COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS AT YESHIVA UNIVERSITY BY SENATOR MANSFIELD OF MONTANA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080010-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: June 16, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

.rr..,...~ , .,, ------ -.,.,.,..,...., -.,.,.,.,.,., June 16, 1966
12856 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE
agree to the amendment of the House and
request a conference with the House
thereon, and that the Chair appoint the
conferees on the part of the Senate.
The motion was agreed to, and the
Presiding 'Officer appointed Mr. JORDAN
of North Carolina, Mr. HAYDEN, and Mr.
CURTIS conferees on the part of the
Senate.
mencement address at Yeshiva Univer- Therefore, I address your attention, today,
sity at New York City, N.Y. to the problem of peace in Viet Nam. I ask
you to consider this problem in the context
The text of this address relates to of the limbo in which, for more than a dec-
the situation that now exists in south- ade and a half, have reposed the relations
east Asia. I am. not sure that everybody between China and the United States. The
will be happy with the expressions of our two questions-peace in Viet Nam and peace
majority leader, because they are so with China-are very closely interrelated, if
factual and challenging, as is his usual not, indeed, inseparable.
manner, but I think they should be more in a direct military sense, it is true that
widely read than they might otherwise China is not presently involved in Viet Nam.
bent every effort to assure
in fact
We have
,
ask unanimous con-
, TO PRINT ADDITIONAL COPIES OF be, and therefore I the Chinese that we mean them no harm and
sent that the address of Senator MANS- that we have no desire to share this conflict
_ FIELD, given this morning, be printed in in Viet Nam with them. We have, in short,
HEARINGS
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be- the RECORD. sought to avoid military engagement with
fore the Senate the amendment of the There being no objection, the address China and, except in accident, so far have
House of Representatives to the con- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, avoided it.
as follows: Nevertheless, China is involved in .Viet
copies VEiTNAM AND CHINA: THE SHADOW CIF WAR- Nam. Chinese participation is largely in-
authorize current resolution printing of of Con. additionRes. al 90) to
takes is nevertheless of a real encouragemp participa
of hearings, which was, in lines 3 and THE SUBSTANCE Or PEACE diirecrect, It but it
4, strike out "two thousand five hun- I welcome the opportunity to share this of Hanoi and the National Liberation Front
dred," and insert "one thousand". day with the Class of 1966. For the most in the south. It includes the supply of war
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. Mr. party you are among the last to have been materials which are used against Americans
President, I move that the Senate dis- born during World War II. Hence you are and other supporting assistance.
also already element of direct
agree to the amendment of the House among the first to have received the pledge There other
of peace of the United Nations in 1945. Chinese participation an Viet Nam. Lact
and request a conference with the House The preamble to the Charter, you will recall, Chinese labor battalions are at work Large
thereon, and that the Chair appoint the contains this solemn statement of purpose:
have North
conferees on the part of the Senate. "To save succeeding generations from the the Viet overlerland from routes China. which ch come e into
been Americans The motion was agreed to, and the scourge of war." shot at and shot down by China, as the war
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. JORDAN The pledge has stood for twenty-one years.
in-
of North Carolina, Mr. HAYDEN, and Mr. Commencement addresses this year might in rse over borders. North Viet That Nam the has sort skirted
the Chin
CURTIS conferees on the part of the well ponder the adequacy of its fulfillment, the the a air
ent which already prevails. There is
Senate. It is a fitting theme for graduating classes, every probability, moreover, that the longer
not only in the United States, but in the the war goes on, the greater will become the
Soviet-Union, China, Britain, and elsewhere. extent of Chinese participation. As time
AAU-NCAA JURISDICTIONAL The Class of 1966 has been witness, since goes on, an escalating war tends to take on
birth, not to a growing peace in the world, its own relentlessness. One-by-one the
DISPUTE but to a procession of crises and conflicts. hatches of avoidance shut down for all con-
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, when
word was received that Jim Ryun and
the other athletes would be permitted to
participate in the national AAU outdoor
track and field championships in New
York, which is the qualifying meet for
our competition with the Soviet Union
in Los Angeles next month, I was, of
course, along with many other people,
very much satisfied.
For more than a year now, I have
worked as a member of the Commerce
Committee seeking a settlement to the
dispute between the AAU and the U.S.
Track and Field Federation. An arbitra-
tion board had been established by a
Senate resolution and I was most dis-
d to find that petty, arbitrary
b
t
e
ur
jurisdictional disputes between athletic It is a problem, unfortunately, which grows This inner conflict has produced pressures
governing bodies could jeopardize and more, not less, difficult with each passing for instability in the south which have little
penalize students, the institutions they day. Indeed, with respect to Viet Nam, we to do with the war in which we are engaged.
attend, and our national prestige in inter- have yet, after extraordinary efforts, to begin In the light of these pressures, it is un-
to devise a formula for the resolution of the realistic to describe the situation in South
national sports events. permitted ito good but that I conflict. Viet Nam in a clear-cut ideological context. Ryun JIM ne will be that this is dispute run, but took During the past year, the effort has been It has never been, in fact, that kind of
am cooncerned that made to end the war by waging more war simple situation.
place. and it has not succeeded. For a time, the To view the conflict as wholly one of an
This has been cleared up for the MO- effort was made to end the war by waging aggression of the north against the south
President hashpur ued negotiations in pub- also does not do adequate justice to the
will but is it ag in, hope that the dispute less
will riot recur again, that a reasonable lie. He has searched for them in private. perplexing realities of Viet Nam. The war
and a fair agreement can es reached be- is more than a clash between two nations or
He has sought a conference on peace on
tweed the governing bodies of the AAU every highway and by-way of international hostile long associated strangers. It cultures is , also north, a central rending of
and
and the NCAA. diplomacy. south, which contain relatives, friends and
However, if this cannot be, then, Mr. But peace remains elusive. The end of the enemies for whom the 17th parallel is a di-
President, I shall seek legislation at some war in Viet Nam is not in sight. The ques- vision of dubious significance and durability.
future date, in the Commerce Commit- tion of Viet Nam continues to command our It is illustrative, in this connection, to
most thought.
honest, restrained e a d note that the leader of North Viet Nam, Ho
tee or otherwise, to bring this dispute to most mand persevering
thorough public Minh, was born much farther south in
1 rY(~j Chi
an end. de
IvD t discussion. Viet Nam than the present leader of South
We own an unremitting search for a peace- Viet Nam, General Nguyen Cao Ky. Ho Chi
COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS AT ful solution in Viet Nam to the young Ameri- Viet Minh, the communist, was educated exten-
YESHIVA UNIVERSITY BY SENA- cans who have gone and who will go to that sively in what is now anti-communist South
in Viet Nam, while Nguyen Cao Ky, the anti-
TOR MANSFIELD OF MONTANA tortured land. we it to the Vietnamese
Mr. who have e suffered from the war r in , received his trading in what is
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, this great multitudes and beyond imagining. We now communise North Via Nam. And is
morning the majority leader of this body owe it to our individual consciences and to
.~, [Mr. MANSFIELD] delivered the COm- the collective conscience of the nation. that leaves you confused, think for a moment
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080010-9
This class has come to maturity in an at-
mosphere which for two decades has been
heavy with war and the threat of wax This If the Chinese are linked ever more tight?y
class graduates directly into the face of the to the continuance of the war iii let Nam,
bitter war in Viet Nam. it seems to me that they are also tied in-
Yet the words remedn: "To save succeeding extricably to the question of peace in that
generations from the scourge of war." nation and in Asia as a whole. I shall con-
The detonation of the first atomic bomb sider those matters, however, later in my
gave to these words a great fervor in 1945. remarks. Let me turn, first, to the inner
The pledge is even more compelling two problems of Viet Nam,
decades later. Today, nuclear weapons. Events of the past few weeks lend to the
thousands of times more powerful, are war an of bewildering ambiguity.
ender a great
stocked in the arsenals not only of the United not surprising
deal u rising that they y en uncertainty ender in this
States, but of the Soviet Union, the United nation.
