was accumulating in a spe-
cial account, the woman threatened to go to
the newspapers. She also wrote President
Johnson. She says she got the money and a
letter of apology from the Air Force.
Although the finance officer apparently did
not know it at first, there is a way to get
money from accounts set up for POWs and
missing men.
But a Pentagon spokesman says this in-
volves much paper work and a detailed in-
vestigation from Washington. He said. there
is no way for a wife to get immediate cash to
tide her over until the formalities are com-
pleted.
SOCIETY GETS COMPLAINTS
The troubles of some service wives came to
light during the past two months after Pat-
rick McGahn, an Atlantic City, N.J., lawyer,
formed the Society for the Defense of Amer-
ican Prisoners.
McGahn's original interest was in trying
to get American lawyers into North Viet
Nam to defend American fliers, then threat-
ened with trials as war criminals.
To ease the threat of red tape, the services
encourage Viet Nam-bound men to give! their
wives general powers of attorney-permitting
them to act for the husband legally no mat-
ter what comes up. But some wives report
this doesn't always solve the problem.
INCOME TAX RED TAPE
One wife tried to file a joint federal in-
come tax return that would have meant a
sizable refund, badly needed for the house-
hold expenses.
Although she had a power of attorney and
explained that her husband was a POW, the
Internal Revenue office insisted that hex, hus-
band sign the form. After much protest, the
wife said, the government finally accepted
the return.
A Pentagon source said men. who try to
make out valid powers of attorney from Viet
Nam cannot do so in 23 states which insist
that the documents be witnessed by a notary
public of that state, or have other restric-
tions.
Many men are sent to Viet Nam with. only
a few days notice and don't get around to
clearing up all their personal affairs.
Some men balk at filling out powers of
attorney or assigning nearly all their pay to
their wives for a variety of reasons.
One is that an unscrupulous woman could
put everything in her name and then site for
divorce.
Some men have said their wives just don't
have the needed business sense. Many de-
cline to act for the same reason other men
refuse to make wills. They don't want to
admit even indirectly that they may not be
coming back.
The Pentagon spokesman said the Army
has an aggressive and effective program to
get its men to do their best to insure that
wives will not run into unnecessary
problems.
He said the Navy and Air Force have not
done nearly so well.
Fringe benefits are a major factor In en-
couraging men to stay in the services. These
include free medical care, base exchanges,
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August 29; 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
where it became. necessary for me to speak.
There is yet time to remedy the situation.
(Mr. RHODES of Arizona (at the re-
quest of Mr. CLARENCE J. BROWN, JR.) was
granted permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
[Mr. RHODES of Arizona's remarks
will appear hereafter in the Appendix.]
FARMER AND CONSUMER
(Mr. LANGEN (at the request of Mr.
CLARENCE J. BROWN, JR.) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to Include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, the ad-
ministration's decisions on the 1967
wheat program may mean lower returns
to producers next year.
As the House Republican Task Force
on Agriculture has pointed out, a drop In
wheat prices would be a serious blow to
farmers, and would do nothing to stem
the increase In retail bread prices. The
principal factors in the bread price rise
are not wheat prices, but the rapidly In-
creasing processing, marketing, and dis-
tribution costs which are being pushed up
by the administration's own inflationary
fiscal policies, plus the cost of the wheat
certificate program.
All of these inflated costs of produc-
tion and processing must be paid for by
the consumer under, present programs
and policies. The American consumer is
also required, in effect, to. subsidize our
wheat exports to foreign countries.
Wheat acreage for next year has been
Increased almost one-third more than
this year without any change in the
Government's price mechanism. The
Department of Agriculture has quietly
announced that farmers in the wheat
program will receive certificates on little
more than a third of their production
next year, compared to 45 percent of
this year's crop. This means that if In-
creased production causes market prices
to fall next year, wheat producers will
receive a lower blend price per bushel
than they could have under similar cir-
cumstances this year.
U.S. farmers are not contributing to
inflation, but are its principal victims.
Total farm production expenses are 5-
percent higher this year than last, and in
the past 6 years have increased 20.5 per-
cent. Yet, while inflation is constantly
driving up their costs, farmers still have
no assurance that they will receive fair
or adequate prices for their production.
Instead, they are faced with Government
actions which would have the effect of
seriously deflating their income.
I do not see how the administration
can take this big a gamble with our food
supply. We need Increased production,
but farmers are going to think twice
about planting more wheat if they see
a chance that their prices might take a
nosedive next year-they do not want
be left holding the bag, as they have
often in the past.
(Mr. MINHALL (at the request of
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, syndi-
cated columnist Eliot Janeway, whose
outstanding articles are carried on the
financial page of the Cleveland Press, has
an excellent commentary on the eco-
nomic consequences of Vietnam.
I recommend it to the attention of my
colleagues:
VIETNAM WAR FINANCING: No WAY To RUN A
WAR
(By Eliot Janeway)
NEw Yogx.-Last time there was a war,
people scrambled to load up on sugar and
shoes and tires. They cleaned out the car
dealers' lots. They made sure their homes
were In good repair-especially their deep
freezes. Draft calls and tax talk started a
flight from money into items expected to be
on the shoppers' list of shortages.
Franklin D. Roosevelt codified our way of
thinking about the economic consequences of
war in his momentous proclamation, at the
time we accelerated our preparations for
World War II, that "the silly-fool dollar sign
is out for the duration."
F.D.R.'s simple rule of thumb saw us
through the Korean war as well. It made
sense about how the dollar ceased to be al-
mighty when it gave way to the wartime ra-
tion ticket. The moment it did, dollars be-
came cheap.
The normal peacetime premium which
money commands was switched to the ra-
tion ticket needed to use it.
But our new war in Vietnam is working
out differently from any emergency test of
strength we've experienced or anticipated as
a major power-and not just because of the
way we're fighting it. The way we're financ-
ing it is different, too.
Dollars, instead of being down-graded for
the duration, are commanding an all-time
premium; the more the war is escalated, the
higher the premium. Whoever has them or
is able to raise them-at any cost-can call
the tune in the marketplace.
This time around, no one's worried about
not being able to buy a .car. Even the price
of copper, the war material par excellence,
which as always soared on war news, has been
coming, down while the cost of money has
continued upward; this is a double switch
in war-time market perfromance.
Lyndon Johnson's present approach to war
financing has been to borrow. Each time in-
terest rates rise previous borrowings at lower
rates look better.
Certainly, anyone who had borrowed to the
hilt at any time since the escalation in -
Vietnam triggered the inflation In money
would be way ahead of the game today.
In fact, the Washington authorities have
been advertising the scaracity value of cash
and inviting everyone-bankers as well as
their customers-to hoard It.
The runaway in rates suggests a disturbing
parallel with the break in stock market
prices: While both changes have hurt, neither
has provided a corrective or, therefore, run
its course.
The worst is yet to come for borrowers;
and, because money conditions determine
stock market conditions, for investors too.
Early in August, Cong. JIM WRIGHT of Fort
Worth, a prominent supporter of the liberal-
ism LBJ espoused before he turned himself
into the father figure of war finance, took
the House floor to complain that "since just
last December, interest rates are up 371/2 %
. . , more than 10 times the increase in
general wages and prices which the Presi-
dent has certified as conductive to sound
economic health."
Labor and producers won't and, moreover,
can't hold still for 3.2% or (as the air line
mechanist snafu shows) even 7.5% Increases
in the face of a money squeeze of the crisis
20077
proportions protested by Cong. WRIGHT.
Money users are stymied, too. New York
state, for example, has an anti-usury law
aimed to protect individuals against interest
rates above 6%.
But the banks, understandably, are calling
in 6% money lent to individuals in order
to relend it to corporations at 8%. Lt's a
helluva way to run a wax.
ANDREW EDMISTON, FORMER WEST
VIRGINIA CONGRESSMAN, PASSES
(Mr. MOORE (at the request of Mr.
CLARENCE J. BROWN, JR.) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at
this point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, it is with
a great deal of sadness that I announce
to the House of Representatives the
death of one of its former distinguished
Members, Andrew Edmiston, of Weston,
W. Va.
Mr. Edmiston represented the Third
Congressional District of West Virginia
with distinction for five terms from ;1933
to 1943. In 1962, by reason of congres-
sional redistricting in West Virginia, Mr.
Edmiston became my constituent and
steadfast friend.
At the time of his death, Andy Edmis-
ton, as he was affectionately known, was
73 years old. During his lifetime, Mr.
Edmiston compiled a distinguished rec-
ord in military combat and the political
arena. He was also noted as a journal-
ist, farmer, and manufacturer.
During the First World War, he served
overseas as a second lieutenant with the
39th Infantry, 4th Division and was
awarded the Distinguished Service Cross,
the Purple Heart with oak leaf clusters,
and the Distinguished Service Medal of
West Virginia.
As a journalist, Mr. Edmiston was edi-
tor of his hometown weekly newspaper,
the Weston Democrat for 5 years. He
engaged in agricultural pursuits for
several years prior to World War I. Dur-
ing World War II, he was the State direc-
tor of war manpower for West Virginia
from 1943 to 1945 when he retired to
private business.
Mr. Edmiston was very active as a
member of the Democratic Party. He
was delegate to the Democratic National
Convention in 1928 and 1952. He served
as State Democratic chairman In West
Virginia for 4 years and was mayor of
Weston for one term.
There are, I am sure, a number of my
colleagues still serving in this body that
shared the friendship of Andy Edmiston
and, as I, profited from that association.
Andy Edmiston was a loyal Democrat;
however, our friendship aver the years
melted away any real differences that
may have existed. I was more than
proud to call him my friend.
Mrs. Moore and I extend to his family
our deepest sympathy at his passing.
TOWARD A MODERN U.S. TEXTILE
IMPORT POLICY: THE LONG
TERM ARRANGEMENT REGARD-
ING TRADE IN COTTON TEX-
TILES AND U.S. FOREIGN TRADE
POLICY
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle
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20078 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
man from Missouri [Mr. CURris] Is
recognized for 1 hour.
. (Mr. CURTIS asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his
remarks and to include extraneous
matter and tables.)
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent, also, that I may in-
sert into the RECORD this full speech, In
order, and as it would appear in the
RECORD as given in full. I will then pick
up certain points at which a colloquy
might possibly develop.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentleman
from Missouri?
There was no objection.
TOWARD A MODERN U.S. TEXTILE IMPORT POLICY:
TH$ LONG-TERM ARRANGEMENT REGARDING
TRADE IN COTTON TEXTILES AND U.S. FOREIGN
TRADE POLICY
.'Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, on June
15 four of our colleagues-Messrs.
LANDRUM, JONAS, DoRN, and DAVis--dis-
cussed the commentary on U.S. policy re-
garding International trade in cotton
textiles in my May 31 report on the sixth
round of trade negotiations under the
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade-GATT. Their criticisms-
CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD pages 12701 to 12705-
raised some serious questions about the
long-term arrangement regarding trade
In cotton textiles and U.S. policy which
I will explore here. I am grateful to the
gentlemen for providing the stimulus and
the opportunity further to express my
views.
The problems of world textile trade are
Important both for developed and de-
veloping nations, and they involve fun-
damental questions of international
trade policy and theory. But these prob-
lems also affect the interests of the Amer-
ican consumer, worker, and investor.
The cost to the consumer of some of the
most basic types of consumer goods-
shirts, sheets, socks, and dresses-is
materially affected, and the range of
choice open to the houswife in purchasing
for her family is limited. To the worker
it means employment in an industry
which appears to have a weak economic
base, and to the investor it means invest-
ment in an industry which is to some ex-
tent artificially prosperous.
For these reasons I approach this sub-
ject as a problem of U.S. foreign trade
policy in the broadest sense, rather than
as a concern simply of the U.S. textile
Industries, wool and manmade as well as
cotton. The many aspects of the long-
term, arrangement can be correctly as-
sessed only In this context.
Thus my approach will be to discuss:
First, the history and administration of
the U.S. cotton textile import program;
second, important elements of the in-
ternational impact of U.S. textile policy
Including effects on developing countries;
third, whether the industry has a need
for import protection in the light of its
present prosperity; and fourth, recom-
mendations for future policy. I will say
at the outset that I will be glad to dis-
cuss this subject further. There are few
final answers to a problem as complex as
this. I hope the gentleman will agree to
the value of exploring in detail many of
the facets of textile production and trade
which, though no doubt well known to
them, may not be to the layman, to whom
my remarks will, I hope, be informative.
THE ADVENT OF THE LONG-TERM COTTON
TEXTILE ARRANGEMENT
By 1960 the trend that had developed
In the previous 5 years toward increased
U.S. imports of cotton textiles had sud-
denly accelerated. According to statis-
tics published In 1965 by the Organiza-
tion for Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment-OECD-U.S, imports of cot-
ton yarns from the rest of the world were
380,000 metric tons in 1958 and 6,943,000
metric tons in 1960, compared to exports
of 7;039,000 metric tons in 1958 and 5,-
899,000 metric tons in 1960. U.S. imports
of cotton fabrics from the rest of the
world in 1958 were 14,179,000 metric tons
and 51,662,000 metric tons in 1960, while
U.S. exports of cotton fabrics declined
from 63,498,000 metric tons in 1958, to
55 million metric tons in 1950.
The ratio of imports to domestic con-
sumption rose from 4 percent in 1959
to 6 percent In 1960, which, while not
high for many industries, was considered
by the textile Industry to be drastic.
These imports came not only from Japan
but also from Hong Kong, India, and
Pakistan, Portugal, and Spain.
The increase of imports and decline of
exports revealed by the above statistics
were major factors leading to the Ken-
nedy administration's special program
for the cotton textile industry, some of
the elements of which were sound meas-
ures that had broader application to all
U.S. industry. My colleague the gentle-
man from Georgia [Mr. LANDRUM7 cited
some of the elements of what has been
called the "seven point textile program."
In their entirety, as formulated by the
President's Cabinet Textile Committee
appointed by President Kennedy on
February 16, 1961, and as announced by
him on May 2, 1961, the seven points
were:
First. A government program for mar-
ket research and product development;
Second. Liberalization of the deprecia-
tion allowance on textile machinery, In
combination with the 7 percent Invest-
ment tax credit for new machinery then
being proposed to Congress;
Third. Small Business Administration
loans for the cotton textile industry;
Fourth. Removal of the "adverse dif-
ferential" between domestic and foreign
textile producers' raw cotton costs-
"two-price cotton";
Fifth. Adjustment assistance for in-
dustries "seriously injured or threatened
with serious injury as a result of in-
creased imports";
Sixth. A conference of the principal
textile exporting and importing countries
to seek an "international understanding
which will provide a basis for trade that
will avoid undue disruption of estab-
lished industries"; and
Seventh. "Careful consideration" to
any application by the textile Industry
for action under the escape clause and
national security provisions of the Trade
Agreements Extension Act.
HISTORY OF INDUSTRY CLAIMS FOR PROTECTION
President Kennedy's seven-point pro-
gram for textiles had been. preceded by a
August 29, 1966
campaign against imports by the textile
industry, a campaign that gained heat
in 1960, the year of his election to the
Presidency. But U.S. industry claims for
protection cannot be said to have begun
even in the period 1955-56. Indeed, such
claims had been made in the 1930's and
no doubt earlier.
In 1955 and 1956 trade negotiations
under the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade were held at Geneva, in which
many U.S. cotton textile tariffs were cut.
Under the "peril point" procedure pro-
vided by section 3 of the Trade Agree-
ments Act of 1951, as amended, the cot-
ton textile industry in Tariff Commis-
sion proceedings had asked that tariffs
on competing cotton textile imports not
be cut in GATT trade negotiations in
those years.
During 1955 and 1956 Increased im-
port competition mostly from Japan was
felt in certain textile lines, such as vel-
veteen. The increased imports led in
part to applications by the cotton tex-
tile industry for relief under the "escape
clause," section 7 of the -Trade Agree-
ments Act of 1951, as amended.
A brief review of the results of Tariff
Commission escape clause investigations
is important. The results of such in-
vestigations to determine the validity of
claims of serious injury from imports is
an indication whether such claims were
founded in fact. It might also show
whether the escape clause would be ap-
plied by the Tariff Commission to allow
relief from certain imports when justi-
fied by the test of serious injury.
AUTHORITY FOR ESCAPE-CLAUSE INVESTIGATIONS
AND FINDINGS
The 1951 Trade Agreements Extension
Act required that an escape clause be
included in all trade agreements con-
cluded by the United States, and it es-
tablished the basic escape clause pro-
cedure effective until October 11, 1962,
when repealed by the Trade Expansion
Act. Section 7 of the 1951 act provided
that the Tariff Commission, upon the
request of the President, resolution of
either House of Congress, resolution of
either the Senate Finance or House Ways
and Means Committees, upon its own
motion, or upon application by an in-
terested party was promptly to conduct
an investigation to determine whether
any product on which a trade agreement
concession had been granted was, as a
result of the duty or other customs treat-
ment reflecting such concession, being
imported into the United States in such
Increased quantities, either actual or
relative, as to cause or threaten serious
injury to the domestic industry produc-
ing like or directly competitive products.
If the Tariff Commission were to find
the existence or threat of serious injury
as provided above, it was required to rec-
ommend to the President the withdrawal
or modification of the concession, or the
establishment of an import quota. When
the Commission judged that there was
insufficient reason so to recommend, it
was to report its findings and conclusions,
Executive Order No. 10401 of October
14, 1952, established a procedure for re-
view of and periodic reports on escape
clause actions taken. Such reviews were
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'CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE August 29, 1966
point in the RECORD a summary of quo-
tations by world leaders on the world
population and food crisis, prepared by
the Population Crisis Committee.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
The following quotations clearly indicate
that most governmental, educational, and
business leaders are agreed that a world pop-
ulation and food crisis is imminent:
"Let us in all our lands-including this
land-face forthrightly the multiplying prob-
lerns of our multiplying populations and seek
the answers to this most profound challenge
to the future of all the world.
