CULVER URGES SUPPORT OF ELECTIONS IN SOUTH VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090014-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2005
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: July 11, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

A roved For Release 2005/06/29 ? CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090014-A
July 11, 1.966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE, 14387
elastic work crew for concentrated effort to peoples. Then and then only will any man
make this ancient dream come true. be able to travel y place on the face of the
e-
dl
ess spac
The developments I have recited demon- earth-an c~r i to he star of een
strate that the Center has become the focus in free o fignity and in peam
of a worldwide ever accelerating cooperative
effort to make law the major factor in world
affairs. We have largely done our research
and planning and now we are into the law
development phase of our program. We are
concentrating on converting the idea of a
world rule of law into processes, procedures
and institutions.
I and thousands of law leaders the world
over agree with the statement of Chief Jus-
tice Warren to the Washington World Con-
ference last September:
Achieving and maintaining a rule of
law strong enough to regulate actions of na-
tions and individuals in the world commu-
nity is no more dreamy, impossible or im-
practicable than was the dream of splitting
the atom, or putting a man on the moon or
sending a missile to Mars a few years ago. I
believe we of our generation can translate
the centuries-old dream of a world ruled by
law from dream into reality.
"In part, my belief is based upon the im-
peratives of our day which make this'a neces-
sity to save mankind from nuclear holocaust.
In part, my belief is based upon the fact that
there are more law and judicial institutions
today, nationally and internationally, than
ever before in the history of mankind."
We cannot expect to replace force with
nothing and leave a vacuum. The only way
force can be replaced is with something to
take its place. And the lesson of history is
that the only proven replacement for force
as a controller of the lives and actions of
men and nations is the rule of law. When
law is strong enough to be a credible replace-
ment for force, world peace through law can
then be a reality.
Let me remind that in this program we are
not urging world government or Utopia.
Under the rule of law men will always have
conflicts and disputes. And nations are run
by men. A law system will do no more than
provide law rules to prevent conflict and
channel the inevitable disputes into court-
houses for peaceful decision as a substitute
for decision by violence on battlefields.
We lawyers live by settling or avoiding dis-
putes. We are experts on this. We have now
lifted our sights, our thinking and our abil-
ities to the toughest problem of them all:
the ending of decision by death. In civilized
nations we have largely done this but the law
of the jungle prevails among nations. Thus
we have set for law the most ambitious goal
in all history by bringing law to bear on the
problem of world peace. We are working suc-
cessfully on the practical mechanics of this
goal by expanding law in the world commu-
nity. The only way to get change is to work
for it and that we are doing. We are com-
bining inventiveness, ingenuity and imagi-
nation with plain hard work. And frankly
we are making progress. "Slow progress inch
by inch" as Ambassador Goldberg said re-
cently of a world ruled by law. But prog-
ress we are indeed making. The day of a
functioning world order under law is com-
ing closer due to our efforts.
The reverberations of the information ex-
plosion on law worldwide through the coin-
puter will be tremendous. The law material's
previously available to a few will now be
available to all. The impact of this avail-
ability on law, lawyers, judges and the people
will be enormous. Law like muscles grows
stronger with use. Law for all will indeed be
more and more possible. Law will be used
as an instrument to bring the wonders of
modern living to all peoples in all nations
and especially will law be available for use to
create a peace structure for the world com-
munity.
When the rule of law prevails worldwide it
will indeed have achieved its highest purpose
and function as an instrument benefiting all
CULVER URGES SUPPORT OF ELEC-
TIONS IN SOUTH VIETNAM
(Mr. CULVER (at the request of Mr.
KREBS) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. CULVER. Mr. Speaker, the elec-
tions for a constituent assembly in South
Vietnam which have been scheduled for
this coming September are crucial not
only to the political stability of that
country but to the successful conclusion
of the military confrontation as well.
We cannot expect these elections to
resolve all of the Government positions
on the military, economic, and social
problems of the nation. But they will
be extremely valuable in forcing a na-
tional consensus from which the further
policies of the Vietnamese Government
can emerge.
It is absolutely essential, however, that
these elections be carried out with the
most scrupulous supervision to guarantee
that no question can be raised as to the
results. And it is equally critical that
the decisions be accepted and abided
by-not only by the Vietnamese but by
the rest of the world as well.
It is for this reason that I am intro-
ducing a resolution today calling for
supervision of the elections by an ap-
propriate and impartial agency, such as
the United Nations, and assuring that
the United States will honor the election
and the aspirations of the people of Viet-
nam as expressed by their freely chosen
Government.
I ask that the text of my resolution be
included at this point in the RECORD, and
urge immediate action by the House of
Representatives on this vital matter:
H. CON. RES. 820
Whereas the Republic of South Vietnam
is actively engaged in making preparations
for elections to choose a constituent assem-
bly in a constructive effort to bring about a
more representative government; and
Whereas the United States is dedicated to
the principle, in the conduct of its.foreign
affairs, that people everywhere have the
right to determine their own destinies
through free participation in elected govern-
ment; and
Whereas the success of the promised elec-
tions in South Vietnam will depend on the
assurance that they will be free, fair, and
open; and
Whereas an objective and international
presence would make a significant contribu-
tion to assuring that the promised elections
in South Vietnam are free, fair, and open,
and thus help substantially in bringing
about political stability and the establish-
ment of effective political institutions:
Therefore be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That it is the
sense of the Congress, the duly and freely
elected representatives of the people of the
United States of America, that it welcomes
the holding of elections in the territory of
South Vietnam; that it urges every effort to
assure that said elections will determine the
full and freely expressed wishes of the peo-
ple; that it suggests the wisdom of having an
appropriate and impartial international
agency, such as the United Nations, to su-
pervise the election and to assure the widest
acceptance of its results; and that the people
of the United States of America through the
leadership of the President, with the full
support of the Congress, will fully honor the
election and the aspirations of the people of
South Vietnam as expressed by their freely
chosen Government.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legis-
lative program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. HOLIFIELD for 30 minutes, today;
and to revise and extend his remarks.
Mr. FLOOD (at the request of Mr.
KREBS), for 60 minutes, on July 20; and
to revise and extend his remarks and to
include therein extraneous matter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks
was granted to :
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. HALL) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mr. DERwINSKI in three instances.
Mr. YOUNGER in three instances.
Mr. MIzE.
Mr. RuMSFELD in two instances.
Mr. QUILLEN.
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN In three instances.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. KREBS) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mr. CALLAN in two instances.
Mr. FRASER.
Mr. SLACK in two instances.
Mr. FARBSTEIN in three instances.
Mr. FASCELL.
Mr. JoELSON in two instances.
Mr. BOLAND in three instances.
Mr. REES.
Mr. VANIK in two instances.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker's table
and, under the rule, referred as follows:
S. 3423. An act to provide for the establish-
ment of the Wolf Trap Farm Park in Fairfax
County, Va., and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
S. 3510. An act to authorize the Secretary
of the Interior to study the feasibility and
desirability of a Connecticut River National
Recreation Area, in the States of Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hamp-
shire, and for other purposes; to the Commit-
tee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee had examined and found
truly enrolled bills of the House of the
following titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 13417. An act to amend the act of
October 4, 1961, to facilitate the efficient pres-
ervation and protection of certain lands in
Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Md.,
and for other purposes; and
H.R. 14312. An act to increase the author-
ization for appropriation for continuing work
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 14388
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July D_; 1966
For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090014-4
Approved
in the Missouri River Basin by the Secretary
of the Interior.
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE
PRESIDENT
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee did on the following days
present to the President, for his approval,
bills of the House of the following titles:
On June 30,1966:
H.R. 13125. An act to amend the provisions
of title III of the Federal Civil Defense Act of
1050, as amended.
On July 6, 1966 :
H.R.13650. An act to amend the Federal
Tort Claims Act to. authorize increased
agency consideration of tort claims against
the Government, and for other purposes;
H.R. 13652. An act to establish a statute of
limitations for certain actions brought by the
Government; and
H.R.14182. An act to provide for judg-
ments for costs against the United States.
On July 7, 1968:
H.R. 1535. An act to amend. the Classifica-
tion Act of 1949 to authorize the establish-
ment of hazardous duty pay in certain cases;
H.R.2035. An act to provide for cost-of-
living adjustments in star route contract
prices;
H.R. 6125. An act to amend Public Law 722
of the 79th Congress and Public Law 85--
035, relating to the National Air Museum of
the Smithsonian Institution;
H.R. 7423. An act to permit certain trans-
fers of Post Office Department appropria-
tions;
H.R. 12322. An act to enable cottongrowers
to establish, finance, and carry out a coordi-
nated program of research and promotion to
improve the competitive position of, and to
expand markets for, cotton;
H.R. 13417. An act to amend- the act of
October 4, 1961, to facilitate the efficient pre-
servation and protection of certain lands in
Prince Georges and Charles Counties, Md.,
and for other purposes;
H.R. 14050. An act to extend and amend
the Library Services and Construction Act;
and
H.R. 14312. An act to increase the author-
ization for appropriation for continuing work
in the Missouri River Basin by the Secretary
of the Interior.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. KREBS. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accordingly
(at 2 o'clock and 21 minutes p.m.) the
House adjourned until tomorrow, Tues-
day, July 12, 1966, at 12 o'clock noon.
COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive
communications were taken from the
Speaker's table and referred as follows:
2528. A letter from the Comptroller Gen-
eral of the United States, transmitting a re-
port of management of donated food pro-
grams for 11?Lexico under title III, Agricultural
Trade Development and Assistance Act of
1954, Agency for International Development,
Department of State, Department of Agricul-
ture; to the Committee on Government Op-
erations.
2529. A letter from the Secretary of the
Army, transmitting, a letter from the Chief
of Engineers, Department of the Army, dated
June 2, 1965, submitting a report, together
with accompanying papers and illustrations,
on an interim hurricane survey of :northwest 2541. A letter from the Comptroller General
Florida.. coast, authorized by Public Law 71, of the United States, transmitting a report
84th. Congress,, approved June 15, 1955 (H. of need for further improvement in account-
Doc. No, 459); to the Committee on Public ing and financial reporting system, Bureau of
Works and ordered to be printed. Public Roads, Department of Commerce; to
2530. A letter from the Acting Administra- the Committee on Government Operations.
tor, Foreign Agricultural Service, Department 2542. A letter from the Archivist of the
of Agriculture, transmitting a report on title United States, transmitting a report on
I, Public Law 480 agreements signed during records proposed for disposal, pursuant to the
June 1936, pursuant to the provisions of Pub- provisions of 63 Stat. 377; to the Committee
Ila Law 85-128; to the Committee on Agricul- on House Administration.
ture. 2543. A letter from the Chairman, Atomic
2531. A letter from the Deputy Secretary Energy Commission, transmitting a draft of
of Defense, transmitting a draft of proposed proposed legislation to amend the Atomic
legislation to amend title 10, United States Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and the
Code, to simplify laws relating to members of Euratom Cooperation Act of 1958, as
the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, amended; to the Joint Committee on Atomic
and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy.
Armed Services. 2544. A letter from the Executive Director,
2532. A letter from the Attorney General, the Military Chaplains Association of the
transmitting the 10th report of the Attorney United States of America, transmitting the
General on competition in the synthetic audit of the association's accounts for the
rubber industry, pursuant to the provisions year 1965, pursuant to the provisions of Pub-
of Senate Report No. 117, 84th Congress, 1st lie Law 88-504; to the Committee on the
session; to the Committee on Banking and Judiciary.
Currency. 2545. A letter from LeBoeuf, Lamb & Leiby,
2533. A letter from the Director, Office of Washington, D.C., transmitting a report
Economic Opportunity, Executive Office of titled "National Council on Radiation Pro-
the President, transmitting the first an- tection and Measurements-Report on Exam-
nual report of the Office of Economic Op- ination of Accounts at December 31, 1965,"
portunity for the preceding fiscal year, pur- pursuant to the provisions of Public Law
suant to the provisions of section 608 of the 88-376; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as 2546. A letter from the Commissioner, im-
amended; to the Committee on Education migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
and Labor. Department of Justice, transmitting copies
2534. A letter from the Secretary of Health, of orders entered under the authority con-
Education, and Welfare, transmitting the tained in section 13(b) of the act of Septem-
annual report of the Department of Health, ber 11, 1957, as well as a list of the persons
Education, and Welfare for the fiscal year involved; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
1965; to the Committee on Education and 2547. A letter from the Acting Secretary of
Labor. State, transmitting the 13th report of the
2635_ A letter from the Assistant Secretary Department of State on its activities under
for Congressional Relations, Department of the Federal Property and Administrative
State, transmitting a report of the ratifica- Services Act of 1949, for the calendar year
tion of the amendment to the Northwest At- 1965, pursuant to the provisions of Public
lantic Fisheries Act of 1950 (Public Law Law 81-152; to the Committee on Govern-
81-645) by 11 of the 13 parties to the con- ment Operations.
vention; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. 2548. A letter from the Commissioner, Im-
2536. A letter from the Chairman, the U.S. migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
Advisory Commission on International Edu- Department of Justice, transmitting copies
cational and Cultural Affairs, transmitting of orders entered in cases in which the au-
a report on foreign students in the United thority contained in section 212(d) (3) of the
States, pursuant to the provisions of Public Immigration and Nationality Act was ex-
Law 87-256; to the Committee on Foreign ercised in behalf of certain aliens, pursuant
Affairs. to the provisions of section 212(d) (6) of the
2537. A letter from the Chairman, Federal Immigration and Nationality Act; to the
Communications Commission, transmitting Committee on the Judiciary.
a report of backlog of pending applications 2549. A letter from the Commissioner, Im-
and hearing cases as of May 31, 1966, pur- migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
suant to the provisions of Public Law 82-554; Department of Justice, transmitting copies
to the Committee on Interstate and. Foreign of orders suspending deportation as well as
Commerce. a list of the persons involved, pursuant to
2538. A letter from the Commissioner of the provisions of section 244(a) (2) of the
Education, Department of Health, Education, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952,
and Welfare, transmitting a report concern- as amended; to the Committee on the Ju-
ing the lack of availability of equal educa- diciary.
tional opportunities for individuals by reason 2550. A letter from the Commissioner, Im-
of race, color, religion, or national origin in migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
public educational institutions at all levels Department of Justice, transmitting copies
In the United States, its territories and pos- of orders entered in the cases of certain
sessions and the District of Columbia, pur- aliens found admissible to the United States,
suant to the provisions of Public :Law 88- pursuant to the provisions of section 212(a)
352; to the Committee on Education and (28) (I) (ii) of the Immigration and Nation-
Labor. ality Act; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
2539. A letter from the Comptroller Gen- 2551. A letter from the Commissioner, Im-
eral of the United States, transmitting a migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
report of need for effective guidance of Nava- Department of Justice, transmitting a re-
jo Tribe of Indians in management of tribal quest for the withdrawal and return of a
funds, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department certain case involving suspension of deporta-
of the Interior; to the Committee on Gov- tion, pursuant to the provisions of section
ernment Operations. 244(a) (1) of the Immigration and National-
2540. A letter from the Comptroller Gen- ity Act of 1952, as amended; to the Commit-
eral of the United States, transmitting a tee on the Judiciary.
report of violation of statutes by use of man- 2552. A letter from the Commissioner, Im-
agement and investigations of resources migration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
funds for general administrative expenses, Department of Justice, transmitting a re-
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S. Fish quest for the withdrawal and return of a
and 'Wildlife Service, Department of the In- certain case involving suspension of deporta-
terior; to the Committee on Government tion, pursuant to the provisions of section
Operations. 244(a) (1) of the Immigration and Natio:nal-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400090014-4
 Approved For CONGRESSIONAL REC(7R.D674PP 00400090014-4) 1t' 11, 1966
tics its dismay over the overthrow of Argen-
tina's constitutional regime.
The continued suspenson of diplomatic
and economic ties, they contended, would dis-
courage other military uprisings and prevent
the Argentine junta from becoming a dicta-
torship.
h
t
Tlie Senators expressed concern about
indi-
developments after President OngaI a
cated Saturday that he had no plan to call
for elections or to lift the ban on political
parties.
At the same time reports from Buenos
Aires quoted diplomatic officials as confident
that the Unit States would soon resume
diplomatic rel bons which Washington sus-
centiy Ivlr. O1,uu.au . ~.. a. _ - -
perceptive letter to the editor of the printed in the RECORD at this point a let-
Washington Post, which appeared in the ter by one of my valued constituents, Mr.
issue of June 24, 1966. Lee McEwen, to the editor of the dis-
I ask unanimous consent to have the tinguished newspaper in my State, the
letter printed in the RECORD at this point. Texarkana Gazette, of May 27, 1966.
There being no objection, the letter was There being no objection, the letter
ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
follows: as follows:
VIETNAM BALANCE SHEET [From the Texarkana Gazette, May 27, 19661
The war in Vietnam has been escalating for EDrroR's MAMBOx
almost a,year and a half now, long enough to EDITOR, TEXARKANA GAZETTE:
''produce some accredited facts and much de- I take exceptions to Thurman Sensing's
bate. Communiques from the front, reports Gazette
Senator," Sunday because to
by impartial journalists, editorials at home, article article in n " the The May Ugly 15th, 1966
merits by, full page advertisements, state- Scaptioned ensing's unfounded and unfair implica-
other by the pope, U Thant, de Gaulle and tions as to senator Fulbright's views on for-
other leaders, and most recently the eign affairs, alleged Fulbright quotes taken
Fto t hearings-these are sufficient, I be- out of context and the general structure ei of
lieve, ve to watrant a balance sheet. What do the article being based upon much
stand to gain from this war, and what do nuendo. From newspaper accounts and hav-
d o TV much of the Senate For-
. . , _ wat
h
c
e
ki g
The gains: sign tcela situation, had ?rya
our Government has carried on a policy Viet Nam situation, I had the feeling that public hearings of the Senate Foreign Rela-
inaugurated by former Administrations, and it was conducted in such a manner as to find tions Committee informative and enlight-
can thus claim a certain consistency in main- our real purpose and to give the American ening. It has given me cause to wonder if
taming national policy and interest. (The people answers to questions that we are en- our interpretation of "freedom" can be ef-
fact that the national interest and honor titled to know, applied in Viet Nam.
have acquired a new and different complexion Senator Fulbright has frankly admitted fectively The leaders in power, when we committed
in the nuclear age is disregarded in aluatt- he could have been and was perhaps wrong in ourselves, are shot and dead now there have
for this asset.) Vietnam provides a l abtas the past in supporting some of the various been a number of different assumed leaders
tort' for testing new varieties of (Not military phases of our role in Southeast Asia. This since. We have never known the true desire
hardware, chemicals and tactics. (Not all is not the mark of a man that would have of the people. Recent demonstrations and
Americans, however, consider this a gain.) his every opinion taken verbatim without re- other developments have indicated we have
The rate of unemployment has been some- view. I get the impression that Senator Ful- good cause to wonder if our help or presence
what reduced by war spending. bright tempers his statements with a "let's is wanted.
The losses: examine and see before we act" attitude In fact, we are involved in a civil war in
The detente with Russia, which promised rather than that of making rash statements another country whether we want to admit
so much for disarmament and ultimate world in concrete form. it or not. And it may well become a civil
peace, has been disastrously weakened. To He has stated in the course of the hear- woo within a dil w.
my mind this is the most serious lose of all,_ Inge that indeed, since we have committed Ii the majority of those people choose to
both for our country and for mankind. ourselves in Viet Nam, we have a "face sav- have a communist type government, can we
Vietnam, with the firepower now deployed or ing" responsibility as a great nation with legally and in good faith impose our will by
anticipated, will be battered to a pulp-its great power and we hope great respect in all force to prevent it. Though we may detest
people, villages, rice fields. This is the major the world. The Senator has never advocated the system and the evil it breeds, we cannot,
human cost. The American dead and that we tuck our tails and run, only that we without being hypocritical, put a common
wounded are also a grevious human cost. examine the possibilities of an honorable everything commu-
We are losing, if we have not already lost, settlement or withdrawal from an extremely brand If on this eversyonne a annd d are we aiding Yugo-so, the support of our allies around the world. unstable situation in a country in which nist. ?
It is right that the American people be
Sarre governments may give uneasy assent, we are not even sure that the majority of slavla
but not their people, if foreign reports are the people want our assistance. alerted to potential hazards involved by our
to be trusted, The 'Pope is critical and I think it unfair for Mr. Sensing to accuse o the Chinese mainland. It
alarmed. the senator of being bent on "convincing the action n so so to close tato the that se ma wand be-
The United Nations has been materially American people that they are "ugly duck-Is cm't weakened. U Thant is critical and alarmed. ling's." The senator is not responsible for the come directly involved.