Kingdom, France and, perhaps now, China. We are engaged in war against the North
At this moment in time, peace is more Vietnamese, the Viet Cong, and the National
than urgent ideal and a ece It is a universal Liberation Front of the south. But the ele-
ments of leadership in South Viet Nam who
The problem of peace is the great preoccu- have the greatest stake in that effort are
pation of the President and of the Senate. engaged in a quasi-war amongst themselves.
 Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080010-9 .41
June 16, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 12855
"Cornmissionet o.ficers
2 or less
Over 2
Over 3
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"1 While serving as Chairman of the Joint Chieb of Staff, Chief of Staff of the Army, Does not apply to commissioned officers who have been credited with ocor ; v~-ara
Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, or Commandant of the active service as an enlisted member.
Marine Corps, basic pay for this grade is $2,208.60 regardless of cumulative. years of
service computed under section 205 of this title.
"Commissioned officers who have been credited with over 4 years' active service as an enlisted member
Over 10
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months)----
.
SEC. 302. Notwithstanding any other pro-
vision of law, a member or former member of
e, uniformed service who initially becomes en-
titled to retired pay or retainer pay on the
effective date of this title shall be entitled to
have that. pay computed using the rates of
basic pay prescribed by the first section of
this title.
SEC. 303. The provisions of this title be-
come effective on July 1, 1966.
TITLE IV-WEAPONS SYSTEMS
SEC. 401. Section 125(c) of title 10, United
States Code, is hereby amended by adding
the following:
"However, notwithstanding any other pro-
vision of this Act or any other law, the Sec-
rotary of Defense shall not direct or approve
a plan to initiate or effect a substantial re-
duction or elimination of a major weapons
system until the Secretary of Defense has
reported all the pertinent details of the pro-
posed action to the Congress of the United
States while the Congress is in session. The
Congress shall within ninety days thereafter
advise the Secretary of Defense through the
Committees on Armed Services of the Senate
and House of Representatives, respectively,
of the recommendations of these Committees
on the proposed action."
And to amend the title so as to read:
"An Act to authorize appropriations dur-
ing the fiscal year 1967 for procurement
of aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and
tracked combat vehicles, and research,
development, test, and evaluation for the
Armed Forces, and to maintain parity
between military and civilian pay, and
for other purposes."
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, let me
emphasize that this is a military authori-
zation bill, not an appropriation bill. It
is one for military hardware, ships, and
related matters.
Mr. President, I move that the Senate
disagree to the House amendments, ask
for a conference with the house, and that
the Chair appoint the Senate conferees.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. RUSSELL
of Georgia, Mr. STENNIS, Mr. SYMINGTON,
Mr. JACKSON, Mr. SALTONSTALL, and Mrs.
SMITH the conferees on the part of the
Senate.
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, I thank
the Chair.
TO PRINT ADDITIONAL COPIES OF
HEARINGS ON SUPPLEMENTAL
FOREIGN ASSISTANCE FOR VIET-
NAM FOR FISCAL 1966
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be-
fore the Senate the amendment of the
House of Representatives to the con-
current resolution (S. Con. Res. 77)
authorizing the printing of additional
copies of hearings on supplemental for-
eign assistance for Vietnam for fiscal
1966, which was, in line 3, strike out
"fourteen", and insert "four".
Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina. Mr.
President, I move that the Senate dis-
Approved For Release 2005/07/13 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080010-9
 MNNIVVCU FUR RC1CQ.7C LVVJIJ.II 1J . VIM-RVrV/~VV44V RV.V V'4VVVVVV IV-u
June 16, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 12857
what it must do to the Vietnamese people
Who must live With the confusion.
What I am suggesting by this digression
is that while Viet Nam may be two Houses
in conflict, it is at the same time one House
not only divided, but also united in many
ways. What I am suggesting, too, is_ that
events of the past few weeks represet the
surfacing of but a few of the complex diffi-
culties of the Vietnamese situation.
It seems to me that these difficulties have
grown more intractable and the solutions
more difficult since the tragic assassination of
President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963. Coup has
followed coup until the count has been lost.
In the process, the leadership of South Viet
Nam has been sundered and_weakeried, the
rivalries, have grown, the mutual antipathies
have increased. And, in the process, the
Vietnamese people have suffered greatly in
consequence of these developments as well
as from the war.
In all frankness, so, too,, has this nation
suffered from these developments. The in-
stability amongst the South Vietnamese
leaders has meant a steady increase in our
involvement in Viet Nam, and especially our
military role. There is no question that the
Armed Services of the United States have
provided a growing margin of power without
which a Republic of Viet Nam could not have
survived. To them has fallen the task of
filling the defensive gap left by the growing
strains on the South Vietnamese authorities.
On them has fallen the, principal burden of
meeting the increased military pressures from
the north. These tasks which have been as-
signed to them by the nation's policies have
been discharged with great dedication and
at great personal sacriflice.
The increase In the American effort in
Viet Nam has been and will continue to be
very costly. During the past year and a half,
our ground forces commitment has grown
from about 25,000 to 267,000. By years' end,
this figure will be much higher. The deploy-
ment of American naval and air power has
been of a very great magnitude. It has
brought to bear on Viet Nam the impact of
tens of thousands of additional highly trained
men who have unleashed a level of destruc-
tive power which may approach or even sur-
pass that which was set loose during the
Korean war.
At the beginning of 1965, the United States
forces were incurring casualties at the rate
of about 6 per week. Now, upwards of 500
Americans are killed and wounded each week.
For the past five or six weeks in succession,
the casualty rate for Americans has surpassed
that of the South Vietnamese armed forces.
In monetary terms, the current cost of
Viet Nam to the United States has been esti-
mated at an annual rate In the neighborhood
of $13 billion and is continuing to rise. In
early 1965, the costs were perhaps $1 or $2
billion.
I wish that I could tell you that this power-
ful injection of American resources had
brought the war nearer to a conclusion. But
I can only repeat what I said at the outset
of my remarks, the end of the war in Viet
Nam is not in sight.
It has been suggested of late-perhaps in-
ferred is more accurate-that the war can
be ended quickly by a further expansion of
the American military effort and, particu-
larly, by more and better-placed bombing.
That is an appealing suggestion, and I have
no doubt that it will be heard more fre-
quently between now and November. It
wraps up, in one simple thought, a criticism
of the present political leadership, a promise
of a less painful war, an expectation of vic-
tory at a relatively small increase in cost.
In short, it suggests that there is an easy
exit. Let us underscore one point, here,
today: There are easy ways to plunge more
deeply into this situation; there are no easy
ways out of this situation.
I have just illustrated the extraordinary
expansion of the American military effort-
including bombing-in the past year and a
half. Before going further along that path,
it would seem to me th,t we have a great
responsibility to pause and, first, consider
carefully the point to which this path has
led. I can assure you that the politically
responsible leadership of the nation in the
person of the President is not unmindful
of_ this responsibility. There is, indeed, a
most profound concern as to where this
course has led, and where it may yet lead.
When the sharp increase in the American
military effort began in early 1965, it was
estimated that only about 400 North Viet-
namese soldiers were among the enemy
forces in the south which totalled 140,000
at that time. Today, the overall size of
the enemy in the south has increased to
250,000 of whom at least 30,000-a very
conservative estimate-are considered to be
North Vietnamese regulars. One source sug-
gests that if local Viet Cong battalions
which operate within their own provinces
are excluded from the total, the northerners
make up approximately one-half of the
disciplined professional enemy soldiers in
South Viet Nam and may well constitute
two-thirds, by year's end.
