SIGNS OF HOPE IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400070013-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: May 10, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

A2540
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 10, 1966
desires and aspirations of President John-
son and develop guidelines that will extend
the principles of higher education in the
area of international education.
The presence of more than 80,000 foreign
students on our campuses is only one indica-
tion of the readiness of American higher ed-
ucation to devote its resources to interna-
tional education. More than 20,000 of these
students receive financial support from the
colleges and universities they attend. A ma-
jority of the students are the beneficiaries
of special programs and services which are
provided at considerable cost to our academic
institutions.
Our Government must rely heavily on
American colleges and universities in estab-
lishing programs for emerging nations of
Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These fac-
ulty members must carry the burden of
setting up appropriate educational systems
in the developing nations, in advising min-
istries of education, in conducing research
and evaluating studies, in interesting the
host countries' teachers in the most effective
methods of teaching their people.
THE FINAL THOUGHT
It is obvious that the American commit-
ment to education now embraces under-
graduate-level training for the maximum
number of our citizens. We appear to have
determined as a people that a college educa-
tion is nearly, if not quite, indispensable to
mankind's work and citizenship alike. For
the great majority of our educated citizens,
therefore, the prime opportunity for pro-
moting literacy in other cultures and societies
will be during the undergraduate years.
The several parts of President Johnson's
program for international education, and,
especially, the International Education Act of
1966, give great promise of changing the cur-
rent state of affairs. The keynote of this
change was sounded in the President's Sm?ith-
sbnian address in his declaration that
"learning respects no geographic boundaries."
The new approach to the new role for edu-
cation was set forth unequivocally in his
message to the Congress on international
education. The principle cannot be stated
more simply or forcefully than in one passage
of that message: "Education lies in the heart
of every nation's hopes and purposes. It
must. be at the heart of international
relations."
Judge Thomas F. Meaney Retired
After 24 Years
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. CORNELIUS E. GALLAGHER
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 10, 1966
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, on
May 1, 1966, the Honorable Thomas F.
Meaney, senior U.S. district court judge
for the district of New Jersey, retired
from active Federal service after over
24 years of distinguished service on the
Federal bench.
I would like to relate the highlights of
his outstanding legal career which spans
over 50 years.
Judge Meaney, who was born in Jersey
City, N.J., on September 6, 1888, was ad-
mitted to the New Jersey bar in 1911 and
then became a counselor at law in 1914.
He received an A.B. degree from St.
Peter's College in 1908, a master's degree
from St. Peter's in 1909, and an LL.B.
degree from Fordham Law School in
1911.
Judge Meaney served as first lieuten-
ant of infantry with the 51st Pioneer
Infantry, 1st Division in France in World
War I.
Judge Meaney's road to Federal serv-
ice began with his legal apprenticeship
in the firm of Tumulty & Cutley in Jersey
City. He also served as secretary to
Mayor H. Otto Wittpenn of Jersey City.
Following 4 years of private practice,
Judge Meaney began his judicial career
in 1923 in the Hudson County Juvenile
Court, having been offered an appoint-
ment by Gov. George S. Silzer. He was
reappointed in 1928 and 1932.
Judge Meaney's work among juvenile
offenders attracted wide attention, and
he was chosen to represent the United
States at the first International Con-
ference of Juvenile Judges in Belgium.
In 1934, Judge Meaney was elevated to
the Hudson County common pleas court
by Gov. A. Harry Moore. He remained
there until 1939;.when he became counsel
for the State banking and insurance
commission. He was appointed to the
Federal bench in 1942 by President
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In February 1961, Judge Meaney was
given a testimonial dinner by the Hud-
son County Bar Association in observ-
ance of his 50th year as a member of the
New Jersey bar.
Judge Meaney has always had the
reputation of being a hard-working
member of the bench. Court statistics
disclose he has been at the top or near the
top in disposing of cases, and in having
an excellent record of being upheld by
appellate courts on cases taken from his
court. Fortunately, the judge will con-
tinue to preside in special civil trials
assigned to him and he promises to con-
tinue his association with members of
the bar.
All of the foregoing accomplishments
have recently led to a sincere tribute from
the trustees of the Essex County Bar As-
sociation, which is proud to number
Judge Meaney among its nearly 2,000
members.
Under unanimous consent I include the
resolution in the RECORD:
ESSEX COUNTY BAR ASSOCIATION RESOLUTION
ADOPTED AT TRUSTEES' MEETING, APRIL 12,
1966
Whereas the Honorable Thomas F. Meaney
has, since 1942, faithfully and efficiently
served the bench and bar of the State of New
Jersey as a judge of the U.S. District Court
for the District of New Jersey; and
Whereas Judge Meaney, particularly in his
role as senior judge, has been called on daily
for the exercise of wisdom, patience, firmness,
restraint, humor, compassion, discretion, and
all the other attributes which make for the
complete jurist; and
Whereas effective May 1, 1966, Judge
Meaney will retire from active Federal serv-
ice; and
Whereas the trustees of the Essex County
Bar Association wish to mernoralize their
feelings and sentiment concerning Judge
Meaney as jurist, colleague, and friend: Now,
therefore, be it
Resolved;
1, That the trustees on behalf of the Es-
sex County Bar Association express to the
Honorable Thomas F. Meaney their thanks,
appreciation, respect and affection for his
long, faithful and extremely efficient service
as a Federal judge.
2. That the trustees of the Essex County
Bar Association extend to the Honorable
Thomas F. Meaney sincere wishes for good
health, well-being, and contentment.
3. That the secretary of this association
be instructed to forward copies of this resolu-
tion to the President of the United States,
the Attorney General of the United States,
Chief District Court Judge Thomas M. Mad-
den, and Chief Judge Austin L. Staley of the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
For the Trustees.
JAMES R. LACEY,
Trustee.
ERNEST F. KEER, Jr.,
President.