Communist countries have been presented number of unpleasant facts these hearings Any nation of people that will spend 1500
have laid bare to the public. The fact that years to build a defense wall to keep out in-
n 1 00
mile great tha wall w China began
with a new arsenal of argegonda weapons, prevent elec- vaders 41500 nation
agre siaround the charge "imperialist have used our influence top around 228-210 B.C.-completed the latter
revolving
Vietnam hasseriously 's divided - tions Viet Nam that were supposed to half of the 14th century) is by tradition and
U.p U.S. . opinion, hurt President Johnson's con- have been held long ago, is not the senator's ritage bound to have a common fear of
sensus, and lined up many Intellectuals and sole responsibility. heh vita tbe border exposed to common fear o.
b
large church groups against the Administra- It is a fact that these people in that area g
the
warf
constantl
have
front;
home
the
clans War has sundered itiyThe c edibility oft ofs the p beent 25 years and this is not theasena- or uether nder the comet on direct on of arCom-
tion. uni
e-
ficial statements about the war is widely tor's fault. Do they think like we do? Do munist dictator, fear can cause a person or a
intend to
questioned. Many If not most citizens are they want a system of government like ours? nation to commit a suicidal act. t. I don't
confused and uneasy. Who is the enemy? And in fact, do the majority want peace? lieve for a minute our lead
Head counts of Vietcong dead do not seem These are questions we should have
to quiet the uneasiness. There 1s danger, in answered.
the steady march of escalation, that Russia is it a proven fact that many millions of
and China may forget their ideological dif- dollars that was intended to help the masses
ferences. If so, World War III looms. of South Viet Nam people has in fact made
A final loss, hard to measure, is the sheer rich people out of a few profiteers over there?
momentum of war. Powerful people, in and Who is to blame for this? We furnished the
out of the Pentagon, are now so fiercely con- aid and should be responsible for its intended
centrated on military victory ("there is no distribution. Senator" to head a
substitute for victory") that one wonders if Is it being an "Ugly
the process can be stopped. De Gaulle, to senate committee that seeks to find answers
his credit, stopped the war in Algeria, but it as to why we are expending American lives,
takes great leadership, once the tanks begin and tax money, (the latter the least im-e there
is no cleax
toroll. How long will it be before this war portant) hip and whererone after another
goes out of all human control?
It does not take a CPA to certify that the regime has fallen? Are we not a people
liabilities exceed the assets on this balance capable of knowing these answers? If in fact
sheet, and that the deficit is
STUART ti CHASE. Viet Nam, are we not big enough to limake
GEORGETOWN, CONN. """~~~" -?
pIETNAM Certainly, any good American will fight to
BRIGHT. Mr. President, re- Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I hell and back in the cause of freedom. And
e our role in Viet Nam will
ho
l
`" ti'?"?
p
y
I sincere
serve this purpose. However, I find it com-
forting to know that we have in our nation
such men of influence and leadership as
Senator FULSRIGHT, who have the courage he
has shown in attempting to reveal important
facts to the people which they are entitled to
know about such actions.
Our system of government is such that we
have always had "checks and balances" in
the form of various leaders in moments of
national crisis down through our history.
Let us pray that this will always be so and
that it will insure sufficient tolerance and
patience where and when needed.
Criticize if you will, such dedicated men as
FULBRIGHT if they have different views, but
don't condemn them as demagogues. Had
it not been for such men, our Republic would
have never been founded. Certainly our
Declaration of Independence was pP
by voices that dared speak out against the
leadership of the time and against the finan-
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CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD - SENATE 144?
Mr. McNamara said it was expected that cost reduction program during the last live and other cooperative groups financed by
annual savings would increase to $6.1 billion years.
for 1969 and each year thereafter. Some mistakes were made, he conceded, thIf the credit unions are dissolved as many
Th,e cost-cutting program, Mr. McNamara and "there is room for improvement in the believe they will be, the impact on Argen-
said in his annual progress report to the mechanics of the program" as was pointed tina's small-business men and consumers
President, has not only produced "very sub- out by Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart, an in- Will be tremendous. Not only do the credit
stantial savings" but has also improved the dependent public accounting concern hired unions finance the orner grocer; they pro-
efficiency of the nation's military logistics by the Pentagon to review the program. vide low-cost loans without collateral to tens
system. Citing the opinion of military commanders of thousands of individuals.
NOTES MILITARY BUILD-UP whom he did not identify, Mr. McNamara Unable or unwilling to make small loans
The $4.5 billion savings in 1966, the Secre- said: of this kind, commercial banks have seen
tary said, were achieved "at the same time "No military force in this century has these funds expand rapidly, particularly
we were building up a military force of about been moved so far so fast, has been as well during the 32-month government of Presi-
350,000 then in Southeast Asia,, some 10,000 supplied and has sought as effectively as the dent Arturo U. Illia, which was overthrown
miles from our shores". and were providing force of 350,000 men, 1,800 fixed wing air- June 28.
them weapons, ammunition and huge quan- craft, and 1,700 helicopters which we cur- Although comparative figures are not avail-
tities of other needed combat supplies. rently have deployed in Southeast Asia." able, a glance at the balance sheet of one of
Mr. McNamara advised the President that "This has been achieved after realizing, the typical unions of the 583 credit unions
the United States military effort in Southeast during the past five years, $14-billion in sav- in the greater Buenos Aires district illus-
Asia had been increased in the last 12 months ings from the cost reduction program and trates their recent growth.
by 240 per cent in the number of military after eliminating, during the same period, The Villa Sahores Credit Cooperative had
personnel deployed and 480 percent in the almost $60-billion from the budget requests 750 members in 1962. By last June 30 the
number of combat maneuver battalions, of the military services." membership had grown to 2,667. The Villa
He said that other increases had amounted The cost reduction program is built on Salhores Credit Cooperative's loans rose from
to 235 per cent in the number of helicopters, three basic principles, the Secretary said. the equivalent of $72,000 for all of 1962 to
110 per cent in the number of land-based at-' These involve buying only what we need to $900,000 in the first half of this year.
tack aircraft, 70 per cent in the number of achieve combat readiness, buying at the low- News of President Juan Carlos Ongania's
naval vessels in offshore waters, 145 per cent est sound price, and reducing operating costs decree placing the credit co-ops under Cen-
In air ordnance expended, 310 per cent in the by ending unnecessary operations, by stand- tral Bank control and direction has thus
capacity of the ports, 240 per cent in the vol- ardization and by consolidation, far been overshadowed by the sesquicenten-
ume of dry cargo delivered by ship and 170 During the last year, Mr. McNamara said nial events yesterday marking Argentina's
per ednt in tonnage delivered by aircraft, the Defense Department saved $1.6 bil- independence. The full impact is expected
Further, he said, during the 1966 fiscal year lion by refining calculations of require_ to be felt this week.
the United States expanded production of ments, by increasing the use of excess inven- However, the new Government's inten-
fixed wing aircraft by 15 per cent, of helicop- tortes, by eliminating costly items and by tinns were foreseen. A few days after the
ters by 60 per cent, of aluminum air field cutting inventories. coup, overzealous Government aides ordered
matting by 2,100 per cent, of air-delivered For example, he said, the number of items the arrest of 18 top officials of the institute
munitions by 1,300 per cent, of ground-deliv- in the Pentagon inventory, which rose from of Credit Cooperatives, which was formed in
eyed munitions by 160 per cent and of tropi- 3.3 million in 1958 to 4 million in 1962, has 1958 to act as spokesman for the autonomous
cal uniforms by 6,700 per cent. been cut to 3.8-million at a major savings. units. President Ongania ordered the of-
All this, Mr. McNamara noted, was accom- It is estimated that each item costs $100 to ficials' release last Tuesday.
plished without imposing wartime controls handle each year, he said. The credit unions were formed about 75
on wages, prices, or on civilian production The Secretary said that a deliberate shift years ago by Jewish farmers and cattlemen
and consumption. from noncompetitive to competitive procure- in northern provinces. When the bulk of
The Secretary stressed that the Reserves merit had also helped to save about $1.3- later Jewish immigration settled in the cities,
had not been mobilized. And he said the billion in the last year. the credit unions provided financing for
Defense Department had held defense ex- small merchants and manufacturers that, was
penditures at a level lower than that of four usually not available to them.
of the past five years. CREDIT UNION COOPERATIVES Some foreign bankers conceded that these
The level of spending was based on a per- funds made
centage of the gross national product, which IN ARGENTINA possible the -relatively high
standards of living in Buenos Aires.
Is the dollar measure of the nation's output Mr. FUI+BRIGHT. Mr. President, art During the early decades of the credit
of goods and services in a year. interesting article appears In the New unions they were often subject to harass-
Defense Department sources said that the York Times this morning. It describes ment and despite the growing number of
spending percentage between 1961 and 1965 the taking of control of the creditUnion non-Jews in them they were the target of
had been 8.5, 8.6. 8.4, 8.3, and 7.1 As far any anti-Semitic o
as can be estimated for the fiscal year 1966, cooperatives in Argentina by the Central gI ups.
'they said, the figure yas 7.6. Bank. The broadening of the membership began
Mr. McNamara conceded that the Defense The article says this is the first divi- tor, Juan during the D. Perlin-year rule
whose of the
sformer trange economi nomic
Department's "Primary" responsibility was dend paid by the then hurt , n the banking be ready for combat rather than o cut its big business new mIf I understand junta to rt many In the banking com-
y
costs. However he said that without an business backers. If understand munity.
costive" However the ecoat the the story correctly it is also a major blow The greatest impetus occurred when Presi-
toward y pervasive to the development of a middle class in dent Illia's Government took office on October
tendency in the Pentagon would be to over-
state requirements, hoard stocks and man- Argentina and eventually a democratic t11, 1963. he banksHis efforts to curb inflation pinched
power and "pyramid" supplies at each echelon system. In view of this development I Officially, the new Government has taken
of management. hope our Government will go very slowly the position that the Central Bank, which is
The United States emerged from the Ko- in extending financial assistance to this similar to the Federal Reserve System in the
roan War with $12-billion worth of surplus new dictatorship.
stocks, Mr. McNamara said. mnU ited Stapes, could not regulate the nation's
about of
"The over-funding during the Korean War I ask unanimous consent to have the country's onetary ol banking with business ness a outside fifth its s
contn-
was startling," he said, adding: article printed in -
In June, 1953, the Defese Department point. the RECORD at this trol.
r~z"I a total 1953, $12.7 alien Officials of the Institute of Credit Coopera-
roprtforce spare There being no objection, the article tives contend that they are already subject
pare parts for fiscal years 1951- was ordered to be printed Inthe RECORD, to banking regulations.
54. compared with actual and projected as follows:
consumption in those The first test of the Government's order is
lion; and an Inventoryy reears of
of only BACKERS OF ONGANIA JUNTA PROFIT FROM plan to Tuesday when several credit , they $1..5-billion. CURB ON ARGENTINA'S CREDIT UNIONS Plan to hold mass rallies. If held, they will
g) be the first mass demonstrations against; a
"This is the kind of pitfall we are seeking (By H. J. Maidenber
te. avoid in the current military build-up." BUENOS AIRES, July 10.-The business DIPLOMATIC SANCTIONS ASKED
Under the present cost reduction program, backers of Argentina's new military regime The Johnson administration was urged by
Mr. McNamara said, the Defense Department received their first dividend Friday when the New York's two Senators yesterday to con-
stacks only enough to meet "normal peace- Central Bank took control of the widespread tinue withholding diplomatic recognition
time needs plus the amount required to tide credit-union cooperatives.
us, over in wartime until production can . and economic aid from the new military re-
catch up with consumption." Banking interests had been particularly game in Argentina until it receives evidence
Even with hindsight, the Secretary assert- credit e ooperativeso and hadlr long urged their that
In separate statements, ROBERT F. KENNEDY,
d, "We could not have significantly im- liquidation. Other business sectors have a Democrat, and JACOB K. JAVITS, a Republi-
proved" on the over-all performance of the been equally outspoken against marketing can, called on Washington to show in prac-
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W~ESSIO RECORD - SENATE
arouse China, but we should not condemn
those leaders who point out such possible
dangers.
Sensing in his article suggests throwing
things in FuLeRIGHT's,face-using our fighting
back in Pearl Harbor and our action with the
.Berlin Air Lift as justification. It is absurd
.to even attempt to make comparisons be-
tween our situation in Viet Nam and that of
Pearl Harbor and West Berlin.
In one, our people and ,our security were
directly attacked with tools and men of war
without any room for equivocation as to the
intent for such attack. In the other, in Ber-
lin, a right was being denied us which the
world knew we had and were entitled to
by virtue of Americans already having fought
and, died to help bring about. It is absurd
to try to show equal comparisons and irre-
sponsible journalism to try and appeal to
a reader's same degree of patriotism was felt
because of the Pearl Harbor attack.
The difference is: on the one hand our
liberty was in jeopardy by direct intervening
forces-on the other, as In Viet Nam, we are
intervening and many Americans are won-
dering if the latter is justified even though
we want it to be in the cause of freedom.
There is one thing for certain-Nevei: be-
fore in the history of man, until recent years,
did he have the ability to completely destroy
himself. This ability exists today and w4eth-
er we like to think about it or not we should,
perhaps, sometimes need to be reminded of
this in no uncertain terms.
Because of this grave fact, the American
people are entitled to know all the facts per-
taining to such commitments as we have
made in Viet Nam. The American people
should be allowed to decide whether or not
we feel we have sufficient national resources,
man power and wealth to commit tk~em all
anywhere in the world, especially when it is
done in the cause of an assumed.'((((((fight for
freedom," where there is Insufficient evidence
to know the majority of the people want our
help. If there is clear cut danger to our free-
dom, by all means let's fight back and leave
no reason to doubt that we won't, but let's
have a lot, of public committee hearings by
our leaders on situations like Viet Nam be-
fore we become too involved.
Can we support many Viet Nam operations
without eventually resorting to our great
nuclear power? Is it not conceivable that we
will be exposed to more than one such Viet
Nam commitment and possibly all at once
time if we don't examine our present policy?
Aside from a few Australians and a substan-
tial number of South Koreans, where are our
allies in this action? Even the committed
member nations of SEATO? (Many are haul-
ing supplies that help our enemy.)
We are involved in a sticky mess unparal-
leled in the history of our republic, and a
nation of people that has built what we have
certainly are intelligent enough to. review
the situation from all aspects without
condemning those that seek to help present
facts to help us focus on the overall picture.
The simple facts are: we are in constant
danger of war'with China because of getting
involved in something which has not been
sufficiently proven that the justification
matches the potential hazards and the de-
gree of their consequence.
We do not want to be an aggressive na-
tion, nor ever have to use our vast nuclear
power, yet simple arithmetic should reveal
to all of us that a nation of 200 million would
have little chance of defeating one of over
600 million in a conventional war, where our
supply lines would have to reach and be
maintained half way round the world. We
would ,almost certainly have to use our nu- _
clear weapons, and once we "push the but-
ton" deterrent forces might very well, out of
fear or for whatever reason, push theirs.
Though it might be unthinkable, this is a
real possibility and should it ever occur, the
"point of no return" may well have been past
for all mankind. There may be a few mo-
ments left to reflect upon the mistakes of
man, but no recourse left to correct them.
I believe that people are and need to be
better informed than ever before-it is right
and proper that we examine and review each
step we now take.
There is one absolute certainty upon which
we all can be sure of-if we can not correct
any mistakes that might have been or will
be made and the "button is ever pushed" we
will be a long time dead.
Respectfully yours,
LEE R. MCEWEN.
TEXARKANA, ARK.
LOYALTY NOT THE ISSUE
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD an editorial entitled "Loy-
alty Not the issue," published in a recent
Issue of the Northwest Arkansas Times.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LOYALTY NOT THE ISSUE
It has not been a question of "whether,"
but _ of "when" the administration would
charge those in the United States who do not
support escalation of the war in Viet Nam
are less patriotic than the people who go
along with an all-out effort to defeat mili-
tarily the powers in North Viet Nam.
The "when" was answered yesterday by
Vice President HUMPHREY in an address to
the nation's governors in Los Angeles.
Mr. HUMPHREY is quoted as proclaiming
"The time has come for some of us to stand
up for our country," Implying that those who
do not see the wisdom of spreading the war
are close to being disloyal to the United
States.
In the same address, the vice president re-
marked that it would be "immoral" for this
country to "pull out of Viet Nam."
As everybody who has studied the situation
knows, few if any of those who are not sup-
porters of the ever-mounting war policy of
the administration have counseled with-
drawal from Viet Nam. The two stands are
not synonymous, regardless of the interpre-
tation of the vice president. And because
some do not feel that broadening the war
through extension of bombings is a wise
course does not mean these people are not
"standing up" for their country.
One of the dangers Inherent in the Viet
Nam situation is that the American people
will be led to adopt the attitude that any-
thing goes which will lead to a military vic-
tory-even dropping of "the" bomb. Those
who have opposed escalation of the war effort
have said repeatedly that the United States,
the greatest military power in the world, can
desolate enemy territory at will in the small
and backward nation where fighting is rag-
ing. The advisability of demolishing North
Viet Nam is questioned, not the ability of
the United States to achieve this aim.
And there is no real question of patriotism
involved in a difference of opinion as to
whether continued stepping up of the war ef-
fort Is wise or foolish. The vice president's
intimations that "halfway" support of the
expanding war effort, or direct opposition to
such moves, are somehow disloyal are unfair
and regrettable.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
May 14 issue of Business Week magazine
contained an interesting article about
arrangements under which an Italian
automobile manufacturer will provide
goods and services to the Soviet Union
for construction of an $800 million auto
14403
factory. I congratulate the enterprise
of these Italian businessmen. It is esti-
mated that as much as $320 million of
the cost of the project will be spent in
Italy. This is a very healthy develop-
ment in international trade.
I regret that our businessmen are not
at least sharing in these enterprises and
contributing to greater trade and more
normal relations.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article from Business Week
be printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
HOW FIAT SOLD MOSCOW
The Italian auto maker's deal to help make
cars in Russia will give $320-million boost to
Italian Industry. Now France's Renault and
Japan's Toyota may follow its lead.
It was about quitting time for factory
workers in Turin, Italy, last Wednesday when
a peppery little Italian industi~list and a
rotund Russian bureaucrat dec ed to sign
their contract and do business together.
Then, Fiat's honorary president, Vittorio'Val-
letta, and Soviet Automotive Industry Minis-
ter Aleksander Tarasov toasted each other
with champagne.
Each had reason to grin. With a stroke of
his pen, Tarasov thrust the Soviet Union
further into the automotive age than it has
ever been. For his part, Valletta plunked
Fiat right in the middle of the biggest in-
dustrial deal the Russians have ever made
with Western companies. It could lead to
more of them in Eastern Europe.
Fiat contracted to help engineer and set
up a plant in Russia capable of producing
2,000 cars daily, or about 600,000 a year. The
cars will be a version of Fiat 124s, reportedly
modified with a larger engine (1,400 to 1,500
cc.), more rugged frame, less glass area and
better battery shielding as protection against
Russian's primitive motoring conditions and
harsh climate.
IDdPRESSIVE
While the secretive Russians didn't want
to talk publicly about money, the deal by any
standard is a whopper. Estimates of total
cost run as high as $800-million, although
slightly more than half of this may be local
expenditures.
Certainly, the Italians came up with at-
tractive financing: Istituto Mobiliare Ital-
lano, the Italian state financing organization,
agreed to finance $320-million of the deal, the
part to be spent in Italy. The loan is repay-
able in 81/2 years after delivery of goods at
about 61/2 % interest. About 65% to 75% of
the $320-million will be spent to buy ma-
chine tools and other equipment from Italian
companies besides Fiat (Tarasov visited the
Innocenti machine tool plants and the head-
quarters of Pirelli, Italy's biggest tire maker).
Other orders may be placed with other Eu-
ropean and perhaps even some American
companies for supply of additional ma-
chinery.
Construction of the plant probably will
begin next year, with the first cars rolling
off the line by 1969 and full-capacity output
probably several years later. No announce-
ment of the plant's location was given, but
Moscow sources mentioned as possible sites
the Moscow area, Gorki, and Zaporozhe. All
three are currently centers of vehicle produc-
tion; Zaporozhe, the Ukraine, also has a steel
mill. An estimated 2,000 Italian technicians
will be sent to Russia to oversee engineering
and construction of the plant.
NEW OUTLOOK
The Fiat deal reflects a changed Soviet
attitude toward,the passenger car in recent
years. Both Stalin and Khrushchev were
against private passenger cars on principle
on the grounds that they tended to promote a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE my I1,,,_ 1 66
munist countries to five years. U.S. trade pattern over Sicily. The stewardess tells me
with Russia is too small to make a Fiat-sized there seems to be a shortage of drinks and
business deal plausible now. Beyond this, water, so we are putting everyone on rations
the Russians have made no bones of their of one glass of water each.
reluctance to improve relations with the U.S. "Also, I'm sorry to say we have run out
in any field as long as the Vietnam war goes of food.
on. For the same reason, U.S. companies "Some of you have complained about see-
would be wary of making deals with the ing the movie four times, so for the next
Soviet Union which could be used against two hours we'll play stereophonic music
them by their competitors. instead.