Shortly after the outset of the expansion
of the military effort, it was believed that
about 1,500 North Vietnamese were cross-
ing the border each month. Just a few
months ago, the maximum potential in-
filtration was thought to be about 4,500 per
month. But infiltration has recently been
reported in the press to be at a current
rate well in excess of this figure.
The field of battle was confined largely
to South Viet Nam when the expansion
of our military effort began, Air and sea
bombardment has now extended the arena
of conflict throughout almost all of North
Viet Nam. The war has spread sharply into
Laos. More and more, it verges on Cam-
bodia and threatens to spill over into Thai-
land. And as I have already mentioned,
American planes have been shot at and
shot down on or across the borders of China.
Whatever constructive achievement has
resulted from this expansion, the fact must
also be faced that the search for peace by
intensification of war has begotten, not
peace, but a further intensification of war.
The expansion of the arena of conflict has
yielded, not peace, but further expansion
of the arena of conflict.
Is the war, then, to continue to intensify?
Is Viet Nam-north and south-to be re-
duced to a charnel house amidst smoking,
silent ruins? Indeed, is that to be the fate
of great areas of Southeast Asia and regions
beyond?
Experience requires us to recognize that
this danger exists in the conflict. Prudence
compels us to recognize, moreover, that the
terminal point may not be reached until and
unless the war has involved China directly.
That possibility; it seems to me, should be
faced sooner rather than later. We should
examine It, now, while there is yet time to
examine it in good sense and soberness. We
should examine it, now, rather than wait
until the actuality is confronted in the heat
of some accident, miscalculation or misun-
derstanding or at the end of that long drift
which ends in inescapable military con-
vergence.
Certainly, the experience of Korea counsels
us to examine this question without delay
and, in so doing, to lay aside the distorting
prism of wishful thinking. It will be re-
called that a war between Koreans-north
and south--a decade and a half ago, became
in the end what few expected at the begin-
ning. It became, substantially, a war be-
tween the United States and China. And
you will recall, too, that in the end peace
was not restored to Korea by victory but by
a truce which required the agreement of the
United States and China.
The question must be asked here as well
as in Peking. It must be asked now. Can
peace be restored in Southeast Asia, as it was
not in Northeast Asia, before, rather than
after, a military clash? Can there be a turn-
ing off from the course of collision and onto
the road of settlement before, rather than
after, the crash?
I can give you no assurances on these
questions. The answers depend not only on
our wisdom and restraint but also on that of
the Chinese. I can only stress to you that
the relentless search for affirmative answers
is a most solemn responsibility which rests
especially upon the leadership of this nation
and of China but concerns also the United
Nations, the Geneva powers, and the entire
world.
There is little doubt that this search is
hampered by the lung hiatus in United States
relations with China. It is a decade and a
half since the Chinese revolution and the
Korean conflict which followed it. In all
these years, little of consequence was done to
close the deep void which these shattering
events blasted between the peoples of the two
nations. On the contrary, the seeds of hos-
tility and suspicion were scattered widely
and in both countries. The weeds of a mu-
tual distrust were encouraged to grow high
in both countries. The direct human con-
tact between the world's most populous na-
tion and the world's most powerful was re-
duced to formal and routine meetings in.
Warsaw between an American and a Chinese
Ambassador which, over the years, have aver-
aged out to about one a month.
In the last few weeks members of the Ad-
ministration have sought to make clear in
public statements that this nation seeks to
restore some "bridges" to China. That is a
helpful initiative. It is also useful to lower
our rigid self-imposed travel and other bar-
riers which the Executive Branch is now
doing.
These acts accord with the nation's in-
terest and they are most certainly meaning-
ful gestures in the direction of peace. That
the Chinese greet these efforts with unabated
hostility does not change their validity. In
the present state of Chinese-United States
relations, all acts are suspect. All doubts are
magnified. All fears are exaggerated. These
acts, nevertheless, remain proper and modest
acts which may one day redound to the
benefit of both nations. That is all they are
and they ought not to be regarded as any-
thing more.
They do not, certainly, go to the core of
the current danger which lies in Viet Nam
and Southeast Asia. Indeed, the relevance
of these acts must necessarily remain du-
bious, at least until that danger is faced and
begins to abate.
What is needed most, at this time and in
the light of that danger, is an initiative for
a direct contact between the Peking govern-
ment and our own government on the
problem of peace in Viet Nam and South-
east Asia. This problem is of such tran-
scendent importance, it seems to me, that
it is a fit question for face-to-face discus-
sion between China and the United States
at the highest practicable level. Our Sec-
retary of State, Dean Rusk, confronted the
Chinese Foreign Minister, Chen Yi, across
the. Conference table at Geneva in 1961-62.
It may be that a similar meeting now would
be useful in this critical situation.
The meeting could be confined to the two
nations, or it could include all the bellig-
erents in Viet Nam. It could, include the
nations of the Southeast Asian mainland
since they all lie in the swath of the war's
spreading devastation. It seems to me that
there are many possible and acceptable al-
ternatives Insofar as participation and ar-
rangement are concerned.
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The membership and mechanics of the
conferences are not key issues. History will
not be gentle with those who pursue the
shadow and evade the substance of peace. It
will not view with sympathy those who stand
too much on ceremony or who insist too
much on face as the price of coming to grips
with its profound problems.
An Asian conference, at this time, cannot
draw a distinction between victor and van-
quished in this conflict, any more than it
was possible to do so in the Korean settle-
ment. All win by peace; all lose by the
war's continuance.
What a conference at this time must be
concerned with is, in the first instance, a curb
on the expansion of the war and a prompt
and durable termination of the tragic blood-
letting in Viet Nam.
It must be concerned with insuring a
choice free of coercion of any kind to the
people of South Viet Nam over their future
and on the question of the reunification of
Viet Nam.
It must be concerned with how the inde-
pendence and the territorial integrity, not
only of Viet Nam, but of other small nations
of Southeast Asia can be safeguarded in
peace.
It must be concerned, finally, with how
foreign bases and foreign military forces can
be promptly withdrawn and excluded from
Viet Nam and other parts of the Southeast
Asian mainland.
These are fundamental questions. An-
swers to these questions must begin to be
found. And, in the last analysis, they must
be concurred in by China and the United
States. Those are the essentials if the con-
flict in Viet Nam is to end and if a reason-
able and stable peace is to be established in
Southeast Asia.
Let me make clear that I am not sanguine
as to the possibilities that these questions
will be faced in conference in the near fu-
ture. Even less is it to be expected that
answers to these questions are going to be
found very quickly. The chasms are deep.
The walls are high.
Nevertheless, at some point, these ques-
tions will have to be faced and answers will
have to be found. It seems to me that we
must continue to try to take those first fal-
tering steps toward peace in Asia. We must
try to take them, now, before the tragedy,
which is Viet Nam, is compounded many
times over. That is the great responsibility.
It rests on the Chinese. It rests on this
nation. It rests, finally, on all the nations
of the world.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I have
read the address of the distinguished
majority leader LMr. MANSFIELD] de-
livered at Yeshiva University in New
York City today.
I think it is a highly creditable presen-
tation of the situation by one of our
most distinguished Senators and na-
tional leaders.
I wish to emphasize the critical im-
portance of the confrontation which the
Senator from Montana [Mr. MANSFIELD]
seeks between Secretary of State Rusk
and the Chinese Foreign Minister, so that
within the framework of negotiations
for peace in Vietnam the real party in
interest, Communist China, may be ne-
gotiated with.
I have urged generally the same thing,
but this is a most impressive and im-
portant presentation. I am very hon-
ored, as the Senator from New York,
that Senator MANSFIELD has chosen to
make this statement before so distin-
guished a university, which houses one
of the most distinguished medical
schools, mathematics schools, and busi-
ness schools in my State.
I am pleased and I utter these words
in appreciation as well as approval.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, a singularly
thoughtful speech seeking out the basic
causes for war in the Far East was made
this morning by Senator MANSFIELD at
Yeshiva University.
