ACE OF SPADES PROVING EFFECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE AMMUNITION IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080012-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: June 14, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

June 1.~, 1966 pipproved FLe~~~J~~7/~~RDP~~~46R000400080012-7 12497
ordinatin~ Committee version provides that
the trggsty shall came into forge`between
the &takes that have ratified or adhered to
it" and that the Center shall "begin to per-
form its duties when 'five instruments of
ratification or adherence~~3iave been depos-
ited. The Brazilian Article 22 calls for uni-
versal adherence before the treaty takes ef-
fect.' It provides that the nuclear free zone
will only enter into being after (a) all the
Latin American states have joined; (b) all
states controlling territory in the Western
Hemisphere sought of the 30th parallel have
signed and ratified the Protocol of Additional
Guarantees II which is annexed to the treaty;
and (c) all the nuclear powers have signed
and ratified the Protocol of Additional Guar-
antees I, in which they pledge to respect the
denuclearized zone.
Corresponding to the differences in Article
22, the Brazilian version of Article 25 pro-
vides that authentic texts of the treaty must
be written in Russian and Chinese, as well as
in Spanish, Portuguese, English and French,
as called for Sn Article 25 of the Coordinating
Committee draft.
Effectively, what the differences boil down
to is that under the Coordinating Committee
version, a "nuclear free zone" would come
into being even if only two countries ratified
the treaty; whereas no such sub-regional
"zione" could be established under the Brazil-
ian draft. ?
Other amendments were offered by various
countries to portions of the draft treaties
where Brazil and Mexico were in accord.
These amendments are to be considered,
along with t>,P two drafts, at the forthcom-
4ng session of Copredal.
Venezuela put forward two amendments,
one regarding the right of transit and the
other strengthening the role of the QAS, In
the Mexican and Brazilian versions, each
Latin. American staate may decide for itself
whether or not. to permit foreign-owned nu-
clear weapons to pass through its territorial
air or waters; and in non-territorial sea or
airspace there would be no prohibition oP
transit. One Venezuelan amendment would
add to the treaty a clause banning the pas-
sage oP all atomic weapons throU?h the Latin
American nuclear free zone. The second
Venezuelan amendment would give greater
responsibility for inspection and sanctions to
the OAS, without entirely replacing the
IAEA and the UN.
A Uruguayan amendment sought to rein-
force t$e notion- of a true atom free zone.
In the Brazilian and Coordinating Committee
texts, the denuclearization treaty would take
force in the area made up of the sum of the
territories o' the signatory states. The Uru-
guayan proposal, applying a concept similar
to that of the Rio Treaty of Reciprocal As-
sistance, would establish a definite geograph-
ical zone, with the perimeter extending into
the oceans, which all states, Latin American
and extra-continental would be obliged to re-
spect.
These different proposals envisage distinct
concepts oP what exactly is a nuclear fYee
zone. Since Latin America, is the first region
of the world to attempt to establish such a
zone, there are no precedents to go by.
V. P$OSPECTS
The fourth session of the Preparatory Com-
mission will probably determine whether the
hopes expressed in the UN and in Latin Amer-
ica far the denuclearization ai the continent
can be realized in the face of the numerous
obstacles and differences of opinion that have
arisen.
Much depends an the late of the Latin
American effort. IY it succeeds, it is possible
that other regions of the world-such as
Scahi dinavia and Africa-may be motivated
to overcome the problems that lie in the way
of denuclearizing their areas. The Tech-
niques of building and inspecting future
nuclear. free zones, if any, could well be in-
fluenced 'by the pattern established in Latin
America.
Unfortunately, the prospects for rapid es-
tablishment of a nuclear free zone encom-
passing all of Latin America are not bright.
in addition to the difficulties discussed above,
there are new problems that are just begin-
ning to be thought about by Latin Americans.
One involves a possible conflict between a
nuclear free zone and the Rio Treaty of Re-
ciprocal Assistance. What would happen, for
example, if in the event of war between the
US and the Soviet Union, the US sought per-
mission to base a Polaris submarine in Monte.
video? Under the Rio Treaty, the Uruguayan
government is bound to assist the US in
fighting the extra-continental enemy; yet a
denuclearization treaty would prevent Uru-
guay from having Polaris submarines sta-
tioned in its territory. Which of the two
treaties would take precedence?
Another consideration is the related ques-
tion of whether a Latin American nuclear
free zone would have any meaning except in
peacetime. In the event oP atomic war, the
Panama Canal would certainly be one of the
first targets hit-nuclear free zone or not.
Thus, one of the purposes of a nuclear free
zone-reducing the incentive of the nuclear
powers to strike-is probably meaningless fn-
safar as Fanama is concerned. Moreover, in
world war, no area of the earth would be free
from hostile action between the combatants;
and in the event of atomic war, the shifting
clouds of radioactive fallout would spare few
1P any courariea.
Even in peacetime, prohibition of transit,
as proposed by Venezuela, would be effec-
tively impossible to enforce due to the oppo-
sition of the nuclear powers. So too, it
would seem, would be the type of geograph-
ically delimited zone advocated by Uruguay.
The US and Great Britain have shown no
Indication of willingness to surrender the
traditional right of transit of their nuclear
bombers, missiles or submarines across the
high seas or through the Panama Canal.
Moreover, it would be unrealistic to expect
that Soviet submarines with Polaris-type
missiles would respect a Latin American
"order" to keep out of a geographical zone
which extended onto the high seas.
The somewhat more realistic Brazilian
draft treaty, without the Venezuelan or
Uruguayan amendments, would also seem to
have slight chances of success at Chia time.
The chief reason here is the impasse over
Cuban, French, Soviet and probably Chinese
participation. As long as President Charles
de Gaulle continues to pursue his independ-
ent nuclear policy, there is scant likelihood
that France will include its Western Hemi-
sphere possessions Sn the treaty or guaran-
tee to refrain from atomic testing. Nor is
the regime of Fidel Castro about to rush
into a treaty which would preclude the
possibility of ever again wielding Soviet or
Chinese nuclear arms. (It is to be noted
that the Mexican argument with regard to
Cuba is that the Island is to all intents and
purposes permanently denuclearized because
the US would never permit hostile missiles
to be based 90 miles from its shores.)
Castro has said he would sign a formal de-
nuclearization treaty it the US withdrawn
from Guantanamo and includes Puerto Rico,
the Virgin Islands and the Panama Canal
Zone Tx1 the atpm-free area. The US posi-
tion, expressed by the director of the Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency, William
C. Foster, is that "we do not wish to have
included in the proposed nuclear free zone
the Virgin Islands, since it is U.S. territory,
or the Commonwealth of Puerto. Rico, be-
cause of its integral relationship with the
US. In the case of both these areas, the
US must deal with disarmament policies
affecting other powers. From the US point
of view, we .would be agreeable to inclusion
of the Panama Canal Zone, although of
course the well-established. transit rights
would not be affected by the establishment
of the proposed nuclear free zone. We
could also agree to include Guantanamo iP
Cuba participates." ie
Thus, at the very least, adoption oP the
Brazilian position at the next session of
Copredal would mean that a Latin American
nuclear free zone would have to wait for
(1) the departure of President De Gaulle;
(2) a drastic change in US policy; and/or
(3) a change of government in Cuba.
Even if the Brazilian position does get a
majority at the next sessiott of the Prepara-
tory Commission, the Mexicans appear to be
determined to push ahead. The advantage
of the Mexican treaty is that it permits some
type of agreement-even if it is a very lim-
ited one-to go into force. Mexico could
probably get the signatures of Chile, Ecuador,
and some of the Caribbean and Central
American republics. This would establish
the Inter-American Denuclearization Center
and leave the door open for future adherents.
Mexican diplomats, who are on fairly good
terms with Cuba, would attempt to persuade
Castro to join. But without Cuba, and
probably without Brazil, Argentina, Venezu-
ela and Colombia (the four Latin American
countries with reactors), the Mexican plan
-would hardly lead to a "Latin American"
nuclear free zone. The "zone" might not
even be contiguous geographically.
The question would then be, would this
type of "nuclear free zone" be a success or a
failure? The Brazilians, the US and the
other nuclear powers would probably pay
little attention to a "baby" or non-contig-
uous Latin American nuclear tree zone. And
clearly, by itself, a denuclearization treaty be-
tween Mexico, Chile, Haiti, El Salvador acid
a few other small republics would not have
much meaning. Yet, given the circum-
stances, it might be a good beginning.
The Moscow Treaty banning atmospheric
tests was signed despite the fact that under-
ground tests were not prohibited, and with-
out the adherence of two of the five nuclear
powers.' Thus, an arms control treaty need
not tie-in fact, most likely cannot be-per-
fect and universal when signed. Possibly
diplomacy and the force of world opinion
could be brought to bear on Brazil, Argen-
tina and ultimately Cuba to join the de-
nuclearization organization created by a
Mexican-type treaty. At the very least, ii a
full-fledged nuclear free zone could not be
set up, what might result would be a region-
al, verified non-proliferation treaty which
would assure that Latin America's resources
would not be wasted on a senseless atomic
arms race.
(Mr. LAIRD (at the request of Mr.
ANDREWS of North Dakota) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and t0 include ex-
traneaus matter.)
CMr. LAIRD'S remarks will appear
her0~fter in the Appendix.]
E OF SPADES PROVING EFFEC-
TIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
AMMUNITION IN VIETNAM
(Mr. HOSMER (at the request of Mr.
ANDREWS of North Dakota) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, on
February 7 I spoke in this House on the
need to utilize psychological warfare
against the enemy in the war i11 Viet-
~~ Letter from Foster to the President of
Copredal, December 10, 196b.
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 I2498
Approved
For Rele~s~~~~(~7~/~~A~I~~~g~7~00~~400080012-7
nom. 'My remarks are found at page
2$03 Of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. EVen
before I spoke our colleague from Ohio
CMr. HAYS] and our colleague from New
Jersey [Mr. THOrvII soN] arose to riducle
niy ideas. Their remarks are found at
pages 2195 and 2285, respectively, of the
same day's RECORD.
Since that time certain events have
transpired which seem to bear out, from
the. standpoint of practical experience,
the recommendations which I _ made.
Fighting men in Vietnam from their own
experience know that the .superstitions
of the enemy can be used against him.
On their?own they could not finance and
carry out some of the suggestions for
spooking the Vietcong which I made, but
one they could. That was to confront
him as much as possible with the ace of
spades, a deadly bad luck symbol in that
area of the world.