Still, U.S. participation in the Soviet auto- "You'll be kept informed as to our prog-
private-enterprise mentality and that they
wasted resources. Premier Aleksei Kosygin,
however, has said it is wasteful for Soviet
officials to ride around in trucks and com-
merical vehicles. In any case, he ordered
Soviet passenger car production increased
from about 200,000 a year currently to about
800,000 by 1970. Some of the new cars will
become taxis and a few will go to private use,
but there is no indication yet that the
Kremlin, will devote sizable resources to mass
construction of roads, service stations, and
repair facilities typical of motorized so-
cieties in the West.
Since the Flat plant won't go into quick
production, it is expected that the Russians
also will expand existing plants-and pos-
sibly contract to buy others in the West to
reach an output of 800,000 cars by 1970. They
have been dickering with France's Renault
for a plant with the approximate capacity of
the Fiat plant; a Renault mission is to leave
Paris for Moscow later this month. Japan's
Toyota Motor Co. has had preliminary talks
with the Russians on a plan capable of pro-
ducing 300,000 to 400,000 units a year, and
the company is drawing up plans to submit
to the Russians this summer. Renault may
at least get some of the equipment for the
Fiat plant.
THE ORIGIN
Fiat clinched the Soviet deal after four
years of trying. In 1962, Valletta flew to
Moscow to open a large Fiat exhibit at an
Italian trade exhibit there. Valletta met
Khrushchev, and the two talked about pos-
sibilites for plants to manufacture cars, trac-
tors, or both.
Subsequently, Valletta hosted delegations
of Soviet technicians visiting Flat factories
in Turin. Last July, Valletta and Khru-
shchev's successors signed a protocol for the
joint study of scientific and technical prob-
lems. While the language was abscure, it
was widely believed that Fiat and the Rus-
sians were working on a deal for building
plants to make autos and tractors.
Nothing more was said about the deal until
mid-April when Tarasov went to Italy at the
head of a big technical delegation. Almost
immediately, Italian sources hinted the deal
was close to completion and that the Rus-
sians were mainly concerned about technical
aspects of the car model and financing. Fiat,
according to Italian sources, offered the Rus-
sians the 124 model, a new five-passenger
four-door_ sedan with an engine in the 1,200
cc range.
But the Russians wanted a bigger engine.
They also didn't like the large expanse of
glass, possibly because it would be harder
to seal out the Russian cold, and in general
they wanted the car to be more rugged.
They eventually got what they wanted.
Says an Italian auto executive: "The result
will only be a second cousin to the 124 model
that we know."
BUILT ON EXPERIENCE
Fiat has had considerable success dealing
with Communists. Its smallest car is made
under license in Yugoslavia, and it has had
other experience selling in Eastern Europe.
But there may have been other factors in
Fiat's success: Italians buy about 20% of
Russian oil exports annually, and they are
known to have been talking with Moscow for
some time about the possibility of importing
natural gas from the Ukraine. In any case,
the Russians are in a good position to service
credits because of their mounting trade sur-
plus with Italy (nearly $100-million last
year).
The deal stirred a flurry of interest in the
U.S., although none of the Big Three auto
companies-General Motors, Ford, or Chrys-
ler--showed any Immediate desire to inquire
about the possibilities for following in Flat's
tracks. For one thing, present U.S. policy
is to limit credits to Eastern European Corn-
motive industry has a precedent; in the
1920s, Ford sold thousands of trucks and
tractors to Russia and later cooperated with
the Russians in setting up a large automotive
factory at Gorki as well as a smaller assembly
plant in Moscow. Many Ford engineers vis-
ited the Soviet Union and Russians visited
Dearborn, Mich., in those days.
SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD an article entitled "Flight
Fast, But, Oh, Those Delays," written by
Art Buchwald, which appeared in a re-
cent issue of the Washington Post. The
article is informative, and it should be
preserved in the RECORD. The article
discusses the tremendous importance of
the supersonic airplane which this, Gov-
ernment is sponsoring.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FLIGHT FAST, OH, THFSE DELAYS!
(By Art Buchwald)
WASHINGTON.-"Good day, ladies and gen-
tlemen, this is your captain speaking, and
I'm happy to announce that this is the first
supersonic flight from New York to Paris.
We will be flying at an altitude of 60,000
feet and a speed of 1,800 miles an hour. Our
flying time to New York to Paris will be two
hours and 45 minutes. Now please fasten
your safety belts and we will be ready to take
off....
"Ladies and gentlemen, I know you're
wondering what the delay is, as we have
been on the ground waiting to take off for
the past two hours. Unfortunately, air
traffic conditions are very heavy at this hour
and we have been asked to hold here on the
runway. We are now the 20th in line for
take-off. . . .
"Well, folks, we've been moving up as you
might have noticed and we are now second
in line. I'm sorry these last four have been
so difficult, but the tower has assured us we
will get clearance to take off in the next hour
or so. .
"May I have your attention, please. It
appears that there are more planes in the
pattern than was expected, and we've been
asked to hold further. Why don't you all
relax? I've turned the 'No Smoking' light
of .....
"Ladies and gentlemen, we've finally been
cleared for take-off. Would you all please
relax? I apoligize for the six-hour delay at
the runway, but this is something we have
no control over . . .
"Well, folks, we seem to have broken some
sort of record. Our flying time to Paris was
two hours and 31 minutes. Unfortunately,
there are many planes circling the Orly air-
port and we've been asked. to fly over to
Copenhagen and hold there at 55,000 feet.
Paris assures us that as soon as it is feasibly
possible they will permit us to make an
approach.. .
"Ladies and gentlemen, this is your pilot
speaking. Since I last spoke to you 90 min-
utes ago I regret we have not been en-
couraged by Paris to come in and they have
asked us to maintain altitude and fly in a
Folks, this is the captain again. I know
you're all very tired and hungry and thirsty
and so am I, but trying to knock down my
door is not going to help anybody. We should
be getting the green light from Paris any
time now .
"We've just heard from Paris and we are
now in the pattern and will be permitted to
land within the next hour. Please fasten
your safety belts ...
"This is your captain again. As you can
gather we are on the ground at Orly, France.
Unfortunately there doesn't seem to be any
room at the ramp and we've been asked to
wait out here until someone leaves. It should
not be more than 40 or 50 minutes....
"Well, here we are at the terminal and
I hope you've enjoyed your first supersonic
flight. I'm happy to announce we beat the
Queen Mary's record by four hours and 12
minutes."
STRUGGLE FOR UNITY
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, on June
11, 1966, I had the honor to speak at the
commencement ceremonies of Califor-
nia State College, at Long Beach.
I ask unanimous consent that the text
of my remarks at that time appear in
the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
STRUGGLE FOR UNITY
(Partial text of remarks by U.S. Senator
THOMAS H. KucHEL at commencement
ceremonies of California State College at
Long Beach, June 11, 1966)
I am highly honored that you should ask
me to participate in these commencement
exercises of California State College at Long
Beach. I share the pride of the people of
California, and particularly of the people of
this great metropolitan and cosmopolitan.
community of Long Beach, in all that has
been accomplished here, on this campus, in
the indispensable cause of higher education,
and, beyond that, for what has been accom-
plished generally for education, and for
higher education by our entire state.
Here, students may study and learn, re-
gardless of creed or race. Here all have an
equal opportunity to use the brains God
put in their heads to think with, and, under
the guidance and instruction of a dedicated
faculty, to educate themselves, and to de-
velop their own skills and talents.
I am a neighbor of this institution. My
home, Anaheim, is less than half an hour
from this campus. And it is to this area that
my immigrant grandfather came from across
the sea, well over a century ago, to be an
American, to live out his life, and to raise
his family, in freedom.
I give to those who graduate today my
earnest and warmest congratulations. You
are the products of an educational system
successfully created by our society, fashioned
by our own unique political institutions,
through legislation adopted by democratic
processes, and you represent the best hope
of the Republic and of our Golden State that
this kind of free society, which you know
and I know, will endure.
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CONG1.ESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 14425
form of I"compensatory time." The balance, President could take this country into
or 17,000 hours of coaching time, constituted a war and fight over a long period of
unpaid or uncompensated work. time, pulling our punches, and taking
The failure of this District of Columbia heavy casualties over an 8- or 10-year
school system to pay for extra duty has placed
the District of Columbia school system at a period, with no hope of ever winning it,
competitive economic disadvantage. Teach- and be reelected.
ers have either transferred to another school So far as the people of this country
system in the area which does pay for extra are concerned, they want to know why
duty, or have left the school system entirely, they would have to accept a' stalemate
because they were not being compensated when we possess the military capability
for extra duty. to, overwhelm aggressors and maintain
PROVISIONS OF THE BILL our position.
The bill authorizes the Board of Education, My judgment is that this country can-
with the approval of the Board of Commis- not stand a military defeat in Vietnam
sioners, on written recommendation of the and remain a major military power, Or,
Superintendent of Schools, to fix an amount for that matter, a major world power
of additional compensation for teachers, now at all. Those nations which have not
assigned a standard workload, who are as-
signed to perform extra duties on a continu- shown courage and fortitude to back up
ing basis. Such additional compensation is their nation's policies with national will
to be paid monthly following performance of and determination are no longer first-
service and shall not be subject to deduction rate powers.
or withholding for retirement or insurance, This Nation is the hope of the free
nor considered as salary for those purposes. world. I personally applaud President
The bill allows such additional compensation Johnson for his decision that we must
to be paid for more than one activity as-
signed to a classroom teacher so long as such make the cost of aggression ever greater,
activities are not performed concurrently. that we must make the aggressor suffer
Section 2 authorizes the Board of Educa- an ever pain at the source of aggression,
tion of the District of Columbia to make particularly when the United States is
necessary regulations to carry out the pur- committed to help victims of aggression
poses of the act. Section 3 provides the act defend themselves.
shall take effect September 1, 1965. Mr. President, I notice that those in
ANNUAL cosT opposition to the President's Vietnam
The committee was informed that the an- policy of bombing the enemy's oil facil-
nual cost of S. 2574 is estimated to be $225,- ities, according to the Harris survey as
000 for 450 teachers expected to participate. reported in the article to which I have
The bill provides the Board of Education of referred, appear to have only 15 percent
the District of Columbia with the authority of the American people on their side.
to determine compensation schedules "and This is very interesting, in view of the
select teachers coming under the program.
The Subcommittee on Fiscal Affairs, on great deal of conversation we have heard
June 21, 1966, held public hearings on S. from them, as well as the views of power-
2574. At this hearing, representatives of the ful newspapers, particularly some in the
Washington Teachers Union, the Board of East, which strongly support the policies
Education of the District of Columbia, the of retreat and defeat. Accordingly, when
District of Columbia Congress of Parents and
Teachers, and the District of Columbia
Coaches Association appe~ red and testified in
support of S. 2574. The Commissioners of
the Distri D of Coltnlt'a estified in favor of
the p rind ex ra u y compensation.
53
51
37
34
43
ULAH,1'1'Y talcs LL' l;'1 L' L 11V 13VIVin- sent to nave prmLea in Lue s- ss uau ,-iv
ING OF OIL DEPOTS IN 1`IANOI article to which I have referred. January 1965_____________ 41 59
AND HAIPHONG There being no objection, the article The President's biggest gains have been
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, scored in the South, where confidence in his
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- as follows: handling of the war rose 17 percentage points
dent, I note with great interest in this following the bombings. In the East and
morning's Washington Post, there is THE HARRIS SURVEY: BOMBING RAISES L.B.J. Midwest, his Vietnam rating went up 12 and
published a report entitled "Bombing WAR LARITY-MANY Now EXPECT SHORTER 14 points, respectively. In the West, how-
Raises L.B.J. Popularity: Many Now Ex- ever, the rating rose only two points-from
(By Louis Harris 46 to 48 percent positive.
pest Shorter War." By ordering the bombings in the Hanoi The trend of public opinion on bombing
The decision ecision to bomb the oil depots and Haiphong areas of North Vietnam, Presi- Hanoi and Haiphong had moved gradually
of Haiphong and Hanoi has resulted in dent Johnson has sharply reversed the trend toward favoring such a move over the past
a sharp increase in the popularity of the of public disaffection with his handling of nine months. Before the bombings were
President. This reflects what I believe the Vietnam war to the point where today ordered, the public was asked:
the President has known for some time, a majority of 54 per cent of the American "Do you think the Administration is more
that the earlier decline in his popularity public supports his conduct of the struggle, right or more wrong in bombing Hanoi and
was due to what was going on in Vietnam 1 The specific move to bomb the oil depots Haiphong?"
and had nothing to do with the fact that on the outskirts of Hanoi and Haiphong Bombing Hanoi and Haiphong
meets with better than 5-1 approval of the [In percent]
we were doing too much there. Evident-
American people. In actual percentages, 62 For
ly, the people of this country think that per cent are in favor of the action, 11 per
we should be doing a lot more there than cent opposed, and the remaining 27 per cent Post bombings,
we have. are undecided. This projects to on 85-16 July 1966____-- 50
It is the view of the American people per cent support for the Administration If May 1966__-___
February 1966 ------------ 42
that should fight and win the war the On the eve undecided of are the eliminated. bombings, the Harris September 1965__________ 30 70
in Vietnam, or get out. We recognize Survey had just completed interviewing a Perhaps the most far-reaching question for
.that the Communist powers have just as cross section of the public. This study found the long run is one dealing with the public's
much determination and staying power .the Johnson rating on handling the Viet- expectations as a result of the bombings:
as we have, in a long and drawn out nam war was at a 17-month low with a post- "It is argued that by bombing Hanoi and
stalematd. It is my judgment that no tive score of 42 per cent. A week later, after Haiphong we can slow down North Viet-
the bombings had begun, that rating has
risen 12 points to 54 per cent.
The dominant argument advanced by
Americans who go along with the bombings
is the hope that it will hasten an end to
the war.
By a 6-to-1 ratio, people accept the mili-
tary need for bombing fuel supplies. A
rather high 39 per cent, however, feel the
bombings would be harder to justify if they
hit civilian population centers. And an even
higher 43 per cent of the American people
believe that as a result of the new escalation,
the Chinese Communists are now likely to
enter the war.
In short, it is apparent that Mr. Johnson
has gained at least a temporary victory with
American public opinion. But he has also
taken some serious risks which would later
come back to damage his basis for support.
If it is proven out that large numbers of
civilians are killed in the new bombing at-
tacks, the Prsident will be severely criticized.
If the Chinese come into the war with
ground troops, sizable numbers of Americans
will hold Mr. Johnson responsible.
But probably the most critical dimension
is the overwhelming expectation on the part
of the people that these new bombings will
"get it over with" in Vietnam. In effect,
this puts a time limit on the part of the
American people within which they will ex-
pect the conflict to be concluded, either by
military victory or by negotiations.
The response of the public, it should be
pointed out, is partly a matter of hard-
headed reasoning, but also contains a siz-
able measure of emotion born of the long
frustration over the war.
Here is the trend of President Johnson's
ratings on the way he has handled the Viet-
nam war since January 1965, in response to
the question:
"How would you rate the job President
Johnson has done in handling the war in
Vietnam-excellent, pretty good, only fair,
or poor?"
L.B.J. handling of Vietnam
fT --M
our people feel about this situation, these excellent to poor
powerful newspapers and other voices postbombings, July 1966_ 54 46
raised in opposition to the President's Prebombings, June 1966___ 42 58
decision, apparently are speaking the May 1966_________________ 47
judgments of only 15 percent of the March 1966______________ 49
American public. January 1966_____________ 63
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- September 1965 ------------ 66
f;7
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 July 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 14441
bargain sales alone cannot supply the lack.
if part of the street crowds rejoice in statu-
ary and vistas, and another part in saloons
and strip-teasers, a successful city must ap-
peal to them all, and monotony, even mag-
nificent monotony, will not do it.
So they are placing among the office build-
ings in Charles Center the first legitimate
theater erected outside of New York in 30
years; and they are searching ardently for a
restaurant that will make Duncan Hines re-
vise his standards upward.
ASLEEP AT THE SWITCH
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President,
American wheat farmers continue to pay
the price of a self-defeating U.S. trade
policy with reference to the sales of
American grain to the Soviet Union,
Eastern Europe, mainland China, and
other countries with similar govern-
ments.
While our Canadian friends are mak-
ing enormous sales of wheat to the
Chinese and the Soviets, we continue to
pay our farmers to cut back-on produc-
tion. Why anyone would regard such
policies as in the interest of the United
States escapes me entirely. This point is
very well made in an editorial in the
July fourth issue of the Farmers Union
Herald entitled "Are We Asleep at the
Switch?"
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle be printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ARE WE ASLEEP AT THE SWITCH?
Canadians are jubilant over their record
breaking sale of $800-million worth of wheat
and flour to the Soviet Union during the
next three years. This is the biggest single
commercial grain transaction in the history
of international trade. Russia will pay in
cash as the wheat is put aboard ships in
Canada. The entire, Canadian economy will
benefit.
Canada has maintained normal trade rela-
tions with Russia on agricultural commodi-
ties for 10 years. It has sold a billion dol-
lars worth of wheat and flour to the Soviets
in the past four years, exclusive of the new
contract.
Except for the United States, nearly all
the rest of the world now buys and sells in
the international market with little ideo-
logical distinction, at least as far as Russia
and the East Europe communist nations are
concerned. Congress and some American
labor organizations and other groups con-
tipue to prevent enlargement of U.S. trade
in this area.
President Johnson recently asked Congress
for discretionary authority to extend normal
tariff treatment to European communist
countries when it is in our national interest
to do so, but he was rebuffed. Chairman
WILBUR MILLS of the House Ways and Means
Committee, declared that he personally
would block such action by refusing,to bring
up the proposal in committee.
Meanwhile, Italy's big Fiat company has
entered into a $320-million deal with Russia
to build an entire automobile factory in the
Ukraine. French and Japanese auto manu-
facturers are negotiating for smaller related
contracts. West Germany's Krupp is en-
gaged in a large joint undertaking with Po-
land to expand industry there. Italian ship
builders are constructing vessels for the So-
viet. Britain is actively going after Rus-
sian contracts. ' There is strong feeling
abroad that normal trade relations promote
peaceful coexistence.
Approved
It would appear that in the matter of in-
ternational trade, either all the world is out
of step but the United States, or else the
U.S. is the one not in normal cadence with
the times.
The business daily, the New York Journal
of Commerce, says it would be sensible for
America to liberalize its foreign trade pol-
icies. Congressman MILLS' attitude, it feels,
is one of "biting off your nose to spite your
face." The communist nations, whether be-
hind the Iron, Bamboo or-Sugar Cane cur-
tains, is a small percentage of all world
trade, but dollar-wise it is large and growing
and there is no good reason why the United
States ... shouldn't havg a more adequate
OUR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AS-
SISTANCE TO VIETNAM
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, al-
though public attention is usually riveted
on the military phase in the struggle in
Vietnam, there is another phase to that
struggle which is of equal significance
and in which we have been making
notable progress. I refer to our efforts
to bring tangible proof to the people of
South Vietnam that their future will be
better than their past. Our progress in
this other phase of the struggle in
southeast Asia will be just as decisive a
factor in determining the outcome as any
military success, no matter how spectac-
ular.
President Johnson has said:
In Vietnam communism seeks to really
impose its will by force of arms. But we
would be deeply mistaken to think that this
was the only weapon. Here, as other places
in the world, they speak to restless people-
people rising to shatter the old ways which
have imprisoned hope-people fiercely and
justly reaching for the material fruits from
the tree of modern knowledge * * *. It is,
therefore, our task to show that freedom
from the control of other nations offers the
surest road to progress * * *. But it is not
enough to call upon reason or point to ex-
amples. We must show it through action
and we must show it through accomplish-
ment * * *.
It is those accomplishments in South
Vietnam, of which I think the American
people are too little informed, which I
would like to review briefly here today.
Our economic and social assistance to
Vietnam began in 1954. Since that time,
we have spent more than $2 billion for
nonmilitary aid to the people of South
Vietnam. And despite every effort by
the Vietcong and the Government in
Hanoi to frustrate or destroy economic
advances in the South, we have achieved
great gains.
In the last few years, hundreds of
thousands of Vietnamese farmers and
their children have been reached through
the efforts of American farm experts.
They have been given improved seeds and
cuttings of onions, corn, sweet potatoes,
and sugarcane, as well as fertilizer and
pesticides, to increase their crop yields.
Insects and rodents formerly destroyed
30 to 40 percent of the crops in South
Vietnam; by bringing such pests under
better control, we have- already saved
nearly 100,000 tons of food.