He points out that the present escalat-
ing cause of hostilities in southeast Asia
is likely to follow the pattern of Korea,
where the escalation continued until
there was substantial direct confronta-
tion between American and Chinese
troops. Then and only then did both
sides find it to their interests to cease
escalation. This is an expensive and
blood-letting process.
Then, the Senator from Montana also
points out that the escalation of our mil-
itary commitment in South Vietnam has
been accompanied, not by a reduction
in the commitment of North Vietnamese
regular troops, but by a very substantial
increase.
Senator MANSFIELD urges that we all
probe for an Asian conference seeking
to work out some sort of modus vivandi
in southeast Asia. As he says:
What a conference at this time must be
concerned with is, in the first instance, a
curb on the expansion of the war and a
prompt and durable termination of the
tragic bloodletting in Viet Nam.
It must be concerned with insuring a
choice free of coercion of any kind to the
people of South Viet Nam over their future
and on the question of the reunification of
Viet Nam.
It must be concerned with how the in-
dependence and the territorial integrity, not
only of Vietnam, but of other small nations
of Southeast Asia can be safeguarded in
peace.
It must be concerned, finally, with how
foreign bases and foreign military forces
can be promptly withdrawn and excluded
from Viet Nam and other parts of the South-
east Asian mainland.
I endorse these recommendations
very much, and hope that Senator
MANSFIELD'S excellent speech may be fol-
lowed by initiative in the direction he
has indicated.
AMERICAN COAL INDUSTRY
Mr. MORTON. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that an article by
the distinguished economist, Dr. Eliot
Janeway, which appeared in the Chicago
Tribune on June 13, 1966, be printed in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
EUROPE SHOULD BAG CRITICISM, BUY COAL
(By Eliot Janeway)
NEW YORK, June 12.--"What would you
do?" This is the question with which the
President springs his technique for disarm-
ing critical but unwary wisitors, even before
they express their choice of weapons or take
aim at their pet policy targets. Interwoven
with "the treatment" is the standard version
of L. B. J. 's "Life and Hard Times," climaxed
with the lastest chapter about "All the Alter-
natives Available to Us"--and then, the wily
old master magician pops the big question
again: "What would you do?" It's easier for
visitors to agree with the President than to
stand up to the presence and be cou.ited
as a critic with a positive to the disarming
questions.
At the treasury by contrast the operation
is simpler-and correspondingly less effec-
tive. There the tables are turned: It's the
visitors who do the asking and the authori-
ties who do the answering. Ever since the
dollar payments deficit became troublesome
the critical question has been: "Why do we
play our dollar hand from weakness?" And
the standard response is: "Because the Euro-
pean central bankers think we should."
NOT CHAMPION'S WAY
But no champion with a winner's instinct
ever plays according to the rules laid down
by the challenger. Whenever a great power
with a position of primacy to defend allows
itself to be bullied into appeasement of ulti-
matums from countries seeking a bargaining
advantage against it, the balance of power is
sure to change-adversely for the country
in our present position.
Looking back on what Russia has accom-
plislied for herself since Lenin worried how
many days the boisheviki might hang on to
power, there's no doubt that the Moscow suc-
cess story has not followed a script written
for the Kremlin by our side. There's no
doubt either that Red China's drive to go
Russia one better is based on a hard and
shrewd calculation of what is good for
China-not what will please or placate her
foreign critics.
Nor is it as if our European critics had
disciplined themselves to practice the good
economic housekeeping they preach at us,
Take the case of coal. It certainly gets down
to basics. It tells a horror story of uneco-
nomic protectionism in Europe, where infla-
tion is feeding on America's inability to sell
the one commodity that it is in Europe's in-
terest to buy. If we took less guff from Eu-
rope, and she took more coal from us, things
would be going better on both sides of the
Atlantic; and there would be less inflation
on each side.
WEST GERMANY LEADS
West Germany is the most productive
country in Europe, and the richest-despite
her wasteful coal protectionism. America's
"new" economy may now run on the motive
power supplied by consumer expenditures on
holiday travel, color TV and false hairpieces.
But, in West Germany, more than ever, the
economy goes as steel goes. And, right now,
it's not going nearly as well as all the Euro-
pean lecturing of America for alleged infla-
tionary malpractice suggests.
The specific provocation which brought
forth this bombshell is a long-standing polit-
ical decision which hurts the German steel
industry without, however, helping the pro-
tected German coal industry: It remains
hopelessly uncompetitive, burdened with un-
marketable surpluses and tying up labor
badly needed elsewhere. Official import re-
structions limit the sales of American coal
to 5 million tons a year. But unofficial re-
strictions bar it from crossing into the steel-
producing districts, which are stuck with the
high-cost, otherwise unsalable native prod-
uct: Hence the grievance and the threat.
SEVEN TO EIGHT DOLLAR SAVINGS ON COAL
American coal can be laid down alongside
German steel mills at savings of $7-$8 a ton
[after allowing for the cost of ocean freight,
which eats up $2.50 a ton of the savingsi.
Thus, if Bonn merely doubled her American
coal import quota, her steel mills would save
some 40 million dollars a year in coal costs,
which our coal industry would earn; and
West Germany and America together would
generate earnings of upwards of 10 million
dollars a year for the countries from which
we buy shipping and to which we both sell
goods.
There may be a working-and a work-
able-answer here to the President's rhetorl-
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12859
cal question: "What would you do?" Tell level of broad, capable well-being that will I Mr. President, that all of
Europe's central bankers that our coal can do support the current anti-Communist strug- am sure, Mr
more to fight inflation in their back yards gle and build a nation able to stand on its
us can benefit from the wisdom and ex-
than their self-serving advice can do to fight own when the war is eventually over and the Perience of our respected colleague. I
it in our front door. II c nrn+o..+.,..a ...u, -. . .. thorof.,.,.. ____ .
Mr. MORTON. Mr. President, Ipar- b
portant work that est talent obtainable.eds and deserves the Include i Amherst address, as well as for
ticularly invite the attention of Sen-
ators to the closing two paragraphs in corresponding citation from the college.
the article, in which Dr. Janeway says: RESPONSIBILITY r.Arulrlr_ There being no objection, the address
ton President, I ask unanimous consent to ADDRESS BY SENATOR PAUL H. DOUGLAS AT THE
insert ill th
R
It seems to me that this opens a great
opportunity for greater profit for Ger-
our balance-of-payments proble
AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT PRAISED
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, an
informative editorial in the New Orleans
.Times-Picayune contains a very good ex-
planation of the mission of the Agency
for International Development-AID-
In Vietnam.
As the article states:
it is nonmilitary (but occasionally dan-
gerous), and complements the war effort by
helping the local government and populace
achieve a level of broad, capable well-being
that will support the current anti-Commu-
nist struggle and build a nation able to stand
on its own when the war is eventually over
and the U.S. protectors withdrawn.
The paper adds:
it is, then, important work that needs
and deserves the best talent obtainable.
