VIETNAM PEACE EFFORTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080007-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2005
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: June 22, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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13218 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
volving the operation of the FBI, and the
rights of citizens in a free society.
WIDE RANGE
The FBI's recent investigations
eluded such areas as these;
Bobby Baker ease to bring the issue to i
VIETNAM PEACE EFFORTS
A national magazine discovered in 1964 that
the FBI had compiled-for unexplained rea-
sons-a dossier on the ex-wife of one of its
writers. The material in the file was cited
by Hoover's associates in refusing to allow
the writer to sit in on an interview with the
FBI director.
The managing editor of a prominent news-
paper in the Midwest was advised by a U.S.
District Attorney in 1965 that a reporter for
the paper had become persona non grata at
the Federal building because of "derogatory
information" circulated by the FBI.
University professors and Americans in
other walks of life have become aware within
the past year that they have been under sur-
veillance both here and in their foreign
travels at the instigation of the FBI.
The authors of books critical of the Fed-
eral establishment are the subject of dossiers
in the FBI files.
The investigations that have produced
these materials are based on almost unlimited
authority to probe into the lives of suspected
criminals, "security risks" and "subversive."
The Attorney General, the Justice Depart-
ment says, provides only "general" supervi-
sion over these activities.
The grant of investigative authority to the
director of the FBI is, in other words, ex-
tremely broad, and the Justice Department
now finds itself in the position of trying to
define the limits in terms of eavesdropping
and wiretaps
The irony is that it has taken the Federal
drive against "organized crime" and the
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, in regard
to Vietnam, I. believe that the mood of
the American people is to offer reasonable
proposals to bring the struggle to a con-
clusion. The report in today's New York
Times to the effect that we have offered a
"reciprocal lessening of hostilities"-a
proposal similar to the one I have been
making for a military freeze-is such a
reasonable first step proposal. I must
also point out, however, that the Amer-
ican mood has another dimension-that
If our opponents in Vietnam continue
their unwise practice of curtly rejecting
such peace offers, the reaction of the U.S.
people will be even more resolute.
If the Communists are strategizing
their policy on the assumption that the
United States lacks staying power in Viet-
nam-that the American people will be-
come tired-they are pursuing precisely
the wrong course. I say this as one who
has been against escalation and has ques-
tioned certain aspects of our policy in
Vietnam. The Communists have only to
remember the fact that we still have over
50,000 American troops in Korea. The
American people become more, not less
resolute, in pursuing a struggle when they
believe that our Government is making
good faith peace offers.
The proposal for a military freeze re-
portedly made by our Government is both
practical and reasonable. The fact that
the Communists have rejected it out of
hand, and the further fact that they con-
tinue to insist on the unconditional ces-
sation of bombing in the North without
reciprocity on their part should be clear
June 2.2, 1966
indication that they are not yet seek- and also "raise the cost of aggression at
ing peace as they profess. its source," but I would urge the Presi-
As long as the Communists continue dent to make another try to avoid the
in their opposition to peace, we must con- further escalation of the conflict.
centrate our, efforts on helping the peo- Mr. President, in this connection, I ask
ple of South Vietnam to hold free elec- unanimous consent to have printed in
tions and create a duly-elected civilian the RECORD at this point an article pub-
government to carry on the struggle. lished in the New York Times of June 22,
Under the circumstances, this is the best 1966,
way to guarantee the resolute spirit of the There being no objection, the article
American people in respect of Vietnam. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
Last Saturday, the President issued a as follows:
most important statement on Vietnam in [From the New York Times, June 22, 19661
terms of its emphasis on military solu- HANOI SAID To BAR LATEST U.S. OPFER FOR
tions. The President was, in effect, pro- PEACE PARLEY--PLANS FOR TALKS WHILE
viding the rationale for the further es- BOTH SIDES REDUCE THE FIGHTING IS RE-
calation of the conflict. This is in line PORTED SPURNED-PROPOSAL CALLED FRAUD-
with Secretary McNamara's announce- U.S. Am GOES TO OTTAWA, PERHAPS To SEE
ment that by the end of this year, U.S. AID WHO VISITED NORTH VIETNAM
troops in Vietnam will number at least (By Seymour Topping)
400,000. HONG KONG, June 21.-North Vietnam was
I am fully aware of the reasons for this reported today to have rejected a United
decision-the stubborn and persistent States proposal for the opening of peace talks
ing them-to negotiate and the increas-
ing infiltration into South Vietnam of
regular North Vietnamese forces. But,
I believe that as the President commits
the United States to a large increase in
our forces at this time-up to about the
maximum I and many others had ever
visualized-he should continue to make
other realistic attempts by private and
public means to put a lid on the fighting
and to bring about a peace conference
of all relevant parties.
I stress the word "realistic" because
many of the proposals recently made,
such as cease fires and high-level diplo-
matic meetings, are not realistic if the
other side will not respond. And, at this
stage of the Vietnam conflict, there is
probably little hope for a prolonged or
extended cease fire. More likely, as in
the Korean war, fighting will occur dur-
ing the negotiations themselves. The
establishment of a cease fire, as a prac-
tical matter, probably will be the busi-
ness of the conference itself. The pro-
posal for a Foreign Ministers' meeting
is similarly impractical at this point.
There must be someone to talk with and
something to talk about, some common
ground, before talks can proceed profit-
ably at this high level.
Therefore, a first step toward peace
should deal with the problem of escala-
tion itself, for while the conflict is es-
calating there is little likelihood that
discussion-could begin.
I would, therefore, like to reiterate my
proposal for a military freeze; that is, a
ceiling on the present magnitude of bat-
tle particularly in respect to the intro-
duction of new troops. Such a freeze
could be agreed to by the parties involved
prior to the actual peace conference.
This would consist of a pledge by the
United States that it will stop sending
additional troops into South Vietnam in
return for a pledge by North Vietnam to
halt the infiltration of its soldiers into
South` Vietnam; the freeze should be
subject to international verification by
the U.N., the I.C.C.-India, Poland, and
Canada-or any other agreeable inter-
national body.
I agree that the United States may
have to step up its operation in the south
lomats in Hanoi, according to reliable reports
reaching American sources here, that the
United States bid was simply another "peace
offensive fraud" perpetrated by the Johnson
Administration.
[William P. Bundy, the Assistant Secretary
of State for Far Eastern Affairs, flew from
Washington to Ottawa Tuesday, presumably
for a report on the latest Canadian peace ap-
proach to Hanoi, The Associated Press re-
ported. A special Canadian envoy, Chester
Ronning, has just returned to Ottawa from
Hanoi.]
As a prerequisite to negotiations, Hanoi is
demanding unconditional cessation of United
States bombing of North Vietnam, without
any commitment that the Communist coun-
try would diminish sending troops and sup-
plies to aid the Vietcong guerrillas in South
Vietnam.
The impression of diplomats stationed in
Hanoi I,%, that the North Vietnamese are still
determined to prosecute the war, in the hope
that the Saigon Government will collapse po-
litically or that President Johnson's Admin-
istration will be compelled to withdraw
United States troops under pressure of public
opinion at home.
North Vietnamese regiments have massed
in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam,
apparently to deal a blow during the mon-
soon season that would discourage the United
States war effort.
DIPLOMATS HEAR RESPONSE
North Vietnamese officials have stated
their attitude in talks with foreign diplo-
mats and with Communist delegates who
attended the congress of the Czechoslovak
Communist party in Prague this month.
The United States offer for a reciprocal
lessening of hostilities as a basis for peace
negotiations was conveyed to North Vietnam
through the ambassadorial talks in Warsaw
between the United States and Communist
China, through Eastern European channels,
and presumably, by Chester Ronning, special
envoy sf Canada, who recently visited Hanoi.
Mr. Ronning left Hanoi last Saturday to
return to Ottawa after three days of talks
with the North Vietnamese Foreign Minister,
Nguyen Duy Trinl. The Canadian envoy
visited Hanoi on a similar mission in effort
to bring North Vietnam and the United
States to the conference table. Canada has
extended her good offices within the frame-
work of truce machinery established by the
International Control Commission for Viet-
nam, of which she is a member.
North Vietnamese officials, commenting on
the Ronning mission, said that the Canadian
envoy was given an explanation of a letter
sent by President Ho Chi Minh of North
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 June 22, 1966
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 13217
wiretaps and electronic `bugs' on hoodlums 1961 and 1965. A "listening device" was in- come available. It has been obvious for ears
attorney and foraged through their refuse for clues." stalled by the FBI in 1963 in the Washington s veralleye ont oso a said that in t detailedhe
type of activity-during Rogers' term hotel suite of Fred B. Black, Jr. p from the FBI on various Conversations
of office but without Rogers' knowledge- From the day it began the FBI's eaves- ports
has been independently confirmed by highly dropping has been a risky business. It is a could only have come as a result of wire-
placed sources in the Justice Department. Federal crime to intercept without permis- tapping or eavesdropping. It is not clear
In Black's case, it has been argued that sfon of the sender "any communication and whether these reports came to the personal
of the Attorney General or his
attention
the "bug"
ingt n did note ua ify his technically as a wire- , substance, purpo t, effect, ~orn meaning contents ot deputies.
BUGGING DISCUSSED
tap." Solicitor General Marshall described such intercepted communication to any It has been ascertained that FBI officials it a listening device .. not a telephone person . Department lawyers last
wiretap. Eavesdropping with devices unconnected met with Justice
Any "listening device," however, will moni- to a telephone is likewise illegal if any form year and discussed at length the use of
tor at least one end of a telephone conver- of trespass Is involved, even such a trivial "bugging" equipment in the Black case.
sation and this in itself was an apparent trespass as inserting a "bug" in a wall to Solicitor General Marshall in his memo-
violation of Justice Department policy in "the depth of a thumbtack shaft." randum to the Supreme Court referred to a
1963. Sen. HOWARD CANNON (D-Nev.) wrote SELF-DEFEATING TECHNIQUE meeting last fall at which "attorneys in the
to Attorney General Kennedy on Nov. 7 and Furthermore, as Attorney General Nicholas Criminal Division of the Department of Jus-
again on Nov. 15, 1983, for an explana- tice learned that a listening device had been
tioc of the Department's policy on wire deB. Katzenbach informed the Senate last
tapping installed in (Black's) suite. They then re-
and "bugging." year, eavesdropping and wiretapping are Self- viewed materials derived from that installs-
de " techniques. tion for the purpose of determining whether
nce you put a wiretap on or use an ills- information obtained therefrom would prej-
DISCLAIMED D AS POLICY "Once
Katzenbach, who was then Kennedy's dep- gal device of any kind," said Katzenbach, udice nfor a pending criminal f rot atln un-
uty, promptly replied: "As a matter of pol- "the possibilities of prosecution are gone. related t (Black):"
icy this department does not wiretap, moni- It is like a grant of immunity." There have been strong suggestions-but
tor or record telephone communications in This is true whether or riot the "national no here have been strong s that ges onsbut
any other type of matter except where there security" is involved. Thus, a suspected spy tg
is consent of an actual party to the con- cannot be prosecuted if his telephone is criminal involved Bobby Baker lncestiration" and that Marshall the Juferred to
A t tapped. De artment was aware before Baker was in-
D
not that very time, however, the FBI was Nevertheless, Katzenbach and his prude- dicted in January of this year that wire-
not only "bugging" men like Black but was cessors have authorized wiretapping in such di in was iof his case.
actively "wiretapping" in the traditional cases--50 to 100 a year-on the assumption This tapping was involved n virtually has in been admitted by Wil-
meaning of the word. that the information gained is more impor- m s Hundley, the Justice c de case.
o tte by Wil-
Thus, a grave question of credibility is tant than a conviction. Liachmf racketeering prosecutor, in a brief fnt's
involved, not only in the Black affair, but They have not been prosecuted for their with the Federal District Court here earlier
In the Baker case, the "massive wiretapping apparent violation of Federal law because this month.
and eavesdropping" operation in Las Vegas, they have interpreted the law to mean that
the wiretapping and eavesdropping opera- so long as information from wiretaps is not IDENTICAL BUGS
tion in Kansas City, if not in other Amer- disclosed outside the Department no crime He said in his brief that wiretapping and
scan cities. has been committed. eavesdropping issues raised In connection
Other questions have arisen. Why was the FBI Director Hoover is thoroughly familiar with the Baker indictment were identical to
FBI "bugging" a neighbor of Lyndon B. with the wiretapping and eavesdropping laws. issues that had been raised long ago in Las
Johnson, who was then Vice President, if, "He would never engage in any of that with- Vegas in connection with the wiretapping of
as Marshall said, the Justice Department out authority from the Attorney General," gambler Edward Levinson and others. The
hid not ordered it and if, as he also said, one of his former superiors has said. two cases, said Hundley, involved in the same
it had nothing to do with Black's income Another Justice Department figure, knowl- "bugs," the same wiretaps, the same offices
tax case? edgeable in these affairs, has said much the and the same bedrooms.
If on the other hand, the Justice Depart- same thing: "Anyone who claims that In that context, it was logical to assume
ment was fully aware of the FBI's electronic Hoover had no authority for what he did (in that the Department had known for some
surveillance campaign-as associates of Las Vegas and in the "bugging of Black's time before the indictment that the wire-
Hoover flatly maintain-why was Marshall's suite) is just not telling the truth. And tapping issue would be raised in the Baker
statement submitted to the Court?" anyone who says Bill Rogers, BOBBY KENNEDY case, for it had been aware of the Las Vegas
These are questions to which the Court and Nick Katzenbach didn't know what he Incidents at least since 1964.
itself has demanded answers. was doing, doesn't know the facts. 'Whizzer' In the light of Katzenbach's statement
White (Associate Supreme Court Justice that wiretapping is "just like a grant of im-
[From the Washington Post, June 21, 19661 Byron White) knew a lot about this him- munity" the question has been raised within
KENNEDY DESPISED IT-PRESIDENTS FORBADE Self when he was working for BOBBY (as a the Administration as to whether the Baker
USE OF WIRETAPPING Deputy Attorney General)." indictment was a meaningful step toward
(By Richard Harwood) RAPS MARSHALL prosecution or a meaningless legal gesture.
One government official in a position of "Once you admit wiretapping," one official
So far re the American public has been responsibility has gone further. "It seems has said, "it becomes almost impossible to
secu- pretty clear to me," he said, "that the prove that any other evidence you have is not
aware, rare acases nvo eavesdropping---ex
rcpt h rareases involving national secu- Bobby) Baker case-the Black case, and the tainted."
the e Unittnieed been States contrary Government tthe for years. ears. of cases in Las Vegas are going to be lost be- These are, of course, speculations that the
the United cause of (Solicitor General) Thurgood courts will decide. They also may resolve the
au-
Poin me John Kennedy, Kenneth P. O' n- Marshall's memorandum to the Supreme question of whether Hoover exceeded his au-
that kind of thing a. Kand never Court (admitting that Black's hotel suite thority.
nell, "despised secretary,
nell, been `bugged'). LED TO BITTER DISPUTE
authorized President ized it ." "Some of these cases will never come to It is known that Marshall's memorandum
President Lyndon Johnson "shortly after trial. Deals will be made if they haven't to the Supreme Court infuriated Hoover and
: office e either wiretapping in late 1963 or early already been made and Hoover is being set provoked a bitter dispute with Attorney Gen-
196Z: -forbe
official by any Federal up to take the blame. This whole affair is eral Katzenbach, who is said to have ended
ftcial or employe except his national secu- not being handled like a law suit. It's be- one discussion with the curt announcement:
B ill ty D. .Mo Mo c, according to his press secretary, Ing handled politically." "That's the way it's going to be."
hyers. How much-if anything--the Justice De- On June 13, the Supreme Court entered
Every Attorney General from the Eisenas- - partment knew about the FBI's eavesdrop- this area of dispute with an order to the At-
lur Congress er Administration to the present has pro- ping and wiretapping activities is a closely torney General to give a complete account-
.bite
Y~ibited in non-security n- that security cases. wiretapping is pro- held secret that will be aired, ultimately, be- lag of the Black "bugging" incident, along
Desipte these clear expressions of national fore the Supreme Court. with the names of those responsible and the
policy, there is a growing body of evidence For the moment, however, Hoover has legal authority on which they relied.
that the FBI under J. Edgar Hoover has for turned down requests for an interview and "Hoover," it has been reported, "will not
years been eavesdropping on American citi- has ordered his aides not to discuss the mat- wash this dirty linen in public. He's too
2.ens in cases not even remotely connected ter. Katzenbach takes the same position and loyal for that."
with "national security." has ordered his subordinates not to talk. But It may be washed in public both here
Wiretaps and "bugs" were installed by the They will not even reveal what, if any, regu- and in Las Vegas, where Hoover's agents are
FBI in the homes and offices of various Las lations now are in effect governing wire- the target of a $1 million law suit by Edward
Vegas gamblers in 1962 and 1963. At least tapping and eavesdropping by Government Levinson and the Fremont Hotel.
nine wiretaps or eavesdropping devices were agencies. Whatever the outcome of these and related
arranged by the FBI in Kansas City between Nonetheless, certain information has be- cases, they have raised profound issues in-
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 Approved For Release 2005/07/13: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400080007-3
June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Vietnam to Ottawa on Jan. 21. One of the
Cardinal conditions for peace talks stated
~a>
in the letter was a demand for unconditional
cessation of the bombing of North Vietnam.
HANOI-PEKING TIES IMPROVE
Hanoi's dismissal of the United States pro-
posal may have been related to a recent im-
provement of relations between Hanoi and
Peking according to analysts here. The Chi-
nese Communists have been the most in-
transigent opponents of any move toward a
negotiated settlement of the Vietnamese war.
The Chinese have charged that the Soviet
Union, Peking's foe, in the Communist idol-
ogical split, is in collusion with ,the United
States to bring about a peace settlement un-
favorable to the Vietcong.
Hanoi's relations with Peking had deteri-
orated because of North Vietnam's refusal
to line up ideologically with Communist
China against the Soviet Union. The North
Vietnamese, dependent on both the Soviet
Union and Communist China for military
aid, have been reprimanded by Peking for
pursuing an unacceptable compromising
"centrist position" on ideological matters.
Analysts believe that these Peking-Hanoi
tensions have been eased as a result of a
secret meeting between President Ho Chi
Minh and Chinese Communist leaders. He
had been absent from his customary public
activities between mid-May and last Friday,
and is presumed to have gone to Peking
during this period.
After the reported meeting, Hanoi has
taken a number of actions that appeared to
be designed to soothe the Chinese Commu-
nists.
The North Vietnamese Lao Dong ' (Com-
munist) party issued a statement on June
10 denouncing "modern revisionism" as
practiced by President Tito. of Yugoslavia.
The term "modern revisionism" is also ap-
plied by Communist China to the ideological
position of the Soviet Union,
The North Vienamese Communists' state-
ment represented a reaffirmation of the mili-
tant ideological, line, although it did not go so
far as supporting Peking's charges that the
Kremlin leadership is also guilty of "modern
revisionism."
PEKING BLOCKAGE DENIED
Hanoi also published a statement yester-
day that denounced what It described as ma-
licious reports spread by Western news agen-
cies to the effect that Peking had impeded
railroad transit of Soviet military aid going
to North Vietnam. Peking has repeatedly ac-
cused Moscow of inspiring reports that the
Chinese Communists were delaying deliveries
of Soviet aid.
There also has been a sudden increase in
contacts between Peking and Hanoi.
Hanoi in the past has tried to assure its
independence of action by using its ties with
Moscow as a counterweight against Chinese
Influence. But now the North Vietnamese
have apparently mollified the Chinese Com-
munists by assuring them that Hanoi would
continue to press the war in South Vietnam.
In their contacts with foreigners, Hanoi lead-
ers are said to behave as if they are convinced
that they are winning the war against the
United States.
"They act as if they are victims of their
own propaganda," one diplomat said.
At the Prague Congress of the Czechoslo-
vak Communist party, Le Due Tho, a member
of. Hanoi's ruling Politburo, told delegates
that Communist forces in South Vietnam had
knocked out 40,000 United States troops in-
eluding at least 14 battalions. He also said
that 1,400 United States planes had been de-
stroyed.
[In Washington, United States Defense De-
partment sources labeled the claims of Le
Due Tho as "completely false." The correct
figure on United States military dead as a
result of combat in South Vietnai i, they said,
was 3,804 as reported by the Pentagon up to
and including June 11. United States air-
craft destroyed in action in Vietnam up to
June 2 totaled 374, they said. "No United
States battalions have been rendered inef-
fective through personnel losses," an official
spokesman said.]
SOURCES OF HOPE EMERGE
Le Due Tho's remarks also revealed the
origins of the apparent conviction in Hanoi
that the anti-Communist war effort would
collapse for political reasons.
Describing Buddhist ferment in South
Vietnam, Le Due Tho said "quarrels among
the puppet army and the Administration
have reached a degree of acuteness as has
never been seen in the past 11 years." He
said that the debate in the United States
over Vietnam revealed that "our country en-
joys the sympathy of the American people"
while there are "mounting contradictions
among U.S. ruling circles."
North Vietnamese leaders tell foreign
visitors that they anticipate escalation of
the war and United States bombing of the
capital of Hanoi and the port city of
Haiphong.
The system of air-raid shelters in the North
Vietnamese capital has been extended.
Thousands of one-man shelters-cement
cylinders 21/2 feet in diameter and about 5
feet in height-have been sunk into streets
and vacant lots around the city. When an
air raid signal sounds at the approach of
occasional United States reconnaissance
planes, members of the population take
refuge In the cylinders and pull cement
covers over their heads.
Many women and children have been sent
out of the capital. Government offices and
factories in some instances have been dis-
persed to surrounding villages.
THE 34TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE
CHARTERING OF THE DISABLED
AMERICAN VETERANS ORGANIZA-
TION
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, last
Thursday, June 16, the Disabled Ameri-
can Veterans celebrated the 34th anni-
versary of their incorporation by the
Congress. In those 34 years, and indeed
for many years before 1932 as well, the
DAV has ably championed the principle
that those who sacrifice to defend our
country in time of war shall not be for-
gotten in time of peace.
I regret that I was unable to be on the
Senate floor at the time when many of
my fellow Senators were joining in pay-
ing tribute to the accomplishments of
this remarkable organization. I would
like, therefore, to gratefully express my
respect for the achievements of the DAV
this afternoon. I have been in the Sen-
ate but a short time, but I remember
the indispensable role which the Dis-
abled American Veterans played last year
in the bill we enacted increasing com-
pensation for those with service-con-
nected disabilities.
And since the DAV was formed on
Christmas Day in 1919 by a group of 200
dedicated veterans of World War I, there
have been countless examples of its ef-
forts to secure for the disabled veteran
his just share in the fruits of the society
which his efforts -did so much to protect.
And the DAV does not just work for leg-
islation; it also works very hard with in-
dividual veterans to help them secure
employment or obtain full benefit of the
rights which they have under our na-
tional law.
13219
So I hope that the DAV will continue
this good work. The late President Ken-
nedy said about the Disabled American
Veterans:
Your experience in the crucible of war has
strengthened your sense of responsibility so
that others may look to you with trust.
I share these sentiments, as do so many
of my colleagues.
ASSISTANCE FOR LARGE FAMILIES
Mr. KENNEDY of New York. Mr.
President, a statement on the problems
of the large family in the United States
by Dr. Paul J. Reiss, chairman of the de-
partment of sociology and anthropology
at Fordham University was recently for-
warded to me.
Dr. Reiss has made a number of inter-
esting points concerning the needs of
these families, and some of the aspects of
family size that warrant further explora-
tion.
It is important that every aspect of
problems affecting American families be
discussed and considered openly.