Signs of Hope in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
,IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 10, 1966
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, the rec-
ord of the Johnson administration is
dealing with the military and political
situr tion in South Vietnam is a good one
and the indications of a more widespread
desire for political stability can only lead
us to believe that our course was and is
the correct one.
I commend to the attention of our
colleagues the comments of Robert G.
Spivack on this matter as they appeared
in his column in the April 21, 1966, edi-
tion of the New York Journal American.
The article follows:
SIGNS OF HOPE IN VIETNAM
(By Robert G. Spivack)
WASHINGTON.-In Vietnam about the only
thing certain is that the unpredictable is
sure to happen.
It takes pretty steady nerves to cope with
these highly individualistic people and their
undisciplined leaders. But the Johnson ad-
ministration has demonstrated calm and
good judgment under almost every conceiv-
able circumstance.
From the time that U. Alexis Johnson,
Ambassador Lodge's deputy, did not panic
when the U.S. Embassy was bombed, right
up to the latest political episode, our men in
Saigon-Lodge, Westmoreland, Lonsdale-
have all kept their heads.
Just because events are unpredictable does
not always mean disaster. For example,
there are aspects of the recent Buddhist up-
roar which are more hopeful than at first.
appeared, even assuming that there was a
degree of Communist influence.
To begin with, the prospects of holding
a free election next summer are fairly good.
I think it is regrettable that we have not
made this also an objective for the North
Vietnamese. But if the South Vietnamese
can carry the election off, it may make the
North Vietnamese wonder why Hanoi's lead-
ers do not test their own popularity.
The second development is that the Bud-
dhists and the Catholics seem to have es-
tablished communications. This could prove
more important than negotiations with the
Vietcong, because religious hostilities are
often more rigid than political differences.
Third, the idea of civilian government is
on the ascendancy, although where the free
Vietnamese will find a strong, decisive lead-
er remains to be seen. Perhaps out of the
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May 10, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
Wish,, Dr. Reuter spoke on the subject
"International Education Must Be an
Integrated Goal in American Life."
Because of American concern for inter-
national education, I insert this address
in the Appendix of the RECORD:
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION MUST BE AN
INTERGRATED GOAL IN AMERICAN LIFE
(B7 Dr. George S. Reuter, Jr., Southern
Illinois University)
INTRODUCTION
Plato in "The Republic" envisaged an ideal
society ruled by philosopher kings, whose
formal education and life experiences were
to qualify them to move society toward
proper goals through the establishment of
wise laws and prudent customs. Later Mr.
Justice Brandeis noted: "a judge rarely per-
forms his functions adequately unless the
case before him is adequately presented."
And recently, Archibald MacLeish stated:
"the feel of America in the world's mind" has
begun to change and faith in "the idea of
America" has been shaken.
A coup d'oeil reveals that the original
occupant of the pinnacle of leadership in the
struggle to maintain ideological and secular
paramountcy has been steadily losing ground
to various interlopers. In international
education, America can adopt the view of
Walt Whitman in general or attempt to move
forward in this area. Whitman suggested:
"Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself.
I am large. I contain multitudes."
Education engenders a desire to know more.
The establishment of courses in international
education and the history of other peoples
will bring us together in ways which cannot
now be foreseen. We can turn toward the
task of producing more Americans competent
in leadership in this area. This program
should have as the final goal the develop-
ment of understandings with the less de-
veloped areas in lessening the gap in living
stands between us and an developing
mutual understanding and respect.
Desirous of strengthening our Nation's in-
ternational educational commitment, Ameri-
can higher education cannot but welcome
legislation which recognizes the necessity for
long-range development of its capacity.
Colleges and universities will continue to
shoulder educational responsibility abroad in
the public interest and they are expanding
their efforts to increase this Nation's literacy
in the cultures of others. Our ability to
move forward effectively depends to no small
measure upon Government's assistance in
building up the necessary academic
strengths.
It is essential that we integrate interna-
tional education into the American ethic:
To achieve this task, It will be difficult. We
believe, for example, that the great majority
of American citizens are dedicated, in various
degrees, to instilling the virtues of Chris-
tianity in all mankind, but a minority dis-
sents. "One Blood" I offers a peaceful
method of bridging the gap in this difficult
area. This approach offers a giant step for-
ward.
America must not stop with the Christian
ethic, but we must support the Peace Corps,
the Teachers Corps, and various forms of in-
ternational educational programs around the
world. Particular emphasis must be placed
in helping the developing nations of the
World. Let us then review the two impor-
tant factors and suggest a meeting of the
minds.
THE NECESSITY OF CHRISTIANITY
In our time, there are Americans who chal-
lenge God and Christianity and would like to
I George S. Reuter, Jr., August M. Hintz,
and Helen A. Reuter, "One Blood" (Exposi-
tion Press: New York, 1964).
divorce political affairs from spiritual affairs.
Often this lunatic fringe is insulting and
void of inspiration or scholarship, yet A world
without Christ is neither possible or de-
sirable. The inspired Bible offers certain
fundamental guarantees, and mankind must
reflect this culture in any successful program
of world understanding.
The love that God constantly gives to man-
kind is the reason for Christian life. Yes,
it is on this that we stake our life's meaning.
How trivial the question thus becomes, "Is
God dead?" when placed alongside the cer-
tainty that God loves us. Once a living
Christ is affirmed, the death of God is un-
thinkable. It reminds one of these words:
"I know not where God's islands lift
Their fronded palms in air;
I only know I cannot drift
Beyond His love and care."
Nietzsche's thesis was that striving, self-
centered man had killed God, and the tanta-
lizing question of atheists still is whether
God is dead. The revolt of Karl Marx against
God was basically a revolt falsely conceived
to be in behalf of the humanity of mankind.
Marxist atheism left room for the Commu-
nists' worship of state, party, ideology, pro-
gram, and future utopian goals. It was en-
tirely wrong for Marx to attempt to relate
theology to economics. There is no relation-
ship between the two. In fact, it is desirable
to be conservative in theology and liberal in
economics, because this approach guarantees
recognition of the inspired Bible, and, at the
same time, shows concern for the economic
welfare of all.