Noting a brief item in the Wall Street
Journal that the U.S. Playing Card Co.
had been furnishing thousands of these
cards free to U.S. servicemen in Vietnam
who requested them, I wrote the presi-
dent of the company, Mr. Allison F. Stan-
ley, and received the following letter to-
gether with several of fts enclosures and
enclosures to the enclosures as follows:
TAE UNITED STATES PLAYING CARD CO.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, June 7, Y9&6.
Hon. CRAIG HOSMER,
Member of Congress,
U.S. House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN HasMEtt: I certainly
appreciate pour letter of June 2, which has
to do with the small part we played in the
psychological warfare in Vietnam by sending
aces of spads from our Bicycle playing ctuds.
Candidly, I wish that our organization could
take predit for the original idea. We can-
not. The only thing we -did was to cazry
through on the idea and ?be of assistance to
the men who are fighting the war in Vietnam.
With the fear of boring you, `I sin going
to give you a picture of what has happened,
to illustrate how the idea has stimulated the
imagination of not only the soldiers but
many, many Citizens who read in the news-
papers what was being done. I believe you
pofn'ted out the psychological angle of the
use ai the ace of spades in February. As I
recall It, I read your talk in the local paper.
On February 28, as you probably have seen,
Newsweek had quite a stagy on the ace of
spades incident. We were interested but. did
not know what to do as it might have the
tinge of a publicity campaign put on by this
Company. That is far from fact, even
though we had a great deal o~f favorable
comment on what we have done.
On February 16, 1966, we received a letter
written from Vietnam on February ,12. This
letter was signed by four Lieutenants. En-
closed >s a photosatic copy of this letter
which I think you will find interesting.
From ttlat point on I have dealt with Lieu-
tenant Charles W. Brown, who seemed to be
the one handling the matter.
We Immediately sent one thousand aces of
spades and received a fine letter ai appxe-
elation from him. He could not reply
promptly because he had been out on the
battle fields for a period of time and did
not have access to facilities for writing and
milling an acknowledgment. Also, he sent
me a copy of a newspaper clipping from
Saigon. I had a typewritten copy made of
this,. as it was difficult to photostat, and also
copy of Lieutenant Brown's letter of May 7.
Next I received a Ietter from Private First-
Class John .M. Redmond, photostat of which
I am also eilclosingr
The wire service got hold of the ace of
spades story and our local paper, The Cin-
cinnati Enquirer, called me one night and
asked me to verify it, which I did. Since
then I believe it has been used in probably
most of the leading newspapers in the Coun-
try. As an example, I am enclosing a photo-
static copy of clapping from The Florida
Times-Union with copy o2 the letter from
the shareholder of our Company who sent it
to me. You will notice in the write-up that
yoil were given proper credit.
The ace of spades' story appeared in color
on WLW-TV and the reporter who inter-
viewed me on this incident suggested that
the story be called our "Secret Weapon".
Since you are from the great State of
California, I thought you would be interested
in a letter I received from Mr. and Mrs. Henry
Frese, 8441 Santa Margarita Lane, La Palma,
California, 90620. I do not know this couple.
I am enclosing a copy of Mr, and Mrs. F'rese's
letter, as you may wish to write them.
To show you to what extent parents will
go to help their sons, i received a letter
yesterday from another Californian-Mr. E.
Dieckmann., Jr., 79 Rivo Alto Canal, Long
Beach 3, California-Telling me that his son
was in the Marines at Da Nang, Hill 327, and
asking if he could buy Sfty-two of the aces
of spades to send on to his son. He cannot
buy them from us because we give them free,
and his son's package is on its way. Also
enclosed is a photostatic copy of Mr. Dieck-
mann's letter. I believe you will agree with
me that such a letter from a father is really
of human interest.
In addition to putting the aces of spades on
the bodies of the enemy, I am told-and I
cannot verify this-that the soldiers intend
to stencil the ace of spades on their arma-
ments. I presume this fs done for good luck
plus the fact that enemies capturing the
equipment will be afraid to use it.
As you know, we are not making any
charges for our service to the soldiers and we
have no intention of doing so. Personally,
I answer every letter i receive, whether it
be from a soldier or an individual, telling
them of our policy and our desire to be
helpful.
Attached are several Bicycle aces of spades
to give yoll some idea of what is being used.
Incidentally, your newsletter bn the ace
of spades was excellent and we appreciate
the credit you gave our Company.
If i can give you any further information,
please let me know and I will do my best.
I hope I have not made this letter too long
or that it will bore you. Ii so, just throw it
away.
Thank you for your interest fn the matter
and goad luck to you in your endeavors.
Sincerely yours,
ALLISON F. STANLEY.
FERRUARY 12, 1966.
DEAR SIRS: We, the officers of Company "C",
2d Battalion, 36th Infantry, 25th Infantry
Division, are writing to ask a favor of the U.S.
Playing Card Camgany.
We are stationed in Pleiko, South Viet-
nam and have been using your aces of spades
as our calling cards far nearly two months.
In Vietnam, the sae of .spades and pictures
of women are regarded as symbols of bad
luck. Since yonl:r trade mark contains both
of these, we have been leaving them in areas
we have cleared of Viet Cong as a psychologi-
cal weapon.
Our supply of cards is rapidly being de-
pleted and we were wondering if you could
supply us with approximately 1000 aces of
.spades. Your support would be greatly
appreciated.
Sincerely,
Lt. BARRIE E. ZAIS,
Lt. LEONARD D. DAMS,
Lt. CHARLES W. $ROWN,
Lt. THOMAS R. WISSINGER,
Officers of Ca C 2d Bn 35th Inf; 3d Bde
25th Inf. Div., APO San Francisco
96225.
June 1.~, :1966
MAY 7, 1966.
Mr. ALLISON F. STANLEY,
President, The United States Playini~ Card
Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
DEAR MR. STANLEY: This article VRaS re-
cently published in the "Tropic Lightning
News," the official newspaper of the 25th
Inf. Div. Another article has been written
for the "Stara and Stripes." This is the
newspaper that serves all Armed Forces per-
sonnel serving in the Pacific Theater of Op-
erations.
I thought you might be interested in this
article and want to Bass it on to Mr. 1?owers.
I'm sorry but they wouldn't mention the
name of your company.
In the near future I may have to ~ISk for
more spades but at the present time we
still have a couple of hundred left. We are
trying to take some pictures to sexed you
but as you might guess it is difficult to carry
a camera on some of our operations.
Thank you again far your cooperation. I
hope to hear from you in the future.
Sincerely,
CHARLES W. BROWN,
21st Infantry.
P.S.-Did Bob Considine use our story
in his column? If so each of us would like
to have a copy li you could obtain them.
Thank you.
ACES HIGH-KNOCK VC ~.,OW
(NOTE.-This article, published in "Tropic
Lightning News", sent in by Lt. Charles W.
Brown to Mr. Allison F. Stanley, The United
States Playing Card Co.)
The officers of Company C, 2nd Battalion,
35th Infantry, have more than: a mc;re ace
up their sleeves. To be exact, the; each
carry 12 aces-all spades.
A newspaper column they read meI[tioned
that the Viet Cong, normally &uperatitious,
were especially leary of the ace of spades.
The men quickly decided to launch their awn
campaign of psychological warfare.
Wherever the men hit, they leave behind
them several aces of spades tacked up in a
prominent place.
The company was quick to take to their
new symbol. The only problem was where
to get enough of the playing cards so each
man would have an adequate supply. A let-
ter sent to the president of a major play-
ing card company in the States soon rissulted
in a shipment of a thousand black aces be-
ing hauled off to Vietnam.
Each man now wears an ace of spades on
each side of his helmet and they are: plan-
ning to have an ace of spades stencil made
for the butts of their weapons.,
No VC were available for comment on the
company's new symbol. They were last seen
headed away from a jungle trail of aces o1
spades.
DEAR SIR: My name is John M. Redmond.
I am in the United States Army over i:n Viet-
nam. I read an article in the newspaper
about the Viet-Gong's being supera~titiou:
of the black ace of spade. My buddy's anc
I decided to go together and buy about e
1,000 ace of spade. Everytime we run into
some Viet-Gongs and kill them.. We ;are go?
ing to place a couple of aces around th.e Viet?
Gongs. We would like for you to send the
cards Cash On Delivery if possible. If yoL
cannot send them C.O.D., just -send us tht
price.
My address: P.F.C. Jahn M. Redmond
Co "A" 4Bn. 23 Inf., 25 Div., 1st BDIs', Tasty
Forces, APO, San Francisco, Calif. .#~ 96225
Sincerely yours,
JOHN M. REDM[OND.
JACKSONVILLE, FLA.,
June 4, 1986.
DEAR MR. STANLEY: Please fllld $f!rewitl
the front page of the Florida Times Union
(our morning paper) of June 3, 1965.
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 June 11~, 1966 Approved F~rj~~A(~7/~~Er~I~DP~~~46R000400080012-7 12499
i?pe. feel that. regardless of reasons-your
sending the aces of spades to Viet Nam is to
the very best interests of all concerned.
Mrr. RUTH F. ULRICH.
[From the Florida Times Union, June 3, 198_8]
PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPON: ACE OF SPADES GOER
TO WAR IN VIETNAM
WASHINGTON, June 2.-With the help of a
businessman whose son was killed in World
War II, American servicemen in Viet Nam
are fighting the Viet Cong with a psychologi-
cal weapon spurned by the Pentagon and
ridiculed by some Congressmen.
The weapon is a playing card, the ace of
spades, which American fighting men are
spreading by the thousands through Viet
Cong-infested territory in their operation
against the Reds.
The aces of spades, which the Vietnamese
sear as an omen of death, are being supplied
to the servicemen free of charge and un-
officially by a playing card company in
Cincinnati.
A spokesman for the" company said that
last Feb. 12, Allison F. Stanley, president of
the firm, got a letter from four infantry
lieutenants from the 25th Division operating
in the Pleiku area explaining the psychologi-
cal significance of the act of spades and ask-
ing for 1,000 cards "to leave in the areas
we've cleared of the VC."
He said Stanley, who lost a son in World
War II, ordered the cards sent free of charge.
'The company, he continued, soon began to
get other requests. One such request asked
for the cards sa-that the servicemen could
leave one on the body of eacli Viet Cong
they killed and offered to pay for them.
They were sent free.
The spokesman added _ that Stanley has
since learned that soldiers in the 25th Di-
vision have begun wearing the cards on their
helmets.
In all, several thousand of the cards have
been sent to Viet Nam, the spokesman said.
The news that the men ixi Viet Nam were
using the ace of spades, against the enemy
came as a pleasant surprise to Representative.
CRAIG HOSMER, Republican, of California.