I ask unanimous consent that this
statement be included in the RECORD and
call it to the attention of my colleagues.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
THE LARGE FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES
(By Paul J. Reiss, Ph. D., Chairman, Depart-
ment of Sociology and Anthropology, Ford-
ham University)
Several trends during this century espe-
cially since the Second World War, have re-
sulted in a high proportion of American
families having 2-4 children. It is the
family of this size which is usually viewed
as the typical American family. This situa-
tion, however, has caused us to overlook the
continuing significance of the large family
in American life.
How prevalent is the large family? To
answer this question we first must recognize
that families grow in size as children are
born and then decrease in size as the chil-
dren grow up and leave the home. The size
of all families at any given time therefore
does not accurately reflect the proportion
which previously attained or will attain a
large size at some time. However, we can
consider those families in which the head of
the family is 35-39, the age at which most
families are at their full size. We discover
in the reports of the 1960 census, that in
10.4% of these families there were five or
more children. Looked at-in another way, we
find that of all families with children below
the age of 18, there were 2,650,107 which had
seven or more members (almost all, five or
more children). These represented 10.3%
of all families with children under 18. Thus
it is clear that the large family continues to
represent a significant proportion of Amer-
ican families. The significance of the large
family is even greater, however, because of
the large numbers of children who grow up
in such families. In 1960 of all children
under 18 living in families 19.3 % were living
in families with five or more children. Thus
while large families represent perhaps 10%
of the families in the United States, ap-
proximately one out of five children in the
United States grows up in a large family.
We might logically ask next, where are
these large families? It is quite true that
the large family is found in higher propor-
tions among the non-white population, the
families of lower income and the families in
rural areas. While this is so, it would be a
serious error to stereotype lafge. families as
families exclusively of these segments of the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 22, 1 066
population. Approximately three fourths of
the large families are white families and
sixty percent are found in urban areas. The
comparative economic status of the large
family is revealed by a comparison of annual
incomes among families with the head 35-44
years of age, between those where there were
six or more members and those with fewer
members. We find in this comparison a
larger proportion of the large than small
families (48% vs. 39%) had incomes below
$6,000. However, it should be recognized
that a majority of, the large families still had
annual incomes above $6,000. We can con-
clude from this that the large family is well
represented in most segments of American
society although it is disproportionally repre-
sented among the non-White, rural and low
income families.
One of the most important characteristics
of any social group is its size. It is a charac-
teristic which almost always influences the
social patterns and functioning of the group.
Family size is, therefore, an important factor
in the needs and problems of families. For
this reason the need is apparent for more at-
tention, study and action. directed toward
the distinctive problems of the large family
which represents, as has been pointed out,
a substantial portion of American families
and the family context for an even more
substantial proportion of American children.
Research on the large family is needed which
will reveal the distinctive patterns of family
life In the large family, including the man-
ner in which roles are allocated to parents
and children, the way In which household
tasks are handled and the influence of a large
number of children on the relationship be-
tween the parents and between the mother
and father and each of their children. In
general the dynamics of family life in the
large family needs to be explored.
There is hardly a more significant social
fact in the lives of a married couple than the
size of their family. We should thus expect
that a large family has a relationship to the
values, ideologies and attitudes of the par-
ents, including social and religious attitudes.
The relationship of a large family to the
quality and characteristics of marital and
familial satisfaction has yet to be under-
stood beyond superficial impressions and ac-
counts. Of particular interest and impor-
tance is the significance of a large family for
the socialization of children. We should
carefully examine the large family as a con-
text within which children develop intellec-
tual, occupational and social goals and atti-
tudes. The behavioral patterns and values
of children are bound to be in some way re-
lated to the fact of being socialized in a large
family. There is some research on the topic
but not much which goes beyond a compari-
son of children from different size families
on some characteristic.
The economic needs and resources of the
large family should be the subject ofsome
rather intensive study. Of particular impor-
tance here is housing, since the large family
has obvious requirements here. Housing for
the large family is likely to have a great in-
fluence on the manner in which family life is
led. In addition to housing are all the other
items of family consumption for which the
large family has particular needs. We need
to examine the consumer economics of the
large family in addition to those of the aver-
age American family and to be particularly
concerned with the requirements for income
maintenance in the large family. In general
the welfare and health of the large family is
a neglected subject of national importance
and one about which we do not have ade-
quate knowledge.
In addition to the need for research there
is also a need for action programs directed
to the problems of large families:
(a) Education: The large family with dis-
tinctive needs and problems should be the
beneficiary of educational programs through
which the parents of large families may learn
how better to cope with their problems
whether social or economic. This could be
done through pamphlets, reports, a magazine,
or lectures explicitly designed for this seg-
ment of the population.
(b) Organization: There Is a need to
stimulate on the local level, gatherings or
organizations through which parents of large
families can meet with each other to ex-
change ideas and provide mutual support
with respect to their common problems,
(c) A Voice: At the present time there
is a need for an organization or group which
will express the interests and needs of large
families. The large families of the United
States should have a voice in order that
they be heard by government, industry and
professional associations on those matters of
special concern to large families whether it
be the amount of the income tax deduction
for children, the size of packages of con-
sumer products, or the services to large
families provided by medical professions or
insurance companies.
The conclusion should not be hard to reach
that there is need for research on large
families which should be carried on by com-
petent researchers with government or foun-
dation support, as appropriate, and a need
for an organization which can handle the
educational and organizational needs for
large families and to make known their in-
terests when and where it is important to do
so.
It sould be pointed out that the goals of
such research and action are not based on
any position concerning the value of large
vs. small families either for the Individual
or the society. Without taking any stand
on questions of population policy, family
planning or desirable family size, we can
clearly recognize that it is consistent with
our American value of individual freedom,
for married couples to have the freedom to
decide on the size of their families whether
large or small. In any event, whether
planned or not, there are substantial num-
bers of large families in the United States
currently attempting to cope with their dis-
tinctive problems. Research and action Is
needed which will be directed toward the
family life and needs of these American
families.
CHANGES IN ECONOMICS PRACTICE
IN COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPE
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, early
in May, Mr. Bernard D. Nossiter of the
Washington Post Foreign Service, wrote
a series of articles concerning the
changes in economic practice and theory
now sweeping Communist Eastern Eu-
rope.
One of the articles dealt with Yugo-
slavia and was titled "Yugoslavia Spurs
Industry With Reforms in Economy."
This particular column on Yugoslavia
gave praise to what Tito was doing in
Yugoslavia in promoting certain reforms
in the economy of that nation.
When I read what Mr. Bernard D. Nos-
siter had to say about Yugosalvia, I was
deeply skeptical about the soundness of
his description of Tito's program and
achievements.
In the Tuesday, May 24 issue of the
Washington Post, a letter to the editor,
written by Cyril A. Zebat, professor of
economics of Georgetown University, is
carried on the editorial page. Dr. Zebot
points out conspicuous weaknesses in
the analysis made by Mr. Nossiter in the
latter's description of the alleged
achievements of Tito.
The Members of the Senate of the
United States of course are interested in
learning what the true political and eco-
nomic situation is in Titoland. Illulmi-
nating information is contained in the
recitation of facts made by Prof. Cyril
A. Zebot to the editor of the Washing-
ton Post. I ask unanimous consent that
a copy of Dr. Zebot's letter be printed in
the RECORD along with the pertinent ar-
ticles to which I have referred.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington Post, May 11, 1966]
BELGRADE SEEKS INVESTORS' FAITH
(By Bernard D. Nossiter)
(NOTE.-This is the first of a series of arti-
cles by The Washington Post's economic cor-
respondent in Europe on the changes in eco-
nomic practice and theory now sweeping
Communist Eastern Europe.)
BELGRADE.-In a cavernous government
building in New Belgrade, a leading architect
of Yugoslavia's daring economic experiment
leans forward and earnestly talks to a visitor
in a language any businessman would recog-
nize. He says, in effect:
"We are now trying to create a climate of
confidence so that our enterprises will invest
in each other. The trouble is that our par-
liament is all too ready to expropriate."
On the other bank of the Sava River, in
a turn-of-the-century brownstone, a high
ranking planner says:
"We are only mapping the broad indicators
here now. I won't be upset if the actual
structure of the economy differs from the in-
dications in our plan."
Such freewheeling talk is now common
here. This is the most open and venture-
some of the countries calling themselves So-
cialists. Reform and talk of reform are now
going on all over Eastern Europe, but It is
going furthest and fastest in Yugoslavia.
All through this region, the economic
prqblem is essentially the same: how can a
society without private ownership and free
markets provide a rational allocation of re-
sources, one that takes into account real
economic costs?
In one form or another, these countries
are coming up with similar answers: reduce
arbitrary directives from the top, encourage
managerial discretion and rely-as much as is
politically possible-on market forces. In
effect, firms are being rewarded for maximiz-
ing their profits, for saving on materials and
labor and expanding their sales. To be sure,
"profit" is an ideologically suspect word so it
is transmuted into eupremisms, "surplus" in
Yugoslavia or "gross income" in Czecho-
slovakia.
One crucial feature remains unchanged
throughout Eastern Europe. Productive
means are owned by the State, not individ-
uals. But the curve of change is bending so
rapidly in Yugoslavia that even the concept
of public ownership is becoming transformed
in the drive to make capital more mobile.
Boris Krajger, vice president of the Federal
Executive Council and the single most im-
portant man concerned with economic af-
fairs here, says:
"We are now working on a set of regula-
tions so that all the resources created by an
enterprise-apart from taxes-cannot be
alienated in any way."
This comes perilously close to saying that
workers and managers in an enterprise shall
enjoy a joint ownership right in their firm's
production.
Ideological purity has long since been aban-
doned here. "If It works, it's good," a key
legislator says. Indeed, throughout this
capital, there is a sense of zest, adventure
and vitality. It is reflected in the lively
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A3350 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
I welcome this opportunity to mention
several things that lie close to the hearts of
your parents, the college and all of us who
have an interest in your success as citizens
and leaders of the future.
First, there is the pride that we all share
in the fine achievements of the Students of
Gallaudet College.
Second, is the gratitude that all of us have
to your faculty and Gallaudet staff for their
devoted services since the beginning of your
experience here.
Third, I want to use this opportunity to
urge all of you to work for your school and
for all organizations for the deaf. Now Is
the time to turn your attention to the World
of the Adult Deaf. A new frontier of serv-
ices to and with the deaf is pending every-
where. The responsibility Is never-ending.
Help those of us who are trying to rise to
this responsibility and together we will pro-
vide the resources for programs of effective
social action for all the handicapped in-
cluding the deaf.
This year, as in almost 100 years past,
Gallaudet is sending you, outstanding young
men and women, into responsible positions
across our Nation. In this age of automation
and advanced technology, new demands will
be made upon you. I challenge you to meet
the demands of other deaf youth, to utilize
to the fullest the opportunities available for
educating the deaf, to become leaders and
initiators in this important area. While
cherishing and benefiting from your past
educational experiences here, I implore you
to heed the in?cription on the Chapel Tower
Clock and to look upon it as a promise for
your future. I congratulate you for your
past successes, rewarded here this morning,
and challenge you not to turn back, but to
go forward and continue your accomplish-
ments-so that you, other deaf persons, and
all society may benefit.
An American Hero Answers the
Antipatriots
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF __
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, in spite of the faint hearts who
are willing to sell their country short,
the freedom of future generation of
Americans is still in the hands of proud
men who are unafraid to fight and die
for their country.
L am proud of the many son$ of Ala-
bama who are today fighting in Vietnam.
I 'regret that there are so many who are
safe at home, even occuping places of im-
portance in America, who seem more
concerned with appeasing the enemy
than in supporting the cause of freedom
for which our sons, brothers, fathers,
and husbands are fighting.
Even though the sons of Alabama and
the South have been ridiculed, mocked,
and slandered by demonstrators, peace-
nicks, unwashed rabble, and officials of
the Johnson administration, they have
not failed when their country called.
This is in contrast to some of the coddled
darlings of the administration,
Under permission to extend my re-
marks in the RECORD I would like to in-
clude the following letter to the editor
of the Birmingham News written at the
frontline of freedom in Vietnam by
L. Cpl. Chester C. Green, who proudly
wears the uniform and upholds the great
traditions of the U.S. Marines.
The letter follows:
MARINE WILL WEAR UNIFORM PROUDLY
I want to try and square the American
fighting man with the college kids and a few
of our senior citizens who are sitting back
there where it is safe for them to run their
fat mouths: Have you people forgotten why
you are able to sit there and make with the
big talk? '
It is because my grandfather, your grand-
father, my father, your father went off to
some distant land to fight for what is right
and to keep the U.S. free from communism.
I know you are thinking, "How are we
keeping communism out of America?"
Well, it is very simple. You see, if we
stand by and let our allied countries be-
come overrun with communism, before you
know it the whole world would become
ruled by the Commies and then when they
were ready to take over America, who could
we turn to for support against the Com-
munists? That is easy. The answer: No one,
because we would have stood by and watched
our allies be overrrun by the Communists
and there would be no more allied countries
because they would be ruled by the Com-
munists.
We are committed to this fight in Viet
Nam because South Viet Nam is one of our
allies and they asked for our help so they
can be free the same as you are. If we turned
our back on them and did not show that we
do not want communism, then communism
would spread throughout.
That is why you should not be protesting
against the American troops in Viet Nam.
It Is because of us and our forefathers that
you are safe from Communist rule. So please
don't make it any harder on us than it al-
ready is.
It sure tears down one's morale wben he
picks up a newspaper and leads: "Youth
.Frotesting Viet Nam Policy," or "Youth
Burns Draft Card." If you are too scared
to come over here and fight for our country,
we don't want you over here anyway. You
would get someone killed.
I am a resident of Birmingham and I ;will
be coming home soon. I intend to wear my
uniform proudly for what I have done for my
country.
L. Cpl. CHESTER C. GREEN,
2101655, "L" Co., 3rd Bn., 3rd Mar. 3rd
Marine Division (Rein), FMF Marine
No. 23, Care FPO San Francisco, Calif.
96601.
E 'ENSIGN OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN D. DINGELL
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursu-
ant to permission granted, I insert into
the Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD an excellent editorial appearing in
the Washington, D.C., Evening Star on
Monday, June 13, 1966 by Howard K.
Smith entitled "Is United States Plead-
ing Viet Case on, Wrong Grounds?"
A point which critics of the President
should carefully consider is raised.
June 22, 1966
While the United States is pressing
for free and open elections in the south,
Ho Chi Minh, in North Vietnam, has
never dared to submit his regime to a
free election, nor would he do so.
More importantly, the Communist
regime of the north and its puppets, the
Vietcong, both oppose the free elective
process at home and in the south and
have announced that there will be no
Vietcong participation in that free elec-
tion in the south.
The article follows:
IS UNITED STATES PLEADING VIET CASE ON
WRONG GROUNDS?
(By Howard K. Smith)
Every successive opinion poll shows that
our appetite for resisting in Viet Nam is de-
clining, and that President Johnson's stock
with the voters is going the same way.
One cannot help thinking that the admin-
istration is not putting its case to the Ameri-
can people in proper terms. Of several faults,
one is outstanding: The President and Sec-
retary of State Dean Rusk and their col-
leagues almost always justify our effort in
Southeast Asia on legal or moral grounds.
The fact is that the struggle there is es-
sentially and overwhelmingly a power strug-
gle which we would probably have to under-
take regardless of law or morality.
This is not to agree with the host of guilt-
ridden critics who believe our moral case is
bad. Compared with our foe's case, it is
downright good. Ho Chi Minh has never
dared submit his regime to a free election
such as we are pressing for under U.N. inspec-
tion in the south.
His instrument of power has been terror-
ism. His "reforms" left the average North
Vietnamese peasant considerably worse off
than the average South Vietnamese peas-
ant-until Ho made life in the south impos-
sible by the murder of nearly all local officials
and the systematic Intimidation of the rest.
It is an eloquent fact that though war-
weary South Vietnamese dissent or riot or
desert the forces, none go over to the Viet
Cong.
But the real and relevant explanation of
why we are fighting is that this is a power
struggle the loss of which would bring con-
sequences awful to contemplate.
To make the point, consider what would
happen, first if they, then if we, prevail.
A Communist success, following an Ameri-
can withdrawal, would be an "openended"
result. It would sharpen their appetite and
desperately weaken the resistence of neigh-
bors waiting to be consumed. It would
justify the basic motivation of their ideology
which is blind faith in a world interpretation
that promises universal dominion at the
end of the road.
The "domino theory is much discredited
in conversation. But the facts of life are
these: Laos and Cambodia are shot through
with guerrilla forces trained where those now
in South Viet Nam were trained. Our AID
officials in Thailand are watching a guerrilla
minority, trained in the same place, be-
ginning to accumulate power by methods of
pure terror in northeast Thailand.
China has made public the intention of
adding Thailand to her bloc, and her actions
over many years make clear her ultimate
design of forcing the disintegration of India,
the only possible counter-force to China
south of Japan.
In short, a Communist success would be
a destabilizing event; it would be bound to
lead to further and worse conflicts.
A success for our side, on the other hand,
would be a stabilizing result. As in Europe,
we seek no territorial gain. Our aim is to
find a line and establish the principle that
we will not cross it to their detriment if
they will not cross it either.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
.In the age of nuclear weapons itis a para-
mount miLsion to establish this principle
that,borders y_not be changed by force
in Asia-just as we estabilshed it in Europe.
With China rapidly becoming a nuclear
power, we dare not relinquish the effort now
by curtailing our force or withdrawing it.
In his recent history of our times, Prof.
Carroll Quigley makes the point that Ger-
many, Italy and Japan gained immensely
more by losing to us in World War II than
they could have possibly have gained by
winning. Had they won, their governments,
filled with the seeds of their own degenera-
tion, would have been stimulated to infinite
acquisition, with consequent national im-
poverishment and eventual annihilation by
the United States, As it is, they have sta-
bilized, become progressive, democratic and
prosperous societies.
Very much the same can be said about the
Communist nations of Asia. If they win
in Viet Nam, they will move on indefinitely
to extend their sway. At some point the
United States would be forced to intervene
again, this time with the support of the
opinion polls of a frightened public that at
last would see the real nature of the strug-
gle. A much bloodier war would result.
South Viet Nam is the right place and this
is the right time to make a stand, .
Sertoma International
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
di?
HON. BERNARD F. GRABOWSKI
or, CONNECTICUT.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, June 14,1966
Mr. GRABOWSKI. Mr. Speaker, I
wish to join the Vice President of the
United States, the Honorable HUSERT H.
HUMPHREY, in commending Sertoma In-
ternational, the famed Service to Man-
kind organization, for 54, years of un-
selfish service to advance and better the
lot of the afflicted and underprivileged.
Delegates from 500 Sertoma Clubs
throughout the United States, in Canada,
Mexico, and. Puerto Rico, many of them
with their, wives and children, are meet-
ing, this week at the Sheraton Park Hotel
in their annual convention.
In a message to the convention, di-
rected to International President H. A.
Zethren of Lincoln, Nebr., the Vice Presi-
dent said:
Please convey my greetings to the conven-
tion of Sertoma International. My special
congratulations to Mr. Glenn M. Young, who
deservedly receives your 1966 International
Service to Mankind Award. His type of
dedicated labor with young scouts is in Ser-
toma's and all America's finest traditions.
Now, more than ever before, we do need Ser-
toma's spirit of service to mankind-helping
the less fortunate, serving as a beacon for
civic progress, building community institu-
tions.
While unfortunately I cannot be with you
in person, please know that I am wishing for
you the best convention ever, May Sertoma
continue to fluorish inadvancing the ideals
we as a Nation cherish.
Glenn Young, International Service to
Mankind winner, served Scouting in the
Duluth, Minn., area from 1923 to 1955 in
every conceivable "volunteer" position-
committeeman, first aid instructor and
merit badge counsellor for Boy Scouts,
Girl Scouts, and Cub Scouts, a Scoutmas-
ter and an active member of the Duluth
Area Scouting Extension Committee.
Since "retiring" in 1955, Young has built
44 Scout troops in the Tampa, Fla., area
singlehandedly, and his immediate goal
is 50 Scout troops.
Louis 111 r. Parker: On Opportunity, Free
Enterprise, and Philanthropy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON.. PAUL G. ROGERS
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 8, 1966
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak-
er, there is too little mention these days
of individual initiative and accomplish-
ment. To be sure, our society has great-
ly benefited from the group efforts of
science, industry, labor, and Government
in many fields. Yet, it is still the in-
dividual, striving for accomplishment,
who contributes greatly to our success
and well-being.
It was my very great pleasure to hear
such a man last week, The occasion was
the annual dinner of the Fort Lauder-
dale, Fla., Chamber of Commerce. The
chamber honored a local resident who
had been most generous to the com-
munity, and the recipient of this honor
responded with a few remarks on success,
money, and the American free enterprise
system. Seldom do we hear this message
today, and seldom as eloquently as this
gentleman stated it. It was a moving
experience and I regret that it is not pos-
sible for each Member of the Congress to
hear it personally, but I do take pleasure
in including it in the Appendix of the
RECORD to enrich us all with this special
wisdom :
ADDRESS SY Louis W. PARKER
Members, distinguished guests, ladies and
gentlemen, I want to express my thanks to
the members of the Greater Fort Lauderdale
Chamber of Commerce for honoring me to-
day. I am truly grateful.
For the past two months I have been re-
ceiving various honors from the City and
Nova University. I also received a great
number of letters from the good citizens
of Fort Lauderdale, thanking me for my
philanthropic activities.
I wish to point out however that I am
only supplying the money and without the
cooperation of the City government, the
trustees of Nova University, as well as
numerous other people who serve without
pay, my efforts would be unsuccessful.
I look upon money as the material from-
which intelligent and well meaning people
can build many things. But the value of
these things depends mainly on the proper
motivation and knowledge of the people
using the money. John D. Rockefeller said
that his most important function was to
pick the right man for the job. I found
out the truth of his philosophy.
As many of you may have heard, I received
my money as royalties on various inventions.
I mention this because I found that there
are a good many people who seem to think
that when a man becomes wealthy he must
get the money in some unethical manner.
The usual, charge is that he underpaid his
A3351
workers and pocketed the money that should
really be theirs.
Those who make such charges have little
knowledge of the operation of business.
Even the best managed corporations can
show a net profit of only about four percent
after taxes. It happens that someone finds
a gold mine or an oil well but this is so
rare that no conclusion can be drawn from it.
It is possible only with long years of hard
work and intelligence to create something
new and useful for society and this some-
times brings a return which seems out of
proportion to the effort exerted.
The affluence of our society is partly the
result of such creations and for this reason
it considers them precious and permits a sub-
stantial financial return for it.
In a country such as ours where technical
advances are considered normal and where
the government permits free enterprise to
operate, anyone has a chance to amass a
moderate size fortune. Those who don't
usually can only blame themselves.
I was not born in this country. I am sure
you never would have guessed if I hadn't
told you. When I came here at the age of
seventeen I knew only two words in English,
"umbrella" and "handkerchief." You'd be
surprised how difficult it is to hold an intelli-
gent conversation using only those two
words.
I mention this only to show that even an
immigrant coming here as an adult and not
knowing the language may achieve success
In a wonderful country as the United States.
But what is success? Becoming a multi-
millionaire? i don't think so. To me suc-
cess is the achievement of happy living. A
large sum of money not only is unnecessary
but it very often has an adverse effect.
For myself I have decided that after hav-
ing accumulated enough wealth for my fam-
ily and myself to live in quiet security I will
use the remaining money to help others.
For having more money than that would
only be surplus and could not make us hap-
pier. As a child I was taught that when I
give you something you need more than I
do, I am not really giving. But if I give you
something I need more than you do, that's
giving. .So far I gave nothing I needed.