Since 1954, thanks to American assist-
ance, the people of South Vietnam have
added 250,000 hectares of irrigated land
to their agriculture. Last year, Viet-
namese commercial fishermen caught
368,000 tons of fish, compared with 165,-
000 tons in 1959.
With U.S. encouragement, the Ky gov-
ernment has introduced new land reform
measures. Permanent land titles have
been given to peasant farmers now hold-
ing only provisional claims to the land
they till. Some 500,000 acres of former
French lands are in the process of being
sold to small farmers on terms which
they can afford. Anrther 700,000 acres
of state-owned land will soon be dis-
tributed among 180,000 landless Viet-
namese, most of whom are refugees from
Vietcong-controlled areas.
At the end of this past April, inci-
dentally, there were 933,000 such refu-
gees, of which about 500,000 were still
living in temporary shelters. The others
have either returned to their villages or
been relocated.
U.S. direct-dollar assistance provides
construction material, medical facilities,
clothing, personnel costs, and nearly $8
million in food-for-peace commodities.
Progress in the fields of health and
medicine has been equally impressive.
Twelve thousand five hundred village
and hamlet health stations have been
established and stocked with medicines.
Despite Vietcong harassment-and
health workers are a favorite. target,
which speaks volumes about the sincerity
of the Vietcongs' campaign to help the
people of. South Vietnam-the incidence
of malaria has been held to 1.57 percent.
More than 80 percent of the Vietnamese
population living in malaria-infected
areas are now protected from this
disease.
New clinics and surgical facilities are
now scattered throughout the nation.
We are helping to build a medical school
which will graduate as many doctors
every year as now serve the entire civil-
ian population of South Vietnam.
In education, we have also made great
strides-again against the direct opposi-
tion of the Vietcong, who do not hesitate
to destroy a new school building at the
slightest opportunity.
When South Vietnam first achieved its
independence, its educational system was
run for the benefit of privileged classes.
That is no longer true. Primary and
secondary school enrollment in South
Vietnam has quintupled. By early 1968,
13,000 new hamlet classrooms will have
been built providing facilities for 780,000
schoolchildren. We have assisted the
Government of Vietnam during the past
3 years to distribute more than 7 million
text books. U.S.-supported programs in
the hamlets of Vietnam are now gradu-
ating 2,500 instructors a year. Facilities
are now available to provide Vietnam
with 1,700 new elementary or secondary
teachers every year, and more than 5,000
Vietnamese teachers have returned from
health, agricultural, educational, and
other studies in the United States and
around the world.
Since 1962, U.S. aid has established
four polytechnic schools and three voca-
tional agricultural high schools. - More
than 10,000 Vietnamese students are now
receiving vocational training that will
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 . 14442
have a profound effect on modernizing
Vietnamese agriculture and industry.
When Vietnam was divided, the south
possessed very little industrial capacity.
Most of the industry, was in the indus-
trialized north. Today, there are more
than 700 new or rehabilitated factories,
ranging from textile mills to electronics
manufacturers, which are part of a
steadily expanding industrial base in
South Vietnam.
Last year, alone, the United States
financed 8 new industrial plants, and
51 expansions of existing facilities in-
volving more than $7 million of imported
equipment.
I believe that this is a highly creditable
record-and it must be remembered that
all this is going on under the tremendous
handicap of a nation at war. None of
it, of course, would be of any avail if the
Communists were to succed in their cam-
paign of violence and aggression. Our
military effort in South Vietnam is the
indispensable shield behind which our
economic and social efforts and the ef-
forts of the Vietnamese people-can be
carried forward.
But we have not waited for the ces-
sation of hostilities to begin the works of
peace. We are even now attacking with
all our strength the basic problems of
illiteracy, poverty, and disease, which
are the true breeding ground of com-
munism and, indeed, the source of most
of the violence that occurs in any society.
This second phase of the struggle in
southeast Asia will continue long after
the military phase has been brought to
a successful conclusion. What the peo-
ple of Vietnam want is peace and a bet-
ter life. Neither they nor we nor any
other nation can hope to secure a last-
ing peace if we fail to honor the just and
imperative demands of millions of people
on this planet for a better and brighter
tomorrow.
I think it important that the American
people-and the other peoples of the
world-understand that the United
States is today pursuing both ideals.
Those twin goals are, in fact, the basis
of all our foreign policies-and I believe
that we are drawing steadily closer to
the achievement of both.
SEVERNA PARK STUDENT DESIGNS
CULTURAL CENTER
Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I have
often risen on the floor to praise young
Americans for their achievements. I,
would like to do so again. In the State
of Maryland, the Anne Arundel County
Community Cultural Center is being de-
signed by a 17-year-old high school stu-
dent., young,man, Gregory L. Mar-
tin, was selected to design the building
as the result of a "talent hunt," He has
thus been launched on an architectural
career. It is gratifying to know that
young men like Mr. Martin are achieving
bigger and more important things at
earlier ages than ever before.
I would like unanimous consent to in-
sert into the RECORD an article from the
Baltimore Evening Sun regarding Greg-
ory Martin and his project.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
METRO YOUTHS IN THE NEWS: SEVERNA PARK
STUDENT, 17, DESIGNING CULTURAL CENTER
(By David Runkel)
The first Anne Arundel County commu-
nity cultural center is being designed by a
high school student.
Gregory Lee Martin, 17, a senior at Severna
Park High School, is drawing up the plans
for the center, the main part of which will
be a theater in the round.
The center is slated to be built within the
next year on the shores of Lake Waterford
near Pasadena. The county Department of
Recreation and' Parks will provide the funds,
to build the center and will partially finance
a repertory theater company, which accord-
ing to plans, will offer one play a rnonth.
Young Martin, the son of Mr. and Mrs.
Larry Martin, 10 Admiral road, Severna Park,
was selected to design the building after a
"talent hunt" in county high schools by Jo-
seph L. Dorsey, recreation and parks depart-
ment officials. The department got. the idea
from a florist in the county who had a stu-
dent design his new store, according to Mr.
Dorsey.
GIVEN FREE HAND
After selecting Martin, department officials
"sat down with him and told him what we
wanted." He was given a free hand from
there on, Mr. Dorsey said.
Martin submitted his preliminary plans
several weeks ago and the department made
a few minor changes. The final plans and
blueprints are now being drawn up by Mar-
tin, with the assistance of his shop instruc-
tor, Roger Willis.
The design for the building is still basical-
ly Martin's, Mr. Dorsey said. .
More than half of the one-story building
will be taken up by the theater. The stage
will be 18 feet by 18 feet and will be 2 feet
off the floor. There will be seats for 150
persons on all four sides, Mr. Dorsey said.
OTHER USES
Other parts of the building will be used
for a ticket booth, lobby, rest rooms and
locker rooms for persons using the athletic
fields behind the center.
Beside the repertory company, Mr. Dorsey
said, the center will be used for meetings,
lectures, art exhibits, concerts by the county
junior symphony and ballet recitals by
county-sponsored ballet classes.
Start of work on the center will. depend
upon finances. There is some money in this
year's budget for the project, but the exact
construction cost has not been determined,
Warren W. Kershow, department head, said.
It might be possible, he added, to use
Neighborhood Youth Corps volunteers to get
the building started. If everything goes ac-
cording to schedule, the center could open in
less than a year, Mr. Kershow said.
MALNUTRITION AS A FACTOR IN
DEVELOPMENT
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, we
hear so often about lack of appreciation
for our humanitarian efforts in the world
that I felt special note should be taken
of a dramatic "thank you" message from
17 million children of Latin Am.erica-
the beneficiaries of the Operation Ninos
school feeding programs sponsored by
the Agency for International Develop-
ment as part of the food-for-peace role
in the Alliance for Progress.
The message, extending thanks to AID
,
the U.S.'Senate, the House of Repre-
sentatives, and to the American people,
was sent on behalf of the 17 million chil-
dren by 150 delegates from 17 countries
who participated in an important meet-
ing in. Panama. City from June 19 to
June 25.
Another giant step has been taken in
July 11, 1966
the direction of combating malnutri-
tion among the children of the Western
Hemisphere, and of increasing local gov-
ernment and private sector support of
child feeding efforts, as a result of this
Panama meeting, called "The Conference
of the Americas on Malnutrition As a
Vital Factor in Development."
Headed by President Marco Robles, of
Panama, who keynoted the conference
with opening remarks, delegates from
government, private industry, and pri-
vate voluntary relief agencies and inter-
national agencies reported, debated, ex-
changed ideas, and collaborated in calls
for new actions to be taken on behalf of
the children of the hemisphere.
The conference was held under the
sponsorship of Operation Ninos, the AID-
sponsored Alliancefor Progress program
which has helped bring about an increase
of over 400 percent in the number of
children being assisted in organized
feeding programs in Latin America in
just a little over 3 years.
Among the highlights of the confer-
ence were the following:
A keynote address by His Excellency
Marco Robles, President of the Republic
of Panama in which he underscored the
importance of combating malnutrition
in order to promote individual health
and happiness and community and na-
tional development.
An address by the Honorable Graham
Purcell, of the Agricultural Committee
of the U.S. House of Representatives, in
which he reaffirmed the pledge of the
United States to work together with those
nations possessing "a national will and
determination to helps themselves."
A report on the nature and magnitude
of the problem worldwide, demonstrating
the irreversible nature of physical re-
tardation brought about by malnutri-
tion in the preschool years.
A report on additional research which
continues to provide support to the evi-
dence that child malnutrition may pro-
duce an irreversible mental retardation.
A paper by the Honorable Herbert J.
Waters, Assistant Administrator for Ma-
terial Resources of the Agency for Inter-
national Development, and delivered by
the Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Material Resources of the Agency for In-
ternational Development-Mr. John W.
Johnston, Jr., in which he stressed the
role of the private sector and called on
governments to create a climate condu-
cive to private investment in the "war
on hunger."
In response to Mr. Waters' speech, a
resolution by acclamation to send a mes-
sage of gratitude to the American people
from the 17 million children of the Amer-
icas benefiting from food-for-peace pro-
grams.
A call for greater quantities and im-
proved quality of local food production
by Dr. Moises Behar, Director of the In-
stitute of Nutrition for Central America
and Panama-INCAP.
A call for development of national food
policies by the Latin American regional
director of UNICEF, Dr. Oscar Vargas
Mendez.
Presentation of a newly developed set
of audiovisual aids to be used in local
nutrition education programs.
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORb SENATE
Today, a bill was introduced in the
Senate which seeks to end this strike
by compulsory arbitration. 'I want the
RECORD to be perfectly clear that I oppose
the bill in its present form.
It would be a sad day for America if
we began to straitjacket employers and
unions by imposing upon them a com-
pulsory arbitration program. That is not
`the .method to retain economic freedom
in this country.
Mr. President, neither this dispute nor
any other dispute of which I am aware
between management and ' labor would
justify, in my judgment, the passage of
compulsory-arbitration legislation aimed
at one specific, ongoing dispute. The
whole subject of emergency disputes pro-
cedure needs review and revision. But it
should not come when industry and the
public are c gh j$ n the heated at-
mosphere of g veld` ork stoppage.
BOMBIN + OF HANOI AND
HAIPHONG
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, although
administration spokesmen are traversing
the world in an effort to justify the ex-
panded American bombing` of North
Vietnam, the effort will not gain ap-
proval or win support from the dozens
of countries and millions of people
alienated from the United States by
our war policy in Vietnam. The expla-
nations and justifications at the official
level silence governmental criticism.
But they do not gain anything more for
the United States than acquiescence
from nations simply unwilling to get in-
volved.
If foreign response to our bombing in
Hanoi and Haiphong is. adverse, a good
part of the reason may be found in the
testimony of Secretary McNamara last
February to the Senate Armed- Services
Committee.
I am certain that the President of the
United States does not know that his
own Secretary of Defense answered him
in advance of the bombing in Haiphong
and Hanoi, for I read the testimony given
by the Secretary of Defense in February.
In discussing the supplemental military
authorization Secretary McNamara
said:
Secretary MCNAMARA. Most of the petro-
leum used in North Vietnam comes by way
of Soviet vessels into Haiphong, and there
is Chinese commerce as well into- the port
of Haiphong.
Senator ERviN. So they could out down
a number of the essential supplies that
,would come in, there by mining the harbor.
11 Secretary MCNAMARA. Essential supplies,
perhaps, to the economy of North Vietnam,
but not essential supplies to the operation
The tonnage that is required in the south,
as I indicated, is relatively small, and it is
not necessary for it to come in by port or,
fo.~ that matter, by railroad or even over
-autopiotive roads, It could be carried On
the hacks of men, as it has been done many
times before by the Chinese.
Senator EaviN. But the North Vietnamese
would be unable to send those supplies
down there unless the industries could keep
going.
Secretary MCNAMARA. No, sir. The Indus-
tries In the north coiitributy very little to
the supplies that are used in the south for
the prosecution of the war.
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Senator ERViw. They would contribute to
taxation, would they not, to the support of
the Government?
Secretary McNAMARA. No, sir.
Senator ERVIN. Which is operating and di-
recting the war in the South.
Secretary MCNAMARA. No, sir; I do not be-
lieve so. The industry in the north is so
small that it plays a very little role in the
economy of the north, and I think any of
the analysts who have studied the problem
would say it could be completely eliminated
and not reduce in any substantial way the
contribution of the North to South Vietnam.
Senator ERVIN. And you are telling us, am
I to infer, that you could wipe out the entire
industry of North Vietnam, and have no
effect whatever upon their capability to pro-
secute the war?
Secretary MCNAMARA. It might affect their
will to do so. In my opinion, it would have
no measurable effect upon their capability
to furnish the supplies they are presently
supplying to the Communist forces In South
Vietnam.
Senator ERVIN. What do they do with their
oil and gasoline that comes in?
Secretary McNAMARA. Yes-they use it for
the operation of their aircraft which, so far,
have played practically no role in combat op-
erations in North Vietnam. They use it for
fuel for their trucks, some of which are used
on the infiltration routes.
The portion of fuel used by their trucks
could be obtained even though we were to
mine the Haiphong and Hon Gat harbors.
And, if they got no fuel for trucks, they have
demonstrated many. many times before that,
in the Orient, they can move the quantities
of supplies now being moved into the South
by animal and manpower.
Senator ERVIN. Well, it would seem that
North Vietnam is entirely unessential to this
war, according to your testimony.
Secretary MCNAMARA. No. it is not unes-
sential. They are supplying the leadership,
they are supplying the cadres, they are mov-
ing the equipment obtained from other Com-
munist countries.
Senator ERVIN. Don't you think a massive
air attack on North Vietnam would have a
vast effect on the will of the people to con-
tinue to fight.
Secretary MCNAMARA. No one can be sure
how they would react. I do not believe that
it did in Japan and I do not believe that it
did in World War II, and I do not believe
it did in Korea.
I think a study of the record will show
that massive air power by itself did not break
the will of the people nor did it break the
will of their political leaders.
It was airpower, massive airpower com-
plemented by ground and sea action, that
broke the will of the people and their leaders.
It is difficult for me to reconcile this
testimony of the Secretary of Defense
with the President's ordering of the
bombing of Haiphong and Hanoi, so-
called essential oil deposits, and other
military targets. In fact, it is difficult
for me to reconcile this testimony of the
Secretary of Defense with his present
statements, in which he is supporting the
President in the bombing.
However, Mr. President, the world
knows the costly mistake that the United
States has made by this shocking policy
in North Vietnam.
I say to the American people: "Your
intelligence is being insulted by the offi-
cials of your Government, when they seek
to lead you to believe that civilians are
not being killed in Hanoi. Read the
foreign press. It is not a kept press.
Read the foreign press to get the truth
about the shocking outlawry that the
President of the United States has imple-
July 11, 1966
mented, in what I consider to be an in-
excusable course of conduct on the part
of our country in the killing of civilians
in this escalated bombing in Hanoi and
Haiphong."
It is the assumption in official Wash-
ington, as reported in the press, that
bombing industry in North Vietnam will
have relatively little effect upon the
northern war effort, but may induce
them to quit the war unless they can get
further help from the Soviet Union or
China or both.
If they do get help, our privileged
sanctuaries in Thailand, the Philippines,
Okinawa, Japan, not to mention Hawaii
and the continental United States, could
be privileged no longer, as we move into
World War III.
But suppose she does not, and suppose
North Vietnam drops out of the war?
Every evidence, past and present, is that
the Vietcong will continue warring
against Marshal Ky or anyone else the
United States puts up.
The administration is fond of asking
what solution its critics have. But I ask
the administration, How do you propose
to keep a Ky government in power except
by perpetual warfare by Americans, and
by keeping hundreds of thousands of
American boys in South Vietnam, none
of whom should ever have been sent
there?
If there is a national goal to be served
in Vietnam that is not to be questioned,
then let the administration set it forth
in a request for a declaration of war, and
a justification for it. Then we can all
know what the facts are, and what our
purpose is.
But let us not hear on the Fourth of
July weekend, as we just heard across
the country when we celebrate a docu-
ment dedicated to "a decent respect for
the opinions of mankind" and Govern-
ment deriving just powers from the con-
sent of the governed, that all facts, opin-
ions, and decisions of war and peace are
vested in one man, the President of the
United States.
They are not. The decision of war or
peace is vested only in Congress by our
Constitution, and it has not been exer-
cised. Our President has failed to follow
the responsibility under article I, section
8 of the Constitution that he owes to the
American people.
I hope the day has not -come in our
land when the actions of one man-how-
ever powerful-are beyond discussion,
debate, and disagreement. If it has,
then we are far down the road where
Government operates without benefit of
constitutional limits and procedures.
Under present policy, the best hope
we have in Vietnam is for indefinite oc-
cupation of the country by half a mil-
lion Americans. Every minute carries
the danger that North Vietnam and
China will extend support to the Viet-
cong of the magnitude we have extended
to General Ky.
Such a situation is fraught with World
War III. Far from avoiding that dan-
ger, it enlarges it, for what inducement
would it be if half a million Chinese or
Russian soldiers came to occupy Mexico
to the south of us. It would be no in-
ducement to peace! It would be an in-
citement to war.