The God in the Bible is no respecter of
tyranny; He respects the freedom of man-
kind. God is no despot, because He is patient
with people. Surely there is a 2,000-year-old
precedent for each Christian to go beyond
good works to good deeds. No, God does not
threaten humanity, but He promotes the best
for the great masses. Marx was wrong in
believing that the Christian churches were
for the affluent only. Throughout his life,
the Christian attempts to instill in others
the devotion to Christianity and the'sense of
satisfaction. In fact, Christians are able to
point with pride to several positive guide-
posts.
First, Christian America gave all. its citi-
zens the National Labor Relations Act of
1935, the "Magna Carta" for collective bar-
gaining. The Wagner Act, as it became
known, included this sentence: "It is hereby
declared to be the policy of the United States
to eliminate the causes of certain substan-
tial obstruction to the free flow of com-
merce-by encouraging the practice and pro-
cedure of collective bargaining and by pro-
tecting the exercise by workers of full free-
dom of association, self-organization, and
designation of representatives of their own
choosing." This is a Christian principle.
Second, the century's greatest Christian
theologian, Dr. John R. Rice, has consistently
warned his fellow believers that God is very
real and that faith In Christ and the Scrip-
ture are essential. Thus, any search for God
that starts any other way is a vain quest that
will fail.
Ancient Babylonia worshipped at least
seven hundred deities. Church members
sometimes look back nostalgically at the
medieval world as the great age of faith, but
we have Christian giants today too, and a
major sin of America is the lack of recogni-
tion we give to the Christian statesmen.
Third, no Christian doctrine of God is pos-
sible without Jesus, because Calvary is fun-
damental to Christianity. Those theologians
who believe that "God is dead" dramatize a
crisis of belief for that group who have never
been "born again." Many "modernist" theo-
logians and writers have qualms about the
quality and character of contemporary belief.
In search for meaning many of these leaders
have turned to psychiatry or drugs, but
A2539
neither is the answer. Only Christ is the
answer.
Fourth, Christianity recognizes only first-
class citizens. The Apartheid regime in
South Africa, while primarily a tragedy for
that country's nonwhite majority, also com-
promises the fundamental principle: of
Christianity. Protection of the physical
safety of the lives and property of all man-
kind is a basic and primary purpose for
which society was established and which
Christians must support. It is thus a viola-
tion of Christian theology to have second-
class citizens in any section of the world.
Fifth, though Christians have little sym-
pathy with the "God is dead" thinking, they
will grant a measure of freedom of dissent.
Christians must, however, resist the attempts
of some non-Christians to remove Christianty
from public institutions. Those who seek
to remove Bible reading, without comment;
general prayers; religious services at gradua-
tion time, chaplains from government bodies
and the armed services; and religious carols
at Christmastime are out of step with the
teaching of our Founding Fathers and are
parties to efforts at destroying our beloved
Nation.
THE NECESSITY OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
With a fundamental foundation in Chris-
tian theology, all mankind must be given the
benefits of quality education? America's
role in international education must be vast
and growing to guarantee the principle. It
is essential to win the lost to Christ, but it
is also necessary to provide the educational
opportunities that will result in building free
and independent countries around the world
that accept democracy as a way. of life, be-
cause of reason, and that these peoples foster
healthy economies.
The most efficacious way of helping coun-
tries that are currently in the development
process is by aiding them in upgrading their
human resources. Education is the key
which opens most doors in this state of
development. As more of their people be-
come literate and skilled, these nations
will be able to use their natural resources
intelligently and efficiently, thereby, improv-
ing their economic well-being and gaining
political stability.
One of the greatest threats to peace is the
widening of the gap between standards of
living In developed and in the less developed
countries. The peace for which America is
working is much more than the absence of
war; It is a creative peace, marshaling re-
sources to fight starvation and disease, ig-
norance and prejudice.
Several years ago Wendell L. Willkie talked
and wrote of "One World," and a few years
later Adlai E. Stevenson spoke of "Two
Worlds." Just recently, U.S. Senator J. WIL-
LIAM FULBRIGHT spoke of some of the same
issues, when he said: "There are two Ameri-
cas. One is the America of Lincoln and
Adlai Stevenson; the other is the America of
Teddy Roosevelt and General MacArthur.
One is generous and humane, the other nar-
rowly egotistical; one is modest and self-
critical, the other arrogant and self-righte-
ous; one is sensible, the other romantic; one
is good humored, the other solemn; one is
inquiring, the other pontificating; one is
moderate and restrained, the other filled with
passionate intensity."
As we enter the second half of the sixties,
it is my opinion that the ideal of interna-
tional education can come closer to realiza-
tion only if we stretch the capacity of pro-
fessional education to its outer limits in
nearly all directions. Applying the pressure
of a probing mind, we should thus formu-
late a quality program that will execute the
' George S. Reuter, Jr. and Helen H. Reuter,
"Democracy and Quality Education" (Edu-
cational Research Association of the U.S.A..
Cambridge, Mass., 1965).
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May 1 D, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
election procedure someone will come forth.
This is the big question mark because the
Vietnamese "elite" are so much like the
French they are likely to whittle away at
anyone who gets out front, or shows much
promise of leadership.
That's the reason, of course, that there
is a military government in South Vietnam
right now.
In forcing free elections, the Buddhist
priests may, inadvertently, also have pro-
vided a way for the war to end. For the
foreseeable future there will be two Viet-
nams, as there are two Germanys and two
Chinas. But a freely elected government in
Saigon may be able to talk to Hanoi and the
Communists may net think they would be
"losing face," as they seem to feel about the
prospect of sitting down with the Ameri-
cans.
The important point to bear in mind is
that by our military action we have helped
equalize the situation. Two years ago the
Communists were on the verge of military
victory. Now that eventuality is quite dim,
if not impossible.