Last Feb. 7 he suggested on the floor of the
House that the Pentagon adopt the ace of
spades as a psychological weapon.
His suggestion was greeted by silence from
the Pentagon and jeers from colleagues in
the House, particularly Representative
WAYNE HAYS, Democrat, of New Jersey, and
Representative FRANK THaMPeaN, Democrat,
of New Jersey.
"This i~idicates," HOSMER said today, "that
at least the men in the field know what kind
of ammunition they need and that part of
that ammunition is psychological."
ANAHEIM, CALIF'.,
June 6, 1966.
ALLISON F. STANLEY,
President, United States Playing Card Co.,
Cincinnati, Ohio
DEAR MR. STANLEx: After reading in Satur-
day's Los Angeles Times about your sending
playing cards to our fighting men in Vietnam,
I decided that the best way to show my
thanks ~o you and your company was to sup-
. port your company by purchasing cards made
Ziy you. I also mean to spread the word
among my friends and card playing acquaint-
ances.
In chec$ing our local stores, I have found
that they stock a multitude of playing cards
under various brand names but I cannot find
cards specifically marked United States Play-
ing Card Company. I have asked that they
stock them, but in thinking about it, it
dawned on me that you might manufactare
.under a series of brand names which I know
nothing about."
Might I receive a list of brand names which
your company iZSes in distributing the oards7
Also, do you manufacture plastic cards? I
would like to arrive at bridge parties with
full data regarding your products. I feel sure
that some ai those people present would feel
as I do about your kind gesture and remem-
ber your brand names when they next pur-
chased playing cards.
Again, my thanks to you and your com-
pany.
Sincerely,
Mrs. ROBERT E. JONES.
cc/Representative CRAIG HOSMER
My personal thanks to you too, Representa-
tive HosMER-R.E.J.
" LA PALMA, CALTF.,
' June 6, 1966.
DEAR MR. STANLEY: Having at 9:00 a. m,
,just completed the reading of your "ace in
the hole" contribution to our boys, my hus-
band and I wish to be counted among your
supporters.
Thank you, from the bottom of our hearts.
We feel very deeply about our boys needing
support over there. Incidentally we are a
couple ixi our late twenties so don't glue up
hope for our mixed up generation.
Again sincere thanks.
LONG BEACH, CALIF.,
June 4, 1966.
DEAR MR. STANLEY: Have in6t read of your
distribution of the ace of spades in Vietnam.
My son, P.F.C. Chris Dieckmann, is with
the Marines at Da Nang, Hi11327.
Could you send me one pack oP 52 cards-
all the ace of spades?
Money order enclosed, return mail. Let
me know how much.
Please send to me and I will then send to
my son with the clipping from the news--
-paper as explanation, although he has prob-
ably heard of its use already.
This is a great thing-and shows that Com-
munism no matter or how brutal, cannot
erase basic superstition Prom the minds of
a people!
ED DIECKMANN, Jr.
Mr. Speaker, the following letter to me,
together with its enclosure of an item
from the Kansas City Star, should also
be of interest in connection with this
subject:
CORONADO, CALIF.,
June 5, 1966.
DEAR SIR: This article seems to bear out
exactly what you are advocating. For the
lice of me I can't understand why those who
could help the war in this unconventional
way don't "turn-tp" and carry out your ideas.
Chances are this particular incident was
triggered by a reference to your beliefs.
Damit, it is an unconventional war so bvhy
not treat it as such! Good luck in your
fight!
Sincerely,
(Pram the Kansas City Star, June 1, 1968]
"THE BULLET" FOREBODES EVIL TO RED
GUERRILLAS
WICHTPA,-TO a poker player, the ace of
spades is "the bullet." To a fortune teller
it's bad luck. To the Viet Cong it's terror.
A Wichita soldier serving In Vietnam has
learned it pays to have an ace of spades up
his sleeve, on his helmet, rifle or anywhere
else when the Viet Cong are around.
Frankie Gene Wlllard, 22, son of Mr. and
Mrs. John Willard, Wichita, recently wrote
his parents that he and some of his buddies
have discovered the Viet Cong have an un-
explained sear of the ace of spades.
Wherever Willard and the other members
of Company C, 2nd Battalion, 35th infantry
hit, they leave several aces tacked to trees
and buildings.
The company was quick to take to their
new symbol, Willard said. The only problem
was finding enough cards for each man to
have an adequate supply.
A letter sent to the president of a maidr
playing card company in the United States
resulted in a shipment of 1,000 black aces.
Each man now wears an ace of spades on
each side of his helmet and is having them
stenciled on weapons and equipment.
Whether the black ace sympalizes death
of a friend, emotional strain and bad dreams
as well as bad luck, or some special Oriental
horror to the Viet Cong is not known.
Mr. Speaker, I think it is time for thn~se
in the White House and in the Depart-
merLt of Defense who are assuming to
tell the military haw to run this war to
pay some attention t,o the matter of in-
cluding psychological as well as explosive
in our arsenal.
CONTE SEEKS VOTERS' VIEWS
(Mr. CONTE (at the request of Mr.
AxnaEws of North Dakota) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, in order to
keep myself fully informed of the views
of those whom I represent in Congress, I
recently circulated a questionnaire ask-
ing my constituents to express their
opinions on 43 questions in 5 major areas
of legislat]ve concern. The results are
in, and I would like to share them with.
my colleagues in the House.
Perhaps the most striking fact re-
vealed by the questionnaire is a wide-
spread uncertainty among the people
concerning America's involvement in
Vietnam. Although fewer of my con-
stituents who responded favor with-
drawal from Vietnam-22.6 percent-
than favor escalation of bombing-44.7
percent-there is an unusually high per-
centage who recorded "no opinion" on
these questions. Asked if they would
favor a coalition .government for South
Vietnam, 42.9 percent, or close to half,
had no opinion.
On the significant question of whether
or not to maintain our present position
in Vietnam, the response was 36.6 percent
"yes," 31.5 percent "no," and 31.9 percent
"no opinion."
The high percentage of""no opinion"
answers to Vietnam questions did not
carry over into other categories. On the
question of continued U.S. opposition to
the seating of Communist China in the
United Nations, for example, only 8.1
percent of those who answered had no
opinion, while 53.5 percent voted in favor
of continued U.S. opposition.
In other categories dealing with cur-
rent issues before the country, 60.4 per-
cent voted against an expansion in the
war on poverty, and 63.4 percent ex-
pressed dissatisfaction with President
Johnson's handling of the poverty
program.
On the lobar front, 65.3 percent ap-
posed repeal of the Taft-Hartley 14(b)
right-to-work provision, and 73.3 percent
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 125b0
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gxpressed appmaval of Federal legislation
t0 prevent strikes in essential industries.
ltxy colleagues in the House will doubt-
less be .pleased at the. response to one
question in particular. A majority of
62.2 percent of my constituents who an-
swered Pavor a 4-year term for Congress-
lrien, while only 20.3 percent disagree
with this proposal.
Mr. Speaker, I was pleased by the
prompt response to my questionnaire
and by the obviously careful consdera-
tion given to the questions I posed. The
tabulated results are both .,helpful and
encouraging. They have .given me a
reading of the feelings of my voters on
a wide range of subjects, .and on some
of these I had not received ~. great deal
of mail. And they hage also given me
assurance and slapport for votes I have
cast in this Congres;i and favorable re-
actions to legislation I have introduced
in the House in recent months.
The questionnaire was sent to more
than 30,000 residents of the First Con-
gressional District of Massachusetts;
ioning~the NATO alliance into an Atlan-
tic Union and he warned against policies
which might drive France still further
into a position of isolation from other
members of the Alliance.
He spoke in Springfield, Ill., under the
sponsorship of Federal Union; Inc., a
nonprofit nonpartisan membership
group devoted to the Atlantic Union ob-
.. _ r
L~QREIGN AFF,tIR&
1. In the liggh~t of our current position in South Viotmzm, do you favor-
((a) Clradual, complete withdrawal?----------------------------------------?-----------------------------------------------?----
(b) Maintaining our present position, hoping to outlast onr opposition?_; ___.______________________________________________________
(c) Blockading North Vietnamese ports?-----------------------------------...-----------------------------------------------------
(d) Bombing North Vietnam cities, including :[ianoi, port of IIaiphong, and main railroads leading to Red China7________________
(e A coalition government in South Vietnam?----------------------------------^----------------------_-------------------_-----
2, Do you favor allowing access to U.S. ports to ships of countries whose ships caU at-
{a) Red China?^--?-------------^-----------------------------------------?---------?--------^--------------?----------
(b)) Cuba7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------?--------------------------------------
(e North Vietham7---------------------------------------------------------------------------?-------------------------------
9. Do you approve of continued U.S. opposition to the seating of Red China in the United Nations?_____________________________________
4. Do you Pavor a continuation of our present foreign aid program:
(b) Military?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?-------
6, Should wo spend our time and money trying to introduce some birth control methods in rapidly growing wuntries such as Indfa and
Bra7i1 under our foreign and aid program?--------`---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
i
90C1AL
1. Dii you favor the proposed administration bill for Federal regulation of firearms?______________________________________________ ______
2, Do, you favor a program of rental supplements to low-income famines uuable to obtain standard Lousing with their own income?_____
3. Do you favor the, continuance of the broad scale of the Federal urban redevelopanent F~rogram7___-.___________________________________
4. Do you approve of the way the Johnson administration is conducting the war on pour:rty7___________________________________________
b. Do you favor an exlxansion in the war on poverty7___________________________________________________________________________________
8. Do you favor a cutback in the war on Poverty?--------------------------------------------------------------_-------?---_--__-----
7, Do you favor a large scale Federal-State program for construction of plants to take the salt out oP sea water and make it drinkable7___
8. Do you favor supcrvisrd hospital care of narcotic addicts instead of jail terms?________________________________________________________
9. Du you favor a tax credit for firms which install antiwater polution deviees?___-______________________________________________________
. ~ ._ Y78C 4L
1, Do you believe the Federal (lavenmient should provide money to large cities to ]xelp modernize their mass transit systems?__________
2. Da you favor greater executive and congressional control over the Federal Reserve activities than is now in effect?____________________
3. Do you favor a program of retnrning to the States a percentage of the Federal taxes collected?________________________________________
4. To meet tho added coats of the war, do you favor--
. (a) Increased taxes, including excise taxes?----------- -----------------------------------__-----__--?_-----------------_--_----
b) Cutting back on domestte (3re.at Society pragrams?___________________________________________________________________________
LnsoR
1. Should tho Foderal government set standards for State compnance with the length and amount of benefit payments in unemploy-
ment cornpensatiou?----------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 Should wo repeal sec. 14(b) of the Taft-Ilartley Act which gives each State the right to determine its own position on "right-to-work"
]awe?___________________________________________..________________-.____________._____________________________________________________
& Do you favor an increase in the minimum wage of $1.26 an hour to--
(a $1.36 an hour?----------------------------------------------------
(b $1.b0 an hour?-------?---------?--------------------------------------------?-----------------------------------------------
(c $1.7b an hour7-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------'------
-------------
4. Do you favor extendtng such a minimum wage to--
(a Farm workcrs?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
{b Laundry employees?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------?-------------
c Tip employees?______________
b. BLoul Congress enactlegislntion curbing strikes in essentfalindustries?_________.._____________________________________________________
8. 6Lould Congress enact legislation curbing strikes against 6tate arid local govermnents (i.e., New York transit strike)7________________
&ENERAL
1. Do you favor the Federal Government taking steps to withdraw gradually from. farm price-support programs?_______________________
2. Should the. spaco program be slowed down during periods of large budget deficitn?____.._______________________________________________
8: Do you favor a proposed 4-ycar term for Congressnxen? (If yes, cheek (a) and/or (b))_ _______________________________________________
((a All elected during a presidentialelect~on ycar?________________________________________________________________________________
(b ~ elected every 2 ears? --------- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Do you favor legislation allowing a State the right to apportion 1 Louse of its legislature on factors other than population7____________
b,' Do you Pavor a ational Teachers Corps to augment school facilities in impoverished c~reas?__________________________________________
CANADA'S PRIME MINISTER SPEAKS
OUT.