"Let us act on the fact that less than $5
invested in population control is worth $100
invested in economic growth,"-Lyndon B.
Johnson, June 25, 1965.
"Along with former President Truman I am
co-chairman of the Honorary Sponsors Coun-
cil, Planned Parenthood-World Population.
I accepted this position in order to demon-
strate my recognition of the urgency of the
entire problem and the alarming conse-
quences that are certain to follow Its neglect.
"I devoutly hope that necessary measures
will be enacted into law to authorize the Fed-
eral Government, as well as appropriate pri-
vate and semi-public organizations, so to co-
operate among themselves that the necessary
human and material resources can be
promptly mobilized and employed to cope
effectively with the great need of slowing
down and finally stabilizing the growth in
the world's population."-Dwight D. Eisen-
hower, June 22, 1965.
"No, our population cannot be allowed to
grow at the savage rate of the present, or
humanity will very soon revert to the darkest
ages ... but for those of us ... who do not
want mankind to suffocate in an abyss of its
own making-least of all our own people here
in the Americas-for us the humane,
Christian, economic and political solution is
birth control-and the sooner the better"-
Dr. Alberto Lleras Camargo, former President
of Colombia, and Chairman, First Pan-
American Assembly on Population, August
11, 1965.
`This rapid growth of population creates
frightening prospects for those looking into
the future . all our efforts should be di-
rected toward the control of this menace. If
it is not done, we are asking for total disrup-
tion and chaos in a few years time."-Ayub
Khan, President of Pakistan, March 10, 1964.
"Either we take the fullest measures both
to raise productivity and to stabilize popu-
lation growth, or we face disaster of an un-
precedented magnitude."-Dr. B. R. Sen, Di-
rector General, United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organization, March 24, 1965.
"There can be no doubt concerning this
long-term prognosis: Either the birth rate
of the world must come down or the death
rate must go back up."-Report on "The
Growth of World Population," National
Academy of Sciences, April, 1963.
"There may still be a chance to avert a
Maithusean disaster ... At best, the appar-
ently unequal race between human procrea-
tion and food production can be won only
after an immense and prolonged struggle
during which man will be ever more pre-
cariously crowding the margin of safety."-
Dr. J. George Harrar, President of The Rocke-
feller Foundation, Spring, 1965.
"One thing is certain: If steps are not
taken very soon to check or curtail this
ominous rate of growth-food production,
however intensified, will be unable to keep
pace with the fast growth in population in
many countries where bare subsistence is
already the best that most can achieve. "--
John H. Loudon, Chairman, Royal Dutch
Petroleum Co.,.The Netherlands, September
13, 1965.
"Everywhere there Is a growing recognition
that this is the number one problem of the
world. If tackling it is left too late, all our
political and economic achievements will be
swept away like sand castles before the ad-
vancing tide,"-Lord Caradon, July, 1965.
"It is evident that the rapidly worsening-
world food situation can be permanently im-
proved only by two measures-a more rapid
increase in food production in the develop-
ing countries and a less rapid increase in
population."-Nevin S. Scrimshaw, Head, De-
partment of Nutrition and Food Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Oc-
tober 18, 1965.
"I am convinced the. world Is plunging
headlong Into a crisis of catastrophic pro-
portions and that this crisis can not be
averted unless massive preventive action is
started at once. The stark fact is that the
world's population is exploding so swiftly that
it is outrunning man's capacity to produce
enough food."--John J. Haggerty, Director,
Project Development, AGRI Research, Inc.,
Washington, D.C., January, 1965.
"The underdeveloped world-Asia, Africa,
and Latin America-is on the threshold of
the greatest famine in history. This famine
will be the most colossal catastrophe in his-
tory-it will affect hundreds of millions of
people and maybe billions."-Dr. Raymond
Ewell, Buffalo State University, April, 1965.
"We live in a world of 3.4 billion human
beings, one-half of whom do not have
enough to eat The global food crisis
now pending on the horizon calls for bold
and timely action. In the simplest terms,
the population explosion must be contained
and world food production must be doubled
and re-doubled."-Thomas M. Ware, Chair-
man, International Minerals and Chemical
Corp., and Chairman, American Freedom
From Hunger Foundation, Inc.
"If the developing nations are to escape
widespread famine, disease, and the prospect
of wars initiated in a final desperate effort
for survival, one-or more probably both-
of two things must happen: the birth rate
must be consciously reduced to planned
proportions; or the production of food and
other necessities must be multiplied In rela-
tion to the population growth rate."-Roger
M. Blough, Chairman of the Board, United
States Steel Corp., November 4, 1965.
ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT UNTIL
TOMORROW AT 10 A.M..
Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
I ask unanimous consent that when the
Senate completes its business today, it
stand in adjournment until 10 o'clock
tomorrow morning.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING
SENATE SESSION TOMORROW
On request of Mr. MANSFIELD, and by
unanimous consent, all committees were
authorized to meet during the session of
the Senate tomorrow until 12 o'clock
no$n.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN SAIGON
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Madam President,
some time ago in my committee, the ques-
tion arose with the Secretary of Defense
concerning social problems in Saigon.
Inasmuch as the Secretary of Defense,
I believe, has a wrong impression of con-
ditions in Saigon, as evidenced by his
testimony before my committee at that
time, I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD an article pub-
lished in the Washington Post today en-
titled "GI's Babies Worry Vietnamese,"
written by William Tuohy.
I think that it will be beneficial if the
Secretary of Defense recognizes how se-
rious a problem the presence of so many
American soldiers in Vietnam is.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GI's BABIES WORRY VIETNAMESE
(By William Tuohy)
SAIGON, August 28.-American authorities
here are Concerned about the increasing
number of illegitimate children born to U.S.
servicemen and Vietnamese women.
The problem is not yet of serious propor-
tions, because the big buildup of American
troops began only a year ago.
But in the view of social welfare specialists
here, the specter of unwanted half-caste chil-
dren born out of wedlock could reach worri-
some proportions in the months and years
ahead.
Thus Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge is
setting up an informal committee to look in-
to the matter. Lodge and his wife, who are
deeply concerned with the disruption to
Vietnamese society caused by war and the
input of American troops, are seeking what-
ever ways may be found to lessen the problem.
SUBTLY COLOR-CONSCIOUS
The situation is complicated in Vietnam,
which is subtly color-conscious, by babies of
American Negro fathers and Vietnamese
mothers.
Welfare specialists say children born of
American-Vietnamese parents may have se-
vere difficulties in being assimilated here.
There are simply no estimates available of
the number of such children-just as no
_reliable estimates exist for similar cases in
Japan or Korea.
Under years of French rule, thousands of
Eurasian of "matisse" (mixture) children
were born of French fathers and Vietnamese
mothers-in and out of wedlock.
But every child born of a French father
automatically received French citizenship,
which carried many benefits and privileges.
Vietnamese women, therefore, often consid-
ered themselves fortunate to have such a
child.
Children born of American fathers have
no such privileges, consequently such babies
are not looked upon as prizes.
According to specialists,, most illegitimate
offspring so far have come from Americans
who have set up housekeeping with Viet-
namese women. The servicemen are in a
position to look after and support the fam-
ily.
The problem grows acute when the father
comes up for rotation home: Most Ameri-
can servicemen or Government workers are
in Vietnam for 12 or 18 months.
"What happens when those men go
home?" asks a young British woman involved
in child-placing.
The woman adds: "What happens when
these girls begin to lose their looks? Bar
girls are early blooming, but they fade and
wither quickly. Then the child becomes a
burden, a millstone who may jeopardize her
chances of marriage. That's when the child
is in danger."
Beyond the matter of mixed children,
there is the broader problem of Vietnamese
orphans in general, some of whom are
adopted by Americans.
Ironically, well-meaning American serv-
icemen are sometimes responsible for the
large number of children in orphanages.
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August 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
(9) Specific statement that section 620(e)
of the. Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 applies
to the assistance provided through sales
under Public Law 480 (sec. 820(e) prohibits
assistance to countries expropriating prop-
erty of U.S.citizens).
(10) Financing of entire price of cotton
product exports in the same manner as prod-
ucts of other surplus agricultural commodi-
ties,`(instead of financing only the raw cotton
content of any cotton product export).
(11) Minimum CCC release price of 120
Percent of current price support loan plus
carrying charges for any price supported
commodity subject to a voluntary adjust-
ment program when estimated carryover will
be less than 25 percent (35 percent in the
Case of wheat) of domestic consumption and
exports (subject to the usual statutory ex-
ceptions and use for redemption of PIS cer-
tificates).
(12) Repeal of 5-year limit on credit under
dollar credit sales to Poland and other coun-
tries subject to the Battle Act.
(13) Title II no longer restricted to CCC
commodities.
(14) Convertibility of currency to cover
American tourist expenses (up to 25 percent
of currencies received under future agree-
ments).
(16) Extension to dollar credit sales of
various provisions now applicable to foreign
currency sales (e.g., dollar limits on total
agreements, requirement that purchaser pay
basic freight costs, restrictions on sales to
the United Arab Republic and countries deal-
ing with Cuba)
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Madam Presi-
dent, there are three changes in the pro-
gram which I consider of greatest im-
portance:
First. The removal of the "surplus
concept."
Second. The., emphasis on "self-help"
by recipient countries.
Third. The authorization for funds to
be used for family planning programs,
The family planning amendments of
the bill are substantially those which I
had the honor of introducing on
February 25, with the cosponsorship of
the distinguished Senator from Alaska
[Mr. GRUENINGI, the distinguished
Senator from Montana [Mr. METCALF],
and the distinguished Senator from
Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS]. Senator
TYn1NOS also sponsored a related amend-
ment of his own. These amendments
are similar to those in the House bill,
which were adopted under the great
leadership of Representative PAUL TODD,
JR., of Michigan. I wish to commend
the chairman [Mr. ELLENDER] and the
members of the Committee on Agricul-
ture and Forestry for their wisdom in
adopting these amendments.
The family planning amendments are
found in three parts of the bill. Section
10'3(a) reads:
In exercising the authorities conferred
upon him by this title, the President shall
take into account efforts of friendly
countries to help themselves toward a
greater degree of self-reliance, Including ef-
forts to meet their problems of food produc-
tion and population growth.
Section 104 reads as follows:
SEC. 104. Notwithstanding any other pro-
vision of law the President may use or enter
Into agreements with foreign countries or
international organizations to use the for-
eign currencies, including principal and In-
terest from loan repayments, which accrue
in connection with sales for foreign cur-
rencies under this title for one or more of
the following purposes:
(b) (8) . , to support, on request, pro-
grams of medical and scientific research, cul-
tural and educational development, family
planning, health, nutrition, and sanitation;
(h) For financing, at the request'of such
country, programs emphasizing maternal
welfare, child health and nutrition, and
actiyities, where participation is voluntary,
related to the problems of population growth,
under procedures established by the Presi-
dent through any agency of the United
States, or through any local agency which
he determines is qualified to administer such
activities.
These family planning provisions are
needed because the world faces severe
food shortages in the decade ahead un-
less we are willing to take steps to meet
the coming challenge.
The problem exists primarily in the
underdeveloped areas of the world where
populations are growing much more
rapidly than the supply of food can be
expanded.
Historically, traditional societies ex-
panded food productions along with pop-
ulation by expanding the acreage under
cultivation. Today, however, many
densely populated underdeveloped coun-
tries have little new land that can be
brought under cultivation. Studies
show that increased production in the
future must increasingly be from higher
yields per acre. This method of increas-
ing food production is vastly more dif-
ficult than the traditional method. It
requires a reasonably high level of liter-
acy, capital, a "market oriented" econ-
omy, and support from the rest of the
economy in the form of fertilizers, in-
secticides and other products. These
are precisely the things that are lacking
in the underdeveloped regions of the
world.
The food-for-peace bill will enable us
to assist underdeveloped land in devel-
aping some of these "preconditions for a
yield per acre takeoff."
However, let us consider what 'would
happen if we were successful beyond our
wildest dreams, if we could raise yields
in the underdeveloped lands at the same
rate at which they are increasing in the
developed areas. The French have
raised wheat yields 2.3 percent per year.
This is one of the most successful per-
formances in Europe, and when com-
pared with the French population in-
crease of i percent per year, has meant
real progress in France. But the French
performance would not have been ade-
quate had it been confronted with pop-
ulation growth, rates as high as those
which prevail in many underdeveloped
countries.
Or take the United States as an ex-
ample. - We have raised wheat yields
2.7 percent from 1935-39 to 1960-62.
When combined with our 1.7 percent
rate of population growth this gives us
a net gain in output per capita of 1 per-
cent. If this rate of wheat yield increase
had been achieved in Brazil, with a Pop-
ulation increase of 3.1 percent per year,
however, output per capita would have
declined.
Let me now quote from page 20 of
World Population and Food Supplies,
1980, published by the American Society
of Agronomy. This gives an even more
revealing picture of what would happen
should we bring the rate of growth of
production in underdeveloped lands up
to that in developed areas:
Consider these facts. The agricultural land
resources of the two economic regions (de-
veloped, and underdeveloped) are approxi-
mately the same. The 1960 population of
the developed world was less than 0.9 billion,
that of the less-developed world was more
than 2 billion. The projected increase be-
tween 1960 and 2000 for-the developed world,
according to the United Nations medium
level projections, Is 0.4 billion and that for
the less-developed world is nearly 3 billion.
Now let us interchange the projected
growth In population of the two regions.
The developed world would then absorb the
3 billion and the less-developed world, the
0.4 billion. The United States, with about
one-fourth of the agricultural land resources
of the developed world, could expect to ac-
commodate one-fourth of the 3 billion total
(750 million). This amounts to an addition
of about 190 million per decade-roughly
the equivalent of our current population
every 10 years.
This statement alone illustrates that
the United States with all its riches
could not stand the rate of population
growth now taking place in the under-
developed world. Thus we cannot es-
cape the fact that even if we bring the
growth of food production in these un-
derdeveloped areas up to what it is in
the developed half of the world, we will
still be fighting a losing battle in the
war against poverty and famine--losing,
that is, unless we do something about the
other half of the equation-population
growth.
President Johnson recognized this
problem when he said in his message to
Congress:
A balance between agricultural productiv-
ity and population is necessary to prevent
the shadow of hunger from becoming a
nightmare of famine.
With this bill we shall be investing
substantial amounts in economic d'e-
velopment. In his 20th anniversary
message to the United Nations President
Johnson stated:
Let us act on the fact that less than five
dollars invested in population control is
worth a hundred dollars Invested in eco-
nomic growth.
When experts tell us how difficult, in-
deed almost impossible, it will be to bring
increases in food production to under-
developed areas up to the level of. in-
creases in population, it makes no sense
to spend millions of dollars to feed all
these additional hungry mouths unless
we also render assistance to allow in-
dividuals, if they choose to do so, to
exert some measure of rational choice
over just how many additional hungry
mouths we shall have to feed every year.
We must look to the causes of our prob-
lems; if we treat only the effects we shall
never win our battle.
I-believe that these three amendments
will be helpful in bringing into the pic-
ture the other side of the dual-natured
enemy we are fighting. We must attack
both the cause-population increasing
faster than food supplies-and the ef-
fect-insufficient food to feed the popu-
lation. What is here suggested is a
limited step, a prudent step. Let us make
this beginning.
Madam President, I ask unanimous
consent that there be printed at this
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`gust ,29, ,1966
SAME PROBLEM TN KOREA, ourselves, claim only 3 miles. Tenna- ermen have been reporting this condi-
Says a U.S. official, The GIs did this In tions claim more than 3, but less than tion for months. The Kahhovko was in
ach,
Korea, too. They come in and say, 'what 12, and 17 nations claim more than 12 ~~h position 1Whether0 he we to ok of the salmon
can the do? Let's build an orphanage.' miles.
"Pretty soon the orphanage is filled up. Madam President, I was amazed and closer to shore I do not know, but he
dren shocked at the total indifference of po- was inside this 12-mile fishery zone we
Parents in the neighborhood send their chil-
because they think they will get free sition expressed by the agencies of this are talking about. The thousands of
food and clothing, and they will. administration at our he on S. commercial salmon trailers and recrea-
But "ara it i not good it this family p, 2218. it is true that no Government tional charter vessels who seek the
- coastal fisheries off shington and
and, be children from family group, to the
and, esides,?what happens when the sere- Slab n, but it i equallyotrue t at anyone Oregon are not ind ffere t to this ques-
icemen leave."
"The American aid mission is becoming in- reading that hearing record could not tion of jurisdiction.
creasingly involved in the social welfare help but conclude that this administra- We have a new Pacific hake fishmeal
function, though specialists add: tion does not seem very interested in plant in my State at Aberdeen. That
"This is really a Vietnamese problem. All protecting its resources. plant opened its doors last July, just fol-
we can do is assist and advise. Right now Here is an area of 120,000 square lowing the arrival of the more than 100- j problem
parents." broad miles-an area the size of the State of boat fleet of the Soviet Union. The Bu-
we're mst bcgildren without look at the
troop
As more e U.S. troops arrive in Vietnam, the New Mexico-lying readily available to reau of Commercial Fisheries assurance
more specific problem of illegitimate, un- the plunder of more than a dozen fishing of more than adequate Pacific hake
wanted children of American-Vietnamese nations of the world who do not observe stocks offshore is no longer valid. That
couples will grow more acute, say officials, conservation. And our Government fleet is supplying Pacific hake to the
particularly as troops shift from combat to seems reluctant to take down the wel- plant from inside 12 miles, and the an-
garrison duty. come sign. This is not just a problem ticipated production for their first Year
It is this complex, touchy problem that to our helpless commercial fishermen- will probably not exceed 20 percent of
the Lodge will trry y to deal set with. by Ambassa- nor is it merely a problem for our grow- what they had planned as a "break even"
informal con- up der bodge
"This question is a source of concern to ing legion of ocean recreational fisher- tonnage.
us," says one U.S. Embassy official. "And, men-it is a problem and a question of Off the State of Oregon, again in the
frankly, we don't have a very satisfactory broad national interest and indeed, na- wake of the Soviet fleet, trawlers seeking
method of handling it." tional respect. perch report a virtual marine desert and
The witness from the State Depart- the production is just 11 percent of what
ment who appeared before our commit- it was for the same periods last year.
