STOP MEKONG RIVER 'BACKDOOR' AID TO THE VIETCONG

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400070016-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: May 4, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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9376
the eternal triangle of the atmospheric
nuclear test ban treaty against the need
for shelter protection, which is on the
second corner of the triangle, or against
the need to shoot down enemy missiles
and delivery capabilities before they be-
come effective over us and in our own
atmosphere on the other corner of the
triangle -I am not at all sure that that
is confirmed by their own statute. This
is truly a time for concern for all Amer-
ica. This is a time for research and for
probing. This is a time for informing
the public, because, as Lord Byron said
over 100 years ago, the informed are easy
to lead but difficult to drive, easy to
govern but impossible to enslave. I think
a great service has been rendered today
to this Nation by the gentleman from
California In his erudite and succinct
comments. I rise in appreciation and I
would like to associate myself with his
views.
Mr. HOSMER. The gentleman is very
kind and generous and also very wise in
what he has hinted at as to what may be
the purpose of this intellectual argument
about deploying an antiballistic missile
defense. Now, you either want that kind
of protection against a potential enemy
or you do not want that kind of protec-
tion against a potential enemy. If you
do not want it, you ought to say so. If
you do want it, then you ought to come
down, If you are the President or the
Secretary of Defense, to the Congress of
;the United States and say, "Give us the
money to buy it." The U.S. national in-
terest and possibly its life is at stake.
But what do we get? Neither one of
those. We simply get a lot of hocus-
pocus about playoffs between missile-de-
stroying systems, civil defense systems,
fallout shelters, bomb shelters, plus all of
the semantics that go with this game that
they developed down at the Arms Control
and Disarmament Agency. So we have
the issue confused and ambiguous rather
than drawn for the people as this kind of
discussion ought to draw an issue for an
Intelligent electorate to decide upon.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield further?
Mr. HOSMER. I yield to the gentle-
man from Missouri.
Mr. HALL. I appreciate the gentle-
man yielding. I know that he full well
recognizes that in the present state of re-
search and development of these anti-
ballistic missile deployments or the anti-
delivery capability means, that Is, the
antimissile missile-whether you refer to
the Sprint modification of the Nike-Zeus
or the Nike X or anything else-it would
be at least 4 years hence even if fully im-
plemented and continued at this time.
Having been struck down once insofar as
the Army action agency is concerned, it
seems to me it ill behooves the Com-
In6rider in Chief or the Secretary of De-
fense not to continue funding if they feel
that it Is necessary today in the 1967 fis-
cal ' budget, but the Committee on Armed
Services In its wisdom has seen fit to re-
store some of that. It seems to me that
bill will, be before the House for complete
development in the next 2 weeks, and we
will be given a chance to work our will
on this part. But this has happened in
,,so many cases 'where Congress Is ex-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
pected to restore the cut funds in order
that a budget may be within the obliga-
tional authority or indeed the spending
authority of the President for any one
fiscal year, to say nothing of borrowing
from it for supplemental needs.
Does not the gentleman agree with me
that if we are to be able to shoot down
a missile coming in from an enemy,
from any source, that we should work
hard and use all of our research and
brains and everything else that we have
at this time on this problem?
Mr. HOSMER. I believe the gentle-
man is precisely correct in his assess-
ment of the situation.
However, I do want to say this: If we
are to take the Secretary of Defense at
his word, as we are continually asked
to do, both by himself and others, and
if his word is that we do not have a war-
head suitable to go an this antiballistic
missile system to be used over our heads,
if we do not have a clean enough one
that we cannot keep our own people from
falling victims of fallout, then the first
step to be taken is a most vigorous pro-
gram of developing such a warhead and
to achieve it, so that then we can start to
design our system around it.
We simply just do not know the "kill"
characteristic of a warhead. You have
to know its weight, you have to know
its volume, and all bf those other things
before you design the other parts and
pieces of a missile system of which the
warhead is the heart, and whose char-
acteristics must necessarily determine
the other characteristics of the system.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield further?
Mr. HOSMER. Yes, I yield further to
the gentleman from Missouri.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I appreciate
the gentleman yielding further because
I am one who has long since quit believ-
ing the statements of the Secretary of
Defense, and have so stated on the floor
of this House.
Secondly, would the gentleman from
California not agree with me, that re-
gardless of research, it would require
exoatmospheric testing under the fire-
ball or the electromagnetic testing of any
such warhead before we could know the
answer to the question that he has so
well posed?
Mr. HOSMER. Certainly there is
never an assurance that anything will
work until it is actually tested under the
conditions and in the environment which
is exoatmospherie in this case, with
which it is supposed to be employed.
You can simulate some of these con-
ditions but you can never achieve them
fully in underground testing.
However, since we have obliged our-
selves by treaty to limit our testing to the
underground-we have banned it in the
atmosphere, we have banned it in space
and under water-the only place left is
in holes underneath the ground. We
have to take that with which we have to
work and do the job under the circum-
stances of underground testing.
Now, at the same time, we have facing
us this constant yen, desire, effort, or
mood on the part of the administration
even to rid ourselves of the underground
testing. They say, "Well, if you do not
May 4', 1966
have them, and the other fellow does not
have them, you are even."
However, Mr. Speaker, you are not only
even, I say to the gentleman from Mis-
souri, if you start out even and if any-
one wants to look into the record of the
last series of atmospheric tests before the
limited ban treaty, I believe there is con-
siderable reason for even the layman to
conclude that the emphasis which the
Soviet Union placed upon its tests very
high in the sky and emphasis that the
United States did not share in those
tests, I believe the conclusion reasonably,
STOP MEKONG RIVER . "BACK-
DOOR" AID TO THE VIETCONG
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
KREBS). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from New York
[Mr. CHAMBERLAIN] is recognized for 30
minutes.
(Mr. CHAMBERLAIN asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, I
have many times in the past months
voiced my deep concern over the assist-
ance given the war economy of North
Vietnam by ships flying the flags of free
world countries. At long last, this past
February the administration finally de-
cided to no longer openly tolerate this
trade with the belligerent Hanoi regime
by blacklisting the free world ships in-
volved from receiving any U.S Govern-
ment contracts. In placing trade with
Ho Chi Minh on the same level as trade
with Castro, the world was put on notice
that the United States considered this
flow of goods detrimental to the efforts
being made in South Vietnam to resist
Communist aggression. While I remain
greatly disturbed over the way that the
true nature and extent of free world
trade with North Vietnam has been kept
from the American people through the
arbitrary, unjustified, and self-serving
use of secret classifications designed
more to protect ineffective policies,
rather than our security, I am en-
couraged by the most recent report which
I have seen which indicates a reduction
in this traffic, I hasten to add, however,
that I will not be satisfied so long as
there is one free world ship docking at
Haiphong.
CAMBODIAN TRADE: THE VIETCONG'S
"BACK-DOOR" AID
Today, however, I wish to speak of a
closely related problem; one which, while
it is more difficult to measure, I am
satisfied has had an adverse effect on
our efforts to defeat the Vietcong and
promises to become even more of a prob-
lem in the future unless drastic action
is soon taken. The problem of which I
speak is the aid that the Vietcong re-
ceives from Cambodia and from free
world trade entering Cambodia by the
means of the Mekong River through
South Vietnam. This is the Vietcong's
"backdoor" source of supply. It must
be closed if we are to avoid a much long-
er war in South Vietnam just as surely
as the "front door" of the North Viet-
namese supply routes, and especially the
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May 4, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
ficulties in acquiring this information,
more effort and not less should be going
forward.
I know of no reduced requirements
/for a "comprehensive, agressive and con-
tinuing" underground nuclear weapons
test program that the safeguards de-
mand and that two Presidents have
promised to support. In fact, if one con-
siders the large underground nuclear
weapons explosions that the Soviets have
carried out and the needs to improve the
assumed deliverability or our strategic
deterrent weapons and the needs to de-
crease that characteristic of Soviet
ICBM's, the needs for underground test-
ing appear greater and not less.,
So sufficient was the concern of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy over
this safeguard that it took the unusual
initiative of boosting by $10 million the
authorization for this purpose asked by
the administration for fiscal year 1967.
I believe the boost would have been
greater if the JCAE had believed a turn-
around of the program's ,decline could
be accomplished more rapidly. If this
increase is appropriated, it will be of
considerable interest to see whether or
not the administration allows the AEC
to spend it.
MAINTENANCE OF WEAPONS LABORATORIES
The second safeguard, maintenance
of our weapons laboratories, also has
stagnated insofar as funding is con-
cerned. AEC and DOD funding for
weapons research and development at
the three weapons laboratories-Los
Alamos, Livermore, and Sandia-jumped
more than ` 10 percent from fiscal year
1963 to fiscal year 1964 and close to 6
percent from fiscal year 1964 to fiscal
Year 1965. Since then the trend in both
money and effort has been downward.
Fiscal year 1967's decline of 12.4 percent
less than fiscal year 1965 is the measure
of U.S. slackening in effort to insure the
continued application of our human re-
sources to the weapons program.
There is, I believe, a very serious cause
for concern that a continuation of this
attenuation of our weapons laboratory
output, as both AEC and DOD budgets
contemplate, within a very short time it
will lead to a total paralysis of develop-
ments in U.S. weapons technology.
Yet, modern nuclear weapons are es-
sential to our strategic deterrent and to
our capability to limit damage from
surprise attack. Without research and
development of a high caliber in nuclear
weapons technology, including compre-
hensive and aggressive underground
testing, we ill not be able to maintain
a modern weapons arsenal. Soviet . de-
velopments, production and deployment
of hardened silo ICBM's and of an anti-
ballistic missile systems can swiftly ne-
gate an unimproved U.S. nuclear weap-
ons arsenal.
Furthermore, should the need arise to
deploy an extensive U.S. A-ICBM de-
fense system, that need will be concur-
rent with a crisis and require great speed
In Implementation. An A-ICBM sys-
tem necessarily must be designed around
the warhead or warheads available to tip
its missile destroying rockets. Safe,
sound and sane planning dictates a
major effort to design and perfect such
warheads and have them available well
in advance of need. This work simply
cannot be accomplished in stagnant or
declining laboratories.
ATMOSPHERIC TEST READINESS
To achieve a readiness to resume at-
mospheric testing in the event our na-
tional security requires it, should the
Soviet abrogate the treaty, or should
actions of Red China or others compel
it, the DOD and AEC together spent
$162.2 million in fiscal year 1964. This
fell off to $131.2 million in fiscal year
1965. The understandable reason given
for this decreased funding is that the
cost of building up to achievement of a
readiness Is greater than the cost of
maintaining it. What is not so under-
standable, however, is why the cost of
maintenance in fiscal year 1967, $58.1
million, is lower by $18.3 million from
the cost of maintenance in fiscal year
1966, $76.4 million. The year's decline
in effort, when cost escalation is con-
sidered, is roughly one-third. It is very
doubtful that very heavy capital expend-
itures for the buildup were incurred
in fiscal year 1966. The buildup must
have been substantially completed dur-
ing the previous year. Therefore, the
decline in actual effort for the main-
tenance of this capability scheduled for
fiscal year 1967 is a very real and sub-
stantial one.
Yet, any abrogation. of the treaty by
the Soviets or other cause for atmos-
pheric test resumption can only be fore-
seen under circumstances of critical in-
ternational tension and crisis. These
are the very conditions of expectation
which the atmospheric testing safeguard
capability should be designed to meet.
If we are to maintain a capability at all,
it must be for undelayed response with
meaningful weapons tests that will de-
monstrate our readiness not only to test
and progress-but also will show that
our weapons for offense and defense are,
indeed, most modern.
MONITORING SINO-SOVIET TESTS
The dollar funding for the monitoring
of Sino-Soviet nuclear capabilities has
gone up slightly each year since fiscal
year 1964. As a consequence, the level
of effort involved has more or less re-
mained stable for this safeguard as con-
trasted to the others. This circumstance
is explained less by an administration
desire to maintain properly this safe-
guard than it is explained by the admin-
istration's zest for a relatively reliable
underground test detecting system as a
prelude to negotiating a total test ban
treaty.
The information we acquire from So-
viet underground tests about their weap-
ons progress is very limited in compari-
son to the information from their atmos-
pheric tests that gave us physical sam-
ples of test debris for analysis. The
needs for such information are greater
today, but irrespective of how much is
spent on underground monitoring, the
means for acquiring it are less.
CONCLUSION
In summary, I believe that the imple-
mentation of the safeguards, which start-
ed haltingly in fiscal year 1964, and, at
best, were continued for a few years
9375
statically, are now showing signs of a
faltering future. The trend of our ef-
fort incontrovertably is downward. New
blood and greater efforts must be in-
fused into the safeguards programs.
Stagnant or reduced funding will not ac-
complish that. Annual increases of 5
percent in dollar funding are needed
just to keep regularly escalating costs
from shrinking the magnitude of the
safeguards effort.
Furthermore, the administration must
reexamine its test ban safeguards effort
in the light of Soviet developments in
offensive and defensive nuclear weap-
ons. It can be predicted with confidence
that such a reexamination can only show
cause for greater efforts, much greater
efforts, than are now apparent to over-
come Soviet improvements and progress.
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. HOSMER. I yield to the gentle-
man from Michigan.
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I commend our
colleague for bringing this matter to the
attention of the House and revealing the
facts which hitherto have not been avail-
able to the membership. I regret` that
every Member of the House has not been
present to hear his very timely remarks.
Mr. HOSMER. I thank the gentle-
man. I know his constant concern for
the defense of our Nation.
I say to the gentleman, not only the
Members of this House should know and
understand this information, but I be-
lieve the entire American public should
be informed. It is a matter of deep
concern to their individual health and
safety and to the future of our country.
I have tried an experiment with my re-
marks today. I prepared them well in
advance. I gave copies to several news-
papers, including the New York Times,
the Washington Post, and the Washing-
ton Star. I did this by way of an ex-
periment, because those particular news
media in 1963, at the time the treaty was
negotiated, day after day after day as-
sured their readers that these safeguards
would in fact protect the security of the
United States, and day after day after
day in their editorial and news columns
they assured the people that the Presi-
dent would keep these safeguard prom-
ises, yet they have not had the kind-
ness or the courtesy yet, though they
have this information now, 3 years
later-while these promises are not being
kept, to inform their readers of these
facts.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield?