In the conviction that others will want
to read the article, I ask permission to
have it inserted in full in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New Orleans (La.) Times-
Picayune, Mar, 21, 1966]
AID SEEKS AID HERE
e
ECORD a letter written by AMHERST COLLEGE GRADUATION EXERCISES,
Mary G. Hundley, which appeared in the AMHERST, MASS., JUNE 3, 1966
Washington Evening Star of Tuesday, I am deeply appreciative of the great honor
June 14, 1966. you have conferred upon me and I want to
There bean no objection, the letter thank the President, the faculty and the
g Governing Board for it. I shall always treas-
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ure this distinction.
as follows:
-----EX LAI.'KING years ago that I had the pleasure of teaching
SIR: The recent White House Conference young men in this happy valley. But the
on Civil Rights has left many public spirited senses tell me that it was only yesterday,
citizens disillusioned and frustrated. It and that the dignified men in their early
seems that we have reached a deadlock in sixties whom I apparently see before me are
our long struggle for the progress and rights in reality the slim youths who dared me to
of colored Americans. Now that the laws interest them in their studies-a challenge to
have been passed, we are still confronted which I am afraid I made a very imperfect
with subtle forces of hatred and baffling response.
problems of competition. Demagogues are It was a time of hidden weaknesses and of
haranguing the people, dividing Negroes into outer contentment. There was deep and
groups according to color or means, and pro- widespread poverty at home, while abroad
rooting animosity among them, just as the Russian Communism was consolidating its
slaveholders rsed to do. gains. The Blackshirts had firm control over
Elements of revolt are seriously threaten- Italy, while an unsuccessful artist by the
ing the social order. Criminals and dropouts name of Adolf Schickelgruber, nursing his
are excused as victims of society, but no one emotional wounds in prison, wrote down his
has the courage to blame them for refusing gospel of hate in Mein K?nxpf,
to do an honest day's work. Parents uphold But all this made little impression upon
children who defy the teacher and, later, propsperous Americans, or upon their sons
they blame the school when the pupils show and daughters who congregated in the halls
their ignorance of the 3 Its. Civic groups of academe.
with no constructive program to offer attack All of us were living in a more or less happy
schools, school boards and school officials who state of euphoria engendered by the con-
are dedicated public servants. tinual rise in the stock market which most
Civic responsibility used to be encouraged men believed was making middle and upper
and clean neighborhoods were a source of class America painlessly rich.
pride. Today the teacher, the police and the The naturally rebellious instincts of youth
landlord are blamed, for the community's turned in the 20's to H. L. Mencken and the
problems: everyone else demands freedom American Mercury for inspiration, and
for himself and obligations are overlooked, sought self-realization in the revolt against
MARY G. HUNDLEY. prohibition and indeed all Victorian taboos.
Si
gmund Freud became the arbiter of morals
and the ultimate evil was thought to be the
suppression of desire since this created "com-
plexes" which were thought to prevent inte-
grated personalities. A self-conscious group
of writers and artists were strutting on the
left bank of the Seine as they somewhat
grandiloquently proclaimed themselves "the
lost generation."
Those happy and slightly pagan days have
long since vanished into the mists of time.
They in fact exploded in a day of apocalyptic
thunder in the stock market crash of Octo-
ber, 1929. For then a carefree generation
learned that life indeed was real and earnest.
Since then, the men of the 20's have seen
and taken part in the worst of recorded de-
pressions and the bloodiest war in human
history. Many of our number have perished
physically, economically or spiritually in
these catastrophes. We have seen the in-
famous racial crimes of the Nazis and the
almost equally brutal class and bureaucratic
crimes of the Commies. We have seen the
rise of a new set of police states as cruel and
ruthless as their predecessors. We have
seen the Einstein formula of E-MC- become
a terrible reality as the latent energy within
the atom has been released and now hangs
over the world as a black cloud of threatened
universal and mutual destruction.
But we have also seen, and I hope taken
part in, the eternal struggle of the
It had become rather an irrelevant cliche SENATOR PAUL H. DOUGLAS, OF
before the Honolulu conference that the war I ILLINOIS
in Viet Nam would really be won not in the
military field but in the fields of politics, Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
economics, and social development. The President, there are times when it is
Honolulu conference, however, put a new fitting to interrupt our proceedings to
emphasis on such programs and the increased recognize the achievements of a great
United States military commitment has pro- American. It is my pleasure today to do
vided them with a sounder shield. A con- this-to make public the esteem that
tinuing but presently crucial problem of the Senator PAUL H. DOUGLAS has engendered
development campaign is reflected in the
current drive by the Agency for Interna- In my heart and the hearts of my eol-
tional Development (AID) for employees for leagues in the Senate.
its Viet Nam operations. Senator DOUGLAS has distinguished
A recruiting team is in town to interview himself in a variety of roles-as a hero
and, it hopes, sign up men and women with in the crucible of war, as a student and
both the qualifications and the motivation to professor in the halls of our great uni-
do service in Viet Nam. AID now has 800 versities, and as a pioneer of social legis-
employees in Viet Nam and needs 500 more
(local and contract employees swell the pro- Americans lotion in the U. be Congress. Most
gram total to several thousand). Its need would be honored to be e as
as
has forced it to reassign its own people else- successful in a single field as Senator
where to Viet Nam, (service there had previ- DOUGLAS has been in many.
ously been voluntary) and to go to the labor On June 3, 1966, Amherst College
market in a special drive. presented Senator DOUGLAS with an
The aid program in Viet Nam is concerned honorary doctor of laws degree, in ap-
with "a developing nation, with its public preciation of his unselfish devotion to
safety, education, agriculture, health serv-
i
s
ce
, and economic development," said Assist- our country. In accepting this degree,
ant Administrator Robert Herder, here to Senator DOUGLAS spoke of "the eternal
open the New Orleans-based drive. It is non- struggle of the human spirit to build a
military (but occasion
ll
a
y dangerous), and
complements the war effort by helping the
local government and populace achieve a
No. 99-18
W
Who more characterizes this spirit than world. We have seen the numberswofythe
Senator DOU ho more char himself? porn' cut in half and a concerted effort made
to further reduce their number and to give
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the oncoming boys and girls a better chance TEXT OF CrrATIO1 AGI[ rvvEN SENACOLLETOR G AUM H
the nation improve, the span of life lengthen
nd the time spent in school extended. We
a
dis-
are seeing an ever growing
of grace vandento make
solve the prejudices
those of darker skins full-fledged citizens of
the United States with equal rights and
duties.
And now, in this sylvan and quiet setting,
we pause for a few brief hours as an island
in the midst of time to witness the ever
continuing act of human renewal and of a
new stream of youth graduating f from this
college and by doing so entering the wide
river of adult life.
It is well that they should do so after four
years of comparatively quiet timelessness in
which the generations could blend and blur
and in which issues could be considered sub
specie aeternitas or "under the aspects of
eternity."
We know not what will be their fate 1 and
a
id
"PAUL HOWARD VOUGLAS, Urn . ---
Senator, Phi Beta Kappa, son of Bowdoin,
Master and Doctor of Philosophy from Co-
l unbia."
"We are grateful that the kaleidoscope of
institutions where you have taught includes
Amherst College from 1924 to 1927. As
teacher, scholar, Marine, politician and
statesman, you have shown that there is a
universality to real distinction which can-
not be imprisoned in a single specialty or
occupation. Your achievement is an in-
spiration we need always before us, and we
are grateful that you can be the example.
But you, sir, have received so many honors
that one more may seem redundant so today,
while we recognize your outstanding service,
we are also greeting you with the affection
accorded the lost lamb, or a former professor
at Amherst."
ua
deed our own. Life has many indiv
ooilective perils. But, although probably ALASKA AS A VACATION LAND
most of the youngsters graduating here to- $ARTLETT. Mr. President, I
heir elders, can, Mr.
day do not want advice from
and often do, talk at length about
possibly a few may, and may Inquiringly ask,
"What do you think life a infe and history have the many attractions which make Alaska
really taught you? Are there any hints a great vacation land. However, I am
which you can offer us on the conduct of sure that listeners, limited to those who
life?" Any reply must of necessity be in- have not been to Alaska, tend to dis-
complete and somewhat self-conscious, but miss my statements as overexaggerated
will If perhaps you pardon me I attempt because of excessive pride in my home
to answer what t are, I believe, these unspoken State,
hungers of the human heart.