There are many people- in Broward County
with much more money than I have, I sin-
cerely hope that my actions and my philoso-
phy may serve to awaken them to the fact
that they can't take it with them.
If they realized this Fort Lauderdale' would
come a better place in which to live.
Thank you.
Good American Awards, 1962-65
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BARRATT O'HARA
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 1, 1966
Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker,
by unanimous consent I am extending
my remarks to include the names of the
previous recipients of the Good Ameri-
can Awards of the Committee of 100, as
follows:
The recipients of the Good American
Award for 1962 were:
Joseph L. Block, Chairman, Inland Steel
Company; Monsignor Daniel M. Cantwell,
Chaplain, Catholic Interracial Council of
Cricago;' The Rev. Dr. Archibald J. Carey,
Jr., Pastor, Quinn Chapel AME Church; Dr.
Stella L. Counselbaum, Executive Secretary,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 22, 1966
Illinois Commission on Human Rights in Company; Mrs. Irene McCoy Gaines, Chair- Vice President, Hilton Hotels Corporation;
Higher Education; The Honorable Richard J. man, Women's Auxiliary, American Negro Fred A. Hertwig, Superintendent, Cook
Daley, Mayor, City of Chicago; Mrs. Vernona Emancipation Centennial Authority; Dr. County Hospital; Fred Jasper, President,
Derr, Purchasing Agent, Follett Publishing Francis J. Gerty, Director, Department of Jasper's Reports; Theodore A. Jones, Senior
Company; The Honorable EVERETT M. DIRK- Mental Health, State of Illinois; Miss Althea Vice President, Supreme Life Insurance Com-
BEN, Minority Leader, United States Senate; Gibson, Community Relations Representa- pany of America; James H. Kemp, President,
Dr. Maurice X. Donohue, The Director, The tive, Ward Baking Company; Willard Gid- Building Service Employees International
University College, the University of Chi- witz, President, Helene Curtis Industries, Union, Local 189; Dr. Theodore K. Lawless,
cago; The Honorable PAUL H. DOUGLAS, Inc.; Patrick E. Gorman, International See- Dermatologist; Mrs. Alfred Lowenthal; Gor-
United States Senator from Illinois; Joel retary-Treasurer, Amalgamated Meat Cut- don McLendon, President, McLendon Cor-
Goldblatt, President, Goldblatt Bros., Inc.; ters and Butcher Workmen of North Amer- poration, Dallas, Texas; the late Oscar Mayer,
the late Myron Goldsmith, President, Lag lea; Dick Gregory, Comedian; Mrs. Eloise B. former Chairman, Oscar Mayer and Com-
Drug Company, Inc.; Hilton E. Hanna, Ex- Johnson, Proprietor, Eloise Exclusive Mil- pany; Donald Peters, President, Warehouse
ecutive Assistant, Amalgamated Meat Cut- livery, Chicago; The Honorable Constantine and Mail Order Employees Union, Local 743;
ters and Butcher Workmen of North Amer- N. Kangles, Master in Chancery, Superior Alvin E. Rose, Executive Director, Chicago
ica; Andrew T. Hatcher, former Associate Court of Cook County, Illinois; The Hon- Housing Authority; E. H. Russell, McCloskey
Press Secretary, The White House; Hugh orable ROBERT F. KENNEDY, U.S. Attorney Company, Advertising; TMax ool S. Steiner,
Hefner, Publisher, Playboy Magazine; Dr. General. President, Clifford Peterson Company;
Lois L. Higgins, former Director, Illinois Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., President, Mrs. Grace Lee Stevens, Vice President, Illi-
Crime Prevention Bureau; Raymond M: Hil- Southern Christian Leadership Conference; nois Association of Club Women and Girls;
liard, D}rector, Cook County Department of the late David Saul Klafter, Architect; The William Sylvester White, Director, Depart-
Public Aid; Conrad N. Hilton, President, Honorable Marshall Korshak, Trustee, The ment of Registration and Education, State
Hilton Hotels Corporation; Dr. Percy L. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater of Illinois.
Julian, President, The Julian Laboratories, Chicago; Jerome F. Kutak, President, Guar- The recipients of the Good American Award
_ _. _ __
n.,..-,
an
of
1955
e
e
:
Li fe Ins
p
y
w
r
for
d C
. g -?-
State of Illinois; Ferd Kramer, President, Hammond, Inuiana; ~uwar
Draper and Kramer, Inc.; Irv Kupcinet, President, United States Steel Corporation;
Columnist, Chicago Sun-Times, Moderator, Cecil J. North, President, Metropolitan Life
Kup's Show, ABC; Richard P. Larsen, Presi- Insurance Company; William L. McFetridge,
dent, South Side Bank & Trust Company. President, Marina City Building Corporation
Stuart List, Publisher, Chicago's American; and Chicago Flat Janitors Union; Patrick L.
C. V. Martin, President, Carson Pine Scott O'Malley, President, Automatic Canteen
& Company; Remick McDowell, Chairman, Company of America; Ignatius A. O'Sliaugh-
The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company; nessy, President, Globe Oil Refining Com-
C. E. McKittrick, Assistant to the Publisher, pany; William E. Payne, Director of Special
Chicago Tribune; Louis E. Martin, Deputy Markets, Pepsi-Cola General Bottlers, Inc.;
Chairman, Democratic National Committee; The Honorable ROMAN C. PUCINSKI, Member
The Honorable James B. Parsons, Judge, of the United States Congress; Robert F.
United States District Court for the Northern Quain, Senior Vice President, Hilton Hotels;
District of. Illinois; the late Holman D. Petti- Sterling C. Quinlan, Vice President, Ameri-
bone, Former Chairman, Chicago Title & can Broadcasting Company; Jackie Robin-
Trust Company; Dr. Annabel Carey Prescott, son, Vice President, Chock Full O'Nuts, New
Educator and Lecturer in Sociology; Frank York City; The Honorable Carl T. Rowan,
Reynolds, News Commentator, WBBM--TV, U.S. Ambassador to Finland; Mrs. L. S.
CBS News; Mrs. Charlemae Rollins, Chil- Schwartz, Director, Central Region, The Ad-
dren's Librarian, The Chicago Public Library; vertising Council, Inc.; Nathan H. Schwartz,
A. Abbot Rosen, Director, Anti-Defamation Attorney at Law; Ramon S. Scruggs, Public
League of B'nai B'rith; Norman Ross, News Relations Manager, American` Telephone and
Analyst, ABC, Chicago, Ross-McElroy Pro- Telegraph Company; Charles F. Sebastian,
ductions, Inc.; Arthur Rubloff, Chairman, President, Radio Station WTAQ, LaGrange,
Arthur Rublofl & Company; Dr. T. Manuel Illinois; The Most Reverend Bernard J. Shell,
Smith, Physician-Surgeon; J. C. Staehle, Auxiliary Archbishop, Chicago Roman Cath-
Vice President, Aldens, Inc.; Russ Stewart, olic Archdiocese; The Honorable Robert Sar-
and Chicago Daily News; Miss Harriet E.
White, Director of Community Relations, The
National Conference of Christians and Jews;
The Honorable Hubert L. Will, Judge, United
States District Court for the Northern Dis-
trict of Illinois; Leroy Winbush, President,
Winbush Associates,' Inc.
The recipients of the Good American
Award for 1963 were:
The Honorable Jacob M. Arvey, Demo-
cratic National Committeeman, State of Illi-
nois; J. Paul Austin, President, The Coca-
Cola Company; Mrs. Sarah Patton Boyle,
Author, "The Desegregated Heart"; the late
Charles F. Carpentier, Secretary of State,
State of Illinois; George S. Cobb, President,
Committee on Aviation, City Council of Chi-
cago; Alonzo V. Mercer, Regional Supervisor,
Community Service for the Visually Handi-
capped, State of Illinois; The Honorable
Ralph H. Metcalfe, Chairman, Committee on
Building and Zoning, City Council of Chi-
cago; The Honorable Abner J. Mikva, Illinois
State Representative; Mrs. Frauline Miller,
Teacher, Englewood High School; Dr. Paul
Mundy, Chairman, Department of Sociology,
Loyola University; The Honorable Vel Phil-
lips, Member, City Council of Milwaukee;
Harold E. Rainville, Special Assistant to The
Honorable Everett M. Dirksen, Minority Lead-
er, United States Senate; Harvey C. Russell,
Vice President Special Markets, Pepsi-Cola
Company; Sig Sakowicz, Sig Sakowicz Enter-
prises; Norman J. Schlossman, Chairman,
Chicago Executve Committee, Midwest Re-
gional Office, Anti-Defamation League, B'Nai
Brith; Oscar E. Shabat, Dean, Wright Junior
College; Dr. Queen Esther Shootes, Dean,
School of Home Economics and Food Admin-
istration, Tuskeegee Institute, Tuskeegee,
Alabama; Dr. J. Andrew Simmons, Executive
Director, Hillcrest Center for Children, Bed-
ford Hills, New York; The Honorable Seymour
Simon, President, Cook County Board of Com-
Mandel Siegel, President, Kenwood Cham- missfoners; Mrs. Vivian T. Sosin, Coordinator,
her of Commerce; The Honorable Fred W. The Special Training Programs, Cook County
Slater, Judge, Superior Court of Cook Coun- Department of Public Aid; Mrs. Daisy H.
ty, Illinois; The Honorable Otis M. Smith, Stocking, Daytona Beach, Florida; the Hon-
Justice of The Supreme Court of Michigan; orable Hobart Taylor, Executive Vice Chair-
Wendell Smith, Newscaster, WBBM-TV--CBS- man, President's Committee on Equal Em-
Chicago; Samuel B. Stratton, Lecturer on ployment Opportunity; The Honorable Rob-
Negro History. University of Chicago; Ed Sul- ert C. Weaver, Administrator, Housing and
livan, Master of Ceremonies, The Ed Sullivan Home Finance Agency; Robert P. Williford,
Show; Charles R. Swibel, President, Marina President, Hilton Hotels Corporation; The
City Management Corporation; The Hon- Honorable Sidney R. Yates, United States
orable Orlando W. Wilson, Superintendent Congressman from Illinois; Lloyd E. Yoder,
of Police, City of Chicago; J. Howard Wood, Vice President, National Broadcasting Com-
Publisher, Chicago Tribune. pany. Posthumous Award presented to The
The recipients of t he Good American Reverend James J. Reeb, Unitarian Minister.
Award for 1964 were:
Sherman Abrams, President, Al Abrams
David L. Daniel, Assistant Director, Public Pontiac, Inc.; Douglas B. Anderson, Illinois
Assistance Division, Cook County Depart- Representative for Senator PAUL H. DOUGLAS;
ment of Public Aid; Thomas 'L. Davis, Vice FRANK ANUNNZIO, President, Lake Personnel
President and General Manager, Radio Sta- Service; Mrs. Etta Moten Barnett, Chicago
tion WAAF, Chicago; John D. deButts, Pres- Civic Leader; George Beslow, President, Bes-
ident, Illinois Bell Telephone Company; low Associates; John S. Boyle, Chief Judge,
John Doremus, WMAQ-Radio, WNBQ-TV, Circuit Court of Cook County; Gwendolyn
Chicago, National Broadcasting Company, Brooks, Pulitzer Prize Winning Poetess;
Inc.; The Honorable Robert Jerome Dunne, Deton J. Brooks, Executive Director, Chicago
Judge, Probate Court of Cook County, Illi- Committee on Urban Opportunity; John E.
nois; Mrs. Marjorie L. Everett, Executive Cullerton, Director of Labor, State of Illinois;
Vice President, Arlington Park and Wash- Dr. W. N. Daniel, Pastor, Antioch Missionary
ington Park Jockey Clubs; Dr. Arthur G. Baptist Church; Marris R. DeWoskin, Presi-
Falls, Physician and Surgeon; Marshall Field, dent, Morris R. DeWoskin and Company; Earl
Jr., Publisher, Chicago Sun-Times and Chi- B. Dickerson, President, Supreme Life Insur-
cago Daily News; Paul C. Fisher, President, ance Company of America; Lawrence S.
Fisher Pen Company; Peter Fitzpatrick, At- Fanning, Executive Editor, Chicago Daily
torney at Law; Dwight W. Follett, President; News; Hyman Feldman, Judge, Municipal
Follett Publishing Company; Henry Ford, Court of Chicago; Dr. Roy R. Grinker,
II., Chairman of The Board, The Ford Motor Michael Reese Hospital; Vernon Herndon,
Easing Foreign Aid Loan Terms
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. ROY H. McVICKER
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. McVICKER. Mr. Speaker, the
June issue of Fortune magazine, report-
ing on trade and investment overseas,
dramatizes the crippling effects of high
interest rates attached to foreign aid
loans to the poorer nations of the world.
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June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A3343
the power of the Communist regimes of East- VIETNAM: LAND OF MEDICAL NEED In addition to the Province Medical Chief
gill Europe. (By William J. Shaw, Sr., M.D.) (Dr. Luc) the civilian members of the hos-
Hardly a gift for Poland's Christians on the
it
l'
f
i
p
a
s pro
ess
onal staff included one -
J 1,000th anniversary of their conversion. When President Johnson requested help Pedia from the medical profession of the U. S. in trician, one internist and a large group of
-caring for civilians in Viet Nam-where doc- excellent pars-medical personnel, all of
tors are in radically short supply-he initi- whom were assigned to the surgical team.
art
Ant
e
....p
..
o progra ua which developed many rain- ??.?.. ??
Vietnam: Land of Medics N e iflcations. stet.rics, under the supervision of an excel-
Physicians from other countries were al- lently trained Vietnamese female obstetri-
HON. RICHARD '(DICK) ICHORD
sent groups of doctors. Most of these were in close contact with the surgical team. All
functioning as surgical teams. The request nurses, except those on the surgical team,
from the President in July of last year called were Vietnamese-trained. As in all groups
,
or MISSOURI for general surgeons, orthopedic surgeons some of the nurses were excellently trained
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and general practitioners to participate in and some were still in the embryonic stages
a program to be designated as Project Viet of becoming registered nurses.
Wednesday, June 22, 1966 Nam. Through this project American phy- A brief description of the Nha Trang Prov-
Mr. ICHORD. Mr. Speaker, doctors sician volunteers would go to Viet Nam on ince hospital and its facilities may be of
a rotation basis to assist in the medical care some interest. The grounds cover a rather
and saints have been closely allied many lar a area on which are located the hospital
obvious. In a country with a population of and auxiliary buildings. Part of the original
synonymity, rather than antithesis, is more than 17-million people, there were ap- building has been remodeled, and much of
close to reality in many instances. proximately 700 licensed Vietnamese phy- the complex is still in the construction stage.
The great Greek doctor, called the sicians, 500 of whom were serving in the The hospital proper consists of a long, cen-
Father of Medicine, Hippocrates, en- armed forces. trally located building with a wing on each
visioned the roll of the doctor in the 20th As the first step in the new program, volun- end of the main structure. This building
century and for all time. The physi- teer physicians from the U. S. would be as- houses one emergency room, routine offices,
cian's oath, which Hippocrates drafted signed to the four province hospitals on the the entire surgical suite, X-ray facilities,
some time during his life-from 460 to east coast of Viet Nam. They would work clinical laboratories, one recovery room (air
with Vietnamese medical personnel and the conditioned) and the surgical ward.
-377 B.C.-contained these words: various visiting surgical teams at those hos- The surgical ward accommodates 42 surg-
I will keep pure and holy both my life and pitals, where the supply of civilian physi- ical patients, but 21 beds are available for
my art. * * * Now if I carry out this oath, ciajis was rapidly diminishing as the war ac- convalescent surgical patients in a quonset
and break it not, may I gain forever reputa- celerated. The Americans would serve under hut 100 yards from the main building. A few
tion among men for my life and my art. the supervision of the surgical team leaders hospital beds are available in the surgical
who had been in these hospitals for some ward. The large majority of beds are padded
This is the oath of medical men, those time prior to the organization of Project iron cots, which patients prefer to beds with
dedicated to the cause and to their pro- Viet Nam. It must be understood that these American mattresss. The surgical suite in-
fession. Duty calls these dedicated serv- hospitals not only serve the civilian popula- eludes two well-planned operating rooms, air
ants of men at any hour and at any time tion, with the normal health problems of a conditioned and equipped with necessary fa-
and at any age, and they respond with j heavily populated country where primitive cilities for local or general anesthesia. Water
loyalty. to that oath. conditions prevail in many areas, but also is available for sterilizing instruments and
A case in point is Dr. William J. Shaw, provide care for civilian casualties of the surgical cleaning of wounds.
war. One new wing has been constructed as a
Sr., of Fayette, Mo. Dr. Shaw responded After briefings in Washington, D.C. and surgical ward but has not yet been utilized.
to the calls of duty during a long and Saigon, the first group of five general prat- Another new wing now in use has 34 beds
faithful practice of medicine in Missouri. tioners were assigned to the Vietnamese prov- and is utilized as an obstetrical ward. This
He retired in March 19.05 at the age of ince hospitals at Nha Trang, Qui Nhon, Bien includes delivery and operative sections. A
71 to enjoy a leisure life full of satisfac- Hoa and two to Da Nang. There was no new building, expected to be completed
tions and personal achievements. Duty available method for the five new doctors to shortly, will accommodate 70 obstetrical
called once more, however, and he re- maintain contact with each other or to com- patients.
p problems until the two-month tour The medical department is housed in two
sponded to the President's appeal to the had ended and the group re-met at Saigon buildings removed from the main building
American Medical Association for volun- to return to their homes. Each doctor had approximately 100 yards. This unit has 61
teer physicians to serve the civilian been busy and could well answer questions patient beds (cots) in use, but will also
populace in South Vietnam, the land of relative to his own area, but the provinces have a new building with 70 additional beds
medical needs. At the age of 72, when differed as much in their respective needs when the construction is completed.
most people are content to enjoy the as medical training programs do in the The pediatrics ward is a new two-story
comforts of retirement, Dr. Shaw abahe States. building about the same distance from the
All of the general practitioners were as- main building as the medical ward and sur-
doned his retirement in response to the signed to province hospitals in areas quite gical convalescent hut. Only the lower floor,
President's call and worked for 2 months similar in proximity to the active combat with a capacity of 49 beds, is being utilized
in South Vietnam. Again, Dr. Shaw zones. U.S. casualties in the area were at present. Several of these are restricted
heeded the words of Hippocrates: treated by American service physicians and to isolation cases which necessitates some of
Sometimes give your services for nothing, hospitals, but civilian casualties from war the rooms caring for six to eight patients.
calling to mind a previous benefaction or activities were treated usually in the nearest Modern bath rooms have been built in each
present satisfaction, * * * For where there province hospital. Unquestionably, each of end of the ward, but lack of water prevents
is love of man, there is also love of the art. the first quintet of general practitioners sent their use.
For some patients, though conscious that over by Project Viet Nam will have different There are a number of other buildings
their condition is perilous, recover their reports due to the different needs of the found on the hospital grounds. The admin-
health simply through their contentment civilians and the Viet Nam army casualties istrative building includes the offices of the
with the goodness of the physician. in their individual areas. An attempt will province Medical Chief and his administra-
be made here to relate the experiences of one tive assistants. The dental office and the
Dr. Shaw has recounted his general of these, the general practitioner sent to the hospital pharmacy are housed in another
impressions of the experience In the hospital at Nha Trang, a 400-bed facility. building. On one corner of the grounds an
February 1966 issue of Missouri Medi- The morning this G.P. arrived at the as- older building is used daily for out-patient
cine, the official publication of the Mis- signed location he was introduced to the medical and pediatric clinics. The morgue
souri State Medical Association. members of the surgical team who were re- is a small building between the outpatient
sponsible for surgical admissions. The team clinic and the pediatric ward. The kitchen
Mr. Speakker, I stand in tribute to the consisted of: a public health surgeon, the is a small, poorly covered area near the sur-
unselfish devotion of Dr. Shaw, a man leader of the surgical team; an assistant sur- gical hut. The laundry consists of one area,
whose dedication conforms to the high- geon; an orthopedic surgeon (who arrived without roof, near an open well adjacent to
est traditions of his country and of his about ten days later) ; four American nurses the kitchen. At times the laundry is en-
profession dictated by Hippocrates more under United States Operations Mission; one larged to include clothes lines stretched
than 2,000 years, ago. At this point in nurse anethetist; one laboratory technician; across the front porch of the hospital proper
Mi
i
Aom
ssour
Medicine and a retired naval hospital corpsman served water supply for the hospital. However, fa-
reprinted for the benefit of all _my col- as X-ray technician. To this group three cilities to furnish water to the hospital wards
leagues: native Interpreters were added by USOM. are included in the new construction.
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 A3344
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX June 22, 1966
On the fourth day after his arrival at Nha For use of comparison the following
Trang, the G.P. received a new assignment diseases were charted for one ward walk
at the hospital. He was relieved from duties (before the specialization in pediatrics was
on the surgical team and assigned to the assumed by the general practitioner). Num-
pediatric department to supplant the Viet bers were not included:
Nam pediatrician who was transferred to Medicine: Gallbladder disease, arthritis,
Saigon for two months. With the consent icterus, pulmonary T.B., diarrhea, cholera,
and cooperation of the Province Medical bubonic plague, severe anemia, cardiac dis-
Chief and the leader of the surgical team, the ease, hemiplegia, gastric ulcer, asthma, men-
dubious G.P. was placed in charge of the tal disease, malaria, syphilis, assorted worms.
pediatric ward with 49 beds and 56 patients A one-day survey of patients on the surgi-
and a clinic which treated some 30 patients cal ward, indicates the variety of problems
each day. Night calls included alternating seen in that section :
with the doctor on medicine. The pediatric Surgery: splenectomy, head injury, ab-
department consisted of: six regular nurses doininal pain, shrapnel in hand, infected
(none of whom spoke English); the new foot, fractured hip, air crash injury, acute
American "pediatrician" (who did not speak urinary retention, imperforate anus, renal
the Vietnamese language) ; a number of nurs- calculus, severe burns, fracture of femur,
ing students and civilian maids (who were car accident-multiple injuries, hernia, peptic
similarly non-bilingual); and an interpreter ulcer, cystostomy, head and jaw--multiple
who was attached to the department tem- injuries, fractured ribs, grenade explosion,
porarily to relieve the apprehension of the fractured arm, sarcoma of leg, skin graft,
newly assigned G.P.-turned-pediatrician. abdominal cyst, leg amputation, shrapnel in
Life may begin for some at 40, but for this, knee.
G.P. it began in Nha Trang with his sud- Thirteen of this group were listed as battle
den acquisition of a large and growing ped- casualties. Due to duplication in some of
iatric practice! these patients, the 50% figure for battle
The group of general 'practitioners had casualties would be in error. This would be
often en route debated about the type of misleading in attempting to estimate the
patients who would be seen in the province percentage of casualties among civilians
hospitals. Before leaving the states all had needing medical care in Viet Nam. Many
received a list of the ten leading causes of times the casualties died before being ad-
death and illness in Viet Nam. mitted to the hospital. In one instance,
ILLNESS CHART four., out of six injured civilians died be-
.---
tunity to meet the Vietnamese people and to
understand them is unexcelled; and the re-
action of the patients and their families and
friends to 'American assistance is extremely
gratifying. At the end of the 60-day tour,
the first members of Project Viet Nam had a
healthy regard for the citizens of that coun-
try and a real sympathy for the magnitude
of their health problems.
The plan is to send five or more general
practitioners, as well as surgical teams, to
Viet Nam every month with each group ro-
tating home after serving a two-month pe-
riod. It is hoped that a nurhbgr of retired
physicians may want to participate in this
program.