Mr. HOSMER. I am delighted to yield
to the gentleman from Missouri.
Mr. HALL. I certainly want to com-
mend the gentleman, who has taken the
well of the House and whose knowledge
extends so far and whose research has
probed so deeply and perceptively Into
the matter on which he is today address-
ing the House, a matter which so sorely
needs to be brought to the attention of
the public.
I am not at all sure that even though
the Commander in Chief or the Secre-
tary of Defense are acquitting themselves
properly or are even convinced in their
own minds, Mr. Speaker, about playing
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May 4 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 9377
port of Haiphong, must be shut. I regret
that here again full information con-
.kerning free world shipping on the
Mekong River to Cambodia as made
available to me by the Department of
Defense is classified "secret" and that I
cannot properly divulge the particulars
of this trade. It is, nowever, even more
regrettable that we apparently have not
been doing enough to find out more about
this illicit traffic. This is a scandalous
situation especially in light of the in-
creasingly hostile attitude of the Cam-
bodian Government toward both South
Vietnam and the United States. I am
certain that if the American people were
fully informed about this situation they
would demand quick corrective action.
In my hand I have a secret document
which purports to tell the details of this
trade including the name and other per-
tinent information with respect to every
ship that traversed the Mekong to Cam-
bodia during 1965. It, however, discloses
nearly as many gaps in our knowledge as
it does hard information.
According to the Department of
Defense:
During the first'3 months of 1966, 102 free
world ships sailed up the Mekong through
South Vietnam * _* * with Vietnamese pilots
on board to show the way * * * to the
Cambodian port of Pnompenh. This figure
represents about the same level of traffic
as existed during the same period in 1965.
For the whole year that amounts to over
400 ships up the Mekong.
At this point in the RECORD, Mr. Speak-
er, I ask unanimous consent to insert a
chart indicating the registry of free world
ships arriving at Pnompenh during 1966.
Free world ship arrivals in Cambodia at
Pnompenh
[First quarter 1966]
France--------7---------------------
18
Greece----------------------- ------
1
Japan------------------------------
1s
Italy--------------------------------
1
Netherlands-------------------------
3
Norway -------------------------------
3
Panama-----------------------------
48
United Kingdom------.---------------
10
Total----------------------------
102
The simple truth Is that with more
than a ship a day sailing right through
South Vietnam up the Mekong River to
Cambodia there exists no effective con-
trol over this trade to prevent the flow
of contraband. The persistent reports
of smuggled weapons and supplies which
I have seen and heard leaves no doubt
in my mind that the Vietcong ultimately
derives substantial benefit from this
traffic, whether in strategic or nonstra-
hai and Canton then take on crated weapons
and material for delivery at Pnompenh.
"These freighters are not necessarily from
Communist Eastern Europe. This China-to-
Cambodia route is part of the international
trade pattern, and the ships could well be
British, French, and Japanese as well as
Polish or Czech.
"BULKY SHIPMENTS
"Shipments of this kind are so bulky that
they must be handled by legitimate brokers
in Pnompenh, usually French or Chinese
Communist.
"Established for many years, these brokers
also import to their warehouses such heavy
equipment as sewing machines, appliances,
farm pumps, and tractors.
"Western intelligence has traced these
Chinese Communist shipments into the
Pnompenh warehouses but never sees them
move into the usual business channels.
"'They just fade away,' as one observer
puts It.
"The assumption is that these shipments
fade into the rather vague Communist chan-
nels in Pnompenh where they are broken up
and sent down the Mekong River across the
border into South Vietnam's delta, where
the Vietcong controls large regions."
Since that time there has been no rea-
son for concern to lessen over the
Mekong River traffic. I have personally
seen reports based on studies of nu-
merous data, such as prisoner of war in-
terrogations, which clearly testify to the
existence of the aid and comfort the
Vietcong receives from this source.
Just a few days ago on a special sub-
committee assignment to South Vietnam
for the House Armed Services Commit-
tee I was in Vung Tau, a coastal port at
the mouth of the Saigon River, which
also controls the passage of these vessels
that are transversing the Mekong to
Cambodia. One of the reasons I jour-
neyed halfway around the world during
the Easter recess was to go to this port
for the specific purpose of discussing this
problem with proper officials having first-
hand knowledge of this Mekong shipping.
I wanted to talk with our advisers who
are working with the Vietnamese cus-
toms officials in order to get many an-
swers to questions about this trade. I
even'askedto spend an extra day in this
area in order that I could be more fully
informed with respect to the overall
problem. I regret to report to my col-
leagues that our military people recom-
mended that I not do this because what
further information could be had would
be meaningless. I was told by a high-
ranking naval officer:
Let me be brutally frank, we have no ef-
fective control.
it was made very clear to me that fur-
ther probing in this area would only
cause embarrassment.
to take effective action to stop the flow Mr. Speaker, unless we face up to the
of these illicit goods along this broad ineffectiveness of our present efforts to
boulevard of traffic in a part of the world check this source of supply for the
with little other transportation facilities. enemy we can only expect a costlier,
For an idea as to just how this trade bloodier, longer war in Vietnam. There
aids the Vietcong we need only read part is far too much evidence indicating an
of a dispatch written by Robert R. $runn, unwillingness to take effective action.
for the Christian Science Monitor on Undoubtedly in any demanding situation
'September 2, 1964. there are always an inexhaustible supply
Diplomatic sources outline the possible of excuses for not taking action, if one
route .. of the Peking supplies that get to devotes himself to finding them. This
1'i ompenh in Cambodia In this way: can even lead to pretending that the
'#Eu gpean freighters that regularly unload Problem does not really exist. For ex-
fn Communist China at such ports as Shang- ample, in a letter dated January 21, 1966,
-2 tl:
No. 74-7
I was informed by the Department of
State that:
There cannot, of course, be complete cer-
tainty that no strategic goods or arms have
moved up the Mekong, but it is a situation
that is watched very closely. The Govern-
ment of South Vietnam carefully regulates
river traffic under security procedures con-
sistent with rights of navigation on this
international waterway. Vessels are turned
back, if they carry questionable cargoes or
if they refuse to permit cargo inspection by
South Vietnamese officials.
The refusal of this statement to face
the reality of the situation is incredible
in view of this country's large and in-
creasing commitments of men and ma-
teriel in the struggle in South Vietnam.
This attitude is unfortunately all too
familiar. It suggests the same "do not
rock the boat" approach that was used
to justify the failure to take more reso-
lute action to stop free world trade with
North Vietnam. The time is long over-
due to start "rocking the boats" using
the Mekong River that help supply the
Vietcong.
THE QUESTION OF CAMBODIAN "NEUTRALITY"
Just what is the nature and extent of
the aid and comfort being afforded the
Vietcong from Cambodian soil?
There is no doubt in the minds of mili-
tary leaders in South Vietnam of the use
of Cambodian territory as a sanctuary
and as a logistical base of support for
North Vietnamese and Vietcong units.
If any of my colleagues have any ques-
tions as to the evidence of Cambodian
aid and comfort to our enemy I would
simply recommend that they talk to any
of our military people close to the situa-
tion there.
The supplies reaching the Vietcong are
either of Cambodian origin or arrive
through the Ho Chi Minh trail complex
from the north, the port of Phnompenh
Via the Mekong River, or the port of
Sihanoukville on the Gulf of Siam.
However, the aid is taking other forms
as well, for instance, while I was in Tay
Ninh just a few days ago, a briefing offi-
cer referred to a chart on the wall and
pointed out three different areas where
airfields were located just a few miles
across the border in Cambodia which
were being used daily for air flights from
North Vietnam to bring supplies for the
Vietcong. We were also advised of an-
other location within the general area,
that was being used as a training ground
for the Vietcong. At that time, I specifi-
cally asked the officer if this information
was classified and was advised that it was
not, so I here and now make this in-
formation available to my colleagues and
the American people. This raises the
question "If the Cambodians are willing
to permit the use of their sovereign soil
by the enemies of Vietnam why should
the Vietnamese, and why should we, who
are making the tremendous effort that
we are in support of the Vietnamese,
tolerate the use of the Mekong River by
a single ship that could even conceivably
be bringing supplies of any nature to
Cambodia and thence to the Vietcong,
whether it be food, clothing, or materials
of war?"
The Vietcong can obtain supplies in
many ways. First of all, it is not difficult
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 4, 1966
apparently for them to simply go into
Cambodian marketplaces and buy food
and medicine. For more clandestine
items the so-called traditional smuggling
channels operating across the Ill-defined
Cambodian-South Vietnamese border
can be relied upon. Reportedly, the Viet-
cong are not hampered by a lack of funds.
The tolerance of this traffic strongly
suggests either the inability or lack of
desire to take effective action by the
Cambodian Government, regardless of its
alleged foreign policy of "strict neutral-
ity." In fact, recent statements of the
Cambodian Chief of State, Prince Noro-
dom Sihanouk, clearly reveal his increas-
ingly open support of the Vietcong, re-
portedly on the grounds that he believes
that they will win in South Vietnam.
Barely a month ago Sihanouk said:
The Vietcong * * * asked us to provide
them with some rice. We have given this aid
to them by closing our eyes, because we and
the Vietcong have a common enemy which is
U.B. Imperialism. It is in this way we have
aided them.
We are left to wonder in how many
other ways Cambodia has aided the Viet-
cong simply by "closing its eyes."
We know as well that Cambodian
"neutralism" is being further compro-
mised by the increasing dependency of
its military forces upon Chinese and
Soviet aid. In the same speech, deliv-
ered on March 24, 1966, at the Cam-
bodian city of Kratie, Sihanouk stated:
In recent days, China sent ships carrying
arms of all calibers and kinds and a large
quantity of ammunition, and these ships
have already arrived in our port of Sihanouk-
Ville, China will continue to send us arms
and ammunition needed by our country.
In other words, we have only to ask for aid
and we will receive it, for our faithful friend
on the other side has agreed to give us
plenty.
A new agreement with the Soviet
Union will bring in military aid valued at
about $2.4 million including five fully
armed Mig-17's and an antiaircraft
battery for the purpose of "resisting Thai
aggression," according to Prince Si-
hanouk.
The fiction of Cambodian neutrality is
more and more recognized. In a col-
umn appearing in the New York Mimes
of May 1, 1966, C. L. Sulzberger, in re-
porting that Cambodia now sends 30,000
tons of rice annually to the Vietcong
And the North Vietnamese troops, said:
I have reversed my previous impression
and concluded that Cambodia is indeed a
sanctuary and supply source for the Viet-
cong on such a scale that the Phnom Penh
Government must know it. From the ex-
treme south to Laos in the north, Cambodia
Navigation of the whole course of the and economic assistance to the enemies
Mekong, its navigable tributaries, issues and of South Vietnam. Just last week on
mouth, must confornx to the measures pre- April 24, Prince Sihanouk at a cere-
scribed by the river states, notably matters lnony at the royal palace at Pnompenh
of sanitation, policy, and customs and for the
maintenance of general security. in which he personally delivered 7
lOctober of 1964, the SViet- tons of food to a Vietcong delegation
In ,
namese late a Government in order South insure announced that in the near future Cam-
"the maintenance of general security" bodia and North Vietnam and the Viet-
within
within its country felt it necessary to "deg would sign agreemcnfu settl coexistence bases forth
unilateral action to close the Me- betweea our two countries which ch have
at
kong River to Communist flag ships, and all tbeen side by swhich
in imefor side id fraternity
to free world ships coming from Commu- and times
nist ports or which were know to carry respect for our sovereignty y and
territorial integrity." Sihanouk
goods of Communist origin to reduce the added:
added:
possibility of war materials being di- Allow me to thank you for the correct and
verted to the Vietcong either along the respectful attitude of our brothers of the
waterway itself or through Cambodia. National Liberation Front toward our neu-
The gravity of this action reflects the trality and our territorial integrity.
changed conditions under which the
convention of 1954 now exists since it Obviously the conditions which existed
signifies that in the absence of unilateral between Cambodia and South Vietnam
action by South Vietnam, the convention when the convention was signed have de-
would constitute a threat to the security cisively changed.
of that country. It is, I am told, a recognized principle
Unfortunately, as necessary as the of international law that a treaty be-
restrictions on Communist trade were comes voidable according to the doctrine
they have proved ineffective. In the-first of rebus sic stantibus as soon as it is
place, it is still possible for Communist dangerous to the life and incompatible
goods to travel up the Mekong in free with the independence of a state pro-
world ships under charter to Communist vided that its injurious effects were not
countries. Secondly, there exists no ef- intended by the two contracting parties
fective program of surveillance of car- at the time of its conclusion.
goes of free world ships, despite per- Closing the Making will not, of course,
sistent reports that weapons still reach eliminate all forms of aid and comfort
the Vietcong from this source. Further- reaching the Vietcong through Cam-
more, while all ships traversing the Me- bodia. Some of the trade up the Mekong
kong are required to have a Vietnamese could be expected to be diverted to the
pilot and customs official aboard there ocean port of Sihanoukville. Neverthe-
has been to date no effective inspection less, the strain put upon docking facili-
to determine whether the ships' mani- ties would hopefully put a high premium
fests accurately represent the cargo on on all cargo space so that only goods that
board. Cambodia itself required would be im-
In view of these facts what courses of ported.
action remain open? Complete inspec- The purpose of the action I recom?-
tion of each vessel in view of the time mend is to limit not expand the war
and facilities it would require does not by reducing Cambodia's participation
appear feasible. Selective inspection through available economic rather than -
would not adequately eliminate the pos- military means. The growing commit.-
sibility of contraband. ment of American men and material in
The only successful way to stop this South Vietnam demands that a busi.-
illicit traffic reaching the Vietcong is ness-as-usual attitude toward Mekong
simply to close the river to all ocean River traffic can no longer be tolerated.
traffic bound for Cambodia. In other The Vietnamese people are locked in a
words I believe that the South Viet- life and death struggle for their very
namese Government should be encour- existence. Over 40,000 Vietnamese have
aged in the interests of "the maintenance been killed in action defending their
of general security" to abrogate the con- country. Yes, and more than 3,10(1
vention of 1954. American boys have lost their lives try-
At the Geneva Conference in 1954 ing to insure the independence of this
Cambodia demanded the internationali- country, which the parties signing the
zation of the Mekong River with its con- Geneva accords of 1954 had proclaimed
trol to be placed in the hands of an inter- and agreed to respect. With casualties
state commission. In the convention like this, the time has long since passed,
signed at Paris provision was made for when the Vietnamese or when our Gov-
is violating its proclaimed neutrality. such a commission but it has never be- ernment should sit back and insist upon.
