HEARINGS HELD IN MINNEAPOLIS ON WAR IN VIETNAM -V

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080013-6
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• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: June 13, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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12366 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HDZJS 'une 13, 1966
and on avoidance of lunar contamination. education. The bill I am introducing to extend his remarks at this point in
It is a sad commentary on East-West ammo- today will correct this serious oversight. the RECORD and to include extraneous
bility that there hasn't been a treaty before. The measure is identical to H.R. 12928 matter.)
It its value at this point is as much politically introduced by the gfrom Wash-
symbolic as effectively real, so be it. Let's ington ntr [Mr. the gentleman e , who deserves great [Mr. GONZALEZ' remarks will ap-
have a treaty. pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
in this matter
dershi
i
l
i
f
.
p
ea
or h
s
cred
t
The inclusion of health, and physical
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AREA education in titles III and XI of the Na-
TRANSIT COMPACT tional Defense Education Act is proposed
(Mr. WILLIS (at the request of Mr. as basic to achieving the maximum re-
sults from the Federal assistance given to
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex- the other subject areas presently covered
tend his remarks at this point in the in the act. The ideal of ancient Greece
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
of a sound mind in a sound body is not
ter.) merely an idle cliche. Socrates repeat-
Mr. WILLIS. Mr. Speaker, last edly stressed that grave mistakes in
Thursday President Johnson sent to thinking are attributed to poor health.
Congress an urgent request for the en- Comenius, the 16th century Czech educa-
actrnent, of legislation that would au- tor noted "to attain the best results
thorize and approve an interstate com- physical exercise must accompany and
pact for theiestpowement of a Transit condition mental training." Rousseau
Authority with power to plan and pro- maintained that "an enfeebled body
pose financing for a regionwide transit enervates the mind." In more modern
system for the District of of Columbia area. studies, Arnold Gesell, Arthur Jersild,
On the same day, the requested legisla- and Jean Piaget have determined that
tion was introduced by Chairman CEL- the earliest learnings of children are
LER, of the Committee on the Judiciary- motor and form the foundation for
House Joint Resolution 1163. Similar learning.
measures have also been introduced by Health and physical education pro-
Judge SMITH, House Joint Resolution grams have several basic contributions
1164; Mr. BROYHILL, H.R. 15588; Mr. to make to academic achievement. The
151V5600; and Mr r15599; Mr. H.R. 6development of motor skills, the promo-
. tion of physical fitness, the social and
All , these measures suer were re rfbr . to
J , by it, emotional development which is basic to
the mlt and, sound mental health are basic to the
Subcommittee No. 3, of which I t, which am child's motivation to learn. Lewis Ter-
c, Recognizing man, the famous psychologist has,
the District istricct t of the Columbia transit aansit soluprob- tion through research, discovered that
le m, physical weakness is found 30 percent
lem, the subcommittee has scheduled ed a fewer times in children of higher Intel-
earo on these measures for June 23, hgence than in those of lower mental
1966. ability. There are hundreds of studies
which indicate that physical fitness is
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION due fundamentally to achievement of a
AMENDMENTS TO NDEA child's full academic potential.
(Mr. SICKLES (at the request of Mr. In health education t only classes,
learn good
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex- exist, the basis for good about bout ,_and
tend ECORD remarks at this point in the the importance of personal cleanliness,
R
RECORD and to include extraneous mat- they also learn about the harmful ef-
Mr. fects of dangerous drugs, such as LSD,
SICKLES of the e National Defense al easince - the of smoking, and of the use of alcohol.
enactment r-r Our modern youngsters, subjected as
far-reaching they are through television, magazine
catioon Act of Act been n this amended and ex-
tended nded to has be am advertising and movies to the fetish of
t opportunities provide, for among other things, sexual attraction as the acme of success,
through h sum- need sound instruction in sex educa-
their knowledge nand d skills skills to improve
hei sum- area which far too many par-
merinstitutes. ents are too embarrassed to approach,
From the basic act which concentrated and most teachers fearful of attempting. forein languages,,
angu maagnes, and guidance, modern have e p pro- Action by this Congress to authorize
laes, and institutes for health and physical edu-
areas n nstit tutes the he cation teachers and of matching funds
eqquallually y vibyta subject gn including institutes
reading, e history, for equipment-not including athletic
ory, disadvantaged eogvehy, of English, economics, equipment-for schools to carry out youth, industrial 'arts, personnel, and ecuonal health and physical education programs
the would indicate to the educators of this
meedia media peia specialists. Through ,educational
m spt the ta. National Foundation on Nation that the Congress does believe in
the Art's o of and do Humanities, , the e Cona sound mind in a sound body. To fail
he Art's Congress
has reb~ognized the importance of these to enact such a simple, but basic, amend'-
areas of knowledge also, and, of course, ment, on the contrary, will indicate that
since 1918, and more recently since 1963, we are not concerned with our children's
we have provided assistance, including health and fitness. I can think of no
teacher training, for vocational educa- reason to oppose this legislation-and
tion in our secondary schools. the reasons for support are myriad, in-
The only regular curricular offering of deed.
the schools which has not received at-
tention from the Congress is the vitally (Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
important area of health and physical Mr. HOWARD) was granted permission
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. HOWARD) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
C A. GONZALEZ' remarks will ap-
peaereafter in the Appendix.]
EARINGS HELD IN MINNEAPOLIS
ON WAR IN VIETNAM-V
(Mr. FRASER (at the request of Mr.
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, after
holding the Friday evening session of
expert witnesses and discussion with the
panel, the Vietnam hearings in Minne-
apolis continued on Saturday, first with
organizational representatives and then
with individual citizens.
It is evident to all of us here in Con-
gress that the citizens of our districts
and of the Nation have given much care-
ful consideration to our involvement in
Vietnam. It is further evident that
they have much to contribute to the
process out of which our Nation's for-
eign policy emerges.
Mr. Speaker, I for one am keenly
aware of the role which the people can
play and the strength which they can
contribute to the policymaking process.
For it is they who ultimately give energy
and direction to our foreign policy.
From my point of view, therefore, the
purpose of these hearings was twofold:
First, to provide a form, a reasonable
form, in which a variety of views could
be developed and expressed. Second, to
help me to have some better understand-
ing of some of the concerns, the points
of interest, and the doubts of people in
my district and the immediate area.
I think it would be helpful at this
point to place in the RECORD a list of the
participants at this conference and a
summary of the many ideas expressed on
each of five questions I had posed as a
focus for the hearings:
Congressman DONALD M. FRASER, Chairman.
Gary Crawford, Attorney at Law, Minneap-
olis, Minnesota.
Professor Harold Deutsch, Chairman, His-
tory Depratment, University of Minnesota.
Dr. Abram E. Manell, Department of State
(Dec. 8, 1985 only).
Barbara Stuhler, Minnesota World Affairs
Center.
EXPERT WrrNESSES
(Evening Session, Tuesday, December 7,
1965)
Professor Carl A. Auerbach, Law School,
University of Minnesota.
Professor Edward Coen, Economics Depart-
ment, University of Minnesota.
Professor Rodney C. Loehr, History Depart-
ment, University of Minnesota.
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June 13, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
personal relationship to another Being
higher than himself, and he also ex-
presses his interpersonal relationships to
others who share his personal beliefs.
The religious dimension is a vertical and
horizontal one. To restrict the indivi-
dual in his free and voluntary expression
at the level of the horizontal dimension
is in my judgment an unrealistic, unwar-
ranted, and unnecessary Inhibition not
implicit in our Constitution.
The', amendment I propose is an
amendment which I hope can enjoy the
hearty support of all Americans. It is
not intended to divide us, but, to unite us.
It is designed not to limit us, but to en-
large the potentials for religious liberty
for us all. It purposefully calls upon the
people themselves to safeguard and ex;
tend the intent and purpose of the first
amendment.
Robert Frost gave a classic definition of
freedom when he said:
You have freedom when you're easy in the
harness,
It seems evident that our Nation is
not "easy in the harness" on the expres-
sion of our religious liberties in our public
institutions. Admittedly, there are many
horns to this dilemma, but truly free
men, if given time, if given patience, and
if given purpose, have the capacity to file
away these horns and to resolve these
dilemmas.
My proposed amendment to the Con-
stitution relating to the exercise of reli-
gious liberty reads:
No provision of the first or fourteenth
articles of amendment to this Constitution
shall be deemed to prohibit Congress or a
State from permitting any person voluntarily
to exercise his religious liberties while he is
engaged in activities required to be per-
formed by law. Neither Congress nor a State
may prescribe the form or content of such
exercise.
The force and influence of our tax
supported institutions dare never be one-
sided and favor that element which fa-
vors either religion, nonreligion, or, ir-
religion. But that force and influence
dare never place an individual into a
situation. required by law and then re-
strict him in either personal or cor-
porate expressions of his liberties as long
as. they are voluntary and the form and
content are not prescribed by authori-
ties administering these activities.
I recognize that what I propose here
poses practical problems which will call
for patient dialog between free men of
good will. It will take time to discover
ways and means to make such free exer-
cise of religious liberty possible under
these conditions. But it will be worth
the time, the effort, the discussion, the
for his remarks and to congratulate him
upon his introduction of this proposed
constitutional amendment.
Mr. Speaker, as the gentleman has well
said, throughout the ' years of American
history, the religious faith of our people
has run like a golden thread through the
history of this Republic. From the time
our pilgrim fathers came to these shores
seeking it place in which to live and work
and worship in freedom to the present
time our Nation has been builded upon
the shoulders of people of faith, who have
sought through the years to make and
keep this a nation under God. Our
Founding Fathers, the framers of the
Constitution, demonstrated this by their
frequent references to Deity and by in-
voking His divine blessings upon their
endeavors.
Mr. Speaker, in the Continental Army
there were chaplains to serve the men
who were fighting for liberty and for the
establishment of this Nation. From
that time until this the chaplaincy has
been a vital part of our Military Estab-
lishment. The Congress itself has its
Chaplains of the House of Representa-
tives and the Senate.
Mr. Speaker, we have sought recogni-
tion of the religious faith of our people
and the desire of so many of us to keep
our country a nation under God. Yet,
we have also been concerned with main-
taining the strict separation of church
and state, with maintaining a situation
in which the people could have complete
freedom of religion, but in which there
could be no state religion, no state-pre-
scribed religion or establishment of re-
ligion by the Congress or by the several
States.
The gentleman from Ohio [Mr.
MOELLER] in his amendment has
sought recognition of these twin necessi-
ties in the area of religious liberty; that
our interpretation of the principle of the
separation of church and state should
not take such form that we could in fact
circumscribe and limit the free exercise
of religion by American citizens.
Mr. Speaker, we do not seek freedom
from religion but freedom of religion
here in this country.
Yet, Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from
Ohio [Mr. MOELLER] has specifically in-
cluded in his amendment the safe-
guard that neither the Congress nor the
State would prescribe forms of religious
instruction or the content of any reli-
gious exercise.
It seems to me the gentleman is on the
right track toward solving a- difficult
problem, and an important problem in
our country in our time. Certainly, this
Nation cannot endure unless it remains
a nation under God. Surely, we cannot
are ever made respecting the establish- trT. The gentleman would guarantee to
ment of religion, and that no laws are Americans free exercise of their faith,
ever interpreted to prohibit any Ameri- and yet protect them from State estab-
can the free exercise of his religion. lished or State promoted religious exer-
Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, will cases. I congratulate the gentleman
the gentleman yield? and will certainly join in support of his
amendment.
Mr
MOELLER
I sh
l
d t
ll b
.
.
a
e g
a
o
yield to the gentleman from Alabama.
Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, I
want to thank the gentleman from Ohio
No. 96-6
Mr. MOELLER. I thank the gentle-
man for his very fine statement.
I think we must recognize the fact that
12,365
should an amendment such as this be
adopted regardless of what interpreta-
tion might be placed on it by school
administrators, we at least are safe-
guarding for those who are.engaged in
any kind of activity required by law the
right to a religious exercise. Most of all
it would, as the gentleman has so ably
pointed out also, safeguard our military
men so far as the services of chaplains
in various branches of the, military is
concerned, as well as also making abso-
lutely sure that the House of Representa-
tives and the Senate should they so
choose may at all times have a chaplain
for their spiritual ministry.
I appreciate also the gentleman's com-
ment of support. I hope we can gen-
erate the necessary enthusiasm in com-
mittee and see to it that this amendment
might be brought to the floor for
consideration.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
CAMERON). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Michigan
[Mr. CHAMBERLAIN] is recognized for 15
minutes.
[Mr. CHAMBERLAIN addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after In the Appendix.]
A MOON TREATY
(Mr. DADDARIO (at the request of Mr.