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July 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 14495
This is not a labor dispute which in any mode of transportation to move the mails cannot be swayed by an objective offer of a
way threatens the existence of the union as rapidly as possible, particularly to our fair settlement or by appeals to act in the
or jeopardizes the precious right of collec- servicemen in Viet Nam, and reduce to a national interest. It just wants more. And
Live baigAining. The International Associa- minimum any delays in mail delivery. it is apparently counting on the disruption
Lion of Machinists is one of the strongest On April 21, I established an Emergency and inconvenience caused by the strike to
unions in our country and has a long his- Board under the Railway Labor Act to in- get it.
tory' "of industrial statesmanship which it vestigate this dispute and to make findings There is no question that the airlines are
pannot justify besmirching by this unnec- of fact and recommendations. The Board now prosperous. They are benefiting from
essary, Uncalled-for strike. This union owes was composed of Senator WAYNE MoasE, both a boom in air travel and the widespread
.it to the President of the United States to David Ginsburg, a distinguished Washington use of jets, which have proved for more
respond to his fine and fair statement of attorney, and Richard Neustadt of Harvard popular and profitable than they had ex-
yesterday by announcing immediately that University. When the Board reported to me pected. Their profit figures are not secret;
the union will call off the strike for a two- on June 7, I transmitted the report to the they are in fact reflected in offers to the
week period to that the mediation hearings parties with my strong recommendation that union.
can proceed in an atmosphere of calm rea- they settle their differences within its frame- The machinery of the Railway Labor Act,
son, free of economic duress. work. At that time, I expressed by belief which applies to air carriers, was first em-
As the President has so often quoted in and the belief of my advisers that the Board's ployed to bring about an agreement. But
connection with other emergencies, "Come recommendations formed "the framework for the union refused to accept the National
now, and let us reason together," so, too, In a just and prompt settlement, which is in Mediation Board's offer of binding arbitra-
this emergency the same advice should be fol- the national interest." On June 13, the tion. Then President Johnson appointed an
lowed by the representatives of both the carriers infcrmed me that they accepted the emergency board, headed by Senator WAYNE
union and the airlines with the men back at recommendations of the Emergency Board. MORSE, which made proposals that would
work and the airplanes flying on schedule. Since that time, Secretary of Labor Willard have provided what Mr. Johnson described
President, I also ask Wirtz and Assistant Secretary of Labor James as "the framework for a just and prompt set-
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Reynolds have been working with the carriers tlement." This, too, was rejected. Finally,
unanimous consent to have the statement and the Union to bring the dispute to a con- the airlines made a new offer that reportedly
by President Johnson printed in the elusion without a strike and with a fair and exceeded the Morse proposals; but the union
RECORD, together with two editorials just settlement for both parties. decided to strike rather than to bargain.
from the New York Times which point I have done everything within my power At a time when the nation is at war and
out the reasonableness and equity of the and have taken every action available to the must be operating all of its air transport,
recommended settlement by the emer- Federal Government to minimize the incon- the strike harms the entire union movement
gency board which I headed. venience to the public resulting from the and its reputation for responsible and rea-
strike, but the basic responsibility to the sonable leadership. The machinists, as Sen-
They are the only statements I made. public rests with the Union and the airlines. ator MORSE has pointed out, are not being
A reading of the statements show that They have a great responsibility to the asked to make any sacrifice. His board ig-
the Washington Post needs proofreaders. traveling public and the public will expect nored the Administration's wage guideposts,
There being no objection, the state- them to live up to that responsibility, recommending increases averaging 3.5 per
ment and editorials were ordered to be cent; it also proposed a reopening of the con-
printed in the RECORD, as follows: [From the New York Times, June 10, 19661 tract by the union if living costs go up faster
TILTING THE GUIDEPOSTS than the board anticipated. Given these
STATEMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON, JULY 7, concessions, MORSE holds that the strike is
1966 Far from smashing the Administration's "unconscionable."
I have just been informed of the break- wage-price guideposts, the recommendations Conceivably, the union's strategy will suc-
down In negotiations between the five air- a Presidential emergency hoard has made in ceed in getting it more. But the machin-
line carriers-Eastern, National, Northwest, the airlines pay dispute may have given the ists must recognize that excessive demands
Trans-World and United Airlines-and the much-battered anti-inflation standards the can provoke an excessive reaction. If they
International Association of Machinists and kind of flexibility they need for survival. hold out for a settlement that is uneconomic
Aerospace Workers, and of the decision of the The board, headed by Senator WAYNE for the airlines and inflationary for the coup-
Union to strike the carriers. MORSE, made a great point of its determine- try, they will surely provoke demands for ac-
The serious implications of this dispute tion to ignore the guideposts. These are tion to curb union power,
make it imperative that the parties try to aimed at keeping the, over-all level of wage
reach a prompt settlement. At my request, increases in balance with the long-term rise Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, it is fre-
Assistant Secretary of Labor Reynolds will in national productivity of 3.2 per cent a year. quently reported in the coverage of the
get in touch with the parties immediately Under the Morse board's proposals, 35,000 union position in this dispute that the
and reconvene, them as soon as possible. I mechanics employed by five major airlines leadership is under pressure to bring back
am sure that all the American people share would get annual increases averaging 3.5 per a big package settlement to offset raiding
my deep concern over this matter and the cent. of its membership by rival unions. But
cofiviction that the parties must do every- The recommendations were arrived at by
thing within their powers to bring about a considering a wide array of factors, including while these men are not working, they
settlement promptly. "the public interest in the maintenance of a and their union are suffering great
I am disappointed by the failure of the stable economy." Perhaps the most inter- economic loss as well as the airlines.
parties to reach agreement and by the de- esting of the panel's specific proposals was This is why I believe it is to the interest
cision of the Union to strike. I am par- that the union be free to reopen midway of all parties, not to mention the public
ticularly concerned that our essential mili- through the contracts forty-two-month span, interest, that the IAM go back to work
tary needs be met, that the important space if living costs next year go up faster than while mediation and bargaining con-
work at Cape Kennedy be continued, that they have over the last five years. time. The strike and lockout are the
the inconvenience to the travelling public be The recommendations point the direction ultimate weapons of labor-management
held to a minimum and that mail deliveries in which the Administration must go if vo:l-
continue with the least interference possible. untary restraints are to have any real chance relations. There is no issue at stake be-
I have asked Acting Secretary of Defense of working in the wage field. The guideposts tween the Machinists and the airlines
Cyrus Vance to make certain that all mill- were never intended to operate as ironclad that justifies resort to ultimate weapons
terry requirements for air transport are fully pay limits; their original formulation in the by either party. The issues belong on the
met and to report to me immediately if any 1962 report of the Council of Economic Act- bargaining table, not on the picket line.
problems arise. visers emphasized that no single standard No one would fight harder for the
I have requested Chairman Charles Murphy would be practical for all industries. right to strike and to lock out than
and the Civil Aeronautics Board to take all it is plain that gains in productivity repre-
appropriate action to provide needed airline sent the foundation for a noninflationary would the senior Senator from Oregon.
services with the air carrier remaining in wage policy. It is equally plain that such a Mr.. President, the union is not in
operation. policy will be hard to sustain unless Govern- any way jeopardized in this dispute. No
I have directed General William McKee, ment fiscal and monetary policy combine to attempt has been made to eliminate the
the Federal Aviation Administrator, to co- hold the general price level steady. The air- union. No attempt has been made to
operate in every way possible with the Civil lines report provides a realistic approach to deny to the union the precious right of
Aeronautics Board. both elements of the stabilization problem.
I have requested Chairman John Bush and .. collective bargaining. In my judgment,
the Interstate Commerce Commission to take [From the New York Times, July 10, 1966] the union is misusing its power and right
ail appropriate action to provide the maxi- to resort to economic action.
mum available rail and bus transportation AN "UNCONSCIONABLE" STRIKE
Let me make myself perfectly clear.
to minimize the inconvenience to the travel- The strike by the international
per- The answer is not a strike, it is not a
ling public. . tion of Machinists that has grounded 60 60 per-
I have instructed Postmaster General cent of the nation's commercial airplanes lockout, and it is not compulsory arbi-
Lawrence O'Brien to use every available has an atavistic flavor. The union, it seems, tration.
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'ly 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 14497
For the years since the end of World The people of South Viet Nam demon- Communist take-over-this is just as fictitious
War II, we have been strong 'enough to strate against us, carry signs that say, "Yanks as the fiction that we are in South Viet Nam
Intervene, almost at will in foreign coon- go Home", burn American buildings and ve- to defend the people there.
hicles, dance in glee around the burning In the first place, this is not a war against
tries. From the Caribbean to the Mid- property and mob and shoot at our people. communism. If it is, why don't we fight
dle East, Europe to Asia, we have put What else can they do to show they want Russia and China, the sources of commu-
large U.S. military forces wherever we us to go home and leave them alone? They nism; and why do we give communist coun-
thought some American interest was hate us and our puppet, Ky. No wonder! tries like Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland,
threatened. Some 350,000 of them are Wouldn't we hate them if they were over Austria and Czecho-Slovakia millions of dol-
still in Europe. Fifty-five thousand are here? The only Vietnamese people that Lars every year? Three fourths of the people
Still in Korea. Roughly a million fight want us over there are the puppets, prosti- of the world are Communists. Does any one
tutes, and profiteers. propose that we wage war against the com-
or serve outside the borders of the United It is obvious the people of Viet Nam are munistic world? We can never shoot com-
Stat es. This is creating a very bad im- against us and helping the Viet Cong. How munism out of people, nor shoot our form of
age for the United States around the else could the Viet Cong put up such a fierce Democracy into them.
globe, fight against the might of the United States? The way to stop communism is to abolish
This cannot make for stable interna- South and North Viet Nam is one country- the conditions that cause communism.
tiqnal relations. It can only produce re- not two countries-and Ho Chi Minh is its These are oppression, injustice, cruelty,
sentment, and ' a will to drive us out, leader. He is a national hero. He led the disease and ignorance.
fight against the French. The French were Our action in Viet Nam is making more
either diplomatically as France is doing, trying to do the same thing we are trying to communists because it is creating the condi-
or by whatever other means are avail- do. After 10 years they were defeated and tions that cause communism.
able. gave it up. They say that we are stupid to The people of South Viet Nam don't even
This is why I oppose the continual try to carry on this war. know what communism is, nor what Democ-
build-up in southeast Asia. It does not Our Tommy wrote shortly after arriving in racy is; and they don't care. They want to
protect the men there-it jeopardizes Viet Nam, "These people don't want us be left alone and this war to end. But if they
here." did know what communism is and they
thousands upon thousands more in areas And yet Johnson insists we are there at wanted it, is it our business to see that they
where our normal cState nsense should their request only to defend them; that we don't have it? Who are we to dictate to the
tell us the United States cannot hold want nothing for ourselves. How stupid world? Also,
dominion except by constant war and does he think the American people are? All Viet Nam is not worth the life of one
increasing use of American military When Viet Nam was divided into two parts of our brave boys.
power. In 1954 by the Geneva Accord Agreement, the We cannot police the world, and we
. The American people must not Stop people of Viet Nam were told that the divi- shouldn't try.
thinking and talking about our position sion was only temporary and that there Let us solve our own problems before we
in Asia, Short of a declaration of war, would be a free election to give the people try to run the world. If we attend to our
a chance to choose their own government. own business here in America, we will have a
it cannot be a Closed issue. This commitment was broken for the reason full time job.
I have received a letter from two con- Let us keep our boys home, keep our
that at least CIA of the people would have strong, and not dissipate our
circulated u t in Merrill, Oreg. The writers voted for Ho Chi Minh and against us and country g'
it to several people. It closes our puppet. This is the estimate of Presi- strength.
with a footnote addressed to me. I shall dent Eisenhower, who was then president. We are not the sole possessors of the
read a part of the letter: The percentage against us now would be atomic bomb, as we once were. We will have
We again promised a free election; to learn to get along with other countries. If
DEATH IN VIET NAM greater. p we engage in a death struggle with commu-
and but our again promtheLse election broken. has been postponed
MERRML, OREG., nism, civilization will be destroyed. We
June 12, 1966. cannot survive an atomic war.
As to reason No. (2), relative to our com-
andso Yesterday we received notice that our Communism is an economic theory. It is
mitments to the Government of South Viet
grandson, Tommy Ch, aged 23, was a stage in the evolution of government. Eco-
killed in action in Viet t Nam. He lived with Nam, since when did Johnson start keeping nomic theories change. Communism in Rus-
us here in Merrill and we loved him as our his commitments? What about his com- sia has changed considerably in the last few
son. On his last furlough before going to mitment to the American people not to esca- years, and it will change in other countries.
Viet Nam he talked with me about his plans late this war? He condemned Goldwater as
for after the war. The thing for us to do is to let other coun-
tries the war party candidate and held him- tries work out their own problems, just as
In his last letter to us Tommy wrote that self out as our best hope for an end to the we went to work out our problems without
he would be coming home in August or Sep- war. Millions, including the undersigned, -foreign interference.
tember, and maybe sooner, and we counted voted for Johnson on that basis. Then he Consider the changes during the Johnson
the days we know he did. betrayed us. Administration in our own country. Our free
He is coming home all right-in a casket. Furthermore, our commitment was to de- enterprise system will be a thing of the past
fend the government of Ngo Dinh Diem.
I can see him now through my tears com- if this undeclared war doesn't end soon. No
Diem was our hand-picked puppet. But he
ing through the kitchen door. country can wage. a major war without
Oh God, how many other brave boys will was too hard to handle. So, with our con- adopting a totalitarian form of government.
be sacrificed before the people put an end sent and by our connivance Diem was assas- If we continue this sordid adventure in Viet
to this useless killing! sinated. Thirteen other puppet dictators Nam, we will create in this country the very
It wouldn't be so hard to take if our boy have fallen since then, It is hard to find thing that we claim to be fighting in Viet
had died for his country or for a worthy a reliable puppet who will take orders from Nam. Johnson already claims the right to
the United States. When we tell the world
cause. But he didn't, send our boys to a lottery of death any place
We have no. more business over there than that we are not dictating to the government in the world, without consent of Congress.
of South Viet Nam, these puppets start be-
the people over there have over here. Nevin it and start giving orders on their This was the way of Hitler, and is leading to
Tommy died a victim of the attempt of the g g executive dictatorship in this country.
Johnson Administration to impose a military own. So they don't last ! The National Council of Churches, the In-
dictatorship on the people of South Viet Nam If we were being invaded, every man, ternational Council of Churches and the
through our hand-picked, hated, little and woman and child would spring to the defense Pope are all against this war. Johnson's pop-
cruel tyrant, Nguyen Oao Ky. of our country. So will the people of the ularity is going down and down. As the war
What reasons, are the American people countries we invade. They will fight like escalates, support for the Johnson Adminis-
given for waging this war on a hapless peo- wildcats, just as our people would under the tration decreases.
pie in a small impoverished country half way same circumstances. That is why we will Johnson and his supporters are sowing to
around the world? These are the reasons never be able to "win the people" of South
Vietnam as HUMPHREY and other Johnson the wind and will reap the whirlwind.
given:
(1) We are there to defend the people of men say we must do. Could they win us if The Administration announces that it is
South Viet Nam against Ho Chi Minh. we were in their place? Not in a thousand sending an additional 18,000 men to Viet
(2) We are there because we have made years! We would never submit to foreign Nam at once. The communists can send 10
commitments to the government of South subjugation, and it is doubtful that they men for every one that we send.
Viet Nam, and have been invited over there. will. We can't win this war!
(3) We are thereto fight Communism, to The Johnson policy of bomb, bribe and Neither Russia nor China will permit an
prevent its spread, and to stop a Communist blackmail will never work. We are now the American take-over in Southeast Asia any
take-over of South Viet-Nam. most hated country on earth, and Johnson more than we would permit an Asiatic take-
As to reason No. (1), the people of South is probably the most hated man on earth, over in America.
Viet Nam do not want us to defend them any and this hatred is building up. We state that our boy died in vain in a
more than we would want them over here to As to reason No. (3)-that we are fighting cause that was not just; and we charge that
defend us. Communism, preventing its spread and a Johnson, McNamara, Rusk and their sup-
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14498 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD -- SENATE July 11, 1
porters are responsible for the death of our
boy.
Johnson made a speech in which he said,
in substance:
"Why are the people making such a fuss
over 1500 American casualties last year, when
more people than that die in automobile
accidents?"
What a cruel and heartless thing to say!
We know nothing can be done to bring our
boy back to us. But we hope we can have a
small part in helping to stop this useless,
barbarous, criminal and sinful killing with
its resulting agony, and suffering; and for
that we pray to Almighty God.
TOM CHATBURN, Sr.
MYRTLE CHATBURN.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Our views on the
war in Asia were the same before our boy was
killed in action. His death makes us more
determined to help stop this useless criminal
war, with its resulting agony and grief. We
will continue to do all we can to support you.
You do not need to answer this as you have
a heavy burden. God Bless You.
THOMAS W. and MYRTLE CHATBURN.
Mr. President, I read this letter be-
cause it represents the grassroots of
America speaking. It represents a dis-
united America.
Let me say to the President of the
United States, who has been making
some unfortunate remarks in recent days
in regard to the opposition of his critics,
that no amount of criticism on the part
of the President will silence me. In my
judgment, my President is writing a
sordid and sorry chapter of American
history. If he pursues this course of in-
ternational outlawry, I will oppose him
as long as I sit in the Senate. In my
judgment, the course of the President's
action must be changed if America is go-
ingp to survive an honorable place in
world history.
Mr. President, the Chatburns who
wrote this moving letter to me are rep-
resentative of millions of Americans who
are not going to take the President's
course of action. If the President thinks
he can get a united America by seeking
to make the appeals that he made from
Texas over the Fourth of July, he is
sadly mistaken.
I want the President to know that
there are millions of Americans who will
never unite behind him short of a dec-
laration of war, because the President-I
repeat tonight-does not have a scintilla
of constitutional right to send American
boys to Asia to be slaughtered on the
battlefield without a declaration of war.
Congress has no right to support him in
this war short of Congress living up to
its constitutional responsibilities of de-
claring war.
Mr. President, that is the issue. That
Issue has been drawn in this Republic.
Let me say to the boys who are dying
in South Vietnam the very hour that I
speak, that we do not have the slightest
justification as a Congress-nor does the
White House-to send them to their
deaths. Those who are letting down
those boys are Members of Congress-
and the President-who are making
available the funds with which to kill
them instead of exercising the check on
the purse strings under the Constitu-
tion by denying to the President the
funds with which to escalate the war,
and to force him to follow the course of
action of de-escalating the wjtr and fol-
low the recommendations of a General
Ridgway, a General Gavin, and a
George Kennan.
Mr. Preisdent, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD cer-
tain telegrams, editorials, and articles
bearing on the subject matter 'which I
have just discussed.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times,
July 3, 19661
WASHINGTON: "COUNT 10 BEFORE You HURT"
(By James Reston)
WASHINGTON, July 3.-President Johnson
said in Omaha that we should count ten be-
for we dissent from his policy in Vietnam.
Okay: 12345678910; but it doesn't work.
On the Fourth of July, a man is still entitled
to a stifled cry, for the Omaha speech is a
mishmash of bad history and dubious logic.
"What happens in Vietnam," the Presi-
dent said, "will determine-yes, it will de-
termine-whether ambitious and aggressive
nations can use guerrilla warfare to conquer
their weaker neighbors. It will determine
whether might makes right."
This is quite a proposition. If Vietnam
will really determine this ancient dispute
about right and might, which goes back to
Plato in 370 B.C., every porky middle-aged
character in the country will surely want to
volunteer for Saigon, but will it settle this
or anything else? Here is the basis of the
dispute between Mr. Johnson and his critics.
THE PRESIDENT'S VIEW
The President sincerely believes it will. In-
creasingly he is talking as if Vietnam were
one of the decisive battles of the world:
stop the enemy there and we've stopped him
everywhere. Defeat the guerrilla technique
now and we have convinced the enemy and
reassured our uniting Asian allies, and for
such historic ends, no matter what the cost
of sacrifice, "We will see this through; we
shall persist; we shall succeed."
Mr. Johnson is escalating his speaking as
well as his bombing. He is applying the
do or die sentiments of the Alarno (which,
after all, was not a glorious success) to
one of Walt W. Rostow's latest theories. This
is that President Kennedy's stand against
Khrushchev in the Cuban missile crisis was
the "Gettysburg" of the cold war, and that
Vietnam is the Wilderness Campaign-a
difficult, untid mopping-up exercise before
then end.
Maybe so, but it is hard to look ahead to
the end of President Johnson's Administra-
tion and imagine this stable, free, coopera-
tive Asian world that will, in his view, be
established by the sacrifices of Vietnam.
THE MISSING ELEMENT
If President Johnson told us bluntly that
we were in a power struggle to establish a
decent order in Asia-which we are-and
intended to establish American military bases
at Kam Ranh Bay and elsewhere to main-
tain in Southeast Asia what he calls the
"vital security interests of the United States,"
that, at least, would be a policy. But he has
not said that.
He has said that we want to prove to the
Communists that guerrilla warfare does not
pay, and after they have seen the light and
come to the conference table, the United
States wants no bases in southeast Asia and
will go away leaving the future of Vietnam
to the converted Democrats in Saigon and
the defeated and intimidated Communists
in Hanoi and Peking.
This, with the best will in the world, is
hard to believe. It is not a policy but a
myth. It is possible that American power
will finally smash the main units of the
North Vietnamese Army in the South. and
disperse the Vietcong guerrillas-after severe
casualties on both sides-but it is highly
unlikely that this will produce either a
democratic order in Saigon or an acquiescent
Communist order in Hanoi and Peking.
THE ENDLESS STRUGGLE
The struggle will go on. China will still
represent a quarter of the human race.
Rhetoric will not change geography. Mr.
Johnson may get his "honorable settlement"
and get past the election, but what will he
have settled, and what will he have achieved
that will justify the lives that will be lost
between now and then?
The President has already proved to the
Communists that guerrilla warfare is an ex-
pensive business. He has a chance now to
influence the constitutional convention in
Saigon so that it will bring in a representa-
tive government that will negotiate peace
with all the enemies in the field, including
the National Liberation Front, but he is not
doing this.
Either now, before more and more killing,
the Communists are going to participate
in a compromise settlement; or later, after
our "victory" and departure, they are going
to participate in such a settlement anyway.
The President, however, does not see it this
way. It is awkward politically. It involves
a compromise with the Communists which is
harder to explain than letting them force
a compromise after we are gone. But the
cost of fighting on until Hanoi, Peking and
Moscow agree to an American conquest on
the battlefield is likely to be very great, and
the end result, after we leave, not much dif-
ferent.
The President talked at Omaha about
fighting for the "will of the people" in Viet-
nam but the will of the people there, so far
as it can be determined, is for peace, while
the will of the generals, whom the President
is supporting, is for war.
He defended bombing Hanoi and Haiphong
on the ground that it was necessary to halt
the large-scale infiltration of arms which the
previous bombing was supposed to control.
He tells us that instead of diminishing the
flow of Communist supplies by bombing, the
flow of supplies has been increased; instead
of human supply trails through the jungle
when the bombing started, "the trails turned
into boulevards," [which seems a little odd];
instead of small weapons carried on the backs
of human beings, "they built all-weather
roads ... they began sending troops in by
trucks rather than on foot . they shifted
over to heavy weapons using imported am-
munition, most of it coming from Com-
munist China." And the President's con-
clusion from all this was that there must be
more bombing "at the source", which will
probably mean China if the supplies at
Hanoi and Haiphong are destroyed.