I was wrong in what I wrote a fortnight come operable. Consequently, regula- the international niceties and the ob-
ago from Pnompenh and Western diplo- tion of the river has been left to servance of a treaty that subverts the
mats and military attaches there are being unilateral action which in effect means efforts being made to protect Vietnam's
tooled. Cambodia isn't acting in the least that South Vietnam, by virtue of its very existence.
bit neutral, no matter what it pretends. geographical position, retains in fact It is fundamental that supplies are
THE MEKONG CONVENTION OF 1954 AND SOUTH control of the river. In 1956, for in- essential for the success of any military
VIETNfMESE SECURITY stance, the Saigon Government closed operation. So long as the supply lines to
Since January 1, 1955, the Mekong the river for several months to Cambo- the enemy are open, the success of our
River has been an international water- than traffic until Pnompenh agreed to efforts to assist the Vietnamese remains
way subject to the rights of navigation establish diplomatic relations, which questionable. Although the port of Hai-
agreed to by Cambodia, Laos, and South until that time it had refused to do, on phong is still open for both free world
Vietnam at Paris on December 29, 1954. the grounds of its alleged policy of "strict and Communist ships supplying North
In the protocol annexed to this conven- neutrality." That policy, as I have al- Vietnam, the administration finally con-
tion, agreed to on the same day, it was ready indicated, has now apparently ceded that something should be done to
stated in article II: been replaced by one of open political reduce the flow of goods to Hanoi which
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May 4, 1966
benefit the Vietcong and just a few weeks
ago belatedly decided to "blacklist" ships
sailing to North Vietnam. Something
should be and must be done now to stop
shipping up the Mekong.
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
that a copy of the Mekong River Conven-
tion of 1954, a copy of the memorandum
issued by the Prime Minister of South
Vietnam on October 26, 1964, closing the
Mekong River to Communist trade, and
a copy of the New York Times column
by C. L. Sulzberger entitled "Foreign
Affairs: Neutral Is as Neutral Does" be
inserted in that order at this point in the
RECORD.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
There was no objection.
CONVENTION RELATIVE TO REGULATION OF
MARITIME AND RIVER NAVIGATION ON THE
MEKONG AND OF RIVER NAVIGATION OF THE
APPROACHES TO THE PORT OF SAIGON
His Majesty the King of Cambodia, His
Majesty the King of Laos, His Majesty the
Chief of State of Vietnam, considering the
particular geographic configuration of the
Mekong in Indochina which makes this river
a way of common interest to the three states,
Desirous, within the framework of their
friendly relations, of maintaining and con-
solidating cooperation between their coun-
tries, whose economics are interdependent.
Convinced that free navigation on the
navigable course of the Mekong is of a nature
to develop these economics as well as co-
operation of the three states among them-
selves, conforming to the ends and principles
of the charter of the United Nations.
Have resolved to conclude the present
convention.
They have called for this purpose as their
plenipotentiaries:
His Majesty the King of Cambodia: His
Excellency An Chheun, Minister of State.
His Majesty the King of Laos: His Excel-
lency ` ,euam Insisienmay, Minister of
Finances.
His Majesty, the Chief of State of Vietnam:
Mr. Nguyen Van Thoai, Minister of Planning
and Reconstruction.
These, after having exchanged their full
powers, recognized in good and due form,
have agreed to the provisions which follows:
- - ':ARTICLE T
On the basis of equality of treatment, navi-
gation is free upon all of the course of the
Mekong, its navigable tributaries, Issues and
mouths, situated upon the territory of Cam-
bodia, Laos, and Vietnam as well as upon
all the waterways giving access to the port
of Saigon and to the sea.
Regarding the laws and customs regula-
tions of each river state, navigation between
Phnom Penh and the sea by the Mekong and
the waterways described in the present para-
graph is considered maritime navigation.
ARTICLE II
This freedom of navigation is granted free-
ly to States having recognized diplomatical-
ly the High Contracting Parties. It becomes
effective following the adherence of each
State to the protocol annexed to the present
convention fixing the conditions of navi-
gation.
Concerning States not having recognized
diplomatically the High Contracting Parties,
freedom of navigation is subject to the agree-
ment of these High Parties.
- ARTICLE III
Each of the High Contracting Par'tiesun
dertakes-tothe two others, for one part, to
abstain from all measures susceptible of di-
rectly or Indirectly hindering navigation or
rendering it more difficult in lasting fashion
aud,"io`r the other part, to take as rapidly
as pt slble all desirable arrangements for
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -'HOUSE
the purpose` of chartering all obstacles and
dangers to navigation.
If this navigation requires regular upkeep,
each of these High Parties have, to that
end, the obligation toward to the other two
other to take measures and to execute the
necessary works upon its territory as rap-
idly as possible.
If it is established that some expenses
falling to one of these High Parties' exceed
considerably those required by the needs of
its own traffic, it may request of the two
others equitable participation in these ex-
penses.
ARTICLE IV
Provided that they satisfy the provisions
of the preceding articles, the High Con-
tracting Parties reserve to themselves the
right to use upon their respective territory
the waters of the Mekong, Its tributaries and
issues, for industrial and agricultural pur-
poses.
Except for legitimate opposition by one of
the High Parties and especially the State
territorially concerned, based either upon the
conditions of navigability themselves, or
upon other vital interests, a river State may
not refuse to execute, upon the command of
one of the other two High Parties, works
necessary to the improvement of navigabil-
ity, if that or those High Parties offer to pay
their whole cost as well as subsequently an
equitable part of the Increase of the cost of
upkeep. The works may not be undertaken
while the State on whose territory they will
be executed continues its legitimate oppo-
sition.
The State charged with executing the work
of upkeep may free itself of that obligation
by entrusting it to one or to the two other
high parties. For works of improvement, the
State charged with execution will be free of
this obligation if It authorizes the high
party or parties requesting them to execute
them in its place. The execution of the
works by States other than the State terri-
torially concerned will be carried out Without
prejudice to the latter, of its rights of con-
trol over the execution of the works and the
preogatives of its sovereignty over the
navigable way. The State territorially con-
cerned undertakes, on Its part, to assist the
executing State with all its power under all
circumstances.
ARTICLE V
In the spirit of the present convention and
in order to facilitate its application, the
high contracting parties agree to coordinate
their action upon the following questions:
Rules of navigation and police to be estab-
lished by each of the high parties over the
navigable way bearing its soverighty;
Programs and projects of improvement of
the waterways, their works and equipment;
Work projects of industrial, agricultural or
other interest to the extent that they are
suscepible of creating serious and lasting
difficulties to navigation;
Apportionment of the coats of upkeep and
new works between the high contracting
parties;
Questions relative to duties, taxes and as-
sessments of all nature levied by each of the
high contracting parties arising from naviga-
tion upon the waterways defined in the first
article;
All other questions whose common interest
shall have been recognized.
ARTICLE VI
A Commission is created called the Mekong
Commission comprising representatives of
the high contracting parties. This Commis-
sion is charged with supervision of the exe-
cution of the provisions of the present con-
96rition and 1n' assuring the coordination
aimed at in the preceding article, notably:
1. Elaborating rules of navigation;
2. Advising the river States of desirable
works;
S. Receiving communications of the States
on all Improvement projects set up by them;
9379
4. Proposing the regulation of tolls and
their collection.
This Commission is empowered to receive
requests, petitions and recommendations of
juristic persons of all nationalities, including
the representatives of foreign flags, using
the waterways made the object of the present
convention, or, upon the request of one of
the States of Cambodia, Laos or Vietnam, to
conduct a hearing of the same persons.
It addresses its studies and recommenda-
tions to the Government concerned.
This commission includes a Secretariat
whose seat is at Pnompenh. It will hold
its first session in January 1955 and will
establish then the roles of its organization
and operation.
ARTICLE VII
In case, in the application of the present
convention, there should arise litigious ques-
tions between the High Contracting Parties
which could not be resolved by amicable
agreement and by diplomatic means they will
submit the dispute to agencies will be pro-
vided in an accord on conciliation and arbi-
tration to be drawn up within 3 months from
the signature of the present convention.
ARTICLE VIII
The present convention will be ratified.
Instruments of ratification will be ex-
changed between the Government of the
High Contracting Parties.
ARTICLE IX
The present convention will enter into
force as of January 1, 1953.
Done at Paris, in three copies, December
29?1954.
For Cambodia:
His Excellency Au CHHEUN.
For Laos:
His Excellency LEUAM INSISSIENMAY.
For Vietnam:
His Excellency Mr. NGUYEN VAN THOAI,
Interpretative Note
Article 1-Paragraph 2: To avoid any
irregular debarkation on Vietnamese terri-
tory during passage of vessels between the
mouths of the Mekong and the Cambodian
frontier, agents of the Vietnamese customs
will escort the said vessels between these
mouths and the Cambodian frontier.
Interpretative note to articles I and II:
The provisions of articles 1 and 2 of this
Convention form no barrier to the Naviga-
tion of Thai vessels on the portion of the
Mekong situated on the territory of Laos in
accordance with the France-Siamese Con-
vention of August 25, 1926.
PROTOCOL ANNEXED TO THE CONVENTION OF
THE REGULATION OF MARITIME AND RIVER
NAVIGATION UPON THE MEKONG AND OF RIVER
NAVIGATION OF THE APPROACHES TO THE PORT
OF SAIGON
The Governments of the Kingdom of Cam-
bodia, the Kingdom of Laos and the State of
Vietnam, -
Have agreed to that which follows:
ARTICLES I
In order to benefit affectively from freedom
of navigation on the whole course of the
Mekong, Its navigable tributaries, issues, and
mouths,
It is requested of the States having recog-
nized diplomatically the States of Cambodia,
Laos, and Vietnam, and of the States not yet
having recognized diplomatically the States
of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, but in
whose favor these last have decided, of one
common accord, to recognize that freedom of
navigation.
That they declare by means of exchange of
letters with the States of Cambodia, Laos,
and Vietnam, their desire to adhere to the
conditions of navigation prescribed by the
present protocol. -
ARTICLE II
Navigation of the whole course of the Me-
kong, its navigable tributaries, issues, and
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mouths, must conform to the measures pre- guide and must be escorted the entire route. Laos in the north, Cambodia is violating its
scribed by the river states, notably in matters Commercial boats must contact local customs proclaimed neutrality.
of sanitation, police, and customs and for the service to receive the escort. The escort team Chief of State Prince Sihanouk broadcast
maintenance of general security. Will include customs personnel, security on March 22 that the Vietcong could Send
ARTICLE III police, or servicemen. their wounded to Cambodian hospitals and
Each rState has the right to subject The meals for escort teams will be provided when they recovered they would be returned
the Each river i transportation of has the rand merchant by the boat, to the battlefield. On March 23 he an-
an-
the a p certain ti conditions, provided that Vietnamese pilots will guide it on the Me- flounced he was furnishing the Vietcong
dise to these conditions fully respect the provided t provisions at kong River. The pilot also can guide from with rice and "we have given this aid to
relative e n baons equality fully respect the Penh. The Royal Cambodian Gov- them by closing our eyes because we and to of ment. ernment can request monthly in advance the Vietcong have a common enemy, which
ARTICLE IV from Vietnam public works through di lo-
Freedom of navigation will not be hindered matic channels. g p is nts ere omitted omhough these state-ocial by the laws and national regulations of the 3. In suspect cases, version were omitted from speeches users
river States concerning the impart and ex- thorities can control the merchandise, rani- monitored.
port of merchandise as well as immigration tation, customs papers, also the merchandise The Vietcong's 263 Transportation Escort
and emigration. storages or bring the commercial boat to Groups handles wounded, weapons, V Saigon commercial port to Cans, and mu-
ARTICLE process as above. nitions in south Cambodia. Cambodian 25
25
Navigation will be subject, on the basis 4. Boats are only authorized to navigate pounders, artillery not possessed by the Viet-
of equality
of treatment to the payment of in daytime, from sunrise until sunset, tong, fired at the Cai Cai Special Forces
duties, taxes, assessments and tolls due ac-. 5. At night or waiting for high tide the camp on April 3, killing one U.S. officer. An
cording to the territorial legislation in force. boats can only anchor at the following impressive buildup of Vietcong and North
ARTICLE VI places: Vietnamese troops Is underway on the Cam-
The provisions of Articles 2, 3, 4 and 5 are Islle side)o (between KM 54-55 Cu Lap Hong bodian side of the Chu Pang Mountain
applied without prejudice to those of para- Bal My Thuan (KM 109). mTher
graph 2 of the first article of the convention Cao Lanh (KM 147--148). There s inside to a three North VCtu Pong
relative to the regulation of navigation upon Tau Chan (KM 219--220), and seven others across the border in Pleiku
Department of Foreign Affairs, Department Province, supplied from Cambodia. This
ARTICLE VII of Defense, Department of Interior, Depart- represents at least 25,000 men who came
Coastal trade from one port to another ment of Public Works, Department of Fi- southward through Laos and Cambodia to
situated upon the course of the Mekong, its nance, Department of Health are to imple- avoid U.S. aerial attacks. Although, the
navigable tributaries, issues and mouths is ment respectively this note,
frontier is heavily forested, 14 -
reserved to the national flags of Cambodia, P. M. KRANH. crossing trails have been marked In arvChu
Laos, and Vietnam. Addressee: Secretary of Defense. pond
These States reserve to themselves, how- ---
ever, each in that which concerns itself, the [From the New York Times, May 1, 1966] A oan suAupply
route ROAD
right to authorize this trade in favor of the FOREIGN AFFAIRS: NEU'T'RAL IS AS NEUTRAL DOES cased the .e-
flags of States benefiting from the freedom (By C. hanouk
loped Road e Americans Pang northward as been aos
of navigation upon the Mekong. L. Sulzberger) veloped from Sim Pang norto Laos
Done at Pin three copies, December DAK PEx, KONTUM PROVINCE, SOUTH VIET- where it . swings eastward and southward
29, 1954, to Paris
annexed to the convention ecem NAM.-The first guerrilla "war of liberation" toward Chu Pong along a jeep trail. In the
29lative to the regulation of maritime and following World War II was the Greek Com- vicinity of present North Vietnamese con-
relat navigation upon the Mekong and of monist insurrection. This was put down by centrations are scattered elements of the
river navigation of the approaches to the Greece's national army with extensive Amer- 26th, 23d and 27th Cambodian battalions
Port of
ican help and a U.S. mission Of military "ad- which would scarcely fail to observe the
For Cambodia: visers" under Gen. James Van Fleet- foreigners. Cambodia now sends 30,000 tons
His Excellency Au CHHEUN. The Communists received massive aid of rice annually to Vietcong and North Viet-
Far Laos: through Bulgaria, Yugoslavia (which hadn't namese troops. A staging area between Viet-
His Excellency LEUAM INSISSIENMAY. yet broken with Moscow) and Albania. Fur- cong forces in War Zone C and the 4th Corps
For Vietnam: thermore, the guerrillas used frontier regions region exists in east Cambodian Svay Rieng.