To be quite personal, it was the greatest
vacation I've ever had and an opportunity
I felt I could not miss. Now that I am back
in the States, I realize more than ever how
lacking the people of Viet Nam are for the
skills of physicians. The need unquestion-
ably is great.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN C. CULVER
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 22, 1966
Mr. CULVER. Mr. Speaker, recently
I was privileged to participate in honor-
ing Mrs. Betty Berrie of Dubuque and
McGregor as Iowa's Mother of the Year.
The selection committee "found Mrs.
Berrie has a rare talent of being able
to combine her capability as a mother
and housewife with a career in the
service of her community and church,"
to which I wholeheartedly subscribe.
Mrs. Berrie has been active in the
Dubuque Archdiocesan Council of Cath-
olic Women for 16 years, and since 1960
she has served as executive secretary
of the archdiocesan women's council.
In 1964 Mrs. Berrie was elected director
of the Dubuque province to serve on the
board of the National Council of Catho-
lic Women.
In addition to the above activities,
Mrs. Berrie has been active in the PTA,
women's clubs, community projects and
human relations groups. In 1960, the
Postmaster General cited Mrs. Berrie
for her activity in combating the spread
of indecent literature.
Mrs. Berrie is an outstanding example
of a woman who has combined family life
with service to her community. Her se-
lection as Mother of the Year is a richly
deserved honor, one which I feel should
be recognized by everyone in the State of
Iowa and the Nation.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous consent
I place a recent article on Mrs. Berrie
which appeared in the Des Moines Regis-
ter at this point in the RECORD.
MOTHER OF THE YEAR CHOSEN
Mrs. Betty Berrie of Dubuque and Mc-
Gregor has been chosen Iowa Mother of the
Year, Mrs. Irving A. Weingart, state selec-
tion chairman, said Saturday.
Thirty-four women were nominated for the
honor, Mrs. Weingart said. The selection
committee of ten women "found Mrs. Berrie
has a rare talent of being able to combine
her capability as a mother and housewife
with a career in the service of her community
and church."
Leading illnesses: malaria, beri-beri, dysen- There has been some confusion concern-
tery, influenza, trachoma, tuberculosis, ing the relationship of Project Viet Nam to
whooping cough, amebiosis, pneumonia, the many organizations contacted before and
measles. during the overseas tour and the overlapping
Leading causes of death: tuberculosis, activities of some of these groups. The Proj-
pneumonia, malaria, diphtheria, typhoid ect is simply a cooperative medical effort of
fever, meningitis, measles, beri-beri, diseases America's Inter-Voluntary Agencies for the
of early infancy. people of South Viet Nam, with the assist-
A common denominator of most develop- ance of the American Medical Association
ing countries in the world is the car}se' of and the Agency for International Develop-
health problems. Poor sanitation, made- ment (AID). The parent organization of
quate nutrition and lack of knowledge by Project Viet Nam is the People-to-People
basic personnel of community health prob- Health Foundation, Inc. The President of
lems head the list of "causes" which permit that organization, William B. Walsh, M.D.,
diseases to flourish. Preventive measures, is also the President of Project Hope and
particularly in the remote rural areas, are Project Viet Nam.
inadequate to the scope of the problem. A certain confusion experienced by some
There simply is not enough personnel to do of the participants in Project Viet Nam and
the job that must be done. Viet Nam has the other programs for American volunteers
one physician per 25,000 persons, mainly con- would seem to be a natural outcome of a pro-
centrated in cities and in the military, com-
pared gram which is rather loosely organized at this
to the United States ratio of 1:700 or stage. Control of Project Viet Nam overseas
the Japanese, ratio of 1:920. The hospital has been shifted to USOM. In foreign coun-
bed ratio in Viet Nam is 11/2 per 1,000 persons, tries that organization is responsible for all
The United States has 1:9 and Japan, 1:5. moves made by the many American teams
Amer-
Exotic diseases, seldom seen in North Amer- utilized in the area. USOM regional offices
ica, are serious problems in Viet Nam. are found in all the larger cities in Viet Nam.
Leading illnesses and causes of death, as One other step is of possible interest, In
reported above, are mainly diseases of early July, 1965 the Vietnamese Minister of Health
infancy. Since few babies are delivered in and representatives of the U.S. Public Health
hospitals, health authorities believe causes Service met to plan a cooperative program
of infant deaths are laregly unreported, for long-range improvement of health care in
From the records kept by the "new pedia- Viet Nam. This cooperative effort includes
trician" at the Nha Trang province hospital upgrading of training and health education
for the month of October every leading ill- services and activities, development of pro-
ness in the chart above was seen, with the vincial hospitals, assignment of responsibili-
following diseases added: hepatitis, cervical ties for rural health, establishment of evac-
adenitis, tonsilitis, diphtheria ascariasis, lep- uation services from villages and district
rosy, enccpthalitis, bubonic plague and myop- health units to provincial and regional hos-
athy. pitals, and extension of activities related to
During that month 45 cases of bronchitis malaria control and eradication. The scope
were admitted under the general heading of of the. program and the size of the challenges
diarrhea; 55 cases were admitted which were it faces can be recognized perhaps if one un-
later changed to diarrhea, dysentery and derstands that it involves long-standing
enteritis. It would only be fair to report that health problems in the villages and among
278 patients were admitted during the period the vast rural population (including the
surveyed and 19 deaths occurred. Delayed Montagnard hill dwellers who speak another
admission to the hospital must be held re- language), the 800,000 refugees from North
sponsible for some of the deaths. In many Viet Nam and the ever present guerillas.
instances of injury or severe illness, the The primary objective of Project Viet
people must travel so far that it is a week Nam-to assist in the care of sick civilians-
or ten days before the patient is seen by a probably could not be better achieved in a
physician. Many of the admitting diagnosed country that needs doctors, needs food and
cases were complicated by convulsions. Mal- needs medicine, and where even simple rou-
nutrition should be placed high on the list, tine immunization has been largely neglected
but might be questioned as a diagnosis, because of more pressing needs. The oppor-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE June 22, 1966
sad, Mr. Speaker, that in the second
largest industrial State in the Union, and
the sixth richest State of the Union, that
an adequacy of public assistance cannot
be provided when the State government
has the capability.
Mr. Speaker, the plight that I have de-
scribed of these Ohio people and these
Ohio children does not result from the
fact that the Federal Government has
failed to provide supplemental Federal
grant assistance programs for the indi-
gent of my State, but rather, Mr. Speak-
er, it results from the disposition of the
present State leadership in using Fed-
eral funds as a substitute for State action
rather than as a supplement to State
action.
Today I draw the attention of the
House to the fact that I called upon Sec-
retary Gardner, of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, to un-
dertake a study and report as to whether
or not Federal funds ought to continue
to flow to States of the Union who fail to
meet their own established minimum
standards under the Aid to dependent
children programs and under general re-
lief programs as well.
Mr. Speaker, I am of the opinion that
there ought to be an arresting of such
Federal assistance if the recipient States
are unmindful of ,and refuse to discharge
their State responsibility to their own
needy, and who_ in the alternative pro-
mote State austerity and develop dollar
surpluses in State g neral funds at the
expense of those w fare recipients who
are on the very to est rung of the eco-
nomic ladde i ld ho have the greatest
need in the e o rows days.
presently there exist no leaders of this capa-
bility, but he expressed confidence that the
national reform will create and produce its
own leaders. He said this has been a Ifis-
torical fact on many occasions in many
countries.
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. TUNNEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. GONZALEZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. TUNNEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. GONZALEZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr, SWEENEY (at the request of Mr.
TUNNEY) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker,.as Con-
gressman at Large for the State of Ohio,
I am sad to report that this morning at
7 a.m. in my State, a march began from
Cleveland, Ohio, to the State capitol at
Columbus, Ohio, called, A Walk for De-
cent Welfare. I am sad because of the
fact that the citizens engaged in this
public effort have for many years been
registering appeals concerning the in-
adequacy of the allowances for welfare
recipients in the State of Ohio. Visits,
letters, and testimony before the State
legislatures, and State,officials have pro-
duced no results, and therefore, this
T9rning several hundred people began
a walk of protest.
What is this particular grievance all
about? It is very simple, Mr. Speaker,
the State of Ohio has established what
they call minimum standards for welfare
recipients in order that such a person on
welfare might have the bare essentials
and the minimum amounts to clothe,
house, and feed themselves.
The State of Ohio, although enjoying
historic revenues and possessed of sur-
plus funds in the millions, has for a
period of many years paid but 70 percent
of this minimum amount to these wel-
fare claimants.
Mr. Speaker, we are living in a day and
age when we think in terms of prosperity
and wealth, and disease as being remote
and thousands of miles removed from
this land which has been so blessed by
Almighty God, but indeed, Mr. Speaker,
in every large city of the State of Ohio,
there are mothers who on the 20th day
of each month are without funds to pay
for shoes for their children, there are
mothers who are unable to provide vege-
tables, and fruit, and milk in the family
diet.
In my State, Mr. Speaker, on the 20th
day of each month or thereabouts, these
mothers are without funds to provide
warm clothing in the wintertime and
Adequate medical and dental care. It is
THAT'S VIETNAM PROPOSALS
(Mr. McVICKER (at the request of
Mr. TUNNEY) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. McVICKER. Mr. Speaker, like a
majority of my colleagues in this body,
I fear, I am troubled and perplexed as
to the course we should pursue in bring
ing an end to the tragic conflict in
Vietnam.
Amidst all my doubts, though, I have
held one firm conviction: that we should
explore every avenue to peace and should
utilize the offices of every responsible
mediator in that quest.
We cannot continue indefinitely our
present policy of limited involvement and
attrition. I apprehend that we shall soon
come face to face with a hard decision-
to escalate or to deescalate. Before we
reach that point, let us once again open
the door to the conference room.
In that regard, I should like to call
the attention of my colleagues to an
appraisal in the New York Times of Sec-
retary General U Thant's latest pro-
posal for defusing this incipient powder
Secretary General Thant has performed a
useful service in focusing attention again on
the real problem in Vietnam, which is to
move toward a negotiated settlement of the
Communist insurrection.
The bombing of North Vietnam and the
buildup to more than a quarter-million
American troops in the South have neither
reduced the Vietcong forces nor stablized the
internal politics of Saigon. On the con-
trary, the Vietcong buildup also Is continu-
ing, aided by infiltration of regular North
Vietnamese units. And the American take-
over of the military conflict has simply freed
the Buddhist and military politicians of
South Vietnam to pursue their power strug-
gle. There is little reason to believe that
further escalation will change the picture.
Mr. Thant's suggestion is that a new at-
tempt be made to deescalate instead. His
three-point proposal calls for the cessation
of bombing North Vietnam; the scaling down
of military action in the South to achieve
a cease-fire; the opening of peace talks
among all those who are "actually fighting,"
including the Vietcong.
Sooner or later, this is the only way the
war in Vietnam can be brought to an end.
The unanswered question Is how this proc-
ess can best be set in motion.
The efforts of numerous intermediaries to
bring Hanoi to the conference table have all
run into the same demand: talk to the Viet-
cong's National Liberation Front. Until
the Saigon government shows a willingness
do so, there will be no prospect of peace.
But what incentive can there be for the mili-
tary junta to seek a compromise settlement
when American troops protect it against the
consequences of political folly? The dream
that the military balance can be turned and
a Communist surrender achieved will only
give way to reality when the American com-
mitment ceases to be open-ended.
At the present rate of buildup there will
be 350,000 to 400,000 Americans troops in
South Vietnam by the end of the year. The
talk In Washington of higher targets of
000,000 or 750,000 American troops in 1967
and later is further encouragement to
political irresponsibility in Saigon.
At some point a halt must be called.
American forces may be able to contain the
larger Vietcong units, but it is much more
doubtful that they can destroy the Viet-
cong's political network or its guerrilla
bands. Every whirl upward on the escala-
tion spiral merely restores the military bal-
ance at best=but at a higher level. A halt
in the buildup may prove far more effective
in forcing the Saigon factions to unite and
in bringing them to face up to the need of
opening contacts with the other side.
THE RAPID ACCUMULATION OF
KNOWLEDGE AND ITS IMPLICA-
TIONS FOR MODERN BUSINESS
(Mr. ROONEY of Pennsylvania (at the
request of Mr. TUNNEY) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. ROONEY of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, it has been my privilege on
many occasions to hear remarks given
by Mr. Edmund F. Martin, chairman
and chief executive officer of the Beth-
lehem Steel Corp. When I am unable
to be present as part of the group he is
addressing, I look forward to having a
copy of his remarks and reading them at
my leisure.
Very recently, Mr. Martin delivered a,
thoughtful and thought-provoking talk
before the American Iron and Steel In-
stitute. It is concerned with the enor-
mous amount of knowledge man has
achieved in the centuries since the birth
of Christ-knowledge of himself, his fel-
low human beings, and the universe they
inhabit. It particularly stressed the fan-
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June ,2.2, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 13k, 29
"It is for this reason that Congress must
take a look at the programs supported by
:federal aid. If they are not effective, then
we should stop spending the money in these
ways and put it in some other more effective
program."
FAIR PACKAGING AND LABELING
BILL
(Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey (at
the request of Mr. TUNNEY) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point In the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr.
Speaker, I have today introduced a fair
packaging and labeling bill identical to
H.R. 15440, introduced June 2 by the
gentleman from West Virginia, the dis-
tinguished chairman of the Committee
on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
[Mr. STAGGERS].
I have introduced the bill in my own
:name to underscore my support for the
idea that the consumer is entitled to a
higher degree of accuracy in the seller's
claims about the wares he is offering in
the marketplace. I also believe this bill
will provide for protecting the rights of
the seller of items covered by this leg-
islation through due-process procedures.
Under unanimous consent, I insert in
the RECORD a brief analysis of H.R. 15440,
as introduced by the gentleman from
'West Virginia [Mr. STAGGERS]:
EXPLANATION OF H.R. 15440: FAIR PACKAGING
AND LABELING BILL, INTRODUCED BY CON-
GRESSMAN HARLEY 0. STAGGERS
H.R. 15440 directs the Secretary of HEW,
and the FTC to promulgate regulations to
insure that the labels of packages of con-
sumer commodities adequately inform con-
sumers of the quantity and composition of
the contents, and facilitate price compari-
sons.
-identity of the commodity and the name
and place of business of the manufacturer,
packer, or distributor would be required.
-a separate and accurate statement of
net quantity of contents (in terms of weight,
measure or numerical count) would be re-
quired.
-the net quantity of contents of a pack-
age containing less than four pounds or one
gallon would be required to be expressed
in terms of weight or fluid volume in ounces
or in whole units or pounds, pints or quarts,
i.e., 19 ounces in place of 1 pint 3 ounces.
-minimum standards with respect to lo-
cation and prominence of the statements of
net quantity of contents would be estab-
biished.
-qualifying words or phrases, such as
"giant pint", which exaggerate net quantity,
would be prohibited.
H.R. 15440 provides authority for the Sec-
retary of HEW, and the FTC to promulgate
regulations on a commodity line basis when
necessary-
-to require sufficient ingredients or com-
position information to be placed conspicu-
ously on the package.
-to prohibit cents off sales when not
really cents off to consumers.
-to set standards defining size nomencla-
ture relating to quantity such as "small,"
"medium," or "large."
-to set serving standards to enable the
consumer to compare competing products.
-to prevent packages of sizes, shapes or
dimensional proportions which are likely to
deceive consumers.
H.R. 15440 provides for the establishment
of weights and quantities standards. to fa-
cilitate price per unit comparisons.
-offers Industry and consumers oppor-
tunity to set standards for weights and
quantities through the voluntary product
standard program of the Department of
Commerce.
-prohibits the promulgation of any regu-
lation that would vary from a voluntary
product standard.
-exempts weights or measures less than
two ounces.
-exempts packages of particular dimen-
sions or capacity customarily used unless
likely to deceive.
--exempts particular dimensions or capaci-
ties of returnable or reusable glass containers
for beverages which are in use as of effec-
tive date of Act.
HE. 15440 provides for due process pro-
cedures in the promulgation of regulations.
-the bill incorporates due process safe-
guards which provide assurance of adequate
notice, and ample opportunity for hearing
in the administrative process of promulgating
regulations.
--in addition regulations promulgated by
the Secretary of HEW, or the FTC are sub-
ject to judicial review.
CHIEF PANAMANIAN TREATY NE-
GOTIATOR: "AN ACKNOWLEDGED
MARXIST INTELLECTUAL"
(Mr. FLOOD (at the request of Mr.
TUNNEY) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, since the
acquiescence by the executive branch of
our Government to radical demands by
Panama to renegotiate the 1903 Canal
Treaty, many thoughtful citizens of the
United States have wondered why Pan-
ama, which has been benefited so
greatly by the Panama Canal, should
seek a new treaty.
The explanations offered are varied
and many of them questionable. Two of
the most often repeated objections to the
present treaty are its "sovereignty" and
"perpetuity" provisions, which have
been used by Panamanian politicians to
inflame the Panamanian people to a
high degree of emotionalism.
In this connection, these politicos
never point out that the "perpetuity"
feature applies with equal force to the
United States, and that as long as our
country retains the powers of sov-
ereignty over the Canal Zone, the inde-
pendence of the Republic of Panama is
guaranteed.
The chief of the Panama team in the
current diplomatic negotiations is Dr.
Diogenes de la Rosa, an "acknowledged
Marxist intellectual and long-term
socialist." He has frankly stated that
the task for Panama after finishing the
negotiations is "to remake the state from
within, revise its institutions and rectify
its method of conducting public affairs."
He then emphasizes that if this is not
done, "any benefits from the negotia-
tions would lose all significance."
The meaning of such pronouncement
is obvious. The canal is to become the
source of still more extensive benefits for
Panama, and this can be done only by
revenue from greatly increased transit-
tolls or by further taxation of the Amer-
ican people.
Unfortunately, the shipping industry
of the United States has not been alert,
to what has been transpiring on the
isthmus, no one in the Senate has spoken
out in defense of our country's interests,
and the taxpayers of our Nation are not
organized.
A recent article from Panama City,
Republic of Panama, by Ralph Skinner,
a longtime resident of the isthmus and
distinguished correspondent of the
Christian Science Monitor, gives new
light on the subject of why Panama
seeks a new treaty and is commended
for reading by every Member of the
Congress.
The indicated article follows:
WHY PANAMA SEEKS NEW PACT
(By Ralph K. Skinner, Special correspondent
of the Christian Science Monitor)
PANAMA CITY.-It is important that Pau-
ama come to an agreement with the United
States on a canal treaty, says Dr. Diogense de
la Rosa, chief Panamanian treaty negotiator.
An even more important job for Panama, he
says, is "to reconstruct our national life from
bottom to top, economically, socially, and po-
litically." He has been addressing various
groups throughout the country, briefing them
on the larger meaning of the upcoming treaty
and its potential for transforming the whole
future of Panama.
Dr. de la Rosa said: 'The first task, after
treaty negotiations are finished, is for the
people of Panama to remake the state from
within, revise its institutions, and rectify its
method of conducting public affairs. If this
is not done, any benefits from the negotia-
tions would lose all significance."
The Panama intellectual says that he is
chiefly aiming criticism at the groups here
who control commerce and industry and use
their political power to safeguard vested in-
terests and to rotate selected officials.
Dr. de la Rosa accused these groups of cal-
lous exclusion of the laborer, farmer, and
humble artisan, as well as the emerging
middle class, from participation in national
planning, policymaking, and opportunity.
AN OFFENSIVE NOTE
As an acknowledged Marxist intellectual
and long-term socialist, as one who has tried
to improve labor codes in several Latin-
American countries, this is offensive to Dr. de
la Rosa's philosophy and his sense of what is
good for Panama and its citizens.
Asked if he expects much support in these
radical changes from the government, he re-
plied: "Any fair or honest Panamanian of
whatever position or background must recog-
nize that we cannot go along as we have for
the past 60 years, if we have in mind the
interest of our country."
Asked about leadership in these needed re-
forms, the Panamanian negotiator said:
"There does not exist in Panama at this mo-
ment any political party able to do this task.
Existing parties belong to a past which is
dead and must be buried. No political party
here is organized in terms of reference to our
very real national problems. Political par
ties talk the language of failure, suspicion,
and jealousy. What is needed is clear lan-
guage to express and find, solutions to the
problems we are confronting now."
He added: "When I think in terms of re-
forms, I think of a national movement rather
than political parties. We need a new na-
tional conscience to face the future."
The negotiator termed "unpredictable" the
length of time to develop this national move-
ment. He said: "When and if the people un-
derstand, they will react rapidly. There are
many groups who do not wish the people to
understand, to protect their own interests.
For example, most newspapers won't help be-
cause it would be against their interests,
but there are presently some other media
which would help."
Regarding leadership for this national
movement, Dr. de la Rosa confirmed that
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X232 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 22, 1966
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June As is much too often the case, the farm- feet of lower prices of hides means a cut in
22,1966] ers are the principal goats. net feeding return per head of around 5%.
AGAINST THE U.S. GRAIN But this is not the only instance in Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, the
The Soviet Union is smart to buy Western which farmers are the goats of unwise hide order is another instance of "misuse
wheat; perhaps it ought to buy more, on a export restrictions. of the Export Control Act to make farm-
more regular basis. The cost, in terms both There is an export order still in exis- ers the scapegoats in the solution of a
of pride and gold, is bearable. In return, the tence limiting the number of cattle hides problem for which they are not to blame.
foreign purchases cushion the impacts of which can be sold abroad to about one- I have pending before the Senate
unkind soil and weather, compensate for the third of our conjectured production-and Banking and Currency Committee, S.
inefficiencies built into the country's core I use the word "conjectured" advisedly, 3175, a bill to amend the Export Con-
and lectivized domestic support isu agp rort t for the system,farandm programs p tamgrams s for the figures used do not justify even trol Act to require that before export
domestic
that almost certainly will produce better the word "estimated." controls are applied to any agricultural
grain harvests in the future. The Export Control Act provides that commodity the Secretary of Agriculture
The Soviet grain crop in 1963 was a dis- export restrictions cannot be put on agri- "shall conduct a public hearing and shall
aster, requiring imports of 11 million tons. cultural commodities for economic rea- have determined that the supply of the
T~e 1965 grain total was very low, made so sons if the Secretary of Agriculture finds commodity is and will continue for an
byharsh weather and by the government's the supply in excess of our domestic re- extended period of time to be substanti-
courageous and overdue decision to squeeze quirements. ally inadequate to meet the requirements
setecs grain out of the farmers at low state-- The Secretary of Agriculture was not of the domestic economy."
suaded s prices. the Together, to the two undertake massive years asked about the adequacy of our supply I speak today to advise my colleagues
spending programs, offer the farmers more of hides. The Secretary of Commerce that I am requesting early hearings on
inoentives and get off their backs. The gov- worked out his own justification for im- the bill.
ernment anticipated lower grain collections posing an export order. He says he saw Hearings have been delayed because
at the start, figuring on fatter results later, some Department of Agriculture reports of other priority matters, because of the
The grain collections have been lower. It is and that the Secretary of Agriculture Department of Commerce's hearings and
to meet this anticipated short-run deficit concurred in the order. He contends modification of the hide export order,
that the 'Canadian grain deal apparently was
made. Moscow will buy three million tons that an order is proper in the absence of and to allow. time to determine the effect
a year for three years, for about $800 million. any finding by the Secretary of Agricul- of the revised hide order.