NEED FOR 12-MILE FISHERY ZONE tee spoke of the strengthening of the And even more tragic, Madam Presi-
Mr. MAGNUSON. Madam President, 200-mile claims of South American na- dent, up in the Bering Sea, off Senator
I have been to this floor many times in tions as the result of passage of a 12- BARTLETT'S State, the yellow tail flounder
recent months to speak on the problems mile bill by this Nation. Are we afraid fishery-boasted by Japan and the Soviet
facing this Nation as the result of foreign of establishing some sort of precedence Union as the world's largest floundery
fishing off our shores and the critical in the world fishing community? How fishery-is now in an admitted state of
nature of this growing threat. I have can you lead a trend when 66 of the 91 depletion. The Soviets point the finger
spoken often of our need for a world nations reported are already at 12 or be- at Japan, I do not think it makes much
fisheries conference; our need for bilat- yond? How can you strengthen some- difference. At Moscow, 3 weeks ago,
eral discussions and agreements with the body else's unreasonable claim by Russian negotiators admitted that this
Soviet Union; our need for a keener leaving the minority of 15 to join the fishery had been over exploited by a
awareness of ocean resource values; our preponderant group of 66? factor of three times its sustainable yield.
need for higher level consideration of I asked the State Department witness The Soviet Union refers to the Japa-
general fishery matters; and our need if our clinging to the antiquated 3-mile nese high seas salmon fishery as "bar-
for better understanding of the coastal zone had taken 1 mile off the Chilean, baric." But the Soviets are apparently
fishery threat. Ecuadorian, or Peruvian claims for 200 taking American salmon in a similar
There is mild reward in the token miles. He admitted it had not. I asked fashion.
progress I view in some of these areas, him if our continuance would assure the Just about the time this year the Japa-
though in most the action seems to be removal of even 1 mile off those claims, nese were employing their annual high
tedious and resentful, if not altogether He admitted it would not. seas salmon fishery at 175? west longi-
too late. Madam President, we have just up- tude under a loophole in the terms of the
Madam President, it is high time this graded our fishery position in the De- North Pacific treaty, that nation's fishery
administration awakened to the realities partment of State. I have worked long agency made an interesting statement
of the fishery world. This Nation was and diligently for this change, but the which was reported here in America by
once No. 2 in world production of fish- ambassadorial status of our new nego- our Embassy in Tokyo. The statement
eries; today, we are a doubtful fifth, and tiator at the bargaining table is not said:
the present attitude of this administra- going to be very impressive to the na- In late June, the Japanese Fisheries Agency
tion offers little hope for measurable bons sitting on the other side when his released a statement to the effect that the
change. supporting lifeline from home is predi- fishery resources close to Japan have been
On May 18 of this year, I called for cated on a position of fear and weakness. greatly depleted due to "reckless fishing."
Commerce Committee hearings on S. Madam President, some of those re- For this reason, the Agency said, it is essen-
2218, legislation to establish a 12-mile sources the administration regarded so tial that Japan develop new fishing areas
fishery zone off the U.S. coast. It was smugly as undamaged and unthreatened around the world.
legislation which we had purposely with- back on May 18 could not be included in Just a week ago a Japanese explora-
held in deference to some segments of a survey today. They could not be listed, tory side trawler joined the Soviet fleet
the American fishing industry who now even as potential, because they virtually off my State to help write the obituary of
catch their fish off other nations' shores, do not exist. Some of our Federal fish- the Pacific hake. Since then, the same
particularly off South America. It was ery officials are now seeing the light and Japanese fisheries agency had announced
legislation, in my opinion, which was I have asked the Departments of State the licensing of four more trawlers to
long overdue. and Interior to reexamine their weak proceed immediately to the hake
As of June 1 of this year, there were and indifferent positions of last May in grounds.
122 nations in the United Nations the light of new realities. When Japan has fished out our re-
system. Of this total, 23 nations have Madam President, I repeat: It is time sources, who is next? This is the heart The
extent ab coastline.
which our State 91 coastal nations, this l ti sdofi the fishery world. awakened to the re- aof the conservation nd repr ductive capac tter. of certain spe-
about which our Stata e Department has a
information-and frankly, I am at a a loss Last week, an Oregon fishery scientist ties are not known with precision and
to explain why our State Department is positively identified several tons of may not be capable of being determined.
unable to determine jurisdiction for salmon aboard the Soviet catcher Vessel What is known is that species can be
8 coastalnations- 49 nations have a Kahhovko. This scientist and'our Fed- overfished and suddenly and dramati-
12-mile fishery jurisdiction. Of the eral fishery experts were astounded, cally decline at great cost. This gives the
remaining 42, only 15 nations, including though our commercial and sports fish- coastal nation a special obligation to
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~N RESSIONAL RECORI) - SENATE August 29, rr,v
protect and preserve fishery resources. CRIME WAVE WEAKENS AMERICA; crime, while also giving attention to do-
The 1958 Geneva Convention recognizes CITIZENS MUST MEET THE CHAL- mestic economics, foreign aid, and mili-
this fact, our own expenditures on fishery LENGE; RESPECT FOR LAW AND tary assistance?
research and development l and those dthi
countries ORDER MUST BE TAUGHT AND Again, I call attention to the substan-
extended their fishery jurisdiction rec- PRACTICED tial commitment of our manpower in
s They
ognize this-and yet the administration Mr. RANDOLPH. Madam President, ao
ut just ca Asia. We mu are firen g for
will not face up to even minimal conser- newspapers, magazines, and television t just cause. We must not renfai on
vation responsibilities. dramatize the wave of crime and rioting this commitment, nor dare we fail to
support fully this our men serving in the ful
is a conservation matter. It is which have been sweeping across the ent
not a case of fighting foreign devils or United States. filT e this commitment.
subsidy or trade protection. We have to It is a repulsive condition, but it is a The need prevalent, too, for turning
make a decision now that determines fact which we must confront, even back the crime are including the riots,
whether or not all countries are going to though, apparently, we would rather de- many that wh r racially much It
be, able to use the marine environment. bate economic issues. is time that we pay as much atnon-
tn Moscow, 3 weeks ago,, our nego- And, understandably, we are con- medical, more aociolion al the morn--to ,
tiators found themselves on the short cerned with our continuing commitment h ens i and sociological problems
are m
end of a scientific debate as to the extent against Communism, especially the voting n to the mercenary wave as we are our
of the Pacific hake and Pacific Ocean in Vietnam, war voting to the mercenary aspects of our
perch resources. Our hake vessels were We cannot ignore the issues involvin society.
g 780, serious More than 2, rig 00 1965; a crimes
returning to port empty, our Oregon the economic life of the citizenry and the
trawl fleet was landing only 11 were reported 964 6-percent
percent country; nor should there be an incline- increase over 1964. There ; a re were e 14 vic-
of the 1965 perch production, but we did Lion on our part to neglect in any degree tims of serious crime per 1,000 inhabit-
not have the "scientific" evidence as to the fight against Communist aggression ants in 1965; an increase of 5 percent
the size of the stocks. and Communistic expansion efforts.
Madam President, this is just another But the crime wave and rioting de- There ere4 and m 35 ppercentore over 1mu.
rand high r s 5,6 urders,
example of fishery indifference. Why priorities, too---much higher 34,700 aggravated ted assaults saults with a, gun,
did we not have this information? Was priority attention than we have been and over 68,400 armed robberies in 1965.
the, Soviet and Japanese arrival off our subscribing as individuals, as families, There were 118,900 robberies, 1,173,000
coasts a surprise? It certainly was no and as a democratic society. burglaries, 2,500,000 larcenies, and 480,-
surprise to me. It is my duty, as a public official, to 600 auto thefts. They resulted in total
The House this week was considering help focus attention on this problem, property stolen in excess of $1 billion.
Senate Joint Resolution 29, legislation to whether the audience is labor, manage- The problem is not limited to any par-
try and survey these adjacent stocks. If ment, professional, or broadly repre- ticular geographical region, nor to the
approved, the survey will be useful to sentative of the public, including my col- large urban areas, although they remain
some of our resources, but can we expect leagues in the U.S. Senate. the largest contributor to the increasing
it to warm the hearts of the commercial Madam President, the crime problem crime rate. When viewed geographical-
fishermen and sportsmen of Oregon, is not generated by any one group or ly all regions experienced crime increases
Washington, and Alaska? Indeed there class or creed or race. in 1965, with a rise of 10 percent in the
are many on the Atlantic coast who will There has been wild rioting in and on Western States, 8 percent in the North-
also find the measure hopelessly overdue. the fringes of ghettos, but we know that eastern States, and 4 percent in the North
And they will ask as I have, "Why was crime is not confined to the tenements Central and Southern States. All city
this not done before?" of our large cities. Population groups had increases in 1965,
Madam President, the 12-mile fishery For there has also been rioting in the led by a 7 percent rise in the group of
zone legislation is late also. But it can mansions of the wealthy on Long Island cities having less than 50,000 inhabitants.
still be 'in time to save thousands of tons and. in the suburbs of Chicago. Indeed, The group with 500,000 or more popula-
of valuable marine resources and to re- crime at its worst-in massacre propor- tion showed a 4-percent upward trend.
serve 120,000 square miles of potential tions-was perpetrated on eight nurses in City groups in the intermediate popula-
fishery' area as a part of our American a relatively quiet suburb of Chicago. tion range from 50,000 to 500,000 had in-
heritage. One killer on that night caused more fa- creases from 4 to 6 percent. Suburban
If the 12-mile fishery zone legislation talities, but less property damage, than areas with an 8 percent rise again had a
fails, in the 89th Congress, the sin of fail- did the rioting, arson, and looting by sharper percentage increase in the vol-
ure will rest squarely with this admin- mobs in so-called ghetto sections of that ume of crime than cities over 250,000
istratian and I, for one, will not raise a great midwestern city. And it was a population, which were up 4 percent as
Anger in Its defense. If it fails, it will be university campus that was the scene of a group, and rural areas which were up
government by minority, sacrifice of the a heinous crime which claimed at least 3 percent.
American coastal fisherman, and an in- 16 lives of police officers, students, and There apparently is widespread official
delible mark against fishery progress. other citizens, when they and 32 other agreement among police commissioners,
But it will be more than that, Madam wounded persons came within range of mayors, public prosecutors, and judges
President, it will be the sacrifice of a Part a single sharpshooting sniper, that the causes of the crime problem are
of the deserved heritage of our children These shocking crimes may be isolated to be located deep in the American so-
and our children's children, and we will instances of extremity. But the dimen- ciety-and that the final answers are not
have forfeited our right to a claim for lions of the nationwide problem are to be found solely in more police officers
posture In the world fisheries community. alarming. Ponder these questions: Fundam and betam coasts.
This country was once before con- Why have the crime rates in this coun- blamed for entally, the "Public" aotiruae"
fronted, with an invasion of our fishery try been soaring, and why-especially nearly ccausing crime is reach
resources by nations unwilling to observe since 1960-has the yearly total of crimes One sport on an out-of-control
an analysis ths . pr
conservation. That we still have these increased by 47 percent? e td that spirit of lawlessness"
resources is directly attributable to the Why is crime growing nearly six times l em. ante "contempt or law and order"
forceful and forthright action of Presi- as fast as population? seem to be
dent Truman, We enjoy a powerful With recent massacres, and with riot- America. growing among people in
legacy from President Truman in other ing, arson, and looting added to other A "breakdown in family life" is rec-
flelds, why not in fisheries? Why is this types of crimes, is it not a fact that we ognized, and the charge frequently Is
administration less aggressive? are in a national crisis while, at the same heard that parents are failing in too
Indifference which breeds inaction and time, we are in a war against Communist many places and too often to discipline
defeat Is as dangerous as violent opposi- aggression in Vietnam? their children.
tion, and there will be many like myself Is it not time that we take drastic and Let us look first to something most of
who will be eternally unforgiving. comprehensive action against homeland us would rather dismiss, but which we
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20186 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 29, 1966
outside the South, have incorporated Negro In his book, "Order of Battle,% Senator
leaders much more in party organizations, JAVITS says;
they have provided more patronage, they "Yet this argument, more than anything,
have shown more paternalism and finally points up a need for resolute action by the
they have become associated in the minds Republican Party; it does not justify a 'why
not only of nonwhite but of all voters with bother' attitude. The need is to have our
more jobs for Negroes. Party foster imaginative and effective civil
Today, even in the South, the Negro voter rights measures-to show by our sincerity
shows much greater interest in the Democrat and diligence as well as by our intelligence
Party. We are told that school housing, vot- in this struggle that we recognize it is for
ing rights, desegregation, public accommoda- the soul of our Nation; and to make a special
tions, and civil rights in general have been effort to this end, not only at election time,
the great friction points insofar as the Negro but in between elections as well. Nor can
voter is concerned. Yet the basic need for any of this be done by some officeholders
employment seems to be the real "first."
Here would seem to be a great Republican
opportunity.
Negroes and business
The Negro can, of course, be trained for
the skills needed in industrial plants. The
one vocational area where he is least ob-
servable, however, is that loosely defined as
the small business-commercial area, the tra-
ditional training ground-in addition to
farming-for poor, immigrant minorities
working their way up to the great middle
class.
Republicans could sponsor a wide variety
of training programs, even financial assist-
ance programs, to enable the nonwhite to
learn business and commercial operations,
to become managers or owners of the many,
many service-type establishments needed in
urban areas.
If the Republican Party has a certain af-
finity toward "business," it should use its
connections to attract the ambitious, tal-
ented young Negro toward business and com-
mercial careers, with the goal of ownership
or management of an enterprise.
It is an appeal that is less blatantly politi-
cal and less paternalistic than that used by
Democrat city bosses, and yet it could be
the constructive and effective means to trans-
form the outlook-and dissolve the bloc-
voting pattern-of the nonwhite.
Negroes and unions
One of the problem areas for Negroes is
the segregated membership policies of
unions, particularly the craft and trade
unions. Recently, NAACP executive director
Roy Wilkins pointed to the anomoly of sup-
port for civil rig]ats legislation by the leaders.
of organized labor, but a refusal to carry out
such policies by many union locals-the
level at which it really mattered in terms
of apprenticeship training and actual jobs.
Mr Wilkins pointed out that some unions
were even urging the Importation of skilled
Europeans rather than supporting training
programs at home for unskilled workers,
which category would Include many Negroes.
Nevertheless, there are more Negroes in`
unions today. There is more opportunity
for Negroes in union leadership posts. With
the much more rapid turnover of rank-and-
file union membership, the old chain of
command can be disrupted. If he remains in
his union and gains sufficient seniority the
bright, ambitious Negro can find more room
at the top.
Young Negro men, particularly, can and
must receive readily identifiable Republican
encouragement.. For Negro teenagers had
a late-1965 unemployment rate that was
three times its 1953 lever.
.And all Negroes, in late 1965, had an un-
employment rate almost double their 1953
rate,, despite low overall unemployment and
a booming, wartime economy for the Nation
as a whole.
The argument that the Negro can't be won
by the Republican Party, according to Sen-
ator JACOB JAVITS, turns in some degree on
the nature of the 1960 campaign. John F.
Kennedy, in his race for the presidency, made
a strong effort to capture the votes of
Negroes and, in the end, won 68 percent of
their votes, although Richard Nixon, as Vice
President, had an enviable civil rights record.
not overlook the fact that in political terms
there is more involved in the civil rights fight
than the votes of Negroes alone:
"In my 1962 campaign, for example, a poll
was taken in a district, which I carried handi-
ly and which was white, Anglo-Saxon, Prot-
estant, with a reputation for being hostile
to civil rights activism and to minority
groups in general. It was found that among
the various reasons given as to why voters
backed me my strong stand on civil rights
ranked first. The pollsters, surprised at such
findings, went back for another sampling-
and the results were the same.
"This experience strengthened my convic-
tion that the struggle for civil rights touches
deeply the conscience of all Americans, for
they know in their hearts that what hurts
any minority hurts every minority."
Senator LEVERETT SALTONSTALL understood
this when he fought for the rights of Negro
troops in America's Armed Forces.
Senator JOHN SIIERMAN COOPER understood
this when he fought for a better education
for Negro children.
And Senator EVERETT MCKINLEY DIRKSEN,
in effect, wrote the book.
With the simple facts of population growth
and migration bringing control of 8 out of
America's 10 biggest cities within the po-
tential control of Negroes in the next gen-
eration, Republicans-particularly on the
national level=face an opportunity equal to
that of the Democrats in. the 1930's.
Edward W. Brooke, a Republican, a prac-
tical politician, and a Negro, says:
"In competitive America, skills, training,
ambition, knowledge and acquaintances are
what count-these are the products of in-
vestment and development over many gen-
erations. There is, I think, no other mean-
ingful way to examine the 'Negro' problem."
And it is here, says Brooke-G.O.P. candi-
date for the Senate from Massachusetts-
that the Negro's needs are greatest. The abil-
ity to compete-man to man, skill to skill,
degree for degree-will not be bestowed upon
Negroes magically, says Brooke.
Mere passage Of time, he says, will solve
nothing for the gap is widening. As previ-
ously stated, unemployment among Negro
teenagers today is 3 times what it was in
1953.
Concludes Brooke:
"The solution will not be easy. It will re-
quire much more than passing and enforc-
ing laws dealing with the surface aspects of
equality of opportunity. It will require
working with the human stuff which is the
real measurement of equality. And the task,
however massive, must be faced. Racial in-
equality permeates every aspect of our na-
tional life; no domestic or foreign issue is
more important."
Concludes Michigan's Governor George
Romney, "The Republican Party has the op-
portunity to play the crucial role in rebuild-
ing faith in the authentic American Revolu-
tion. . . . (It) must work without respite,
(and) dedicate itself with unalloyed devotion
to the task of securing equal rights for all
Americans."