Mr. NGUYEN VAN TIoA2. of Albania as a sanctuary and supply base. Fleeing Vietcong units take refuge in Ca.m-
The uprising was crushed only after Tito bodia.
[A MEMORANDUM] split with the Cominform, closed Yugoslavia's BASE OF OPERATIONS
REPUBLIC BLIC of VIETNAM, PRIME MIN- borders, isolated Albania and cut off the Like Greece's Communists, who maintained
rPUEs OFFICE-No. 845 PRIME MIN- insurgents. headquarters in Epirus on the Albanian fon-
I South Vietnam's "war of liberation" is tier, the Vietcong has its principal head-
similar to that of Greece although on a far, quarters about 3 miles from Cambodia where
Saigon, October 26, 1964. far larger scale. But one problem is identi- COSVN (Control Office for South Vietnam)
Subject: Foreign ships or boats transiting cal-a gaping, open flank. In this case Laos is established. COSVN directs the puppet
the Mekong River in the waters of the plays the Yugoslav role, funneling arms and National Liberation Front located nearby.
Republic of Vietnam, men from North Vietnam to the South, and The details are numberless. Near Duc Co
In order to maintain national security and Cambodia assumes the Albanian role as an American Special Forces captain was re-
to control traffic on the Mekong River from sanctuary and base. cently killed and his body dragged to Cam-
the date of issue of this note, the following bodia. At Dak To the intelligence officer
measures recommended by the Inter-Deprt- IS CAMBODIA NEUTRAL?
ment Council will be applied until a new or- Recently I was persuaded in Pnoin Penh Cambodia comments: mmeets: the Vietcong using
der is issued: that Cambodia was trying to be truly neutral all over the place." ar Dak Pek
passage
in the Vietnamese conflict. I wrote: "Those of Communist s r or t the southward
1. Foreign ships or boats transiting the of troops along Cambodian trails.
Mekong River in the waters of the Republic who are paid to know such things insist I was wrong in what I wrote a fortnight
of Vietnam must request authorization in ad- Cambodia is not willingly allowing the Viet- ago from Pnompenh and Western diplomats
vance; warships must request through diplo- tong to use this country's territory as a and military attaches there are being fooled.
matte channels; commerical boats must re- sanctuary or supply route and that any Cambodia isn't acting in the least bit neutral,
quest at the local customs service (Tan Chan violation are of relatively minor impor- no matter what it pretends. In no sense
and Vung Tau). Commercial boats which I was wrong do I advocate extending the nasty Indo?-
have recently stopped in a Communist count ? I have satisfied myself of China war but I do advocate warning Siha--
try, or have the flag of the country not recce- this on a trip by plane and helicopter along
nook to cease his interference.
sizing the Republic of Vietnam (annex I, the Cambodian border right up to its junc-
list of nations recognizing the Republic of tore with Laos. I visited military positions Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker,
Vietnam) or carry weapons, ammo or mart and remote U.S. Special Forces outPosts at .rift
.man yieldr
chandise that can be used for military pur- Song Be, Due Co, Dak To, and Dak Pek, in Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. I am delighted
poses are not authorized to transit. How- areas inhabited by the following Montagnrd
to ever, commercial boats carrying ammo or tribes: Jrai, Bahnr, Jeh, Sedang, and the yield to gentleman my from Cr. HALL)?
merchandise that could be used for military Hlang. I heard American, South Vietnamese, from Missouri [Mr. HALT
purposes (annex II, list of merchandise with and Montagnard accounts of what was hap- Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I thank the
military characteristics) can request author- pening inside Cambodia, a few miles away. gentleman for yielding.
ization in advance from the Vietnam Depart- SOURCE AND SANCTUARY Mr. Speaker, I certainly want to join.
meet of Defense through diplomatic chap- On the basis of this investigation I have with the gentleman in the well, the dis-
nels. That list can be changed according to reversed my previous impression and con- tinguished member of the Committee on
the decision of the Department of Defense cluded that Cambodia is indeed a sanctuary Armed Services from Michigan, who has
or Interior Department, and supply source for the Vietcong on such now again served the Nation well in
2. Commercial boats which reauthorized a scale that the Pnompenh government bringing forward this rocking boat on
to transmit must have a Vietnamese pilot to must know it, From. the extra
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
do something to rock the boat of the
shipping that is going to the nonneu-
tralist countries that are actually sup-
porting our allies and those who are
serving aggression in South Vietnam.
Mr. Speaker, I am glad to hear the re-
port tonight to the effect that the so-
called neutralist nations of the world
have cut down shipping to the vital
Hanoi-Haiphong supply area. I would
hope that we would do more to interdict
the logistical supplies, thus untying the
hands of our over one-quarter million
troops that we now have in South Viet-
nam fighting this aggression.
Mr. Speaker, 'we can be nothing but
proud of our troops, their morale, their
esprit de corps, and,dedication to keep
fighting against aggression. As has been
said, Mr. Speaker, if we do not defend
freedom in South Vietnam, where would
we defend it?
Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from
Michigan has well pointed out and suc-
cinctly stated that we must close our
supply lines within our capability re-
gardless of international niceties. It is
time that we treaded softly but carried
a big stick in eliminating those who
would supply the enemy of freedom with
the materials of war, to shoot down our.
own loved ones overseas.
Mr. Speaker, I compliment the gentle-
man from Michigan for what the gentle-
man has done. I feel he has rendered
a great service to the Nation, far beyond
those who cast doubt as to the pride we
might well have in our Armed Forces in
their assigned mission by our Com-
mnpder In Chief in defending the liberty
of these people In southeast Asia.
Certainly, Mr. Speaker, we know, as
members of the Committee on Armed
Services, that in the defense of South
Vietnam hangs the keystone in the
strategy of the defense of all southeast
Asia. And, if that is to be defended, then
we must not dictate from the Pentagon
or elsewhere how the war is to be fought,
but we must loose the hands of the men
who have had to act with restraint and
who have had their hands tied behind
them so that we can clean this up at the
earliest possible date according to mili-
tary dictates with the least possible loss
of life and hold them from harm and
and further to shut off every possible
valve of supply to the enemy.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY, PRESIDENT
TRUMAN
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr,
KREBS). Under previous order of the
House the gentleman from Missouri [Mr.
RANDALL] is recognized for 30 minutes.
Mr. RANDALL. Mr. Speaker, it has
been my privilege each year at this time
since 1959, to, join my colleagues here in
wishing our beloved former President
Harry S. Truman a happy birthday. Mr.
Truman, the first citizen of my home city
and our State, will be 82 years old on
Sunday, May 8.
As President Lyndon B. Johnson has
so aptly pointed out, however, Mr. Tru-
man has indeed "succeeded in vetoing
birthdays."
Harry S. Truman might well have been
content at his mature time of life to sit
back and reflect upon his remarkable ac-
complishments as 32d President of the
United States. No man has ever been
catapulted into this great but demand-
ing office of the Presidency at a more
crucial time in our country's history.
Yet the man from Independence did not
falter for a moment. With unsurpassed
scepter of leadership and guided our
Nation into the successful conclusion of
moral courage, he took hold of the
World War II.
Harry Truman was not afraid to make
the momentous decisions which those
trying times demanded of him.
Gen. Omar N. Bradley, former Chair-
man of the Jgint Chiefs of Staff, has ob-
served:
No one has ever faced as many difficult
decisions as President Truman. He made
them all and he made them right.
Of his awesome decision to use the
atom bombs to hasten the end of World
War II, Mr. Truman commented on his
television series last year in "Decision:
the Conflicts of Harry S. Truman":
I never had any qualms about an instru-
ment that finally ended the war in which we
would have had 250,000 to 300,000 of our
youngsters killed and 700,000 of them
maimed.
It was Harry S. Truman's prompt re-
sponse to the call for help from Greece
and Turkey who were being threatened
by Communist aggression, which resulted
in the Truman doctrine of 1947 that
saved those brave countries for the free
world. Historians now classify as "two
major milestones in U.S. foreign policy"
the Monroe Doctrine of the 19th century
and the Truman doctrine of the 20th
century. The Monroe Doctrine assured
the liberties of all peoples of the Amex-
lean continents, while the Truman doc-
trine assured the liberties of all peoples
living in a free world.
Mr. Truman succeeded, furthermore,
in bringing this country into the United
Nations, thus fulfilling the cherished
dreams of Woodrow Wilson and Frank-
lin D. Roosevelt for a worldwide orga-
nization upon which man's hope for
global peace depends.
Chief Justice Earl Warren has called
the U.N. "the most meaningful step that
has ever been taken toward collective se-
curity in the history of man."
9381
In 1950, it was Mr. Truman's unhesi-
tating decision to send troops to Korea
which prevented the spread of commu-
nism that could have engulfed that part
of the world.
Vice President HuBERT HUMPHREY re-
cently noted:
President Johnson is seeking to accomplish
in Vietnam what President Harry S. Truman
achieved in his time-to make aggression
unprofitable.
But Harry Truman did not seek only
to aid free people who were being threat-
ened by aggressors. He had the vision to
implement such programs as the Mar-
shall plan which brought much needed
aid to the war-torn countries of Europe
after World War II; and later the point
4 program of technical assistance to un-
derdeveloped countries which was sore-
ly needed.
President Johnson, in assessing how
the ideals of the Truman policy to com-
.bat ignorance and hunger and disease
among nations has carried through to
our present time, said:
What would the world be like today if
President Truman had not launched this
program?
Recognizing how Mr. Truman has al-
ways been concerned about the welfare
of his fellow man, President Johnson flew
to Independence last July to sign into.
law the $6.5 billion medicare bill in the
presence of the man who "pioneered the
concept of health care for the elderly"-
our former President Harry S. Truman.
Mr. Johnson stated:
We haven't forgotten who is the real daddy
of medicare. And because of the fight that
you started many years ago, 19 million Amer-
icans will be eligible to receive new hope and
new security when the program begins *
And 19 million Americans have another rea-
son, another cause to bless Harry S. Truman.
It is gratifying that Mr. Truman's
place in history is acknowledged far be-
yond the members of his own political
party. Clare Boothe Luce, that bril-
liant and often candid Republican leader,
had this to say on the occasion of the
presentation of a statue of Mr. Truman
in Athens, Greece's Truman Square-on
Mr. Truman's 81st birthday.
This [Truman] doctrine, proclaimed in
1947, and soon supplemented by the Mar-
shall plan, certainly saved Greece, Turkey,
Italy and France-perhaps all Europe-out-
side the Iron Curtain. And equally certain,
Truman's decision to stand in Korea saved at
least half that country-and probably the
Philippines and Japan. The Berlin airlift
rescued West Berlin from strangulation and
absorption by the Communists. These were
no mean deeds. Reflecting on them, one be-
gins to ask why is not all of Europe studded
with statues of Truman?
In recent years, Mr. Truman has de-
voted much of his time to the establish-
ment of the Truman Library in his home-
town of Independence, Mo. This fine
building, which houses over 5 million
documents from his administration, as
well as other gifts and historical memen-
tos, was built without cost to the Gov-
ernment from funds donated by thou-
sands of people in all parts of the coun-
try. Dedicated on July 6, 1957, the li-
brary is administered by the National
Archives and Records Service of the Gen-
eral Services Administration.
The former President has delighted in
conducting students on tours through
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Speaker, I
appreciate the generous comments of my
distinguished colleague and assure him
-that I welcome his support in this matter.
Mr. Speaker, I would simply say that
it is beyond my comprehension that this
problem is complex to some people. Sup-
ply is basic. If there is a struggle of any
kind, I do not care if you are fighting
with bows and arrows and you run but
of arrows you are in trouble. If you are
using slingshots and you-nave not any
stones for it, you are in trouble. If you
are fighting with snowballs and do not
have any snowballs, you are in trouble.
Mr. Speaker, the same is true with ref-.
erence to atomic bombs, and the same is
true with reference to the use of conven-
tional weapons. The same is true in this
instance. If the enemy is denied sup-
plies, it is going to shorten the conflict.
Mr . Speaker; we must support the over
one-quarter' million boys that we have
overseas and provide them the logistics
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9382
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
HOUSE
the building and In personally answering
their questions.
The reason I like to talk to you-
Ho explained-
Is because I want to impress upon you the
fact that it is up to you to maintain the
greatest Government In the history of the
world-and that Is the Government of the
United States.
Mr. Truman has always had a great
desire for the American public to under-
stand more fully the powers, the duties,
and the responsibilities of the office of
the Presidency of this country. "The
President's job is really six jobs." In the
library's museum of the Presidency is
'a striking exhibit which illustrates his
role as Chief Executive; Chief of State;
legislative Planner and partner with Con-
gress;head of his political party; Com-
mander in Chief of the Armed Forces;
and director of foreign policy.
In expressing his views of the Presi-
dency In a national magazine-Look,
November 11, 1958-Mr. Truman mar-
veled, at the genius of the framers of the
Constitution in creating an office-the
Presidency of the United States-which
could function as well in this rocket and
atoms age as it did in the age of the
stagecoach, the sailing ship and the pow-
dered, wig.