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the REC-
ORD and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. DADDARIO. Mr. Speaker, the
spectacular soft landing of our Surveyor
spacecraft on the moon focuses attention
on the urgent need expressed by Presi-
dent Johnson last month for a treaty on
space.
Now the Russians have come to the
United Nations with a similar request.
In fact, the Soviet proposal Is so much
like President Johnson's that the Wash-
ington Post suggests the U.N. should have
no trouble in concluding an international
agreement.
The Post says:
If its value at this point is as much politi-
cally symbolic as effectively real, so be it.
Let's have a treaty.
I ask that the Post editorial be made a
part of the RECORD.
TOWARD A MOON TREATY
The Soviet proposal for a peaceful-moon
treaty is so much like the three-week-old
American proposal that the United Nations
should have no trouble making a treaty. The
earlier Luna flights and now the Surveyor
mission demonstrate the timeliness of inter-
national agreement on unrestricted, peaceful
exploitation of the moon and other heavenly
bodies. No less useful would be the earth-
bound recognition of common purpose that
Soviet-American negotiation of a moon
treaty would represent.
Procedural differences exist; one hopes the
Russians inserted them merely to thaw at-
tention from their tardiness in submitting a
draft. Substantively their proposal seems
fine, a happy overlap of scientific and politi-
cal purposes, although it does not pick up
President Johnson's suggestions on mutual
aid by astronauts and cosmonauts in trouble
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 June 1 91, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
Professor Charles H. McLaughlin, Chair-
Iran, Political Science Department; Univer-
sity of Minnesota.
Professor,Wesley St. John, Political Science,
Hamlin University-
Professor Burton N. Stein, History Depart=
ment, University of Minnesota.
Professor Romeyn Taylor, History Depart-
ment, University of Minnesota.
ORGANIZATION WITNESSES
(Morning Session, Wednesday, Dec. 8, 1965)
Colonel Vernal L. Boline, Commander of
the Minneapolis Chapter, Disabled American
Veterans.
William C. Braatz, Socialist Labor Party.
Erik A. Dundurs, President, Council for
Liberation of Captive Peoples from Soviet
Domination.
Lynn M. Elling, Chairman, Minnesota
Concillatlon.
Joseph Johnson, Socialist Workers Party.
Howard L. Kaibel, University of Minnesota
Young Democrats.
Ronald V. Kenita, Commander, Depart-
ment of Minnesota, Veterans of Foreign
Wars of the United States.
Robert W. McCoy, President, American Hu-
manist Association.
Stanley Nesheim, American Friends Serv-
ice Committee of the Minnesota Area.
Vance Oppernian, Students for a Demo-
cratic Society.
Mrs. Harlan D. Root, Minneapolis League
of Women Voters.
Janet Rovick, Minnesota Committee to End
the War in Vietnam.
Daniel J. Slater, Chairman, Minnesota Cit-
izens Legislative League
Professor Harlan Smfih, committee on in-
ternational Affairs, Minnesota Council of
Churches.
Arthur Sternberg, Minnesota Committee
for a Sane Nuclear Policy.
r; Professor Burnham Terrell, Chairman,
Committee on Ministry and Counsel, Twin
Cities Monthly Meeting of the Religious So-
ciety of Friends.
Margaret M. Thompson, President, Min-
nesota Branch of the Women's International
League for Peace and Freedom.
Frank Verrall, Jr., Twin Cities DuBois
Clubs.
Denton Wilson, Chairman, University of
Minnesota Republican Association.
...INDIVIDUAL WITNESSES
(Afternoon session, Wednesday, Dec. 8, 1965)
Professor Henry E. Allen, 1917 James Ave-
nue South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Norton L. Armour, 107 Arthur Avenue
Southeast, Minneapolis, Minn.
James S. Beck, 180 Bedford Street South-
east, Minneapolis, Minn.
Mrs. Wright W. Brooks, 5056 Garfield Ave-
nue South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Martha Cohn, 2420 Seabury Avenue, Min-
neapolis, Minn.
Brian J. Coyle, 421 Cedar Avenue South,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Bernard Cullen, 3711 East 40th Street,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Wallace F, Doerr, 3408 Zenith Avenue
South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Mrs. Orin D. Doty, 3625 2nd Avenue South,
Minneapolis, Minn.
John Edie, 4832 Queen Avenue South,
Minneapolis, Minn.
J. Merle Harris, 3509 Stinson Boulevard,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Ward A. Horton, 3440 Colfax Avenue South,
Minneapolis, Minn.
Orville J. Jorgenson, 3440 47th Avenue
South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Frank Kent, Ma' Olson Memorial High-
way, Minneapolis, Minn.
J. Patrick Kit~ler, 303 Towle Building, Min-
neapolis, Minn. .
Paul If. IKundzins, 2607/ 7th Street South,
Minneapolis, Minn.
David B. Leonard, 4853 Russell Avenue
South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Joseph E. Murphy, Jr., 2116 West Lake of
Isles Boulevard, Minneapolis, Minn.
William Musolt, 2200 Flag Avenue, Min-
neapolis, Minn.
Richard Nicholsen, 346 Roslyn Place, Min-
neapolis, Minn.
'Lorraine E. V. Peterson, 4243 44th Avenue
South, Minneapolis, Minn.
Martin Pierce, 308 16th
Minneapolis, Minn.
Stanley K. Platt, 2002 West Lake of the
Isles Boulevard, Minneapolis, Minn.
Larry Seigle, 1819 16th Avenue South,
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Mulford Q. Sibley, Minneapolis, Minn.
Southeast, Minneapolis, Minn.
Lawrence G. Western, 312 South 8th Street,
Minneapolis, Minn.
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
Witnesses were asked to direct their testi-
mony to one or more of the following spe-
cific points: -
1. What role might the United Nations play
in Vietnam?
2. What more should the United States do
to assist the government of Vietnam in the
development of stable political institutions?
3. What can be done in the way of economic
and social development?
4. What should an acceptable basis be for
settlement of the conflict in Vietnam?
5. What lessons should be drawn from a
decade of United States involvement in Viet-
nam?
The questions themselves point up the
'constructive emphasis which characterize
the hearings.
WHAT ROLE MIGHT THE UNITED NATIONS PLAY
IN VIETNAM?
The assumption underlying this question
was that the United Nations should have a
role in Vietnam. The, discussion stressed
three aspects of the question. First, the
proper time and conditions for the United
Nations' consideration of and participation
in the Vietnamese problem. Second, the
consequences of action or inaction by the
United Nations. And third, means to
strengthen the capacity of the United Na-
tions to bring about a settlement in Vietnam.
One witness stated that the United States
should not call upon the United Nations to
play any part in an attempt to bring about
an end to the Vietnamese conflict, for "it is
unrealistic to expect action on the part of the
United Nations in support of our position
and interests." 1 Another believed that the
Communist nations have too much power in
the United Nations and that we should not
bring the issue to that body? A third de-
clared that the United Nations has no "right
to be involved in Vietnamese affairs without
the consent of the Vietnamese people." 8
But on the whole, witnesses favored parti-
cipation by the United Nations immediately
or in the_ future. Most agreed that the
United Nations should take a "central place"
in the solution of the conflict in Vietnam 4
CONDITIONS FOR UNITED NATIONS INVOLVEMENT
One group of witnesses argued that the
United States should place the problem be-,
1Daniel J. Slater, p. 1 (page references are
to pages of statements submitted by orga-
nization and individual witnesses and to
pages of the recorded testimony by expert
Witnesses,)
I Lorraine E. V. Peterson, p. 1.
2 Prank Verrall, p. 1.
4 Professor Burton N. Stein, p. 15.
fore the United Nations immediately. One
person said that the country is violating its
obligations under the United Nations Charter
and must invite the United Nations to initi-
ate international presence in Vietnam$
A second said the United States must
clearly ask for United Nations action because
it does not send a task force into a dispute
without being invited by at least one of the
parties to the conflict .6 Another believed we
bypass the United Nations whenever it suits
our own interest; I to do so, said another, Is
to weaken the fabric of the United Nations
as a peace-keeping instrument.'
The United States, suggested one person,
should introduce into the Security Council
or the General Assembly a resolution re-
questing a ceasefire and suggesting that the
1954 Geneva Conference be reconvened with
the National Liberation Front present .0
Beyond these actions, said someone else, the
United Nations should be called upon to
determine whether acts of aggression have
occurred; to monitor the truce to prevent,
violations, including infiltration of supplies
and men from North Vietnam; to supervise
any elections resulting from negotiations;
and to sponsor and supervise such projects as
the Mekong Delta Project for the economic
development of the area10
Others doubted the fruitfulness of United
Nations participation at the present. The
previously mentioned group foresaw a role
for the international organization in bring-
ing about a ceasefire and negotiations.
These persons believe the United Nations'
role can only begin after the end of military
operations. Discussion of this question,
along with questions two and three, is
"tragically irrelevant in the short term while
in the long term and with an end to military
operations or their drastic reductions, these
points become the most important that one
could consider," said one witness 11
Other views: The United Nations may later
play a vital role in a peacekeeping capacity
in the supervision of Vietnamese elections
and in social and economic development?
At the present, however, only diplomatic
soundings by the Secretary General should
be carried on," and the United Nations
should "act as a medium of communica-
tion," 14 The United States should not seek
to enlarge this present role, nor should the
United Nations?? Such action might make
the situation worse 16 These witnesses ex-
pressed reservations about the reaction of
the Soviet Union: She would not dare to sup-
port United Nations action because of the
danger of losing control of the Communist
world to China; 17 her restraining attitude
would disappear, and she would be forced to
align herself more closely with China 38
CONSEQUENCES OF ACTION OR INACTION BY THE
UNITED NATIONS
The ability of the United Nations to con-
sider the Vietnamese problem was a matter
of concern both to those who urged its im-
mediate involvement and to those who fa
vored action by it at a later time.
The former thought that the longer United
Nations action is delayed and denied by
American military efforts, "the more damage
the United Nations will suffer in its capacity
Howard L. Kaibel, pp. 1, 2.
8 B. J. Merle Marvis, p. 1.
? Professor Edward Coen, p. 80.
e Norton L. Armour, p. 2.
8 Arthur Sternberg, p. 4.
x? Armour, p. 3.
11 Stein, p. 15.
1z Edie, p. 1.
18 Professor Rodney C. Loehr, p. 80.
14 Ibid., p. 41.
1s Stein, p. 78.'
14 Edie, P. 1.
17 Loehr, p. 87.
18 Edie, p. 1.
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12368 CONGRESSIONAL ;RECORD - HOUSE June 13, 1966
to deal with that matter or any other similar own interest. To bring about this independ- villages beyond Saigon. These were some
,matter." 1" These holding this position be- ent government, he said, stable conditions opinions: Of primary importance in creating
port for the world body by its large-nation
members 4D
Those witnesses who urged waiting until a
truce is obtained before putting the issue
before the United Nations stated that the
United Nations "has not yet devised methods
by which peace can be maintained in situa-
tions where one or more of the major world
powers believes that they have overriding
interests at stake," 21 for the great powers
have not yet accepted peaceful settlements of
disputes of that magnitude as a paramount
mutual interest and principle 21 Faced by an
unsolvable problem, the United Nations
would be dangerously weakened, according
to this thinking 21
STRENGTHENING THE UNITED NATIONS
Persons from both groups agreed upon-the
difficulty of settling the Vietnamese Conflict
by the United Nations without Communist
China's membership?' The United Nations,
to their thinking, may not even function as
"an effective vehicle for discussion" as long
as it excludes China,- although if the Chinese
Communists sat on the Security Council they
would fie almost certain to veto anything
done_ there.21 To assume a dispute-settling
and peacekeeping process built upon the
facilities of the United Nations, they said,
representatives of four divided countries-
China, Vietnam, Korea, and Germany-
should be Seated in the United Nations as
soon as possible 2r
Another area of agreement was the need
for strengthening United Nations peacekeep-
ing force activities. The military and ece-
nomic commitment to South Vietnam by the
United States is so great that in comparison
"the United Nations lacks the resources and
the power to guarantee the security of South
Vietnam," one man stated 28 That American
troops cannot be withdrawn, according to
one witness, until a settlement can be guar-
anteed by the United Nations, emphasizes
the urgency to create within the United
Nations adequate machinery to meet peace-
keeping needs20 An automatic method of
financing the United Nations, such as a tax
on all International trade S0 is required to
support an international police force, was
suggested.81 Also suggested was the recon-
struction of the United Nations Panel of In-
quiry and Conciliation with appointments
made by the Secretary General 32
WHAT MORE SHOULD THE UNITED STATES DO TO
ASSIST THE GOVERNMENT OF VIETNAM IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF STABLE POLITICAL INSTfTtr-
TIONS?