If through free elections a relatively sta-
ble, progressive government emerges, our
military mission could be entering a phase
somewhat like that in South Korea. We
would be there, if needed, but not actively
engaged.
Big Government Grows Bigger: Why Not
Federal Economy?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ED REINECKE
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 3, 1966
Mr. REINECKE. Mr. Speaker, the
concern of the taxpayers in my district in
California is reflected in the editorials
of the Burbank Daily Review of April 26,
and 28, 1966. The President's recent re-
quest to houswives to cut their kitchen
budgets becomes ridiculous when com-
pared with the "fats and sweets" which
adorn the Federal budget. Let the
President cut the "high calorie" budget
before he tells American families to buy
cheap foods. Businessmen have felt the
pinch of inflation; industrial workers
find that their paychecks do not go as
far; retired people and pensioners are
being made into the "new poor" class by
rising prices; building contractors are
suffering the costs of a slump in con-
struction caused by inflation; servicemen,
already making a sacrifice for this coun-
try, are being undercut in essential hous-
ing for their families. And still the costs
of big government go up, up, up. Is
this the Great Society?
I commend these two editorials to your
attention:
THE TAXPAYERS PAY: BIG GOVERNMENT
GROWS BIGGER
Most citizens are probably aware that gov-
ernments are not, a sour a of wealth.
Every penny a government spends has to
come from the producing sector of the econ-
oiny-the people in private enterprise who
pay the taxes.
In spite of this, many persons tend to look
at Federal or State subsidies as a bonanza
from some faraway place and avidly seek
government participation in various projects
that could better be accomplished at the
local level.
The result has been a phenomenal growth
in Government spending and disproportion-
ate additions to Government payrolls. The
catch is that the, persons on the Govern-
ment payrolls really are not a source of
wealth either, Their sustenance depends on
income from the private sectors.
If the trend continues, there is every like-
lihood that the point of no return will be
reached-the level when the private pro-
ducing citizens can no longer support the
costs of Government.
The total public employment has reached
a payroll of about 10 million persons today.
It is increasing much faster than the pay-
roll in private industry.
In 1950 there were 39 million workers in
nonagricultural jobs paying taxes to sup-
port 6 million public employees. In other
words, 10 persons on the public payroll
spread their costs over 65 private workers.
In 1960 there were 45.8 million persons on
private payrolls and 8.5 million people work-
ing for governments. It meant the propor-
tion had gone down to 54 industrial workers
for each 10 persons in government.
In 1964, the trend continued. There were
49.9 million private employees and 9.9 mil-
lion public employees for a ratio of 50 tax-
,producing persons to 10 tax-consuming per-
sons.
The figures are not in for 1965-66 fiscal
year, but there is no doubt the additions to
Government payrolls will show a large in-
crease again because of the so-called Great
Society programs.
Additionally, the broad expansion of the
Federal social programs assures that the
growth will continue in the years ahead,
adding to Government payrolls through the
creation of new agencies and satellite bu-
reaucracies.
Not all of the blame can be laid on the
Federal Government. State and local pay-
rolls are among those growing most rapidly.
It is a genuine cause for concern. Unless
each person constantly insists on government
efficiency and only the minimum of services
necessary, the trend and taxes will rise con-
stantly.
MONEY PINCH HITS THE PUBLIC: WHY NOT
FEDERAL ECONOMY?
The seeming determination of Congress to
make substantial cuts in the President's re-
quest for $3.4 billion in foreign aid next year
Is encouraging.
It also makes sense in our Nation which is
constantly harassed in recent years with
problems of budget deficits, loss of U.S. dol-
lars to other nations, inflation, and a war in
Vietnam.
Presidential cognizance of the domestic
problem has come through tax reforms that
will bring the Federal Government $6 billion
more in revenue in the year ahead.
Businessmen were touched by the problem
when they were forced to curb spending for
plant expansion abroad and decrease or
eliminate justified price increases at home.
Families have been affected by the problem
through the continuing inflation. The Presi-
dent has asked housewives to put on their
glasses, take a pencil in hand and shop care-
fully to buy only the cheapest groceries.
Contractors have felt the squeeze through
an announcement that up to $1 billion in
construction programs will be held in abey-
ance until the domestic financial problems
mitigate.
U.S. servicemen, already making sacrifices
for their country, also have felt the domestic
'cutbacks when the Defense Department post-
poned construction of essential housing.
On the broad canvas the Federal emphasis
to strike at financial problems has touched
every single person in the United States to a
greater or lesser degree.
It makes -sense, then, to cut back also on
the programs abroad that the U.S. taxpayer
A2541
is subsidizing. Since 1948 that subsidy has
totaled more than $100 billion.
There is considerable evidence that sub-
stantial cuts-up to the $1 billion proposed
by Republicans-can be made without hurt-
ing the U.S. self-interest.
In the last 20 years the United States has
spent millions on worthless foreign public
works programs and spent even more on na-
tions that are hostile to America and always
will be. Equally questionable is the proposal
to spend more than $350 million in the next
year to export so-called Great Society educa-
tion and health programs abroad.
The broad purpose of foreign aid, which is
to help friendly or neutral nations approach
self-sufficiency, is sound. That purpose,
however, is defeated when the aid is
squandered on enemies, wasted, or if it
creates a ' new dependency on the United
States.
It is time for the administration to put on
Its spectacles, sharpen its pencil and like the
housewife, start trimming. Hopefully, the
stiffening resistance by Congress to foreign
aid will force this action.
Motor Vehicle Safety
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 10, 1966
Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, one
of my constituents, Mr. Adolph Fram,
president of the Peoples Cab Co., of Pitts-
burgh, has made an important contribu-
tion to the testimony now being taken by
the House Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce on motor vehicle safe-
ty. I think that Mr. Fram's experiences
in this area will be of inteerst to all Mem-
bers of the Congress. Therefore, under
leave to extend my remarks, I include
his testimony at this point in the RECORD.