(Mr. FINDLEY (at the request of Mr.
AlvnxEws of North Dakota) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
tPaneaUS matter. )
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, the
Prime 1Vtinister of Canada, Mr. I.,ester B.
Pearson, Saturday -night called on the
United States to take the lead in refash-
about 15 percent of those responded. i
am told. by the American Political Sci-
ence Association that this is a well a,bave
average response. I am especially grate-
ful to my friends.. at the University of
Massachusetts who tabulated the in-
dividual responses far me. Becau:~e of
the enormous demands on my re?,ular
staff, this helping hand was most wel-
come.
The complete questionnaire with per-
centage responses tabulated is shown be-
low:
22.6
99, 8
27.6
38.8
31, 6
31.9
bb. 9
16.3
28.8
44.7
26.8
29.6
: 22.7
i
39.4
4`1.9
25.8
62. b
11.7
24.2
82.2
13.6
19.8
66.9
13.3
~, 63. b
38.4
8. 1
Bfi. 3
32.7
11.0
48. B
84.1
34.7
24.4
16.7
11. 6
i
69,1
31.0
9.9
40.2
49.6
10.2
45.9
39.1
16.0
20.4 ~
83.4
16.1
25.9
B0.4
13.7
47. 2
-
- 36.0
17, 8
82.6
22.7
14. 8
81.4
10.2
8.4
89.7
21.0
9. 3
39.0
47.9
13.1
23.9
47.3
29.8
63.2
23.4
13.4
zs. 0
83.3
20.7
71, 6
16.8
11.9
90.8
43.3
16.9
22.6
85.3
12. 2
23.4
39.9
36.7
37.2
36.4
26. 6
ib.l
47.7
37.2
64.9
22.8-
12: 8
87.9
18.0
14.1
3b. 8
46. b
18. 6
73.7
19.8
6. 8
73.4
20.4
6.2
77.4
11.1
11. b
60.4
40.0
9. 6
62.2
20.3
17. 6
20.2
29.6
50.2
64.8
9.2
36.2
36.6
36. b
27.0
62.0
26.0
18.0
United States to provide long-neisded
leadership in strengthening the Alliance,
and he warned:
France, and not only France, feels that
Continental Europe is now strong encnrgh,
(in large part because of the generous ae~ist-
ande of the U.S.A.) to be given its rightful
share in the control of the policies of the
Alliance.
Here is the text of this timely, signifl-
cant,. and brilliant message:.
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1~
is to protCCt the public and to make sure the
public is informed about what goes on.~ And
13!e Can't; do it if the legal profession is go=
ing continually to harass us with new regu-
lations .and. new ,proceedings wkiich ~lve
judges almost a mandate to muzzle the press.
It is a fight that affects every newspaper in
every city in America.
I don't for one minute. condone trial by
newspapers. But let's get one thing clear,
let's get this straight: no civil right, includ-
ing the right of a fair trial, is worth a tink-
er's dam, unless it is protected by the right
of free expression. IP an accused man can't
say his piece In court, cannot have lawyers
and friends plead his case, what good is his
so-called "civil right" to a fair trial? With-
out the right of free expression, justice would
deteriprate .into a tragic comedy. When
these two amendments clash-and it seems
.they clash only when publicity-seeking law-
yers 'stage the collision-the First Amend-
ment must take precedence over the Sixth
Amendment, because without the First
Amendment, the Sixth. Amendment would
become a mockery of justice.
Thank Gad we have in America hundreds
of judges in the high courts and in the lower
courts, many of them in this state, who
realize that freedom oY expression is the
fundamental right of all liberty. ,
,The world oY 1966, like Peter Zenger's
World oP 1T35, is still engaged in mortal
combat with those who would be free and
those who would deny freedom to others;
those who believe people should have access
to the facts and those who are convinced
they know what is best for you and for me.
Bo long as the forces of freedom exist, we
who ar0 privileged to be part of those forces
must. resist arbitrary power and secrecy
wherever and whenever it appears. We must
take our stand on behalf of the people, all
the people. It is the only choice-for those
who cherish freedom and justice. Liberty
can be destroyed by tyrannical government
and tyrannical courts if the people oan be
threatened or persuaded to abandon free
speech and a free press. Newspapers defend
the right of individuals against the en-
trenched power of arrogant abuse by public
officials. They fight to bring the truth to
light; to support justice and appose injus-
tice; to make certain that every individual
1s treated equally before the law; to make
certain that evexy American can speak his
piece' without fear or favor. Today the
United States is the last great bastion of
liberty in the world., anti a free press in
America is the last great bastion of the peo-
ple against complete domination by govern-
ment.
If newspapers will recognize their respon-
sibility, as well as their opportunity, to grant
the truth; refuse to be intimidated; refuse to
bow to government bureaucracy; then they
will serve the highest cause of civilization
12519
In closing, I want to salute the University svszrrESSMZ?~rr PRaFrr
of Arizona, for its vision and wisdom in Here are some of the findings which deeply
recognizing the- great contribution Peter disturb some individual members of the sub-
Zenger and his wife Anna made to the cause committee:
of freedom.. And again a thousand grateful The exchange rate set for the OIP program
thanks for this award. is 60 piasters to the dollar. The official rate
Good luck and God bless all of you. is 118 to the dollar, and the blackmarket
(Mr. SAYLOR was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to -include extraneeus
matter. )
rate is 190 to 200.
This means United States taxpayers are
getting about 30 cents of real value out of
every dollar spent. Saigon businessmen
pocket the difference. It also means these
businessmen can resell the goads for terrific
profits-for dollars or even gold
.
[Mr. SAYLOR'S remarks Wlll appear There is no check on the appropriate
hereafter in the Appendix.] amount of a specific item imported into Viet-
~ nom, and there is no way of checking what it
(Mr. SAYLOR was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
CI . SAYLOR'S remarks will appear
$e~ ter in the Appendix.]
v r
will be used for-there is no "end use audit"
procedure. Here are two recent blatant ex-
amples of what this can mean:
Subcommittee members learned that about
15 times the amount of silver nitrate which
South Vietnam could possibly use went into
that country last year.
SHIPMENTS HALTED
Likewise, about SO times the amount of
another chemical, unite]
which could pos-
,
LAjG`K OF CHECKS AND RESTRAINTS sibly be used in their country was sold to
ON PROFITEERING IN VIETNAM Saigon businessmen.
B
.
ALBERT) . Under previous order of the - silver can be extracted Prom sliver nitrate
House, .the gentleman from Delaware for hoarding. Shipments of these two chem-
[Mr. MCDOWELLI is recognized for 5 icals have been halted now, according to offl-
minutes. cials of the Agency for International Devel-
Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, Isub- opme~It (AID). Congressmen suspect much
mat the following interesting report with of these chemicals ended up in Viet Cong
hands.
respect to the Conflict 1ri Vietnam: The United States and South Vietnam Gov-
[From the Christian Science Monitor, June ernments knew practically nothing about the
- 8, 1966] Vietnamese businessmen who hold the CIP
CONGREaaMEN SEE U.S. AID DOLLARS licenses. United States officials lack basic
STRAYING IN VIETNAM knowledge, for example, of whether they are
(By William b. Selover) Chinese or Vietnamese in background or
what their business connections are.
WASHINGTON,-Few businessmen in the
world are hauling in as much profit as those SUGGESTIONS VETOED
in Saigon, Goods originally ordered by businessmen
Business there is booming. can be turned down on arrival and not paid
Sut Congress is beginning to wonder fY it for. South Vietnam officials then confiscate
should be quite so good. them, auction them off at ~'a very reduced
In Pact, members oP a special congressional rate"-and the money then goes into the
delegation just returned from Vietnam are South Vietnam coffers, not into the joint
raising serious questions about the lack of United States-Vietnamese account. One
checks and restraints on profiteering carried subcommittee member pointed out that the
out by Vietnamese businessmen at the direct Viet Cong could be buying these goods at
expense of American taxpayers. auction-because there is no check on who
The basic problem stems from the vast buys them.
American aid program. The faint United States-Vietnamese ac-
Since 1956, the United States has pumped count, into which Vietnamese businessmen
some- $1.7 billion worth of consumer goods pay piasters for the goods, was intended to be
into Vietnam under its commodity import used for' United States civil-aid projects.
program (CIP). This amounts to 80 per- Also, an agreed amount supports the South
cent of all nonmilitary aid sent to that coun- Vietnamese governmental budget. But, in
try in that period. effect, the government of South Vietnam ex-
FINA7 usE QvESTIONED ercises a veto over the use of these funds so
which is individual Freedom, the freedom of This program allows Saigon businessmen
rth ni`ta a.nA thw ri aht of frww w .. esin.n a~ ~ on license by the South Vietnamese Govern-
partners in freedom, the people and the press
in America can saves liberty.
Without the right of freedom for the in-
dividual, without the right of free expression
for everyone, there can be no lasting or satls-
iying progress far us in America. This is the
Yreedom we must cherish, this fa the freedom
we must fight far, this is the freedom if
Necessary-we must go to fail to preserve.