EPrLOG
These past 60 years have brought us from
Kitty Hawk to Venus.
The future is not just a fresh page on the
calendar, but a time when things are basic-
ally different and it is arriving at a voracious
speed whether we like it or not, whether we
are ready for it or not.
What will it be like? Take the wildest
speculation you can imagine and then square
it and then cube the result and the answer
ETNAM IS A GLOBAL QUESTION
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, earlier
this month, I addressed the Senate to
state my strong conviction that America
must not leave the world in doubt about
its resolution to see through the grim
conflict in Vietnam. I said:
This war has, become far too deadly, to
tolerate further shadow shows. The oriental
aggressors should look behind the screen to
see that the tiger is real.
It is highly important that America's
voice come through, loud and clear and offi-
cially. There is no second American voice.
However hard some may try to mount one, it
is a false voice.
The August 20 edition of the London
Economist in its lead article entitled
"This is the Third World War," taking
note of the recent emergence of Marshal
Lin Piao as the apparent sunccessor to
Mao Tse Tung, has provided a further
exposition of this point in light of later
exents. I quote the following excerpts:
And Mao has picked out Lin Piao as his
chief assistant. The meaning is clear. Mao
Tse-tung, now almost mystical in his cer-
tainty, is not backing down one inch from
his hopes of ideological expansion.
This is the most important fact about Asia
today. It is the background against which
the debate on American policy in the Far
East has to be .measured. Whether the
United States has a job to do in Asia is not,
at bottom, something to be decided in Wash-
ington. It has already been decided in Pe-
king. The Americans were a Pacific power
long before they became an Atlantic
power * * *.
The Russians took a long step in the right
direction at Tashkent this year, when they
declared their interest in the stability of the
Indian subcontinent; but they have still not
been able to bring themselves to say out loud
that China's idea of universal revolution is
a hell of a way to run the world. They
probably will in the end. But meantime the
Americans, and the Americans alone, are in
a position to do something about the prob-
lem man of the 1960s: Mao the evangelist,
with his hot gospel of guerrilla liberation
tucked under his arm * * *.
The argument is about how much strength
will be needed, and where it can best be
applied * * *.
Until and unless there is solid evidence
that China does not intend to do what Lin
Piao says it wants to do, Or cannot do it, the
only safe assumption for the Americans or
anybody else to make is that the Chinese
mean every word they say. That is where
any sober Asia policy starts from * * *.
Marshal Lin Piao saw the connection all
right for China's purposes [between Vietnam
and other guerrilla wars] in the article on
people's war that the Peking central com-
mittee has just commended: "The people in
other parts of the world will see * * * that
what the Vietnamese people can do, they can
do too."
China has nominated Vietnam as a test-
case for what it claims to be a new kind of.
war. It is a land war, fought by relatively
small formations of very brave men who are
prepared to persist for years with the tactics
of ambush and terrorism until the other
side's nerve cracks. Those who believe that
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? August 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --SENATE 20185r
iowneror driver a voter, and all downright
oiisgusted at one time or other by traffic con-
ditions-then to these, voters, to these tax-
payers, to these drivers-traffic congestion is
a reality; it is not a myth; it is totally un-
acceptable.
And in the meantime: Detroit is turning
out automobiles at a rate 11/2 times our hu-
man birth rate.
That this already has affected the New
Electorate is demonstrable. In city after
city the 20-minute drive to work of 1955 has
become a grim 45-minute competitive grind.
During rush hours, north-south traffic in
New York today moves at an average speed
of 11 miles per hour; east-west traffic at 8
miles per hour. A man's normal walking
pace is 4 miles per hour.
In Atlanta, the population Is growing at a
rate of 40 percent, automobiles by 75 percent.
In Philadelphia, by 1975, there will be 18
percent more people driving 47 percent more
cars to make 54 percent more trips. Nearly
all will be voters and they well might take
their transportation problems to the voting
booth.
An angry snarl, a clenched fist banged
on the steering wheel, seem to plead for
someone to do something. Who? The
Democrats? On the Federal level? Or, per-
haps an effort similar to Republican George
Christopher, who as Mayor of San Fran-
cisco successfully welded local, county, State,
and private resources into a topflight mass
transportation, system? (San Francisco is
building the Nation's first all new rapid
transit system since 1907. Preliminary work
started 14 years ago. When completed in
1971, computer-operated electrical trains will
be shuttling passengers at speeds up to 80
miles an hour over 75. miles of surface, ele-
vated, and subway track in the City of San
Francisco and suburban counties.
Mass transit versus the auto
Yet systems of mass transportation must
be competitive with the private automobile
in terms of comfort, speed, cost, and con-
venience. If not, they are a waste of money,
--time, and very valuable land. If transit isn't
competitive, no one will use it.
As we have seen, more than 7 out of 10
Americans live in metropolitan areas in and
around central cities and this concentra-
tion is increasing. Over 70 percent of an
electorate experiencing a growing difficulty
in transporting itself represents a segment
of American voters too large to ignore.
Yet with few exceptions the Democrat
Party has been successful in assuming unto
Itself the role of "caring" for the commuter,
of wishing to "help" the working man and
woman (one-third of all married women in
the U.S. have jobs and are working today)
in their daily struggle to escape traffic con-
gestion and skyrocketing accident rates.
Death on the highway
Nor is carnage on America's highways to
be ignored by either political party. This
year about 50,000 Americans will die-men,
women, and children-in automobile acci-
dents on America's highways. Last year the
rate of this slaughter was just below 50,000.
The year before it wasin the high 40,000's.
The most conservative estimates by reason-
able men place traffic deaths at slightly below
55,000 per year in the next 3 years and
slightly under 60,000 per year In the next
8 years.
In the last 7 years, we've lost more lives
in highway deaths than we lost in all of
World War II.
It is neither dramatic, nor idealistic, nor
wishful to inquire of any government, on
whatever level, precisely how long this rate
of slaughter will be continued.
Better law enforcement
Supreme Court Justice Byron R. White
laid out a program last year to upgrade traffic
courts across the country. It included:
1. Elbninating the "fix."
2. Running traffic courts for he purpose
of influencing behavior rather than, for
revenue.
3. Ensuring that serious violators "must
face the judge."
4. Seeing to it that "the 'accumulated ex-
perience of the better traffic courts" is made
available to all.
Justice White said there are 30 million
violators a year and the "mushrooming case-
load has overwhelmed every city and State."
"Traffic courts," he said, "should be brought
into the regular court system, subjected to
judicial and administrative control and made
courts of record with responsibilities equal
to the task before them."
The justice called for "full-time judges of.
adequate ability with proper insulation from
political control." He said the tools to do
the job-such as a model traffic law-are
available.
"Legislatures, as well as the people, must
be moved, and the courts and judges, al-
though they must do their share, cannot
carry the burden themselves," White said.
But since we are talking about voters, par-
ticularly young ones, the preference in
America has been, and still is, for automo-
biles.. In spite of traffic snarls and slow-
downs in automobile transportation, patron-
age of mass transit continues to decline in
America. In 1965, according to the American
Transit Association, it declined again by
0.82 percent. The automobile continues to
be private, convenient, flexible, and it takes
people where they want to go. Young
voters-32 million between 21 and 35.-prefer
them to busses.
This is not to say that automobiles can-
problems can help to provide the impetus
to economic growth in the 60's, as did the
automobile in the early decades of the cen=tury,"
Top priorities:
1. Rescue of mass transportation-"our
most urgent metropolitan problem."
2. Railroad consolidation, with uneconom-
ic schedules lopped off.
3. Removal of aviation bottlenecks, such
as transportation to and from airports.
4. Tax reforms, to encourage risk-taking.
That volumes of traffic will double within
the next 25 to 35 years is known. Which
political party will be lodged firmly in the
minds of the electorate for: (a) reducing this
awful death rate; (b) making the going and
coming from work more palatable; (c) doing
it without grossly violating the taxpayer's
purse; and (d) doing it quickly is a question
which can be answered only by political
leadership aware of a trend and seeking a
pattern of action.
PART IX: NEGROES-NO LONGER A POWERLESS
MINORITY
"If nonwhites continue to hold the same
proportion of jobs In each occupation as in
1964, the nonwhite unemployment rate in
1975 will be more than 5 times that for the
labor force as a whole . .
"If trends in upgrading the jobs of non-
whites continue at the same rate as in re-
cent years, the nonwhite unemployment rate
in 1975 would still be about 21/2 times that
for the labor force as a whole."--Report to
President Johnson by the National Commis-
sion on Technology, Automation, and Eco-
nomic Progress, February 1966.
Negroes-No longer a powerless minority
not and should not be made safer. They In 1960, one out of 10 Americans was a
must be. But recent automotive hearings Negro.
in Washington provided the GOP with an Today, one out of 9 Americans is a Negro.
object lesson in the merits of logic vis-a-vis In 10 years, one out of 8 Americans will be
the merits of pure politics. a Negro.
Democrats said cars are horribly unsafe. As has already been shown the makeup of
Arjay Miller, President of Ford, said, "If tomorrow's electorate will be radically dif-
safety were the only objective, solutions ferent from yesterday's electorate; and 4%s of
would be fairly easy. We could design a tomorrow's voters will live in or near Ameri-
vehicle that would look like a tank, float ca's cities. Consider these additional facts:
in water, and not travel over ten miles an If present trends continue, Negroes will
hour, with all occupants harnessed inside equal or outnumber whites in 8 of the 10
like astronauts." biggest cities in the United States within the
Mr. Miller was being logical. next generation.
The Democrats were being political. Negroes also will make up one-third of the
What were Republicans? population in most of our 30 biggest cities.
Republicans said a car is an inanimate ob- Negroes will find it within their power to
ject, that drunken driving, reckless driving, control, in the next generation, the city
and speeding are the root causes of America's. governments of New York, Chicago, Phila-
appalling carnage on the highways. delphia, Detroit, Cleveland, St. Louis, Balti-
The GOP was eminently logical. Bad more, and Newark.
drivers are the principal violaters: i.e., Re- Washington, D.C., also among the ten big-
publicans said the voters themselves are at gest cities, is pushing toward a 75 percent
fault! Negro population. Only Houston and Los
Democrats, in turn, say the voters are OK, Angeles are not moving to Negro majority
It's the handful of big car manufacturers status.
who are to blame. Civil rights leaders-and Democrats--are
In this instance, as in others, the GOP was no strangers to these statistics. Louis Martin,
logical, the Democrats were political, and deputy chairman of the Democratic National
the average voter only knows what he reads Committee, makes the observation that the
in the newspapers. "possibility of Negroes winning the mayor's
Democrats made the newspapers. seat in some of our major cities is very real."
Transportation paradoxes And Paul Hope reports in The Evening
Voters are frustrated at worsening urban
congestion, yet they vigorously oppose new
freeways. City planners want open grass
space in their cities, yet they need improved
high--rise property in their tax base.
Mass transit enthusiasts see their system
as the answer to many problems, yet an
overwhelming majority of the crisscross, all-
direction, daily, urban trips of both people
and things cannot be handled on a fixed
transit system. There are solutions to these
problems and we are starting to find them.
Solutions
Star. Washington, D.C., that although
"Some Democrat officials are inclined to take
the view: 'Where else can they go? They
certainly wouldn't leave us for the Republi-
can party,"' it is nevertheless "true that the
Democratic party has made, and is making,
more effort than the Republicans to pull
Negroes into party activities."
Like all other minorities, especially when
packed into specific urban areas, Negroes
have tended more and more toward bloc vot-
ing. While the Republican Party was the
original "civil rights" party, and far out-
shines the Democrat Party even today in
More important, as Erwin D. Canham, terms of commitment and accomplishment,
former editor of The Christian Science Moni- it has lost all but about 7 percent of the
tor says: "Solving today's transportation Negro vote. The Democrat city organizations,
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A gust 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20187
this technique of people's war should be is good news for Asia-and, if such a Piao article for a pat on the back as a scien-
opposed, because its aim is to set up an un- treaty were consummated, would un- tific analysis of "the world revolution of our
acceptable form of society, have little choice doubtedly strengthen the cause of peace, time." And Mao has picked out Lin Piao as
but to fight it on its own terms: that is, by his chief assistant. The meaning is clear.
a land war. It is not the right war in the in Asia. Mao Tse-tung, now almost mystical in his
right place. Defensive wars seldom are. It Mr. President, the fires of conflict rage certainty, is not backing down one inch from
is not the sort of war that the Americans more deadly each day. They threaten to his hopes of ideological expansion.
will be able. to. bring themselves to fight break out beyond the borders of Vietnam. This is the most important fact about Asia
time and time again in other parts of the Each day there is a greater need for today. It is the background against which
world. But if it comes out right in Vietnam, American forces to hold the line in the debate on American policy in the Far
it will with luck not have to be fought all southeast Asia. We have accepted this East has to be measured. Whether the
over again elsewhere. If the dissident mi- United States has a job to do in Asia is not,
nority in South Vietnam fails to take power task, and let no one mistake our resolu- at bottom, something to be decided in Wash-
by force of arnie, dissident minorities in tion. ington. It has already been decided in
other places will think twice before they But for the sake of the people of Asia, Peking. The Americans were a Pacific power
believe Lin Piao's tip that they are on to a for the men who must face death in the long before they became an Atlantic power.
winner * * *. ? jungles of Vietnam, for every person on In Europe they have generally had a com-
Those who do not like the war in Vietnam, the face of this earth who fears a third forting layer of friendly countries between
but equally do not want to see Mao Tse- world war, that the leaders of the world them and their main potential enemy, Ger-
tung's beliefs sweeping across Asia in a wave many or Russia. Across the Pacific, there
of guerrilla wars, have a duty to ask them- must painstakingly explore every turning is nothing but cold water. That is why the
selves where else they think the wave can in the labyrinth to peace. When we fail, Americans sent Commodore Perry to Japan
be stopped, Thailand? But the non-Cam- we must chalk off each blind alley and a century ago, when all they were asking of
n'iunist Thais are not going to call for help patiently begin again. We must beware Europe was to be left alone by it. It is why
from a defeated American Army, and in any of pitfalls and avoid false hopes, but we they now have virtually no choice but to
case it is logistically much harder to get help must continue. This is the least we can resist what China is trying to do. No one
else can. It will take the other Asians at
into Thailand than into Vietnam. Burma2 do-and our friends, even our adversar-
Not on the cards. India, then? But the least a decade to summon up the strength to
ies, would do well to heed danger and do look after China themselves. The British
if likewise. are still snarled up in the non-sequitur of
mina swerves away from the fragile coouunt try do-
the anything the guerrillas as to help that fragile once get to work in West Ben- ExHlsxz 1 thinking that belonging to Europe means not
gal or Kerala or wherever * * *. THIS IS THE THIRD WORLD WAR belonging to the rest of the world. The
The deal the Americans cannot reasonably There is no Mao, but Mao, and Lin Piao is Russians took a long step in the right direc-
be asked to strike is one that threatens to tion at Tashkent this year, when they de-
his prophet. That is what the past week's clared their interest in the stability of the
sell the pass to the whole of southern Asia. events In Peking boil down to. The com- Indian subcontinent; but they have still not
This is Mr. Johnson's enormous problem. It munique from the Chinese communists' ten- been able to bring themselves to say out loud
is also-the problem of those who criticise his tral committee at the weekend, followed b
decision to take America into the war. y that China's idea of universal revolution is
the ominously martial rally in Peking on a hell of a way to run the world. They
Those of them-an increasing number-who Thursday, with a uniformed Mao Tse-tung probably will in the end. But meantime the
agree that America has a responsibility to- presenting his "close friend in combat" Lin Americans, and the Americans alone, are in
wards the non-Communist nations of Asia Piao to the people, mark out unmistakably a position to do something about the prob-
cannot dodge the question it poses. How the path Mao means China to follow. It was
else can you suggest holding the line, if not predictable that the central committee, in Lem-man of the o Mao the evangelist,
b fihtin in Vietnam? the with his hot gospel pel of guerrilla liberation
y g g tSort of words Stalin once made Russians tucked under his arm.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous,con- use about him, would duly declare Mao Tse- None of this is really in dispute. Mr.
tung a genius, "the greatest marxist-leninist
sent that at the conclusion of my re- of our era." After the Mao-organised purges Walter Lippmann, the most persistent and
marks a substantial portion of this ar- of the last four months, and his baptism in intelligent of President Johnson's critics,
title from the Economist-a most excel- the Yangtse last month, this was inevitable. agrees that it is right for the United States
lent article-be printed in the RECORD. Like all monopolists of temporal power, from to use its strength to establish a balance of
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- the Roman emperors to Stalin, Mao is spend- power against the Chinese. The argument
in his last years in arranging to become a is about how -much strength will be needed,
(S eee e out how -object it 1.) is so ordered. g god. and where it can best be applied.
(
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, China is What was not inevitable is the emergence It can be argued that in the end the whole
of Marshal Lin Piao as China's number two, business of restraining China's missionary
the key to the probelm. The people of and the meaning this has for China's foreign zeal may turn out to be much easier than it
Asia understand this. They want no policy. The only other Chinese mentioned looks right now. China is a very poor coun-
part of communism or Chinese imperial- by name among the encomiums to Mao in the try indeed. An article on page 720 argues
ism of any kind, central committee's communique-and twice that its chances of ever becoming a rich one,
There are signs, in the Philippines, in at that-is Lin Piao. At Thursday's rally in or even of building up a modestly successful
Thailand, that Asians themselves realize Peking it was Lin Piao who took precedence industry, are much dimmer than most people
the need of containing the Chinese immedately after Mao himself, before the have usually assumed. If China does re-
dragon. country's president and prime minister and main a poor country, its hope of inspiring
the communist party's secretary-general. It revolutions all around the world will be
I associate myself at this point with my was Lin Piao who made the main speech un- rationed by the amount of help it can actu-
Republican colleagues who have called der the approving gaze of Chairman Mao. ally send to would-be revolutionaries. And
for an All-Asian Peace Conference. It is Sick man or not, palely self-effacing or not, that, to be fair to Mao, is all he aims to do.
vital that such an initiative gain momen- the defense minister has risen to the rank of He is not an expansionist in the sense of
tum-and that the impetus for this con- Mao's chief assistant and his successor-ap- wanting to push China's own territory beyond
ference come from Asians themselves. parent. He has done this partly because he what he considers its historic boundaries.