He noted that most of the powers that
a President exercises today are author-
ized by the Constitution, but that other
Powers have been built up by customs
created by the times, and by events In
emergencies met by our stronger Presi-
dents.
An association of historians, national
in scope, recently lauded Mr. Truman
for his "capacity for decisions" and
stated that he brought "new dimension"
to the power of the Presidency in foreign
affairs.
Early this year the Norwegian Nobel
Institute confirmed that former Presi-
dent Truman has been nominated for
the 1966 Nobel Peace Prize. The nom-
inating letter stated that:
Few periods of modern history have been
so crucial to the future of world peace as
the postwar years .(1945-53) when Harry
Truman assumed the leadership of the West.
Few men can match his record in promoting
the brotherhood of man and the association
of nations.
With characteristic directness, Mr.
Truman once said:
There Is no secret to our main commit-
ment as a nation. It is to keep the peace.
That is the heart and soul of our foreign
policy.
In January, President Johnson went
to Missouri to participate in the inau-
gural ceremonies of the Harry S. Tru-
man Center for the Advancement of
Peace. The center is to be located on
the campus of the Hebrew University In
Jerusalem, and will be dedicated to the
destruction of the causes of war. A
Harry S. Truman award of $50,000 will
be given annually as part of the center's
antiwar program.
On this occasion, President Truman
was cited for his deep concern for and
dedication to international peace and
cooperation to which he, as President,
made lasting contributions.
It was my pleasure to be present at
that time, and to hear President John-
son speak one of his. favorite quotations
from Mr. Truman:
I have a deep and abiding faith In the
destiny of freemen. With patience and
courage we shall some day move on to a new
era-a wonderful golden age-an age when
we can use the peaceful tools that science
has forged for us to do away with poverty
and human misery everywhere on earth.
It is a high honor and a personal priv-
ilege to join with others the world over
in wishing Harry S. Truman a very
happy birthday. We already know how
this world has been blessed by his pres-
ence here-as a loyal preserver of man's
inherent right to be free, as a courage-
ous and decisive President of our great
Nation, and perhaps most endearing of
all, a man who never lost the personal
IN THE NAME OF JUSTICE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio [Mr. ASHBROOK] is rec-
ognized for 15 minutes.
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, on
July 28, 1965, in a press conference state-
ment concerning Vietnam the President
stated:
We do not seek the destruction of any
government, nor do we covet a foot of any
territory. But we insist, and we will always
insist, that the people of south Vietnam
shall have the right; of choice, the right to
shape their own destiny in free elections in
the South, or throughout all Vietnam under
international supervision. And they shall
not have any government imposed upon
them by force and terror so long as we can
prevent it. _
These are the fundamental principles,
both forthright and just, upon which our
defense of the valiant people of South
Vietnam are based, and which have the
support of an overwhelming majority of
this Nation's citizens.
To implement this policy as far as pos-
sible, the President in the above-men-
tioned press conference said:
I have directed Ambassador Goldberg to go
to New York today and to present immedi-
ately to Secretary General U Thant a letter
from me requesting that all of the resources,
energy, and immense prestige of the United
Nations be employed to find ways to halt ag-
gression and to bring peace in Vietnam.
This policy of free elections and the
use of the services of the United Nations
to achieve this end is precisely the posi-
tion which is embodied in proposed legis-
lation submitted to Congress over the
last several years in behalf of the cap-
tive nations of Europe, Cuba, and main-
land China. This proposal reads in part:
The President of the United States is fur-
ther authorized and requested to instruct
the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
to take steps to have placed on the agenda
of the General Assembly at the next regular
session ? ? * any measure or measures
which would guarantee internationally
supervised free elections by secret ballot in
the captive nations, and to press for early
approval of such measures.
May . , 1,066
In 1965, I again introduced this pro-
posal and at my request the House Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs wrote to the
State Department for a report. The re-
quest by the committee was made in. late
September 1965, and at this late date I
am still waiting for an answer. Mean-
while, millions of human beings., deprived
of their God-given rights by cruel and
despotic governments, hope for the voices
of the free world to plead their urgent
cause before the world tribunal.
Not only has the United States by its
silence before the world today forgotten
the just cause of the captive peoples, but
recent developments indicate that we in-
tend to and and abet their captors in a
more positive way by more liberal trade
policies with the Communist countries
of Eastern Europe.
Yesterday the Washington Star car-
ried a news item which stated that the
President is instructing the Secretary of
State to send Congress proposed legisla-
tion to promote expansion of trade be-
tween the United States and the Com-
munist Eastern European nations
One
.
of the reasons for this proposed drastic
departure from long-established policy
is to help build a Europe in which the
people of every nation "know again the
responsibilities and rewards of free polit-
ical choices," to quote the President from
the above-cited Star account.
If we are sincere in desiring that the
captive peoples "know again the respon-
sibilities and rewards of political choices,"
the United States must insist that the
cause of the captive peoples and their
right of self-determination be brought
before the United Nations, and Ambas-
sador Goldberg should be instructed by
the President to take the steps necessary
to have this issue placed on the agenda
of the United Nations for full and ex-
haustive consideration. Then, two of the
steps taken by the President, namely, in-
sistence on free elections and utilization
of the services of the United Nations on
behalf of Vietnam, will at least focus
world attention on the plight of the cap-
tive peoples and instill in them a measure
of hope for a future freedom in peace and
justice.
I insert the item from the Washington
Star of May 3, 1966, entitled, "Johnson
Orders Rusk To Push Red Trade Bill,"
in the RECORD at this point:
JOHNSON ORDERS RUSK To PUSH RED
TRADE BILL
(By Garnett D. Horner)
President Johnson said today that he is in-
structing Secretary of State Dean Rusk to
send Congress proposed legislation to promote
expansion of trade between the United States
and Communist Eastern European nations.
The key feature of the proposal, officials
said, would be to give Johnson the authority
to extend to the Eastern European countries
most-favored-nation tariff treatment-giv-
ing their exports to the United States tar-
iffs as low as those given any country on sim-
ilar products.
"The Intimate engagement of peaceful
trade over a period of time can influence
Eastern European societies to develop along
paths favorable to world peace," Johnson
said.
progressed?
Johnson announced the move in a speech
In the Preceding Congress similar leg- in the White House rose garden as he signed
a
islation was introduced by various Mem- anniversary
i of Christianity iin Po and1,000th
bers of Congress but died In committee He described the proposed action to expand
when the 88th Congress ended in 1964, East-Wets
t
i
'
ep
n U.S. efforts
'~6-
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9383
reduce the crime rate in America
through a cost-free program. My bill
encourages the President to take action
through enlisting the support of a fleet
of public-spirited citizens who now pos-
sess the facilities to render great assis-
tance to our State and local law-enforce-
ment agencies.
I speak of the taxicab drivers and dis-
patchers of America. These men and
women constitute a constantly alert
group in every city, moving through the
streets and byways. In most areas, taxis
are in constant radio contact with their
dispatchers. By promptly relaying news
of any suspicious incident or infraction
of the law, the taxi fleet can notify police
bf crimes as they actually occur, or when
a troublesome situation is brewing. Un-
doubtedly the apprehension rate would
rise and the crime rate would fall.
I am sure that drivers, dispatchers and
company managements will be glad to
cooperate in a nationwide effort to make
our streets and neighborhoods safer, and
I look forward to prompt action by the
Congress to express confidence in this
program.
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION-
BETTER LIGHTING
(Mr. FARNSLEY (at the request of
Mr. VIVIAN) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
- Mr. Il'ARNSLEY. Mr. Speaker, yester-
day I spoke of my intention to introduce
a bill requiring the States, in their high-
way construction programs, to properly,
illuminate the roads they build. I would
like to elaborate further on the desper-
ate need for such lighting.
Although I lament that the research
in this field, as in all phases of highway
safety, is meager, we do have some posi-
tive proof of the benefits of adequate
lighting.
In Nashville, Tenn., my neighboring
State, the night traffic accident rate de-
clined from 40 to 29 percent following a
lighting program, despite a 50-percent
increase in motor vehicle registration
over the same period of time. A 54-per-
cent decrease in night traffic accidents
was noted after the initiation of a com-
prehensive street lighting program.
The fact that Chicago's Northwest Ex-
pressway is continuously lighted over its
16-mile length is alleged to be respon-
What greater memorial to Dan can there sible for the low traffic fatality rate on
be than the knowledge that he cared enough this highway. In 1961, there were 0.74
and fought and brought to fruition much deaths per 100 million vehicle miles on
that will continue to alleviate the suffering the Chicago Expressway, as compared
of the afflicted. with a national averaae of 2.3 deaths per
man Daniel will R. be McIver, , a by all gallant who and knew him purposeful and 100 million vehicle miles on all express-,
loved him. The world cannot help but be ways.
a better place for his having lived. Between 1953 and 1960, new lights were
MARION L. OLIVER, installed in nine locations in the State of
Executive Director. Virginia. A study was made by the Vir-
ginia TAXICAB ginia Department of Highways which in-
BILL TO ENLIST dicated that the number of traffic acci-
DRIVERS IN WAR AGAINST CRIME dents at these locations decreased 38
(Mr. WHITE of Texas (at the request percent and the traffic fatalities dropped
McIver at the age of 57. of Mr. VIVIAN) was granted permission to 90 percent.
Although a victim of multiple sclerosis extend his remarks at this point in the In 1945, a master relighting program
since the age of 32, non managed to live a RECORD and to include extraneous was commenced in Kansas City, Mo.
full and interesting life.
He served the community in which he lived matter.) During the 3-year period 1945 through
as, president of the chamber of commerce Mr. WHITE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, 1947, there were 94 pedestrians killed,
and in his position as president of the prig- today I have introduced a bill designed to with 70 at night. An average of 3 per-
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May 4, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
to 'encourage "every constructive enrichment inal Bradford Soap Works was known as a
of the human, cultural and commercial ties wheelchair executive, a position he held with
between Eastern Europe and the West." distinction.
The president said the United States wants His social life was active and varied. He
to help build a Europe "free of artificial po- was a past master councilor of the Provi-
litical barriers," secured by "internationally dente Order of DeMolay and a past State
inspected arms control arrangements," and master councilor of the Rhode Island State
in which the people of every nation "know Conclave Order of DeMolay. He formed many
again the responsslbilities and rewards of No. frindships as a Mmember of oslem Grotto West War-
Describing free political choices."
Describing the NATO alliance between the wick Lions Club, the British Empire Club,
United States and Western European nations Landmark Bay Power Squadron. Chapter, and the Nar-
as a "charter for changing needs," Johnson ragansett Y emphasized that "an integrated Atlantic de- held special pleasure for him.
fense is/ the first necessity * * * of the This -was not enough. had alwas
building of unity in Western Europe-for ous y So he ago dedvery icated little
a part
expanding partnership across the Atlantic- being disease
g done aut itso So
and or reconciling differences with the East." of his life about n doing thing about a it.
In 1953 he organized the Rhode Island
HAD EXPECTED MESSAGE Chapter National Multiple Sclerosis Society
It had been generally expected that John- and was elected its first chairman, and he
son would submit the proposed legislation served in this capacity until the annual
to Congress in a special message. His dis- meeting in 1958. At this time a new office,
closure today that he was instructing Rusk that of honorary chairman, was specifically
to send the bill to Congress was the first clear created for Dan in recognition of his found-
indication that it would not go directly from ing of the Rhode Island chapter and "there-
the White House. after for his years of faithful leadership and
There have been reports that Democratic guidance to its present growth and attain-
congressional leaders had sought to discour- ments." This was a unique honor for Dan
age the President from submitting the East- and singularly will remain his alone.
West trade proposals this year because of in- He was invited to be a witness before the
dications of opposition in Congress growing Subcommittee on Appropriations, House of
out of support of the Vietcong in the Viet- Representatives, Departments, of Labor, and
nam war, by Eastern European Communist Health, Education, and Welfare by Congress-
nations. But Senator MIKE MANSFIELD, man FOGARTY, chairman. His testimony on
Democrat of Montana, the majority leader, February 17, 1956, 10 years ago, brought to
said today that "as a matter Of fact, we en- the fore the need for intensive and expand-
couraged him" to submit the proposed legis- ing research, not only for victims of multiple
lation. sclerosis but for all the neurological diseases
afflicting mankind.
THE LATE DANIEL R. McIVER He pointed out that up to this time the
field of neurology was somewhat the step-
(Mr. FOGARTY (at the request of Mr. child in the medical field. He urged greater
- -VIVIAN) was granted permission to ex- recognition of the men; doctors and scien-
tend his remarks at this point in the tilts, in all neurological fields.
ECORD and to include extraneous mat- The men on that committee not only lis-
R tened but took action and are continuing
ter.) ' year after year to favorably support the rec-
Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, a 'short ommendations and suggestions so ably made
time ago I lost a long-time friend and by Dan at the hearing.
the State of Rhode Island one of its most More medical schools are being established,
outstanding citizens in the death of greater advances are occurring in the field of
Daniel R. McIver. Dan and I had worked research, and more fellowships are available
together on a number of Civic projects .so that young men studying in the field of
neurology can be relieved of financial worry
over the years but it is particularly in and give all their attention to their work.
the area of health thak he will be most As the founder of the Rhode Island chap-
missed. ter, Dan's influence has touched every mul-
The Rhode Island chapter of the Na- tiple sclerosis patient in Rhode Island. His
tional Multiple Sclerosis Society, of which conviction and courage in the face of his dis-
Dan McIver was honorary chairman, ability was an inspiration to all who knew
him and especially so for the afflicted.
gives some indication of the scope and There is no measure to what his efforts
the worth of his activity in the health have meant to everyone concerned with mul-
field in the memoriam issue of their tiple sclerosis throughout the United States.
monthly publication for March 1966. He inspired a national committee and
The article is a fine tribute to one who pointed the direction they must take in the
has done so much for his fellowmen and, development of programs of assistance for the
hundreds of thousands suffering from neuro-
under leave to extend my remarks I in-
clude it in this statement.
Mr. Speaker, the immortal Shake-
speare in his "Julius Caesar" had a line
which appropriately describes Dan Mc-
Iver:
His life was gentle, and the elements
So mix'd in him that Nature might stand up
And say to the world, 'This was a man."