We must cherish it and bald it the dearest
thing in life, because !f America maintains
jts freedom, then sometime, somehow, Amer-
ica, being free, will show the rest aY the world
'the road to freedom. This I believe,. my
friends, is the divine mission of AmeriCa-
Preedom for ourselves and eventually freedom
Yor all the world,
Aid because !t is our special mission we
should remind ourselves every morning that
"Eternal gigilance~9s. the price oY liberty."
No. 97-11 .
ment to contract for goods with American
businessmen, import the goods to Vietnam,
then pay for them in piasters, the local cur-
rency. American aid dollars are used to re-
imburse the American businesses, and the
piasters used to pay for the goods go into a
joint United Staten-Vietnamese account.
The aim of the program is to stem inflation
while promoting economic stability in the
country.
But members of the House foreign opera-
tions and government information subcom-
mittee found that CIP money is virtually
subsidizing some 40 to 50 big businessmen
in Saigon. Furthermore, there is practically
no control over the final use of the goods.
Subcommittee members believe that some of
these goods are being resold to the Viet Cong,
the North Vietnamese, and even the Chinese
ComDaunlsts, Unfortunately, restraints are
so slack, there is no way of knowing for sure.
oth these chemicals can be broken into
ingredients for high explosives
And the
completely that the aims of the civil-aid
projects are seriously frustrated.
Recent examples of projects the United
States Embassy was pushing but which failed
to gain approval ai the South Vietnamese
Government include: use of the funds to
pay for garbage collection in Saigon, to build
police barracks, and to establish a fund from
which to paq Vietnamese claims against the
United States.
One subcommittee member called the fail-
ure of United States controls over this pro-
gram a "windfall" for Saigon businessmen.
REPORTS WITHHELD
Another member of the delegation, ROBERT
P. GRIFFIN, now Republican Senator from
Michigan, was blunt in his observations.
"What we saw over there is a situation where
Saigon businessmen have a vested interest
in the prolongation of the war," he charged
in an interview.
The subcommittee, under the chairman-
ship of Rep. JoxN E, Moss (D) of California,
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COI~IGRESSIONAI; $tECORD -HOUSE June 1.~, Y966
`is preparing a report on its flridings. No
one Can say what its final shape will take
sii}ce it has not been completed. But it will
prob&bly place strong blame for the slack
program on both AID officials and on the Gen-
eral Accounting Office (GAO), charged with
the responsibility to double-check the ad-
ministration of government programs all
over the world.
- ~ STAFF INCREASED -
One subcommittee member charged that
AID administrators in Washington "simply
couldn't answer basic questions about their
programs. That's why we went to Vietnam."
He laic{ they found that AID officials in Viet-
nam were simply holding onto the audit re-
ports to update them. "They were never
sent to Washington." No wonder Washing-
ton officials couldn't answer questions, he ob-
served.
..Subcommittee members are especially dis-
tufibed about what they see as dangerous
understaffing of the CIP program, especially
in accounting and auditing.
In the 10-month period between June,
1965, and April, 1968, the number of AID
personnel increased from 630 to 1,900. But
until tine past few months, only two of these
employees were principally concerned with
the CIP. A year ago, only one American
was in charge. Now, after the subcommittee
began investigations seven or eight months
ago, the number has increased to seven.
Yet, this year $370 million out of a total
AID commitment of $630 million, went to
the CIP.
The only formal report issued by the GAO
on governmental programs in Vietnam in the
past seven years came in 1964. Then the
GAO, which is an independent arm of the
Congress, set up in 1921 to ride herd on the
administration, charged that AID was op-
erating under completely inadequate pro-
cedures-that nonessential commodities
were being admitted into the CIP, that
pro$teering and overpricing were being
..allowed.
"Yet, in spite of-this report, AID conducted
no audit until we got there," said one dele-
gation member.
INADEQVACY CHARGED
Rutherford M. Posts, director of AID for
the Fesr East, says the procedures are still
"not adequate."
He said they have steadily expanded the
AID auditing staff to 17. ~ He conceded, how-
ever, that seven of those were trainees.
He said AID had increased the authorized
positions to 28, but that since Vietnam is
such a dangerous place, it is very hard to get
auditors to go there. AID now 1s "ordering
them from other AID missions around the
world by forced draft to go to Vietnam."
Another problem is getting local Viet-
namese for the staff. "We can't pay more
than the local wages. We've lost some key
people to private business which can pay
much more."
Still there is no "end use" auditing 'pra-
GAO officials admit that after the 1964 re-
port they had "no one physically in v"iet-
nam; ' until "a team of four people" went
there briefly this spring. One congressional
source said of the GAO: "They have been
conspicuously absent in Vietinam:'
f~ubcommittee members tend to excuse
the GAO on the grounds that it has "no
continuing responsibility" in any special.
area. Its investigations are made at the dis-
cretion of the comptroller general, and ate
the request of Congress.
. PERbIANENCY STVDIED
Yet, GAO. officials themselves say that with
the size of the program and the "tremen-?
dous expenditure," it might be useful to es-
tablish apermanent of&ce there.
'!The salutary effect of our presence could
be a factor of some consequence," said an
official. ' But there are no plans to do this
at present.
"We were aware that we had not covered
anything there in a number of years," he
said explaining the decision to investigate in
1964.
"But we have same reservations in decid-
ing what practically can be accomplished in
sending our people to Vietnam under war-
time conditions. It might be a better idea
to go other places where we could accom-
plish more," said an official of the GAO in-
ternational operations division.
BTAFF DIFFICULTIES
He also cited the difficulty in getting a
staff overseas.
The total worldwide sta.fl of GAO is about
2,000. The Far East headquarters in Hawaii
has a staff of about 35. But GAO presently
has no one in Vietnam, which has the larg-
est United States AID program in the world.
Apparently, the subcommittee's investiga-
tion has set the ball rc:slling.
Since it started, the State Department's
inspector general of foreign assistance and
the AIb comptroller have been to Vietnam.
Also the director of foreign service person-
nel was scheduled to go.
But a more basic problem 1s pointed out
by subcommittee member Rep. DONALD
RUNfSFELD (R) of Illinois: "As I look at it,
I feel we Pack leverage- with the Government
of South Vietnam."
He says he believes; American officials are
afraid to demand more controls.
Another subcommittee member agrees.
Says Rep. DAVID S. KING (D) of Utah, "In
theory, we can't go in to run the show."
But he asserts that this idea has been
"used as a cloak to cover up a rather shoddy
and unsatisfa.cto~ry performance by the
South Vietnamese Government."
Adds Mr. GRIFFIN: "My greatest citicism
is that the verq expensive CIP, so obviously
susceptible to corruption. and abuses, has
been aImos.t completely left in the hands of
the Sa.igan government. We are ,]ustified ip
taking a stronger harsd."
Whatever the final recomendations of the
subcommittee will be, there are sure to be
some strong recomendations for a greater
United States role in overseeing the use ai
United States taxpayer's money. From what
these congressmen say, such supervision
barely exists at all today.
Total economic aid far fiscal 1987: 71%
to South Vietnam; 29% to all others.
U.S. economic ofd to South. Vietnam
[ In millions ]
Fiscal 1963----------.--------------- 8143.6
1964------------------------------- 165.7
1965------------------------------- 224.9
1966------------------------------ b41.1
1967------------------------------- 550.0
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent,- leave of ab-
sence was granted to:
Mr. FARNUM (at the request of Mr.
Boccs) ,for June 13, on account of illness.
Mr. FLYNT (at the request of Mr. DAMS
of Creorgia), for Tuesday, June 14, 1966,
on account of official business.
Mr. KRERS (at the request of Mr. AL-
BERT), for today; o~n account of afiicial
business.
Mr. McEwErr (at the request of Mr.
GERALD R. FORD), for balance of week,
on account of offlci.al business.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous .consent, permission to
address the House, following the legisla-
tive program and any special orders here-
tgfore entered, was granted to:
Mr. WILLIS, for 15 minutes, today.
Mr. HALPERN (at the request of Mr.
ANDREWS of North Dakota) , far 20 min-
utes, today; and to revise and extend his
remarks and include extraneols
material
Mr. CONTE (at the request of Mr. AN-
DREws of North Dakota), far 15 minutes,
June 15; and to revise and extend h.is
remarks and include extraneous
material.
Mr. MICxEL (at the request of Mr. AN-
DREWS of North Dakota) , for 30 min-
utes, June 20; and to revise and extend
his remarks and include extraneous
material.
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN (at the request of Mr.
ANDREWS of North Dakota), for 15 min-
utes, June 15; and to revise and extend
his remarks and include extraneous
material.
Mr. McDowELL (at the request of Mr.
HICKS) , for 5 minutes, today; and to re-
vise and extend his remarks and include
extraneous matter.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
By unanimous consent, permission to
extend remarks in the Appendix of t:he
RECORD, or to revise and extend remarks
was granted to:
Mr. H$sERT and to include pertinent
material on debate during H.R. 2950.
Mr. ICHORD to extend his remarks in
the Committee of the Whole following
Mr. PRICE.
Mr. BENNETT in two instances and to
include extraneous matter.
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina to in-
clude astatement by General Westmore-
land at the beginning of his remarks
made today in the Committee of the
Whole.
(The following Members (at the I?e-
quest of Mr. ANDREWS of North Dakota)
and to include extraneous matter: )
Mr. YOUNGER.
Mr. MOORE in three instances.
Mr. BERRY In tW0 inStanCOS.
Mr. HALPERN in three lnStance5.
Mr. ASIiBROOK.
Mr. ADAIR.
Mr. MIZE in two instances.
Mr. TxolvlsoN of Wisconsin.
Mr. MICHEL.
Mr. CIJNNINGxAM irl five lnstanceS.
Mr. WALKER Of M15SlaSippi.
Mr. MoasE in four instances.
Mr. SHRIVER.
Mr. LAIRD.
Mr. PELLY in two instances.
Mr. HOSMER in two instances.
Mr. GROVER.
Mr. RUMSFELD.
Mr. REINECKE.
Mr. SMITH of New York.
Mr. KUPFERMAN in flue instances.
Mr. QUILLEN in two instances.
(The fallowing Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. Hlcxs) and to include ex-
traneous matter:)
Mr. JONES of Alabama.
Mr. BLATNIK in five instances.
Mr. WOLFF in tW0 1nStanCeS.
Mr. GRABOWSKI in 10 instances.
MT. DELANEY.
Mr. RACE.
Mr. DYAL irl four instances.
Mr. BOLAND lri three 1rLStariCeS.