Last week, I spoke of the grave threat can speak for the army, and partly because He just wants to spread the good word-but
he has loyally used the army as a guinea-pig "out of the barrel of a gun." Ten years
of Communist penetration in the north- for the "cultural revolution" dose of salts hence, if China is still too poor to export
east frontier of Thailand. I salute the with which Mao is now purging the whole many guns and many missionaries, Lin Piao's
courageous Foreign Minister of Thailand country. But Lin Piao has probably risen thesis about "the revolution of our time"
for his forthright support of an Asian for another reason too, and this is bad news. could look as punctured as President Nasser's
Peace Conference. But Thailand stands A year ago Lin Piao wrote the famous grandiose aims of the 1950s look new. This
at the edge of the vortex of the Vietnam article, "On People's War," which said that is the optimistic way of looking at things.
China's foreign policy was to encourage guer- There is nothing wrong with hoping that the
war. What about the other, and more rilla wars in the "countryside of the world"- worst will not happen. But it is not a basis
powerful nations, more distant from the Asia, Africa and Latin America-in order to for policy. You look so stupid if the worst
center of battle but equally concerned encircle and destroy the imperialists in the does come. Until and unless there is solid
with the problems of peace? Japan has "cities of the world," north America and evidence that China does not intend to do
taken up the cause, but what about India western Europe. The year that has passed what Lin Piao says it wants to do, or cannot
and Indonesia? They too must provide since Lin Piao wrote his article has been a do it, the only safe assumption for the Amer-
Ieaderhip, if this effort for peace is to bad one for China's foreign policy, in In- icans or anybody else to make is that the
donesia, in Africa and now even in North Chinese mean every word they say. That is
have a chance. Korea. It would have been reasonable to ex- where any sober Asia policy starts from.
The President has recently suggested pect China to whistle its revolutionary tune That is where it starts from. Did it really
that the Soviet Union may ultimately under its breath this year. Not a bit of it. have to lead to what is happening in Viet-
agree to a nonproliferation treaty. This The central committe has picked out the Lin nam? Mr.. Johnson's critics say that it need
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20188 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,-, SENATE August 29, 194
because they like this singularly beastly war
any better than they used to. Nobody does.
It is because, if one leaves aside the marxists
and the honourable pacifists, a good many
of the critics are finding it Increasingly hard
to disagree with the basic premise of Mr.
Johnson's policy-that it is at present Amer-
ica's job to try to keep China's evangelism
under control. Having accepted that, they
then find It increasingly hard to suggest any
positive alternative to doing it in Vietnam.
And every time Mao Tse-tung does something
that seems to justify everybody's worst fears,
the critics''job gets that much tougher. .
Mr. Lippmann, for his part, has walked
into a couple of traps. He tried to argue on
July 26th that there is no connection between
the guerrilla war in Vietnam ("one small
corner of the world") and other possible
guerrilla wars that might follow it elsewhere.
But Marshal Lin Piao saw the connection all
right for China's purposes in the article on
"people's war" that the Peking central com-
mittee has just commended:
"The people in other parts of the world
will see . that what the Vietnamese peo-
ple can do, they can do too,"
That was one trap, and Mr. Lippmann
dropped into it. The other is bigger and.
deeper, and goes right down to the funda-
mental question about the whole war: how
can you defend the non-communist parts of
Asia unless you are ready to fight a war in
Asia? Mr. Lippmann says, quite rightly, that
with the single exception of Korea in 1950
the United States has always avoided land
wars in Asia like the plague. So he argues
that the Americans should discharge their
responsibility to the Asians by means of sea
and air power alone-which means, in effect,
by air power deployed from aircraft carriers
and from islands off the Asian mainland.
But Mr. Lippmann himself has scathingly
pointed out how limited the uses of air
power have been in Vietnam. If air power
has not yet succeeded in tipping the scales
In a war to which the Americans have com-
mitted 300,000 troops, how on earth can it
protect non-communist Asia all by itself?
The blunt truth is that this is now an
academic argument. China has nominated
Vietnam as a test-case for what it claims
to be a new kind of war. It is a land war,
fought by relatively small formations of very
brave men who are prepared to persist for
years with the tactics of ambush and terror-
ism until the other side's nerve cracks.
Those who believe that this technique of
"people's war" should be opposed, because
its aim is to set up an unacceptable form of
society, have little choice but to fight it on
its own terms: that is, by a land war. Ity is
not the "right war in the right place." De-
fensive wars seldom are, It is not the sort
of war that the Americans will be able to
bring themselves to fight time and time again
in other parts of the world. But if it comes
out right in Vietnam, it will with luck not
have to be fought all over again elsewhere.
If the dissident minority in South Vietnam
falls to take power by force of arms, dissident
minorities in other places will think twice
? before they believe Lin Plan's tip that they
are on to a winner.
But if the technique of "people's war"
does succeed in Vietnam, the past week's
events in Peking will take on a new light.
Those who do not like the war in Vietnam,
but equally do not want to see Mao Tse-
tung's beliefs sweeping across Asia in a
wave of guerrilla wars, have a duty to ask
themselves where else they think the wave
can be stopped. Thailand? But the non-
" communist Thals are not going to call for
help from a defeated American army, and
in any case it is logistically much harder to
get help into Thailand than Into Vietnam.
Burma? Not on the cards. India, then?
country if the guerrillas once get to work
in West Bengal or Kerala or wherever.
The fighting in Vietnam, it is said, could
grow into the third world war. In a sense,
it already is the third world war. It is not
by the Americans' choice that this has be-
come a testing-ground for the theories of
Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao. It need not
have been. If there were any reasonable
grounds for thinking that a communist vic-
tory in Vietnam would not be followed by
communist bids for power In the rest of
Asia-starting in Thailand, and moving
from there towards India-it would not be
necessary to make a stand in Vietnam. It
would not be necessary if Lin Piao had not
written what he has written, and had not
now been given Mao's accolade for writing
it. It would not be necessary if Russia were
able to assert its authority over the com-
munists of south-east Asia and guarantee
that a stable truce line, like the line between
the two parts of Germany, could be drawn
along the Mekong between a communist In-
dochina and a non-communist Thailand.
If either of those things applied, a deal
could be done in Vietnam tomorrow. The
only losers would be those South Vietnamese,
Buddhists and Catholics alike, who keep on
telling anyone who will listen that they do
not want to be ruled by communists. It
would by a cynical deaf; but it could be
struck.
The deal the Americans cannot reasonably
be asked to strike is one that threatens to
sell the pass to the whole of southern Asia.
This is Mr. Johnson's enormous problem
It is also the problem of those who criticise
his decision to take America into the war.
Those of them-an increasing number-who
agree that America has a responsibility to-
wards the non-communists nations of Asia
cannot dodge the question it poses. How
else can you suggest holding the line, if not
by fighting in Vietnam?
AHEAD, AMERICAN HEALTH EDUCA-
TION FOR AFRICAN DEVELOP-
MENT FOUNDATION. AND ITS
GOOD DEEDS
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, as an
American citizen, I am quite proud and
very grateful, at the generous, philan-
thropic exertions of a group of Americans
calling themselves AHEAD, to serve man-
kind's needs. AHEAD, which stands for
American Health Education for African
Development, is carrying the tradition
of private philanthropy in aid of the
health of the people of Africa, a tradition
which goes back to the time of the fabl d
Dr. Livingstone and includes the noble
name of Albert Schweitzer.
Since its creation in 1963, AHEAD has
embarked on programs of nursing educa-
tion, plant research, recruitment of spe-
cialists and provision of training fellow-
ships. A few days ago, I met with the
president of the AHEAD Foundation,
Mrs. Susan Bagley Bloom, to listen to a
laudable venture it has undertaken. Its
latest project is the establishment of a
nursing education center in the western
African nation of Sierra Leone. The
foundation is receiving full cooperation
from the host government and is receiv-
ing some support from the U.S. Agency
for International Development. On its
own, AHEAD must provide $400,000 for
construction of necessary buildings. I
offer my sincere hopes that my fellow
citizens all across this land will. partici-
pate in this humanitarian undertaking.
Mr, President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that at the conclusion of my re-
marks there be included in the RECORD a
letter to me from Mr. William C. Gibaons,
Director of Congressional Liaison, AID,
regarding the activities of AHEAD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, among
the peoples of Africa the scourge of dis-
ease is a continuing threat to progress
and to necessary economic development.
I commend to the attention of my col-
leagues the work of the AHEAD Founda-
tion, and the fine example it has set for
private American initiative in Africa.
EXHIBIT 1
DEPARTMENT OF STATE, AGENCY
FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT,
Washington, D.C., August 24, 1966.
Hon. THOMAS H. KUCHEL,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C. -
DEAR SENATOR KUCHEL: Because of your
interest in cases of participation in our pro-
gram by private institutions, I wanted you
to know of the help we are receiving from
the American Health Education for Africa
Development Foundation (AHEAD) of which
Mrs. Susan Bagley Bloom is the founder and
President.
One of the countries in Africa being as-
sisted by American public and private agen-
cies is Sierra Leone. Since its independence
in 1961, it has maintained a democratic gov-
ernment respecting the rule of law, an. inde-
pendent judiciary, and freedom of speech.
It has the oldest university in West Africa
(Fourah Bay College) and Is hospitable to
private enterprise.
Yet it needs assistance in its efforts to
raise the level of well being of the Sierra
Leone people. One of the important needs,
as confirmed by a recent World Health Or-
ganization study, is a Nurses Training
School. And in response to a request from
the Sierra Leone Government, a project has
been established combining the efforts of a
private American Foundation (AHEAD), the
U.S. Agency for International Development,
and the Sierra Leone Government.
As its contribution to the Nursing Educa-
tion project, AHEAD has agreed to provide
$400,000 for construction of a nurse's dormi-
tory and Classroom building. A.I.D. is
financing the professional services of four
American nurses from Freedmen's Hospital,
Washington, D.C. They are assisting as
teachers and advisors in the new school.
The nurses arrived at Freetown early this
month. The Sierra Leone government, as its
part of the project, will construct a nursing
education center and provide operating ex-
penses estimated at $56,000 a year. Although
the government has a modest budget, it is
keenly interested in the nursing project and
is prepared to fulfill its responsibilities in
making the school a successful undertaking.
Sincerely yours,
WILLIAM C. GIBBONS,
Director, Congressional Liaison.
NEARLY $5 BILLION EARMARKED
OVER 5-YEAR PERIOD FOR NEW
AIRLINE PURCHASE OF PLANES
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, the
State of California long has been recog-
nized as a major breeding ground for
outstanding advances in aeronautics and
a major aircraft production source.
Naturally, it was highly pleasing to
learn that American Airlines are ear-
marking almost $5 billion for procure-
ment- of new flight equipment over the
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~ 400100003-4
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August
under the 121j2-percent rule has been might receive if it took place in one of our
obligated. This provision will liberalize two villages.
the allocation of grants and allow areas Potent examples can be drawn from recent
with especially acute problems to re- attempts by "civil rights" leaders. Last
ceive More funds. I summer, a series of demonstrations along
The urban mass transportation pro- the North shore fizzled. There was little
publicity and certainly no b name was
gram under the 1964 a
t h
c
as more than ea
rned for any of the North Shoe comet ni-
proved its worth in the 2 years of its ties involved.
existence. More and more States, cities, The reason is simple enough. The resi-
towns, and other local public bodies have dents of the North Shore communities re-
been turning to it for assistance in meet- fused to react to the demonstrations. The
ing their mass transportation problems. agitators found empty streets and life went
In many cases the situation has become on as usual.
so acute that only the assistance provided Gage nPark. thThere t thee virecent olent goings-on
ion of
by the act has enabled local authorities the white citizenry resulted in publicity (re-
to avoid a complete and total breakdown member: publicity is the goal of the demon
of transit service. This situation has not strations) that has given Gage Park a na-
changed although much progress has tional image it will take long to live down
been made under the present program. Should such a demonstration be at-t The rate at which applications for oempspd here, our advice would echo that
transit aid are being received has grown cagoland community: Stay snout your the home.
to an annual level of $200 million. House Do not line up on the streets to watch the
Report No. 1869 merely continues the demonstrators. Do not carry placards of
existing program for 2 years with the your own. Do not wave flags. Do not in
same annual authorization of $150 mil- any way react.
lion. Surely this is a minimum operat- The choice between what happened on the
ing level if this program is to continue to Park Shore and what choir to b made
benefit our people as it has shown it can. byHoffSehaumers. become
We fondly hope they'll
This report will continue a program make it intelligently.
w
hi h i
l
c s a
ready contributing in an im-
portant way to the solution of a problem,
and it will improve that program in
modest but significant respects. At this
time, I think that it is the best we can
expect; but we cannot accept less,
We May Be Next
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. DONALD RUMSFELD
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 29, 1966
Mr. RUMSFELD. Mr. Speaker, in
view of the distressing incidents that
followed the civil rights marches and
demonstrations in the Chicago area, an
editorial in a recent issue of the RECORD,
of Hoffman Estates, I11.-which lies in
the 13th Congressional District-gives
valuable advice to its readers in the
event similar demonstrations should be
planned for their area.
The editorial follows:
29, 1966
kicking these problems under the rug. With
a congressional election just around the
corner it is easy to see why.
United States Failing To Sway Europe on
Viet Policy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BOB WILSON
IN THE HOUSE OF CALIFORNIA
EPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 29, 1966
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker,
under leave to extend my remarks in
the RECORD, I include the following:
SPECIAL REPORT: UNITED STATES FAILING To
SWAY EUROPE ON VIET POLICY
(By Ray McHugh, Copley News Service)
PARis-The realization that the United
States does "mean business" in South Viet
Nam is finally coming to Western Europe.
It is only reluctantly that Europeans ac-
cept the fact that President Johnson and
not Sen. WILLIAM FULBRIGHT directs U.S.
foreign policy.
But realization is not agreement.
In a month of conversations in most
capitals of Western Europe, an American
feels a sense of frustration. The story
EXTENSION OF REMARKS behind the U.S. commitment in Viet Nam
OF' has simply not been sold.
Three countries are notable exceptions-
HON. RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH West Germany, Greece and Spain.
The West Germans, particularly the West
OF INDIANA Berliners, express a high degree of compre-
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES hensfon and appreciation for the American
Monday, August 29, 1966 investment in Southeast Asia. They inter-
pret the decision to fight a little-understood
Mr. ROUDEBUSH. Mr. Speaker, all war in far-off Asia as new evidence that
the glowing reports on the state of the Washington lives up to its international
economy emanating from the White they y And Germans know tent
Washington's commitment
House do not offset one iota the ruinous to defend them.
inflation that is tearing the wage and In Greece, support for the U.S. policy is
salary earners' paychecks to shreds. based on personal experience. Premier
Government statistics indicate that Stefanos Stefanopoulos reminded a Copley
the cost of living is far outstripping any News Service reporter that Greece fought off
pay increases that are occurring. a similar Communist agression that began
with the end of World still 11, It, did non ono
The Richmond, Ind., Palladium-Item officially until
1952 ands threatens to
had some appropriate comments on this explode aain.
recently, and I have unanimous consent "Weknow the situation in Viet Nam,"
to bring this to the attention of Con- said the premier. "We have borders with
gress. The editorial follows: three Communist countries."
[From the Palladium-Item and Sun-Tele- In Spain, support of the U.S. effort rests
gram, Aug. 7, 1966] on traditional anti-communism.
Stung by three generations of ostracis
SIGNIFICANT OMISSI
ONS
m
WE MAY BE NEXT Reporters were called in by President Sthat their 1936--39 war, paniards c mplain that they are note red-
For reasons that still aren't clear to us and Johnson's cabinet members and given a ited for beating back a Communist plot in
aren't important anyhow, we found our- glowing picture of the domestic scene. the 1930s to clamp a massive Red pincers on
selves, the other day, at a meeting of officials ` There was the usual array of charts de- Europe..
from a couple of communities that have signed to show that things were looking up: Spain is now considering a plan to send a
been scenes, these past few weeks, of racial national Output of goods and services, Indus- large army medical contingent to support
violence in the Chicago area. trial production, business investment, per allied troops in South Viet Nam.
The meeting was dull until somebody in capita income, employment other than on But in other parts of Western Europe-in
the crowd said he'd heard that Schaumburg farms, pay for all employes, farm income, Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Bel-
was high on the list for a so-called "peace- profits after taxes, and dividends. All these glum-there is little sympathy for American
ful" demonstration of "civil rights" agita- were reported in tip-top shape. policy.
tors. That, we confess, made us sit up and Gardner Ackley, chairman of the Presi- George Brown, No. 2 man in Britain's Labor
take some notice. dent's Council on Economic Advisers, said: government, admits that London walks a
How? Who? When? Why? Nobody seemed "In all cases the economic gains have been tightrope, trying to maintain its special rela-
to know, but several participants agreed spectacularly larger in the past two and a tionship with Washington, but at the same
they'd heard the same thing. half years than in the previous decade." time trying to appease a vociferous left wing
We've tried for a week to obtain some veal- That, of course, would be the period during that denounces the Viet Nam war, expresses
flcWe tram as man "civil a his" you - which President Johnson has been at the sympathy for Red China and which would ion fl the Chom a aa ys "civil
cou d find. Ws helm of the government. end
Brit Conspicuous by its absence was any men- east of S eztand In iGermany.e commitment
got nowhere. Either we'd received misin- tion of the decrease in the dollar's pur- British officials plead that their monetary
formation or the "civil rights" leaders aren't chasing power, high taxes, the prospect of problems and their status as co-chairman
talking, even higher taxes, and steadily climbing of the defunct Geneva Conference make di-
It matters little. What does matter, how- prices of virtually every commodity which rect assistance in Viet Nam Impossible. But
ever, is the reaction such a demonstration the average household must have.
the inescapable conclusion is that Britain
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August 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,-- AP 'EN .i~:
the great energy and. devotion to the task apron a short distance, ambulance hell- to State and local bodies to help in pur-
being displayed by all officers and men of the copters were coming in from the hills and Chasing the capital facilities necessary
U'S. Pacific Fleet In making possible prosecu- paddies a few miles away. They were de- for urban mass transportation. This
tion of the_ Vietnamese conflict by an assured livering stretchers of wounded men to iihe program has more than proved its value.