Almost all participants said they appre-
ciated that the problem in Vietnam is by no
means military alone and that a great effort
to strengthen the political, social, and eco-
nomic structures of Vietnam and other
Southeast Asian nations is needed S8 Differ-
ences arose over the proper means to bring
about strong political structures.
WHILE THE WAR CONTINUES
One witness stated that our objective is to
have an independent government in South
Vietnam which is capable of governing in its
10 Stein, p. 15.
"Sternberg, p. 4.
u J. Patrick Kittler, p. 2.
n Ibid.
0 Edie, p. 1.
84 Professor Romeyn Taylor, p. 83.
11 Larry Seigle, p. 2.
1e Loehr, pp. 79-80.
H Kaibel, p. 1.
18 William D. Musolt.
40 Lynn M. Elling, p. 3.
80 Robert W. McCoy, p.e.
Edie, p. 2.
McCoy, p. 3.
85 Professor Wesley St. John, p. 27.
the north and quelling the insurgency in the
south 34 Although in the short run, it is
likely that the peasants of South Vietnam
would be better off if the war ended im-
mediately and on any terms, the long-run
consequences would be to eliminate true self-
determination, said another witness" After
the war is won by the present South Viet-
namese government, free elections (perhaps
supervised by the United States 80) will be
held to establish a constitutional and sover-
eign government, said others 2I
Other persons argued that nothing could
be done while military actions continues68
or there is continuation of aid in any form
whatsoever to the Ky regime a0 Immediate
'Withdrawal is necessary 40 because there is
"absolutely no possibility" of the develop-
ment of stable political institutions in Viet-
nam "so long as American military forces
are present," some said 1L
STABLE INSTITUTIONS
There was general agreement that the end
of war will not necessarily bring democracy
or the development of stable political institu-
tions in Vietnam.42 Most believed that the
United States has a role there. Some, how-
evdr, suggested transfer of our involvement
to the specialized agencies of the United
Nations,'- because "the opportunity to build
political institutions within Vietnam to a
point of livable stability would be greater
than trying to 'go it alone'." 44 It was
pointed out that in its support of President
Diem, the United States had not worked to
build a democratic government but rather
had created one representing a small minor-
ity of the Vietnamese people 45
The difficulty of fostering stable political
institutions through the central government
in Saigon was noted in several ways: They
cannot be created by a magic reshuffling of
politicians" Over a period of eleven years
South Vietnam has'had leadership which
failed to win popularity in the local com-
munities and villages, and there is a lack
of understanding among villagers of the role
of the Saigon government 4T
Indeed, the problem of creating stable in-
stitutions is greater than mere unification of
religious sects whose leaders are very jealous
of their authority and not ready to share it,
and tribes of Montagnards who are under the
absolute rule of their chiefs and hostile to
the Vietnamese people.48 It is not enough
to integrate civilian leaders into the power
structure of the government40 The problem
is more complex than just a struggle between
Communists and anti-Communists.0 The
government of South Vietnam today is city-
oriented, and a better balance between city
and country is needed 61 to bring to the whole
of the Vietnamese population a sense of be-
longing to something worth fighting for 62
UNITED STATES ASSISTANCE
Suggestions for United States aid in polit-
ical development emphasized activity in the
84 Loehr, pp. 41-42.
Os Denton Wilson, p. 3.
00 Peterson, p. 2.
87 Slater, p. 1,
as Professor Mulford Q. Sibley, p. 3
"0 Seigle, p. 2.
40 Vera Stephens.
41 Seigle, p. 2.
"Paul H. Kundzins, p. 1
48 Professor Burnham Terrell, p. 4.
64 Elling, p. 2.
45 Martha Cohn, p. 2,
40 Terrell, p. 3.
44 Mrs. Wright W. Brooks, p. 2.
" Cohn, p. 1.
"Wilson, p. 2.
60 Loehr, p. 42.
61 Ibid., p. 42.
58 Cohn, p. 2.
a stable community is immediate relief for
large numbers of refugees 2s The United
States can send professional people to train
administrators in rural regions and increase
Agency for International Development and
Peace Corps personnel in the villages 51 Po-
litical involvement by the peasants can be
increased by expanding and extending public
forums held in provincial councils, in which
government programs are explained and
peasants have an opportunity to state their
problems. This device has been used in Gia
Dinh province 65 Advisory teams of civilians
who are fluent in the language, expert orga-
nizers, and able in the primary skills of agri-
culture, sanitation, and health might be de-
veloped 8?
Long-term programs to bring about in-
creased Involvement include leadership train-
ing of Vitenamese village leaders by institutes
here in the United States, T increased school
construction 50 and an international univer-
sity of students from Southeast Asia60
One piece of testimony suggested that the
United States encourage the Vietnamese gov-
ernment to adopt electoral procedures con-
sistent with Vietnam's largely illiterate pop-
ulation and highly fragmented society, and
similar to a three-tier system of representa-
tion promulgated in Pakistan.
On the assumption that the Pakistanis can
best choose representatives from among those
with whom they are personally acquainted.,
villagers elect leaders, who in turn elect the
provincial government. The provincial gov-
ernors elect the national leadership.
WHAT CAN BE DONE IN THE WAY OF ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT?
The problem of fostering economic and so-
cial development looms large in Vietnam. A
visitor to the country is impressed by a para-
dox of "fertile land and rich resources, and of
suffering and poverty among the people in
the villages." 80 For millions of Vietnamese,
war has become a way of life.61 Bombings
have hindered social and economic develop-
ment 11 of the country with the greatest eco-
nomic potential in Southeast Asia,'3 although
international cooperation in the Mekong
River Valley has continued with no inter-
ruption.'
The central thrust of development must
fit a rice-subsistence economy." Although
there are gains which American Agency for
International Development personnel can
help bring about, especially in in-country
education, 6T "whatever is done must be done
in terms of Vietnamese culture and needs
and not in terms of American culture." 08
Moreover, some participants said they be-
lieved that economic development is best
fostered by a leftist, authoritarian govern-
ment of the sort which we would not favor
on ideological grounds and would hesitate
to assist" Finally, some said they believed
unilateral assistance suggested American
imperialism?0 For these reasons, most per.-
sons who spoke to the point favored a
multilateral approach to Southeast Asian
economic and social development, perhaps
5" Terrell, p. 3.
"1 Loehr, p. 43.
55 Wilson, p. 2.
50 David B. Leonard, p. 1.
51 Mrs. Harlan D. Root, p. 1.
58 Musolt, p. 2.
58 Ibid., p. a.
80 Stanley Neeheim, p. 1.
81 Grace Gibers, p. 2.
01 Seigle, pp. 2-3.
e Nesheim, p. 1.
84 Elling, p. 2.
55 Loehr, p. 44.
e5 Musolt, p. 2.
?1 Loehr, p. 44.
08 Ibid., p. 44.
"? Taylor, p. 34.
70 Sibley, p. 3.
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through the specialized agencies of the
U'nited Nations in cooperation with non-
governmental agencies n
II~JTF,}tNATIONA~ DEVELOPMENT AID
Continued encouragement of the Mekong
Development Committee was urged. The
four, riparian nations, Laos, Thailand, Cam-
bodia, and Vietnam, have shown enthusiasm
for the venture and a willingness to cooper-
ate 72 even though they are frequently at
odds politically.7'
In the past half decade, surveys of dam
sites, irrigation canals and electric power In-
stallations have been done with little in-
terruption by the war 74 President Johnson
stated his commitment to such means of
development in his speech at Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore on April 7, 196576
The establishment of the Asian Development
Bank with assets of one billion dollars was
also viewed as a wise step76
Mekong economic plans can help bring
political stability to Southeast Asia. North
Vietnam might benefit from the electric
power generated by the Mekong River77 In-
clusion of China in the. international plan-
ning should be hoped for but if it does not
occur, United States-Soviet cooperation
should not be delayed, in the opinion of
some' witnesses. Indeed, this cooperation
might reattraot North Vietnam from the
Chinese orbit and eventually cause the
Chinese to join, some think ?8
WHAT SHOULD AN ACCEPTABLE BASIS BE FOR
SETTLEMENT OF THE CONFLICT IN VIETNAM?
This question elicited the most response
from those who presented testimony. There
was agreement by most participants that the
War is now an international conflict rather
than one internal to the Vietnamese.'' The
two goals mentioned as the bases for the
United States involvement in Vietnam are
first, to help the South Vietnamese maintain
or. obtain a government free from aggression
and intervention by North Vietnam and,
second, to contain the spread of Chinese
Communism in Southeast Asia81 Although
the assumptions are not necessarily exclusive
ones, the acceptance of one or the other
governed. the terms of settlement proposed
by most participants.
WITHDRAWAL NOW'
Some persons rejected both assumptions
and urged immediate withdrawal of all
United States troops 82 Among "their state-
ments: For Americans to remain in Viet-
nam is to reject the right of self-deterinina-
tion upon which our-nation was founded 89
The United States can give nothing but a
right-wing dictatorship instead of a left-
wing dictatorship." Our nation, therefore,
has no position from which to negotiate,
and should withdraw immediately, and stop
bombing North Vietnam 8G
The two Vietnams cannot be unified at the
present time; the recognition of the two
countries is a political reality e' The United
States must encourage the Saigon Govern-
ment to explore with the National Libera-
tion Front (Viet Cong) some basis for end-
7iTe 4 ll p.4.
79 St. John, p. 28.
78 Root, p. 2.
74 Elling, p. 2.
76 St. John, p. 27.
70 Musolt, p. 2.
77 Nesheim, p. 2.
78 Sibley, p. 3.
79 Wallace F. Doerr, p. 2.
6' Harrls, p.1.
" Gary Crawford, pp. 101-102.
82 Matthew H. Thayer, V. 1.
B8 Seigle, p. 3.
84 Coen, p. 64.
'6 JanetRQvick, p. I.
s8 Harlan Smith, p. 4.
8' Armour, p. 6.
on themselves, if no agreement 1s reached 88
Our nation should also state its accept-
ance of the principle of self-determination
for the people of South Vietnam by means
of free elections and its willingness to see
the National Liberation Front included in a
coalition government .8D
END AGGRESSION FROM THE NORTH
To those participants who accepted the
assumption that the United States is in
Vietnam to help the South Vietnamese peo-
ple repel aggression from the north, settle-
ment means ridding South Vietnam of North
Vietnamese troops and any Chinese advisers
who might be there 00 and pacifying local
guerrillas." From this viewpoint, the Viet
Cong are terrorist agents of North Vietnam,
not an indigenous movement 02 and are op-
posed by the people of South Vietnam 03 No
coalition government can be accepted 94
Only after tranquillity is restored can elec-
tions be held in South Vietnams" Persons
holding this position urged blockading North
Vietnamese harbors,'' bombing of enemy
supply lines, 08 more air strikes07 and bomb-
ing of North Vietnamese missile sites ?'
CHINA AND THE SETTLEMENT
Others believe the presence of the United
States in Vietnam is a consequence of the
U.S. goal of containing the expansion of
Chinese Communism in Southeast Asia. To
some who agree with this assumption, if the
United States does riot make a stand in Viet-
nam, it will have to make it elsewhere or give
up the whole Southeast Asian mainland to
China; and the most favorable relative con-
ditions for such a stand exist in South Viet-
n,am 80 To others, we should not accept
Vietnam as a test case for stopping "wars of
national liberation," for "we could have
hardly found a worse place on the face of
the earth in which to prove our ability to
accomplish this." I Thailand is greatly dif-
ferent from South Vietnam'
The acceptance of the "assumption led
other participants to suggest cessation of
military operations and withdrawal by both
sides of military forces in accordance with
an agreed- time schedule to be followed by
elections supervised by the United Nations
for the establishment of a government for
all Vietnam.' The nationalism of a result=
ing strong, stable, and independent Vietnam
might be a counterpoise to Chinese domina-
tion," for historically the Vietnamese and
the Chinese have been enemies,' according
to this reasoning. The United States should
then undertake to encourage Vietnamese
independence of Peking as it has encour-
aged Yugoslavia's Independence of Mos-
cow.4
Still other participants who saw the need
to contain Chinese expansion said they be-
lieved it could best be accomplished by ac-
commodation and cooperation with Com-
munist China. The states of Southeast Asia
need enormous long-term economic assist-
ance, according to this thinking, and such
88 Smith, p. 4.
80 Armour, p. 7.
90 Loehr, p. 45.
01 Carl A. Auerbach, p. 72.
02 Bernard Cullen, pp. 1-2.
03 Slater, p. 2.
B4 Auerbach, p. 73.