IN MEMORIAM: DANIEL R. MCIVER, JANUARY 10,
1909-FEBRUARY 26, 1966
Multiple sclerosis patients, members of the
board of trustees, the staff, volunteers, and
friends of the Rhode Island Chapter National
Multiple Sclerosis Society were deeply sad-
dened to learn of the death of Daniel R.
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9384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
cent of the streets had modern lighting
during this period. As the lighting pro-
gram progressed, the number of pedes-
trians killed was steadily reduced. Dur-
ing the 3-year period 1954 through 1956,
only 44 pedestrians were killed, with 13
at night. An average of 90 percent of
the streets were relighted by this time.
This is a reduction in night pedestrian
accidents of 81 percent. Furthermore,
traffic volume studies found 25 percent of
travel at night for the city as a whole.
At the beginning of the lighting pro-
gram, nearly 80 percent of the pedestrian
deaths were at night, versus less than 30
percent in the "after" period. By 1956,
the figure dropped to only 19 percent at
night. During the entire 12-year pe-
riod, an estimated 140 pedestrian lives
were saved by the modern lighting.
Mr. Speaker, as I am not a candi-
date, I would like to state categorically
that my interest in illuminating our
highways and byways is, unbelieveable
though it may seem, altruistic. It is
strictly for the benefit of the farsighted,
weaksighted, undersighted, and normal-
sighted American driver, who, unlike the
owl, does not see by darkness.
THE STORY OF AMERICAN
LABOR-PART IV
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
VIVIAN) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I am
pleased to commend to the attention of
our colleagues part IV of "All This Hap-
pened," the story of American labor.
This series has been appearing in the
Seafarers Log, a publication of the Sea-
farers International Union, and part IV
appeared in the April 1, 1966, edition.
Parts I and II appeared in the RECORD of
March 30, 1966, pages 6909 through 6911
and part III appeared in the RECORD of
March 31, 1966, pages 6985 and 6986,
The article follows:
[Part 4 of a Seafarers Log featurej
ALL THIS HAPPENED: THE STORY OF
AMERICAN LABOR
(NOTE.-In spite of its militancy and
powerful organization, the AFL was destined
to be plagued for many years by its failure
to recognize the importance of organizing
the ever-increasing numbers of unskilled
workers in the Nation's factories. The close
of the 19th century saw big business grow
even bigger, with huge corporations merging
everywhere into monopolistic trusts of stag-
gering size, pulling in staggering profits,
and crushing competition ruthlessly. Fed-
eral legislation, such as the Sherman Anti-
trust Act, hardly disturbed the status quo.
Increased mechanization constantly added to
the proportion of unskilled workers who
remained unorganized-a situation which
contributed to the union's defeat in the fa-
mous Homestead strike against Carnegie
Steel at Homestead, Pa.)
Conditions for American seamen in the
mid and late 19th century for the most part,
were even worse than the lot of the most
ill-treated shoreside worker. Under the com-
plete control of the ship's captain, they
could be flogged, imprisoned or starved for
the smallest offenses or no offenses at all.
For simply quitting his job, a seaman faced
che,rges of desertion. .Organizing with other
seamen to better his condition could bring
was continually at the mercy of the
"crimps"-brokers who virtually controlled
the employment of seamen-and who took
most of a seaman's meager pay in return for
"services." The sailor was caught between
bondage at sea and the vicious crimping
system ashore.
The early seamen's organizations met with
little success. Those representing seamen in
the Great Lakes, grain and ore transport
trades, were faced with violent opposition
from the powerful steel and other trusts con-
trolling these Industries. Several of these
early lakes unions, such as the Marine Engi-
neers and the Marine Firemen, Oilers and
Water Tenders, survived the antiunion agita-
tion of the corporations. Many others how-
ever fell victim to the powerful forces em-
ployed against them. The Sailors Union of
the Pacific, organized in 1891 by Andrew
Furuseth, was the first successful major sea-
men's union and was the forerunner of a
national union of seamen.
In July of 1892 the Amalgamated Associa-
tion of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, an AFL
union with 25,000 skilled members, sought to
negotiate a new contract. Even before the
old contract expired however, the company
built a high wooden and barbed-wire fence
around the Homestead plant, complete with
gun slits and sentry boxes. An across-the-
board wage cut was then announced. When
the union protested the wage cuts the plant
was closed, the workers locked out. Three
hundred armed "Pinkerton Finks" were
hired by the company, to be Imported from
Pennsylvania and landed from barges on a
nearby river, like an invasion force. They
were intercepted by armed workers, however;
and a pitched pattle raged for 13 hours on
the riverside., Seven workers and three
Pinkerton scabs were killed and the barges
were prevented from landing.
The company then turned for help to the
friendly State government, which ordered
8,000 National Guard troops to take over the
whole town. The armed troops then escorted
over 2,000 scabs into the struck plant. Thus
the strike dragged on into a bleak and cold
November. Faced with starvation, unskilled
workers who had supported the striking
union men went back to work. The union
was wrecked. Skilled wages were perma-
nently cut 40 percent, unskilled wages even
more.
The more the corporate trusts grew in
wealth and power, the more indifferent they
became to the condition of American work-
ers. Meanwhile, American labor struggled
to weld Its many separate elements more
firmly to resist this growing corporate power.
To do this, labor began its first real attempts
to organize workers on an industrywide basis
instead of on a strictly craft basis. In this
way a strike or strike threat would be made
not by just one craft or level of workers
within an industry, but would be made in-
stead by all the various craftsmen within
the industry at once. The employer could
perhaps replace one level of craftsmen witjl
.scabs, but could never recruit enough strike-
breakers to replace all of his workers on all
levels.
The first serious attempt at this kind of
organization was made by the American
Railway Union under Eugene V. Debs in 1894
and resulted in the famous Pullman strike
in that same year which, although it even-
tually failed to achieve its aims, demon-
strated the power inherent in this kind of
industrywide organization by succeeding in
tying up nearly every railroad in the country.
The vast railroad monopolies of the time
were noted for their callous disregard for the
welfare of their workers. Among the worst
of this bad lot was the Pullman Palace Car
Co. of Pullman, Ili., near Chicago. Pullman,
Ill., was a town named after the company's
founder. Employees had to live in company-
owned homes, attend a company-owned
May 4, 16166
supplies. Rent, food, clothing, services, and
other costs were deducted by the company
directly from workers' paychecks-and the
prices were whatever the company decided
to charge. Net weekly salaries of only a few
cents were not uncommon for Pullman em-
ployees, although the company consistently
earned fabulous profits.
The ARU was still in its infancy and not
yet ready for a fight when the company
slashed wages by 25 to 40 percent with no
reductions in company-set living costs. The
company head, George Pullman, refused even
to recognize a grievance committee of work-
ers. The ARU had no choice but to take
action, struck the Pullman plant and issued
orders to all its member railroad workers
across the country not to handle any Pull-
man cars. The railroad companies, banded
together in the General Managers' Associa-
tion, reacted with wholesale firings of ARU
members. The union then had no recourse
but to call a general strike against all the
Nation's railroads. Scarcely a single railroad
car moved in the entire United States.
The sheer brute force which the railroad
monopolies brought to bear on the ARU to
break the strike was a sign not only of the
power they commanded in the Nation
through their vast wealth, but also of the
unexpected strength of a union organized
on an industrywide basis, even though it was
less than a year old.
All the railroads in America pooled their
huge influence to break the strike. Thou-
sands of scabs were hired to replace striking
workers. The U.S. Attorney General, Richard
Olney, was called upon for help by the rail-
road magnates and complied by swearing in
over 3,500 "special deputies" armed with
clubs and guns to "protect U.S. mail cars."
But it was the railroads who paid their sal-
aries of over $400,000. These armed thugs
and goons, recruited from Chicago's dingiest
dens, spent most of their time attacking
striking workers. Still the ARU held firm.
The furious railroad magnates then went
straight to the President of the United States
for help in breaking the strike. President
Grover Cleveland complied by rushing In
four companies of the 15th U.S. Infantry.
Striking workers were enraged by the appear-
ance of American soldiers and fighting
erupted. Stones hurled by workers were an-
swered by rifle bullets and flashing bay-
onets. Thirty railroad workers were killed
in this conflict and many more wounded.
But still the ARU held firm.
When all else failed, the railroad operators
called on the courts for help in breaking the
strike. A Federal Court injunction was is-
sued against the ARU, Debs, other strike
leaders and "all others" involved in the
strike, forbidding all strike activity, includ-
ing peaceful picketing by "all and sundred
persons whomsoever * * ? " It was the
"blanket" Injunction to end all blanket in-
junctions. Debs and hundreds of -other
strikers and strike leaders were arrested and
jailed for violating the injunction. Without
leadership the strike crumbled and the ARU
was destroyed, still in its infancy.
Big business adopted the blanket injuric-
tion as its chief antiunion weapon for years
to come-it had proved that effective. But
American labor had also discovered a potent
weapon through the Pullman strike-the in-
dustrywide organization of workers. The
19th century closed with labor suffering a
serious defeat but learning an invaluable
lesson which it would use to great effect dur-
ing the 20th century.
(Mr. FASCELL (at the request of MMr.
VIVIAN) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
charges of mutiny. In addition, sea their r f
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May 4, 166
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
this point that a new source of support for of Ein Shams University in Cairo, and Dr.
our cultural life has come into being, and it A. Fakry, archeologist and well-known au-
is one which will be taking encouraging and thority on the pyramids from the United
effective action. Of course, sufficient financ- Arab Republic Department of Antiquities.
to
ing of these efforts is essential but has not In this high energy physics approach
yet been forthcoming. If Congress is as gen- archeology, originally proposed by Dr. Al-
erous in providing funds for these endow- varez, the plan is to use cosmic ray "muons,"
ments as it was wise in legislating them into occurring naturally from space, and high
existence, I believe we can look forward to energy particle detection equipment to liter-
seeing some interesting and important *re-" ally X-ray the great pyramid. Through the
cults from this new venture of the Federal use of a spark chamber, placed in a known
Government into the neglected one of the subterranean burial chamber beneath the
two cultures. pyramid, it is possible to detect the muons
Foremost among these results will be re- penetrating the pyramid's walls. Any voids
focusing on those values which give our lives within the pyramid will be manifested by a
purpose and direction. As I indicated before, greater number of muons being recorded by
we have entered an era in which mankind- the spark chamber.
.and particularly individual man-will have a Through this method the scientists and
growing need for an inner strength, for a archeologists hope to discover and map out
feeling of worth and fulfillment, and for an in a nondestructive manner the location of
appreciation of the things in life which, the hidden chamber they believe exists some-
shared or experienced alone, make life worth where in the huge structure. This suggested
living. The arts and the humanities offer project, I think, is an outstanding example
many of these more evasive necessities of of science in the service of the humanities,
life, supplerfienting those others supplied helping man to solve some of his past and
more abundantly today by science and tech- present mysteries.
nology. Of course, the pyramid project is a specific,
The new support of the arts and humani- isolated example of the symbiosis I referred
ties by the Federal Government should help to earlier, but the integration of our two cul-
break down some of the artificial barriers we tures is also underway in more general terms.
have created between the world of science One indication of this-oddly enough again
and technology and that of the arts and hu- involving high energy physics-relates to the
inanities. I call them artificial because I search for a site for the AEC's proposed 200
think we have created them to some extent Bev. accelerator.,
only by our words and deeds and can remove As you well know, the possibility of having
them by new outlooks and attitudes. a scientific laboratory of such importance
I believe these barriers are partly the re- and economic impact in their area has cre-
sult of our desire to conveniently categorize ated keen competition among many com-
and catalog our ideas and activities. But munities across the Nation. What is less well
though science may have a pervading and known-but has even greater significance-is
ascending influence in our lives today, there the unexpected effect of this competition on
cannot be any clearcut division between the various communities.
science and nonsclence in interdisciplinary The process of assembling information
civilization which a liveable future world brought together in each community an un-
will require. The growing overlapping of usually broad group of local leaders, State
cultures becomes obvious to those who care officials, university presidents, professional
to pause and look for it. Some people, ap- men from a number of fields, and industrial-
prehensive over the rate and degree of change ists. Immediately there resulted a cross-pol-
brought about by our applications of science, lination of ideas, an exchange of views, a
talk of science as if it were a force apart frank discussion of problems-in short, these
from man. 'What they tend to overlook is the communities engaged in an unprecedented
simple fact that science is after all a hu- self-appraisal. In many cases, I think the
man endeavor and that it does not exist in- people were led to see some of the hitherto
dependent of man. We must not forget that unrecognized assets and shortcomings of
in overall history science has, so far, done their area.
more to "humanize" than to "dehumanize" As local resources were being mustered, it
man. suddenly dawned on community leaders that
In trying to separate science from other the overall attractiveness of an area must be
aspects of our lives many tend to overlook measured by factors which transcend eco-
the large areas of direct interplay between nomic considerations. Critics of intellectual
science and technology and the humanities' and cultural activities were transformed into
and arts. As most of you know, science has champions when it became evident that a
become a valuable tool. of the humanities. strong academic base and a broad cultural
In the fields of history and archeology it environment were more highly regarded than
has provided remarkable means in helping amusement parks or dog racing. University
us to discover and analyze many traces of presidents suddenly found that their pleas
our past Such techniques as carbon-14 for understanding of long-range goals-pleas
dating, the use of the proton magnetometer that had long been ignored-were blossom-
and neutron activation analysis are today ing into legislative appropriations. In some
helping to reveal much new knowledge about cases for the first time in history, legislatures
our ancestors and their various civilizations. specifically earmarked appropriations for
A unique new example of the symbiosis of their university's research programs.
science and the humanities may bring to- This local self-appraisal brought a greater
gether, in a most unusual endeavor, the most interest in racial harmony. It brought re-
unlikely partners, high energy physics and newed support for eduaction at. every level.
egyptology. This proposed project, in which It brought a greater appreciation for the
high energy physics (a field not yet having public library, the symphony, and even chil-
many direct practical applications) may help dren's ballet classes.
archeologists, is one involving the search for The very process of assembling informa-
a possible hidden burial chamber in Che- tion opened important new channels of com-
phren's Pyramid, one of the great Egyptian munications within the community. And
pyramids built about 4,500 years ago. If the people can maintain their momentum,
In addition to bringing together widely di- not only will the community be a better
vergent disciplines, the project would be one place in which to live-it will be in a strong-
of international cooperation bringing to- er position to compete for other scientific
gether physicists and archeologists of the or technical installations.