'pipeline' of the countless tons of supplies airport. Many urban mass transportation COxn-
necessary to be moved to the fighting zone. A little further on,. a truck was backed up. tireless, unsung men of any to a giant cargo plane. Our men were ten- panies and systems, both public and pri-
These war, but are who the deserve praise and hearty sup- derly and quietly transferring aluminum vate, have been given a new lease on
port of their fellow Americans just as much caskets into the plane for the long last jour- life, but many more are in serious diffi-
as the combatant crews or men on the line." ney home of American soldiers. culty and face bankruptcy. It is my
So my mission in Vietnam was more con- As I watched the medics and Red Cross sincere conviction that this program
cerned with toys and soap than bullets and personnel move the wounded men-soldiers must continue.
grenades. willing but no longer ready and able to carry other
But as my small party made its way on--and the row of caskets-soldiers who I am rovisions of strongly the in fa favCvor of which the x' other
through Vietnam, there is no doubt that would never again be ready, able and will- p
enemy gunsights were frequently trained on ing-I knew the ugly and raw mental cloud the same as those of H.R. 14810 as passed
me. And there is no doubt in my mind that which war extends over the human mind, by this body on August 16. Thus, see-
just as frequently I actually talked with dis- I couldn't help but mutter aloud as I tion 3 of the report would authorize in-
guised Viet Cong-through my interpreter, boarded the plane for my mission: "Here is creased grant funds to finance research,
of course-in many villages and farming set- the cycle-the story of war-we are trading development, and demonstration prof-
tlements. bodies for bodies." ects. Such increases are justified by the
I was assigned a Marine sharpshooter to A SILVER LINING growing number of communities willing
ride "shotgun" on these trips, plus another But as I write this, another scene drifts to concentrate planning resources on the
jeep carrying two riflemen which followed a across my mind and focuses into sharp de- problems of modem urban transporta-
short distance to the rear. I was always well- tail. I was at Dalat in the mountains. The tion and the increased transit problems
armed myself. Fortunately, our party was wind was whipping across the little airfield ti the cities.
always too small to cause an enemy force to and buffeting the sentries whoformed a pro- Section 4 of the report directs the De-
tip its hand. tective ring against the always-expected Viet
SOME COMBAT ACTION Cong attack. The crew was unloading a huge partment of Housing and Urban De-
I was able to take time away from my box of sparkling new toys packed and sent by velopment and the Department of Com-
specific mission to check also on the fight- an Air Force officers' wives club in Florida. merce to cooperate in thorough research
ing portion of the war. While I was aboard The women of the mountain tribe were into new systems of urban transporta-
the U.S. Kitty Hawk prior to entering Viet- standing nearby. The mothers had their tion. Such initiative is long overdue, and.
narn I participated in a jet strike against the babies strapped to their chests and backs, the joint effort of the two Departments
Viet Cling in the Mekong Delta. I was also Other small children strained forward from this
urban the transit spirit of must
able to make an amphibious patrol with a their mothers' hands as they saw the toys. superbly legislation-that characterizes
Finally the toys were disturbed.
flights this
nigea rmed nt i helico coopters the er territory I made And it didn't matter that the dark-skinned fully integrated into the metropolitan
and In this fasd top of Hill 225 areas little girls looked with love at flaxen-haired complex through comprehensive plan--
sou h of is fashion visited thtop a Hill dolls with white faces and pink cheeks. Or ning. A 5-year research program Is
auto of the Marines' Phu Bal enclave where that the little boys had mechanical toys of planned which will look into alternatives,
a platoon of Leathernecks maintains aloor- which they had no comprehension. to the inadequate urban mass transpor--
out post. I saw before me the universal innocence tation systems deteriorating daily under
abut I saw first-hand that the tremendous and joy of children. It was a thrill to. be-
impressive the hold! Here, then, was the silver lining of the Constant overloading. I was most happy
task of moving rtanantaand as the part of
Navy is as importt on war in 'Vietnam. A chance to bring forth to support this attempt to coordinate re.-
the heav fight carrier strike activity carrying on joy and trust, to triumph over the dirt and search and development of new modes of
the figght up front. death and sorrow of battle. urban transportation. of U.S. And the daily work on the part people ple I turned my back momentarily from. the The fifth section of the report further
troops with the South Vietnamese p children with their toys. I felt a lump rise carries through the purpose of this legis?-
-att ti as acks. essential in my throat and tears slide down my cheeks. lation by authorizing grants, up to two-
as and ambushes living and counter problems
A PEELING OF SATISFACTION I'll admit I cried. And I wasn't ashamed. thirds of cost, to localities preparing sur-
I gained a great feeling of satisfaction and Would you have been? veys and research on comprehensive
hope from "Covering" the conflict on this planning of urban transportation sys-
basis. I was able to see the humanistic . tems.
theme shining strongly through the frus-
tration and mental drizzle of trading shots Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 supported the provisions which origi-
with a determined and vicious enemy. nated in the other body and were in- I
time While Bangkok, Thailand, also hyd way of Cam- eluded in the report under consideration.
bodia, get view of Jvi way U.S. Cam- SPEECH A new section 10 has been proposed to
tary s Assistance e a Command our
activities in "AnnaAnna OF the Urban Mass Transportation Act of and the King of Siam" country. In this HON. HENRY HELSTOSKI 1964 which would authorize the Secretary
case, we are "pre-convincing" the outlying OF NEW JERSEY of Housing and Urban Development to
areas of Thailand that the way of free na-
tions TILE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mgrants to podies t io provide
to grants o public u level c bodies ships ds 100
per
tions far outstrips the Communist life, work- make
ing essentially along the pattern of the Civic Monday, August 22, 1966 upat in mass transporfetlow studies.
Action program underway in Vietnam. The
only different is that the actual program Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, I The new section 11 would authorize the
participants who visit the villages are Thai supported House Report No. 1869, the re- Secretary of Housing and Urban Devel-
medics and artisans. Thus, the United port of the committee of conference on opment to make grants to public or pri-
States in Thailand is able to keep clear of the disagreeing votes of the two Houses vate institutions of higher learning to as-
the initial "suspicion" factor as nearly as on the bill to amend the Urban Mass sist research programs, and management
possible. Transportation Act of 1964. I was and research personnel training pro-
.. A BACKWARD l ab pleased to support H.R. 14810 in its orig- grams, in urban mass transportation,
So how does a man Yee about the Viet- inal form and was opposed to reducing with the amount of such grants being
and j e situation after timing down, walk the the amount of the capital grant authori- limited to $3 million per year. Finally a e country to ry to his way from one end the ou the other her As I made the tour zation and to limiting it to 1 year only. new provision, section 15 of the report
of duty (and wrote this article) officially The report under consideration extended under consideration, directs the Secre-
wearing a military hat, no opinions or edi- the capital grant authority at an annual tary of Housing and Urban Develop-
torial comment are offered. However, let rate of $150 million a year for 2 years. ment to reallocate sums not used in any
-my feelings be expressed in this way: House Report No. 1869 will continue fiscal year within the present 121/2-per-
It was just after break of dawn on the and expand the urban mass transporta- cent limitation, and authorizes the See-
day of my final mission to be flown before tion programs begun under the Urban rotary to make grants-without regard leaving Air Fo Vietnam. We the were apron n Son Mass Transportation Act of 1964 for 2 to such limitation-up to a total of $12,-
Air , FAenear planeear Saigon, the apron at Tan on
pTuit Airport i Sready, willing and more years. In that bill, Congress, for 500,000 In States where more than two-
4ble to carry out our mission. Down the the first time, provided for Federal grants thirds of the maximum grants permitted
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 August 29, 19691`pprovedLF? a Of ~ RDF?(FM000400100003-4
finds these convenient eljcuses. If they did
not exist, others would be found.
French opposition to American policy is
more complex. Part of it can be traced to
President Charles de Gaulle's determination
to set a separate course for France. Pro-
Gaullist Frenchmen say the president has
set a goal of bringing both China and Russia
into detente with the West. Viet Nam is a
"nuisance" war, they say-one that makes
De Gaulle's task more difficult.
"And it is a war you cannot win," is a
statement repeated constantly to Americans
in Paris.
But underneath all this French opposition
is an unspoken worry that America might
win in Viet Nam.
"Many Frenchmen don't even realize it,"
said one American Official, "but they want us
to lose. They were driven out of Viet Nam.
If we stay and win, it will be another blow
to their pride."
It might also be a blow to French finances.
It's no secret in Paris that France would like
to see a neutral Viet Nam in which France
could reestablish her economic links of colo-
nial times.
The prospect of an American-dominated
Southeast Asian economy is not a happy one
in France.
In Italy the worry about Viet Nam centers
on domestic politics.
"There is no question but that the war has
become a major issue for the Italian Com-
munist Party," said U.S. Ambassador Frede-
rick Reinhardt. "They've seized on it as
'proof' that we are aggressive."
The Communist Party in Italy, which con-
trols more than 30 per cent of the vote, is
the best organized political unit in the coun-
try-some say it's the only real political orga-
nization.
Faced with this bloc and with the pros-
pect that rival Socialist groups may merge,
the pro-U.S. Christian Democrats have fallen
almost silent on Viet Nam. The best the
Rome government can muster is a statement
that it "understands" the U.S. position.
In neutral Switzerland, prominent editors
and businessmen express deep misgivings
about the American policy and an alarming
lack of appreciation for its basic direction.
Rene Payo, aging editor of the respected
Journal de Geneve, tries to draw a parallel
between Viet Nam and Algeria.
"You are defending colonialism," he said.
"You have your feet stuck in mud."
Asked if Switzerland had any answer to
the war that would prevent the Communist
takeover of South Viet Nam, Payo only
shrugs.
Conversations with a broad range of Eu-
ropean editors demonstrated that the Unit-
ed States has not mustered an effective prop-
aganda campaign to explain in detail its
position, The fact that U.S. columnists
highly critical of the war get wide circula-
tion in Europe adds to the confusion.
Editors are much better acquainted with
the statements Of FULBRIGHT, Sen. WAYNE
MORSE, Sen. MIKE MANSFIELD, and Sen. ROB-
ERT KENNEDY than with the statements of
President Johnson, Secretary of State Dean
Rusk, Sen. EVERETT DIRKSEN or Sen. RICH-
ARD RUSSELL.
So are their readers.
One American' ambassador cited these fac-
tors in Europe's attitude:
1. A general belief that the Russian threat
has receded and a fear that Viet Nam might
revive it.
2. A selfish concern that U.S. attention and
wealth might be diverted to Asia instead of
Europe.
9. An attitude of isolation and remote-
ness from the war.
"I've heard more than one official dismiss
Viet Nam as a war, 7,000 miles away that
was of little direct importance to Europe,"
said the ambassador.
The phrase recalled British Prime Minis-
ter Neville Chamberlain's reference to
Czechoslovakia as "a little country 700 miles
away" when he returned from the infamous
Munich conference of 1938.
The way the world has shrunk in the last
30 years, Viet Nam could be just as vital
to Europe tomorrow as Czechoslovakia proved
to be in 1939. But countries enjoying rec-
ord prosperity which have finally begun to
forget World War II don't like to think about
it.
They would much prefer to "let Uncle
Sam do it."
The Center for Urban Education in the
Heart of Manhattan
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THEODORE R. KUPFERMAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 29, 1966
Mr. KUPFERMAN. Mr. Speaker, in
the heart of my district, at 33 West 42d
Street, New York City, is located the
Center for Urban Education which,
among other things, publishes the Urban
Review.
The Center for Urban Education is
an independent nonprofit corporation
formed in 1965 under an absolute charter
from the New York State Board of Re-
gents. The fundamental objective of the
center is to contribute strategic knowl-
edge and resources to the strengthening,
improvement, and reconstruction of edu-
cational services of all kinds at all levels
within urban society.
The Center for Urban Education was
born of an innovation in Federal, State,
and local planning in cooperation with
the university community. This year,
for the first time, U.S. Office of Educa-
tion funding was authorized for the es-
tablishment of multidisciplinary, multi-
functional organizations in the research
and development tradition. These
funds-and funds from five founda-
tions-have made it possible for the cen-
ter to bring to bear on the problems and
possibilities of urban education a wide
variety of resources and talents. These
are drawn from eight major universities
and colleges in the metropolitan area,
the Board of Education of New York City,
and the New York State Department of
Education.
The member institutions are: Bank
Street College of Education, Columbia
University, Fordham University, New
York Medical College, New York Univer-
sity, Teachers College of Columbia Uni-
versity, the City University of New York,
and Yeshiva University.
In addition, the center has informal
ties with several suburban school sys-
tems, other institutions of higher learn-
ing, and public and private organiza-
tions serving the needs of special prob-
lems in education. This is not a static
confederation, for an. underlying prin-
ciple of the center is that it will always
welcome affiliation, formal or informal,
A4567
with groups or individuals committed to
the same broad goals of educational.re-
sponse of a changing urban society. The
basic purpose of the center is to conduct
research, development and demonstra-
tion in the whole range of issues com-
mon to education in large urban areas,
and to offer a resource for the imple-
mentation of new practices. Currently
the center is working on problems in
curriculum innovation, teacher training,
education of the handicapped, school ad-
ministration, cognitive development, de
facto segregation, and vocational educa-
tion.
The Urban Review is published
monthly by the center's liaison office,
David Outerbridge, director. Its pur-
pose is to disseminate information about
new developments and ideas across the
whole spectrum of urban education, with
special emphasis on the activities of the
center. All unsigned articles appearing
in its pages are written by the staff of
the liaison office. All signed articles,
whether written by members of the cen-
ter staff or by others, reflect the opinions
of their authors, which are not neces-
sarily shared by the center or its mem-
ber institutions. No individual issue of
the Urban Review attempts to report the
entire range of the center's activities.
Letters, inquiries, and manuscripts are
welcomed and should be addressed to its
editor.
The first issue of the Urban Review, of
which Nelson Aldrich is editor, appeared
in May 1966, and monthly since then.
In the first issue, it was stated:
The magazine represents a new effort
toward achieving better communication be-
tween the educational practitioner, policy-
maker, and scholar. Quite apart from the
school systems themselves and the countless
public and private agencies operationally in-
volved in the educational process, govern-
ment, industry and the mass media are today
also deeply committed to the task of improv-
ing the quality of instruction at all levels
and of all kinds. A necessary concomitant
of this task is research, but all to often the
policy-maker and the practitioner are cut off
from the scholar's findings by the language
in which he formulates them, and too often,
also, the scholar is cut off from the others'
experience by its resistance to formulation.
The Urban Review intends to promote a
free and frank dialogue between these di-
verse groups. In this it mirrors the organi-
zation that sponsors it.
The Urban Review will reflect these and
other concerns. "Education," wrote Henry
Adams, "must fit the complex conditions of
a new society always accelerating its move-
ment, and its fitness could be known only
from success." Society today, no less than in
1900, is still complex, still accelerating, and
an imperative of education is still to keep
pace, if not to lead. To stress movement is
often to evade the question of aims. We do
not intend to evade this question. By pro-
viding a forum in which academic and prac-
titioner, teacher and school administrator,
may participate in a constructive and criti-
cal dialogue, the urban Review sets out de-
liberately to enrich the definition and
further the achievements of the aims of
education.
I am pleased to see the Center of Ur-
ban Education in operation and to wel-
come its new publication and to com-
mend it to my colleagues.
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CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD - APPENDIX August 29,'14.766
Catholic Schools Are Integrated
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 29, 1966
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, an irre-
sponsible charge has been made that
Catholic parochial schools are segregated
schools and a haven for racists who wish
to escape New York City's integrated
public school system.
This allegation is simply not true. I
comlxiend to the attention of our col-
leagues the statement of the Right Rever-
end Monsignor George A. Kelly, secre-
tary for education of the archdiocese of
New York, made at a public meeting of
New York City's Board of Education on
August 17, 1966. Monsignor Kelly's re-
cital of the facts makes it incumbent
upon those making these ridiculous
charges to retract their statements.
Monsignor Kelly's remarks follow:
CATHOLIC'SCHOOLS ARE INTEGRATED
(Statement of the Right Reverend Monsig-
nor George A. Kelly, secretary for educa-
tion, archdiocese of New York, public
meeting, board of education, August 17,
1966)
"While the subject of Public Law 89-10
is children, in particular disadvantaged chil-
dren," at least that is what the President's
National Advisory Council tells us, it in-
doors on an equal basis to Negro and white
children alike. And, if in the United States
there is a flight from the inner city to the
suburbs, for a variety of reasons, most of
which have nothing to do with education,
then the Catholic school system which is
heavily rooted in the city must suffer in
much the same manner that the public
school system suffers in its effort to provide
similar education for larger and larger num-
bers of poor children.
And I must respectfully remind the Board
of Education that when we talk about the
school system of the Catholic diocese of
New York and Brooklyn, we are talking about
a real school system with almost 400,000
children perhaps one of the five largest
school systems in the United States, public
or non-public.
But let us go to the charges. And since
we are talking about the application of
Public Law 89-10, I will confine my remarks
to elementary school children, and, while
I will draw on data culled from the office of
the New York Superintendent which super-
vises schools in Manhattan, Bronx and Staten
Island, Monsignor Molloy assures me that
comparable data are available from the
Superintendent of schools of the Brooklyn
diocese.