That what is most needed in the world is That may well be, for it is quite easy
an great pride history the awesome
love-or energized good will-which, if given to take
ome
a chance and practiced with devotion can in
most cases melt antagonisms within a demo- State.
cratic society and reconcile opposites. Fortunately my feelings about Alaska
That truth has at once a compulsive and a vacation land are echoed by many
healing power. We should not be afraid iof as s tourists who have visited the great
truth, for if recognized and acted upfon, it is Northwest.
the rock upon which we can base our individ- One of those tourists, William R.
ual and collective lives.
That in its larger aspects, truth is not Mathews, devoted an editorial in a recent
simple but subtle. Frequently, it requires a edition of the Arizona Daily Star, of
long process of discovery both by the prob- Tucson, to extolling the virtues of
ings of research and the sifting induced by Alaska. His laudatory words carry
dialogue. added weight because he comes from a
That in dealing with then, winds doctrine, State which is a great vacation land
in the words s of of Jefferso"We should not
be afraid to tolerate error as long as reason itslelfsk unanimous consent that Mr.
be left free to combat it:" That when aggression stalks either a com- Mathews' editorial be printed in the
munity or the world, resistance to it is both RECORD as evidence that we Alaskans
necessary and noble, lest it become all per- know of what we speak when we brag
our State.
vasive. And it is well that it should be
checked in its early days before it can of the There being n attractions objection, of ur editorial
acquire the cumulative momentum of success. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
That human courage in defense of an
ideal is an ultimate virtue which we should as follows:
not permit the pressures of conformity to [From the Arizona Daily Star, May 29, 19681
diminish. The nation which minimizes ALASKA AS A VACATION LAND
courage is on the road to destruction. (By William R. Mathews)
That the Athenians did well to make the
owl and. the olive tree their symbols to denote The coming 6f summer ~a wh i le
wisdom and peace. But freedom tempered arouses thoughts of where to go
with love is the only atmosphere in which see, of doi{Ig something interesting. Many
true wisdom and peace can flourish. And of us who live in the arid Southwest like to
to preserve and maintain all these virtues, a see something different and some of the
strong admixture of Spartan courage is young and old like to do a bit of luxurious
that adventuring without too great a cost.
ar
y
needed. Thermopylae was necess
Socrates might practice his dialectic. One of the most delightful and least ex-
Sometimes these virtues-love, truth, free- pensive trips I have ever taken in all of my
dom, reason, and courage-are decided as travels was one to Alaska, which took in also
mere semantic abstractions. But they are Yukon Territory, Including Dawson and the
not that; they are living realities whose famous Klondike. It can be done easily now
power we can increase by practicing them by motorcar, as well as by plane, ship and
systematically. bus, or various combinations of these varied
Finally, let us not neglect laughter and joy means of transportation.
as vital elements in the good life. For let us A trip by motorcar can be made with
remember that Beethoven closed his Ninth greatly increased ease, if one uses the new
Symphony with his Hymn to Joy, and that ferry service that runs from a point near
Shakespeare wisely asked in "Twelfth Night," Vancouver, north as far as Skagway. The
"An dost thou think, because thou art trip is one of the most beautiful and com-
virtuous, that there shall be no more cakes fortable abllee one in thate eroorns world. the he er ries pro-ample for and ale?" and will
carry your car along. On the way you can
see such interesting places as Ketchikan, and
the capital city of Juneau and its nearby
glaciers.
You can make a trip by air from Seattle,
nonstop to Anchorage, in a few hours, which
gives one a chance to fly over the gorgeous
mountains and their surrounding snow des-
erts. At times, as far as your eyes can see,
there is nothing but snow, with craggy peaks
protruding now and then. But the delight-
ful, restful and adventurous way to go is by
ferry from Vancouver north as far as Skag-
way.
Skagway is a nearly deserted port city
which served as the jumping-off point for
the rush to,the Klondike. The new - ferry
service, which was not going in 1961, must
help this city that looks like a large deserted
mining camp. It has all kinds of empty
stores and houses.
It has a folklore of its own. It is a well-
laid-out city, which never has expanded as
planned. It is the starting point of the
narrow-gauge railroad that climbs through
the historic mountain pass across the high
Rockies. The railroad ride is comfortable
and spectacular. After the train passes into
Yukon Territory, it stops at a station where
passengers can stuff themselves with deli-
ciously prepared food by helping themselves.
The cost is modest. The train continues to
White Horse, which is a clean, modern
Canadian city.
At this city, one can be surprised by the
number of beautiful river steamers that
compare to those that used to ply the Mis-
sissippi and Ohio Rivers. They now are tied
up. They are obsolete. Good roads have
deprived them of their business.
This trip from Skagway to White Horse
can be made easily by motorcar. A motorist
can choose to go to White Horse and thence
to Dawson and the Klondike, or turn off on
the Alcan highway and head for Fairbanks,
Alaska. However, the trip to White Horps
by train and then to Dawson by a day-long
bus ride, passes quickly. The scenery is that
interesting.
Dawson is on the Yukon River, and there
too, several of those magnificent river steam-
ers are tied up. One was being made into
a museum in 1961. The road to Dawson
passes through the Klondike area, which to-
day is a great field of ore dumps. Some gold
still is being mined.
The city of Dawson is about half deserted,
but it is becoming another Tombstone. It,
too, has a heritage of the rough, tough life,
with plenty of shootings and killings in its
heyday. Robert W. Service lived there. His
former home is a museum. Dawson has its
historic points just like Tombstone.
Daily bus service runs from Dawson across:
the mountains and north to Fairbanks. The
day-long ride goes through famous moose
country. From the road one can see at
times a few dredging operations that use
the summer months to search for gold. One
knows he is back in the United States when
the unpaved highway hits the paved Alcan
highway in Alaska.
Fairbanks is a thriving American city. A
few miles north of it we saw a great dredg-
ing operation that works night and day.
Fairbanks has a delightful summer climate,
but in the winter it has the reputation of
being one of the coldest cities world,
No one should miss flying from
500 miles north over the mountains to Poi of
Barrow, the most northerly point
the North American continent. It is essen-
tially a naval oil land base. The waters of
the Arctic Ocean lap its shore. It is in-
habited mostly by Eskimos.
There I learned for the first time that
tides do not prevail in the Arctic Ocean. In
the summertime, some remnants of icebergs
can be seen. The ocean is frozen over most
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 12834
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 16, 1966
old and dear friend, our beloved Speaker of
the House, JOHN W. MCCORMACH, and the
distinguished Assistant Minority Leader in
the Senate, LEVERETT SALTONSTALL-they
typify the leadership of New England. I
know they and the other Members of the
Congress will address themselves with dili-
gence and perserverance to the legislation
before them and I feel strongly that despite
all other troubles, you can count on substan-
tial housing legislation in this Session.
May I just close this good opportunity you
have given me to talk with you, by paying
my personal tribute to a man we loved dearly
in the Congress, and one of your greatest
sons-our late President and my good friend,
John F. Kennedy. I worked hard for Presi-
dent Kennedy' when he was in office and I
have often thought how well he typified the
best in the qualities of leadership we honor.
He set out these qualities once in a Speech
to the Massachusetts State Legislature, in
early January of 1961. He said,
"Courage, judgment, integrity, dedication-
these are the historic qualities of the Bay
Colony and the Bay State, the qualities
which this state has consistently sent to
Beacon. Hill here in Boston and to Capitol
Hill in Washington."
I echo the sentiments of many throughout
the land in telling you we will never forget
how well he exemplified for us these quali-
ties-of courage, judgement, integrity and
dedication.
Thank you very much for your courtesy
and attention. I am pleased to be with you
at this conference.
DEMONSTRATION CITIES PASSAGE SEEN: NON-
PROFIT HOUSING PLANS AIRED AT BOSTON
COLLEGE
(By Robert L. Hassett)
A former U.S. representative predicted at
Boston College Tuesday that Congress will
approve during this session President John-
son's demonstration cities program-an un-
precedented effort to rid entire neighbor-
hoods of slums and blighted areas.