United States and the United Arab Republic. Our site search has, I think, helped in an-
Those who would be involved are Dr. Luis other way which is important to me person-
Alvarez and his staff at the University of ally. It has helped change the public image
California Lawrence Radiation Laboratory.at of the scientist from a cold, detached indi-
Berkeley, Dr. F. El Bedews, nuclear physicist vidual to that of a very human person with a
deep interest in
munity.
A2419
All of this indicates, then, that the two
cultures are, indeed, becoming integrated,
and this will be mutually beneficial to each.
Finally, as part of the new blending of
scientific, social and cultural interests which
seems to be forthcoming today, and in turn
influencing it, I think we may see in our
country a new rise in the quality of leader-
ship. This should come about as, in this
process of better balancing human values
with the growth of science and technology,
we develop men and women who have both
the broad social outlook and the knowledge
to make the practical day-to-day decisions
in keeping with that outlook.
Perhaps also in a society which fosters
this combination of wisdom and knowledge,
and which tries to keep its focus on individ-
ual human values within an evergrowing na-
tion, we will be able to develop some im-
munity to the "Anti-Leadership Vaccine"
which John W. Gardner has described so
effectively as one of today's new problems in
education.
To me, all these aspects of our new aware-
ness, and the new actions we are taking as
a result of it, are signs of an important new
period of maturity for our country, and I
believe they will not only reflect in our build-
ing of a Great Society here but will have a
profound influence in our relations through-
out the world.
In October of 1963, the late President Ken-
nedy flew to Amherst College in Massachu-
setts to participate in a ceremony honoring
the poet Robert Frost. I think that the talk
he gave at that ceremony best reflects what
most Americans feel should be the goals of
this country and our role in the world. And
since it bears so profoundly on what I have
been trying to say tonight, I would like to
conclude by quoting some of this most Im-
pressive statement.
"I look forward to a great future for Amer-
ica, a future in which our country will match
its military strength with our moral restraint,
its wealth with our wisdom, its power with
our purpose.
"I look forward to an America which will
not be afraid of grace and beauty, which will
protect the beauty of our natural environ-
ment, which will preserve the great American
houses and squares and parks of our national
past, and which will build handsome and
balanced cities for our future.
"I look forward to an America which will
reward achievement in the arts as we reward
achievement in business or statecraft.
"I look forward to an America which com-
mands respect throughout the world not only
for its strength, but for its civilization as
well. And, I look forward to a world which
will be safe not only for democracy and diver-
sity, but, also, for personal distinction."
V
a
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS N. DOWNING
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 4, 1966
Mr. DOWNING. Mr. Speaker, public
debate over our course in Vietnam is in-
creasing and intensifying.
In our democratic society we have al-
ways promoted lively discussion of na-
tional policy issues and differences of
opinion are considered to be healthy in
the United States.
It is, however, important, I believe, to
put public debate and public differences
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A2420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
of opinion in the proper perspective--
particularly in Vietnam where the war
between the two Vietnams challenges not
only our military might but also our com-
mitment to freedom.
Putting the Vietnam war in perspec-
tive is not an easy task but the national
commander of the American Legion, the
Honorable L. Eldon James, who has per-
sonally visited Vietnam, recently ana-
lyzed the discussion of opinion over Viet-
nam in an address before the Legion's
Department of Pennsylvania annual ban-
quet. His address comprises one of the
finest statements on our Nation's com-
mitments in Vietnam that I have ever
seen and under unanimous consent I in-
clude Commander James' talk in the Ap-
pendix of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
The address follows:
AN ADDRESS BY L. ELDEN JAMES, NATIONAL
COMMANDER, THE AMERICAN LEGION, AT THE
DEPARTMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA ANNUAL
BANQUET HONORING THE NATIONAL COM-
MANDER, PITTSBURGH, PA., APRIL. 29, 1966
Tonight I want to' talk about something
that concerns every individual who respects
the dignity of other individuals and who de-
sires freedom for himself and for his fellow
man.
It is Vietnam.
Since my visit to South Vietnam last Oc-
tober, in all of my talks-averaging three a
day and sometimes ,numbering as high as
seven-I have sought to put this matter in
its proper perspective and to bolster pub-
lie support for our Government's efforts.
I will not take your time to stress the need
for such support. I am sure that the mem-
bers of this audience are well Informed gen-
erally on the relationship of the Vietnam
struggle to our own national security. I will
not attempt here to detail the many other
ways in which the American Legion is back-
ing the administration's Vietnam policy. We
a6 very proud of our continuing support
programs, but in my remarks tonight I want
to rifle in on one particular aspect of the
Vietnam problem; specifically, the conflict
that exists between the President's position
on Vietnam and that of his chief senatorial
critic, J. WILLIAM FUL11nIGHT.
It is not, in my judgment, the proper
business of the American Legion to concern
itself with personalities. I have no intention
of doing so tonight. Senator FULBRIGHT,
however, is chairman of the influential Sen-
ate Committee on Foreign Relations, and
he personally enjoys considerable prestige,
here at home and abroad, Because of his
position and his following, and because he
takes sharp issue with the administration's
policy on this vital matter, It is important
that all concerned Americans inform them-
selves on the Senator's Vietnam position.
The American Legion's understanding of
the nature of the Vietnamese conflict and
of our country's involvement is in complete
harmony with that of the administration.
On the other hand, we find ourselves In com-
plete disagreement with Mr. FULBRIGHT's
present conception of the nature and sig-
nificance of that conflict, and with his pro-
posed solution.
We respect the man and his office. But
because of his position In the Senate we are
concerned about his views on this and other
foreign policy issues.
Actually what is going on In Vietnam and
why? How one answers these questions
makes all the difference between what we
believe and what the Senator from Arkansas
chooses to believe.
On the surface, we know that-half a world
away--a relatively small nation is engaged,
within Its borders, in a desperate struggle
against the agents of the government of
another small adjoining nation. The acts of
Approved
those agents take the form of systematic
political assassination, sabotage, terrorism,
guerrilla raids, and even small-scale warfare.
In spite of the high casualty rates on both
sides, the basic character of the struggle is
political, rather than military.
If one did not know more than this about
the situation there, the war between the two
Vietnams might be shrugged off or dismissed
as just another sorry chapter in the long
history of mankind's inhumanity to itself.
In fact, some persons-including Mr. FIU,-
BRICH'I,insist that what is going on in South
Vietnam is only a "civil war."
That the eyes of the rest of the world are
affixed to the Vietnamese struggle is good
evidence that it is not merely one more
"dirty little war." It is that, true enough,
but it is much more. The evidence for this
is confirmed when we realize that some 35
free-world governments openly are providing,
or have pledged, assistance-military, eco-
nomic, or technical-to one of the combat-
ants, South Vietnam; while its adversary,
North Vietnam, is being aided and abetted
by the two rivals for the leadership of the
Communist world, Red China and the
U.S.S.R.
Placed in its proper perspective, the fight-
ing in Vietnam can only be identified as a
major part of the total Communist con-
spiracy to control the world. Those who
believe otherwise seemingly are unaware of
the history of the Communist movement,
including the pertinent pronouncements of
its leaders. And, I'm not speaking here of
just those leaders who are deceased-such
as Lenin and Stalin; I include the announced
intentions of those Communist leaders on
the current scene, particularly in Peiping.
Those who seriously suggest that the
United States and other free world govern-
ments have no business in Vietnam-that it
is not our fight, and that we should get out-
make the mistake (if we give them the bene-
fit of all doubt) of viewing Vietnam as an
isolated matter. It is not an isolated mat-
ter. It is a clear-cut case of Communist
aggression--aggression which is directed
from Hanoi, underwritten largely by Peiping,
and openly encouraged by Moscow. At the
recently concluded 23d Soviet Communist
Party Congress in Moscow, the current Krem-
lin leaders boasted about the amount and
kind of war materiel they are supplying
North Vietnam, and complained that Russia
would do more were it not for the road-
blocks which Red China has put in the way
of overland transhipments.
But even while Peiping and Moscow are
hurling invective messages at one another,
their rivalry over who is helping Hanoi the
most adds up, in effect, to cooperation in
the total Communist effort to take South
Vietnam over by force. After all, Commu-
nists everywhere make no attempt to hide
the fact that Vietnam is a classic example
of what they call "wars of national libera-
tion," the very type of war which Khru-
shchev blandly admitted Russia would con-
tinue to support, as part of its policy of
peaceful coexistence with the West.
General Giap, North Vietnam's defense
minister and one of communism's leading
experts on guerrilla warfare, stated the issue
bluntly when he said: "South Vietnam is the
model of the national liberation movement
of our time. * * * If the special warfare
that the U.S. imperialists are testing in South
Vietnam is overcome, then it can be de-
feated anywhere in the world." Does Mr.
FULBRIGHT deny that this statement was
made, or that it was made seriously? Or
does he deny its relevance, or what?
It is also a verifiable fact that the so-
called National Liberation Front for South
Vietnam was created in Hanoi and still takes
its directions from there. The Vietcong, now
heavily reinforced by North Vietnamese reg-
ulars, is the fighting arm of the Front. As
Secretary of Defense McNamara testified
May 4, 1966
last week, before Mr. FULBRIGHT'S com-
mittee, the Vietcong takes its orders from
Hanoi on an hour-to-hour basis.
To call the Vietnamese struggle a civil
war, as does Mr. FULBRIGHT, one would have
to ignore the fact that the Geneva accord
of 1954 created two separate Vietnams, one
avowedly Communist, the other non-Com-
munist. Recall this; Right after the agree-
ment, over 1 million citizens of North
Vietnam promptly "voted with their feet,"
and joined their free countrymen in South
Vietnam; less than 100,000 moved from the
south to the Communist-controlled portion
in the north.
Incredible as it seems, Mr. FULBRIGHT not
only ignores this history, he. does not con-
cede that there is aggression from the north.
As late as last week, his questioning of Sec-
retary McNamara suggests that the "civil
war" he has in mind is confined to South
Vietnam. He does admit, however, that
the Vietcong do receive "moral support
and external physical support--from the
Chinese."
Nevertheless, the Senator does not see the
Vietnam problem as a Communist-inspired
conflict. He contends that the entire prob-
lem was basically a nationalistic movement,
but that the United States-by its inter-
vention-turned the matter Into a conflict
of ideologies involving communism. Fur-
thermore, he stated in his March 1 speech on
the floor of the Senate, that "our presence
itself is the principal reason for much of
the activity" on the part of the enemy. (I
wonder if the proximity of the United States
to Cuba was the principal reason why
Khrushchev clandestinely introduced mis-
siles there, capable of destroying our cities
as far away from Cuba as Minneapolis and
St. Paul-as well as all others in between-
including Pittsburgh and the very room in
which we are gathered tonight.)
At any rate, Mr. FULBRIGHT'S view as to the
cause of the enemy's activity in Vietnam
would seem to gloss over the considerable rec-
ord of Vietcong infiltration and atrocities
prior to any significant U.S. presence. Presi-
dent Kennedy's 1961 agreement to provide
military advisers for South Vietnam's armed
forces was a result, not a cause, of such ac-
tivity. As late as 12 months ago, our total
military presence-still in an advisory role-
was less than 30,000. Again, the change in
that role, and the tremendous buildup in
our combat forces beginning last May, was a
result, not a cause, of increasing Communist
aggression.
Mr. FULBRIGHT takes particular exception
to the administration's use of the term
"Communist aggression" to describe what is
going on in South Vietnam. He says it "of-
fends" him, according to an interview re-
ported in last week's issue of Look magazine.
Simultaneo'bsly, Newsweek quoted Thatch
Tri Quang-leader of the militant Buddhists
in South Vietnam-as saying if peace could
be achieved in Vietnam, it should come as
"the result of a victory over the Commu-
nists," rather than through negotiations with
them.
Which view is the correct one? Without
intending to endorse Tri Quang in every re-
spect, we think he is well qualified to know
the truth of the matter; he was once a part
of the Viet Minh, forerunner to the Vietcong.
He now refers to himself as his country's
"spiritual leader." The same article quotes
him as rejecting the notion that the National
Liberation Front, after it discontinues armed
activity, take part in a South Vietnamese
Government. On this point, Tri Quang
stated: "No Communist Party can be a real
political party. No Communist Party can
live in harmony with other political parties.
Furthermore, the Nationalist Parties in Viet-
nam are still weak and could not cope with
the Communist Party if it were allowed to
join" a national assembly.
Again, it would appear that Tri Quang un-
derstands the Communists very well.
 May 4, 1966
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
A2421
Now, however, Mr. FULBRIGHT feels we
should follow a policy of "deescalation aimed
at negotiation and an accommodation among
the parties to the South Vietnamese civil
war." The quote is from his remarks of
March 1, 1966, on the floor of the Senate.
By accommodation, It is clear from the re-
mainder of his statement that he means
what he said in his "Bridges East and West"
speech of December 8, 1964; that is, "com-
promises that respect the vital interests of
both sides." In this same connection, he
admitted that this would require us to make
concessions to the Communists, "however
distasteful" these concessions might be to us.
Brushing aside the seeming contradiction
in terms here (that is, between making dis-
tasteful concessions on the one hand, and
upholding our vital interests on the other),
we are not prepared to agree that the Com-
munists have any vital interests in South
Vietnam, certainly none which deserve to be
respected.
The basic issue at stake is that of free-
dom versus slavery-and not just in South
Vietnam alone. Should the Communist
strategy of "wars of national liberation" be
even moderately successful in South Viet-
nam, we will soon see a repeat performance,
on a new and larger scale, in Thailand and
elsewhere-this hemisphere included.
We vigorously reject Senator FULBRIGHT'8
Vietnam position. We strongly endorse
President Johnson's viewpoint when he
said-in his John Hopkins University speech
last April-"Let no one think for a moment
that retreat from Vietnam would bring an
end to conflict. The central lesson of cur
time is that the appetite of aggression is
never satisfied." And, as he has said re-
peatedly, "To stand firm is the only guar-
antee of a lasting peace."