THE POLITICAL STUMP
Something happens to Lyndon Johnson
when he croses the Appalachian Range. He
drops the restraint of the Capitol and picks
up the idiom of the political stump. Our
soldiers in Vietnam, he says, are not going
to fail us; the question is whether the critics
are going to fail them.
Count ten, he says, before you let me and
them down, before you "hurt." But some-
thing is wrong. We count and we don't
want to "hurt," but somehow it doesn't
work.
[From Newsweek, July 4, 1966]
THE POLLS AND THE WAR
(By Walter Lippmann)
Now that the polls have become such a
part of our political life, we are realizing that
it is by no means easy to read them correct-
ly. Thus, while the recent Gallup and Harris
polls show a sharp decline of confidence in
the President, they can be read as meaning
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'"July 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
14499
that the country is more warlike than the that "contemporary circumstances has a instead, the air attacks are expanded and
President or that the country very much dis- great deal to do in determining popular at- escalated.
likes the war and wishes to end it quickly. titudes In time of war." In the first world The American position is that we will con-
Mr. Elmo Roper, who is one of the pioneers war, "when we were finally called upon to aider ending the bombing only if Hanoi
in the art of polling, has an article in the fight, the issues were clear and the cause agrees to end its support of the Viet Cong.
Saturday Review of May 28, pointing out that impelling ? " * president Lowell then had This is asking for surrender. It is asking
polls cannot be used to guide policy and that to try to prevent Harvard undergraduates for North Viet Nam to end its buildup of
the test of Presidential leadership "is not in from rushing to enlist" instead of "taking ground troops while we remain free to con-
the crucible of public opinion but in the officer's training first." There was a similar tinue ours.
crucible of events." The essential question rush of Harvard undergraduates in the sec- U Thant has also laid down as one of the
is not whether the polls are favorable to a and world war. conditions for a peaceful settlement Amer-
policy but whether the policy leads to satis- But not in this war. "So far as I know," ican willingness to accept representatives of
factory results. said president Pussy, "no one land this in- the Viet Cong at the conference table. Sec-
The main reason why the polls are not a cludes the present Administration in Wash- retary Rusk in Canberra said this could not
good guide to policy. Is that, as Mr. Roper ington] feels any remotely impelling excite- be done because it would give the Viet Cong
has observed, so large a part of the public is ment in being involved in the war in Viet- a veto on a settlement. This, too, is ask-
"uninformed or misinformed about the facts nam." ing for surrender. It amounts to saying
and issues on which national policy is based." How men- act when there is a choice which that the principal beligerent on the Com-
There is present, it would appear, an inatinc- may mean life or death is a truer measure munist side shall have nothing to say about
Live tendency to rally around the President of their real convictions than their speeches the terms of a settlement. Why should we
when he is in trouble abroad. President or their answers to the questions of the be surprised at a Communist refusal to
Kennedy, for example, reached his highest pollsters. negotiate on that basis?
peak of approval in the polls, a peak higher So the Administration's stated desire for
than was ever reached by President Eisen- [From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, negotiations must remain unconvincing. If
hower before him or by President Johnson June 27-July 3, 1966] - you sincerely want a negotiated (which
since then, just after his fiasco at the Bay of ESCALATION: NEITHER PEACE NOR VICTORY means a compromise) settlement, you do not
escalate the war in ways most likely to dis-
a aiPresident his greatest triumph i in well the With the bombing of oil storage depots at courage peace talks. You do not support
agan, even ac greatest and Haiphong the Viet Nam war has implacably a military junta in Saigon which
Cuba missile crisis. his risis. now been escalated another notch. Once is undeviatingly hostile to comprise or nego-
This the Preside when phenomeh non, that of a rally again the country is told that only the tiation. You do not exclude from the
res ide Eisenhower trouble ably roa add- , sternest military necessity and a strong desire conference table the principal force you are
occurred during the again President John- to bring about peace negotiations lay behind fighting.
soon. Wing it escalated the if Vietnamese etohhn war, , the decision. We believe the road to a peaceful settle-
fall having a victory that brings the war There is every reason to believe, however, ment lies in another direction from that
an e end? win The polls cannot n we s- that the military results will be negligible- which the Johnson Administration is follow-
tileThe polls cannot answer tYethis s that this escalation, like others before it, will ing. It has been repeatedly pointed out by
tinestio on for is of they the cannot prophesy. Yet hi be matched by equal escalation on the other U Thant, speaking as the conscience of the
question greatest to interest
who to are e con- - side. Ever since February of 1965 we have United Nations: first, a suspension of the air
cal epoliticians d about and indeed
coming all l who this Nobeen bombing North Viet Nam in order to war; next, a reciprocal reduction of hos-
cebe about the cmine- interdict the support of Viet Cong and South tilities leading toward a cease-fire; and
vember. Viet Namese forces in the south. The ob- finally, a peace conference at which the Viet
Hawke and ing. that almost that altlo,the universally Republi- ective has not been achieved; the infiltra- Cong shall be represented, whose object
thns are assuming tion rate is greater today than it was when would be to restore the principles of the
assume that the t that thwar country is unpopular; divided they y then en between the bombing began. Why should any differ- Geneva agreements of 1954-principles
those who think it can be ended by hitting ens results be expected from the new strikes founded on the concept of military neutral-
harder (the hawks) and those who believe it at the major cities? ity for Southeast, Asia.
can only be ended by negotiation (the doves). As for diplomatic results, Administration The new escalation does not lead in this
What is common to both the hawks and the officials in the past have acknowledged that direction and neither, in our opinion, does
doves is that they dislike the war, want a bombing the cities might well end any hope it lead toward some easy victory that will
quick end to it and are opposed to a long war of negotiations. We hope they were wrong. dispose of the Viet Nam problem once and
of attrition. But in view of the record of 18 months of for all. It may increase the cost of Hanoi's
That much the polls do seem to say. Is air attacks it must be granted that, as Sena- military operations as Mr. McNamara hopes,
there any other objective evidence which tor MANSFIELD says, the new scale of the war but more importantly it will cost the United
bears on this conclusion? There Is, I submit, makes a peaceful settlement more difficult States untold sums of good will and esteem
around the world.
the draft and how it is working. For the rather than less.
draft poses choices which involve the lives It is a curious coincidence, if nothing UNDER A STRAIN
f th
e
and careers of the young men of the nation more, that every American escalation o
and also the concern of their parents, their war has appeared to come at a time when
friends and their teachers. These choices Hanoi was sending peace feelers, or inter-
which the draft compels young men to make national efforts for peace negotiations were
cut closer to the bone than the questions of afoot. A "Citizens' White Paper," as re-
the. Gallup and Harris polls. ported in last Sunday's Post-Dispatch, called
It is generally agreed that the draft is attention to this fact, and naturally one
working unfairly, and Secretary McNamara wonders whether history is repeating itself.
has not only acknowledged this to be true In recent days President De Gaille, UN
but is reported to have a large task force at Secretary General U Thant and Pope'Paul VI
work trying to devise a better system. He all have reiterated the world community's
is not likely to succeed. For the funda- plea for peace. A Canadian ambassador
mental trouble is not in the draft system but visited Hanoi on a special mission and
in the war. brought back information which must have
Dangerous and Disagreeable: The trouble been important, since the Administration
is not in the system as it works but in the sent Assistant Secretary of State William P.
unpopularity of the war into which the sys- Bundy to Ottawa for a personal report. A
tem is drafting men. No system-not a Romanian deputy premier, after visiting
lottery, not universal military training, not Hanoi and Peking, called in the American
a national service corps-can make a war ambassador in Bucharest reportedly to ex-
equally' dangerous and disagreeable to all plore the possibilities of a negotiated settle-
young men. What makes a mobilization ment.
possible is that enough-young men with the What if anything has been going on the
support of their parents, their friends and public has no certain way of knowing. The
their teachers want to take part in the war. State Department dismissed both the Ca-
What distinguishes this war in Vietnam nadian and the Romanian contacts with the
sharply from the other three wars of this perfunctory statement that they showed no
century is that it is neither popular nor - change in Hanoi's position. But U Thant,
fashionable to volunteer for it, that it is even who may be a- more detached witness, was
viewed as correct and honorable to avoid reported last week to feel that there was
military service. - hope for peace talks if the United States
This is the point of the baccalaureate ad- would accept his recommendation for an in-
dress by president Pusey to the Harvard determinate suspension of air attacks on
graduating class this year. He pointed out North Viet Nam.
President Johnson showed himself to be an
overwrought man. The decision to expand
the air attack to Hanoi and Haiphong un-
questionably placed him under severe strain.
Right or wrong, he is entitled to public sym-
pathy in his ordeal, and it must be hoped
that a rest in Texas will induce a calmer and
more balanced perspective on what remains
an unsolved problem.
The nature of the strain is fairly clear.
By delegating all the initial publicity on the
new escalation to Secretary McNamara, the
President sought to convey the impression
that this was a purely military decision
grounded solely on military considerations.
By his voluble self-defense on a political
fence-mending trip he acknowledges that it
was in large part a political decision too-
and the politics of it, abroad and at home,
has him worried.
Perhaps it would help if Mr. Johnson could
see the matter in somewhat less emotional
and primitive terms. When he assumes that
the only alternative to -endless expansion of
the war is a dishonorable retreat, he in-
creases the difficulty of his choices. None of
the dissenters in Congress or the country,
who anger him so much, really advocates a
policy of cut-and-run. The disagreement
revolves around how best to attain the ob-
jective of a peaceful settlement which the
President himself professes to seek with pas-
sionate concern. -
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14500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE July 11, 196`
It Is Ironic and sad that Mr. Johnson
should base so much of his case on the im-
SAN BERNARDINO, CALIF., --- SEATTLE, WASH.,
pression that to do other than what he is Senator WAYNE MORSE,
doing would be to betray the hopes of free Senate Office Building
people around the world who wish to be safe Washintgon, D.C.:
from aggression. The truth is that all of the Regarding your concern about Vietnam.
free peoples that really count both In Asia I support you right down the line. With you
and in Europe-all the important nations ex- all the way.
cept a few minor client-states-would advise
a different course if asked. When even Great
Britain Is compelled to disassociate itself
from this new escalation, it should be clear
how utterly isolated the United States is.
We are implacably setting ourselves against
the conscience of our best allies.
Nobody here or abroad would question the
nobility and necessity of a great power's
keeping its word, or honoring Its commit-
ments. The question is what the commit-
ment really is. The question is whether our
obligation runs to the suffering people of
Viet Nam, or to a military junta which can
survive only by escalated war. The question
Is how our moral responsibility can best be
discharged-whether by seeking a military
decision or by adopting objectives and tactics
that will make a peaceful settlement possible.
And when it comes to keeping one's word,
a great many Americans might suggest that
this honorable principle applies also to a
President who ran for office on a platform
of peace and then became Involved in an
Asian land war which many of his supporters
in 1964 thought they were voting against.
HAMILTON, N.Y.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge every effort keep Congress in session.
Vote against escalation of war in Vietnam.
MARY N. BRAUTIGAN,
WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
LEONIA, N.J.,
June 30, 1966.
Supporting you in any protest action
against President's Vietnam policy.
LEROY and DOROTHY ELLIS.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Hanoi bombing insane. We continue to
support your efforts and will work to end
war.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We commend your courage and wisdom in
continuing to ask for negotiation and peace.
Not bombs napalm and destruction.
ANN AND EDGAR HEFFLEY.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
YONKERS, N.Y.,
June 29, 1966.
Respectfully suggest you and Senator
GRUENING redouble efforts to halt Vietnam
insanity before escalation triggers world
war three.
ARTHUR FAST.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C..
Keep trying to lessen our shame of official
acts.
NEW YORK, N .Y..
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building
Washintgon, D.C.:
Strongly support your position on Vietnam.
JOEL LEBOWITZ.
DAVIS, CALIF.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building
Washintgon, D.C.:
My flag is upside down. Appreciate your
stand more than we can say.
ROBERT MCI.NNES.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
EUGENE, OREG.,
June 30, 1966.
Oppose bombings, which only prolong con-
flict, damage U.S. image, and obstruct efforts
for world peace.
Dr. and Mr. BARRY F. ANDERSON.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF'.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Copy of the following wire sent to Presi-
dent Johnson, Senators KUCHEL and MURPHY
and Representative MAILLIARD: "I oppose
bombing of Hanoi, Haiphong, all of Vietnam.
Please seek peace while there's still time."
SERENA JUTKOVITZ.
NEW YORK, N.Y.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We are shocked and outraged at today's
escalation of the bombing attacks on North
Vietnam. We applaud and support your
stand.
MARCIA and FREDERICK MORTON.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington D.C.:
We wholeheartedly support you. Don't
stop. You speak for us.
FRANCES and JOHN ADLER.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington D.C.:
The American people will not soon re-
cover from the shame and humiliation of
our bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong. My
flag like yours is at half mast.
GRACE DILLEY.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington D.C.:
We commend you on your stand against
the escalation of the war in Vietnam, And
support you completely in your efforts to
stop the war. We are proud of your cour-
ageous stand. God bless you.
Mr. and Mrs. MARTIN TAYLOR,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We commend your efforts to stop escala-
tion of Vietnam war. We urge comprehen-
sive withdrawal of U.S. men and material
from Vietnam, reaffirm the 1954 Geneva ac-
cord.
Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Cosa.
VIVIAN GEORGE.
EARL GEORGE.
THOMAS VANERMIN.
JOHN WHITTIG.
HENRY VILLADASO.
RAY JUSTICE.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Is there no way to restore sanity to the
action and pronouncements of the U.S. Gov-
ernment as it proceeds along paths, of
barbary and violence to achieve alms how-
ever worthy they may be. The present air
war in Asia is illegal and immoral and our
very destiny Is in jeopardy. Where is our
Supreme Court. Where is our Congress
which alone has the constitutional right to
declare war. What of our commitments to
the United Nations. We call on you those of
you of integrity and decency who are to
speak out, to speak loudly, or we are all lost,
EDITH AND MYRON ARRICK.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Commend your position opposing bombing
of Hanoi, Haiphong. Our flag half staff.
God bless you.
MARGARET HORN.
JOHN HORN.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
CHICAGO, ILL.,
July 1, 1965.
We applaud your position regarding bomb-
ings of Hanoi and Haiphong.
Mr. and Mrs. HARRY D. LEVINE.
BROOKLYN, N.Y.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
Deeply disturbed by bombing of North
Vietnam and escalation of war. You have
full support for opposition to this and I am
pressuring New York Senators to voice their
protest,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Please continue fighting. You are last
hope for those concerned with national
integrity.
R. H. Skolman, Warren Travis, Chris-
topher Curtis, Mr. and Mrs. Richard
Wedemeyer, Meruti Achanta, Alex-
ander Duncan, Rosa Morin, Ronald
Krempetz, Kirk Frederick, Donna
Steinecipher, Mr. and Mrs. Edward I.
Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. Kirtwood
Smith, Mr. and Mrs. David Dukes, Mr.
and Mrs. Dave Williams, Terry Talley,
Laurie Brooks Jefferson, Carol Pender-
grast, Wtn. Pendergrast, Klara Baron,
Ann Balaam, Prof. Roger D. Gross,
Prof. James C. Dunn,' Prof. Wm. R.
James. _
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.0p uly 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
PHILADELPHIA, PA.,
July 10, 1966.
SAN MATEO, CALIF.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE, Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate O,ice Building, Washington, D.C.: Senate Office Building,
Following is copy of telegram sent to Pres- Washington, D.C.:
ident Johnson: Just wired President Johnson my dig-
. "You have led this country into a dirty gust at bombing Haiphong Hanoi please
little war where American boys are being protest also.
killed and wounded by the thousands weekly.
You have dragged our country's International reputation into the mud, You say
`well what can I do?' The answer is, as
ST. Lours, Mo.,
July 1, 1966.
your friend the chairman of the Senate For- Senator WAYNE MORSE,
eign Relations Committee. Senate Office Building,
Mister Johnson let it be clear I want no Washington, D.C.: -
part of this folly of growing war, and if you Please intensify your heroic protect of ad-
persist, no part of you in the next election. ministrations Goldwaterite bombings and
Your former supporter." tactics in Viet Nam.
DRYDEN MORSE, M.D., MORTON RYWECK.
Cardiac Surgeon.
PLAINFIELD, VT.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D .C.:
Deplore bombing. Appreciate your protest
please continue to speak.
ALAN,and MARGERY WALKER.
CHAMPAIGN,"ILL.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.;
We wholeheartedly support your stand
against the administrations Vietnam Policy.
Prof. and Mrs. E. KERRIGAN PRESCOTT.
LAKE OSWEGO, OREG.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Regarding bombing Hanoi Haiphong.
Every patriotic American who loves his coun-
try. should this day hang his head in shame.
JANE ERICKSON.
NEW HAVEN, CONN.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
In times like these when the individual
feels helpless and hopeless in the face of
ever increasing escalation your consistent
denunciation of our war madness may yet
reach the minds and hearts of the American
people and awaken them to the peril that
confronts our shrinking world. You have
the gratitude of many of your countrymen
for your courageous outspokenness.
MARTIN and LILLIAN WEITZLER.
NEW YORK, N.Y.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Many of us members of committee for a
sane nuclear policy admire your courageous
stand against the bombing of Vietnam.
With bombing of Hanoi danger of war with
China has increased. Urge, you and col-
leagues of similar opinions continue your
utmost to bring about adherence to Geneva
EAST CLEVELAND, OHIO.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Urgent, Deplore increased bombing.
Urge Congress stay convened for thoughtful
discussion of our Vietnam responsibility.
JOAN CULVER.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
June 30, 1966.
Worried about escalation I applaud your
courageous efforts for peace.
Mrs. DORIS LEONARD.
DALY CITY, CALIF.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your intelligent state-
ments after we escalated the war again.
Please continue to speak out. Your voice is
my voice. Our boys are dying in vain in
Vietnam. We must face that fact.
GEORGE MENDENHALL.
CONCORD, CALIF.
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Commend and strongly support all efforts
to halt escalation of war; lay ground for
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Most heartening to again hear your views
on Vietnam. Thousands of us continue to
support you.
Mrs. CHARLOTTE S. GRUNIG.
DETROIT, MICH.,
June 30, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building,
Washington, D.C.:
DEAR SENATOR: Yesterday you spoke for
us and almost everybody we know. Con-
gratulations.
R. M. GOODMAN,
JAMES LOGAN,
MIKE LAVEN,
GEORGE BEDROSEAN,
DEAN ROBB,
Members of Michagan Bar.
SAN JOSE, CALIF.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for having the courage to exam-
ine the validity of U.S. foreign policy in
Vietnam. We are proud to have you in the
service of our country.
MEDRIO and RUTH GoDBOUT.
14501
BERKELEY, CALIF.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
This war is increasingly more barbaric.
Your forthright statements are reassuring
sane and fully supported.
Mr. and Mrs. DALIEL LEITE.
SEATTLE, WASH.,
July 1, 1966.
Senator MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We voted against Goldwater. I'm afraid
we voted for Johnson, but not for dictator-
ship. Think.
ROBERT F. and Lucy M. STOY.
PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER
RESOURCES
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, of great
concern to the Pacific Northwest States
are the problems, both natural and man-
made, of water resource management.
Recently Mr. Oliver C. Larson, execu-
tive vice president of the Portland, Oreg.,
Chamber of Commerce, called to my at-
tention a resolution of June 9, 1966,
adopted by the chamber on the subject of
water quality control relative to the
Tualatin Federal reclamation project,
Oregon. I ask unanimous consent that
this resolution be printed in the RECORD
at the conclusion of my remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, Mr. Lar-
son also directed to my attention an ex-
cellent article entitled "Water: Use It
or Lose It," written by Mr, E. A. Higgin-
botham, chairman of the Water Re-
sources Committee of the Portland
Chamber of Commerce. This article de-
serves consideration not Only by Sena-
tors of the Pacific Northwest, but by Sen-
ators representing all other States
throughout the Nation. Mr. Higgin-
botham sets forth very convincing argu-
ments concerning present and future
needs of the Pacific Northwest for the
water flowing through its streams. He
serves warning as to the disastrous con-
sequences for the Pacific Northwest and
the Nation as a whole which would
result from any major diversion of Pa-
cific Northwest waters for use in other
areas.
I ask unanimous consent that Mr. Hig-
ginbotham's article also be printed in
the record at the conclusion of my
remarks.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 2.)