Atty. Albert Rains, former chairman of the
House subcommittee on housing, spoke at
the end of an all-day conference on non-
profit housing at the Chestnut Hill campus.
BU IS COSPONSOR
It was cosponsored by the Bureau of Pub-
lic Affairs at Boston College and Urban
America, Inc.
The proposed legislation would authorize
the Department of Housing and Urban De-
velopment to make grants and provide tech-
nical assistance to plan and carry out anti-
slum programs.
It would also provide for the expansion
and improvement of public facilities and
social services considered vital to the health
and welfare of persons living in blighted
areas.
As many as 70 cities may be involved 1
the program, estimated to cost $12 million I
mentary grants for demonstration projects.
It was further estimated` that the budget
expenditure for fiscal 1967 would be $5,-
000,000.
"A principal purpose of the demonstration
cities bill," Rains said, "is to channel funds
and programs so as to create substantial ad-
ditions to the supply of law and moderate
income housing-and to combine physical
reconstruction and rehabilitation with ef-
fective social programs throughout the re-
building process.
COULD AID 5,000 HERE
"For the largest qualifying cities such as
Boston, as stated in the President's message,
a relatively modest program could provide
better houisng for about 5,000 families now
living in substandard dwellings.
"It could rehabilitate other marginal
housing for perhaps 50,000 more people. And
a typical program could well involve a total
of 35,000 units or up to 100,000 people."
Rains told the conference he believes that
nonprofit sponsors of housing will be "at
the heart of the program."
"Indeed," he said, "the Congress and the
President are placing an increasing reliance
upon your abilities, your perseverance, your
capacity to serve these needs of the nation."
One of the conference speakers was critical
of references to housing developments as
"projects."
Edward Sullivan, president of Building
Service Employes International Union Local
254, said, "I never assumed that when we
went into building housing developments,
we were going into the project business."
HORSES LIVE BETTER
His union sponsored Academy Homes in
Washington Park.
"They talk of disadvantaged people," said
Sullivan. "Well, in Roxbury that's a
euphemism for Negroes. In Roxbury some
Negroes are being housed in conditions worse
than the stables at Suffolk Downs.
"The people in Boston don't want all these
social services you've been giving them.
They don't want visiting nurses or visiting
psychiatrists.
"Build them a house and they'll motivate
themselves. All these people need is to be
treated like everyone else."
The Rev. Henry Browne, president of
Stryker's Bay Neighborhood Council in New
York City, was also critical of some social
service agencies.
"The welfare industry has been living off
the poor for years," he said.
James Feeley, chief underwriter of the
Federal Housing Administration, told the
conference some of today's housing planning
is "highly unrealistic."
An example, he said, is the designing of a
high-rise apartment house for the accommo-
dation of families with small children, with
mothers worried about them playing 10
stories below.
BEFOGGED VISION
"Are we looking at housing through our
eyes or through the eyes of those we mean
to cater to? When you become so befogged
that you impose your will on other people,
then you are not serving the public good,"
Feeley said.
Atty. John R. Gallagher, 3rd, a former
FHA counsel, warned the conference that
there is not enough non-profit participation
in the non-profit housing program.
"This program was established to take care
of those people who earn too much to make
them eligible for public housing but not
enough to be able to meet high rentals,"
Gallagher said.
"Unless more non-profit people get into
the program, the federal government will and
OCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRAMS
IN THE HAMLETS AND VILLAGES
OF SOUTH VIETNAM ARE MAKING
PERCEPTIBLE PROGRESS
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
GRAY). Under previous order of the
House the gentleman from Delaware
[Mr. McDOWELLI is recognized for 5
minutes.
Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Speaker, I sub-
mit the following interesting report with
respect to the conflict in Vietnam:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 8,
1966]
BEHIND THE WAR
(By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak)
The latest intelligence from the U.S. Em-
bassy in Saigon shows that finally, after years
of rosy propaganda but half-hearted efforts,
social and economic programs in the hamlets
and villages of south Vietnam are making
perceptible progress.
Between 1962 and 1965, for example, 7 mil-
lion textbooks for schoplchildren were dis-
tributed throughout South Vietnam. For
this year alone, the goal of 6 million addi-
tional textbooks is on schedule. New class-
rooms and teachers are growing at roughly
equal proportions.
The commodity import program for rice,
sugar, cement, condensed milk and other pri-
ority items for the reconstruction program
is now moving about twice as fast as a year
ago. In August, 1965, 107,000 tons of non-
military imports were unloaded from ships
that often had to wait in Saigon's rivers for
more than a month before unloading. The
monthly rate of imports today is 200,000 tons
and the unloading time has been sharply cut.
These statistics reflect the change in atti-
tudes and priorities since President Johnson
elevated the reconstruction program, always
an impoverished stepchild of the war, to a
position roughly equal to the military. effort.
The President gave Deputy Ambassador
William Porter full responsibility in Saigon
to break bottlenecks and require the military
to cooperate on civilian programs. In Wash-
ington, he made White House aide Robert
Komer a virtual czar over reconstruction,
bringing into one office control over the
entire program.
What this means is that Komer can get im-
mediate action from Secretary of Defense
Robert S. McNamara (who is as fully com-
mitted to reconstruction as the President
himself) whenever command decisions are
needed to free supplies for the reconstruction
program.
Before Komer in Washington and Porter in
Saigon were established as President John-
son's personal agents empowered to com-
mand, the nonmilitary program was con-
demmned to second-class status.
Since the Honolulu Conference last win-
ter, when the President ordered an all-out
reconstruction offensive, other changes have
occurred that just might end years of mis-
leading eyewash flowing from Saigon.
Reports coming into Saigon from the vil-
lage, district and provincial level always
tended to exaggerate progress in reconstruc-
tion. In turn, these reports were inevitably
further exaggerated when the U.S. Mission in
Saigon sent them on to Washington. The
result was a pyramiding of rosy facts and
figures completely beyond reality.
Now a serious effort has been made to
change all that. Specific orders have gone
to Saigon that the monthly reports from the
field are to be transmitted to Washington
without the change of a comma. And U.S.
reconstruction experts in the field have been
warned not to overplay the impact of the
program in their areas.
Furthermore, the first class of 4500
specially-trained Vietnamese reconstruction
experts-the Black Pajama cadres-was grad-
uated from the new school at Vungtau on
May 21. This first contingent was divided
into groups or cadres of about 59 specialists
each, including a small "census survey" team
in each cadre, and assigned to villages and
hamlets.
The census survey teams are the first im-
portant effort by the Saigon government
to discover in a systematic way how the
peasants really feel about the Communist
Vietcong. Under the cover of taking a cen-
sus, these survey teams ask innocuous-
sounding questions which hopefully will give
the government its first look at the political
motivation of the peasants.
For years, Washington has been celebrat-
ing the peaceful reconstruction program in
South Vietnam. For years, nothing much
has been accomplished. If this time it is
different, the major reasons is that at long
last healthy realism is nudging aside the old
euphoria.
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June 16, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 12833
Well, I don't like to make predictions, but the economy-through a nonprofit develop- liberablize the FHA programs; others will
I really doubt that the Housing Subcom- ment corporation-should do likewise, and help relocation housing. Two amendments
mi.ttee will write a blank check on authority probably can do even a greater job. will permit longer leases by local housing
for. appropriations; nor do I think they are This Detroit action resembles the newly authorities and authorize the leasing for
likely to place the full burden of decision as formed Cambridge Corporation, which I have housing to be constructed as well as for
to the scope of the program upon the Ap- heard about. And I am sure that in Boston existing housing. A new program would be
propriations Committees. It seems war- proper, you have equal resources for citizen authorized to demonstrate methods of ap-
ranted to me that the Congress should de- and community leadership. plying and encouraging acceptance of tech-
fine the program to some degree, and indeed May I point out also that a principle pur- nological advances in housing.
this may be necessary to obtain its passage. pose of the Demonstration Cities Bill is to HISTORICAL PRESERVATION
Certainly the funds for planning grants channel funds and programs so as to create i am pleased also to tell you that during
should be authorized to get the program substantial additions to the supply of low the past year I was able to take part in de-
de-
started. And how far beyond this is abso- and moderate income housing-and to com- a in
lutely necessary at this point remains to be bine physical reconstruction and rehabilita- ve velMing legislation
and of uNew nique ininterest I here
seen. The Mayors of New York and Detroit, tion with effective social programs through- the honor to serve as Chairman of a Special had
in very able presentations, pointed to the out the rebuilding process.