The American Legion is convinced that we
must stand firm in Vietnam, and must keep
up and even increase the military pressure
on the Communists, in order that our own
vital interests will be preserved. We must
never fear to escalate the cause of freedom.
Today the minority view seems to get the
spotlight and all the headlines. Unless the
vast majority of Americans who feel strongly
on this matter stand up to be counted and
speak up to be heard, the world may well
believe that we are divided and that the dis-
senter's view is the prevailing one.
I know it is easy to let George do it but,
in a matter of this importance, we cannot
rely on chance; we must do the job ourselves.
I believe it is Important that each of you
do all that you can to let the world know
that the overwhelming majority of thinking
Americans are determined in their resolve to
support our Government's efforts to defend
freedom and to stop the advance of com-
munism. It is as simple as that. We must
not confuse the details of how with the over-
riding importance of why-the objective
being the preservation and the promotion
of world peace.
It is up to you.
On the other hand, Senator FULBRIGHT's
comprehension of the international Commu-
nist movement may be less than realistic. In
his first Senate speech in 1945, he referred to
the fear of communism as nothing more than
a "powerful prejudice." He went on to add:
"as I read history, the Russian experiment in
socialism is scarcely more radical under
modern conditions than the Declaration of
Independence was in the days of George III."
As we read FULBRIGHT today, we cannot
find that his understanding of communism
has progressed in the least.
Just as we differ with the Senator's views
regarding the nature of the war in Vietnam,
we also disagree with his solution-or should
I say solutions-for.a settlement.
In his March 1 remarks to the Senate, Mr.
FULBRIGHT proposed at least three different
approaches on the part of the United States
for achieving a settlement.
He appears to favor the complete with-
drawal of our military, and states that this
would be "of great value as an incentive to
the Chinese and North Vietnamese in leading
to a settlement." I'm sure this action on our
part would be of great value to the Commu-
nists, and it definitely would lead to the
kind of settlement they have in mind.
At another point in those remarks, the
Senator makes clear his feeling that the
United States should negotiate with the
Vietcong.
Then again-looking to an arrangement
with Red China for the future of all of south-
east Asia-Mr. FULBRIGHT proposes that we
"entrench ourselves in powerful bases on the
coast of Vietnam or inland where appropri-
ate." He believes that Red China would
then agree to guarantee the neutrality of all
the small states of the area, in return for our
giving up these bases. He does not tell us
what the Vietcong and North Vietnam regu-
lars would be doing to the rest of South Viet-
nam while we are encircled in our fortified
enclaves.
It is a curious thing that each of these
three proposals completely ignores the rights,
desires, and needs of the South Vietnamese.
By what authority, for example, could we
proceed to entrench. our forces on South
Vietnam's territory, while awaiting talks
with Peiping over the destiny of the entire
region, without regard to the feelings of the
nations concerned?
Our forces are there, at the request of
the Government of South Vietnam, to par-
ticipate actively in the defense of that coun-
try. If we were to employ them in the
manner and for the purpose suggested by
Mr. FULBRIGHT, I feel sure that the South
Vietnamese leaders would tell us to leave.
In the larger sense, It is true that we have
objectives beyond keeping South Vietnam
free. That,is, we are engaged in a multi-
lateral effort to convince North Vietnam that
it cannot take its neighbor over by force, and
to convince the Communist world generally
that any additional "wars of national lib-
eration," which it might sponsor, are also
doomed to falure. But, in our pursuit of
these larger objectives, we cannot ignore
the wishes of the people and the government
of the country to which we have given our
solemn commitment.
Mr. FULBRIGHT's monumental Indifference
welfare and national aspirations of
th
t
e
o
the free people of South Vietnam is best the United States will continue to meet its
seen in his recent observation, quoted in obligations and fulfill its commitments with
Look, that if we had not "stuck our nose in respect to Vietnam."
this business, it would have long since been At that stage, we think the Senator was
settled in accordance with whatever the ma- correct.
jor forces in Vietnam were." Agreed; but Later in 1964, Mr. FULBRIGHT supported the
what a blood bath that would have pro- Tonkin Gulf resolution whereby the Congress
duced, (It has been estimated that the approved and supported the President's de-
North Vietnamese, if they ever take over in termination "to take any and all necessary
the south, will massacre as many as 4 mil- measures" to repel aggression. The Senator
lion people, starting, of course, with all was, in fact, floor manager for the resolution,
those who fled from communism's grip fol- which was adopted with only two dissenting
lowing the 1954 partitioning.) votes out of the entire Congress.
Poland: 1,000 Years of Christianity
SPEECH
OF
HON. HENRY P. SMITH III
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 3, 1966
Mr. SMITH of New York. Mr. Speak-
er, 1966 marks the 1,000th anniversary
of Poland's conversion to Christianity.
The significance of this solemn event to
the Polish people was demonstrated on
April 16, when thousands of people
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Actually, Mr. FULBRIGHT goes further. He
suggests that a Titoist form of communism
for all of Vietnam-both North and South-
might be more in our interest than for us
to achieve our goal of a free South Vietnam
with a democratic form of government. His
reasoning here is that, a Vietnam on the
Yugoslavian model would amount to a "buf-
fer state" against China; whereas, because
it would be relatively weak and defenseless,
a free South Vietnam would remain a tempt-
ing target for Red China if, says the Sen-
ator, that country "does become really ag-
gressive in the military sense."
This argument leaves us cold. He sees
Communist China only as a potential threat
to the free nations on its periphery. His re-
fusal to concede that Peiping is today the
real power behind the military aggression
being carried on by Hanoi and the Vietcong,
against free Vietnam, also seems inconsistent
with his previously expressed views on Red
China. In his "Bridges East and West"
speech of December 8, 1964, the Senator re-
referred to Peiping's expansionist ambitions
and agreed with the U.S. policy of diplomatic,
military, and economic containment of the
Communist Chinese. He further stated that
we should withhold proposals for accommo-
dation until mainland China's leaders "aban-
don their policies of aggression and subver-
sion."
It is regrettable, I believe, that Senator
FULBRIGHT has not yet seen fit to visit South
Vietnam and to become acquainted with the
Vietnamese. I am sure he would find, as I
did, that they are a proud, sensitive, friendly,
intelligent, and deserving people. He would
also find them fiercely determined to carry
on their struggle to remain free. Barring a
visit to Vietnam, I wish the Senator could
read the letters we are receiving from GI's
over there, or talk with those who have
served with and among the Vietnamese.
Our men and women serving the cause of
freedom in Vietnam know that the Viet-
namese people are worthy of our efforts.
They also know that they are fighting for
something more than Vietnam alone. There
Is published in the current issue of the
American Legion magazine, a letter from a
sergeant now serving with the 1st Air
Cavalry Division,ip Vietnam. This GI says,
in part, "Everyone here realizes that we are
fighting for the survival of freemen every-
where."
It is also regrettable that Mr. FULBRIGHT
has undergone such a reversal of opinion on
the U.S. commitment to Vietnam since he
delivered his well-publicized "Old Myths and
New Realities" speech of March 25, 1964. He
then told the Senate:
"It seems clear that only two realistic op-
tions are open to us in Vietnam in the im-
mediate future: the expansion of the conflict
in one way or another, or a renewed effort to
bolster the capacity of the South Vietnamese
to prosecute the war successfully on its pres-
ent scale. The matter calls for thorough
examination by responsible officials in the
executive branch; and until they have had
an opportunity to evaluate the contingencies
and feasibilities of the options open to us,
it seems to me that we have no choice but to
support the South Vietnamese Government
and Army by the most effective means avail-
able. Whatever specific policy decisions are
made, it should be clear to all concerned that
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A2422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 4, 1966
Socked to hear Poland's great religious
leader, Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski.
They thus showed that the Communist
government leaders, despite their oppo-
sition to Cardinal Wyszynski and the
church, cannot erase the deeply religious
sentiments of a great people.
Christianity was introduced into Po-
land In 966. In that year Poland's first
historically known ruler, Mieszko I, mar-
ried a Christian princess from Bohemia
named Dobrava. Mieszko's conversion
enabled him to place Poland under the
protection of the Pope and thus to
stem a threatened German invasion.
Mieszko's son, Boleslaw the Mighty,
established many, Christian bishoprics
and extended Polish dominion from the
Oder and Neisse Rivers in the west to
the Dnieper River in the east.
Poland's religious traditions have
helped to link her to the West for count-
less generations. It is my strong belief
that Poland's cultural and religious
traditions and her love of liberty and
national independence will someday
triumph over the forces of oppression.
Let us do all we can to hasten that day.
Sea-Grant Colleges
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. HASTINGS KEITH
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 4, 1966
Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, today I am
joining a number of my colleagues in
filing a bill to establish a national sys-
tem of sea-grant colleges. Its purpose is
to provide improved ways to make use of
the ocean's vast, virtually untapped re-
sources. The idea is analogous to the
land-grant college concept and our be-
lief is that such a program would create
the same rapid growth in marine sciences
that the land-grant college provided for
agriculture.
The. bill has five major provisions.
The first would authorize funds to be
made available to colleges and univer-
sities to expand practical education in
the marine sciences. In a few instances
new colleges might be formed, but ordi-
narily programs would be founded or ex-
panded in existing institutions with an
interest in the sea.
Funds would also be available to sup-
port a relatively neglected aspect of our
marine science program-applied re-
search, These funds would be used to
bridge the gap between the basic research
that Is now being done and techno-
logically useful developments. This part
of the program would pay off quickly in
economic terms for this country. Pro-
grams that could be supported would be,
for example, shellfish research, research
in fishing techniques, marine conserva-
tion, pollution control, fish farming, and
desalination.
Another major program provided by
the bill is a service similar to that of the
Agricultural Extension Service. It would
provide lectures and demonstrations at
the local level to disseminate useful in-
formation to those working or interested let us take for example a center of ex-
in the marine sciences. The beneficiaries cellence in oceanography such as exists
of this part of the program would be not today in southeastern Massachusetts,
only sCipntist? ivih n1c., Anti.,.- _-- _ --
------ -- -uv ucw ii ruing areas,
gear, and techniques. Such a program
would meet a long-felt need in this
country. We have made many advances
in the marine sciences but often have
been unable to put them to immediate
practical use because the ultimate users
have not had access to the information.
Development of the Continental Shelf
is vital to any national oceanographic
program. This bill facilitates use and
study of the Continental Shelf by setting
aside certain appropriate areas of the
submerged lands for the use of partici-
pants in the program.
This legislation is designed to encour-
age the creation and expansion of re-
gional centers of excellence in marine
science fields. Such centers would be of
enormous economic value to the areas
where they are located. The interplay
of ideas and pool of technicians and
scientists that would be drawn to such
areas would foster cross-fertilization of
ideas and rapid growth.
Funds for this program would come,
not from taxes, but 10 percent of all
royalties, rentals, and other sums that
are paid to the Federal Government for
the use of the Continental Shelf. It is
estimated that the total of these royal-
ties in 1966 will be $270 million. This
project has been
seems to be an appropriate way of fi- approved for the town of Falmouth in
nancing the sea grant system. More- MY district, introducing oceanography
over, the funds will be likely to grow into the high school curriculum.
along with the program, since exploita- Apart from these educational institu-
tion of the Continental Shelf is likely tions with an interest in oceanography,
to increase in future years. there are independent laboratories and
Grants could be given not only to edu- businesses with ocean science orienta-
cational institutions but also to any pub- tion in this area. The energy, motilva-
lie or private agency, any foundation, tion, and talent to build important and
laboratory, corporation, industry, or even imaginative oceanographic programs al-
group of individuals which plans to op- ready exists in southeastern Massachu-
erate a program under the provisions of setts as I am sure it does in other such
this bill. The broad range of benefi- centers across the country. With this
ciaries is in my view one of the bill's solid foundation the sea grant college
strongest points. One of the weaknesses system could produce a rapid flowering
of oceanography in this country has been of developments in the marine sciences.
that it has been largely a government Education is the key to the sea grant
operation. However, this bill would college bill. The education that we pro-
bring in many diverse groups. Our na- vide today will determine the state of our
tional program will be strengthened by marine sciences tomorrow. On educa-
the participation of many segments of tion rests the future of our national
our society-each has something to con- oceanographic program.
tribute as well as to gain.
On a recent trip to Russia for the
Merchant Marine and Fisheries Com-
mittee, I was struck by Russian capa-
bility in applied oceanography. My im-
pressions were confirmed by scientists
in this country who say that although
we still lead the Russians in basic oceano-
graphic research, we are lagging in ap-
plied research. Moreover, the Russians
appear to have two or three times as
many people as we do in the ocean sci-
ences. Each scientist in the Soviet Un-
,
y
,
ion has more technicians to back him up Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Speaker, last
up than do our scientists. The bill I month the House of Representatives of
am filing today would meet three of the the Commonwealth of Kentucky paid
most pressing needs of our oceanographic special tribute to the 119 VISTA volun-
program--particularly in the light of the teers who have dedicated themselves to
Soviet challenge--applied research, dis- serving the people of our hollows and
semination of information to users, and mountain communities. Without a
provision of more personnel, especially single dissenting vote, the entire house
ocean technicians. of representatives passed a special reso-
To understand how the bill could work, lution commending these VISTA volun-
stitution as its focal point. The fact that
this institution is located in an area
where the people have historically looked
seaward means that interest in ocean-
ography is high.
My office constantly receives requests
from this area for information on careers
in oceanography, and a number of edu-
cational institutions are presently sound-
ing out plans for oceanography curri-
cula. In fact at this very moment I have
on my desk a plan proposed by a group
of marine scientists and other respon-
sible citizens for a vocational training
school for ocean technicians in the Cape
Cod area to meet the demands of Woods
Hole for such technicians.
Southeastern Massachusetts Techni-
cal Institute is a school ideally situated
for an oceanography curriculum on the
outskirts of New Bedford. It is a young
and rapidly growing institution which
could provide an invaluable service to
both community and country by teaching
oceanography. Preliminary develop-
ment plans for oceanography have just
been approved by the trustees. The in-
terest is there-with adequate funding,
a great deal could be done.
Another place where oceanography
could be developed is in the high schools.
A rather unique pilot
VISTA Volunteers
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CARL D. PERKINS
OF KENTUCKY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday
Ma
4
1966
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