0' Lawrence G. Western, p. 1.
08 Ibid., p. 1.
97 Erik A. Dundurs, pp. 1-2.
08 Ibid., p. 1.
90 Loehr, pp. 46-47.
1 Taylor, pp. 105-106.
2Ibid., pp. 109.
8 St. John, pp. 26-27.
4 Stein, p. 19.
8 St. John, p. 26.
'Taylor, p. 39.
tralization of the area guaranteed -by the
United States and China.'
Said others: In the short run, a return to
the Geneva Agreement of 1954 is necessary.'
The United States should stop the bombing
of North Vietnam and follow immediately
with an announcement of willingness to
agree to a ceasefire, and, pending such an
agreement, with cessation of the bombings
In South Vietnams The United States
should declare its willingness to negotiate
for the eventual withdrawal of all its mili-
tary personnel, for a return to the conditions
of the Geneva Agreement of 1954, and for
the purposes of setting up an economic aid
program to a unified Vietnam." Implemen-
tation of the. Geneva accords would prohibit
the presence of foreign troops and foreign
military bases in Vietnam, guarantee its in-
dependence, unity, and territorial integrity
and provide elections to bring about reuni-
fication of the two parts."
Withdrawal of troops would be supervised
by the International Control Commission and
the United Nations.12 Treaty guarantees of
Vietnamese independence would be given by
the United States, Russia, China, France and
the United Kingdom."
An alternative would recognize North and
South Vietnam as independent states to be
free of foreign troops. A political conven-
tion of South Vietnamese factions-the Na-
tional Liberation Front, other Viet Cong, the
armed forces, the Buddhists, the Catholics,.
the Bao Dai and the Hoa Hao-would deter-
mine a government which would speak for
South Vietnam at an international confer-
ence similar to the 1954 Geneva Conference.
The conference would by treaty guarantee
an independent, democratic and federated
South Vietnam 14
WHAT LESSONS SHOULD BE DRAWN FROM A
DECADE OF UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN
VIETNAM?
Responses to this question discussed the
problem of making foreign policy in a de-
mocracy such as the United States and the
question of the posture of the United States
abroad.
FOREIGN POLICY-MAKING
The testimony which discussed foreign pol-
icy formulation indicated misgivings about
the processes of reaching decisions. govern-
ing our involvement abroad. The Vietnam
war was given as the prime example.
These were among the thoughts expressed:
The original support given by the United
States to President Diem and the commit-
ments there were made without congressional
hearings and public discussion" The sup-
pression of the facts leading to subsequent
decisions about Vietnam 1' resulted. in the
situation In which in August, 1964, three
fourths of the American people were unaware
of our involvement in a war in Vietnam.?
Furthermore, the mass media never provided
a stimulus for a discussion of our policy.in
Vietnaml8
The need for informing and educating the
public is complicated by insistence by officers
of government upon a united front in for-
eign policy." The problem is due, first, to
a widespread attitude in the. nation that,
7 Stein, pp. 92-93.
' Richard Nicholsen, p. I.
0 Margaret M. Thomson, p.
10 Opperman, p. 4.
11 McCoy, p. 4.
12 Kaibel, p. 2.
1' Sternberg, p. S.
14 Kaibel, pp. 2-3.
16 Rovick, p. 2.
"Stephens, p. 3.
17 Rovick, p. 2.
1' Ibid., p. 2.
"James S. Beck, p. 5.
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Approved
Other viewpoints:' The United States for the House and submit it for inclusion 'in
eign aid program has reelected our concern the RECORD:
for combatting Communism" Aid is over-
whelmingly HY DEAN COCHRANE
whelmingly military and funneled through
representative leadership and governments3' The proposed legislation of the 2nd session
In addition, there has been a neglect of at- of the 89th Congress entitled "The Inter-
tempts to nurture' democratic values and national Education Act of 1966" provides
.e-
institutions at the local level. Instead, the authorization to implement programs of de-
For-Re
For_ CeON R SS OONAL RIECORD67 HOUSE 00040008001.3 une 13 1966
with respect to foreign policy, the executive
branch is to be trusted as faultless in its
judgment and that neither groups of citizens
hot opposition political parties should op-
pose'? Second, the Congress has abdicated
responsibility in the area of foreign affairs,
as illustrated by passage of the Tonkin Gulf
resolution, which gave the President carte
blanche to. wage "war in Vietnam .21 The re-
Suit is inflexibility by the administration 21
and a hindrance of the best efforts of govern-
merit ciiiicials because of the absence of the
stimuli. of public scrutiny and ideas"
CONTAINMENT POLICY
The 'United States policy of containing
Communist aggression was criticized as being
an fiver-extension of United States commit-
ments''k and as inapplicable to many coun-
triep of Asla.?? First, some said, the United
States cannot afford to try to police the
world a' and to determine by unilateral ac-
tion that governments suit us, especially if
these governments are unpopular with the
majority of their citizens .21 When peace and
human freedom are threatened, however, the
President Is faced with the dilemma of
choosing between multilateral action which
Is not likely to be effective and unilateral ac-
tion which invites violent criticism of the
United States"
Second, said some witnesses, although con-
tainment should be seen as apolitical, social
.and economic problem rather than a niili-
tary one 21 the practical definition in these
.terms ii, different in Southeast Asia today
than it was In Europe after World War 1I30
Great Infusion of United States capital
broi}ght the economic recovery of Europe,
:without massive social disturbances 91 The
industrialization of non-industrial South-
east. Asian countries demands profound
change in their culture and Institutions.
Thus the economic phase of containment
necessarily produces very different results
there than in Europe .81 Also, there can be
uo substitute or creation of Indigenous lead-
ship and popular local opposition to
Communism'.'
NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
Closely related to the policy of contain-
ment Is the problem of 'distinguishing be-
''tween true nationalist movements . and
Communist-led movements. Some view-
points: Too often, as in Vietnam, our con-
tainment policy develops into a "brutal sup-
pression" of an indigenous nationalist move-
meit3I ' A'contradiction results between our
alleged devotion to the principle of self-
determination and anti-Communism, espe-
cially when Communism is no longer con-
sidered the monolith it once was" For
anti-Communism does not guarantee that a
man will be a popular leader dedicated to
-changing the unjust status quo" The
United States' excessive fear of Communism
hasled It to misread the driving force behind
the turmoil of the post-colonial world and
national movements ;T and to be identified as
a colonial power.3
-40.Ibid?.p. 4.
n }3,ovick, p. 2.
"Western, p. 1.
91 Beck, p. 4.
'+ Smith, p. 1.
25 Taylor, p. 31.
9B Smith, p. 1.
w Nicholsen, p. 1.
'? Elling, p. 3.
10 Sibley, p. 4.
80 Taylor, p. 31.
31 Ibid., p. 31.
81 Ibid., p. 34.
"Stein, p. 95.
84 Rovick, p. 3.
" Beck, p. 3.
8? Gibas, p. 2.
mBrian.J. Coyle, pp. 2-8.
Plater, p. 3.
American political failure in the developing
countries is to have attempted to impose
our system from the top down, rather than
building from the bottom up by means, say,
of cooperatives and community action
programs."
CONCLUSION
The hearings in Minneapolis forced the
participants to look beyond the narrow con-
fines of our South Vietnam involvement and
the day-to-day operations there to the broad-
er problems of lasting peace in Southeast
Asia, including the long-neglected question
of our relations with China and the role
which the United States is now playing and
will play in the developing nations, of which
Vietnam is only one. The hearings also
focused attention on the achievement and
guarantee of world peace by' United Nations
action. In this regard, they served their
purpose well.
In another sense, that of testing and con-
firming the strength of democratic proce-
dures here In the United States, the hearings
were also successful. They allowed the op-
portunity for the people to present differ-
ing views to their representative in Congress.
The hearings, it is hoped, Increased public
knowledge of and concern about the war in
Vietnam and channeled new ideas and inter-
pretations to the policymakers in our gov-
ernmelit. Most importantly, the hearings
effectively demonstrated that free discussion,
debate and dissent do not weaken our capac-
ity to maintain democracy in a world in
which It is continually challenged but rather
sustain and strengthen that capacity. They
verified the belief tht the basic strength of
democracy In times of crisis derives from
continued adherence to the facets of democ-
racy.
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA DEAN
TESTIFIES FOR INTERNATIONAL
EDUCATION ACT OF 1966
(Mr. FRASER (at the request of Mr.
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
'"Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, the In-
ternational Education Act of 1966 has
been described as the most important
piece of education legislation to come
before Congress this year. I was grati-
fled by House passage of this important
bill last week.
One of the witnesses to speak in sup-
port of the bill during committee hear-
ings was an outstanding Minnesotan,
Dean Willard W. Cochrane, of the Office
of International Programs at the Uni-
versity, of Minnesota.
Dean Cochrane's testimony helped to
place in perspective the various elements
of the bill. In particular, he pointed out
the need for sustained funding of the act
so that institutions of higher learning
can avoid a hand-to-mouth funding
relationship with the Federal Govern-
ment.
Because of the pertinence of this testi-
mony, I commend it to the Members of
" Kaibel, p. 5.
40 Ibid, p. 4.
'"As presently drafted the Bill contains two
crucial elements: ( ) the recognition of the
importance of international education to
vital national goals and (2) the importance
to these goals of a mutual partnership be-
tween government and institutions of higher
education. This statement will emphasize
these two elements and add further com-
ments concerning their Implementation.
Explicit in Section 2 of the draft Bill is the
first of these two elements-the recognition
of the importance of international education
to vital national goals. It emphasizes the
importance of strong American educational
resources as a base for strengthening rela-
tions with other countries, the importance
of developing resources for International
study and research, the need to assist the
progress of education In developing nations
and the need to promote mutual under-
standing and cooperation among nations. To
this list could be added other areas of needed
emphasis Including the importance of an
alert and better informed public opinion
about foreign policy and International rela-
tions. But extending this list would be
superfluous. This is a thoroughly docu-
mented field and the evidence Is clearly and
unequivocably in support of the relevance of
international education to vital national
?goals. Its recognition and implementation
through this legislation is a pioneering step
In educational legislation.
MUTUAL PARTNERSHIP
The second crucial element in the proposed
legislation Is the recognition of the impor-
tant mutual partnership that exists between
government and institutions of higher edu-
cation in achieving vital national goals.
'This Is explicit in Sections 3 and 4 of the
Act. This mutual partnership is a distinc-
tive American Innovation will a solid record
of achievement and public acceptance. This
record has been won largely in fields of
science and technology, but the operating
principles contributing to this record of
achievement and public approval are equally
applicable to other vital national goals in-
cluding international education. This prin-
ciples are so Important to the International
.Education Act of 1966 that they are worth re-
viewing here. Briefly they are as follows:
1. A search for excellence and the provi-
sion of incentives to assure its growth. Since
universities are the only Institutions which
produce more high level manpower and re-
search than they consume (that is, they are
suppliers to the nation oftrained manpower
and research findings), it Is essential that
these supplies be of excellent quality. Thus,
this principle of a search for excellence is a
most important aspect of the relationship
between government and Institutions of
higher education.
2. A reliance on an advisory system to rec-
ommend the awarding of federal grants and
contracts. This system has involved many
scientists from many different fields and it
has been an essential element of the search
for excellence.
3. A move from specific to general purpose
support. This principle has evolved from an
earlier practice which favored the support of
an individual professor and his project rather
than an Institution. The evolved principle
of institutional support is now an accepted
one in fields of science. It is illustrated, for
example, in the research grants of the NIH
for medical schools and in the institutional
grants of the NSF. This principle is an in-
tegral part of Sections 3 and 4 of the Inter-
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regime under the very ugly cover of a phony
13-14c additional tens of thousands of we in the United States cannot forget religious issue.
innocent peoples were arrested and de- the suffering of these battered and To its shame the United states under
ported. In sum, during the first stage bloodied people, captive in the hands of president Kennedy condoned, at the very
of their occupation of these countries, a foreign and unwanted government. least, this moral campaign against Diem.
the Soviet Government deported several Now, 25 years after the first great mas- For all his faults he was the most nearly
hundred thousand Baltic peoples whose sive deportation of these people, we must effective national leader against the Com-
Sad fate is not accounted for to this day. pledge ourselves to the perpetuation of munist invaders that South Vietnam to this
That ruthless and inhuman act consti- the hopes that the nations of Estonia, day ass produced.
rmong them, whore many, bas
tutes the worst crime committed by Latvia, and Lithuania will again join the dolu istKennedy would ever have tolerated
Soviet authorities in the Baltic coun- worldwide family of free nations. clieved M.
overt American collaboration with the most
tries. On three continents, Bolts are striv- cynical among the Buddhist monks had he
Today, more than 25 years after the ing to work for national independence not been tragically mis-advised by other offi-
deportation of these peoples from their and freedom. There is no doubt that the cials. One must suppose that these officials,
homes, as we solemnly observe that sad road will be long and rocky. Yet, if we undoubtedly good and devoted men, were
and tragic anniversary, the fate of the cooperate and give them cause to feel themselves hopelessly misled.