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It is .not impossible ,at.,all;tk3at her efforts
helped, in .the end, when Bunn, did let the
goungster go. This will never ba known,
yet one thing will be Mra. LaForest, who
Inay have known more than the ethers about
the dangers involved, went willingly into the
nightmare on Wildcat MountaiTx to do her
.part in the rescue.
It was Wilfred Morin, of course, who made
the rescue and who made it under condi-
tions of conspicuous great courage. Nocera
had already been shot, and Morin knew
that he, too, might be. But the Bristol
dog warden and bartender was willing to
.face a verq good possibility of death in or-
der to persuade the crazed and trigger-happy
Bunn to release his captive.
Thanks to Morin's ingenuity and his dar-
ing, the boy was saved. People do not come
any braver than Morin, Unless there had
been somebody there with Morin's selfless
fortitude, even the best that the others
could give might not have been enough.
That was a morning awful enough to make
the whole community want to forget it as
soola as possible. And we hope they can.
But we hope, at the same time, that the brave
people won't be forgotten. This is an age
when he hear, too oaten, of people who "don't
want to .get involved"-people who turn
their backs on fellow .humans .in terrible
trouble. Last week in Burlington we all wit-
nessed a fine demonstration oP people who
were "willing to get involved"-even if it
meant getting killed.
It was fine demonstration. It makes a
person proud to live near these people. It
is people like this who make a town good.
People like this make you know that there
is somebody who will help.
Great Plains Program Tremendous
Success
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GRAHAM PURCELL
. .. OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday,. June i4, 1966
Mr. PURCELL. Mr. Speaker, one of
the truly remarkable achievements in
American agriculture in our time is the
new look in the vast region of the Great
Plains.
The change, in terms of greater agri-
cultural stability, reduced soil erosion, de-
velopment oP water for agricultural and
recreational uses, and a more beautiful
landscape, has come about as a result of
an enlightened partnership between
people and their government, between
scientist and landowners.
It has come about largely through the
Great Plains, conservation program, a
tool that has been greatly sharpened and
strengthened in the last 6 years under
leadership that recognizes the funda-
mental role land resources plays in the
well-being of an entire region.
What has h&,ppened in the Great
Plains is more than. simple recovery from
years of drought and dust storms w111ch,
for a time, .gave it the unhappy label of
"The Dust Bowl."
Droughts will recux', for this is the na-
ture of the climatic pattern of the Great
Plains.. Wiled will blow, as it always has,
across t1~Q rolling prairies.
But the farmer and rancher who has
reserves of grass and water, who has tied
down with grass his soils that are un-
suitedfor cultivation, will not become the
dispossessed migrant of the thirties.
These are the primary goals of the
Great Plains conservation program-a
program that has been expanded by 60
percent since 1960, to serve a larger
member of landowners in the region each
year.
"Wheat Will Win the War" was a
battle cry during World War I, and the
wheatlands ,of the Great Plains re-
sponded with heavy output. The plow-
up was costly, however, for much of the
newly cultivated land was extremely sus-
ceptible to the winds of the dry years
that followed. The term "dust bowl"
came out of the disaster.
The research scientist and the farmer
have formed an effective partnership in
solving the problems of the Great
Plains. Techinques developed in times
of drought and privation are the solid
basis now for a far more stable agricul-
ture in the plains. The survey of soils,
classifying them as to their capability
in conservation use, has provided un-
mistakable lines of guidance in adapting
the lands of the Great Plains to agricul-
tural production.
The technical help afforded by the
Soil Conservation Service of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, its effectivenesi,
managed, State-sponsored soil conserva
tion districts, .became a useful tool fo
June 1 ~, .1966
produced at the cost of damage to the
land resource-a damage we cannot
afford.
Grass and water are the earmarks of
the new agriculture in the Great Plains.
The Great Plains conservation program
is enabling the landowners of the plains
to have them-grass as productive as
his land and skill in management can
produce, and water enough to see him
through the years of drought that he
wisely presumes to be ahead. With grass
and water in abundance, the producer no
longer must dispose of livestock on a
market glutted by the offerings of owners
in the same distress.
The new agriculture in the Great
Plains is built upon the conservation of
soil and .water resources, an approach
that was born in times of land disaster
and human hardship. The drought of
the 1950's was less damaging than the
one of the 1930's that aroused the Nation
to action-less damaging because of con-
servation progress and know-how already
moving into use across the plains. Be-
cause of work now being done by the
region's landowners, much of it prompted
and facilitated by agricultural programs
supported by the Federal Government,
less damage will occur in the plains' next
drought. Whatever the future holds for
plains agriculture, the farmers and
ranchers of the region are in far better
condition to cope with emergencies as
United States Pleading Viet Case on
wrong Grounds?
The program was authorized by Con-
HON. RICHARD BOLLING
gress during the drought of the 1950'S. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
It was conceived. as a pilot program, a Tuesday, June 14, 1966
testing of principles developed fors par-
ticular region. It was accepted at first Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, the
by a relatively few landowners, and from Howard K. Smith column which follows
1957 through 1960, received Federal cost- eloquently and accurately states the real
sharing appropriations of $10 million reason for our commitment to and pres-
each year. Beginning in 1961, however, ence in Vietnam:
the appropriation has been increased is U.S. PLEADING VIET CASE ON WRONG
gradually to the current level of $16 mil- GROUNDS?
lion and in recent years about 5,000 (Bp xoward K. smith)
farmers and ranchers have entered the Every successive opinion poll shows that
program each year. our appetite for resisting in Viet Nam is de-
Approximately 23>000 landowners have dining, and that President Johnson's stock
entered the program. Thousands have with the voters is going the same way.
completed their work and have been en- one cannot help thinking that the admin-
joying the benefits of complete conserva- istration is not putting its case to the Amer-
ican people in proper terms. Of several
tion treatment and sounder use of their faults, one is outstanding: The President and
reSOUrCeS. The size of the units range Secretary of State Dean Rusk and their col-
from small to large-an average of 1,900 leagues almost always justify our effort in
acres. Southeast Asia on legal or moral grounds.
The conversion of unsuitable cropland The fact is that the struggle there is essen-
to permanent vegetative use was, at the tiauy and overwhelmingly a power struggle
outset, a principal Objectlve. The results regardless of law er moralhwe to undertake
have been dramatic. More than 1,400,000 This is not to agree with the host of guilt-
acres of these less stable lands have been rlaaen critics who believe our moral case is
returned to the protection of grass, or are b~? Compared with Gur foe's case, it is
in the process of being converted. This downright good. Ho chi Minh has never
represents more than 1 acre iri every 5 dared submit his regime to a tree election
Cropland acres il1VOlVed ixi the 23,000 such as we are pressing for under U.N. inspec-
-Great Plains contracts. Wheat tion in the south.
pro- xis instrument of power has been terror-
duced on these acres was, ire recent times, ism,, ats "reforms" lent the average North
riot Only surplus to our needs but Was Vietnamese peasant considerably worse off
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'board were pioneered by MFY people long
before they became fashionable currency and
last their. radical sting.
The real problem that confronts MFY yras
dramatized-for this reporter in a teen service
center on East Gth Street where youth worker
Angel Camavho said bitterly:
"We get answers here for most of the prob-
1ms the kids came in with, except the big
one. We don't have enough jobs."
When all is said and done Mobilization is
sG111 dependent upon the workings of the
kmerican economy--increasingly automated,
increasingly higher-skilled.
6TATE OF-MIND
"Poverty" is always a Yelative term. What
vas call "poverty" is sheer luxury far the
I~easant of India. Perhaps "poverty" is a
state-oR-mind, more than anything else.
Perhaps "poverty" means a distintegration of
self-esteem. And perhaps MFY's contribu-
tion, when the final score is fated up, will
1>e in the changing of that state-af-mind, the
7~estoratian of self-esteem.
That's the hope anyway. The alternative,
a failure right avross the board, raises alter-
Iiatives almost too dr`eadiul to contemplate.
'The battle is being fought in the target
urea. There are little victories and defeats
trvery day. The calculus of those victories
and defeats will go a long way towards de-
i,ermining the American future.
The Spirit That Is America
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK - '
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
' Tuesday, June i4, i966
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, on Sunday,
June 5, 19$6> I attended a farewell party
to a truly great individual, Rev. L. R.
:Boyll, minister of the Carpenter Memo-
rial Methodist Church in Glen Cove, N.Y.
A man who has inspired his fellow men
and our Community to mutual respect for
each other and their individual beliefs-
at the same time inspired a unity of pur-
pose for all men.
The encomiums of praise heaped upon
Reverend Boyll at this gathering cannot
be lost, fol~ they truly demonstrate the
spirit that is America.. Therefore, I en-
ter in the RECOxn the statements of three
of his fellow clergymen, of different
faiths, and the former mayor of Glen
Cove, in praise of this great man:
Reverend Lauuence Boyll's leaving is a real
loss to our community. He has gained an
enviable and well-deserved reputation bath
within and outside the Carpenter Memorial
Methodist Church. His support has been
essential far so many good valises in Glen
He-and Mrs. 8oy11 go with our good wishes
and prayers for their future health and
success.
. Rabbi ALTON MEYER WINTERS,
North Country Reform Temples, Glen
Cove, N.Y.
7aaurelice Boyll Ls a loss to Glen Cave. He
has, taught men what it is to be men. He has
taught dlglaity and restraint. I am proud to
say that he has tau~pght me, and I am grateful.
~ir~, CHARLES KOHLI,
_:.: St. Patrick's, Glen Cove, N.I'.
Rev: Laurence Boyll and his queenly wife,
Mrs. Rachel Boyll, will be greatly missed in
Glen Cove. Words are inadequate to express
what their friendship, love and fellowship
has meant to our Church. Mrs. Galloway
and the members of our Church join with me
in wishing Rev. and Mrs. Boyll the blessings
of God. Our thoughts and prayers will ga
with them as they leave for their new field of
service. God bless them always.
DT. B. A. GALLOWAY,
Calvary A.M.E. Church, Glen Cove, N.Y.
Rev. Boyll, it has been my pleasure and
privilege to know you during your years of
service to the people of Glen Cave and it fs
with heartfelt sadness that T learned you are
leaving us.
During the days when I was Mayor of Glen
Cov?, I can recall so well the times you could
be counted on to help our community. It
was goad to know Reverend Boyll was there
to lend a wise, able and understanding hand.
A community seldom has too many citizens
conscientious and willing to help in its
growth and betterment. '8'ou were always
one of our people and so your presence will
be missed by many.
Far your service as Chaplain to Glen Cove
Volunteer Fire Department and your work on
many committees responsible for bettering
our housing conditions and community rela-
tions, you deserve file thanks of the entire
community.