Secretary of Agriculture Freeman said the ture. The serious effect this unjustified
Canadian deal showed "the failure of the But it is obvious that any finding by order is having on producers continues
Soviet system." He's probably wrong. For the Secretary of Agriculture was avoided. to be apparent. The Department of Ag-
once, the deal may have shown more reason The fact that the order allows 11 million riculture itself is my authority for the
and sense, since it was made not in response hides to be exported is certainly proof contention that`-the export restriction
to a spot crisis but as part of a measured that the supply exceeds domestic require- has depressed cattle 'prices at least 25
effort to put Soviet agriculture on a solid ments. Nonetheless, the very provision
footing. The weather hasn't been so bad cents per hundred pounds.
in the Soviet Union this year; the planning of the Export Control Act from which The serious effect of the senseless
has been better. That's why Moscow is agricultural commodities are exempted if wheat shipping order on American pro-
buying. they are in excess of domestic require- ducers is again made painfully apparent
Thanks to the American maritime unions, ments, is the provision under which the at sale to Russia.
the farmers of the United States don't have hide controls have been imposed. by It the is time Canadian that wheat
carefully examine
to bother figuring how to get a piece of the The hide order, Mr. President, was one and revise the Export Control Act so it
Soviet grain business. The unions in 1964 of those anti-inflation moves that did
rammed into law their demand that half cannot be misused. I am sure that the
of any grain shipments to Russia must be in not work. Farmers were penalized at chairman of the Banking and Currency
American bottoms; the high American ship- least 25 cents per hundred pounds on all Committee will handle the matter just
ping rates make U.S. wheat prohibitively ex- the beef they market for the purpose of as expeditiously as possible, matter his
pensive in most instances. The question is keeping down the price of shoes, which customary emary o expeditiously as ing and courteous
rendered moot these days by the United went up very promptly after the order way.
States' low wheat reserves and high Vietnam was issued. The order has been modified, hope my colleagues will be prepared
give him and colleagues committee will e the prepared
involvement. But 800 million dollars-in but not rescinded as it should be. I hope
hard currency or gold-is a lot of dough. Some are inclined to deprecate the im-
view and recommendations
i
f th
r
e
o
Mr. McGOVERN. I would like to portance of the order to cattlemen's and when t e a er is subjected to a much-
comment also, Mr. President, that the dairymen's income. ^After all, they say,
neqde r ii
lars. the cattle solo.
First, the shipping requirement is not I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
in law. It is an Executive regulation, or dent, to include in the RECORD an article
requirement, which could be rescinded from the Washington Farmletter which
yet this afternoon by the Secretary of indicates that the loss of hide value may
Commerce. It cannot be blamed on Con- be 10 percent of the producers' net in-
gress. Every action we have taken re- come.
cently on this subject has reflected dis- There being no objection, the article
approval of the wheat shipping restric- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
tion. as follows:
Second, the question of unnecessarily Hides: The 250 a cwt. cut in cattle prices
sacrificed wheat markets is not moot; estimated by USDA due to the restriction on
American farmers have at least 60 mil- hide exports may not seem much on a 1000-
lion idle cultivable acres. They will have pound steer selling for around $250-only
50 million or more idle next year, in spite $2.50, or 1%. But it looms big when related
of a 15-percent or nearly 8-million-acre to the margin of value over costs in cattle
feeding.
increase in wheat acreage allotments. USDA's report of average prices and costs
They could produce 2 or 3 million tons in feeding steers in the Corn Belt, 1954
more of wheat on a fraction of that idle through June 1965, shows that margins on
acreage, `and rebuild our reserves at the 1050-pound fed steers ranged from minus
same time. $13.32 in 1963-64 to a high of $71.78 in 1957-
The fact is that the farmers of 58. For 1964-65 it's estimated at $55.71.
This margin above cost doesn't include over-
America, grain handlers, railroads, marl- head, cost of pasture, or death losses.
time workers themselves, and shipping_ The average for 11 feeding years was $26.61.
companies are all being penalized hue- A cut of 25? a cwt. would have meant about
dreds of millions of dollars by a shipping a i0%v out in margins. With the margin this
regulation that makes no sense at all. year (1965-66) likely around $40-$50, the ef-
THE LEGALITY OF U.S. PRESENCE
IN VIETNAM
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, now, for
the first time, we have an authoritative
analysis of the legal basis for U.S. assist-
ance to the Republic of Vietnam. In
my own thinking there can no longer be
any doubt about the legality of our as-
sistance to the people of South Vietnam
in view of the report to be distributed
today by the American Bar Association
While the debate over policy in Viet-
nam must go on, the question concern-
ing the legality of U.S. action in
Vietnam should now be resolved. I have
never doubted the lawfulness of U.S. as-
sistance to the Republic of Vietnam.
Today, it is my privilege to present to
the Senate and the American people a
document which, I believe, supports this
proposition beyond any reasonable
doubt.
It is one point to question the policy
choices of the United States in Vietnam,
but it is quite another to challenge the
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June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
GRANTS PASS, OREG., KLAMATN.FALLS, OREG.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE, June 21, 1966. Hon. WAYNE MORSE, June 21, 1966.
Washington, D.C.: Senate Office Building,
Urgently need your support on H.R. 14122. , Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for past favors. Urge your support to get pay bill H.R.
DELORES ROLEY, 14122 out of policy committee and onto
CORVALLIS, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Sincerely,
JOHN W. STROOP,
Secretary, Branch No. 1784, NALC.
ONTARIO, OREG..
June 21, 1966.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge your assistance getting bill H.R. 14122
on floor earliest time.
RAY WEATHERS,
Secretary 1274, NALC.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Urge your immediate action to expedite
enactr.,ient of Government salary bill. H.R.
14122 by July 1, 1966.
B. CECIL BASWEUr,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urgently need your support on H.R. 14122.
Thanking you for past favors,
Mrs. A. H, STRUNK, Sr.
OREGON CITY, OREG.,
Hon. WAYNE MORSE, June 20, 1966.
Senate Building,
Washington, D.C.
SENATOR: We strongly urge H.R. 14122 be
brought before the Senate immediately.
NALC BRANCH 1140.
GRANTS PASS, OREG.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urgently need your support on H.R. 14122.
Thanking you for past favors.
ARTHUR If. STRUNK, Sr.
PORTLAND ,e 22,1OREG.,966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE, Jun
Washington, D.C.:
Urgent that you contact Senate leadership
and Senate Policy Committee to have H.R.
14122 brought before the Senate immedi-
ately.
FORTY-TWO LETTER CARRIERS WORKING
FROM LENTS STATION.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
ROSEBURG, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
I urge you to vote "yes" for H.R. 14122
postal pay raise to be effective July 1, 1966.
ROBERT H. JOHNSON,
Roseburg, Oreg., Branch 1518, National
Association of Letter Carriers.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21,1966.
Strongly urge you use influence to persuade
Senate Policy Committee to schedule H.R.
14122 for vote Immediately. This bill is
needed :now; stalling tactics of committee to
prevent passage prior July 1 is contrary to
the intent Congress and the needs of those
affected. Thanks.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We urge you to contact the Senate Policy
Committee to favorably report out H.R.
14122, postal pay bill.
OLIVER .PARKER,
President, Branch 3750, NALC.
PORTLAND, OREG.,
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senator,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge action on H.R. 14122 and H.R. 14266
for quick enactment.
If. Eklof, D. Patterson, V. Weisgerber,
K. Bundy, E. Graves, R. Jones, C. Juett,
J. Kelly, C. Harr, R. Veith, J. Steele,
R. Petrasso, W. Keefer, J. Campbell D.
Reynolds, D. Boectel, R. Smith, D.
Brown, T. Fleming, W. Concannon, H.
Johnson, R. Pierce, M. Nelson, D.
Knaks, R. Hutchings, R. Keller, A.
Jones, R. Green, H. Walday, S. Root, F.
Scholz, A. Rein, R. Pickup, T. Caldwell,
L. Parnian, J. Schmotzel, G. Pierce, G.
Melchi, R. Grlones, C. Salmelel, E.
Shirts, J. Cobb, C. Sherman, R. Whis-
nant, I. Wangsnes, A. H. Mills1laugh,
B. G. Sizemore, L. P., Scheeta, G. Juern-
berg, A. G. May, K. Pullen, E. Waritz,
G. Schultz.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
HA. 14122, please get it on the floor im-
mediately. Support it with "yes" vote.
Thanks.
E. H. JESKE.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senator,
Washington, D.C.:
PORTLAND, OREG.
June 22, 1966.
Urge action on H.R. 14122 and H.R. 14266
for quick enactment.
H. Eklof, D. Patterson, V. Weisgerber, K.
Bundy, E. Graves, R. Veith, J. Steele,
R. Petrasso, W. Keefer, J. Campbell,
D. Reynolds, D. Boeckel, R. Smith, D.
Brown, T. Fleming, W. Concannon, H.
Johnson, R. Pierce, I. Wangsnes, A. H.
Millspaugh, B. G. Sizemore, L. P.
Scheetz, G. Juernberg, A. G. May, K.
Pullen, E. Warits, G. Schultz, If, Nel-
son, D. Knaus, R. Hutchings, R.
Kahler, A. Jones; R. Green, H. Walden,
S. Root, F. Scholz, A. Rein, R. Pick-
up, T. Caldwell, L. Parman, J. Sch-
motzal, G. Pierce, G. Melcher, R.
Axiones, C. Salmari, E. Shirts, J. Cobb,
C. Sherman, R. Whianant, R. Jones,
C. Juett, J, Kelly, C. Harr,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge action and passage of H.R. 14122.
LYL& WALTERS.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge action and passage
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
13231
of H.R. 14122.
CHARLES POTTS.
Urge action and passage of H.R. 14122.
HARRY MABIN.
IT'S TIME TO LOOK AT OUR EXPORT
CONTROL ORDERS
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, the
other day our neighbor to the north,
Canada, sold Russia another $800 million
worth of wheat. They are to deliver 3
million tons a year for 3 years to the
Soviet Union.
The United States undoubtedly could
have had a share in this huge order-as
our producers might have shared in past
large Russian purchases-except for a
wholly senseless export control order re-
quiring that half of any wheat we sell
to the Russians be shipped in American
vessels. The price of American shipping
is so high that the order makes it im-
possible for our producers to compete for
this rather large piece of hard dollar,
commercial, business.
Nearly everyone is in agreement on
this fact. Administration officials, the
Senate Agriculture Committee, and the
Foreign Relations Committee have all
affirmatively stated that the regulation
under the Export Control Act of 1949, as
amended, is unwise. Everyone, except a
very shortsighted labor group, whose
spokesman agreed during testimony be-
fore the Foreign Relations Committee
that they should not interfere in a dollar
transaction for wheat, but took his testi-
mony back in talking to reporters outside
the committee room.
In this instance, a misguided labor
group is actually being allowed to dictate
American foreign policy because of the
unwillingness of the administration to
rescind an export order of questionable
legal foundation, and unquestionable
stupidity, and offend the union involved.
The Washington Post this morning
carried an editorial, captioned "Against
the U.S. Grain," in which they say:
Thanks to the American maritime unions,
the farmers of the United States don't have
to bother figuring how to get a piece of the
Soviet grain business. The unions in 1964
rammed into law their demand that half of
any grain shipments to Russia must be in
American bottoms; the high American ship-
ping rates make U.S. wheat prohibitively ex-
pensive In most instances. The question is
rendered moot these days by the United
States low wheat reserves and high Vietnam
involvement. But 800 million dollars-in
hard currency-is a lot of dough.
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
dent, for the full text of the editorial
to be included in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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June 2,' 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE'
basic legality of our assistance. Com-
parisons between our presence In Viet-
nam and Soviet aggression in Hungary
and Communist Chinese aggression in
India and In Korea are demagogic; the
document I am presenting should lay all
these comparisons to rest.
Prepared for distribution by the
American Bar Association, the docu-
ment was written by three respected
professors of law: Myres S. McDougal,
sterling professor law at Yale and for-
mer president of the American Society
of International Law; John Norton
Moore, associate professor of law at the
University of Virginia Law School; and
James L. Underwood, assistant professor
of law at the University of South Caro-
lina College of Law. Their paper does
not argue for or against U.S. policy in
Vietnam; it concentrates on the law.
The authors assert that:
The present United States assistance to
the Republic of Vietnam is lawful under
the most widely accepted principles of cus-
tomary international law.
Their discussions of this proposition
shows that:
First. The Republic of South Vietnam
Is a state under international law, and
that for present practical and treaty
purposes, it is a separate international
entity from the Democratic Republic of
Vietnam-North Vietnam.
Second. Because of this recognition of
two independent states, the Vietnam con-
flict cannot be legally characterized as a
"civil war."
Third. The generally recognized Gov-
ernment of South Vietnam has legally
requested assistance from the United
States to meet a situation it recognizes
as outside armed aggression.
Fourth. U.S. assistance is in accord
with the right of collective self-defense
as construed under international law and
the United Nations Charter.
Fifth The United States has properly
sought to bring the conflict to the atten-
tion and within machinery of the United
Nations.
Sixth. The Geneva accords of 1954
were not breached by the United States
whose presence was duly requested by the
Government of South Vietnam, but were
in fact violated by North Vietnam by vir-
tue of sending its regular armed forces
into South Vietnam.
Seventh.. U.S. Armed Forces are in
South Vietnam as sanctioned by accepted
U.S. constitutional processes, executive-
congressional actions, and by virtue of
proper resolutions, authorizations, and
appropriations.
The authors conclude that "lawfulness
neans compliance with the basic struc-
;ures of international law and the United
'lations; structures designed to promote
"pelf determination and world public
order."
I fully subscribe to this careful and
important study and commend it to the
attention of the American people. It
sustains as lawful the presence of our
forces and their actions to help the peo-
ple of `South Vietnam attain self
determination and freedom. The con-
science of the Nation can rest more easily
as the result of this historic report. The
Nation should be grateful to the Ameri-
can Bar Association and to the authors of
this report.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent, to have printed in the RECORD, as
a part of my remarks, the most pertinent
aspects of this approximately 25&-page
study.
There being no objection, the excerpts
from the study were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
THE LAWFULNESS or UNITED STATES ASSIST-
ANCE TO THE REPUBLIC Or VIET NAM
In recent months, critics of United States
assistance to the Republic of Viet Nam have
increasingly used legal arguments in their
attacks on that assistance. They have as-
serted that the United States presence and
activities in Viet Nam violate general princi-
ples of international law, the United Na-
tions Charter, and the United States Con-
stitution. In support of these assertions,
they argue that the Republic of Viet Nam is
not a state, that the United States Is merely
intervening in a civil war, that this Inter-
vention neither qualifies as self-defense
under Article 51 of the United Nations
Charter nor is otherwise legally justified, and
that since Congres has not formally declared
war the present United States military
presence and activities in Viet Nam exceed
the executive power. Although there is cer-
tainly room for choice and disagreement
among the available policy alternatives, these
legal arguments substantially misstate the
case.
The present United States assistance to
the Republic of Viet Nam is lawful under the
most widely accepted principles of customary
international law, the United Nations
Charter and the Constitution of the United
States. Since the Republic of Viet Nam has
requested aid from the United States and
other nations of the world to meet a situa-
tion with a significant component of out-
side armed aggression, there can be no ques-
tion that the United States and the other
nations responding with appropriate assist.
ance are lawfully acting pursuant to the
right of self-defence recognized under cus-
tomary international law and the United
Nations Charter. Moreover, the executive-
congressional action taken in rendering as-
sistance to the Republic of Viet Nam is in ac-
cordance with United States constitutional
processes.
These conclusions are based not on mere
legalistic exercises but on the genuine shared
expectations of the international community
as developed through a long history of prac-
tices and authoritative communications and
reflected in principles designed to ensure
minimum world public order. The princi-
pal thrust or many of the more important
principles of contemporary international
law, both customary and as incorporated into
the United Nations Charter, is to secure gen-
uine freedom of choice to the peoples of the
world about their own form of government.
Thus, under customary international law,
states have not only been accorded a most
comprehensive right of self-defense but have
also been authorized to give aid to the
established governments of other states,
when such states are attacked by enemies
from without or within. Similarly, the self-
determination of peoples is stated as a prin-
cipal goal of the United Nations and few of
its goals have been more insistently sought
In the practice of the organization; the
Charter contains many provisions designed
to preclude attacks, by any means, upon the
territorial and political integrity of states;
and the sum total of provisions in the
Charter would, in the absence of an ef-
fective centralized peacekeeping machinery,
appear greatly to enhance the authorization
of states reciprocally to assist each other
when subjected to attack. These widely ac-
13233
cepted principles are consistent with de-
clared United States goals of complete self-
determination for the people of the Re-
public of Viet Nam and the maintenance
of minimum world order through the rule
of law.
The following discussion will show point
by point that the United States presence
In Viet Nam is lawful under customary in-
ternational law and the United Nations
Charter, that the particular United States ac-
tivities in Viet Nam are lawful; that the
United States has met its obligations under
the United Nations Charter; that the Ge-
neva Accords support the United States po-
sition in Viet Nam; and that the executive-
congressional action rendering assistance to
the Republic of Viet Nam is in accordance
with United States constitutional processes.
In particular, the discussion will show in de-
tail that the Republic of Viet Nam is a state
under international law and that today there
are substantial expectations that the Repub-
lic of Viet Nam (South Viet Nam-the
R.V.N.) and the Democratic Republic of
Viet Nam (North Viet Nam-the D.R.V.) are
separate and independent states under in-
ternational law; that the Viet Nam conflict
can not be fairly charabterized as a "civil
war"; that the R.V.N. has requested assist-
ance from the United States to meet armed
aggression; that the present United States
assistance to the R.V.N. is in accordance with
the right of self-defense recognized under
customary international law and the United
Nations Charter; that the United States
seeks a solution through the machinery of
the United Nations; that the United States
assistance is supported by the Geneca Ac-
cords which have been fundamentally
breached by the D.R.V. in its armed aggres-
sion against the R.V.N.; and that the exec-
utive-congressional action taken Inrender-
ing assistance to the R.V.N. Is in accordance
with United States constitutional processes,
as authoritatively interpreted by successive
presidents and congresses of the United
States.
1. THE UNITED STATES PRESENCE IN VIET NAM
IS LAWFUL UNDER CUSTOMARY INTERNA-
TIONAL LAW AND THE UNITED NATIONS CHAR-
TER
In examining the lawfulness of the United
States assistance to the Republic of Viet
Nam, it is important to distinguish between
the lawfulness of the United fitates general
presence in Viet Nam and the lawfullness of
the particular United States activities in
Viet Nam, and also to distinguish between
the relevant international and constitutional
law. When all relevant prescriptions are re-
viewed, it will appear evident both that the
United States presence in the R.V.N. Is law-
ful and that the use of the military instru-
ment is well within the permissible limits of
self-defense.
Under customary international law and the
United Nations Charter, a recognized state
such as the R.V.N. has the right to request
and receive assistance from other states pur-
suant to its right of self-defense. It is im-
portant to note, however, that even if the
R.V.N. were not a recognized state under
international law, and was instead a mere
"temporary zone" not "qualifying politi-
cally as a state," there still would be no basis
for suggesting that it would not be entitled
to receive assistance pursuant to its right
of self-defense when subject to armed ag-
gression from another zone in violation of a
major purpose of the international agree-
ment establishing it. In fact, the United
Nations action in Korea and the major thrust
of contemporary international law and the
United Nations Charter strongly indicate that
even a temporary zone in an internationally
divided country has the right to request and
receive assistance in self-defense. One of
the major purposes of the United Nations
Charter is to authorize collective measures
for the suppression of acts of armed aggres-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June e, 1966
lion, ,whether by United Nations action as
such, or by collective assistance from indi-
vidual states, until the United Nations is
able to act. Moreover, clearly one state does
not have the right under customary inter-
national law and the United Nations Charter
to armed aggression against another. And
since there are substantial expectations to-
day that the D.R,V. and the R.V.N. are sepa-
rate and independent states under interna-
tional law, any armed aggression by the
D.V.E, against the R.V.N. is in violation of a
-fundamental principle of customary interna-
tional law and the United Nations Charter.
But again, it is important to note that even if
the D.R.V. and the R.V.N. did not qualify as
separate states under International law,
but were instead merely separate "tempo-
rary zones" not "qualifying politically" as
states, it Is still clear that armed aggression
by the D.R.V, against the R.V.N. would vio-
late the same fundamental principle of cus-
tomary international law and the United
Nations Charter in breaching by force the
core of the international agreement that es-
tablished them in a situation not authorized
by self-defense. Aggression in these circum-
stances, whether against a state under inter-
national law or against a mere "temporary
zone" not "qualifying politically as a state"
is still violative of fundamental principles
of the United Nations Charter.
A. THE REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM IS A RECOGNIZED
STATE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
The classical definition of a state under in-
ternational law points to four factors, a peo-
ple, a territory, a government, and capacity
to enter into relations with other states.
The Republic of Viet Nam meets all of these
qualifications. it has a current population
of approximately 15 million, administers a
territory in Viet Nam south of the 17th paral-
lel of approximately 66,000 square miles, has
a widely recognized government, and has re-
peatedly been recognized as having capacity
to enter into relations with other states.
Similarly, at least since the Geneva Accords
of 1954 the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam
also meets these qualifications for statehood,
although to a lesser extent with regard to
international recognition. And although the
R.V.N. and the D.R.V. qualify as states even
under these restricted classical requirements,
there have been instances In which political
entities have been recognized as states in
spite of difficulty in meeting one or more of
these requirements as, for example, was the
case with the State of Israel in 1948. In the
final analysis, then, it is the expectations of
the international community as manifested
by their conduct toward a particular political
ent;ty which establishes its statehood. In
this regard, probably the most important in-
dicators of the expectations of the inter-
national community as to statehood are rec-
ognition and United Nations determinations.
Thus it is said In Oppenhefm, one of the
leading international law treatises:
"In recognizing a new State as a member of
the international community the existing
States declare that in their opinion the new
state fulfills the conditions of statehood as
required by International Law."
In fact, this author asserts in unnecessary
extreme that it is the act of recognition it-
self which creates statehood: "Recognition,
while declaratory of an existing fact, is con-
stitutive in Its nature. Similarly, Article 10
of the Charter of the Organization of Ameri-
can States which is declaratory of the general
international law in this respect provides:
"Recognition implies that the State granting
it accepts the personality of the new State,
with all the rights and duties that interna-
tional law prescribes for the two States.
In addition, as Professor O'Connell points
out, United Nations determinations are also
important indicators of statehood: ". . . the
United Nations Charter allows membership
only to States, and decision on membership
would seem to be conclusive on the question
of de facto Statehood," Moreover, Profes-
sor Briggs has written that: "[A] determi-
nation [by the General Assembly of the
United Nations] that ... [a state has] the
capacity to accept and perform the obliga-
tions of the Charter is a recognition of ...
statehood and international juridical capac-
ity, whether or not ... lit is] admitted to
the United Nations. It should also be
pointed out that there are essentially no
major differences in consequences under in-
ternational law whether recognition is de
facto or de fore.
In the light of these general principles of
international law the next sections will ex-
amine the international status of the Repub-
lic of Viet Nam and its predecessor govern-
ments and the Democratic Republic of Viet
Nam. This examination will look at the in-
ternational status of these communities prior
to the Geneva Accords of 1954, will discuss
the effect of the Geneva Accords on that
status, and finally will examine their status
today, nearly twelve years after the Geneva
Accords.
STATUS PRIOR TO THE GENEVA ACCORDS OF 1954
Historically, the territory comprising all of
Viet Nam has been divided between rival
political factions or separate government
units during a substantial. part of its history.