The crucial point is that the frightful
survivors is not a happy one. More than that the citizens of the world pray for hypocrisy of some of those "Buddhist lead-
s million Estonians, Latvians, and Lith- their deliverance; then, the barriers to ers" who at last got Diem never came
uanians still suffer in their homeland freedom will be lowered to some measure. through to the American people. Nor, it
h now at the
under Soviet 'totalitarian tyranny. In Although the major share of our at-
paying due homage to the memory of tention today is directed to another
those who suffered and died for their corner, we must not forget this shock-
righteous cause, we pray for the freedom ing example of brutality and destruc-
of those who still suffer and endure the tion. Hopefully, the voices crying for
abominable yoke of Soviet communism. freedom will soon be recognized.
V
THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF SO-
VIET MASS DEPORTATIONS BUDDHISTS PLAYING FOES' GAME
IN BIG LIE TECHNIQUE
FROM THE BALTIC STATES
(Mr. PATTEN (at the request of Mr. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
HOWARD) was granted permission to ex- previous order of the House, the gentle-
tend his remarks at this point in the man from Delaware [Mr. McDoWELL]
RECORD and to include extraneous mat- is recognized for 5 minutes.
ter.) Mr. McDOWELL? Mr. Speaker, I sub-
Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, the news- mit the following interesting report with
papers today are filled with stories of respect to the conflict in Vietnam, which
Asians and Africans who, after years of appeared in the Washington Post, Thurs-
colonial subjugation and domination, are day, June 2, 1966:
finally in the process of unchaining BIG LIE TECHNIQUE-BUDDHISTS PLAYING
themselves from tyrannical rule and of FoEs' GAME
setting up free and independent states. (By William S. White)
When we see this happening, we ap- The most grisly hoax since the early Nazis
plaud these actions of self-liberation as leaped to power by burning the German
steps toward world freedom. Reichstag and framing the Communists for
the crime is being undertaken by a handful
Yet, it is sadly ironic that, while these of "Buddhist leaders" in South Vietnam.
nations strive for their liberty and in- With a Big Lie technique quite similar in
dependence, there are other states which principle to the one Hitler used to seize Ger-
are still held against their will in unjust many they are seeking naked power under
and brutal subjugation. The peoples of clouds of fraudulent spiritual motives. Hit-
these states have-in a larger sense- ler, representing in truth only a small and
been political prisoners for a quarter of vicious minority with unlimited capacity for
a century; there appears to be no change propaganda and violence, exploited the fear
in their condition of incarceration. and loathing of decent Germans for the
Communist terror in order to put in a terror
Estonia-after three short decades of
fleeting freedom-have been imprisoned
under the harsh rule of Communist op-
pression for 25 years. in that period of
time, regardless of changes in the Gov-
ernment of the Soviet Union, persecu-
tion has continued unabated in the Bal-
tic States.
. On June 14, 1941, tens of thousands of
the Baltic peoples were arrested in Ges-
tapo-fashion and were deported to the
bleakest areas of Siberia and the Soviet
Arctic where they were sentenced to life
seems, does it came throug
target is Ky. Reliable American correspond-
ents in Vietnam have reported in detail the
ghastly exploitation by such "Buddhist lead-
ers" of the bodies of women and children
put on display for American photographers
as "proof" of the brutality of the Ky regime.
Armed Buddhist revolutionaries had them-
selvess provoked the shooting in which these
hapless victims had fallen.
American officials are reluctant to speak of
such things, lest their words be twisted into
some suggestion that Ky is spotless and,
above all, into a lack of sympathy for human
suffering and for "free religious expression,'
Nor are they ready to attribute Communist
plots to the worst of th2 Buddhist politico-
clergymen. But does it matter very much?
Whose game are they playing here-that of
anti-Communist South Vietnam or of the
Communist assailants?
They are slandering not merely South
Vietnam and, by attempt and by implication,
the United States. Most of all they are
slandering the vast majority of the true
Buddhists of South Vietnam.
The very rock-bottom decencies of the
Western world, and of the United States in
particular, are being preyed upon by power-
grabbing men who at the most generous esti-
mate could never run South Vietnam even if
they captured it or continue resistance to
the Communist invaders even if they would
try.
And it is not being professionally anti-
Communist, moreover, to say that some of
these men have very close ties, indeed, with
other men in North Vietnam who are sworn
enemies of South Vietnam.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to:
Mr. MATSUNAGA, for period from June
14 through June 20, 1966, on account of
official business in his State.
Mr. ANNUNZIO, for June 13 and June
14, 1966, primary election--Seventh Dis-
trict of Illinois.
Mr. STALBAUM (at the request of Mr.
BOGGS), for today, on account of official
business.
Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr. AL-
BERT), for today, on account of official
business.
Mr. McEWEN (at the request of Mr.
GERALD R. FORD), for today, on account
of official business.
Mr. FLYNT (at the request of Mr.
BOGGS), for Monday, June 13, 1966, on
account of official business.
who speak in truth not simply for only a
tiny minority of the Vientamese people as a
whole but also for only a minority of their
own co-religionists, are exploiting the deep
religious tolerance of the Western world to
seek the destruction of the regime of Premier
Ky.
In the United States as elsewhere in the
civilized world the mere suggestion that
somebody is being persecuted for his religious
belief is enough to turn honest public opin-
ion to his side. This the more bloody-minded
Buddhist operators are cleverly using. Add
asional self-destruc-
ibl
t
e occ
err
imprisonment in forced labor camps. - the sick and
Since that day, the people of Estonia, tion of individual Buddhist dupes who are
fanatical and psychotic, and the full evil
Latvia, and Lithuania have been sub- genius of the Buddhist manipulators of
,jetted to the most blatantly outrageous human misery becomes plain.
forms Of colonialism; they have had to The simple truth is that the same pseudo-
face religious, social, and cultural sup- religious Buddhists who brought about the
pression, economic exploitation and the murder of Premier Minh Dinh Diem in 1963
loss of all political sovereignty. are now seeking the destruction of today's
No. 96-7
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mil RE QR7D004I4~OUSE400080013-6 June X73, 1966
BERT), for today, on account of official
business.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
tive program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN (at the request of Mr.
ANDREWS of North Dakota), for 15 min-
utes, today; to revise and extend his re-
marks and to include extraneous mat-
ter.
Mr. McDOWELL (at the request of Mr.
HOWARD), for 5 minutes, today; and to
revise and extend - his remarks and in-
clude extraneous matter.
Mr. MCFALL (at the request of Mr.
HOWARD), for 30 minutes, on June 14;
and to revise and extend his remarks and
Include extraneous matter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of the
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks
was granted to:
Mr. RYAN In four instances.
Mr. SAYLOR preceding adoption of the
resolution relating to Gas Industry Week
offered by Mr. ROGERS of Colorado.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. ANDREWS of North Dakota)
and to include extraneous matter:)
Mf. SMITH of New York.
Mr. QUILLEN.
Mr. MATHIAS in five instances.
Mr. MCCLORY.
Mr. BOB WILSON in three instances,
Mr. HORTON.
Mr. YOUNGER.
Mr.SHRIVER.
Mr. GOODELL.
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois.
Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin in two in-
stances.
Mr. MORSE in four instances.
Mr. MOORE in four instances.
Mr. BERRY.
Mr. RTMSFELD in three instances.
Mr. BROCIK.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. HOWARD) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mr. DADDARIO.
Mr. BINGHAM.
Mr. DORN in three instances.
Mr. OLSON of Minnesota.
Mr. MURPHY of New York.
Mr. ROSENTHAL.
Mr. GONZALEZ In two instances.
Mr. FRASER.
Mr. McVICKER in two instances.
Mr. BANDSTRA.
Mr. RONCALIO in two instances.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker's
table and, under the rule, referred as H.R. 12676. An act to amend the Tariff
follows: Schedules of the United States to provide
S. 985. An act to regulate-interstate and that certain forms of copper be admitted
foreign commerce by preventing the use of free of duty;
unfair or deceptive methods of packaging or H.R. 13366. An act to authorize the dis-
labeling of certain consumer commodities posal of aluminum from the national stock
distributed In such commerce, and for other pile;
purposes; to the Committee on Interstate H.R.13768. An act to authorize the dis-
and Foreign Commerce. posal of celestite from the supplemental
S. 1199. An act to liberalize the provisions stockpile;
of title 38, United States Code, relating to H.R. 13769. An
automobiles for disabled veterans; to the posal of cordage
Committee on Veterans' Affairs. tional stockpile;
S 2104 An act for th li f
r
f H
act to authorize the dis-
fiber (sisal) from the na-
e
e o
arriet C. H.R. 13770. An act to authorize the dis-
Chambers; to the Committee on Agriculture. posal of crocidolite asbestos (harsh) from
S. 3107. An act to, provide for a compre- the supplemental stockpile;
hensive review of national water resource
problems and programs, and for other pur- H.R. 13773. An act to authorize the dis-
poses; to the Committee on Interior and posal of opium from the national stockpile;
Insular Affairs. and
S. 3368. An act to amend section 14(b) of H?R.15151. An act to permit-the-planting
the Federal Reserve Act, as amended, to ex- of alternate crops on acreage which is un-
tend for 2 years the authority of Federal Re- planted because of a natural disaster.
serve banks to purchase U.S. obligations di-
rectly from the Treasury; to the Committee
on Banking and Currency.
SENATE ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
The SPEAKER announced his signa-
ture to enrolled bills for the Senate of
the following titles:
S. 1857. An act to revise existing bail prac-
tices in courts of the United States, and for
other purposes; and
S. 2267. An act to extend the provisions of
title XIII of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958,
relating to war risk insurance.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee had examined and found
truly enrolled bills of the House of the
following titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 3177. An act to amend title 38, United
States Code, to increase dependency and in-
demnity compensation in certain cases;
H.R. 3957. An act to authorize establish-
ment of Fort Union Trading Post National
Historic Site, N. Dak. and Mont., and for
other purposes;
H.R. 5984. An act to amend sections 2275
and 2276 of the Revised Statutes, as amended,
with respect to certain lands granted to the
States;
H.R. 6646. An act to amend the Recreation
and Public Purposes Act pertaining to the
leasing of public lands to States and their
political subdivisions;
H.R. 9961. An act to amend chapter 15 of
title 38, United States Code, to provide that
where a veteran receiving pension under this
chapter disappears, the Administrator may
pay the pension otherwise payable to the
wife and children;
H.R. 10431. An act to declare that certain
federally owned land is held by the United
States in trust for the Minnesota. Chippewa
Tribe;
H.R. 11748. An act to amend section 111 of
title 38, United States Code, to authorize the
prepayment of certain expenses associated
with the travel of veterans to or from a Vet-
erans' Administration facility or other place,
in connection with vocational rehabilitation
or counseling, or for the purpose of exami-
nation, treatment, or care;
PRESIDENT
Mr. BURLESON, from the Committee
on House Administration, reported that
that committee did on this day present
to the President, for his approval, a bill
of the House of the following title:
H.R. 706. An act to amend the Railway
Labor Act in order to provide for establish-
ment of special adjustment boards upon the
request either of representatives of em-
ployees or of carriers to resolve disputes oth-
erwise referable to the National Railroad
Adjustment Board, and to make, all awards
of such Board final.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. HOWARD.. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accordingly
(at 3 o'clock and 2 minutes p.m.) the
House adjourned until tomorrow, Tues-
day, June 14, 1966, at 12 o'clock noon.
REPORT OF EXPENDITURES OF
FOREIGN CURRENCIES AND AP-
PROPRIATED FUNDS INCURRED
IN TRAVEL OUTSIDE THE UNITED
STATES DURING 1965 AS RE-
QUIRED BY THE MUTUAL SECU-
RITY ACT OF 1954, AS AMENDED,
BY PUBLIC LAW 86-472 AND BY
PUBLIC LAW 86-628 -
Mr. BURLESON. Mr. Speaker, sec-
tion 502(b) of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954, as amended by section 401(a)
of Public Law 86-472, approved May 14,
1960, and section 105 of Public Law 86-
628, approved July 12, 1960, require the
reporting of expenses incurred in con-
xiection with travel, including both
foreign currencies expended and dollar
expenditures made from appropriated
funds.