Lam proud to know you and wish you con-
tinned years of wonderful service to the
community to which you now go. We shall
miss you but are grateful for all you have
done for so many.
HOn. JOSEPH REILLY,
Former mayor of Glen Cove, N.Y.
Flag Day 1966
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. JAMES H. (JIMMY} QUILLEN
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June i4, i966
Mr. QUILLEN. Mr. Speaker, today,
June 14, 1966, is Flag nay, ' and I am
taking this opportunity to urge every
American to display and proudly honor
our flag.
The abuses that have been directed at
our flag in the past Year can best be re-
buffed by every citizen showing deep
.respect and devotion to the symbol of our
Nation and to the ideals for- which it
stands. This year a special effort should
be made to observe Flag Day.
In concluding my brief remarks, I am
inserting an editorial from the Jones-
boro, Tenn., Herald and Tribune:
FLAG DAY
Speaking at the Flag Day celebration,
Washington, D.C., on June 14, 1914, Presi-
dent Woodrow Wilson said,
"This flag for the future is meant to stand
power. No nation is ever going to doubt our For bravery and a generous willingness
power to assert Its rights, and we should lay to help, Mrs. Joan LaForest should be af-
it to heart that no nation shall henceforth forded warm public recognition, too. She
doubt our purpose to put it to the highest yeas the sister of the man who had kid-
uses to which a great emblem of justice and Hoped the child, and the experience she was
government can be put. undergoing must have tortured her. But
"It is henceforth to stand far self-posses- she volunteered to go up the hill' with Officer
sion, for dignity, for the assertion of the Nocera to try to talk her brother into letting
right of one nation to serve the other na- his little victim go free.
tions of the world-an emblem that will not
condescend to be used for purposes of ag-
gression and self-aggrandizement; that it is
too great to be debased by selfishness; that
has vindicated its right to be honored by all
nations of the world and seared by none who
do righteousness."
Bravery in Burlington
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BERNARD F. GRABOWSKI
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June i4, i966
Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr: Speaker, un-
der unanimous consent, I insert in the
Appendix of the RECORD an editorial en-
titled "Bravery in Burlington" that ap-
peared in the Waterbury Republican
June 3, 1966. .The editorial follows:
BRAVERX IPT BURLINGTON
The abduction of a Terryville youngster
by a demented and dangerous Burlington
man last week might have turned into. a
terrible tragedy ii it had not been for some
people who were alert and generously re-
sponsible and extremely brave.
It is impossible to single out all the people
who deserve to be commended, for there are
many of them and the exceptional assistance
they gave may never be known or acknowl-
edged. The precise facts of an episode like
this one are elusive, and the records are apt
to omit the data most important to a trixe,
full picture. Memories are short, and eye-
witnesses do not all see the same thing. But
there are at least six persons who obviously
deserve special public praise.
We think a debt of gratitude 1s owed to
George S. Grodecki and Donald Lassy, of
Terryville, passers-by who became suspicious
when they saw Albert Bunn Jr. stop his
pick-up truck near a group of small children.
Grodecki and Lassy slowed down to observe
what was going on. They saw Bunn drag
a six-year-old boy to his vehicle and drive
off. Thanks to Grodecki and Lassy, who fol-
lowed Bunn to Burlington, the police knew
quickly where to go to begin the rescue.
It seems to us, also, Bristol Police Chief
Robert Grace deserves a great deal of credit.
He had to know that he was sending his
men on a dangerous mission that could be
ruled to be outside his area of jurisdiction.
It is the kind of a decision that could back-
fire disastrously on the man who made it.
But Chief Grace did not hesitate. He got
his men out there Past and went to work. He
didn't wait for the State Police, and 1t might
have been calamitous ii he had.
Bristol Patrolman Joseph Nocera, who was
wounded when Bunn hit him with abird-
shot blast, is surely one of the heroes of
the episode. He is lucky that he wasn't
killed or that ho wasn't injured-more serious-
ly. But his hurts and scars will testify to
the fact that police work is dangerous work,
indeed-that a policeman never knows when
he may have to lace an insane killer in the
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than tl}e average South Vietnamese peasant-
until Ho .made life. in. the south impossible
by the murder of nearly all local officials and
the systeln~aticintimidation of bhe rest. It
is an eloquent fact that.` though war-weary
South Vietnamese dissent or riot ar desert
the farces, none go over to the Viet Co~IIg.
But the real and relevant explanation of
why we are fighting is that this is a Bower
struggle the loss of which would bring con-
sequences awful to contemplate.
To make the point, consider what would
happen, first if they, then if we, prevail.
A Communist. success, following an Amer-
ican withdrawal, would be an "open-ended"
result. It would sharp$n their appetite and
desperately weaken the resistance of neigh-
bors waiting to be consumed. It would jus-
tify the basic motivation of their ideology
which 1s blind faith in a world interpreta-
tion that promises universal dominion at the
end of the road;
The "domino" theory is much discredited
in conversation, But the facts oP life are
these: "Laos and Cambodia are shot through
with guerrilla forces trained where those now
in South Viet Nam were trained. Our AID
officials in Thailand are watching a guerrilla
minority, trained in the same place, begin-
. sling to accumulate power by methods of
pure terror in northeast Thailand.
China has, made public the intentioli of
adding Thailand to her bloc, and her actions
over many years make clear her ultimate de-
sign of forcing the disintegration of India,
the .only possible counter-force to China
In short, a Communist success would be a
destabilizing event; it would be bound to
lead to further and worse conflicts.
A success for our side, on the other hand,
would be a stabilizing result. As in Europe,
we seek no territorial gain. Our aim is to
find a line and establish the principle that
we will not cross it to their detriment if they
will not cross it either.
In the age of nuclear weapons it is a para-
mount mission to establish this principle
that borders may not be changed by force
in Asia just as we established it in Europe.
With China rapidly becoming a nuclear
power, we dare not relinquish the effort now
by curtailing our force or withdrawing it.
In his recent history of our times, Proi.
Carroll Quigley makes the point that Ger-
many, Italy and Japan gained immensely
more by dosing to us in World War II than
they could have possibly have gained by
winning: I#ad they won, their governments,
$lled with the seeds of their own degenera-
tion, would have been stimulated to infinite
acquisition, with consequent- national im-
poverishment and eventual annihilation by
the Unite. States. As it is, they have sta-
bilized, become progressive, democratic and
-prosperous societies.
Very much the same can be said about the
Communist nations of Asia. IP they win in
Viet Nam; they will move on indefinitely to
extend their sway. At some point the United
States would be forced to intervene again,
this time with: the support of the opinion
polls of a frightened public that at last
.would see -the real nature of the struggle.
A much bloodier war would result.
South Viet Nam is the right place and
this is the right time to make a stand.
gene.. Whisenant
EXTENSION, OF REMARKS
,.,-. OF
I~QN: BASAL L: W~IITEN~R
bF NORTH CAROLIfTA
IN TH>a ~IO~]'Sl; (>k;~REPItESENTATIVES
- ~ ,Tuesday; June 14; 1966-
Mr, WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, the
peapie of Catawba County, N.C., and her
many friends in -other sections- of the
country were shocked and saddened last
week to learn of the tragic passing of
Miss Irene Whisenant, a former em-
ployee of the House of Representatives.
Miss Whisenant was killed in an auto-
mobile accident.
She served as private secretary to the
late North Carolina Representatives Al-
fred L. Bulwinkie and Hamilton C. Jones.
Miss Whisenant was a very capable
young lady and performed her congres-
sional duties in an outstanding manner.
Her life was characterized by a dedica-
tion to her family, her church, and to her
work. She was a kind and understand-
ing Christian lady whose sincere interest
in people won the admiration and love of
all those with wham she associated.
Miss Whisenant's many friends mourn
her passing. An editorial in the June 10,
1966, edition of the Observer-News-En-
terprise at Newton, N.C., very aptly de-
scribes the life and character of Miss
Whisenant. Under unanimous consent
I insert the editorial in the Appendix of
the RECORD:
[From, the Newton (N.C.) Observer-News-
Enterprise, June 10, 1966]
IRENE WHISENANT
Miss Irene Whisenant was the kind of
woman who instinctively liked people. As
a member of the administrative staff of Davis
Hospital in Statesville she was constantly
doing things for the comfort of patients and
friends.
She was forever running errands for pa-
tients because she wanted to. The longtime
resident of Maiden was recognized by those
who knew her as "a good woman" and. "good
friend: '
Miss Whisenant's long career of public serv-
ice stretched from the nation's capital to the
Catawba Valley. She served Congressmen
A. L. Bulwinkle and Hamilton C. Jones as a
personal secretary.
Her last job-that at Davis Hospital-was
perhaps even more rewarding for it meant
helping people at close range. Each day she
commuted between the home of her parents
in Maiden and the Statesville hospital.
She often told friends she loved the job
and the commuting too much to give up the
job.
Tuesday she left home as usual and
threaded her way down Highway 10 through
Catawba. She was hardly outside of down-
town ? Catawba when her car was caught up
in an accident with a truck.
Two hours later Miss Whisenant became
the county's 25th tragic fatality of the year.
Catawba Countians who knew her will miss
this rare woman who liked people so much.
The large concourse of friends and relatives
from throughout the county attending the
rites Thursday attest the high esteem in
which she was held. Her pastor of First
Methodist Church, of which she had served
as a member of the official board, paid tribute
to her loyalty to her church and friends,
citing her exemplary life of service.
.VFW Post in Claxton, Evans County, Ga.,
Promotes U,S. Flag
EXTjaN,SION , OF_ REMARKS
of
HOId. G. EI,LIOTT HAGAN
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESZ;NTA'IIVES
.Thursday, June 2,1966
Mr. HAGAN of Georgia. Mr. Speaker,
as we celebrate Flag Day, I want to take
A3199
this occasion to agprise my colleagues of
an inspiring event which I attended an
Memorial Day in Claxton, Ga.
When I accepted an invitation from
the Claxton-Evans County VFW Post to
participate in its Memorial Day pro-
gram, little did I realize what an out-
standing job this post was performing
to encourage patriotism and .respect for
our national flag.
When I arrived in Claxton, I was
pleasantly surprised to discover Ameri-
can flags flying everywhere. In asking
who was responsible for this wonderful
act of patriotism, I was advised that it
was the result of a special project of the
Claxton-Evans County VFW Post.
The post has purchased a number of
American flags to be rented to local busi-
ness houses, displayed ors national hoIi-
days and properly stored when not in
use far an annual cost of $12 to -each
merchant. The post is also displaying
the flag at prominent public buildings
on a daily basis.