STATEMENT BEFORE THE HOUSE INTERSTATE
AND FOREIGN COMMERCE COMMITTEE, MAY 5,
1966
Mr. Chairman, Members of the House, I am
Adolph Fram, president of the Peoples Cab
Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa. I am also owner of
the company.
I appear before you not to criticize for the
sake of criticizing. We believe that our quali-
fications to testify have foundation andare
historic In the area. We have had an experi-
ence with motor vehicles and operations of
17 years of "severe-use" fleet service which
no doubt would require many decades of
"testing" by any institution not related to
such "severe-use" fleet exposure.
We have urged for many years the need to
create a National Traffic Safety Agency within
the framework of a Cabinet-level Office of
Transportation.
The function of this agency shall be the
culling, evaluating, and disseminating of in-
formation to the public in an effort to reduce
motor vehicle accidents, eliminate a percent-
age of them entirely, hence saving life, limb,
and fortune.
The needless, mysterious, murderous,
atrocities must end. It is incumbent upon
us to initiate the most important issue to
face the American people and its Congress
in modern history. President Johnson, last
week, revealed that more American service-
men are killed by motor vehicles in the
United States than have been killed in
Vietnam.
We must not leave to others or to our chil-
dren the responsibility of performing this
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 10, 1966
task. Statistics point to a 30 million motor-
ist involvement in this year. You are ac-
quainted with the number killed and maimed
each year. These figures are publicized and.
known by all.
With the ever-increasing percentages ris-
ing, at least one out of every three motorists
will be involved in an auto accident this
year. It is unfair to the public and our heirs
to impose upon them the legacy of this grow-
ing, terrifying prospect.
We have witnessed countless accidents and.
have investigated thousands. It is true, un-
deniably, that auto and tire design and con-
struction are woefully lacking.
In 1959 we purchased a fleet of 104 new
vehicles. Within a short period of time these
autos fell apart, literally disintegrated.
Seventy-nine rear axles sheared off.
Wheels rolled down the street. The vehicles
collapsed. The drivers, passengers, and the
public were jeopardized.
Motor mounts shattered and the motor
(engine) dropped onto the frame. This
pulled the entire driveline out of shape. The
auto would grind to a halt. Five hundred
and fifty such motor mounts shattered or
cracked.
Headliners (inner lining of the roof) col-
lapsed. Seat springs collapsed. Engines lit-
erally exploded. The metal was poor and
thin. They could .not be rebuilt and retained
in service. Metal specifications did not meet
the manufacturer's own requirement. This
auto manufacturer reecntly expired, but the
damage inflicted lives on.
Is there a problem in auto design? Is
there a problem in manufacture? The an-
swer is unequivocally "Yes."
There have been charges at these hearings
that the roads and drivers are chiefly respon-
sible. A "heavyweight" witness stated that
"75 percent of motorist's injuries were caused
by car design." These percentages will dis-
sipate when true causation is learned.
Design and manufacture are not the only
problems. The spotlight here in Washington,
has been focused on the auto and tire people
and the area of controversy has been so con-
fined that the greatest danger to our na-
tional interest in these investigations has
been completely overlooked.
We are talking about the small contact
area which exists between the tires and the
roadway. This "footpad" is just about the
size of your two hands.
All of the designing, engineering, and
manufacturing brains and skill of this Na-
tion can add to naught if this area is ignored.
Army tank construction, seat belts, har-
nesses, padded dashes, rollover bars, collapsi-
ble steering columns, recessed instruments,
disc brakes, and any other additive will not
remove the danger which kills and maims to-
day, nor will it do so tomorrow, if the manu-
facturers and the public ignore or are un-
aware of these two tire-road contact danger
areas.
Contact danger area No. 1 is hydroplaning.
The mysterious, phenomenon of the front
wheels of any auto raising off the roadway
beginning at approximately 37 miles per
hour, when that roadway is rain soaked or
snow slushy, summer or winter, North ar
South. As the speed increases the front
wheels leave the roadway entirely-now the
auto is hydroplaning, just like a watertanker.
Do the public, auto, and tire people know
this? Do they know that when brakes are
applied that the back wheels dig Into the
roadway and that the auto must reduce Its
speed from the state of hydroplaning sus-
pension and sink back to the roadway before
steering or braking capabilities are effected?
Can you imagine the helpless floundering
of the auto, and can you coin-toss or guess
in which direction the vehicle will head?
Will it crash into the medial strip (if there
is one) oncoming traffic, a bridge abutment,
adjoining lane of traffic? Will the auto
straighten out and will the driver and his
passengers breathe with relief "that was
close?" How much longer should the public
remain In a stupor and complete Ignorance of
this terrifying situation?
Our "severe-use" fleet experience uncovered
this monstrous mystery about 12 years ago
on a rain-soaked Bigelow Boulevard in Pitts-
burgh.
The aircraft industry and the Armed Forces
were plagued with this problem. They be-
lieved they "skidded on wet runways" when
actually the aircraft was hydroplaning. The
seriousness was apparent.
The National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration (NASA) tackled the problem.
Their experiences and tests were astounding.
They discovered that aircraft, Including the
giants, were suspended on a tough film of
water and this enormous weight was actually
hydroplaning in landing on wet runways.
Walter B. Horne and Upshar T. Joyner,
aeronautical research scientists, of NASA,
Langley Research Center, delivered a paper
to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE
970C) on "Pneumatic Tire Hydroplaning and
Some Effects on Vehicle Performance."
A copy is available here for you perusal
and study.
Hydroplaning Is real. It Is not theory or
speculation. Coincidentally, while this paper
was being presented in Detroit, we were testi-
fying before the Federal Trade Commission
here in Washington on the matter of tires on
the same day, January 15, 1965, and a main
portion of our presentation was relative to
the same and identical-tire hydroplaning.
We were not acquainted with these scien-
tists at NASA, Last month, April 6, 1966, we
corresponded. Upshar Joyner heard our
story and related It to his own experiences,
He seemed impressed. He said he would come
see us.