First question. Have the parochial schools
in New York increased their enrollment?
Answer. No. In 1956 there were 105,490
children attending Catholic schools In New
York: in 1966 there are 105,695 children at-
tending Catholic schools in Manhattan,
Bronx, and Staten Island. If a bridge had
not been thrown over the Narrows, there
would only be 94,000 children in these schools
today. Since the 6,000 deficit in that 10
year period for Manhattan. and the Bronx
was made up only by a 6,000 increase on
Staten Island, due to children coming from
creasingly appears that meeting the special a very Catholic Bay Ridge section of Brook-
educational needs of educationally deprived lyn, which had been radically affected by the
children for some minds must be delayed erection of that bridge.
or avoided in order to satisfy points of view Second question. As the middle class
Which have dubious legality and which are Catholic children leave the city for the sub-
often prejudicial not only to children, but urbs their parents think so much of, who
even to truth. takes their seats in those schools?
Take for example the allegation that Cath- Answer. Negroes, Puerto Ricans, and mem-
olic schools are segregated schools, that en- hers of other minority groups, mostly Span-
rollinent in the Catholic schools of New York ish Catholics.
City has grown at the expense of the bal- Before I develop that answer in detail, let
anced racial proportion in the public schools, us make one passing observation which is
that Catholic schools are the refuge for white quite germane to this discussion. No one
racists. should be surprised to see large numbers of
Aryeh Neler, Executive Director of the Spanish children In the Catholic schools of
New York Civil Liberties Union made the New York and Brooklyn; for, while these peo-
front page of the New York Times last week pie do not have a tradition of Spanish Cath-
with this bold charge: "It Is no secret that olic schools in their homelands, they do come
one of the reasons that the enrollment of from a Catholic culture and In due course
the non-public schools has been rising is that begin to accept as the Italians, Irish and
Increasingly the non-public schools are seen Germans before them did, the American
as a refuge from the growing proportion of Catholic institution of parochial schools.
Negroes and Puerto Rican children in the But, it must be kept in mind that of the
public schools." Your own Assistant Super- 11,200,000 Negroes 8 in New York axe City, hess than
intendent in charge of Integration, Jacob 00 percent)
Landers, alludes to the same explanation on when we find 17,500 such Negro children at-
page six of your booklet, "Improvising Ethnic tending Catholic elementary schools in these
distribution of New York City Pupils." two dioceses, we have ample reason to know
Should they be true, these are serious that the Negro Catholic rates the parish
charges. Should they be false, this is school rather highly, as do many non-Cath-
slander. When I first heard them I shrugged olic Negro parents. Twenty percent of the
my shoulders indifferently, convinced that Negro children in parochial schools are non-
this was just misinformation. When last Catholic. There is no question in our minds
April at a similar Board meeting, Monsignor that did we have the money to buy property
Raymond Rigney of the New York Archdio- to build or expand schools in or around so-
cese and Monsignor Eugene Molloy of Brook- called ghetto areas, we would receive a warm
lyn discounted the charges, I felt that per- response from many more non-Catholic Ne-
haps now the matter was laid to rest. But gro parents.
I was wrong. Let us look at the parish schools of Man-
Every Catholic Educator I know considers hattan and the Bronx where 1,000,000 Ne-
the integration of children a desirable and groes and Puerto Ricans live and which daily
a necessary objective for his school system, teach 91,000 children. 31.5 percent of those
Across the country, the record of Catholic children belong to minority groups. In Man-
schools on this matter Is quite good. hattan 50 percent of all children attending
Catholic schools, which have helped as- parochial schools are Negro, Puerto Rican or
similate millions of immigrants and foreign others of Spanish origin. This is hardly to
born for more than a century, were among be described as segregation.
the first schools of the nation to open their We have 133 schools in these two Boroughs.
I have only discovered 22 of these Catholic
schools without Negroes, and of these 22
schools, nine were specifically erected to edu-
cate Italian, Polish, and German children.
Only five of these 133 schools lack Spanish
enrollment, and here again two of the parish
schools involved are Italian in composition.
Let me now make a point which the critics
of Catholic schools never make: The very
existence of the parochial school has helped
to make or to keep many neighborhoods
integrated.
Since not even the most hopeful civil rights
leaders expect to find integrated elementary
schools in Riverdale or Belle Harbor, let us
now look at districts where hopefully one
might find a mixed ethnic composition in
both public and parochial schools.
The Ethnic composition of the parish
schools in the following areas of Manhattan
and the Bronx are as follows:
Manhattan
[In percent]
Spanish
Negro
White
Other
Lower East Side -------
24.9
2.8
66.8
5.4
Upper East Side_______
9.2
1.6
86.2
2.9
East Harlem----------
54.6
16.2
29.3
.7
Harlem________________
15.6
82.8
1.3
.3
Lower West Side_______
33.0
1.9
63.5
3.3
Upper West Side_ _____
57.7
9.0
29.1
4.2
WashingtonH:eights___
36.8
6.2
55.6
1.4
Bronx
[In percent]
South Bronx ___-_______
Concourse_____________
Central Bronx (Tre-
mont) ---------------
East Bronx ___-________
North East Bronx I- - -
North East Bronx II__
West Bronx (River-
dale) ----------------
57.1
6.7
36.4
14.4
1.4
5.5
10.3
2.6
13.1
3.7
.3
5.1
1.0
31.7
90.4
49.9
80.8
98.1
89.2
Only in six of these fourteen areas, white
children make up a predominate body of
Catholic school enrollment. As a matter of
fact, only in two districts can one find so
called "lily white" catholic schools.
Let us approach this problem of integra-
tion as the Board of Education has, one in
evaluating the public school system's efforts.
An "X" school was defined as one with 90
percent of a minority group enrollment. A
"Y" school is one with 90 percent white
population.
A "mid-range" school is that school whose
population composition lies between. two
extremes. On this basis the City Superin-
tendent of schools was happy to report this
year that 50.4 percent of the public schools
of New York City .are "mid-range," and only
49.6 percent can be found in the "X or Y"
categories.
I have applied the
133 parish schools I
what I found.
Num-
ber
Midrange- _ _ -_ _ _
x-------------
Y-------------
Total____-____
same standards to the
mentioned and this Is
Manhattan
and the
Bronx
Per-
cent
55.6
}44.4
Manhattan
only
Num-
ber
Per-
cent
70
} 21
The Bronx
only
Nara-
her
Per-
cent
a8
.4
.5
1.1
.1
.1
.4
40
} 60
This would suggest, It seems to me:, that
the parochial schools compare quite favor-
ably to the public school In matters of in-
tegration with all the differences between
the two systems understood and accepted.
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August 29, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20171
I want everyone to know that as a Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the nent member of the Security Council of
Senator I appreciate what they have President of France, Gen. Charles de the United Nations, has a special respon-
done in this very important area. Gaulle, is in Africa on a journey which sibility to play a constructive role
. Mr. MONRONEY. I thank the Sena- will take him around the world. He will wherever in the world its influence may
tor from Montana for his kind comments. soon be in Cambodia. Toward the end be brought to bear for peace.
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, the of his journey, he will pass through the It would appear that both Prince
distinguished Senator, from Illinois just Americas for a pause at Basse-Terre on Sihanouk and General de Gaulle already
stated that the Railway Express Agency the French island of Guadeloupe in the tend to see the problem of Vietnam in
has finally reached a year in which it Caribbean. similar perspective. Both are fully
made profits instead of ending up with General de Gaulle's visit to Cambodia aware, moreover, of the interrelation-
a deficit. is of particular interest and importance. ship of that problem with the broader
I would not want the Senator to think His meeting with the Cambodian Chief question of a secure peace in southeast
that the Post Office Department's parcel of State brings together Europe's elder Asia. Some years ago, General de Gaulle
of that
post black. fourth-class section is operating in statesmen leader of southeast Asia. The two olead- region, and the full Implications
the black.
Mr. DIRKSEN: Oh, I know that it is ers will be meeting in what is an oasis of concept have never been adequately ex-
not. peace and enlightened progress in south- plored. Prince Sihanouk has expressed
Mr. CARLSON. From 1946 until 1965, east Asia. Since achieving independ- similar thoughts. He understands the
it was on the plus side in only 1 year. once, Prince Norodom Sihanouk has led problems of neutral national survival in
. When this bill is passed, in the first Cambodia to an outstanding success in southeast Asia, in a way which can be
year of its operations, due to the in- modern nation building. That estimate, taught only by firsthand experience.
creased weight limits and size, revenues may I say, is based, in part, on first- Cambodia is, along with Burma, an efl'ec-
should reach $17 million. hand observations during several visits. tive example of a nation which has man-
However, the last pay increase given The first visit was 13 years ago, in 1953, a aged to live in a progressive independence
the postal workers this year, 2.9 percent, year before Cambodian independence. preponderantly by self-effort and with-
cost fourth-class mail $16 million. Thus And the most recent was in December out a one-sided dependence for aid or
we can see how this money is spent very 1965, in the company of several distin- anything else on any outside nation.
rapidly when dealing with this kind of guished colleagues, the Senator from It should be noted that most of the dip-
operation. Vermont [Mr.. AurLs], the ranking Re- lomatic channels which may lead ulti-
- Mr. MONRONEY. Let me say to the publican member; the Senator from mately to peace in Vietnam are open to
Senator, however, that size and weight Maine [Mr. MusxuE], and the Senator France and Cambodia. Both are signa-
will increase only slightly the amount of from Delaware [Mr. BOGGS]-both for- tortes of the Geneva accords, and are
revenue during the early period. How- mer Governors and very much interested competent, if such is indicated, to call for
ever, the rate increases will produce $76 in southeast Asian affairs; and the Sen- a reconvening of the Geneva conference. omatic
with Pe-
tions
n as re size and we revenue will come ator
and student ionMPa ific affairs, ex- kiBoth have ng and full ac ess to Hanoi if the need
effect the size and weight changes take pert
General de Gaulle and Prince Siha- is for preliminary explorations. Both
effect over the N. If 5-year period.
the e Senator from nouk will come together at Phnom can arrange ample contact with the
Mr. Okla will yield will yield further, I should Penh-I believe tomorrow-in a per- leadership of the National Liberation
Okla sonal atmosphere of high mutual esteem, Front of South Vietnam. In short,
like make one more comment: oer trust, and understanding. These two whatever road promises best, to lead to
tainly, Cohasess has some responsibility statesmen have been through the great negotiations for peace, these two nation/
here. It has steadfastly to face postwar French colonial transition. In- are in a position to follow it.
i
its n 4sponti n ons. stly It is trying to run pdeed, both played major roles in bring- Insofar as the United States is con-
with 195 revenues, eIt jbtsjs 1n 6 costs ing about the transition. Both have sur- cerned, moreover, the doors are open for
don 1 That just t cannot t b be mounted the bitterness which inevitably any suggestion which may be advanced
done. a T good it why the whole w d picture accompanied it. Both have done much by President de Gaulle and Prince Si-
get around t look-see bland to salvage and to restore what was cul- hanouk. The fact is that this nation is
base. before k kla and constructive in the relationship hot unaware that what began as a
on a workable
its or own ble formula
make it stand to
maan of France and Cambodia. limited and local conflict in Vietnam
Mr.' MONRONEY. I thank? the Son- The meeting between the two leaders, among Vietnamese has evolved into a Illinois. ator from therefore, will mean a great deal to their major war in which outside nations, and
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill respective countries. It could also be, the United States in particular, are in-
Is to be fu further amendment. If there moreover, of profound importance to the creasingly the focus of the struggle.
be amendments to be pro- is a unique occasion for an That evolution is already a disaster for
posed, , the the question is on the engrossment world. It
the amendments and the third read- exchange of views. There will be an op- the Vietnamese people, north and south;
Ing of the bill. portt7ity for a close-up review of the it can readily become a disaster for all
The amendments, were ordered to be devastating war in Vietnam and the of southeast Asia, if not for the entire
engrossed, and the bill to be read a third prospects for bringing it to a close. In world.
time. fact, their meeting will be an imperative So, I repeat, whatever suggestions may
The bill was read the third time, and as well as an opportunity for such a emerge from the De Gaulle-Sihanouk
passed. ' review. General de Gaulle and Prince meetings will be welcomed. I am con-
Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, I Sihanouk owe that review to their respec- fident that if there are suggestions, they
move that the vote by which the bill was tine countries. They owe it to the people will be considered with the utmost of
passed be reconsidered, of the world. thoughtfulness and respect by this gov-
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, I move Cambodia and France have great na- ernment. and weighed by the President
that the motion to reconsider be laid on tional interests in the prompt restoration with the greatest of care.
the table. of peace in Vietnam. Cambodia's stake, There are many potential and accept-
The motion to lay or the table was in the end, may be as fundamental as able routes to peace in Vietnam. In my
there can be a U.N. approach,
ause there judgment
b
i
,
ec
n peace,
national survival
is the grim prospect of a spill-over of the a neutral-nations approach, an all-Asian
GENERAL DE GAULLE'S VISIT TO 1 war in Vietnam into Cambodia and all approach, a Geneva approach, or a direct
CAMBODIA AND GUADELOUPE ` of southeast Asia. For France, the stake and limited confrontation, public or pri-
in peace in Vietnam is the opportunity to vate, between any or all of the belliger-
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I give a magnificent new expression to her ents. The approach is relevant, but it
ask unanimous consent that I may be historic relationship with all three Indo- Is certainly not fundamental. What is
recognized for 5 minutes.. chinese nations now that the earlier ties fundamental is the need to stop the eon-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without have been freed from the fetters of colo- flirt, to forestall its enlargement by what-
oblectian, it is so ofd lism over erma- ever -a roach promises best to supply
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agreed to. y r yi''
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20172 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD = SENATE August 29, ,1966
the first effective step to the restoration that we ever attended more fruitful Mr. MANSFIELD. I do not think this
of a satisfactory and honorable peace at meetings improvement these, When we see twith an he counur requires anything apprI aching
the soonest possible moment.
I would express, , most respectfully, the Mexico and Canada, some of us wonder President Johnson has time and time
hope that the De Gaulle-Sihanouk meet- why that cannot be done with other again considered possible approaches for
ings would be addressed, in part at least, countries if it can be done with our reachin th nego and at sfac o the peaceend
to that fundamental question. neighbors.
I would express the further hope that Reading the news of this morning can be achieved.
..a personal meeting between President and of yesterday, we find that Russia is Mr. FULBRIGHT. I know he has ex-
de Gaulle and President Johnson might finding it hazardous business to call the plored all these avenues, and has car-
be feasible at some subsequent time. In shots on other people's wars. We see Tied on a peace offensive. But this peace
a matter of such fundamental impor- that the chickens are coming home to offensive is always reduced to the,simple
tance as the restoration of peace and roost, as is evident by what has hap- formula that "the other side must stop
the future not only, of Vietnam but of pened in Peking, with Chinese children doing what it is doing." If this means
Indochina and southeast Asia, a direct picketing-and attempting to attack the anything to me, it means surrender'.
communication between the President of Russian Embassy there, and also by an "You stop doing what you are doing
France and the President of the United attack on the East German Embassy, as What does the Senator himself feel that
States would certainly appear warranted. reported on the ticker half an hour ago. phrase means? It has been repeated in-
I do not know if arrangements could be So it appears to be rather hazardous to terminably, publicy and in the execu-
made at this time for this purpose. It attempt to direct other folks' affairs, as tive sessions of the Foreign Relations
may be, however, that the scheduled the Chinese as well as the Russians have Committee.
stop at Basse Terre, Guadeloupe might been attempting to do in the case of Mr. MANSFIELD. I would say the
provide a most convenient place for a North Vietnam with respect to the phrase, in opr nion, does not mean
meeting between President de Gaulle United States. un.
and President Johnson. I think it proves that alliances for Mr. FULBRIGHT. What does it
.Mr. AMEN. Mr. President, will the destruction or for war are not always mean?.
Senator yield? dependable. When we are working for Mr. MANSFIELD. I think there is an
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the Sen- peace it Is difficult to work for peace for area which could be explored, and on
reach. the achieved,
must be for were possibeto could
ator from Vermont. nonly one or two nations, umber involved is, but or it whatever
Mr. conference
United say States all the nations of the world. table. There are many suggestions and
I -think AMEN. the he p I would the like
le We can recall the situation of 25 years proposals which have been made. To
and of .Asiaa.--in n fact, of the 'whole
world-owe a debt of gratitude to the ago, and yet now West Germany and the best of my knowledge, the President his Senator from Montana, the majority Japan are among our closest friends and has Indicated
to considw lany ess from time
leader (Mr. MANSFIELD], for relentlessly business partners in the world. e ad Pro-
searching for a formula for establishing , suppose
that the world situation never will posaAsianl byvothes weither ho may
peace in southeast Asia. I do not know fact t sted.
what will come of the meeting of Gen- be perfectly stable. We are watching be interested.
it takes two sides to get to
eral de Gaulle and Prince Sihanouk. dramatic moves in so-called Communist We would like
They are, in a sense, rather unusual or Socialist countries attempting to the nothing negotibeaaterting than table.
reach that point,
people. General do Gaulle Is extremely swing to the right without appearing Mr. FUIBRIGHT. With all dfproud of his country, perhaps a bit tem- to do so. Many of the measures we the Senator -I know he is very deference
rence
peramental at times. Prince Sihanouk have adopted in this country In recent to of the adI nisthe is v point t-
has, by some miracle or. other, main- years, would have been called socialistic out ous of think d goes as fn' as can,
administration
tained a virtual island of peace sur- 25 years ago. view-1 he he
rounded by war in Asia. We have to accept the fact that the Although his frankness I ankness have in great f aam adm this mat-
Cambodia I was quite impressed by the fact that pendulum never stops swinging. If it for I still r that as to the at-
Cambodia seems to be the only country stopped on dead center, the world itself ter, agreement or settlement,
the ce of the believe aagree position always re,
southeast Asia that is increasing its might stop and progress would come to stance
something the other sre-
food production. I was particularly im- a standstill. But I rose to commend the strhe a m nthe to
elf as surrender. There has
pressed by the development of new types Senator from Montana. . must itself
of seed corn which I understand they are Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I never blew, to my knowledge, any offs
not only planting for themselves but are wish first to commend the Senator from ne ne terms be s, tot o that, or any kinder
supplying to other countries in southeast Montana for a very interesting state- on promise.