In the words of Anthony Eden: "Indo-China
had no tradition of unity, and there was little
in common between the rich south and the
overpopulated north." In recent times, Viet
Nam was composed of several French terri-
tories themselves in turn parts of the larger
French Indo-China, which during the Second
World War was largely controlled by the
Japanese. Following World War II, pursuant
to the Potsdam agreements of 1945, Viet Nam
was divided at the 16th Parallel between the
British and the Chinese commands for the
purpose of accepting the surrender of the
Japanese troops in Indo-China. During this
brief period of occupation in 1945-4t6?, the
Chinese allowed the Democratic Republic of
Viet Nam under Ho Chi Minh to become en-
trenched principally in North Viet Nam as
the government of 'Viet Nam, while the
British subsequently encouraged return of
French colonial government beginning in
South Viet Nam and moving North and
which also claimed sovereignty to all of Viet
Nam. Although territory both North and
South has changed hands since then, at least
from that time until the present, there have
essentially been two separate governments in
Viet Nam controlling different territories, de-
veloping along different ideological lines and
both at least until recently, claiming sover-
eignty over all of Viet Nam.
In June 1948, the French High Commis-
sioner for Indo-China signed a declaration
recognizing the independence of the State of
Viet Nam as an associated state within the
French Union, and in 1949 and 1950 pursuant
to the Elysee Agreement this status was
achieved. Although the agreement did not
effectively provide complete independence to
the French recognized Boa Dal government at
that time, it and subsequent French actions
did create a substantial international status
for the Bao Dai government which was In
the next few years recognized by at least
thirty states, a number which would grow to
about thirty-five prior to the Geneva Accords.
Pursuant to this legal status, the State of
Viet Nam was given legal authority over many
internal matters and was able to enter into
some treaties In its own name. In particular,
on June 18, 1952, it ratified the Treaty of
Peace with Japan. And on November 5, 1952,
it accepted the jurisdiction of the Interna-
tional Court of Justice with respect to dis-
putes arising under this Japanese Peace
Treaty, again in the name of the State of
Viet Nam. Most importantly, however, in
1952 it was recognized as a state by the Unit-
ed Nations. Pursuant to a French draft reso-
lution to admit the Bao Dal government of
the State of Viet Nam to the United Nations,
the Security Council on September 19, 1952,
voted 10 to 1 in favor of admission. The
Soviet Union cast the only vote against the
resolution, but this negative vote by a per-
manent member of the Council prevented the
adoption of the resolution. In response to
this Soviet "veto," on December 21, 1962, the
General Assembly of the United Nations
adopted a resolution by a vote of 40 to 5 with
12 abstentions to the effect that the State
of Viet Nam was a state qualified for mem-
bership in the United Nations, and calling
on the Security Council to take note of this
General Assembly determination. The reso-
lution said in part:
"(The General Assembly) Determines that
Vietnam is, in its judgment, a peace-loving
state within the meaning of Article 4 of the
Charter, is able and willing to carry out the
Obligations of the Charter, and should there-
fore be admitted to membership in the Unit-
ed Nations * * * "
By this resolution, the United Nations rec-
ognized the Bao Dai government of the State
of Viet Nam as representative of a state under
international law. It should be pointed out
that this recognition of the Bao Dai govern-
ment of Viet Nam was made by the United
Nations despite arguments by the Soviet
Union that Ho Chi Mirth's Democratic Repub-
lic of Viet Nam was the only government of
Viet Nam entitled to admission to the United
Nations. A Soviet draft resolution to this
effect to admit the D.R.V. as the sole repre-
sentative of the State of Viet Nam was re-
jected In the Security Council by vote of
10 to 1.
As further evidence of its international
status at this time, the State of Viet Nam
(the Bao Dai government) was a member of
the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, the Food and
Agricultural Organization, the World Health
Organization, the International Telecom-
munication Union, the International Labour
Organization, the Universal Postal Union,
and the Economic Commission for Asia and
the Far Eact.
This substantial recognition by other na-
tions of the world, membership in inter-
national organizations, conclusion of trea-
ties In its own name, and United Nations
recognition indicate that as early as 1952 the
State of Viet Nam had substantial recogni-
tion as a state under international law.
This international status was further re-
inforced when in June, 1954 France signed a
treaty with the State of Viet Nam which by
its terms granted the State of Viet Nam com-
plete independence as of June 4, 1954. Sub-
sequent to the signing of this treaty but
prior to the Geneva Accords, the leadership
of the State of Viet Nam substantially passed
from Sao Dal to Ngo Dinh Diem, who Baa
Dal had appointed as the new Premier of
the State of Viet Nam. Premier Diem form-?
ally organized his government on July 7,
1954. Thus prior to the Geneva Accorde,
there were some expectations that the State
of Viet Nam was an independent state under
international law and by the conclusion of
the Conference the State of Viet Nam was
recognized by about thirty five states.
Moreover, at the Geneva Conference itself,
the French made it clear to all concerned
that the State of Viet Nam was legally in-
dependent and that France lacked the
capacity to negotiate on Its behalf.
The Democratic Republic of Viet Nam on
the other hand could, prior to the Accords,
also claim some right to be regarded as a
state under international law, for at one
time the French had concluded a treaty with
the D.R.V. at least factually recognizing its
existence, it had been recognized by the
People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union
and a number of East European nations, and
it had formal diplomatic relations at least
with the People's Republic of China, al-
though arguably under the classic test the
statehood of the D.R.V. was not as clear as
that of the State of Viet Nam. Perhaps an
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June `, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
indication of the true state of international
expectations prior to the Geneva Accords is
indicated by the fact that Professor Lauter-
pacht, at one time a judge of the Inter-
national Court of Justice, in a list apparent-
ly made prior to the Accords, listed both
Viet-minh and Viet Nam as separate states
under international law.
THE EFFECT OF THE GENEVA ACCORDS OF 1854
Nine states participated in some phase or
another of the 1954 Geneva Conference on
Indo-China. They were Great Britain, Cam-
bodia, the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam
(Viet-minh), France, Laos, the People's Re-
public of China, the Soviet Union, the State
of Viet Nam, and the United States. .It
should be noted that both the D.R.V. and the
State of Viet Nam were represented at the
Conference, a factual recognition of the
reality of two long separate and competing
states in Viet Nam. The final products of
the Conference, reached on July 21, 1954, are
widely known as the Geneva Accords of 1954.
The Geneva Accords with respect to Viet
Nam consisted of an Agreement on the Ces-
sation of Hostilities, signed only by repre-
sentatives of the Democratic Republic of Viet
Nam and the French Union Forces in Indo-
China, and an unsigned Final Declaration
of the Conference. The Agreement On Ces-
sation Of Hostilities which, as was indicated
by the fact that it was signed, was the core
of the Accords, provided principally for a
military cease fire to be followed by a re-
groupment of opposing French Union and
A.R.V. forces to the South and North respec-
tively of a provisional military demarcation
line, a limitation on the introduction of
armaments and military personnel in order
to prevent further conflict between the op-
posing forces, and the creation of an Inter-
national Control Commission to supervise
the execution of the agreement. Civil ad-
ministration was to be in the hands of the
party whose forces were regrouped in that
zone pending genera] elections for the uni-
fication of Viet Nam. The Agreement on
the Cessation of Hostilities was dated July
20, 1954. The Final Declaration of the
Geneva Conference made on July 21, 1954,
which reiterated the spirit of the cease fire
agreement and which dealt in slightly more
detail with the provisions for elections was
signed by no one. It was orally approved,
however, by all of the nine states attending
the Conference except the United States and
the State of Viet Nam each of whom made
unilateral declarations of their own. The
United States declared that it would refrain
from the use of force to disturb the settle-
ments, in accordance with its obligations
under the United Nations Charter but would
view any future aggression in violation of
the agreements as seriously threatening
peace and security. The United States also
reiterated its position that "peoples are en-
titled to determine their own future, and
that it will not join in an arrangement which
would hinder this.' The State of Viet Nam,
toward which, as has been seen, there existed
expectations that it was an independent
state under international law at this time
and which was not a party to the Accords
protested them. In a final declaration which
the Conference took note of, however, the
State of Viet Nam pledged itself not to use
force to resist the cease fire arrangements in
spite of its general objections to those agree-
ments.
Because the Agreement on the Cessation of
Hostilities in Viet Nam referred to a "pro-
visional military demarcation line," and "re-
grouping zones" pending general elections
for the uniflc'ation of Viet Nam, and the
Final Declaration said:
"The Conference recognizes that the essen-
tial purpose of the Agreement relating to
Viet Nam is to settle military questions with
a view to ending hostilities and that the
military' demarcation line is provisional and
should not in any way be interpreted as con-
stituting a political or territorial bound-
some have concluded that "under the Geneva
Accords of 1954, South Viet Nam is merely
a temporary zone not even qualifying po-
litically as a state," and that aggression by
North Viet Nam against South Viet Nam is
merely a civil war, comparable even to the
United States Civil War.-
These conclusions are based on erroneous
interpretations of the Geneva Accords. As
has been seen, at the Conference, Viet Nam
was represented by two states each claiming
sovereignty to all of Viet Nam and each rec-
ognized as the only lawful government of Viet
Nam by one or the other of the major
opposing power blocs at the Conference. The
Communist nations supported the credentials
of the D.R.V., and the Western powers im-
plicitly backed by the prior United Nations
action supported those of the State of Viet
Nam. Seen in context, then, this language
as to provisional zones was intended to pre-
serve the existing claims to sovereignty to
all of a united Viet Nam by both the D.R.V.
and the State of Viet Nam, and to indicate
that the participants contemplated eventual
unification of Viet Nam by free elections.
This language was not intended to undercut
the existing credentials of statehood of either
of the contenders prior to unification. The
participants at the Conference each wanted
to avoid recognizing the government cham-
pioned by the other side as a lawful govern-
ment of any part of Viet Nam and each
wanted to preserve the claims to sovereignty
over all of Viet Nam of the government that
they recognized. To say that the partici-
pants at the Conference intended to reduce
the legal status of the particular government
of Viet Nam that they recognized to that of
a "temporary zone not qualifying politically
as a state" is practically to state the opposite
of what both sides intended. The declara-
tions and actions of the parties before,
during, and after the conference make this
opposite interpretation evident.
Thus, the foreign ministers of the United
States, France, the United Kingdom, and the
Soviet Union, in a February 18, 1954 Berlin
Resolution agreeing on. the holding of the
Geneva conference said:
"It is understood that neither the invita-
tion to, nor the holding of, the above-
menti'oned Conference shall be deemed to
imply diplomatic recognition in any case
where it has not already been accorded."
After consultations between the French
and Soviet delegations at the Conference, the
list of nine participating states, including
both the D.R.V. and the State of Viet Nam
was agreed to but again subject to this
nonrecognition provision of the Berlin
Resolution.
Similarly, French Foreign Minister Bidault
made it clear in the opening address at the
proceedings on Viet Nam that:
"For France, there is a Viet Nam State of
which the unity, territorial integrity and
independence must be respected. With the
presence at this Conference of a party which,
in order to fight against this state, has orga-
nized armed forces, has been admitted as a
necessity with a view to bringing about a
cessation of hostilities, this presence must
not be interpreted as implying on our side
any kind of recognition ... The elements of
this solution depend, first and foremost, in
our opinion, upon the opinion which will
be expressed by the Government of Viet
Nam."
And in a later address at the Conference he
reiterated that:
"[T]here does exist a Government of the
State of Viet Nam. That Government is the
government of His Majesty, Bao Dal, which is
recognized by thirty-five states, is a member
of various international organizations, and
which is represented here in the eyes of all
those who have recognized it. This Govern-
13235
ment is fully and solely competent to commit
'Viet Nam.... The sovereignty and inde-
pendence of Viet Nam are therefore recog-
nized by France over the whole territory of
Viet Nam...:'
Proposals made by both the State of Viet
Nam and the D.R.V. at the Geneva Confer-
ence called explicitly or implicitly for recog-
nition of the sovereignty of their particular
government. And there is no indication in
the records of the Conference in the British
Command Papers or in the Accords them-
selves that the D.R.V. consented to relinquish
its existing claims to statehood and sover-
eignty, at least over North Viet Nam, by sign-
ing the ceasefire agreement and acceding to
to the Final Declaration. Certainly the State
of Viet Nam which expressly objected to the
Final Declaration and which had not even
signed the cease fire agreement did not con-
sent to have its status reduced from a rec-
ognized state under international law to that
of a mere zone. And the same is apparently
true with respect to the interpretations by
all of the other participants in the confer-
ence with respect to the accords on Viet Nam.
There can be no better evidence of this in-
tention than by the subsequent interpreta-
tions on this point by the participants in the
conference itself. As the comments to the
Harvard Research Draft Convention on The
Law of Treaties indicate:
"In interpreting a treaty, the conduct or
action of the parties thereto cannot be ig-
nored. If all the parties to a treaty execute
it, or permit its execution, in a particular
manner, that fact may reasonably be taken
into account as indicative of the real inten-
tion of the parties or of the purpose which
the instrument was designed to serve."
Similarly, Article 69 of the International
Law Commission 1964 Draft Articles On The
Law Of Treaties provides:
There shall also be taken into ac-
count, [in the interpretation of treaties] to-
gether with the context: .
"(b) Any subsequent practice in the appli-
cation of the treaty which clearly establishes
the understanding of all the parties regard-
ing its interpretation."
By way of subsequent conduct of the par-
ticipants with respect to Viet Nam, the Brit-
ish government, one of the Co-Chairman of
the Conference, said sometime after the Con-
ference was concluded:
"The references in the title and text of this
message to the "Democratic Republic of Viet
Nam" do not involve any departure from the
policy of her Majesty's government in recog-
nizing, in accordance with their obligations
under Article 12 of the Final Declaration of
the Geneva Conference, 'the Government of
the Republic of Vietnam as the only legal
Government of Vietnam."
And, by way of further indication of this,
the British Joint Parliamentary Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs said in
the House of Lords on June 25, 1957: -
"The present division of Viet-Nam into two
parts on either side of the 1,7th Parallel dates
from the agreements reached at the Geneva
Conference of 1954. In the North authority
is vested In the so-called Government of the
Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam resident in
Hanoi. The South is administered from
Saigon by the Government of the Republic
of Viet Nam of which Ngo Dinh Diem is
President. Her Majesty's Government recog-
nizes the Government of the Republic of
Viet-Nam as the'sole Government entitled to
represent the State of Viet-Nam in interna-
tional affairs."
Similarly, in a dispute with respect to the
maintenance of a United States consulate in
Hanoi shortly after the Accords, both the
D,R.V. and the United States seemed to in-
terpret the Accords as preserving the state-
hood of the governments of the D.R.V. and
the Republic of Viet Nam respectively. Later
statements by the Soviet Union delegates to
the United Nations are consistent with the
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13236 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June , 1966
retention of claims to statehood by the gov-
srnments concerned. In fact, although it is
always difficult to prove the negative, a
cursory but conscientious search indicates
that none of the participants In-the Geneva
discussions on Viet Nam ever put forth the
interpretation that under the Geneva Accords
the D.R.V. and the R.P.N. were both merely
"temporary zones not qualifying as states."
In the face of the uncontradicted evidence
of what the" participants actually intended
by the Geneva Accords such assertions of
loss of statehood are untenable.
Certainly the participants in the Confer-
ence intended, at least by the language of
the agreements, that Viet Nam be unified by
free elections under one or the other of the
competing governments variously recognized
by the two sides, This, however, is quite a
different intent from that of reducing the
statehood of the D.R.V. and the R.V.N. to
"temporary zones not qualifying as states."
It is principally this intent that Viet Nam
be unified by free election which is expressed
by the "provisional zones" language in the
accords. To suggest, however, from this in-
tent that aggression by the D.R.V. against
the R.V.N. is merely a "civil war" even com-
parable to the United States Civil War is to
ignore the crucial fact, among others, that
the central purpose of the Internationally
drawn provisional demarcation line in Viet
Nam was for a military cease fire making
aggression across that line unlawful. If
nothing else, the two zones were at least in-
tended as separate international entities with
respect to the lawfulness of the use of force
by one zone against the other. Consequent-
ly, even if the D.R.V. and the R.V.N. were
not today two separate states, aggression by
the D.R.V. against the R.V.N. Is a funda-
mental breach of the Geneva Accords en-
titling the R.V.N. to the appropriate corre-
sponding right of self-defense. Since this
point has often been ignored, It bears em-
phasizing that even if this were a "civil war"
in Viet Nam in the sense that there were no
current expectations that two independent
and separate states exist today in Viet Nam,
nevertheless, the fact that armed aggression
by the D.R.V. against the R.V.N. Is in funda-
mental breach of an internationally drawn
cease-fire line makes the legal consequences
radically different from those attending a
"civil war." As Professor Quincy Wright
pointed out in the 1959 Proceedings of the
American Society of International Law:
"Another complication may result from
the protracted functioning of a cease-fire or
armistice line within the territory of a state.
While hostilities across such a line by the
government in control of one side, claiming
title to rule the entire state, seems on its face
to be cavil strife, if such lines have been, long
continued and widely recognized, as have
those in Germany, Palestine, Kashmir, Ko-
rea, Viet Nam and the Straits of Formosa,
they assume the character of international
boundaries. Hostilities across them immedi-
ately constitute breaches of international
peace, and justify "collective defense" meas-
ures by allies or friends of the attacked
government, or "collective security" measures
by the United Nations. If this were not so,
armistice and cease-fire lines would have no
meaning at all.... "
The United Nations action In Korea lends
support to this distinction. Moreover, it
eannot be validly maintained that the mili-
tary demarcation line pursuant to the Gen-
eva Accords no longer has validity in Viet
Nam. For bath the D.R.V. and the R.V.N.
regard the Accords as having continuing legal
validity and continue to make complaints
to the International Control Commission.
Furthermore, the decisions and continued
functioning of the International Control
Commission Jong after the July 1956 failure
to hold elections also indicates the continu-
ing legal validity of the internationally set
demarcation line in Viet Nam. in addition,
apparently all parties concerned regard the
Accords at least as the beginning point of
any current settlement, and the general in-
ternational community attitude bears out
this expectation that the demarcation line
is of continuing validity today. This con-
tinuing legal validity of the demarcation line
in Viet Nam is consistent with the stated
United States policy not to attack the in-
tegrity of the D.R.V.. as a territorial or po-
litical entity, but simply to induce the D.R.V.
to halt its armed aggression against the
R.V.N.
The nearly ten years of separate develop-
ment of the D.R.V. and the R.V.N, along dif-
ferent ideological lines after the date set for
elections had come and gone indicates that
the cease fire line established by the Geneva
Accords in fact created continuing expecta-
tions of an international boundary between
the D.R.V. and the R.V.N. The actions of
the D.R.V. in continuing attempts to con-
ceal their military direction and assistance
with respect to the N.L.F., rather than openly
admitting that the attack on the R.V.N.
includes elements of the PAVN army, also
provides some indication that the D.R.V. re-
gards the cease fire line as a valid interna-
tional demarcation line with respect to the
employment of force across that line, and
that they regard the use of force by the
D.R.V. against the R.V.N. as something other
than "civil strife."
Although some have argued that assistance
even to the recognized government in a
"civil war" should be outlawed because of
the danger of civil strife escalating to inter-
national war, the same argument would ap-
pear to apply even more strongly with re-
spect to the use of force by the D.R.V. across
what is at least a factual. International cease-
fire line dividing the major contending
ideological systems in the World today. And
once significant outside armed aggression
takes place across such a line against the
Established government, certainly the situa-
tion should give rise to appropriate rights
of self-defense.
It should also be pointed out that there
Is no indication in the Accords themselves
that they would cease to function should
elections not be held. In the light of the
complete lack of evidence of such an intent
in the Accords and of the continuing evi-
dence of expectations to the contrary this
interpretation would be unwarranted. And
It should be remembered that any argument
depending on the cessation of the effect of
the Geneva Accords because elections were
not held would cut both ways. Under such
a theory presumably it would also be a "civil
war" should the R.V.N. openly invade the
North even in some hypothetical situation in
which they had no provocation. It is doubt-
ful that in these circumstances the nations
supporting the D.R.V. would be inclined to
accept the "civil war" label and in any event
this also would be too disruptive of mini-
mum world public order. Consequently,
such a theory of the expiration of the Geneva
Accords when elections were not held would
seem neither realistic nor attractive.
Moreover, despite the language of the Ac-
cords there are some indications that at least
some of the participants at the Geneva Con-
ference were aware that the Accords might
result in indefinitely partitioning Viet Nam
until genuinely free elections could be held.
Anthony Eden's memoirs indicate his feel-
ings in 1954 that the partition of Viet Nam
was the best solution. In fact, in view of the
German and Korean experiences partition
seems a somewhat drastic way to arrange a
cease fire and election if that was all that
was contemplated by the parties. Moreover,
the Accords are not notoriously heavy in
election provisions, mentioning them only in
a rather airy fashion. It was clear that the
Conference had not come to grips with the
key election problem in any meaningful way
in 1954. With this background, it may well
be that the participants at the Conference
were not particularly surprised when elec-
tions were not held in 1956.
In summary, the proponents of the view
that the use of the military instrument by
the D.R.V. against the R.V.N. is a "civil war"
must establish not only that factually the
Accords did not establish an international
demarcation line creating expectations of
two spearate international entities in Viet
Nam today, but also that the military cease
fire line of the Accords had ceased to have
legal validity prior to the D.R.V. aggression
against -the R.V.N., a result which does not
automatically follow from a mere recitation
of the language in the Accords to the effect
that "the military demarcation line is provi-
sional and should not in any way be inter-
preted as constituting a political or terri-
torial boundary." For even if the line was
not originally intended as a political or ter-
ritorial boundary this does not mean that
the cease-fire line itself, a major purpose of
the Accords, is of no validity today on the
issue of military aggression across that line.
The use of the military instrument by the
D.R.V. against the R.V.N., then, is clearly not
analogous to "civil strife" either for the pur-
pose of assessing the lawfulness of that use
or for the purpose of assessing the lawfulness
of the reponding assistance to the R.V.N.
This is so both because of the existence of
substantial expectations today that the
D.H.V. and the R.V.N. are separate and inde-
pendent states under international law and
in the existence of an international cease-
fire line in Viet Nam violated by armed ag-
gression of the D.R.V. against the R.V.N. The
"civil strife" label, then, ignores the essence
of the Geneva Accords in preference to a
facile verbalism. Also, of course, the United
States Civil- War analogy is non-comparable,
among other reasons because the "Hanoi
regime is anything but the legitimate gov-
ernment of a unified country in which the
South Is rebelling against lawful national
authority."
With respect to the effect of the 1954
Geneva Accords on the status as states of
both the State of Viet Nam and the D.R.V.,
the Accords in no way lessened the estab-
lished status of the State of Viet Nam or
the existing claims of the D.R.V. Instead,
they could only have strengthened the
claims to statehood of the competing gov-
ernments, particularly the seemingly weaker
claims of the D.R.V., since the reality of the
settlement was that the two governments
had acquired, even if intended to be tem-
porary, relatively fixed and separate terri-
tories and had participated in an important
international conference even though that
participation did not technically result in
recognition of their asserted statehood by
the countries of the opposing bloc.
In the nearly twelve years following the
Geneva Accords, this reality of two separate
and independent states in Viet Nam has be-
come Increasingly clear.
SENATOR RANDOLPH LEADS IN
AID FOR THE BLIND
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr.
President, my distinguished senatorial
colleague from the State of West Vir-
ginia, Mr. RANDOLPH, has accomplished
a great many noteworthy deeds in his
career as an educator, businessman, and
legislator-but none is more deserving of
recognition and expression,of public ap-
preciation than is his effort to promote
programs to benefit the blind.
We here in the United States are
fortunate that our standard of living
and advanced knowledge of health prac-
tices have greatly reduced blindness
among our citizens, for elsewhere in the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
LET US TALK SENSE ABOUT VIET-
NAM IT IS LONG OVERDUE
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, in an
excellent article in today's New York
Times entitled "Thant's Vietnam Pro-
,posals" commendation is given Secretary
General Thant for "focussing attention
again on the real problem in Vietnam,
which is to move toward a negotiated
settlement of the Communist insurrec-
tion."