Wednesday, April 20, tlpshar Joyner visited
us at our Peoples Cab terminal in Pittsburgh.
It was a memorable day for us. Our "way
out" themes and experiences were confirmed.
We wish that the American public could
have listened in on this heart-rendering
analysis. An unknown, hideous monster
responsible for unrecorded, incalculable
tragedy was laid bare.
We discussed danger area No. 2:
The spacing between the ribs or treads of
tires are known as gutters or channels and
wash away the water from the roadway sur-
face. This "drying process" is required and
absolutely necessary to permit an auto to
stop in a straight line with the vehicle under
full driver control.
If there is a variance of tread depth in
each of the four tires the washing away of
water and the "drying" are not equivalent
nor simultaneous, hence the auto will
"pivot" around the tires with the most effec-
tive drying capability.
There are no statistics to indicate the
havoc results here.
How many Americans know this?
Here is another case of mass poisoning:
So-called safety experts have discovered
that heat generated by tires on dry road-
way at high speeds is injurious to the tires
and many things happen. Hence, If it is
raining, or the roadway is wet the rubber tire
remains relatively cool, therefore, it Is rea-
son that the motorist can really speed
down the pike. This poisonous theory sows
the seeds of its own destruction. The rub-
ber tire remains cooler, but it is not on terra
firma, it is hydroplaning.
The motoring public must halt. Stop.
This information must be made available
without delay. We are a party to uncon-
scionable tragedy If we do not act now.
Congressman JAMES A. MACKAY, in his ad-
dress to the House on February 3, 1966, hit
the nail squarely on the head. He spoke
of "causation of accidents." Everyone
knows the results of accidents. But how are
they caused?
NASA, in the SAE paper, talks of "the vis-
cous fluid separating the tire tread from the
roadway." If this fluid (water, etc.) isn't
properly dispersed, accidents are caused.
(Water acts as lubricant, the same as oil
placed on metal parts to prevent the parts
from rubbing against each other.)
Here, therefore, is a prime example of two
institutions in different leagues, possibly
unknown to each other, but who can set
forth clarity and understanding in an area
so vital to each other and to the Nation.
Another Important American Institution
remains "stepchild." There is no doubt
that in certain auto negligence cases that the
cause of justice is seriously impaired when
these two danger areas remain mysterious
and unknown.
We believe we have made the point. Auto
design is a problem, but not the true causa-
tion of the overwhelming toll of highway ac-
cidents.
We have stumbled upon and uncovered a
menace. We have also developed a cure. A
program of illustration to condition the
driver, and a physical application to tires,
to speed the puncture of the viscous fluid
and hold the vehicle under control, used by
us In our Pittsburgh terminal, have reduced
our accident frequency. Truck and various
fleets also sing the praises of this program.
We strenuously urge the creation of a
National Traffic Safety Agency. It will cull,
evaluate, and disseminate such vital infor-
mation and gain the experience of others,
particularly "severe use" fleet operators.
Our Congress is faced with an unprece-
dented issue and it must resolve to act
without delay to eliminate and reduce to the
irreducible the carnage on the American
road.
We know it will be done. The people seek
it. We pray that the Congress responds af-
firmatively and without delay.
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 AG Approved For R V8 g- gJ/ qJL-C B7B0(A1 J 0070013-7 May' 10, 1966
areas of choice hardwood bottomland being timber production can be compatible with
drained and cleared ,in the South to produce recreation, wildlife, natural beauty and so
soybeans and other annual crops.' No, I don't forth.
think, we should count too much in the A good start has been made but 67 million
long run on conversion of cropland to timber acres in tree farms out of 36' million acres
production to offset the loss of forest area we in private ownership is not enough. More
see going on all around us. tree farms are needed-little ones as well as
We ,neeel to try and relate this knowledge big ones-the more the better. And as more
to the future overall timber supply and de- and more are signed up, the job of making
naand situation, All of you, I'm sure, share sure that they are well managed grows
inn pleasure with the improved timber situ- larger and more important.
ation and outlook that is revealed in the Of course you do not have to do the job
timber trends report. Yet, since this study alone. Fortunately there is a fairly wide
was completed, events have caused me to be- array of private, State and Federal efforts
come increasingly concerned about one of aimed in this direction. I am glad that in-
the most_pasic assumptions, Although the dustry leaders have spoken out recently in
timber trends report did emphasize the IM- support of strong State forestry organiza-
portance 'of making allowances for non- tions. You can do much in giving substance
timber, uses,, of forest land in setting long- to those words-especially in helping State
range timber growth goals, it was not pos- foresters promote multiple-use management
Bible to make a quantitative analysis of this on private lands. I hope I have made it clear
factor, that we in Forest Service think there is more
,'In short, the timber trends projections of 'than enough for all of us to do in meeting
timber supply do not include an allowance the challenges that I have outlined here
J or "leakage"-in any ownership class. They today.
aslime'4 ?at about the same acreage of com- Personally, I am optimistic that through
Cial.torest land-amounting to 509 mil- teamwork and sustained effort we will be
lion acres in 1902-will continue to be avail- able to accomplish all that needs to be done.
able throughout the century. `Yet we see The forest products industries of America
evidence of leakage and we know that pres- have a decisive role to play in this next
gures,and promotion of non-timber uses on quarter century-not only in extending and
forest land will. continue, and probably In. strengthening the tree farm system and sim-
crease dramatically. filar programs, but in supporting State for-
T could spend quite a bit of time telling estry organizations, consulting foresters,
you of these growing pressures on national and the cooperative forestry programs that
forest lands because we experience them have been established during this past 25
everyday. Individuals and organizations years. It is in this way that our efforts
are, pushing hard on many fronts to tie up can be most effective in reaching toward our
public lands and resources for uses and activ- mutual objectives.
ities,that would limit or even prevent tim-
ber harvesting. These pressures run the 1 "Pulpwood Production-Agriculture or
gamut from opposition to clearcutting, to Industry" speech by George R. Armstrong,
modification of, harvests in timbered land- College of Forestry, State University of New
acapes,'to setting aside forest areas through York, American Pulpwood Association meet-
legislation. These same pressures apply to ing, New York City, February 1966.
th
i
l
n-
ands-even
e
Atateand ether public
ilustrial lands are not immune.