The required report for travel during
1965 by the Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs is submitted herewith:
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EXCELLENCE WILL CONTINcCE
In June, 1968, I shall retire and Punahou
will have a new president. The trustees,
whose job it is to preserve school continuity,
will soon start the process of searching
throughout America for the best man they
can find to head the school.
Since my length of tenure is limited, there-
fore, I shall write very little about the future.
I am sure, however, that Punahou will con-
tinue to be one of the nation's very best col-
lege preparatory schools.
Changing conditions and new leadership
will undoubtedly dictate different directions
than I might propose at this time. Every
administrator is different, and what works
for one will not necessarily work for another.
A new president should be entirely free to
develop his own goals and procedures with-
out hindrance from his predecessor.
Punahou has developed rapidly in the past
two decades because many people who be-
lieved in it contributed their determination,
vision, and resources toward making it first-
class.
To provide the best personalized educa-
tion possible for each student, the School's
125-year heritage was related to present
needs, goals were clarified and restated, de-
ficiencies were overcome, the curriculum was
broadened and deepened, facilities were up-
dated, three new libraries were added, faculty
salaries and enrollment tripled, Living En-
dowment and scholarships sextupled, and
the entire campus was improved.
The job, however, will never be finished...
The Continuing Quest for Peace
in Vietnam
SPEECH
OF
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June 7, 1966
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, the search
for peace in Vietnam must be a bipar-
tisan effort and must be beyond politics.
I rise today to applaud my friend the
senior Senator from New York, Mr.
JAVITS, for his approach to a solution of
this problem which so concerns us all.
I heartily endorse the Senator's pro-
posal, which he made yesterday on Long
Island at Hofstra University's gradua-
tion exercises, that the United States
agree to cease bombing North Vietnam
If we can secure a pledge from North
Vietnam and the National Liberation
Front to come to the conference table
and negotiate a peace.
Senator JAVITS is quoted by the New
York Times:
The cessation of bombing in the north
should provide Hanoi with some face-saving
reason for agreeing to talk. It could also
create a calmer atmosphere for the talks.
I concur in this.
I join the distinguished Senator in his
call for a cease-fire in Vietnam to pre-
pare for free elections, Hopes for peace
In Vietnam rest with elections that truly
express the desires of the people In their
choice of government.
A cessation of the fighting would be
of immense help in providing the proper
climate for free elections-and I respect-
fully join my Republican colleague In his
most-recent contribution to our continu-
ing quest for peace.
St. Lawrence Seaway Development
Corporation
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ALEC G. OLSON
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. OLSON of Minnesota. Mr.
Speaker, I would like to bring to the at-
tention of my colleagues in the House of
Representatives the statement made by
Gov. Karl F. Rolvaag, of Minnesota, be-
fore the St. Lawrence Seaway Develop-
ment Corporation against proposed toll
increases on the St. Lawrence Seaway. I
believe his statement deserves the con-
sideration of the Congress:
IN THE MATTER OF THE PROPOSED INCREASE OF
TOLLS ON THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY AND
THE PROPOSED IMPOSITION OF LOCKAGE
CHARGES ON THE WELLAND CANAL
(Statement of Karl F. Rolvaag, Governor,
State of Minnesota)
I am appearing here as Governor of Minne-
sota to support the position of the state, and
of its industries, public agencies and the Port
of Duluth, against proposed toll increases on
the St. Lawrence Seaway and against imposi-
tion of lockage charges on the Welland
Canal.
The people of Minnesota have made a
strong financial commitment to expanded
foreign trade on the St. Lawrence Seaway.
The State of Minnesota, County of St. Louis,
and the City of Duluth have all made sub-
stantial investments to establish a public
marine terminal at Duluth. It is one of the
finest in the country and truly makes Duluth
competitive with all other ports.
The Minnesota Legislature has generously
appropriated funds over the years to assist in
promotion and development of Minnesota's
seaport at Duluth. This investment is
sound-it has produced dividends to the
economy of Minnesota and to the nation.
I am here today because the action con-
templated at this hearing tends to blight
and destroy the good that has been created
by the Seaway and its development. In-
creased toll and lockage charges will im-
pede the free flow and natural increase of
midwest commerce, , Such increases will deny
Minnesota and other midwestern states their
rightful share of world trade. This action
discriminates in favor of areas whose trans-
portation facilities have been established,
created and maintained by general contribu-
tion from the resources of this entire coun-
try, including the midwest.
During recent years, the Duluth-St. Louis
County area has been classified by the fed-
eral government as distressed. Neverthless,
from 1959 through 1965, more than 19 mil-
lion tons moved in foreign trade through the
port of Duluth-Superior. This foreign trade
contributed in excess of $85 million dollars to
the economy of the area. The increase and
expansion in operation of the Port of Duluth
has been one of the bright, stabilizing as-
pects of northeastern -Minnesota's economy.
Its effect has permeated our entire state and
the midwest. It is estimated that over $200
million dollars in transportation costs were
saved by our industries which were involved
in the movement of this traffic.
The toll increases which are the subject
of this hearing may potentially result in
limiting the number of Minnesota businesses
taking part in foreign commerce. It may re-
sult in lower net prices receives by Minnesota
and midwestern farmers for their crops. It
may result in higher consumer casts for
many items Minnesotans purchase daily. I
do not believe these serious results are offset
by any amount of potential anticipated reve-
nue through increased tolls.
Statistics released by the U.S. Department
of Commerce indicate that Minnesota was
able to increase its foreign trade 32% in
1965. This 32% increase represents millions
of dollars-new dollars-to Minnesota.
The infant seaway has shown substantial
growth. The extension of the sea into the
heart of the midwest has permitted our ag-
riculture and industry to compete with vig-
or in the world market. This dramatic in-
crease in foreign trade is not restricted to
Minnesota. South Dakota, North Dakota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, all show increases in foreign
trade of 30 % or more. The national average
increase in foreign trade for the same period
was 14%.
In the future, the midwest will be increas-
ingly tied to foreign markets and sources of
supply. The importance of overseas trade
will continue to grow. We have recognized
and are preparing for it. Many trade mis-
sions have already been sent overseas to es-
tablish the necessary contacts. The Port of
Duluth for the past two years has maintained
a representative on the continent of Europe,
Our businesses are vitally concerned with
anything that threatens their ability to com-
pete with their counterparts in other sections
of the country. They have a right to com-
pete on an equal basis in the world market.
I do not subscribe to the economic myth
that there is only a limited amount of traffic
to be divided among existing transportation
systems or seaports. That is fallacious. We
are expanding trade-trade which previous-
ly did not exist. The St. Lawrence Seaway
permits the midwest to participate in markets
that were previously barred to us because of
cost. Our entire economy has benefited.
We are not discussing a local issue. The
states in the Great Lakes region contain ap-
proximately 40% of the population of our
country. Six of these states, Minnesota, Illi-
nois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and Ohio,
pay over 27% of the total revenues collected
by the federal government. The same states
undoubtedly contribute to the federal reve-
nue which is used to improve federal water-
ways in other areas. We do not object to
this. We believe these waterways also con-
tribute to the total economic health of the
nation. We only ask to participate on the
same basis.
Analysis of the debates which preceded
passage of the enabling legislation for the
seaway indicates several sources of principal
opposition. This opposition tended to center
around competing modes of transportation
and seaports located on the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts. The opposition was based on
the selfish consideration that the seaway
would have an adverse competitive effect on
their own operations. History tends to de-
stroy this argument. Many of these ports
have increased their investment, improved
their facilities, and have consistently re-
ported new records of tonnage moving
through their facilities since the opening of
the seaway.
Another argument for the imposition of
tolls was that the waterway was merely for
the benefit of the shipping community and
was compared with other toll-type waterways
such as the Panama and Suez Canals. These
comparisons are not analogous. The St.
Lawrence Seaway is not a shortcut. It serves
as a gathering area and provides great value
to the economy of its surrounding areas.
The St. Lawrence Seaway was not built for
the exclusive benefit of the world's shipping
community. It was built for the interest
and benefit of our entire midwestern and
national economy.
Throughout the history of American
waterways policy, federal development of in-
land waterways has existed. Congress has
recognized this policy as necessary to ob-
tain economic benefits for the nation as a
whole.
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A meaningful evaluation of the potential
of the Seaway can only be realistically made
after the facilities are completed. I under-
stand that substantial completion is now im-
minent.
Therefore, I recommend that the St. Law-
rence Seaway Development Corporation find
that a moratorium should be imposed oil any
increase in tolls and lockage charges. This
moratorium should continue for a sufficient
period of time to permit the Seaway to ob-
tain reasonable operating levels after com-
pletion of all facilities originally contem-
plated. I also recommend and urge that
during this period of time Congress review
its policy of imposing any tolls on the St.
Lawrence Seaway, with the goal of making
the Seaway a free waterway for the use and
benefit of all.
Originally, our guiding principal of free-
dom of use of waterways emerged from the
geographical, economic and political neces-
sities of a new nation. Our nation-being
large in geographical area-required cheap
transportation and the preservation of na-
tional interest as opposed to local and sec-
tional rivalries. The same situations exist
today. Increased participation in world
trade requires that local burdens on com-
merce be removed.
The federal government has expended vast
sums of money to maintain channels on the
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Other im-
provements such as channels from the Port of
New Orlean to the Gulf, improvement of the
Delaware River, and harbor maintenance and
improvement in many North Atlantic ports,
have also been accomplished. I believe the
billions appropriated for these purposes were
warranted and are good, sound investments.
I also believe that the Investment in the St.
Lawrence Seaway is sound. The distinction,
of course, is that tolls are not levied against
commerce to pay for those other improve-
ments, whereas they are imposed on traffic
in the St. Lawrence Seaway.
The fundamental policy which we should
follow may very well depend upon whether
the facilities under consideration contribute
to the public welfare generally. If so, their
costs should be spread generally. If facili-
ties are only for the direct benefit of the
users, then presumably an appropriate
charge is in order. It should be clear to any
disinterested person that the former situa-
tion applies in the case of the St. Lawrence
Seaway. The Seaway is of major general
importance to the entire national economy.
At the time that the original tolls on the
Seaway were set, it was agreed to review the
toll structure within a certain period. I
understand that this time period has been
extended until now. The level of tolls was
originally based on predicted estimates of
seaway tonnages. The review was estab-
lished to compare the forecasts with actual
experience after the Seaway was at full op-
erating capacity. Unfortunately, the Seaway
is not yet at full operating capacity. I un-
derstand that the necessary 27 foot channels
will only be completed this year. Many har-
bor improvements and port facilities are yet
to be finished. The estimates and predic-
tions did not take these factors into con-
sideration.
There are a number of indications that
the Seaway may very well become self-liqui-
dating in one or two years under the pres-
ent system of tolls. If the philosophy of
repayment is continued, the Seaway will
achieve a level of activity that will enable
it to liquidate its indebtedness within the
original 50-year time limit. The original
estimates did not take into consideration
the length of time necessary to change ship-
pirig habits and practices. They did not
take into consideration the length of time
necessary to educate midwest industries and
agricultural businesses, which had previous-
ly not engaged in direct export trade, to the
advantages they gain by entering the world.
market.
I believe toll Increases at this time will
tend to depress rather than increase any
revenues which might accrue to the Sea-
way. To raise tolls when we are attempting
to strengthen our domestic economy, to ex-
pand our foreign trade, and to narrow the
U.S. balance of payments gap, appears in-
consistent with national policy. We must
promote and advance our national position.
We cannot follow a course which tends to
stifle future growth. It is essential that the
competitive position of the Midwest be main-
tained and bolstered by the most efficient
transportation available. It Is our national
policy of long standing to let the differ.
ing means of transportation compete with..
out special advantage to any segment.
Award to Texas Attorney General
Waggoner Carr
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. GEORGE H. MAHON
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, June 9, 1966
Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, I was
pleased to note a few days ago that the
Honorable Waggoner Carr, attorney gen-
eral of the State of Texas, and a resident
of my home town of Lubbock, had been
selected by the National Association of
Attorneys General to receive the Wyman
Award as outstanding attorney general
for this year. Announcement of his
selection was made at the association's
annual conference in Cleveland, Ohio,
on May 19, 1966.
The Wyman Award is given in the
memory of Attorney Louis E. Wyman of
Manchester, N.H., formerly governor of
the American Bar. Association. It is
awarded each year to the State attorney
general "who by majority vote of the
National Association of Attorneys Gen-
eral in the year preceding each Annual
Conference has done the most to advance
the objectives of the National Association
to help make the United States of Amer-
ica a better place in which to live for all."
Waggoner Carr is one of the outstand-
ing leaders in the State of Texas. He
served for a number of years as speaker
of the Texas House of Representatives.