The editorial pointed with approbation
to Secretary General Thant's three-
pointed proposal calling "for the cessa-
tion of bombing North Vietnam; the
scaling down of military action in the
-south to achieve a cease-fire; the opening
of peace talks among all those who are
actually fighting, including the Viet-
cong."
Both the Secretary General and the
New York Times are talking sense to the
American people. My own views on the
folly of our military involvement in
southeast Asia have been expressed re-
peatedly for nearly 21/2 years.
Force begets force; escalation begets
escalation.
If a world conflagration is to be
avoided--7!f indeed it is not too late-
then the points. suggested by the Secre-
tary General should be heeded and no
time Should be lost to carry out his sug-
gestions.
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial from the New York Times for June
22, 1966, be printed in full in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, June-22, 1966]
THANT'S VIETNAM PROPOSALS
Secretary General Thant has performed a
useful service in focusing attention again on
the real problem in Vietnam, which is to
move toward a negotiated settlement of the
Communist Insurrection. -
The bombing of North Vietnam and the
buildup to more than a quarter-million
American troops in the South have neither
reduced the Vietcong forces nor stabilized
the internal politics of Saigon. On the con-
trary, the Vietcong buildup also is continu-
ing, aided by infiltration of regular North
Vietnamese units. And the American take-
over of the military conflict has simply freed
the Buddhist and military politicians of
South Vietnam to pursue their power strug-
gle. There is little reason to believe that
further escalation will change the picture.
Mr. Thant's suggestion is that a new at-
tempt be made to descalate instead. His
three-point proposal calls for the cessation of
bombing North Vietnam; the scaling down of
military action in the South to achieve a
cease-fire; the opening of peace talks among
all those who are "actually fighting," in-
cluding the Vietcong.
Sooner or later, this is the only way the
war in Vietnam can be brought to an end.
The unanswered question is how this process
can best be set in motion.
The efforts of numerous intermediaries to
bring Hanoi to the conference table have all
run into the same demand: talk to the Viet-
cong's National Liberation Front. Until the
Saigon government shows a willingness to do
so, there will be no prospect of peace. But
what incentive can there be. for the military
junta to seek ,a compromise settlement when
American troops protect it against the con-
sequences of political folly? The dream that
the military balance can be turned and a
Communist surrender achieved will only give
way to reality when the American commit-
ment ceases to be open-ended.
At the present rate of buildup there will
be 350,000 to 400,000 American troops in
South Vietnam by the end of the year. The
talk in Washington of higher targets of 600,-
000 or 750,000 American troops in 1967 and
later is further encouragement to political ir-
responsibility in Saigon.
At some point a halt must be called.
American forces may be able to contain the
larger Vietcong units, but it is much more
doubtful that they can desroy the Vietcong's
political network or its guerrilla bands.
Every whirl upward on the escalation spiral
merely restores the military balance at best-
but at a higher level. A halt in the buildup
may prove far more effective in forcing the
Saigon factions to unite and in bringing them
to face up to the need of opening contacts
with the other side.
THE FEDERAL PAY RAISE BILL
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I have
received a number of wires from resi-
dents of the State of Oregon urging that
prompt action be taken by the Senate
on the Federal pay raise bill, H.R. 14122.
In view of the importance of these com-
ments I ask unanimous consent that the
wires to which I have alluded be printed
in the RECORD at this point in my re-
marks.
There being no objection, the tele-
grams were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD as follows:
SALEM, OREG., June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Please do all in your power to bring H.R.
14122 to an affirmative vote this week.
Thank you.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION POSTAL SUPER-
VISORS, LOCAL 225.
SALEM, OREG., June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge your immediate action to expedite
enactment of Government salary bill H.R.
14122 by July 1, 1966.
VERNON E. PAUL.
COOS BAY, OREG., June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Just returned from State convention. Im-
portant H.R. 14122 brought before Senate for
immediate action. Urge your favorable sup-
port.
FRED CRAMER,
Secretary, Branch 1450 NALC,
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington D.C.:
Request your support to expedite enact-
ment of Government Salary bill, H.R. 14122.
CLYDE C. PIKE.
Coos BAY, OREG.,
June 20, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington D.C.:
Ladies State auxiliary, NALC urges your
support of H.R. 14122. Important this bill
passes at earliest date.
MILDRED SMITH,
State Legislative Chairman,
Auxiliary No. 173, CALC.
. June 22, 1966
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington D.C::
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Your immediate action is urged for en-
actment of Government Salary bill, H.R.
14122 by July 1, 1966,
RUTH A. DAVIS.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Request your support in passing govern-
ment salary bill, H.R. 14122, effective July 1,
1966,
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
I wholeheartedly support you and your
efforts in behalf of the Federal pay raise.
CARMALETE Y. EGELSTON.
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge support Federal pay bill. State com-
petition makes Federal clerical recruiting
difficult. Attractive pay essential.
NORMA I. GERBERDING.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
SALEM, OREG.,
June 21, 1966.
Request your support for immediate enact-
ment of H.R. 14122 approved by Senate Civil
Service Committee.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
PORTLAND, OREG.,
June 19, 1966.
Please support pay bill 14122.
A. W. CLARK.
PORTLAND, OREG.,
June 20, 1966.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Please do all possible to have H.R. 14122
reported out of the Senate Policy Commit-
tee.
Tom LINVILLE.
NORTH BEND, OREG.,
June 20, 1966.
Hon, WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
DEAR MR. SENATOR: We need your help for
a favorable report on H.R. 14122 to be re-
ported out of Senate Policy Committee.
Please help us keep up with the yearly in-
creased cost living.
Sincerely,
N. Irving Engle, Robert Emmett, Howard
Pate, Memphis Hadden, Bev. Bigelow,
Robert Klien, William Babbitt, Jack
Clark, Jack Goll, Joyn Riesbeck, Jack
Chanler, Al Carlson, Bud Grossen, Jim
Hurst, Henry Lawdese, Les Groff.
. GRANTS PASS, OREG.,
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Oregon State Letter Carriers in session at
Portland, Oreg., ask your support of H.R.
14122 to get this bill reported out of Senate
policy committee for immediate action.
ARTHUR H. STRUNK, Sr.,
Secretary, Oregon State NALC.
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June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL
General WHEELER. I don't believe so. I
think: that we have adequate means to carry
out any operations that I can foresee.
Question: What effect will the monsoon
season have on the American war effort in
Vietnam?
General WHEELER. Well, as you may know,
the monsoon out there has opposite effects
in the two parts of the Vietnam. In -North
Vietnam when the weather is good, it is bad
in South Vietnam, and vice versa. And the
monsoon is just changing now. We've had
very bad flying weather up North in recent
weeks and months. We have had good
weather in the South. Now it is going to
start to change. So our air operations in the
North will be easier, but our air operations in
support of our ground forces in the South
will be more difficult. In other words, we'll
have greater problems in flying when we want
to fly.
Question. Do you feel that Premier Ky's
retention of power could cause more military
and political turmoil?
General WHEELER. I think that probably
that it wouldn't cause any greater difficul-
ties than we're having now.
Question. General Wheeler, why don't we
employ nationalist Chinese troops in Viet-
nam?
General WHEELER. Well, there are several
reasons. One, it would be in a sense expand-
ing the war by bringing Chinese into an area
where they are not particularly congenial to
the population. Secondly, the 'nationalist
Chinese have no particular desire to partici-
pate in that war down there. You'd open up
a whole series of political problems.
Mr. GRANIK. Wouldn't that bring China
in tb en?
General WHEELER. Well, this is one of the
arguments, that it would bring Red China
into the war directly. Again, I think this
is debatable because it would depend on the
circumstances in which these Chinese na-
tionalist troops were used,
Question. General, are there mercenaries
involved in Vietnam, and if so, what is their
role?
General WHEELER. We have no mercenaries
in the American armed forces. And I assure
you that the Koreans are not mercenaries
either. They are there at the direction of
their government in support of their na-
tional policy of opposing Communism in the
Far :East. So there are no mercenaries in
South Vietnam.
Question. Do you feel that free elections
can be held in a country such as Vietnam
in the political turmoil that it is in now?
General WHEELER. I think so, under-with
care. As a matter of fact, there have been
elections in the recent past for provincial
posts, and so on, which were quite success-
ful-a tremendous turnout and a very fine
outcome for the government.
Mr. GRANuc, What happens then? How do
we abide by these elections, General? Let's
say the Viet Cong were successful in the
elections.
General WHEELER. Well, it is unthinkable
to me that they would be. And I think that
Secretary Rusk is a better expert on this
than I. I'd be trying to address a hypo-
thetical question. and I don't see how I can
do it..
Question. Is Premier Ky daring the Bud-
dhis'l to a showdown by declaring there
will be no constituent government until
1967?
General WHEELER. I don't think so. Just
a comment on what I understand he said.
I believe that he is saying that the time
that will be needed to draw up a constitu-
tion and to have elections will be some-
what greater than people think.
Question. Sir, is there any chance that the
reservists and National Guard will be acti-,
vated?
RECORD - SENATE 13229
General WeesmER. Oh there's always a
chance. If there is a sizable increase in
the tempo of the war, if we are faced with
other contingencies, why we, of course, would
depend upon the National Guard and the
reserves to augment the active forces.
Question. Sir, if they are activiated, are
they really ready for the kind of fighting
that is going on there?
General WHELER. I think so. Now we have,
as I mentioned earlier, certain units that
have already been selected. These are the
high priority units-to receive special and
additional training so that their readiness
has been increased. And this is always an
incremental step if you pall the National
Guard and reserve into action, and so I think
my flat answer to you would be yes.
Question. Sir, why do we have more com-
mitments in our foreign policy than our na-
tion can really afford?
General WHEELER. Well I don't think that
we have. I think that the United States
can afford to do those things to protect its
own security interests and to assist our al-
lies in protecting theirs. I don't believe that
we are over-committing to use a simple
phrase.
Question. To get off the subject of Viet-
nam, what do you see for the future of
NATO?
General WHEELER. I believe that NATO is
going to remain a viable military alliance.
Now, undoubtedly, there are going to be
changes made and these are being discussed
at the highest governmental levels, and when
I say governmental, I mean all the govern-
ments of NATO, except France, at this time.
Our NATO partners apparently are all agreed
that NATO is a valuable security mechanism
and they and we are determined to main-
tain it.
Question. Do you think West Germany
will get nuclear weapons through NATO if
France pulls out?
General WHEELER. No, that's not the ob-
ject of the exercise by any means.
Question. Sir, does the moon have any
military value?
General WHEELER. Well, at night it is awful
useful to have the moon shining so you can
see, but not to be facetious in answering
your question, what you're really asking me
is if going to the moon has a direct military
application. My answer to you is that we
don't know. What we do know is that the
things that we learn in the scientific area by
these space flights and these efforts to pro-
ject man into space increase our entire
knowledge of a broad spectrum of military
interests. And it could be that someday the
ability to put a man on the moon will have
a direct influence on our security mech-
anism.
Question. Do you foresee the moon to be-
come a battleground between the United
States and Russia?
General WHEELER. I don't think so. I cer-
tainly hope not.
Mr. GRAmx. That's why we applaud the
President's wonderful action urging unity
there.
Question. How much emphasis do the
Communists place on our youth demonstra-
tions?
General WHEELER. It's very interesting.
That's an excellent question. General Giap,
who is the Minister of Defense of North
Vietnam and who was the commander of
their forces when they defeated the French
at Dien Bien Phu, wrote a series of three ar-
ticles which appeared in the Hanoi official
newspaper in January. I read these articiA
with great interest. Giap, in these articles,
and other articles and statements that I have
read corning from North Vietnamese officials,
and from China, for that matter, emphasized
the fact that they are going to win this war
politically, and they cite as an example of
why they will win politically, the fact that
there are demonstrations, that there is sup-
port for their efforts in this country and in
other countries of the Free World.
Question. Do you feel that the conquest
of space, to return to space, should be set
aside until we settle the problems of poverty,
ignorance and disease?
General WHEELER. I don't believe so. I
believe that our country is blessed with
enough wealth, enough resources, in terms
of scientific brains, vast industrial base, so
we can push ahead on both fronts at the
same time.
Question. General Wheeler, do you see any
danger in the future of attack from outer
space?
General WHEELER. As of right now, my an-
swer to you would have to be a categorical
no, and I would say that this is a problem
that you young gentlemen and ladies here
are going to have to address perhaps some
time in the future. It is beyond my ken.
Question. General, why doesn't the Air
Force release to the public its Blue Book Proj-
ect on unidentified flying objects?
General WHEELER. You're asking me a
question I simply can't answer, because I
don't even know what the Blue Book Project
Is. However, I can tell you this, that the
Air Force has made a very careful, elaborate
investigation of every report of this kind
that has ever been forthcoming, and to date,
they haven't identified anything that is not
explainable by natural means.
Question. Have the Fulbright Hearings, by
acknowledging some Americans' uncertainty
as to our position in Vietnam, encouraged our
enemies?
General WHEELER. I don't think that I
should comment on the deliberations in the
Congress. It's not my place.
Question. Just how closely do the Joint
Chiefs of Staff work with the State Depart-
ment?
General WHEELER. Well, let's say it this
way, the Department of Defense works ex-
tremely closely with the State Department,
and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, of course, par-
ticipate in all of these deliberations. It is a
rather complicated mechanism. But we are
always represented, either by me or, in the
case of meetings between officials, by one of
the officers of the Joint Staff, at all delibera-
tions that have any military application at
all.
Question. Sir, just how justified are the
State Department's travel bans?
General WHEELER. Again, this is something
you'll have to ask Secretary Rusk. That
falls in his purview, not mine.
Question. Sir, why does the United States,
a democracy, support a military dictatorship,
largely despised by its people?
General WHEELER. In what country are you
talking about?
Question. Vietnam, sir.
General WHEELER. Let's say this. You
have had in Vietnam a series of governments.
The latest government is a military dictator-
ship because this is the power base in South
Vietnam.
Mr. GRANSK. I'm sorry to interrupt, Gen-
eral. I know there are many more questions,
but unfortunately there just isn't any more
time. Thank you General Wheeler for being
our guest on Youth Wants to Know. Our
thanks to you, panel, for your most interest-
ing questions, and to you, ladies and gentle-
ment, for being with us. Please join us
again next week on Youth Wants to Know,
where through the eyes of youth, we explore
and discover, we measure the important peo-
ple, ideas and events of our time. And now
this is Theodore Granik bidding you good-
bye.
Produced by: Theodore Granik.
Associate Producer: Jay B. Cutler.
Assistant to the Producer: Janet Calhoun.
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X3226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 22, 1966
I we are to continue our past progress
in the sale of soybeans, both at home and
abroad, we have no other alternative but
to increase soybean yields per acre.
However, higher yields depend on pro-
duction research. Unfortunately, Fed-
eral research funds in the past have been
insufficient.
I strongly urge an appropriation which
will enable us to maintain an effective
research program in soybean research,
in order to augment yield per acre to
meet domestic and export demands. By
making certain that adequate funds for
soybean research are available, we re-
assure our productive and efficient
farmers of their vital role in the Nation's
eco my and recognize their help in eas-
ing balance-of-payments gap.
V~~HE SITUATION IN VIETNAM
. McGEE. Mr. President, it Is the
duty of a leader to lead, not follow.
Leadership that has been unwavering has
been ours, thanks to the determination
of President Johnson. And it is paying
off, too, as becomes increasingly appar-
ent with virtually every passing day.
The successes of American foreign pol-
icy have not escaped attention, despite
the continuing criticism from some quar-
ters. In its current issue, Life maga-
zine, for one, takes editorial note of
these successes. And in today's Wash-
ington Post, columns by Roscoe Drum-
mond and Rowland Evans and Robert
Novak present further commentary on
the steady improvement of the situation
in Vietnam and elsewhere. I ask unani-
mous consent that each of these reports
be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
and article were ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
[From Life magazine]
L.B.J.'S FOREIGN POLICY SUCCESSES
The Johnson administration has been
looking for fresh ideas and initiatives in for-
eign policy. Examples are the President's
espousal of a "summit meeting" of Latin
Amerccan leaders and of regional develop-
ment proarams in Africa. Others probably
An even more crucial election is scheduled
in Vietnam in September. Some U.S. Policy
makers are gloomy about it, since the Viet-
cong will try to sabotage it and the Bud-
dhists threaten not to participate. Yet the
very prospect of an election, and Marshal
Ky's evidently serious preparations for it,
have already strengthened the directory. The
U.S. has every reason to cheer the plans for
this election. It could well result in the
first broad popular base for a government
in Saigon, and so make the political side of
the war as hopeful as the military.
Johnsonian foreign policy has not been
uniformly successful, nor should it get credit
for all its own recent good news. But neither
has it been the series of disasters some of
Johnson's critics love to wallow in. We must
be doing something right, for aggression is
being contained, regional institutions of or-
der are developing, some new countries are
thriving, and there is even a little permea-
tion of the Iron Curtain (as in Willy Brandt's
East-West German conversations). If John-
son is serious in his talk of new initiatives
in foreign policy, the time is opportune. He
should ignore the polls when he knows that
a policy is the right one, such as his attempt
at bridge-building in Eastern Europe. The
little outcroppings of sense, decency and
hope now visible around the world prove
that good policies sometimes have their re-
ward. And there are ample opportunities
ahead for U.S. policy to continue trying to
make the world at least somewhat safer both
for democracy and for diversity.
GAINS OF U.S. POLICY
(By Roscoe Drummond)
Two of the most repeated arguments for
the United States giving up in Vietnam are
being disproved by events.
One is that Communist expansion is the
wave of the future for all Southeast Asia
and that nearly all the nations in this whole
region would rather accommodate themselves
to the inevitable than have the U.S. fighting
back.
Not true.
The other argument is that the United
States ought to quite defending South Viet-
nam because South Vietnam can't possibly
hold together and we are bound to lose.
Not true.
The truth is that the Asian and Pacific
nations not under Communist control have
taken heart because of the strong American
stand in Vietnam and are acting to estab-
lish a collective solidarity which seemed un-
thinkable a year or so ago.
Here's what's happening:
1. The foundations of a non-Communist
region security system are being laid.
2. At a conference in Seoul nine coun-
tries-South Korea, Thailand, the Philip-
pines, Nationalist China, Malaysia, South
Vietnam, Japan, Australia and New Zea-
land-joined to create the Asian and Pacific
Council (ASPAC) patterned after the Organ-
ization of American States.
3. After a long period of isolation and
hesitation, Japan, the most advanced and
strongest nation in the Pacific, is being wel-
comed as an active participant.
4. The new government of Indonesia has
severed the Djakarta-Peking axis, made
peace with Malaysia and is considering
joining the Asian Council. So is Laos.
5. India and Pakistan are moving into a
much improved relationship which will al-
most certainly strengthen India's capacity
to resist Chinese Communist attacks and
tend to cause Pakistan to keep Peking at
arm's length.
6. All of the members of the ASPAC are
helping South Vietnam and the military
commitments of some are expected to in-
crease.
South Vietnam is not falling apart-
though political turmoil makes It look at
lie ahead. Some White House advisers exude time, solely to save lives and to assure a free
a new mood of resolute optimism. Johnson's election. He has succeeded in both. His in-
.critics dismiss all this as an "exercise In tervention enabled the O.A.S. to take control
rhetorical rejuvenation" or attribuite it to of the troops of six nations (mostly U.S.)
the White House fears of the coming con- that have kept substantial peace for a year
gressional elections based on Johnson's own in the Dominican Republic. O.A.S. picked
bad showing in recent polls. Yet a glance the provisional president, Garcia-Godoy,
at the-major sectors of U.S. foreign policy whose disinterested integrity made the re-
will show that a measure of optimism is not cent election possible. O.A.S. oversaw the
out of place. voting and can now withdraw its remaining
Let us start with Europe. On the anniver- 8,000 soldiers as soon as the new president-
saryof D-day last fortnight, peace in Europe elect, Joaquin Balaguer, agrees.
had lasted one day longer than it did between Balaguer campaigned on a promise of civil
World Wars I and II. As it passed this mile- peace, and the Dominicans, especially the
stone Europe had less reason to expect an- rural women, supported him with a land-
other war than at any time since the Cold slide. One can even hope that the Domin-
War began. This despite De Gaulle's efforts scans, despite their long history of violence
to dismantle NATO. Even De Gaulle counts and tyranny, are now on the road to suc-
on the natural coherence of the Atlantic cessful self-government. Hats should be off
world, and its U.S. nuclear umbrella, for ulti- to Garcia-Godoy, to the U.S. representative
mate security. Meanwhile the changes in to the O.A.S., Ellsworth Bunker, and to all
NATO, are echoed by fissures in the Warsaw others who made possible this success story
-Pao, and the so-called "satellites" of Eastern (knock wood) of inter-American diplomacy.
Europe show increasing independence of And not just diplomacy. Democracy also
Moscow. had a victory. The right of a people to
In 4sia there is a grisly war, but it is not choose their own government is the essen-
a very dangerous one either to t1le-I .5. or to tial principle at issue in our struggle with
world peace. Moreover, the news from Viet- Communism. Whenever a people freely ex-
nam is so much better than a year ago that erts that right, our side scores a political
Johnson and McNamara ought to be taking victory of a kind that our adversaries can't
bows instead of brickbats. The fierce battle answer.
in the central highlands-a "spoiling attack"
on General ? Giap's North Vietnamese troop
concentrations-is another sign that the ini-
tiative has moved to U.S. and Vietnamese
forces, The casualty ratio; the enemy deser-
tion rate; the increased mobility, firepower
and morale of Westmoreland's troops, all
justify his confidence that he can handle
the "monsoon offensive" which Giap may be
preparing. Even the Saigon political situa-
tion looks more stable on the first anniver-
sary of the Ky directory.
Red China is going through a purge, the
first major split in its leadership since the
Mao regime took power. It may signal the
end of that regime and its successor may be
less bellicose and more concerned with
China's enormous internal problems. Mao-
ism has lost all influence in Indonesia, whose
new leaders have just terminated Sukarno's
insane was on Malaysia and seem to be steer-
ing their unfortunate country back to ways
of order and sense.
Indeed a new Asia is beginning to take
shape. Perhaps its birthplace will be record-
ed as Seoul, the capital of an even bloodier
war than Vietnam's only 15 years ago. In
Seoul last week the foreign ministers of nine
free Asian and Pacific countries-Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philip-
pines, South Vietnam, Malaysia, Australia
and New Zealand-met to discuss their mu-
tual desire to cooperate on trade, develop-
ment and other common problems. For the
first time the new men of Asia (as That For-
eign Affairs Minister Thanat Khoman put
it) "are getting together without being influ-
enced by any of the former colonial powers."
The initiative came from the proud leaders
of the Republic of Korea, a successful new
nation (economic growth rate almost eight
percent a year) anxious to assert its Asian
Identity.
This new free-Asian regionalism is indige-
nous, not made in America, and it is wel-
comed by U.S. policy makers. The U.S. role
is mainly to give it financial and technical
aid, as through the Mekong Basin project and
the Asian Development Bank.
In Latin America our main regional agen-
cies are the Alliance for Progress and the
Organization of American States. In what
was widely criticized as his major blunder,
President Johnson broke the letter of the
nonintervention treaty on which the O.A.S.
was founded when he unilaterally sent over
22,000 U.S. troops to quell the Dominican
rebellion of April '65. That "blunder" does
hot look so bad today.
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June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 13225
SUMMARY of LjPPEs RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 8. Along this line, the government should tions and 27 million couples accepting con-
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM IN INDIA organize the coupon referral system as Is doms by 1973. This is a reasonable goal.