EXHIBIT 1
Whereas the congress has expressed
through the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act, as amended, an interest in main-
taining satisfactory water quality for the
use and well-being of its citizens; and
Whereas such benefits can be realized
through the augmentation of low flows which
can be provided by multiple-purpose water
resource development projects; and
Whereas in spite of large expenditures by
communities and industries for adequate at-
source treatment of wastes there is a need for
such augmented flows; and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD .-SENATE
Whereas the Bureau of Reclamation's
Tualatin Division of the Willamette Basin
Project as originally formulated includes
provision for a material improvement in the
quality of low-water flows in the Tualatin
River as an orderly element of overall water
resource development in the Willamette
River Basin: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Portland Chamber of
Commerce favors the inclusion of water
quality control as a specific primary func-
tion of the Tualatin Division. And be it
further resolved that when water quality
control benefits would be, of a widespread
and general nature, consistent with the
wording of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act, and not subject to adequate iden-
tification of specific beneficiaries, the Cham-
ber of Commerce favors its inclusion as a
nonreimbursable function of water resource
development projects.
JUNE 9, 1966.
EXHIBIT 2
WATER: USE IT OR LOSE IT
(By E. A. Higginbotham, chairman, Water
Resources Committee, Portland Chamber
of Commerce)
The people of the Northwest have long
accepted the many rich benefits that nature
has bestowed upon them. One of these ma-
jor benefits has been sufficient water for
their needs. There has recently been a grow-
ing awareness of the fact that these water
resources will have to be handled with great-
er regard for conservation ... that this re-
source is not unlimited.
Last summer, the people of Oregon became
alarmed when the water level of the Willam-
ette River dropped so low the fish life was
endangered. The Bonneville Power Admin-
istration recently issued warnings that low
water this coming winter may cause curtail-
ment of some power to industry the follow-
ing summer.
In the midst of all this, there was a sud-
denly rising clamor from. the Southwest to
divert some of this precious water to their
dry lands.
Much of the general public, when they
hear about the Southwest's wanting to take
their water, simply laugh and shrug their
shoulders. The whole subject is unthink-
able I Water is one of the main reasons for
most people living here. It it what attracted,
and is attracting at an ever increasing rate
industry to the Northwest.
People would naturally assume that their
political leaders would simply say "No!" to
any Ideas of depleting their water resources.
THEY CAN TAKE OUR WATER
There is the joker in the deck! The South-
west can take our water. It is not our water.
We may have to give up some of this vital
natural resource. We very likely will be
sending some of the Northwest's water to the
Southwest in the not-too-distant future.
The question is, "How much will we have to
say about the amount and method of diver-
sion?" The real danger is the apathy of the
private sector of our area,' They must be in-
formed and aroused to the danger.
The Northwest can lose its water by a vote
of Congress. All 50 states have a vote on
what we would consider a regional problem.
The Southwest states have political power
for outweighing our four Northwest states.
So, then, what can we do?
The first thing is to'recognize that Con-
gress will listen to a united people who speak
with reason and with knowledge.
The Southwest states have been fighting
with each other over water for years, but
they have now found a common cause. They
are united. And they are being heard by
Congress today.
We of the Northwest have yet to find a
common ground on which to unite. Oregon
has established a Water Resources Board and
,Is making a five-year study of our needs.
Washington and Idaho have not yet done so.
Since facts are the only weapon with which world-with
to fight, let's take a look at some of the future use.
things that affect the situation as we know
it now.
Does the Southwest need our water?
There are some., very potent facts to indi-
cate that they have plenty of water. Only
10% of their water is now being used for
municipal and industrial purposes. The
other 90% is used for irrigation. In other
words, they have a great surplus of water
for drinking, for cooling, for swimming pools,
and for all industry. So the question be-
comes, "How far. is it economical to send
water for agricultural purposes?"
Since it will cost the taxpayers of the na-
tion billions (estimates have run as high
as $20 to $30 billion) to divert Columbia
River water-the most commonly spoken of
source-they are entitled to know what the
Southwest is doing to conserve water they
now have.
In the Southwest, irrigation water is now
flowing in many cases in unlined canals
where water seepage and evaporation cause
an estimated 50% loss. More canals are
being lined, it is true, but only a small frac-
tion of what is needed; and evaporation in
their hot sun is still a great loss. When
pipe is considered as an answer, they say
it is too expensive-as though billions of
dollars for diversion were not.
THE REAL SHORTAGE: CHEAP WATER
It would appear then the shortage Is not
just water but is really a shortage of cheap
water. On some federally financed irriga-
tion projects, farmers pay less than half the
cost of delivering it to them, while industry
pays high unsubsidized rates. So, while
there is no shortage for industrial use, it is
certainly no mystery why they would like
to cheapen water, also.
So far, the Southwest has not been able
to agree on the amount of water they feel
they need. In discussions, the amount varies
from 2.5 million acre feet to 8.5 million acre
feet with 15 million acre feet becoming a
more common discussion figure.
There are dozens of bills before Congress
all leading toward diversion of Columbia
River water. Now, even Texas has intro-
duced legislation that would include them
in any diversion; and they feel they need 13
million acre feet as a starter. This was met
with consternation by the other South-
western states who did not approve of some-
one else muscling in on the act and perhaps
adding their crowning touch that would top-
ple the whole scheme.
The Northwest need not be fooled by any
agreement asking for seemingly small
amounts of water; because, once a diversion
system is built, it would be no problem to
convince lawmakers who bought the origi-
nal idea that greater amounts of water were
needed. It's just like the man who con-
vinces himself that he needs just one cock-
tail-the second is much easier!
THE NORTHWEST WATER SHORTAGE
Since the Northwest states have only about
6 million acres under irrigation out of a po-
tential 25 million acres, wouldn't it seem
more reasonable to irrigate the areasclosest
to the water supply to its fullest potential
before any water whatsoever were sent over
1;000 miles to do the identical job?
Stories and photographs of abandoned
home and farms in the Southwest can be
matched In the dry areas of the Northwest.
But the important question for taxpayers to
consider is ...
How much tax money should be used to
bail out the man who goes into the wrong
business in the wrong place?
One of the favorite phrases in the South-
west is that we "waste millions of acre feet
of water into the ocean at the mouth of the
Columbia River." Actually, our average an-
nual discharge into the ocean is 168.3 million
acre feet, but it is certainly not wasted. It is
some of the most efficiently used water in the
July 11, 196*'
The generation of electricity is one of the
Columbia's most valued uses. The North-
west has a voracious appetite for electric
power, and hydroelectric power is the most
efficient available today. Yet, within about
ten years, we will have developed all the eco-
nomical hydro sites. However, our needs for
power will continue to double every ten years
for the foreseeable future-which means we
will have to turn to thermal generation of
power. The most likely source will then be
atomic power generating steam. Yet atomic
power needs lots of cooling water; so, even
after hydro development ends, we will be
using Columbia River water to good advan-
tage.
The week this article is being written,
the first section of the giant Intertie to
divert electricity from the Northwest to the
Southwest goes into operation. Certainly,
the Southwest has a very real interest in
our ability to continue as a dependable
source of power. The Bonneville Power Ad-
ministration recently said that, in less than
25 years, 99.6% of the average annual flow
of the Columbia at The Dalles will be needed
for power generation.
The Northwest states were recently
dropped from the list of possible sites for
the atomic accelerator while California re-
mains on the list of six remaining sites to
be considered. This atomic accelerator re-
quires large amounts of cooling water.
Wouldn't it be ironic if we ended up cooling
the installation-but not having it?
One point that needs to be made clear
is that amounts of water flowing in the
Columbia can vary. Sometimes to extremes.
For example, the annual average is 168.3
million acre feet. Yet in 1926, the flow
was only 85.5 million acre feet; in 1981, it
was 88.4 million; and, once every 150 years,
it drops below 70 million acre feet. Such
extremes will occur again.
Now, presuming we have diversion going
on during such an extremely low water pe-
riod, who would turn off the faucet? Would
the Southwest farmer be content to do with-
out water for that one year? I doubt itl
THE INTERNATIONAL ISSUE
There has been seemingly little atten-
tion paid to the international aspects of
this whole idea of diversion from one water
basin to another.
Almost one-third of the Columbia River's
flow-50 million acre feet a year-comes from
Canadal The principle of discussions with
Canada on development of this international
waterway is well established.
In 1961, the U.S. signed a rather com-
prehensive treaty with Canada on develop-
ment of the Columbia River basin. It is
headed "The Columbia Treaty"-and 'then
says "Treaty Between Canada and The Unit-
ed States of America Relating to Coopera-
tive Development of the Water Resources of
The Columbia River Basin."
In Article II, Part I, it says, "Canada shall
provide In the Columbia River basin in Can-
ada 15,500,000 acre feet of storage usable
for improving the flow of the Columbia
River."
In 1964, under an additional agreement
with Canada made a part of the treaty, a
nonprofit corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Washington (Columbia
Storage Power Exchange) was required to
pay to Canada $254.4 million for the follow-
ing storages to be built in and by Canada:
The Duncan Lake Storage, to be in opera-
tion by April 1, 1968;
The Arrow Lakes Storage, by April 1, 1969;
And The Mica Creek Storage, by April 1,
1973.
Section B of the treaty, referring to the
above storage development, says:
"Under the terms of the treaty, Canada is
entitled to receive from the, United States
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX July 11, 1966
east central. Europe for self-determina-
tion and' freedom from Communist
tyranny is a factor that can too easily
escape the allegiance of our alertness
during this time of major focus on the
war in Vietnam.
I urge my colleagues to avoid this
potential oversight and wish to call to
their attention the annual observances
of Captive Nations Weck this July 17 to
23.
The problems of the captive east cen-
tral European nations belong in the fore-
front of international issues. Let us not
so quickly forget the, difficulties we
have been so long exposed to because of
Communist objectives in Europe. We
must not focus so intently on the Viet-
nam situation that we forget our obliga-
tions to encourage and support all efforts
to free these captive peoples from their
totalitarian regimes.
Any tendency on our part to readily
accept-news of liberalization in Com-
munist East Europe as a sign that the
threat to freedom in that area has ended
is a tendency mistaken in its identity of
the overall objectives to which this na-
tion has pledged itself.
The peoples of east central Europe are
still denied fundamental human rights.
Communism still maintains its strangle-
hold of the minds and bodies of 100 mil-
lion people in this. area. The woes of the
captive peoples in Europe have thus not
subsided. They remain a subject for
major consideration in the conduct of
our foreign affairs.
I urge my colleagues to renew their
vital interest in the welfares of these
captive millions and to endorse that part
of the Captive Nations Week 1966 mani-
festo that accuses 'the Soviet Union of
violating "its solemn promises Of freedom
and independence to the nine nations
made captive during or after World War
II-Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, and Rumania."
Balance the Elephant
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. KARL E. MUNDT
OF SOUTH DAKOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
enough to encompass all citizens sin-
cerely concerned about the drift toward
centralized paternalism which is so evi-
dent in America today.
He also implies that the Republican
Governors of 17 States out of this coun-
try's 50 who presume to embrace for
themselves the right and the power to
name our National Republican slate for
1968 are 'a bit too intoxicated by their
high offices when they attempt to set
themselves up as our party's spokesmen
and kingmakers. After all, the delegates
to our National GOP conventions rather
than either our party's Governors, Sen-
ators, or Congressmen have the author-
ity to write party platforms and to nom-
inate candidates for President and Vice
President. In the meantime, there surely
must be some problems of statewide im-
portance and significance which might
better occupy the time of our country's
Governors rather than having them de-
vote so much time to playing politics in
the big league and attempting to deter-
mine proper foreign policy toward Viet-
nam and appropriate techniques for
fighting the military actions of that area.
I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle be printed in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BALANCE THE ELEPHANT
(By George Todt)
"I shall denounce no good Americans in
my campaign. There has been too much
friction inside the GOP between right, left
and center in the past. We all must be toler-
ant of our differences and unite our total
efforts for final victory."-Ronald Reagan,
June 25, 1966.
A great deal of opposition and chagrin is
being mounted inside Important segments of
the Republican party at the GOP governors
meeting here at the Century-Plaza Hotel.
They seem more intent on calling the presi-
dential nominee in '68 than getting on with
the most important job-which is to improve
the national Image now.
,,Leave It all to the governors at this early
date and why even bother to hold a national
convention two years hence?
Or how could any future delegate expect to
get hold of credentials unless first he passed
a "moderate-liberal' saliva test?
Why not just wrap up the nomination and
hand it to Gov. George Romney of Michigan
without further ado?
A SIGN AHEAD
There are at least several important rea-
sons why the GOP-including the august
governors of 17 states-ought to "Stop, Look
& Listen" first.
In the first place, the "liberal-moderates"
(these names are fairly interchangeable and
neither rates first in order of priority) are
able to command little more than 30 per
cent of the party faithful.
That was the way it was at the 1964 con-
vention in San Francisco. And that was the
way it was recently in California when Ronnie
Reagan-a temperate conservative beat
George Christopher by a whopping 68-31 per
cent.
What cost the Elephant victory in 1964 was
not a matter of the much-maligned, anti-
Socialist philosophy of Barry Goldwater-but
the defection of 8 million "liberal-moderate"
Republicans who voted for Lyndon B. John-
son. They took a powder!
LIKE AN ARMY
A major political party is like an army,
with a right wing, center and left wing. In
1964, the whole left wing of the GOP took
off-all 8 million of them. And it made a
gap of 16 million between Johnson and Gold-
water.
If the 8 million GOP defectors had stayed
home and voted for their party candidate,
the arithmetic would have looked like this:
8 million added to the 27 million Goldwater
received would have totaled 35 millions.
Conversely, 8 million subtracted from the
total of 42 million received by Johnson would
have left him 34 million and a deficit of
one million votes.
A potential Republican triumph was sur-
rendered because of petty differences by 8
million GOP defectors to their party stand-
ard bearer.
A LESSON HERE For this action, the "moderate-liberals"
have no real claim to first place on the 1968
ticket. Granted they know how to muddy
the waters, take the party down to defeat
if they please. Is this required leadership?
No, it is not. On the other hand it is not
good statesmanship in the GOP to refuse
to allow the left wing due representation.
Give it second place.
An ideal Republican ticket In 1968 for
those without axes to grind on the ideologi-
cal front, might be the temperate conserva-
tive Richard Nixon named to the No. 1 spot
and Gov. George Romney as Veep.
This would balance adequately the over-
all ticket between the far weightier GOP
conservatives and the accompanying 30 per-
cent of "liberal-moderates." Had Goldwater
done so, he might have wo
Solution to Vietn~ni{ War-and Strategic
Deterrence for eace-Lies in Antimis-
sile Nike-X
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. J. ARTHUR YOUNGER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, July 11, 1966
Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, Rear
Adm. Chester Ward, U.S. Navy, retired,
former Judge Advocate General of the
U.S. Navy, addressed the Commonwealth
Club of California on June 24, on the
subject "Solution to Vietnam War-and
Strategic Deterrence for Peace-Lies in
Antimissile Nike-X." A summary of his
address, as published in the Common-
wealth, follows:
SOLUTION TO VIETNAM WAR-AND STRATEGIC
DETERRENCE FOR PEACE-LIES IN ANTI-MIS-
SILE NIKE-X
Friday Flashes-June 24th
(From address by Rear Adm. Chester Ward,
U.S. Navy, retired, former Judge Advocate
General of the United States Navy)
Because the lock was not put on the stable
door until after the nuclear missiles had been
sneaked into Cuba, scores of millions of
Americans were subject to danger of immi-
nent nuclear incineration. From that hor-
rendous peril, we were, in the words of the
Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps,
'saved only by the grace of God and an aerial
,photograph.'
Any solution to a major Communist threat
must meet four tests: (1) political possi-
bility; (2) financial feasibility; (3) strategic
soundness, and (4) it must not start a nu-
clear war or allow people to think it will.
The solution I suggest for Vietnam, I think,
meets these tests.
It is politically possible because it requires
no escalation in Vietnam. It does not widen
the war into Laos or Cambodia, it doesn't in-
Mr. MUNDT. Mr, President, George
Todt, widely read political analyst of
the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, and
a solid supporter of Ronald Reagan's
campaign for the governorship of Cali-
fornia, recently wrote an interesting col-
umn of sound advice for all Republicans
nationally., I take pleasure in calling it
to the attention of the Congress and
the country by having it printed in to-
day's issue of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
Mr. Tadt'niakes a valid and important
point by suggesting that those who de-
fected from the Republican Party in 1964
should scarcely be entitled to lead or
control it in 1968, He argues effectively
against those in our party who would en-
deavor to purge from party leadership
any segment of the party and suggests
the mantle of republicanism is broad
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July 11, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
But there are deeper mysteries. Microbes
do not get diabetes. Men do. And yet the
knowledge gained from genetic studies with
microbes, may provide by far the most power-
ful' approach to the elimination of this dis-
ease from man. Diabetes may well be traced
to a defective gene somewhere on that im-
mensely long coil of DNA. Some day we
shall have the ability to correct this bio-
chemical defect, and diabetes, and possibly
other diseases, will be a thing of the past.
The application of the concepts of molecu-
lar biology is even more difficult to visualize
however in the case of the chronic degenera-
tive and metabolic diseases. There certainly
will be no easy solution to these problems.
In fact it is probable that their solution will
depend on our first utilizing molecular bio-
logical concepts to determine -the underly-
ing causes of these disease conditions.
What are the most likely causes of these
chronic degenerative and metabolic diseases?
My scientific colleagues tell me that it is
often possible to identify one or more regu-
latory processes that are out of balance in
these diseases-but they cannot usually dis-
tinguish which "component" in the com-
plex biological control network failed first,
and which systems are merely readjusting
to compensate for the primary malfunction.
This kind of problem has sometimes been
called "systems biology"-the biology of the
complex, self-regulating control mechanisms
that manage the house that DNA built.
Indeed it is worth noting that this moves
us beyond the genetics aspects of molecular
biology and involves a molecular visualiza-
tion of all of the biological events of the
body. For example, a visualization of energy
transfer at receptor sites involved in smooth
muscle control coupled with new drugs act-
ing at these sites has led scientists in our
laboratories towards a promising new ap-
proach to the management of hypertension.
Of course all this portends the,beginning
of an exciting new phase of medicinal prod-
uct research in industry laboratories, rational
rather than empirical; sophisticated beyond
anything previously practiced, costly, ad-
venturesome-but the objectives for man-
kind are magnificent. Now the door is open,
or at least ajar, and it is not impractical for
the pharmaceutical industry to consider tak-
ing on any of the ills the flesh is heir to.
But brilliant as are the breakthroughs that
make these considerations possible, the road
ahead for the industrial researchers who
must now create new drugs for the relief of
human suffering in a long one. A good deal
of this work can now be done with consider-
ably greater hope of success, but much more
basic new knowledge is needed if we are to
satisfy within a reasonable time the high ex-
pectations for progress in health now freely
discussed throughout the world. And so the
basic knowledge seekers and the product re-
searchers alike have their work cut out for
them in the years ahead. I am implying, of
course, that there are a number of groups at
work and I think that needs some further
comment.
Up to this point we have been talking
about the technical breakthrough in con-
temporary medical research. We should not
however overlook the changes in the politico-
economic atmosphere in which this research
has been carried out. Perhaps the single
most important factor in medical research
since 1950 has been the impressive growth of
both Federal and private support, and the
developing patterns of interaction between
mated $355 million. In this connection it is
important to understand that while there
has been an increasing tendency toward gov-
ernment support of research through con-
tracts with industrial laboratories, to date
this amounts to something less than 6% of
the total funds expended by the pharmaceu-
tical industry for health research.
Traditionally, most government-supported
work has been devoted to the development of
basic knowledge and the training of young
scientists but-spurred always to move
faster--there has been an increasing tend-
ency for government to work on or support
work directed to the discovery and develop-
ment of specific products. Concurrently, in-
dustry has found it necessary to supplement
its traditional product discovery and devel-
opment role with an increasing amount of
basic knowledge research to help fill some of
the gaps in knowledge to which I have just
referred. And so the traditional lines of
demarcation between government and indus-
try in medical research are becoming blurred.
It is timely to look again at our respective
roles, not only because of obvious political
and economic connotations, but also to
achieve the greatest efficiency in our effort to
reach the challenging health goals being
placed before us by the present Administra-
tion.
In hearings earlier this year before the
House Committee on appropriations for the
Department of Health, Education and Wel-
fare, the Chairman, Congressman Fogarty,
asked a% Shannon, Director of National In-
stitutes of Health, where he thought "the
line" was between government and private
industry in health research. A part of Dr.
Shannon's reply was as follows: "Industry
feels that the Federal dollar should be spent
in two ways: One, in the support of funda-
mental research, and two, in the develop-
ment of broad scientific competence as the
basis for the educational process. They
feel, in our economy, that industry is there
primarily to do the developmental work
leading to a product with full patent cover-
age. With a competitive system this is the
best way they can operate.
"Indeed, I agree with them in many fields.