The point today, however, is that these
pressures are also building fast on nonindus-
trial lands in private ownership. We don't
;have any good way to measure or forescast
these Impacts in terms of reduced timber
iyields, or acres set aside, or in any other
unItsthat would be useful to analysts. Yet
we know that about 60.percent of our com-
merelaTforestland Is in these farm and mis-
Long-Range
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD J. IRWIN
11 ceilaneous private ownerships. And we -OF CONNECTICUT
.know that total demands for industrial tim- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ber are likely to double in the foreseeable Tuesday, May 10, 1966
future. But do we know for sure that tim-
ber production for industrial uses will dou- Mr. IRWIN. Mr. Speaker, I should
bie? And if not, what are we going to do like to bring to the attention of my col-
about it? leagues the May 9 New York Times edi-
As you look ahead to these next 25 years torial noting the successful development
then, let me suggest that you give serious at- and operation of the urban mass trans-
tention making certain that adequate timber
supplies will continue to be available when portation program.
and where and of the quality needed by the This is important to the New York
American forest industries. In New York City area because it has enabled us to
lot February I pointed out that probabl .._..
y Make some progress in meeting the grow-
less than half of the pulpwood harvests can trig transportation needs. Personally, I
be supplied from lands now owned by forest have watched with great interest the
Industries and public agencies. The same program's development because when I
.thing is generally true with regard to the was first in Congress I introduced on
total timber harvest. Right now about half
the industrial woodcut comes from the mis- February 10, 1960, a measure which was
cellaneous and farm ownerships. In the fu- designed to found thisneeded program.
ture, industry must continue to rely heavily The accomplishments of the urban mass
on this source of supply. The big question transportation program during its 2 years
is ?just how near these lands will come to of existence have been striking; we are
meeting their proportionate share of the now asking for its expansion. The New
timber needs of this country.
I_ elieve that we all have a bid job to do to York Times editorial follows:
get as niixch of this land as possible Corn- LONG-RANGE MASS TRANSIT
mitt d to_ management programs that will The success of the Federal urban mass
tree farm system can and - should aid in from four other Governors of Middle &16m-
promoting a better understanding of how tic States at the recent Trenton meeting.
Similar tribute for the program has come
from the House Banking and Currency Com-
mittee, which has voted to continue it on
a tong-range basis, with an appropriation
'almost double that requested by the Pres-
ident. The -action accurately evaluates an
investment that has proved timely and
richly rewarding.
The program's most striking accomplish-
ment is the contract just signed by the Fed-
eral Government and the Pennsylvania Rail-
road for the establishment next year, of
hourly train service between New York and
Washington in new high-speed electric cars
that will make the run in less than 3
hours. This will make the train trip com-
petitive with air travel, when allowance is
made for time spent between the business
districts of the two cities and their airports.
It will be faster than automobile travel.
If the result is a return to the rails of a
major part of the traffic lost in recent years
to planes and automobiles it will be a boon
to travelers between this city and the Capi-
tal. Airways and highways between the two
are badly overcrowded. A shift in traffic
patterns might delay for several years the
need for a costly new jet airport in the met-
ropolitan area. The Government hopes to
extend the high-speed rail program to Bos-
ton but the condition of the New Haven
Railroad roadbed may force a go-slow policy
on that innovation.
The New Haven's commuter service is also
being carried on with financial help from
the Federal mass-transit program. This
help has now been extended until the end
of the year; by then New York State and
Connecticut should have worked out with
the merged Pennsylvania-New York Central
an agreement that will keep the commuter
trains running permanently with new and
improved equipment.
These are among the benefits already de-
rived from a Federal program that has in-
volved an expenditure of only $90 million
a year-a pittance compared with the more
-than $4 billion it is spending in 1966 to
build and maintain highways, and the nearly
$1 billion it is spending on airways and air-
ports. The House committee's decision to
increase the Federal expenditure for urban
mass transit from the $95 million requested
by the administration to $175 million-and
to place it on a continuing basis-is in the
right direction. The only question is
whether it goes fax enough even now.
lili ry Might Alone Cannot Win in
Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR.
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 10, 1966
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, because of the continued crisis
in Vietnam, and because the situation has
only worsened during the past 6 months,
I would like to call to the attention of the
Congress a special report which I sent
to the newspapers on December 2, 1965,
during the adjournment period. I be-
lieve that the course of events since that
time only serve to emphasize the correct-
ness of my position at that time-which
has not changed.
The material follows:
MILITARY MIGHT ALONE CANNOT
VIETNAM
Because of the growing concern of the
American people about the fighting in Viet-
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May 10, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
In reviewing the significant progress
made since 1941 in the evolution of for-
estiy repairing and rehabilitation of our
forests Mr. Cliff pointed out that this
period was the most important in history
but then he noted that the next quarter
Century, starting this year, will be of
even greater importance because of the
tremendous pressures on our open lands
which will result for an exploding
population.
His look into the future and his plea
for cooperation from all concerned in
meeting this tremendous challenge is of
significant importance and I believe
should be of interest and concern to
each of us here. Accordingly, I insert
at this point in the RECORD, Mr. Cliff's
remarks:
It is good to be here to help celebrate this
important milestone in American forestry.
Twenty-five years may not be a long time
in terms of the life of a tree or a forest-
but the years 1941 to 1966 span a most sig-
nificant period in the evolution of forestry.
These first years of the tree farm story
have been marked by striking improvement
in our national timber situation. Of equal
importance, these years span a period of
awakening public appreciation and interest
in conservation matters. They have been
years of progress as well as of change for the
forest, products industries. Looking back
today from this vantage point in history,
I think you leaders of industry should be
well pleased with much of what you see.