Asia. What will come of the meeting, ment, and one which I hope the execu- compromise. mink this is the explanation of why
of the two heads of state, however, I do tive branch will take seriously. there has never been xplana ingn by
not know, but we should not overlook any This is not the first time the Senator the other side o negotiate. Here is by
clue to an honorable peace no matter how from Montana has taken the initiative in te sI think-and the Sen-
The faint it may seem. making what I consider to be very Intel- great is very e to wise opportunity, thikg our attention PRESIDING OFFICER. The ligent and persuasive suggestions. The at r is ve that the e in ca li of our atte lion
time of the Senator bias expired.- only trouble is that, so far, I find very ing visited in Southeast Asia and having
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I little evidence of effort to follow through go a direct Southeast with the other
ask unanimous consent to proceed for 3 on the part of the executive. countries also direct relationship up an her
additional minutes. The Senator mentioned General de countries involved, may open with
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Gaulle's call for neutralization of the But I df not see u we can have a
objection, it is so ordered. entire region. This has been mentioned discussion if not show impression that
Mr. AMEN. As to a meeting. between before, but, as I understand, our Govern- the only thing we ve the interested i is the
President Johnson and General de Gaulle ment rejects the concept of neutraliza- acknowledgement of a surrender, or say-
I think it would be best if President tion of this area. ing, "You stop .what you have been
Johnson could meet with as many heads The Senator_ suggests a meeting be- doing."
of state as possible. tween our President and President de MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
must disagree with that thesis.
I am glad to see that General Na Win Gaulle. I very much favor such a meet- Mr.
is coming to this country next week ing, I only wish to ask the Senator, sup- OFFICER. The
and that his visit will likely be followed pose they do have a meeting, does the The ator's time has PRESIDING expired.
by the heads of several other govern- Senator have any reason to believe that Mr. is time . Mx President, I ask
menus. our Government is prepared to reach any E consent that the nnatr
It was my privilege to be with the kind of compromise, short of surrender unanimous cons 2 minutes.
President when he et with the Presi- by the North Vietnamese? What can time be s. With-CER. dent of Mexico and WlLltdkrFl IRel+ eP20 9 19ur ~pAeI~ '~0~ ~' ' + ` ~ >
Minister of Canada.. I do not know quires surrener
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29: IA-R_ PP6 00446RODD.4DQ1Q0003-4.
August "29, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 20173
Mr:' FULBRIGHT.` Mr. President, I
do not know whether I make myself
clear: This exploration of all the ave-
nues, and the constant reiteration that
there is no dearth of communication
with the other side, I accept. But com-
munication is not the same as developing
some basis upon which one might reach
an agreement.
I think this is a very important matter,
because there seems to be something
very mysterious about the *arbitrariness
of the enemy in refusing to meet or to
negotiate. I think we should try to un-
derstand that. If the Senator could,
I wish he would indicate any statements
which went to the substance of the agree-
ment, other than "we want to negotiate
unconditionally." Usually that means-
without exception, in my opinion-that
the other side stop what it is doing,
which seems to me a rather sterile for-.
mula. On what basis could we agree?
Mr. MANSFIELD. If the Senator will
yield, I am certain that the President
has said that he would consider a cease-
fire if it were mutual. I believe the
Secretary of State has said the same
thing.
I would point out also that in August
of last year, the President enunciated 9
points-they have been added to since, to
the extent of 14 points-on which we
would sit down and negotiate the dilll-
cults.
There has only been one contact, that
I know of, direct with Hanoi, and that
was through the American Ambassador
to Burma, who did receive a message
during the 37-day pause earlier this year.
number of suggestions which indicated
his desire, by means of various ap-
proaches, to reach the conference table.
On August 3 of last year, I put in
the Rxcoan a set of nine proposals which
he had made, in one speech, relative to
his desire to bring this barbarous and
miserable conflict to a close.
I pointed out then that what the Presi-
dent was doing was extending the olive
even as the arrows were flying in the hope
that it would be successful in achieving
a conference.
I commended the President for the
frankness he showed by making these
proposals in public and expressed the
hope that those interested in peace, who
have eyes to see and ears to hear, and
can recognize print when they see it,
would take into consideration the nine
points he made at that time.
Earlier this year the administration,
in the person of the Secretary of State,
acting, of course, for the President, in-
dicated that there were 14 points which
were open for consideration in the ad-
ministration's desire to reach the peace
table.
First. The Geneva Agreements of 1954
and 19G2 are an adequate basis for peace
in southeast Asia. Everybody seems to
be agreed on that, but nobody does any-
thing about it.
Second, We would welcome a confer-
ence on southeast Asia or any part
thereof.
Third. We would welcome "negotia-
tions without preconditions," as the 17
neutral nations proposed early last year.
Fourth. We would welcome uncondi-
tional discussions, as president Johnson
put it.
Fifth. A cessation of hostilities could
be the first order of business at a con-
ference or could be the subject of pre-
liminary discussions.
-Mr. MANSFIELD. Seventh, we want
no U.S. bases in southeast Asia.
There have been allegations lately to
the effect that we desire to maintain a
permanent foothold on the southeast
Asian mainland. A start has been made
on the construction of various kinds of
installations in Thailand and near Cam
Ranh Bay in South Vietnam. We have
no desire to maintain any kind of per-
manent foothold many part of south-
east Asia. I cannot emphasize that
point too much.
Eighth. We do not desire to retain
U.S. troops in South Vietnam after peace
is secured.
Ninth. We support free elections in
South Vietnam to give the South Viet-
namese a government of their own
choice.
Incidentally, may I say that those
elections are to, be held on the 11th of
September. Frankly, I do not anticipate
much from them because I do not think
they will include all of the Vietnamese
population of South Vietnam. The so-
called neutralists are excluded, and so
are the Vietcong.
I would like to know how anyone can
tell the difference between a Vietcong
and a citizen of South Vietnam loyal to
the present government. They look
alike, they talk alike, and they have the
same traditions and customs.
I think they should be allowed to vote
to show how strong or weak they are;
then we would have a better idea of what
we are up against in Vietnam Itself.
Tenth. The question of reunification
of Vietnam should be determined by the
Vietnamese through their own free de-
cision.
Eleventh. The countries of southeast
Asia can be nonaligned or neutral if that.
That message, I understand, was trans-
mitted to Hanoi, but there was no reac-
tion to it.
I do not know just how far we can go,
unless we lay down our arms. While I
have my doubts, and have had for a long
time, about the advisability of our ever
getting into Vietnam, we are in there
now;' we cannot withdraw, and we have
to find a way to the conference table, to
the end that this miserable conflict can
be brought to an honorable conclusion.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
raised this question for the express pur-
pose of trying to elicit from the majority
leader and others a suggestion or state-
ment that would give a reason for people
like President de Gaulle and Prince
Sihanouk to meet with our representa-
tives and discuss the matter. I do not
know, frankly, what it is we will say-
the real minimum basis for negotiation.
I was very distressed and very disap-
+r.,,+-n,dnna gihann lk refused to
ace opportunity, and if what Vietnam and a halt to all American Thirteenth. The President has said:
the majority leader says is true-and I war" against. North Vietnam.
certainly have great respect for his opin- 2-Pending reunification of North and The Vietcong could not have difficulty
views
ided
e epre enti d ifnfor a momentnHanoildec
ion-and if there is a basis for eem- allowed totente intothmilitary1allianc slwith
promise rather than surrender, then by other nations, or permit foreign bases or rho wanted to cease aggression. I don't think
all means I wish to endorse the majority troops on Vietnamese soil, that this would be an insurmountable
leader's suggestion that it might be ar- 3-The affairs of South Vietnam must be problem.
ranged. Because I think thereby some settled by the South Vietnamese People That is a far-ranging statement and
progress could be made. themselves without foreign intervention and takes in a lot of territory if one wants to
So I congratulate the Senator both for in accordance with the program of the Na make a literal interpretation.
requesting the meeting and -for suggest- tional Liberation Front, the parent move- Fourteen. We have said publicly and
ing that there is some basis for com- ment for the Viet Cong.
`promise. t-L-Peaceful reunification of the two .Viet- privately, that we could stop the bomb-
~9 a n s is a estion?tor the Vietnamese peo- ing of North Vietnam as a a ste been t?vthe
Mr. MANSFIELDN*
ample. that the,l;'re !~i Rg'asne-2605/06/29: CIA-RDP67BB446 bY-4
be their option.
That would seem to fit in with the
idea suggested by General do Gaulle, who
has proopsed that all of southeast Asia
be neutralized-an excellent idea, which
r l,n r'xnlore.d with more en-
Sixth. Hanoi's four points could be dis-
cussed along with other points which
others might wish to propose.
unanimous consent that Hanoi's four Twelfth. We would much prefer to use
points be included in MY remarks under our resources for the economic recon-
a subheading. struction of southeast Asia rather than
There being no objection, the 4 points in war. If there is peace, North Viet-
were ordered to be printed in the R$CORD, nam could participate in a regional ef-
as follows: fort to which we would be prepared to
PROPOSALS FROM HANOI contribute at least $1 billion.
North Vietnam has in effect proposed the A start has been made in the creation
following: of an Asian Bank, which has total assets
1-The independence, sovereignty and ter- of $1 billion, to which which we have al-
ritorial integrity of Vietnam must be recog- located $200 million, and also on the
nized. According, to the 1954 Geneva agree- Mekong River development, where three
ments, this would require withdrawal of U.S. projects are at the present time, if. my
troops from, South Vietnam, an end to the
information is correct, in various stages
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400100003-4
20174 CO?'
slightest hint or suggestion from the
other side as to what they would do if
the bombing stopped.
These are concrete suggestions cover-
ing every area possible. ? But, as I say, if
there is to be negotiation, it will take at
least two. I would like to see the time
come when we would go to the conference
table, and I think that we should over-
look no opening in our efforts to achieve
that objective.
President de Gaulle's visit to Cam-
bodia does offer a slight hope. -It is best
to try to light a candle than curse the
darkness.
. Mr. PELL subsequentlyisaid: Mr. Presi-
dent, I find Senator MANSFIELD'S state-
ment on General de Gaulle's coming visit
to Cambodia excellent and worthy of
close reading and consideration. I hope
it will give heart to General de Gaulle
and. thought to our administration in
their joint search, though by different
paths, for a stable and peaceful world.
Be a man American, French, or Cam-
bodian, we all share this common desire.
And, if there are followed the approaches
suggested by Senator MANSFIELD, I be-
lieve we will be closer to that common
goal,
WORLDWIDE MILITARY
COMMITMENTS
Mr. STENNIS, Mr. President, on
Thursday, August 25, 1966, the Prepared-
ness Investigating Subcommittee opened
its hearing into our worldwide military
commitments and our ability to respond
to them., The Honorable Dean Rusk,
Secretary of State, was our first witness,
In view of the importance and signifl-
cance of this study and inquiry, I believe
that it would be well for all Members of
the Congress as well as the other citi-
zens of the Nation to be informed of its
nature, purpose, and scope. Therefore,
I ask unanimous consent that my open-
ing statement at the hearing last Thurs-
day be placed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered. to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
OPENING -STATEMENT BY SENATOR JOHN
STENNrs, CHAIRMAN, PREPAREDNESS INVESTI-
GATING SUBCOMMITTEE, SENATE COMMITTEE
ox ARMED SEavICEs, AUGUST 25, 1966
Today we open hearings on the extent and
nature of our worldwide military commit-
meats and our ability to respond to them.
We are pleased to have the Honorable Dean
Rusk, Secretary of State, as,our first witness
In this important Inquiry.
We believe that this study and inquiry
has a special significance. It marks the
first occasion, so far as we have been able
to determine, when the legislative branch
of the government has consciously under-
taken a careful and deliberate assessment
and survey of our military commitments and
an evaluation of what is required of us and
our allies in manpower, equipment and other
resources if we are to be able to respond to
these commitments,
It Is our hope that, through this study,
Congress will be provided with factual In-
formation which will serve as a measuring
rod against which to assess our strengths and
our weaknesses as emergencies occur and as
additional military commitments are being
considered. Such a measuring rod.-avail-
able in advance and kept up to date as far
as possible--should be of immense value to
I ~IONAL RECORD - SENATE August 29, 1966
tress in the future, since, with such
,lion already developed, the Congress
be forced to rely entirely on hastily
ed statements, information and esti-
mstes presented to us by the executive de-
partment in times of emergency or semi-
emergency.
This information will be useful to the en-
tire Congress but particularly to the Senate
since it is to the Senate that all of the
treaties by which we assume military com-
mitments and obligations to other nations
are referred for approval or rejection.
Although both the facts and the policy
with respect to the military Implications of
this matter necessarily overlap to some ex-
tent, we do not expect to infringe or intrude
upon the most useful and valuable functions
discharged by the Committee on Foreign Re-
lations. We are primarily interested in the
extent of our military commitments and our
ability to respond to them-in short, whether
or not we are or may be over-extended either
now or in the future.
These questions are of direct and primary
concern to the military committees of the
Congress since it is through these commit-
tees, and the Committees on Appropriations,
that the Congress discharges its obligation to
provide for the common defense and raise
and support our military forces. To do this
effectively we must have all facts which are
necessary to enable us to reach informed and
intelligent conclusions.
Secretary Rusk said in his appearance be-
fore the Senate Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions last February that there were over 40
countries with which we have formal agree-
ments committing us to assist them militar-
ily in the event of aggression. This Indicates
the magnitude of our global commitments.
It Indicates also that, as a truly world power,
we cannot afford to become overly preoccu-
pied with one area of the world or one set of
problems. We cannot let the requirements
and demands of Southeast Asia, for example,
degrade the importance of the NATO area
which is still the decisive region for the
United States and Western Europe. Al-
though changes in and reductions of force
commitments may be inevitable, it is still of
primary importance that we and our NATO
allies maintain adequate forces for deter-
rence and defense.
Yet we axe faced with the hard fact that
a relatively small and undeveloped country
such as North Vietnam has boon able to tie
us down and require a very substantial com-
mitment of our military manpower and re-
sources over many months. This clearly
shows us what we can and must expect if
similar wars of aggression or similar out-
breaks should occur at other points around
the world. This also makes it necessary that
we face up realistically to the situation and
make a hardheaded and realistic assessment
of the problems with which we would be con-
fronted if two, three or more of such contin-
gencies should occur simultaneously.
The Congress needs and must have all- of
the facts. We cannot afford to be satisfied
with rosy generalizations to the effect that
we are fully prepared to meet all of our
treaty commitments throughout the world.
We must have the facts and, in the last
analysis, may very well have to make a dis-
tinction between what we are willing to do
and what we are reasonably able to do within
the limits of our military manpower, re-
sources and assets.
Further, we must think in terms of using
our manpower and resources in such a way
that we will protect ourselves; we must guard
against over commitment that would drain
away our manpower and resources and thus
leave us weakened and unable to protect
ourselves.
Further, we are concerned about the mili-
tary capability of our allies, as well as their
willingness to respond In times of emergency.
Among other matters which we propose
to examine and study to a degree as we pro-
ceed with this matter is our military aid pro-
gram and the status and effectiveness of it.
To the extent possible, open hearings will
he held on this matter. However, it Is clear
that the great majority of the testimony .
will have to be taken behind closed doors for
security reasons. Secretary Rusk will appear
before us again which shall include a closed
session.
Secretary Rusk today will give us a broad
view of our worldwide commitments and will
also address himself specifically to NATO and
its problems. If a question is asked inad-
vertently which would require getting into
classified . Information for an appropriate
response, I am sure that he will call this to
our attention and we will reserve the ques-
tion and the answer to the executive session.
We shall address this matter in all phases
and by important areas to the extent pos-
sible. We will first take up the NATO area
and when we complete that go on to the Rio
Pact, SEATO, CENTO and other areas.
GEN. BERNARD A. SCHRIEVER
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, August
31, 1966, will in a sense, mark the end of
an era. On that date Gen. Bernard. A.
Schriever, commander of the Air Force
Systems Command, will retire and thus
bring to a close one of the most brilliant,
outstanding, and remarkable careers in
our recent military history. Both the
Department of the Air Force and the
Nation as a whole will be much the poor-
er as a result.
The distinguished and invaluable serv-
ice which General Schiever, an immi-
grant boy, has rendered 'to his adopted
country during his career of snore than
30 years assures him of a large place in
our military history. In various com-
mands since 1954, culminating with the
Air Force Systems Command, he had a
primary and decisive role in the develop-
ment of the intercontinental ballistic
missiles upon which we rely so heavily to
deter would-be aggressors.
It is well known that our ballistic mis-
siles became a reality despite widespread
doubt and skepticism among many in-
formed people about their technical feasi-
bility. It was General Schriever who was
responsible for pushing forward research
and development on all technical phases
of our Atlas, Titan, and Minuteman mis-
siles and for providing concurrently the
launching sites, equipment, tracking fa-
cilities, and ground support equipment
necessary to missile operations. The
propulsion, guidance, and structural
techniques so developed have played a
vital role in our space program. Most
NASA launchings have been with Air
Force developed propulsion systems. -
I could say much more about General
Schriever and his many and varied
achievements. However, it is sufficient
to say that his guiding genius and vision
in pointing the way will remain a major
influence on Air Force development and
technology for many years to come. His
stamp is indeed indelible.
This is one of the most remarkable
achievements of our time and of many
years prior thereto.
On a personal note, let me say that I
have worked very closely with General
Schriever over the years. He has ap-
peared as a witness on many occasions
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