I think there are certain fields in which they
do not have the broad competence, that they
do require extensive Involvement with the
Federal laboratories and with the academic
world. It is this type of thing that we feel
we play a very important role in."
As I interpret this reply, Dr. Shannon
backs the traditional view that government,
in the main, should support what I have
been calling basic knowledge research as well
as the training of young scientists, and that
industry should be called upon to discover
the new drugs and develop them for use in
any field in which it has competence. The
reference to competence is surprising. As
an example of its application, Dr. Shannon
referred to the history of viral vaccine de-
velopment as showing in his opinion that
Industrial capability had not been devel-
oped to a sufficiently high point in this par-
ticular field to assure that new knowledge
would be rapidly applied by industry without
government help and support. But even
under these circumstances, Dr. Shannon
went on to say that: "Industry is an abso-
lutely essential component. Industry must
be involved and very early. They have a
very important role to play. But there are
certain areas where the individual corpo-
rate bodies cannot go it alone." (p. 274)
the three parties in the health research com- This may be true. Who can say that the
munity, that is, government, the universities need for joint action in special circumstances
and industry. For example, the National may not be indicated in the busy years
Institutes of Health which do, or sponsor ahead? And so it is difficult to disagree
most of the government research in the with this concept: There will probably be
health field increased their expenditures more debate about its application than about
from $73 million in 1950 to a budget in 1966 the concept itself. One of the problems will
of $1.3 billion. The pharmaceutical industry certainly be who is to decide the competence
in this samesixteen-year period increased its of industry with respect to the application
expenditures from $39 million to an esti- to new drug research of a new piece of basic
knowledge. But rather than worry this
thought any further today, let us concede
the need in some circumstances for joint
action, and when collaboration is clearly
warranted, let us plan for it as a whole-
hearted, cooperative effort.
In summary, then, I believe that there is
a pressing need for a substantial enhance-
ment of the infrastructure-if I may bor-
row a term from the economists-of basic
knowledge and of trained people in the health
research field. This calls for a massive effort
which is beyond the power of industry alone
to supply. The government is already sub-
stantially supporting this infrastructure, and
in doing so releases the energies of the pri-
vate sector to do what it does best; to dis-
cover new drugs and to develop their ap-
plication in the practice of medicine.
Government does and can accomplish its
role with its own research effort, but more
importantly by financing university projects.
There may also be times when the govern-
ment can discharge its role by contracting
for fundamental research by industry, where
industry is, for special reasons, the best fitted
for the job. Finally, as I have just men-
tioned, I think we should acknowledge that
there may on rare occasion be special cir-
cumstances that would require government
support of industrial medicinal product dis-
covery but this would be considered the ex-
ception, not the rule, in delineating the re-
sponsibilities of those concerned.
I would like also to suggest that the gov-
ernment, in developing the research infra-
structure, should pay primary attention to
the training of scientists. If one factor is to
be singled out for major emphasis, this is
surely the one and this means strong sup-
port of the universities. In this connection
the goals of government should be not merely
to support to an optimal level the major
centers of academic excellence, but also to
help smaller universities become adequate
centers for the training of scientists and the
generation of useful knowledge. It is, of
course, essential in stressing the importance
of government financing of university efforts
to realize there must be a limit. The uni-
versities must not lose their freedom and in-
dependence of action. In this paper I can
only point this out but its brief treatment
here does not suggest my own minimization
of this important question.
A program for the development, principally
by government and the universities, of a
broader infrastructure of basic knowledge,
made freely available to anyone, and of
trained scientists, will create the platform for
a tremendous forward thrust in new drug dis-
covery and development beyond, anything
heretofore imagined. And to accomplish
the latter is the primary responsibility and
the special skill of industry, operating in a
competitive climate. Some visualization
such as this of the division of responsibility
between the three participants in health re-
search, it seems to me, is essential to our
continued rapid progress as a nation in the
health field. It is an attempt, in a time
when there is so much to do to suggest the
need for each group to concentrate on the
thing it does best.
Captive Nations Week
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLAIR CALLAN
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, July 11, 1966
Mr. CALLAN. Mr. Speaker, the over-
whelming desire of the captive peoples of
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July 11; 966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - Al PEivDIX
volve the use 9f American seapower to block- cause he was in the midst of a Presidential
ade the coast or mine Haiphong. campaign.
it is financially feasible, because it does not It was deliberate provocation. There
require additional dollars in Vietnam nor was no military value in attacking the
investing any money that wouldn't be in- Seventh Fleet or in attacking our compound
vested if the Communists had never tricked and bombing the Embassy.
-us into Vietnam. We owe it to the men who are going there
SOLUTION WON'T START NUCLEAR WAR to be shot at to recognize that a war exists.
It will have a tremendous effect in cut-
Will it start a nuclear war? No. For the ting down the number of lives lost need-
first time it will give us a defense against lessly. It will have a great effect on the
nuclear attack. It will vastly strengthen men who are there. It will have a great
deterrence against nuclear war. effect on the home front.' It will make act-
I do not criticize Secretary McNamara, I ual treason, legal treason. It will unify the
am in awe of the man and fear the man. I country. Americans have always pulled to-
am in awe of the man because he is spending gether in war.
a billion dollars a week and, last November, It would have a terrific effect on the
after spending $300 billion, finally said that enemy. If we declared war, they would know
we are starting not to lose the war. we were there to stay and we would win.
His idea in Vietnam is to pursue the policy REDS TRAPPED US INTO SPENDING BILLIONS
of persuasion-the theory that by continu- ON SMALL ARMS
tag to shoot North Vietnamese soldiers as
He Chi Minh feeds them into South Vietnam,
we can persuade Ho to stop the aggression.
We are only killing about four thousand
a month, but they are being infiltrated into
South Vietnam at the rate of 7,750 a month.
A critical point Is that North Vietnam
executes more of its own people than we
could kill in two years. They do not have a
high regard for human life.
TAKE WRAPS OFF AIR FORCE!
Another alternative, which military men
favor, is to decide to win the war and go
ahead and win it. There is practically no
question that this can be done.
The Chief of Staff of the Air Force stated
in December 1965 that the war against North
Vietnam could be won and North Vietnam
destroyed virtually overnight if the President
would permit the Air Force to do it. By vir-
tually overnight, he later explained, he meant
something on the order of three weeks. He
is not talking about nuclear weapons, nor
killing millions of civilians, but just of tak-
ing the wraps off the U.S. Air Force. There is
no question that our air and naval power
can defeat North Vietnam, leaving the Viet-
cong with no place to go.
Only about two weeks ago, the Commander
in Chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet advocated
a naval quarantine of Haiphong, and said
that, once given orders, the Navy could do
it in a day or two.
APPEASERS FEAR RED CHINA -
The apostles of appeasement and accom-
modation say that this would not end the
war-that Red China and perhaps Russia
would come in.
Would winning the war bring China in?
If the Chinese thought they could get into
the war without suffering unacceptable re-
sults, they'd be in alieady. They're high-
ly vulnerable in many ways.
Bombing fifty targets in China would wipe
out more than half the' urban Chinese, in-
cluding all the key people in government and
industry. And we could destroy their newly
developed nuclear production complex.
As to Russia, either we have the Soviet
Communists deterred or we do not. They
don't need an excuse to start a war. We are
the one obstacle to their complete domina-
tion of the world. What keeps them from
Why have the Communists trapped us into
this situation? The answer 1s obvious now,
but was not then. It was to trick us into
spending scores of billions on tactical wea-
pons-on aircraft, helicopters, ground ma-
teriel, anything useful In small war, and to
reduce spending on strategic weapons.
You can detect the strategic aim of the
enmy by the type of weapon he wants you
to produce, or to stop producing. If the
Communists intended to conquer the world
on the installment plan, by small wars, they
would not have us spending billions of dol-
lars on the weapons to meet these wars.
What they want to do is to divert us from
spending money on the big strategic wea-
pons that will deter them from world con-
quest.
Expenditure on our strategic weapons is
down 43%. Our spending on research and
development of latest weapon systems is
$11/2 billion less per year.
TRICKED US INTO ORBITAL MISSILE BAN
Meanwhile the Soviets are building late
model strategi cweapons. They are building
an advanced system of orbital missiles.
They tricked us into the test moratorium,
and again into the U.N. resolution against
orbital missiles, and we stopped research.
Then last November they bragged about
the orbital missiles they had produced, and
said, 'ha! ha! ha!'-the U.N. resolution was
against the orbiting of such missiles, but it
didn't say they couldn't be designed and
produced.
The Communists are about to observe the
50th anniversary of the Russian revolution.
In fifty years we have never tried to out-
smart the Communists.
They were so doggone smart in trapping us
Into Vietnam that we could turn it right
back on them if we were smart enough. The
only time American people spend enough to
develop defense is when we are in a state of
war.
The enemy's objective is Western Europe.
Vietnam has no national product. Western
Europe, with 340 million people, has a gross
national production of 500 billion a year.
NEED MISSILE DEFENSE
There is one way that we can defeat that
aim and that Is by building a defense against
nuclear weapons.
We now have available the Nike-X system.
Do you really think the ltremlin will sacri- that we produce this immediately, they rec-
fice Soviet Russia to nuclear rubble for the ommended it unanimously two years ago, the
sake of Hanoi? We should go ahead and committees of Congress favor it, but McNa-
win. mara won't spend the money.
Nike-X could have 70 million Americans,
A3581
from under President Diem? A: The over-
throw of Diem was set- up by the New York
Times and the Washington Post. Despite his
achievements he was anti-Communist and
you can't have that!
Q: (Russell Warner) General MacArthur
said that we should never get in a ground
war in Asia. Why did we? A: General Tay-
lor opposed it too. But he commented later,
what could we do? They kept on sending in
more troops. The answer is to develop the
Nike-X. If the enemy saw that when they
started a little war, we got ready for a big
war, they'd stop. The Nike-X system might
cost us $30 billion over six years-that's
peanuts compared to the 70 million Amer-
icans a nuclear war would kill. There
wouldn't be a question regarding peace in
Western Europe if we hadn't worked against
the credibility of our nuclear deterrence. If
we had said to Russia, "you go across the
line and we'll use our battlefield nuclear
weapons immediately," they'd never go
across. What we say is, "if you go across, we
will pause and let you reflect on the serious-
ness of what you are doing."
Q: Should we bomb Hanoi? A: Hanoi is
one great munition factory. It needs to be
wiped out. We should tell the population
that it will be destroyed and then go to it.
By our creeping escalation, too little and
too late, we have given them the chance to
decentralize. The solution is more difficult
now, but still possible.
Q: (R. D. Adams) Do you agree with Sec-
retary of Defense's policy of holding re-
serves for a possible later duty? A: I never
agree with any policy of the Secretary of
Defense, because over the years, if he is for
it, that's strike two against it. I don't think
we need to call the reserves, I think we
should pull troops from Europe. They are
doing no good there. Across the border are
130 divisions. If anything broke up NATO,
it is McNamara, by making it obvious that
we would not use our strongest weapons
against the Soviet Union, nor our tactical
weapons.
Q: (Ralph Johnson) How will the war in
Vietnam probably end? A: I'm afraid I
know and that is one reason I feel Congress
should recognize that a state of war exists.
If we don't, the chances are that there will
be a negotiation and at the negotiating
table will be the Vietcong, and the Reds
will take over as they are doing in Laos.
Rusk has said that we have offered every-
thing except the surrender of South Viet-
nam. If that is accepted, we have offered
everything except open surrender. Coalition
government with the Communists will be a
victory by the Communists. If you were a
Soviet, and had the problem of eliminating
your principal obstacle to world conquest,
how would you do it? Again and again you
find Soviets blaming the German invasion
on American "warmongers." We're the ones
they blame for the war in Europe and against
Japan. Do you see what that is? To get
peace in the world, you have to eliminate the
Americans, and to do this, with the least pos-
sible danger to the rest of the world, by sur-
prise attack. That is the war plan. The way
we can beat this is by building up our anti-
missile defense.
Community Hospital Facilities
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. GEORGE McGOVERN
OF SOUTH DAKOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, July 11, 1966
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, with
the adoption of medicare, new demands
I feel Congress should carry out the Con- possibly including you and your family. I
stitutional mandate and recognize the state
of war that exists. don't want to save just 70 million Ameri-
They tricked us into it. Remember that cans-I want to save 180 million Americans-
boats attacked the and the Nike-X, if we had it, could do this
their motor torpedo too
Seventh Fleet. They were shelled in" return,
but no other response was made. Since they ANSWERS TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS FROM FLOOR
didn't get much reaction, they attacked Q: (Hilary H. Crawford) Why did Demo-
again. The President had to retaliate be- crats send Republicans to Saigon to pull rug
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A Arno.
~.tllvkitt.C331t11NAL IttWI(L) -- APPENDIX July F11,-1 66
are arising on our clinic and hospital fa- Only where the costs of preventive care Finally, we submit that witkr the advent
cilities and there is increasing need for are already paid and where doctors' income of the medicare program, the pressure upon
the type of facilities for which a loan is thus already assured through the voluntary existing health facilities will be greatly in-
program was proposed in H.R. 9256, later action of his patients--only under these cir- tensifled. Indeed something approaching a
Included in the demonstration cities bill cumstances is there incentive on the part of crisis In this respect may result. What better
and now penhin m the Senate. doctor and patient alike to keep people out way of forestalling such a crisis than by en-
of hospitals and thus to check the alarming couraging through a loan guarantee program
The,need for this sort of loan program increase in costs of medical care and the the kind of constructive action on their own
is described in testimony given before alarming and soon to be aggravated pres- behalf which groups of our people are en-
the House Banking and Currency Com- sure upon both hospital space and hospital deavoring to take through developing of
mittee last March 11, by Jerry Voorhis, costs, group health plans like those about which
president and executive director of the We can submit carefully compiled evidence I have been speaking?
Coop erative Leaxec ti he U.S.A. I ask to show that subscribers to group health In times like the present it indeed seems
oi ativ coeague, of Mr. t President, that ask plans do have hospital utilization rates the part of both wisdom and statesmanship
which are from 50% to 80%, of those of other to encourage voluntary action by the people
Mr. Voorhis testimony appear in the Ap- Insured groups in the population.
pendix of the RECORD. But for easily understood reasons grou of this country t attacking and solving cs at
There being no objection, the testi- health plans face.a difficult problem of receiv- their forefront.
many was ordered to be printed in the ing financing for the physical facilities they For these reasons The Cooperative League
RECORD, as follows: need. This has always been true and no of the United States hopes that this distin-
TESTIMONY OF JERRY VOORHIS, EXECUTIVE Dr- one can accurately estimate how much bene-
fit such plans might have brought to our guished committee will report favorably upon
RECTOR, COOPERATIVE LEAGUE OF THE U.S.A., country through voluntary action of its citi- HR. 9256 and the other measures now before
BEFORE TI3E HOUSE COMMITTEE ON BANKING zens if the financial problem could have you and that they can be enacted into law at
AND CURRENCY IN SUPPORT OF H.R. 9256, been solved. an early date.
Meacx 11
1966
,
Such consumer-sponsored plans are non-
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Com- profit, of course, to begin with. They there-
mittee: My name is Jerry Voorhis, and I ap- fore cannot offer expectation of substantial
pear before the committee on behalf of the earnings as security. Second, the doctors'
Cooperative League of the USA, which orga- facilities, clinic buildings, and the like, which
nization I am privileged to serve as executive are essenti 1 if
a
h
Rules for Hosts and Guests
suc
director and president.
plans are to operate at EXTENSION OF REMARKS
all, are single-use buildings and therefore
The Cooperative League is a national fed- not in the nature of prime objects of invest- of
eration of all kinds of mutual and coopera- Inent by financial institutions. Third, in
tive enterprises in the United States, Its af- many many cases the need Is greatest in HON. ROBERT L. F. SIKES
minted organizations comprise about 16,- sipaller communities where even if the local OF FLORIDA
000,000 different families in their, members, bank desires to make such loans, It simply IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
and they are owners of their own businesses lacks the resources with which to do so unless
Which serve their needs for insurance, hous- a. guarantee is provided such as H. R. 9256 Monday, June 6, 1966
ing, marketing of farm crops, procurement of could give. Fourth, while the members and Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, from the
farm supplies, credit, health care, electricity, subscribers to such plans-or the potential
and household needs. The purpose of the members and subscribers to such plans- editorial columns of the Christian Sci-
Cooperative League is to encourage the use could and indeed have put up enough con- ence Monitor comes a sound and
of the voluntary self-help method of solving tribution to finance the operations of a plan, pertinent discussion of the unhappy sit-
problems which individual families cannot there are many, many instances where they uation provoked in New York during the
solve alone. are quite unable to subscribe the amounts of visit to this country by King Faisal:
Our support of the legislation before the money necessary to finance expensive modern
committee has been repeatedly and specif- health facilities. RULES S AND GUESTS ically expressed by biennial Congresses of the Let me cite a couple of examples. The uproar ovve er King Fai sal's visit
t to New
Cooperative League which is, the supreme threate a e thelcas of ita small y community
and n eYork ver have ha comedy errors shoul
delegated authority of our organization.
appened. oNobody comes that t of
The reasons for that support are as follows. of all its doctors and where families sub- plain with y tspok is d is edsss they to did.
Like the Group Health Association of scribed $100 each to provide their town with plain why they hspoke and acted as they did.
America, the Cooperative League believes in desperately needed modern clinic facilities. The United States is a great power. It is
the better and more rational organization Some $45,000 was needed to complete con- appropriate that it move with majesty and
of medical care and health services in our struction, of these facilities over and. beyond Washington respect.
on u King th Faisal's hosts that
country. We believe that there are four what could be raised by the people's efforts. Washington conducted themselves with the
basic elements in that more rational and In the absence of legislation like H.R. 9256, it in mind. It remains to be seen whether the
effective organization. One is group prac- took 15 years before these earnest people beneficent effect of their hospitality has been
tice of medicine by balanced groups of doe- were able to borrow the funds necessary to undone by what subsequently happened.
tors and professional medical personnel. supplement their own and to provide the According to a correspondent of this news-
Another is prepayment of the costs of med- facilities their town needed. paper, the whole thing started when a. re-
ical care on a budgeted basis so as to bring Another case is one where an already estab- porter submitted in writing to the moderator
the best of modern medical care within reach lished group health plan in a rural area is at King Faisal's news conference a question
of as large a percentage of our people as ready and willing to construct a branch that was intended as a joke. We would have
possible. A third is preventive, co~riprehen- clinic in a neighboring community. The expected journalists with some acquaintance
save, regular care, aimed at maintaining nearest hospital to this community is 30 of international propriety-which presum-
family health and keeping people out of hos- miles away. And no facilities exist where ably goes with being a Washington cor-
pitals rather than episodic medical care efficient medical service could be provided or respondent--to be discriminating and sen-
which Is necessarily limited to attempting where, in fact, well trained modern physi- rinse enough to avoid initiating the kind of
to cure disease after it has been serious. cians are willing to practice So charade that followed.
And the fourth element Is the opportunity is obvious. The local bank is quiter willing If King Faisal was to answer candidly any
and the responsibility of
groups of our citi- to make a loan to finance the needed facility question put to him about his or Arab at-
Zens to act voluntarily in the formation of but it simply does not have adequate reserves titudes toward Israel, he was bound to offend
group health plans in collaboration with and is not large enough to take the admitted those sections of American opinion with a
groups of their doctors and nurses, i k f fi
s o
Such plans are to be found all across our
country, in all sorts of communities, among
all kinds and groups of people. Their basic
philosophy is that the doctor should be pro-
vided with an assured income as a reward
for keeping people well instead of having to
depend on an uncertain income derived from
people after they have become sick.
We support this legislation-H.R, 9256--
because we are convinced it Is necessary if
voluntary constructive action by consumers
of health care is to receive the encourage-
ment it should have and to make the con-
tribution to the better health of our peo-
ple which such action can bring.
canting a building which it would commitment to the Zionist movement. No-
obviously have considerable difficulty in sell- body can take exception to such Americans
ing in case foreclosure became necessary. objecting to any statement by King Faisal
Were H.R. 9256 on the statute books the local criticizing them. But in a wider context, it
bank could and would make this loan, doe- should be remembered that Arabs have Just
tors could be attracted to this community as deep a feeling of having been wrongecE as
and the health of the people protected. do Israelis and their partisans.
Many similar examples could be given, Wryly, there Is still doubt about what ex-
both from other rural areas, to which the actly King Faisal said. The New York Times
legislation would give preference and also correspondent covering his news conference
from cities where labor-sponsored and co- concluded his dispatch with an observation
operative consumer-sponsored group health to the effect that some observers in the ca.pi-
plans could care for much larger member- tal felt the most significant thing in King
ships if only they could receive the financing Faisal's remarks was his implied backing
for the additional physical facilities they away from "the objective espoused by some
need. Arab extremists--destruction of Israel."
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