Report on India-The urgency of over- now practiced in Taiwan. In this system With this type of program of 25 million loop
population in individual families and the the health educator and the social worker insertions by 1969, a real drop in the birth
nation requires urgent and speedy solutions. register all those women who want to have rate could be expected with a resultant im-
With regard to this problem, India's greatest the IUCD. The patients are Issued a cou- provement in the per capita income of all In-
shortage is not transport, medical personnel pon. The patient then submits the coupon dian families. Along with the increased pro-
or foreign exchange. The greatest short- to the doctor who inserts the IUCD. The duction of fertilizers, this program will stave
age in India is time. The birth control doctor then sends his coupons to the gov- off the threat of massive famine of the 1970's.
revolution must be instituted in less than 10 ernment In return for payment. The gov- One will then look forward to a generation
years. If in ten years, India adds another 200 ernment will then know exactly how many of happy and prosperous Indians.
million people to its population, neither loops have been inserted, where and among JACK LippEs, M.D.
India nor her friends will lie able to feed what age groups, because this Information
these new numbers. will be on the coupon. Sampling at a later
1. The first pre-requisite In providing a date will show how many people are con- THE NECESSITY TO INCREASE SOY-
serv,~ce is to make it readily available. With- tinuing the use of the IUCD. In this re-
In one year, the antra-uterine contraceptive spect it is Important to note that even in
device (IUCD) should be a routine proce- the first year about 20% will probably dis- Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, Presi-
dure? In al hospitals and in all dispensaries continue the method. Those persons who dent Johnson, in his food-for-freedom
and health centers throughout India. cannot use the IUCD will have to be offered
other methods such as the condoms, foam message, requested the American farmer
2. The second requirement that more to increase substantially the Nation's
persons s should know about this s service and tablets and birth control pills--probably on
of what value it is to them. For this, t a free or subsidized basis. Production of soybeans. The President
Central Government should establish a sep 9. Family planning as a career should be said:
rate Information service devoted entirely to upgraded and glamorized with the awards The demand for soybeans has climbed
family planning. and recognitions due the family planning each year since 1960. Despite record crops,
3. The Incidence of abortions In India workers, we have virtually no reserve stocks. To as-
should be studied. How may illegal abortions The government should provide security sure adequate supplies at prices fair to
occur in India each year? How many such to the people doing family planning work. farmers and consumers, the Secretary of
abortion cases end up in hospitals? What This will also help to attract competent Agriculture will use authority under the
percentage of hospital beds are occupied by individuals. 1965 Act to encourage production of soy-
abortion cases? What do such beds now cost 10. Organizationals changes should be in- beans on acreage formerly planted to feed
the state? How many mothers die each year stituted to prevent procedural delays, espe- grains. Feed grain stocks are more than
from. the effects of induced abortion? How cially right now. Emergency or urgent sufficient.
many Indian children are made motherless problems require short administrative lines.
each year from the effects of induced abor- 11. Encourage the Indian Medical Asso- In order to carry out the President's
tions,? What does this cost to the state? ciation, especially the private practitioners request, the National Soybean Crop Im-
4. The Central Government's Information to form medical advisory committees in every provement Council, in conjunction with
Service should act as advisors to their coun- state so that their skill and guidance can the Department of Agriculture, is con-
terparts In each state government. Ob- benefit the family planning program of ducting a national drive to get the
viously, the cultural and language differences India. The establishment of such commit- American farmer to plant 3.5 million
will require separate state information tees will. also insure the cooperation of the acres of soybeans this year-a 10-per-
5. medical profession. Where important medi-
5. Increase in the numbers of health educa- cal doctors remain unconvinced as to the cent increase over last year.
tors Is important. The most effective way to value, safety or effectiveness Of the IUCD, Why the worldwide demand for soy-
start family planning programs is with the they should be placed on medical teams beans? Soybean oil is recognized as
home visitor. This is well documented both which would visit the successful districts, the oil of the future in many countries
in Korea and Taiwan. Bath male and female such as Ambala District in the Punjab, and of the world. Soybean meal as a pro-
educators are needed. the Hoogly and Bakara Districts of West tein for livestock feeding is used exten-
6. Establish family planning training and Bengal. sively in the United States and is being
research institutions in every state to guide, 12. The Central Government leaders
spread knowledge and motivate doctors, civil should establish an old-age pension In order exported at an unexpectedly high rate
servants, politicans, academicians and jour- to decrease parental dependency on children. to many countries. In the last 4 years,
'nalist6 in birth control. Each institute I believe this will go a long way in making soybeans proved to be the top dollar
ahpul.d be equipped with a small library on the idea of a small family more acceptable to earner in U.S. agricultural exports, thus
family planning subjects such as sociology, the mass of the Indian populace. A whole substantially aiding our balance-of-pay-
demography, communications, contraception, array of legislative devices should be utilized ment problem.
etc. to promote family planning, e.g. no mater-
Those Institutions should have regular nity leave after the third child. However, the most important value of
seminars and workshops of persons involved 13. The goal of the family planning pro- soybeans lies in their potential ability
to feed
in family planning. The family planning million the effective next 6 or or 7 years should these 50 fis
hed peke world's 1.5 billion undern0ur-All newsl.etter should be enlarged. Each state million would not be able to . use the loop. planning institute should submit Some of them ofb be b offered the pills. A prominent company in my State,
articles reviewing and analyzing both their It could be free should
b Central Soya of Fort Wayne, is con-
the poorest the women
successes and their done a regular transmitting vital
basis. is. This could be e done first quarterly and who cannot use the loop. It should be par- tributing to the goal of
next year on a monthly basis. tially subsidized to the middle-income peo- protein from soybeans to t e hungry
Establish in each state a completely inde- ple who cannot use the loop; the well-to-do and undernourished. Central Soya has
pendent evaluation cell which would review should pay for their own medication. developed an experimental cookie which
target attainments or failures and reasons 14. The Central Government should pro- contains soy protein concentrate and
for the same. Such cells should be used to vide funds to the states for follow-up ther- isolated soy protein. This practical
encourage family planning workers with apy of loop patients.- cookie illustrates soybean potential in
ima n tive and constructive advice and not 15. The Central Government Family Plan
ning Institute should write a guidebook on alleviating protein malnutrition.
act policemen supervisors. promoting family planning to suggest the Will soybean production continue to
Establish training institutions for various
medical and nonmedical workers to be in- proper approaches for various types of occu- increase to meet worldwide demand?
volved in family planning. pations, i.e., village farmers, the city clerk, The answer is "no"-if we continue with
priest, etc. our present policies. In the past, so
7. Financial incentives should be of The Central Government Family Planning bean production increase has resulted grea be paid magni
8/t d eache.g.,loopeach should Institute must create training films for doe- from increased acreage, since yields per
payment Rs. - for . This should be made both to tors, especially about the IUCD device. A
govern- list of indications and contraindications for acre have remained constant. Much of
ment and private doctors. Rs. 5/- should be IUCD insertions in the training program the additional acreage came from crops
paid to subsidize the patient for being away, should be made. such as oats. However, for the future,
from home for the day. Its. 2/- should be 16. All family planning centers should soybean production increase will have to
paid to the village Dai or social worker or treat infertile cases as well as the overfertile, come from per acre yield increases, be-
anyori.e else who brings the patient in for This would put the family planning centers cause, first, oat acreage is almost ex-
her loop insertion. This is a total of Rs. on a more positive basis. hausted; and. second, soybeans have dif-
15/- for each loop insertion, which is half I would expect the program to reach 3 mil-
of ficulty competing with other crops for
the current subsidy of Rs. 30/- now.I eing lion insertions in 1966. The target for 1967
paid for vasectomy. Nothing will promote should be 6 million. Thereafter, insertions land due to low soybean yields.
the I17CD program faster than financial in- should reach 10 million per year. The World The solution: Higher soybean yields
centive. Bank Report anticipated 6 million sterlliza- per acre.
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 13224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
June 2.2, 1966
"Whatcha doin' with me?" he demanded. THE SITUATION IN VIETNAM namese to unite behind him until the coun-
"I'm trying to tell ya-" try is liberated. He must frankly
"Joe," said Blackstone. "It's late. We Mr. FANNIN. Mr. President, on June caution all discordant elements, like the
want you to have a good night's sleep. In 16, an editorial, entitled "Time To Fish Buddhists, who may refuse and continue
the morning will be time enough." or Cut Bait," appeared in the Arizona their anarchy, that such a course will leave
So they put Joe in a suite at the Palmer Daily Star, the morning daily newspaper no alternative than for him to order the
House, called room service for ice, and bade of Tucson, Ariz. William R. Mathews, withdrawal of all American military and
the suspect good night. About 10 in the the veteran editor of the Star, is an economic help. He well might explain to
morning, they returned, bringing a basket of them that hundreds of thousands more of
fruit and six law books. Wigmore took off astute observer Of national and inter- American military personnel, and billions
his blue coat and began opening his suitcase. national affairs, and I believe this edi- more of economic aid dollars, cannot liberate
"Ya gonna beat me up?" asked the hollow- 'torial is both timely and provocative. I a country that cannot govern itself, and
eyed defendant. (It-developed that he had commend it to the attention of my col- where the people are apathetic about their
not slept a wink all night). leagues and ask permission to have it liberty.
"Heavens, no!" said the sergeant. He printed in the RECORD. Such an announcement would resound
slipped into a sports coat, an ascot, and a There being no objection, the editorial throughout the world. It would restore the
shirt of vivid magenta. "The uniform, the was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Lenity of the American people, and the
badge, and the physical accoutrements of a chances are fair that it would bring an end
police officer are in themselves symbols of as follows: to the prevailing anarchy. It would inspire
oppression and intimidation, calculated to TIME To FISH OR CUT BAIT both the American and Vietnamese military
overpower the friendless and oppressed de- (EDITOR'S NOTE.-The continuation of the forces. By America's election day in Novem-
fendant, Please have a banana." Saigon riots with announcements calling ber, the pacification of the country should
On their way to the Art Museum, over on the upon the President to do what he can to show good progress. The end of the war
'Boulevard, the detectives explained that in relieve Premier Ky, and accompanied by could be assured reasonably within 12
times past, in-custody interrogation had been "Yankee Go Home" threats, adds to the months, if not sooner.
psychologically oriented. Suspects had been timeliness of the following editorial.) If the President continues his present
questioned in privacy in bleak rooms at sta- When President Eisenhower originally policy, the tension probably will snap this
tion houses. Isolation had served as a form made his commitment of American protec- coming autumn. There could be a big blow-
of mental coercion. So they sat down at a tion for South Viet Nam, the country was at off of some kind ignited possibly by the fraud
little table in the museum's garden by the peace. When President Jack Kennedy ac- charges that will be a part of any election. In
Triton Fountain, and Blackstone dug a tape cepted that commitment, a reign of terror that case, the President would face a mount-
recorder and three volumes of U.S. Reports was just starting. He sent military and ing number of angry people, and their anger
from the bag. civilian advisers to the country and gave easily could spread to the boys who are doing
"Now, Joe," he began, reading from Mi- generous military and economic aid. When the fighting in Viet Nam.
randa V. Arizona, "you understand, do you Lyndon Johnson became President, the reign Surely the President, who knocked the
not, that anything you say may be held of terror had become an organized war be- heads of labor leaders and bosses together to
against you? You are not required to say tween the Viet Cong, under orders from forestall catastrophic strikes, should realize
anything at all. If you would rather talk Hanoi, and the South Viet Nam government, he is going to have to do the same thing with
about sculpture, that is fine with us. Would under President Diem, the religious and political leaders of South
you like another ginger ale?" When Lyndon Johnson became President Viet Nam. The extent of the American
"Listen!" cried the defendant. "I've been in November, 1963, he accepted the original commitment there demands it.
tryin' to tell you since 2 o'clock this morn- commitment and felt it his duty to aid the If the people of South Viet Nam will not
ing, I sh-" government in South Viet Nam. The Amer- unite and fight their common enemy, if they
Wigmore clapped a burly hand across Joe's ican people overwhelmingly supported the persist in savage anarchy, they should be
mouth. "If you say another word until President's action in escalating the war. told what the score is. America in such
you're advised about counsel," he said The situation now has changed to' the circumstances has no alternative other than
grimly. point where Buddhists again are dividing'the to withdraw.
"Police brutality," whimpered the suspect. country in their campaign to unseat Premier
Blackstone was still reading. "Our accusa- Ky-the one Vietnamese who appears more
tory system of justice demands that the gov- and more as a courageous able leader,
ernment, produce the evidence against an Should they succeed, the legal government
individual by its own independent labors, will continue to be divided, and so will the
rather than by the cruel, simple, expedient of military effort of the Vietnamese.
compelling it from his own mouth. Would The promise to call an election to elect
you like a lawyer, Joe? We can get you a members to a Constitutional Assembly on
lawyer right away. If you can't pay him, September 11, amounts to putting the cart
we'll pay him. How about a nice lawyer? before the horse. Instead, the American
We can suspend until he gets here." precedent of 1776, with its resounding Dec-
Joe numbly shook his head. ' I don't want laration of Independence, should be followed.
a lawyer," he said. "Just want to tell you That is what should be done now, with a
about Dollee." proclamation joined in by America to liberate
Blackstone did his best, but Joe was Viet Nam from its invader. Then, once the
adamant. He knowingly, willfully and intel- country is pacified, a constitutional conven-
ligently declined his right to counsel. He re- tion would be necessary and proper.
fused to shut up, even when Wigmore begged The country should unite in its war of lib-
him, and at last, a little before lunch time, eration, and be pacified before any con-
they took Joe to State Street and booked stitution is written. The calling of any elec-
him for murder. tion before this is done certainly will divide
The rest of the story is quickly told. Joe the country still more.
went am d got a lawyer. In October, a jury American military forces already are
heard the officers' testimony and found the trapped. In a few months they will be con-
but guilty., The sentence was 50 years, fronted with a still more chaotic civil
but before a day could be served, the lawyer anarchy. They will be fighting courageously,
took it to the Supreme Court. The holding with a kind of religious-political war dividing ex- tended nded the e M Mi Illinois raann, da r r a8ules. U.S. es. 417) The , high further court rt the country they hope to save.
threw out the evidence of Dollee's body, on President Johnson has made a record of
the grounds that the room had been entered remarkable patience. He properly supported
without a proper warrant. The fingerprints Premier Ky. He has been so tolerant of the
went out, on the grounds that Joe could not anarchy and the personal abuse of himself
be thus compelled to incriminate himself. by the Buddhists, that patience and tolera-
The confession went out because 22 hours tion have ceased to be a virtue. As this con-
had elapsed during the interrogation period. tinues, his personal popularity has declined
The sergeant had struck the accused in the sharply. The Gallup Poll figures prove it.
mouth. The Palmer House and the Art In- But they also reflect the heartbreaking stale-
stitute were deemed impermissibly unfam- mate our military forces, and the grow-
iliar surroundings. It was another land- ing disgust and anger of the American people
mark opinion. with the conduct of the Buddhists.
Blackstone and Wigmore were suspended The time has come for the President to
from the force on June 21, 1969, a year to the act. That means he must publicly call the
day from the crime. And the next night Joe turn in Viet Nam. He must come out again
went out and shot Lily May. publicly for Premier Ky and call for all Viet-
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DR. JACK LIPPES, INVENTOR OF IUD,
MAKES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM IN
INDIA
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
Dr. Jack Lippes, originator of the Lippes
IUD, returned to Washington yesterday
to report on a month-long tour of family
planning centers in India. The Govern-
ment of India invited him to' discuss
family planning services in India with
physicians, public health officials, and
maternal and child health specialists.
Dr. Lippes sounded a dire warning that
if Indian population growth is not slowed
down and India adds another 200 million
people to its population in 10 years,
"neither India nor her friends will be
able to feed those new numbers."
Dr. Lippes then proceeded to make a
number of recommendations designed to
help India make progress in slowing
down her rate of population growth.
I believe that all Americans should be
aware of the great test which India faces
in her attempt to plan for her future and
show that the world's largest democracy
can succeed in her attempt to control her
rate of population growth.
I Ask unanimous consent that Dr.
Lippes' recommendations be printed at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the recom-
mendations,were ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
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June 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 13223
grow. This is exactly what happened. Dur-
ing certain great periods of ouf history, the
American people have looked upon their
constitutional rights not as harsh duties to
be ignored or done as quickly or easily as
possible, but as opportunities for improved
government and public service. We have
challenges as great as those faced by earlier
Americans: a government often mediocre
and corrupt, a nation apathetic and non-
participating, a world impoverished and
brutal, and injustice in our world and some-
times in our own nation. We can.dp so much
If we will look upon our governmental rights
as tools with which to make a better life for
all people.
The American people must realize that
democracy is much more than realizing what
a line government we have or listening to
fine speeches on the Fourth of July. We
must realize that a government of the peo-
ple, by the people, and for the people will
be only as strong, as free, and as effective
as its people. When this age has passed,
the democratic process will be more glorious
and complete than ever dreamed possible,
or the democratic dream will be a reality no
longer. We, the children of a free and
affluent nation have a unique contribution
to the democratic process. The Space Age
has, given us great dangers to the free way
of life; it has also given us great tools to
meet those challenges. We must remember
the words of the great parliamentarian Ed-
mund Burke, "The only thing necessary for
the triumph of evil is for good men to do
nothing."
THE NEW ASIA
Mr. INOUYE. Mr. President, a new
Asia is being born.
This is news of major importance, but
not the kind of news that we would
normally read In the newspapers.
It is one of those things that takes
place slowly before our eyes-and is not
seen. It is one of those things that hap-
pen today-and then is recognized in a
year or 5 years as being of great sig-
nificance.
We live so much in the shadow of vio-
lence -and of crises that constructive
things escape our notice. If 500 young
men and women complete their educa-
tion with honor and with high promise,
we may find it on page 17. If one young-
ster gets in trouble, it Is likely to be
on page I.
Terror, violence, bloodshed-all are
spread before us in word and picture, day
in and day out. You have to look hard
to find the quiet and constructive works
that are going forward, here at home and
around the world.
But these works are there.
I said that a new Asia is being born.
I do not think that is too extravagant
a description. And when we look back,
a few years hence, I think we will rec-
ognize that 1965 and 1966 were a de-
cisive turning point In the life of that
large, heavily populated and vastly im-
portant part of the world.
Last week, in Seoul, Korea, the repre-
sentatives of 10 Asian and Pacific na-
tions met. Seven of them were foreign
ministers; the others were high officials
of their governments. They represented
Australia, the Republic of China, Japan,
Korea, Laos, Malaysia, New Zealand, the
Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
They determined to work more close-
ly together for the mutual benefit of
their people. They chartered a course
for cooperation in economic, technical,
cultural, social, -and information fields.
And for these purposes, they established
the Asian and Pacific Council.
They plan to invite the other free na-
tions of Asia to join them. They agreed
to meet again at a high governmental
level next year. Meantime, a headquar-
ters for the new organization is to be es-
tablished. And specialized groups will
be formed immediately to begin work-
ing on the development of programs to
achieve their goals of closer cooperation
in a wide variety of peaceful areas.
The Seoul meeting-and the organi-
zation that has emerged-were the fruits
of Asian initiative. We were not pres-
ent. Nor were we in the wings pulling
strings. We were in the audience, and
we applauded.
Mr. President, Asia is on the move.
A free Asia, a cooperating Asia, an active
and progressing Asia. .
It will be recalled that a year ago-
at Johns Hopkins University-President
Johnson spoke out for the works of peace
in Asia. He called on the countries of
southeast Asia to "associate themselves
in a greatly expanded effort for develop-
ment." He said he would ask the Con-
gress for a billion-dollar American in-
vestment in that effort once it was
underway.
Stemming directly from the President's
speech, new Asian initiatives were
launched. An Asian Development Bank
has been born. Old revalries are being
submerged in the effort to move jointly
ahead in overcoming the problems that
haunt most of the people of that vast
area--disease, illiteracy, poverty, mal-
distribution, the shortage of capital, and
many others.
Asia is now moving ahead on the path
of peaceful development.
But let us note one item of the greatest
importance.
Would all this have happened if our
President had not taken the course of
strength and'courage in facing up to the
threat of aggression in Vietnam?
Would Asia now be able to think of
cooperative training centers-and insti-
tutions of learning-and schools of medi-
cine-and engineering tasks-if we had
backed out of Vietnam?
If Vietnam had been allowed to fall
under Communist rule, would the men in
Indonesia who faced the threat of immi-
nent Communist takeover from within
have had the courage to stand up and
beat it back? Or would they have read
and heeded the signs that communism
was on the rise-and made their peace
as best they could?
But we did stand firm in Vietnam,
and it is not under Communist rule. As
a direct result, Asia is astir--with plans,
with hopes, and with action.
When people ask why we are in Viet-
nam, this is a good part of the answer.
It is so that Asians can have a future,
so they can make plans, so they can build,
so they can be the masters of their own
destiny.
Our dearest hope is that soon we can
devote our energies and our imagination
and our resources to cooperating even
more fully in that great venture. For we
would prefer to build, not to destroy.
Mr. President, we are witnesses to, and
participants in, a great event. A new
Asia is truly being born.
POLICE INTERROGATION OF CRIM-
INAL SUSPECTS
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President,
there has been considerable public outcry
in recent days over the Supreme Court
decision rendered June 13 concerning
police interrogation of criminal suspects.
Understandably so, much of the alarm
which has been expressed has come from
law enforcement officers.
This decision, which lays down strict
regulations for the questionings of ar-
rested persons, which virtually bans
effective police interrogation and will
very likely make questioning a thing of
the past. In the words of Justice Har-
lan in his dissent:
How much harm this decision will inflict
on law enforcement cannot fairly be pre-
dicted with accuracy.
At a time when the crime rate in the
United States is soaring to disturbing
heights, the Court's recent decision is
indeed, as Justice Harlan declared, "a
hazardous experimentation."
Mr. President, there appeared in yes-
terday's edition of the Washington Eve-
ning Star an excellent editorial column
by James J. Kilpatrick concerning the
Court's decision. By treating this col-
umn in a satirical fashion, Mr. Kilpat-
rick makes his point with tremendous
impact. I commend this column to
Members of the Senate and ask unani-
mous consent that it be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE HISTORY OF ANOTHER LANDMARK DECISION
(By James J. Kilpatrick)
It was a little after midnight on the night
of June 21, 1968, when the call came into
Chicago's Homicide Bureau at 11th and State
Streets. Lieutenant Blackstone and Detec-
tive Sergeant Wigmore picked up their suit-
cases, which always were kept packed for
such emergencies, and headed for the scene
of the crime.
They proceeded to an address off Archer
avenue, and mounted all alone to the third
floor. There, just as the anonymous tipster
had said, they found a trickle of blood flow-
ing from beneath a locked door. With one
kick, the door gave way. Inside, sure enough,
they found the body of Dollee Mame, twin
sister of Lily May Mame, a young lady of the
evening not unknown in those precincts.
She had been shot through the head. A pis-
tol, still warm, was found nearby.
Relying on what scraps of information they
could find, Blackstone and Wigmore were
soon on the trail of one Joseph Doakes; 25,
who was reported, in the jargon of the dis-
trict, to have been "shacked up" with the
deceased. About 2 a.m., they found him
cowering in a nearby alley. The police ap-
proached with friendly smiles and out-
stretched hands.
"Ya got me," said Joe.
"Hush!" cried Blackstone.
"Not a word!" cried Wigmore. "The accu-
satorial stage has been reached!"
The officers put Joe into the commission-
er's limousine, and drove off to the Palmer
House. They discussed the White Sox. They
reviewed movies. But the suspect remained
distraught and uneasy.
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