The Post Commander, D. B. Plyler,
describes the project as follows:
This is not amoney-making project, but is
planned to display our National flag and
help tell the American story to coming gen-
erations. Our flag represents free America,
and all the .things far which men have
fought and died. We hope to help emphasize
its importance in. our Community.
When other civic and service clubs
around the country are looking for proj-
ect ideas, I heartily recommend that
they follow the example being set by
the Claxton-Evans County VFW Post.
What better project can any club adopt
than one which will encourage patriot-
ism and respect for the American flag?
Australia and Edward Clark
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. J. J. PICKLE
os TExAs
IN THE HOIISE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, Jz~ne i4, i966
Mr. PICKLE, Mr. Speaker, .one of
Texas' favorite sons, Austin attorney,
Edward Clark, the American Ambassador
to Australia, recently returned to this
country for a brief visit.
He has been enthusiastically received
by his friends; his law colleagues and
fellow Texans and Americans.
He has also been honored by his col-
lege alma .mater, Southwestern Univer-
sity in Georgetown, Tex, .Far his out-
standing leadership and service to this
country, he was presented an honorary
doctor's degree, an honor, I might add,
that has been justly earned by Mr. Clark,
who has offered his dedicated slid ta-
lented service to this ceuntry.
His sojourn to our shores also gave
him an opportunity to speak about Aus-
tralia before the Lions Club in his boy-
hood .home of San Augustine,, Tex.-a
town that has been historically axid tra-
ditionally noted for the outstandinglead-
ers the area has produced, many of whom
were prominent in the early development
of Texas.
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 A3200
' ' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX, June 11~, Y9fi6
Mr. Clark's remarks before the club
were timely; informative and appropri-
ate. ~1`nder leave to extend my remarks,'
I wish to include the following in -she
R~coaD:
AtxasaALIA
(Address by the Honorable Edward Clark,
:American Ambassador to Australia, before
the I,lons .Club, San Augustine, Tex., June
2, 1988)
It is a challenge to me to be asked to speak
here today, because I feel I must not deal
in platitudes. Through a lifetime of talk-
ing to people, I have found that the way to
hold a demanding audience is to choose a
subject that you know something about.
f3o today I am going to talk about Australia-
not eland oY kangaroos and surfboards and
naked Aborigines, but a young 'and vital
nation that challenges the United States to
acts oY friendship and understanding. Amer-
icans are taking a greater and greater interest
in Australia. This is natural, because as our
own frontiers are pushed back, the Australian
Frontier appeals more and more to the pio-
neering spirit in many of us. So what kind
of country is this?
First, Australia is a big country. It is
about the same size as the U.S. without
Alaska. This inevitably poses problems of
transportation and communication which
smaller Countries do not experience. Also,
A. large ..part of it, especially toward the
center, is arid, and Australia is not lucky
like we are in having great mountain ranges
to catch the rain clouds and feed large river
systems. Some day, power, soil chemistry
and other forms of science will turn much
of these low .rainfall are,xs to pastoral and
agricultural use, and in some places this is
already happening, but for the present the
main importance of theaR arld areas lies in
the minerals which are being discovered
there. All this should be kept in mind when
we-hear talk about the urgent need to fill
"the vast empty spaces: '
Second, Australia Ss a young country. It.
was settled only 177 years ago, 181 years after
the first settlers came to the U.S. This is a
disadvantage in one way, because in early
days labor was cheap and development costs
law; on the other hand, Australia has been
able to benefit from modern technological,
scientific and engineering knowledge not;
available a century ago. Mistakes have been
made anti opportunities lost, but all things
considered, I think Australia has done pretty
Weil durlxig her relatively short life.
Third, Australia has a small population.
She has about 111/2 million people, or about
one-seventeenth of our population. This
smallness oY population and labor force in sa
large a country aggravates the problems of.
rapid development and creates competitive
difficulties iqr Australian industries because
of limited local markets. Because of these
and other factors the Government has pur-
sued avigorous migration policy, as a re-
sult of which nearly 21/y million migrants-
about 1/8 of the total population-have set-
' tied in the country since the last war.
Although nearly all of these are from
Britain and the rest of Europe, some have
come from non-European countries. But
most people say that there will always be sub-?
stantial restrictions on the entry of non-
Europeans, in order to preserve the tradi-
tional texture of the population and to pro-?
test Australian workers ixx their employ-
ment. I am talking here about permanexit
settlers, for there is virtually no restric-
tion on the entry of tourists, businessmen,
students and other visitors from any country.
SecaUse Australia, like the U.S., was first
settled by British people, Americans will im-
mediately notice a similarity in atmosphere
.anti way of life. There is the same language,
similar forma of representative government,
freedom of speech and worship, similar laws
and statutes, and similar ideas of right and
wrong and fair-play. OY course there are
differences,. but an American in Australia.
does not feel bewildered, or frustrated or in-:
secure, for he flxds himself in a stable,
orderly, and familiar enviroliment.
Fourth, Australia is very near Asia. Aus-
talia is 12,000 miles from England and
nearly 7,000 miles from California. But just
beyond the northern borders in Australia's
near north, are more than a billion people
comprising many nations of different cul_
tore, history and background, mast of them
in the midst of great tumult and change.
The political and military significance of
much of this is obvious, and Australian for-
eign policies take it into account. But this
vast area to the north has another signifi-
cance too. Given peace, and such assistance
as Australia and others can offer, opportuni-
ties for trade and commerce could be tre-
mendous too, and Australia is well situated
to take advantage of this.
Fifth, Australia is a trading nation. Aus-
tralia derives about 20% of its national in-
come from. foreign trade, compared to 6%
for the United States. Notwithstanding her
small population, Australia ranks among the
top twelve trading nations in the world.
Trade is her lifeblood.
Australia is the world's biggest exporter
of wool, meat and lead; the second biggest
exporter of wheat, sugar and zinc; the sixth
biggest producer of gold; a large producer
and exporter of iron ore, manganese, bauxite
and coal. Substantial reserves of natural
gas have been discovered and prospects for
large finds oP oil, which is already in com-
mercial production, are favorable. Although
Australia !s often thought of aborad as an
agricultural county,. manufacturing is ac-
tually the largest single employer of labor.
Proportionately to population, about the
same percentage of the work force is em-
ployed in manufacturing as in the U.S.
The gross national product, about the fifth
highest per capita in the world, is increasing
at some b% a year. About 25% of this is
reinvested, but this does not begin to take
care of the capital. needs, for Australia's
rapid development requires vast inflows of
capital from abroad, just as was the case
with the U.S. in the Nineteenth Century.
The pattern of Australia's trade is chang-
ing significantly.. Australia's traditional
trading partner and supplier of capital and
"know-how" has been Britain. While the
British ties are still important, links with
America and the Asian countries have grown
at a startling rate. For instance, although in
the early fifties Britain accounted for nearly
half of Australia's imports, today it is down
to just over half that percentage. On the
export side, alter the war, Britain took more
than 40% of Australia's exports; now the
proportion is below 20%a. These major re-
ductions have occurred when Australia's
total overseas trade has increased by over
60% since 1950.
The biggest single development since the
war has been the emergence of Japan as the
likely replacement for Britain as Australia's
chief trading partner. With Japan's rapid
economic growth, she is now the largest
buyer of Australian raw wool, coal and iron
ore, and it is evident that the Australian
and Japanese economies will become increas-
ingly inter-dependent.
Australia's relations with the U.$. are
good. The common vital interests of both
countries are clear. The U,S. and Australia
are joined not only by the Seato and Anzua
Treaties, but through intimate everyday co-
operation at all levels. Australian troops
are fighting alongside our own in Vietnam.
In fact, the U.S. has no better friend in the
world than. Australia.
Australia. rxow has 'a commitment to Viet-
naxxi of 4,500 troops. 'With our ever'increas-
ing commitment numbering about. 250,000,
their own troop strength may sound small.
However, don't forget that there are seven-
teen Americans to every Australian and that
one of the scarcest resources in Australia is
manpower. I have talked to many Ameri-
cans who have fought in Vietnam. Many
times I have been told that American sol-
diers feel high confidence for their Austral-
ian comrades. The best policy in the world
is to stay out of trouble, and that is our
nation's policy, but if a fight comes lookl.ng
for you, it is good to have Australia flghtl.ng
beside you.
Over the widest possible range of political
and military subjects the United States a,nd
Australia engage in frank, intimate and con-
tinuing consultation and discussion. The
truly great and enduring alliances are based
on mutual interest and mutual respe~et.
This is the sort of alliance we have with
Australia, and politically and militarily it
leaves nothing to be desired.
On the trading side, there are some prob-
lems, although not serious ones. Australia
is at present America's fastest growing ex-
port market, and she is a heavy buyer of
U.S. military equipment. Last year about
24% of Australia's imports came from the
United States, but only about 10 % of :her
exports entered the United States. 7.'he
Australians point out that we are the only
major country to impose a tariff on raw
wool, which we do at the high rate of 251/2
cents per pound; and that their capacity to
buy is hampered by other U.S. restrictions
on imporb~ such as those on meat 'and dairy
products. But these and other proble:ma
are frankly faced by both parties and do not
jeopardize the basic friendship which we
enjoy.
Finally, Australia is a free enterprise coxxn-
try. Australia's wealth and progress are
derived mostly from private enterprise.
Nearly 80% of the work force is employed. in
non-governmental activity. But, because
of historical factors and special circum-
stances, Australians have accepted the role
of government in some fields where it does
not participate in the United States.
Take the railways, which are owned elt:her
by the Commonwealth or the State Govern-
ments. In the early days the wool and wheat
and produce had to be transported to 'the
coast, but distances were so great and popu-
lation so small and scattered that private en-
terprise would not and could not bo ex-
pected to build railways; so governments Yxad
to build them.
Then again, the Australian economy is vul-
nerable, because it depends so much on cir-
cumstances beyond the country's control,
such as variations in world prices for primary
products, and natural disasters such as
drought. Just recentlq prolonged and severe
drought has cax{sed Australia the lose of
about 20 milliax~( sheep, 1%2 million calttle
and nearly a third of the wheat harvest.
In these circumstances the government
has been active in encouraging and elren
creating diversity of production; and some-
times it has had to take uncomfortable fis-
cal and financial measures, through export
and import controls, central bank variations
in interest rates and lending policy. Like us
in the United States, most Australians recog-
nize the necessity-for a reasonable amount; of
government regulation to keep the economy
in balance.
I have painted a picture of a country where
Americana feel at home, but where they face
new and interesting challenges. Although
Australia is a foreign country, it is not alien
and inhospitable. Above all, Australia is a
reliable country. Australia is a friend.
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