Insufficiency of total funds even at the maxi- For the largest qualifying cities such as Committee on Historic Preservation, oper-
mum level authorizations recommended by Boston, as stated In the President's Message, ating under a grant from The Ford Founda-
the Administration. It was further sug- a relatively modest program could provide tion and sponsored by the U.S. Conference of
gested that the total obligational authority better housing for about 5,000 families now Mayors.
be made available for contracts at the earli- living in substandard dwellings. It could Senator MusxrE of Maine was a member of
est possible time. rehabilitate other marginal housing for per- this Committee ittee and he had Congressman
Perhaps the answer lies in between the haps 50,000 more people. And a typical pro- WIDNALL of New Jersey have introduced
conflicting demands, as so often Is the case. gram could well involve a total of 35,000 legislation to carry out our findings. I am
It would very likely be a mistake to author- units or up to 100,000 people. hopeful it will pass in this Session. Very
ize planning grants without some level of And do you doubt that nonprofit sponsors briefly our bill would:'
authority for contractual supplementary will be at the heart of this program? I do 1. Create a National Advisory Council on
grants. Therefore I think a reasonable solu- not. Indeed, the Congress and the Presi- Historic Preservation;
tion might be found in the approval of such dent are placing an increasing reliance upon 2. Provide for new programs of loans and
authority for the supplementary grants as is your abilities, your perseverance, your capac- grants for the acquisition and restoration of.
estimated to be required for expenditures ity to serve these needs of the Nation. structures of historical significance;
during the fiscal years immediately ahead. I think the very fact that The Ford Foun- 3. Permit cities to acquire structures of
The President's Message on Housing men- dation has made a substantial grant to historic significance for which they would
tio:ned a level of $400 million per year. This Urban America, to rupply technical assist- receive credit as local non-cash contributions
will get the program started and at the same once to nonprofit groups, is further evidence under the urban renewal program;
time, give the Congress and the cities the op- of the significance of your role. I hope that 4. Set up a three-year program of fellow-
portunity to understand more clearly its the great r_onpraflt organizations of America ships for architects and technicians to meet
boundaries and its opportunities. will join government at all levels in this the critical shortage of trained personnel in
Already there are detailed and specific effort. We need them. these fields;
guidelines in the legislation on qualification We need the- foundations, the universities, 5. Provide urban planning grants for sur-
of cities. Other criteria have been suggested the national religious organizations, the veys of historical structures; and
during the hearings. Secretary Weaver has great fraternal and civic groups, and the 6. Make grants to the National Trust for
warned that it will not be easy to qualify business associations. And when I say Historic Preservation in the United States
ad-
for assistance. Mayor Lindsay and Ed Logue "we"-I mean the Congress, the Administra- ministration. for r of structures under its ad-
have argued that it should be made easy to tion, the cities throughout the land-and, mn rationqualify and as easy as possible. most of all, the people of America. We also hope that legislation will be
My tendency would be to urge simplicity. Passed to establish a National Register
The legislative history and the bill as intro. METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING of sites, buildings, and objects significant in
duced already set forth the many considers- FINANCE American history, architecture, archeology,
bons to be encompassed in a decision on I mentioned earlier that there are a num- and culture. We hope grants can be made
qualification. I would hope the procedure her of other bills before the Committees. to State and local governments for surveys,
would be simple, quick and as inexpensive as Some of them will bear upon your future plans and projects of historical preservation,
possible. The concepts of project magni- and your organizations. But I do not pro- and to the National Trust for education,
tude, city-wide balance, local resources, ads- pose to discuss them in detail, nor does time service and financial assistance to preserva-
quate administrative machinery, etc., are all permit. tion projects.
capable of dwithout lengthy There is now pending, for example, the THE TEMPER OF CONGRESS
bureaucratic demonstration n dickering. Administration's bill, H.R. 12946, called the
"Urban Development Act". In essence It All of the legislation I have described, and
On this point, I might add, the idea of a much more in housing that defies a detailed
federal coordinator as a mandatory art of would provide a new program of grants to
p stimulate more effective metropolitan summary, must be handled by a Congress be-
the program could be a help or a hindrance, plan- set with the e same troubled mood that now
w
depending on the circumstances and the ning and development. The first-year pro- permeates the land. Thomas Paine spoke
city. I think such an appointment might be gram level would be for $25 million and well, back in the Revolutionary Years, when
made a discretionary matter with the Secre- a five year program is contemplated, he said "These are the timeat try men's
tary-and the post might be easier if he were These grants would provide supplemental souls.-
labeled labeled something different. A "demonstra- and increased Federal aid to projects gen- But my recital of what is before the Con-
tioD. coordinator" sounds a lot less like a czar erally affecting the growth of metropolitan grass and the country In terms of housing
than a "federal coordinator", areas-for transportation facilities (includ- and urban development is most certainly
You may wonder, in all of this, where the ing mass transit, roads and airports) water one which rings with hope for the future,
nonprofit group fits in. I hasten to say that and sewer facilities, and recreation and open which spells growth for the Nation.
your role can be of great significance. space areas. Supplementary grants could Years ago a noted Boston lawyer and re-
For example, the mayor of Detroit has al- not exceed 20 percent of the cost of such former, Wendell Philips, in a moment of ex-
ready placed reliance upon a newly formed projects. asperation said he believed that, "We live
nonprofit corporation, made up of leading I should note that this bill, H.R. 12946, also under a government of men and morning
citizens, to mobilize all the resources of the contains proposed new authority for an ex- newspapers". Sometimes I think this Is true,
community. The Detroit nonprofit organ!- panded 701 program to develop new tech- And I have noted reecntly a few editorials
zation is designed to create massive support piques of metropolitan planning and,devel- and stories to the effect that we will have no
in the private community, not only to make opment. It also proposes, again, the enact- housing bill this year.
the demonstration city program a reality, but ment of an expanded FHA insurance pro- It Is true that the country and the Con-
also to make the whole redevelopment of gram for land development-for "new com- gress is concerned with the war In Viet Nam
their city a practical reality. munities". This would also involve Federal and our difficult situation in other foreign
About one hundred leaders, civic, busi- loans made to land development agencies, lands. This is true equally in Alabama as
ness, labor, university heads and others were including cities and other public agencies, in Massachusetts. But too often people for-
called together In Detroit and they agreed to finance the acquisition and planning of get another saying of Thomas Paine which
unanimously that It was necessary to qualify large-scale tracts for later development. bites hard at this matter: "The summer
Detroit as a demonstration city. The in- A third bill before the Congress, H.R. soldier and the sunshine patriot," he said,
tentlon is to stimulate the private sector of 13064, would amend and extend the existing "in this crisis, shrink from the service of
the community and to spur greater private laws relating to housing and urban develop- their country." Neither the citizenry nor the
investment. In. short, If the Federal Gov- ment. As you might expect this is called leadership in either State is apt to fit Paine's
ernment and local government is about to the "Housing and Urban Development classifications.
spend several millions of dollars in a demon- Amendments of 1966". I know well the leaders of Congress who
Stratton city area, then the private sector of Some of these amendments will assist and come from this great Commonwealth-my
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