In January 1963, he became attorney
general of Texas. He is to be congratu-
lated upon achieving the Wyman Award
for outstanding service as attorney gen-
eral.
I quote the following from the cita-
tion:
The nominee for the Award this year has
been a valuable member since he became
Attorney General of Texas in January, 1963.
He has participated actively in all the affairs
of our National Association and he has con-
tributed greatly as Chairman of the South-
ern Regional Group and as a member of the
Executive Committee of the National Asso-
ciation. As Chairman of the Association's
Committee on Antitrust he has provided
leadership in encouraging all of the states to
carry out their responsibilities in this field.
He was a most gracious host to the Asso-
ciation's 59th Annual Meeting held in San
Antonio, Texas last year.
It is the unanimous recommendation of
this Wyman .Award Committee that the Na-
tional Association of Attorneys General at
its 60th Annual Meeting in Cleveland, Ohio
present the Wyman Award to our distin-
guished and beloved colleague, the Honorable
Waggoner Carr of Texas.
Respectfully submitted.
Clarence A. H. Meyer, Nebraska, Chair-
man; Earl Faircloth, Florida, Vice
Chairman; Warren C. Clover, Alaska;
Richard J. Dubord, Maine; Frank L.
Farrar, South Dakota; George F. Mc-
Canless, Tennessee; John F. Raper,
Wyoming; Wyman Award Committee.
The Role of Private Enterprise in the
Economic Development of the Middle
East
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES E. GOODELL
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. GOODELL. Mr. Speaker, at the
recent 20th anniversary conference of the
Middle East Institute here in Washing-
ton, Sheikh Najib Alamuddin, chairman
of Middle East Airlines and former Min-
ister of Public Works and Transport for
the Republic of Lebanon, delivered an
address entitled "The Role of Private En-
terprise in the Economic Development of
the Middle East." The substance of
Sheikh Najib's remarks will, I am certain,
be of great interest to all Members con-
cerned with the economic and political
development of that strategic area of the
world and the role which private enter-
prise is playing in that development.
For this reason, I wish to Insert Sheikh
Najib's address in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
While neither agreeing nor disagree-
ing with all of the points in the address,
I wish to commend Sheikh Najib for pre-
senting a thorough and thoughtful
analysis of such an important and timely
subject.
The speech referred to above follows:
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN THE ECO-
NOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MIDDLE EAST
(By Sheikh Najib Alamuddin)
The spirit of risk taking and the profit
motive, which are the essence of private en-
terprise and the driving force in a free econ-
omy, are not alien concepts to the people in
the Middle East. Private enterprise, in fact,
is as old as the societies that have lived in
this important area of the world.
Private enterprise has developed very
rapidly in the Middle East in recent years.
It exists, at present, in varying degrees of,de-
velopment and enjoys varying degrees of free-
dom of action. It resigns supreme in coun-
tries like Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and
Kuwait. In others, like Syria and the United
Arab Republic, it enjoyed an initial period of
flourish and development after which it be-
gan fading very rapidly. The others, like
Iraq, it is still hanging in the balance.
Both where it has survived and where it
has tended to fade, private enterprise has
contributed much towards economic develop-
ment and still has immense potentialities for
future action. To be able to undertake such
action and realize these potentialities, priyate
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warm' letter of icongratulatians from it'is 'beirig constantly eroded by an ever-
Richard Cardinal Cushing, Archbishop, rising flow of federal regulations and legis-
who was unable to attend the ceremonies lation.
due to a brief illness. I include the text Feeding heavily to the river of legislation
which is sweeping away individual. rights are
of the cardinal's letter following my re- various acts formulated in the name of other
marks. rights, particularly civil rights or rights for
It was a measure of the esteem in large, politically potent organizations such
which he is held in the Greater Law- as labor unions.
rence and Massachusetts communities One of the newer proposals is the pending
that Gov. John A. Volpe, Mayor Daniel Civil Rights Act of 1966; specifically Title IV
P. Kiley, Jr., of Lawrence, and repre- of that proposal. This part of the proposed
sentatives of the National Council of legislation is a forced housing law which
would compel a home owner or other prop-
Churches and the Jewish faith joined in erty owner to sell or rent his property to a
paying tribute to his outstanding service, person or persons not of his choice. .
Credit for the outstanding occasion _ Title IV would deny every home owner
goes to Rev. Joseph P. Fratic, honorary freedom of choice and freedom of contract.
th t th f d ral
e e
chairman and treasurer, and to Peter
Gumauskas and Wilbur A. Hyatt, Esq.,
who served as cochairmen of the St.
Francis Parish Pronotary Apostolic Cele-
bration Committee.
. it would be impossible to list the ac-
complishments of Monsignor Juras for
the people of his parish in Lawrence.
The title of the program book for the
events of June 5 expressed in a few words
the essence of his distinguished career
in the church: "Portrait of a Humble
Man-A Servant of God."
Brighton, Mass., May 16, 1966.
Rt. Rev. FRANCIS M. JuRAS, P.A.,
St. Francis Church,
Lawrence, Mass.
DEAR MONSIGNOR: Please include me among
those who are congratulating you on the
honor conferred upon you by the Holy See
under the title of Protonatory Apostolic.
I note that the Ceremony of investiture
will take place on June the 5th at four
o'clock. Despite the fact that I had given
this date, many months ago, to Emmanuel
College for the Commencement Exercises of
1966, I cancelled and told you that I would
be there to invest you. That is the greatest
tribute that I could pay you in honor of your
Papal Honor.
For forty-three years you have been Pastor
to the people of your Parish in Lawrence.
To one and all you have been a good shep-
herd, after the example of Christ, Our Lord.
May the Good Lord keep you and spare you
to us all for many years to come.
Yours fraternally in Christ,
RICHARD CARDINAL CUSHING,
Archbishop of Boston.
Forced Housing Law
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. 0. C. FISHER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 31, 1966
Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, the Austin
American, a great daily newspaper pub-
lished in Austin, Tex., carried an edi-
torial on June 7, 1966, reprinted from
the Tyler, Tex., Courier-Times-Tele-
graph, which deals with title IV of the
pending civil rights bill. This is but
typical of hundreds of similar editorials
on this subject throughout the country.
And it bespeaks the views of tens of mil-
lions of Americans. The editorial fol-
lows:
FORCEp HOUSING LAW
A vanishing American tradition is the
right of the individual.
Its passage would mean e
government could force the owner to sell or
rent his property to a person not of his
choice whether the property be a home,
rental housing, a room for rent, boarding
house or land to be used as the site for hous-
ing.
Should the property owner insist on exer-
cising freedom of choice in contracting for
the sale or rental of his property, under the
proposed regulation a complaint could be
filed against the owner In federal district
court. The court, sitting without a jury,
could order the owner to sell or rent to a
person not of his choice, and also could
assess unlimited damages against the owner.
If the complainant alleges that he can-
not afford a lawyer, he could be furnished
with counsel free. The owner, however,
would have to pay-his own lawyer to defend
his freedom of choice.
In addition, the attorney general could
intervene in the case. And we have seen
demonstrated in other recent legislative areas
that this branch of government is not bash-
ful in exercising its power to intervene.
Government policy seems to be to proceed
on the assumption that violations of regula-
tions are taking place. Burden of proof is
being laid to the individual or organization
accused, thereby reversing the American tra-
dition that the accused is innocent until
proved guilty.
We also have seen demonstrated of late a
federal philosophy that no matter what the
degree of compliance has been to new laws
in this area, it is never quite enough.
Next year's government interpretation of
the same laws seems always to call for new
extremes.
The forced housing bill is now before House
and Senate Judiciary Committees.
This bill has been cited by realtors as far
more drastic than any of the existing state-
enacted forced housing laws. It is signifi-
cant that in every instance where state legis-
lation comparable to that of the pending
bill was submitted to a referendum of the
people, it has been rejected by overwhelm-
Ing majorities.
A section of the bill also Would prohibit
the denial to any person "access to or partici-
pation in any multiple listing service" or
facilities related to the business of willing
or renting dwellings.
. This section, Department of Justice law-
yers in the Civil Rights Division have told
realtors, is aimed at multiple listing serv-
ices. In typical government rationalization
in civil rights enforcement, multiple listing
services which had no nonwhite member-
brokers, whether any had applied or not,
would be presumed to be discriminating.
The issue is not open occupancy or equal
opportunity of housing for all people. It is
whether government should be permitted to
introduce an element of compulsion in the
dealings of a property owner with the per-
son who seeks to buy or rent his property.
Injection of the element of compulsion, of
legal coercion, in the relationship between
a property owner and the person with whom
he may do business, is not in the public
interest.
Where will this rising tide against the in-
dividual's rights be stopped?
There, is no indication of any possible
stopping place until the people themselves
make their voices heard in behalf of their
own rights in numbers sufficient enough to
balance with the "rights" extremist groups
who threaten elected officials with their bloc
voting power.
The way this can be done, of course, is
through letters of protests or direct commu-
nication with U.S. representatives and U.S.
senators from the individual's own area and
state.
Individuals, of course, cannot threaten
elected officials with large blocks of votes for
election day delivery.
But if enough individuals express their
own views on preservation of their own
rights and freedoms, and back them up elec-
tion day, the results can be as effective as
those obtained by the pressure of special in-
terest groups. It will not be accomplished,
however, by "letting the other guy do it."
It is time to cut off the flow feeding this
rampaging legislative river. The forced hous-
ing proposal is a good place to begin.
Representative Smith, of New York, Lauds
Australian Economic and Military As-
sistance in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HENRY P. SMITH III
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. SMITH of New York. Mr. Speak-
er, many Americans, I believe, are under
the impression that the United States is
going it alone in Vietnam; that only
American forces are struggling to pre-
serve the cause of freedom in that em-
battled nation. It is true that our fight-
ing men, representing every branch of
our Armed Forces, are shouldering the
greatest part of the burden in Vietnam.
I, myself, have noted with growing con-
cern the fact that, for the past 5 weeks,
the number of American men killed in ac-
tion in Vietnam have exceeded the num-
ber of South Vietnamese war dead.
America is a great and powerful na-
tion. She has never shirked her respon-
sibilities to preserve and protect the prin-
ciples of freedom and democracy when-
ever and wherever she has been called
upon to do so.
There are, however, other nations,
though not possessed of the industrial
and military might of the United States,
who feel a deep sense of responsibility to
those peoples who lack the blessings of
liberty and human freedom.
Mr. Speaker, I wish to call particular
attention to the economic and military
assistance being provided in Vietnam by
the Commonwealth of Australia.
I know that our combat units in Viet-
nam are happy to have the cooperation
and support of the courageous, gallant.
and experienced Australian troops. It is
good to know that some of our friends
around the world understand the reasons
for our involvement in Vietnam.
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Day School, Sands Point, N.Y., the Eloy
Alfaro Grand Cross and Diploma of the
Eloy Alfaro International Foundation of
the Republic of Panama was conferred
on Dr. Marie L. Fetsch, L.H.D. This is
t:he highest honor of the foundation.
Dr. Fetsch is an outstanding educator
and the founder and director of the non-
profit institution known as the Sands
Point Country Day School, a State-
chartered school for gifted children with
IQ's of 130 and higher. The board of
dignitaries of the Eloy Alfaro Interna-
tional Foundation of the Republic of
Panama bestow the Eloy Alfaro Grand
Cross and Diploma upon her "in recog-
nition of her distinguished contribution
to culture and humanity and her out-
standing merit and accomplishment in
improving education for the gifted chil-
dren in the United States and through-
out the world." Under unanimous con-
sent, I place the highlights of the pro-
ceedings of this award ceremony at Port
Washington, Sands Point, N.Y., on De-
cember 15, 1965, in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
The invocation was delivered by the
Right Reverend Dr. Benjamin C. Eck-
hardt, president, Philathea College, Lon-
(Ion, Ontario, Canada, and Canadian
provost of the EAI Foundation. Ben-
jamin Fine, Ph. D., headmaster, Sands
Point Academy and Country Day School,
deputy American provost of the founda-
tion was chairman of the ceremonies.
Greetings were then delivered by Dr. R.
Gordon Hoxie, chancellor, Long Island
University, and president of C. W. Post
College. Dr. Fine then introduced Dr.
Berman A. Bayern, American provost,
the Eloy Alfaro International Founda-
tion of the Republic of Panama, and pro-
fessor of economics, Philathea College,
London, Ontario, Canada, who delivered
the following presentation address:
Bishop Eckhardt, Dr. Fine, Dr. Hoxie, Dr.
Starrett, Dr. Rothleln, Mr. Fred Cross, Dis-
tinguished Guests, Fellow Americans: Mrs.
Petsch, we are here this morning in testi-
mony, first, of our faith in the ideals of
American Democracy; secondly, in our devo-
tion to the cause of universal education as
the bulwark of these ideals; and, thirdly,
because of our confidence In the cooperation
of all the peoples of the Western Hemisphere
in the preservation of human freedom and
peace of all the peoples of the world.
You, Mrs. Fetsch, have been voted the
highest honor of the Eloy Alfaro Interna-
tional Foundation of the Republic of Pan-
ama, in recognition of your distinguished
contribution to culture and humanity and
your outstanding merit and accomplishment
in improving education for the gifted chil-
dren in the United States and throughout
the world, and in further recognition of the
fact that as President of the Fetsch Family
Foundation, Inc., for scientific research.
This Foundation sponsors scholarships for
gifted students at the Sands Point Country
Day School.
This Foundation, named after the soldier,
patriot, statesman, martyr, the former Presi-
dent of Ecuador for two terms at the turn
of the century is for the perpetuation of
justice, truth, and fellowship among peoples
and nations; and serves to promote the moral
values with personal integrity, for which
General Alfaro devoted and lay down his life.
President Alfaro, (1842-1912) established
In Latin America, many schools, colleges, and
universities as well as hospitals and other
welfare institutions; and further cooperation
and unity among the countries of the entire
Western Hemisphere. Under his leadership,
the Congress of Ecuador passed laws, sepa-
rating church and state.
Wherever there was a threat to the peace in
the Western Hemisphere, he was the dynamic
leader who brought about a peaceful settle-
ment of such disputes.
General Alfaro sowed the seeds for, the
Pan.-American understanding and coopera-
tion. In 1907 he called a peace conference in
Mexico City, in which the United States par-
ticipated, for welding all the Americas to-
gether, and to preserve for the Western Hemi-
sphere the Pan-American unity of freedom-
loving people that would be the perpetual
harbinger against the attempt of any form
of despotism to plant the tyrant's heel on
even the tiniest portion of the soil of our
Pan-American nations, which Dr. Castro of
Cuba and the Soviet Union have actually ac-
complished in Cuba, in violation of the Mon-
roe Doctrine.
Were General Alfaro alive today, he would
be a zealous supporter of the work and pro-
gram of the United Nations, the organization
of the American States and all other agencies
created by the United States Government.
This great Ecuadorian statesman and dedi-
cated leader would leave no stone unturned
to assure, for all the peoples of the world that
hope and peace and good will to all men that
is our common heritage from our common
creator.
The philosophy of General Alfaro was
based principally on service to his fellow
human beings and education and to the
cause of international peace.
As I officially notified you, the Board of
Dignitaries unanimously voted you its high-
est honor-the Eloy Alfaro Grand Cross and
Diploma in further recognition of your self-
less devotion in providing the invaluable
learning opportunities afforded the gifted
children of the Sands Point Country Day
School, which you are the founder, and chair-
man of the Board of Trustees, and in view of
your outstanding contribution to culture and
humanity and education and because of your
private and public activities come within a
framework of the aims and purposes of this
Foundation. Therefore, the ruling body of
the Foundation grants you, Mrs. Fetsch, the
Eloy Alfaro Grand Cross and Diploma.
Among the elite and select group of United
States citizens who have been similarly hon-
ored in the past are the late Presidents,
Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy,
Herbert Hoover, the late General of the
Armies, Douglas MacArthur, President Lyn-
don B. Johnson, Vice-President HUBERT H.
HUMPHREY, former Presidents, Dwight D.
Esenhower, and Harry S. Truman, former
Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, FBI Di-
rector, J. Edgar Hoover, Governors Rockefel-
ler and Harriman, Senators MANSFIELD and
DIRBSEN, along with Dr. Benjamin. Fine who
typifies the calibre of men who have been
selected for this high honor.
It now gives me great personal pleasure
and it is a privilege for me to call on my
colleagues, Dr. M. Edward Starrett, Dr. Irving
Rothlein and Dr. Meyer Statland, Deputy
American Provost to carry out the determina-
tion of the Board of Dignitaries, to invest
Mrs. Fetsch with the Eloy Alfaro Grand Cross
and Diploma. These gentlemen then carried
out their assignment to honor our guest of
honor, Mrs. Fetsch.
The award given to Mrs. Fetsch translated
from Spanish to English, reads as follows:
"Eloy Alfaro International Foundation"-
"Thus one goes to the stars." "Recognizing
the special value of the services rendered by
Marie L. Fetsch in support of the objectives
of this institution she has been awarded
the Cross of the Eloy Alfaro Sr_ternational
Foundation, in witness thereof this diploma,
With the seal of the Foundation is presented
in the City of Panama, Republic of Panama
on the first day of December, 1985." -(signed
by the officers of this Foundation, the three
sons of the late ambassador: Eloy Alfaro and
the grandsons of General Alfaro, all grad-
uats of the West Point Academy.)
Dr. Fine at this point, without further
adieu, I present to you Dr. Marie L. Fetsch.
ACCEPTANCE SPEECH OF DR. MARIE L. FETSCH
Bishop Eckhardt, Dr. Fine, Dr. Hoxie, Dr.
Bayern, Dr. Starrett, Dr. Rothlein and Stat-
land, Members of the Faculty, Students,
Ladies and Gentlemen. I am deeply moved
by the honor you have conferred upon sue
today. By the gracious remarks made by
your American Provost and all Deputy Amer-
ican Provosts, and by the compliments you
all paid me by your presence. I shall con-
tinue to dedicate my life to culture and hu-
manity in improving the education of gifted
children in the United States and through-
out the world, and those worth while en-
deavors and humanitarian causes that re-
quire my attention. I accept this high honor
in behalf of my colleagues in the Sands Point
Country Day School and particularly to Dr.
Benjamin Fine, the Headmaster and former
Education Editor of the New York Times for
recommending me for this high honor.
Again, I wish to express my deep apprecia-
tion for this high honor you have paid me
today and I would appreciate if if you would
convey my compliments to the Board of
Dignitaries of the Eloy Alfaro International
Foundation of the Republic of Panama. I
shall regard the declaration as a constant
reminder of the debt that each of us owes
to his fellow human beings and endeavor
to honor that debt all the days of my life.
Thank you very much.
The Right Reverend Dr. Benjamin C.
Eckhardt, delivered the benediction,
thereafter a reception followed for all
the assembled guests.
It gives me great personal pleasure to
advisemy colleagues that I too was hon-
ored by this foundation many years ago
and I believe that the education of our
children should be encouraged by all
officials of the local city, State and the
U.S. Government, and as a parent, a
father of two children, I wish to con-
gratulate both Dr. Fetsch and Dr. Fine
for the outstanding contribution they are
making to the education of our gifted
children.
Testimonial for Monsignor Juras
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, on June 5,
the Right Reverend Francis M. Juras,
P.A., was tendered a testimonial banquet
by his grateful parishioners and friends
in Lawrence, Mass. The banquet fol-
lowed Monsignor Juras' investiture as
protonatory apostolic, an honor be-
stowed upon him by Pope Paul VI.
For 44 years, Monsignor Juras has
served his church. Since 1929 he has
been pastor of St, Francis Church in
Lawrence, where he has maintained a
keen interest in the education of his
parishioners. Born in Bridal, Lithuania,
the monsignor came to the United States
and completed his theological studies at
St. John's Seminary in Boston.
On the occasion of the investiture and
testimonial Monsignor Juras received a
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iistralia is a nation which has faced or otherwise, to collective action. Obliga-
aggression, invasion, and the loss of free- tions under the Treaty are separate as well
dom and liberty before. She knows the as joint, and members have to make their
cost of peace, and she is willing to pay separate judgments.
In the absence of a collective decision-
the price to preserve that peace both for which in the question of Vietnam has not
herself and her neighbors. been sought-each State decides for itself
Mr. Speaker, the June 1 edition of the what it will do. Australia decided initially,
Australian News, published by the Aus- in 1954, to contribute to the stability and
tralian News and Information Bureau, development of the Republic of Vietnam by
contains a very interesting commentary economic assistance. Such assistance has
the Australian Minister of External continued ever since. Then, as Vietcong in-
by surrection, sabotage, and terrorism sought to
Affairs, Mr. Paul Hasluck, on Australia's disrupt the administration and economy of
South East Asia Treaty Organization. I
commend this article to the study of the
Members of the House.
The following are pertlnent* excerpts
from the Australian News:
AUSTRALIAN EXTERNAL AFFAIRS MINISTER SETS
OUT VIEWS ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
VIETNAM POLICY AND SEATO MEMBERSHIP
The Australian Minister of External
Affairs, Mr. Paul Hasluck, has spoken of Aus-
tralia's actions in Vietnam and their relation-
ship to the` South-East Asia Treaty Orga-
nisation. In a statement released yesterday,
Mr, Hasluck said that because questions con-
tinued to be asked on this subject he was
recapitulating the Government's attitude
and policy.
The Minister said that when the SEATO
Treaty was signed in 1954, its eight members
designated for the purposes of Article IV
"the States of Cambodia and Laos and the
free territory under jurisdiction of the State
of Vietnam." This meant that each party
to the Treaty recognised that aggression
against South Vietnam by armed attack
would endanger its own peace and safety and
each agreed that it would in that event act
to meet the common danger in accordance
with its constitutional processes.
"The designation also meant that, if it was
considered that South Vietnam was threat-
ned other than by armed attack, the parties
would consult immediately in order to agree
on the measures which should be taken for
the common defence," Mr. Hasluck said.
"Article IV also states that it is understood
that no action on the territory of a desig-
nated State should be taken except at the
invitation or with the consent of the Govern-
ment concerned. The objectives of SEATO
are those which the Australian Government
has been steadily, pursuing for many years.
"That was why, 12 years ago, we worked
hard to have SEATO created, and to have
South Vietnam designated by protocol. It
would be wrong to say that the Australian
Government is acting today in Vietnam
solely because it is obliged to do so under
SEATO. Even if SEATO did not exist, Aus-
tralia would want to see communist aggres-
sion deterred and resisted in the region of
South and South-East Asia.
"SEATO helps to deter and resist aggres-
sion. SEATO is an agreement and a work-
ing practical arrangement which Australia
"SEATO helps to deter and resist aggres-
sion. SEATO is an agreement and a work-
ing practical arrangement which Australia
South Vietnam and to destroy it, the Aus-
tralian Government gave additional and new
forms of assistance-for example, military
advisers. When the situation worsened, with
more blatant and large-scale armed inter-
vention from North Vietnam, the Australian
Government increased its assistance yet fur-
ther and provided combat forces.
"The form of our response to. the threat
to South Vietnam was not determined by
SEATO. It was for Australia to decide for
itself the nature and size of the action we
took. Other countries, more remote or per-
haps feeling themselves less directly threat-
ened or less able to assist others, might have
taken a different view. But the Australian
Government considered that the situation
called for assistance to the Republic of Viet-
nam against aggression, and that it was in
our national interest and within our national
capacity to do no less than we are doing
now....
"Our economic aid, and our military aid,
has been given in response to requests from
the Government of Vietnam. The Security
Council of the United Nations was ipformed
of our decision to give military assistance.
Australia is not the only member of SEATO
giving assistance to the Republic of Viet-
nam: the United States of America, New
Zealand, and Thailand are doing so. The
Republic of Korea, which is not a member
of SEATO, is supplying forces.
"Many other countries throughout the
world are providing civil assistance. The
common objectives are to deter and repel
aggression and to help the victim of aggres-
sion."
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 13, 1966
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, as the dis-
cussion of national service continues, it
is incumbant upon the Congress to help
to set the terms of the debate. Are we
- concerned about the best use to which
American manpower can be put? Are we
concerned about the best way to deal
with the inequities in the draft?
own interests and policies. Our actions in part of our concern. But the chief con-
SEATO are in pursuance of our obligations cern should be this: what is the best
through SEATO but are not because of system for the young men and women
down O the alone. details The of Treaty action to does be not itself taken to lay who will be reaching draft age in the meet a threat or an act of aggression. The next few years? To put the question
members meet together as required to dis- another way: what program would do the
cuss situations and possible courses of ac- most to educate the youth of America?
tion. Harris Wofford, Associate Director of
"Unanimity of all SEATO members is nec- the Peace Corps, raises this latter ques-
essary for the designation of South Vietnam tion in an article entitled "The Politics
by protocol and this was agreed unanimous- of Service" which appeared in the spe-
ly. But unanimity is not required for every
action by each member State in playing its cial May 1966 supplement to the Near
part in SEATO. Possible action by SEATO East Report. He draws on Israel's ex-
memb