We, your colleagues in public life, congratu-
late you for your role in making it possible
to base this 25th anniversary occasion on a
solid foundation of achievement. I am
pleased that the State forestry organizations
have assisted in developing the American
tree farm system through the cooperative
forest management program.
Looking ahead to the next 25 years we
might begin by asking ourselves if the job
is essentially done now. Would the far-
sighted originators of the tree farm move-
ment be equally motivated-yes; even
compelled--to renew and strengthen this
program in 1966? Are the needs for forestry
programs ni urgent now as was the case a
quarter of a century ago? What shape would
the tree farm program take to be most effec-
tive in the next 25 years if it were to be
formed anew today? These are valid ques-
tions I think-the type of questions that
need to be pondered on silver anniversaries.
Fortunately, we have a lot more reliable
basic information at hand to help us` look
ahead than was the case on the eve of the
second World War. A torrent of facts and
information is pouring out from thousands
of machines and experts of all kinds. Much
of it relates in some way to our work and to
our mutual objectives. Today the challenge
is not so much to find vital information as
it is to sift out and use the most relevant
items.
For example, we can be quite certain
that dramatic population growth will con-
tinue in these next 25 years. Yet in the
early years of the tree farm movement, prom-
inent economists and demographers were
forecasting a stable or even declining pop-
ulation as one of the problems to be faced
in the United States.
We also can be quite sure that our gross
national product and standard of living will
continue their strong upward trends-in
fact, a current problem is to "cool down" the
economy enough to keep it under control.
We know a lot more about the shifting
patterns of wood use in this country than
we have ever known before. We have at
United States," published last year. We
know more about the specific problems
we face-such as a general decline in timber
quality and short supplies. of prime logs
of preferred species. Through our increas-
ingly effective research programs we know
more about how to attack our problems.
It would be interesting to know how many
more people today are gathering and inter-
preting data which bear on forestry programs
than was the case even a few years ago. From
what I have seen of this work, I am con-
fident that timber will continue to be a
resource of basic importance to the national
economy and that more and more people
will be competing for forest resources to
meet a widening variety of needs.
Time and again, our past experience has
demonstrated that an abundant supply of
wood is essential for industrial growth. We
must bring this lesson to any discussion
of what the future holds for Anmerican
forest products industries. The spectacular
growth of the southern dine plywood indus-
try is only the most recent in the long se-
quence of examples which prove that in-
dustrial growth and strength flow from an
adequate resource base. The booming pulp
industry also leads me to think that our
projections of future timber demands will
be fully realized-that demands for indus-
trial wood will about double the 1962 level
by the end of the century. The unprecedent-
ed growth of the Nation's economy in these
past 5 years or so now points to new heights
of GNP-well above projected levels.
The main point that I want to make here
today is that we cannot and must not com-
placently assume that abundant supplies of
merchantable timber will automatically con-
tinue to be available when and where need-
ed in these next 25 years. Nor can we as-
sume that those timber supplies can always
be acquired at reasonable costs in the species,
size, quality, and quantities essential to
wood-using industries which are faced by
increasing competition for markets.
To answer my own question, Yes; there is
a need for a tree farm movement today-
fully as much as there was 25 years ago. I
would go so far as to say there is a need for
just about every such effort that we can find
to strengthen and continue the upward trend
in American forestry. This is true despite
the accomplishments and encouraging prog-
ress in forestry such as we honor here today.
There is indeed reason to celebrate in looking
to the record of the past 25 years-but let
me worry with you a little about the job that
still lies ahead.
I'm sure that competition is a way of life
for people in the forest industries. You ac-
cept and build upon the competition within
your ranks whether it be mill against mill or
lumber versus plywood; after all, this is the
essence of a free enterprise system. Most of
you have also faced up to the increasing
competition from steel, aluminum, plastics,
and all the other competing materials. This
too is an economic fact of life that you rec-
ognize and deal with-incidentally, one I am
sure will become increasingly important in
the years ahead.
But there is another arena of competition
that also deserves your special attention-
more attention than is evident to me at this
time.. I am referring to thecompetition for
land and resources; patricularly forest land
and forest resources. It is in this area, I
think, that we will very likely see decided
just how abundant industrial timber sup-
plies will be 25 years from now and long after
that.
In the past few years we have witnessed
a dramatic upsurge of public interest in
matters directly concerning the management
and use of forest land. For example, outdoor
recreation and natural beauty are twosub-
A25 9
versely, more and more of our people are
growing up with less and less firsthand
knowledge of how timber is grown, harvested,
and milled to meet their needs. They are in-
creasingly urban people-sincere people,
many of whom are genuinely distressed and
upset by timber cutting. This situation will
grow in significance.
We should keep in mind that almost half
of the people living in the United States to-
day were born since the tree farm system
was established. For many of them, it is
much more logical to get excited about wil-
derness and wildlife, or natural beauty and
wild rivers, or environmental pollution and
outdoor recreation etc., than it is to wonder
about where the wood needed by American
industries will come from. With increasing
leisure and education and disposable in-
come, it is logical that many people would
feel this way-even without strong organized
efforts to capture and direct those interests
and enthusiasms. And let us not forget that
the political power wielded by these intel-
ligent, young, urban Americans is going to
be a most dominant force in the years ahead.
We don't need to strain our imaginations
to picture what all of this will mean. All we
have to do is look around because it has al-
ready begun. For example, at the American
Pulpwood Association meeting last February
in New York, many of us heard George Arm-
strong suggest that as marginal farmlands
go out of agriculture, nontimber values will
receive increasing attention.' This is hap-
pening as forest land is acquired for recrea-
tion, residences, hunting, esthetic values or
other reasons. He also pointed out that as
farms are combined into larger units, there
will be a tendency for woodlots to be cleared.
This would come about either in converting
the land to pasture or crop use, or by the
buyer or the seller cashing in the merchant-
able timber at the time of sale. These are
especially important forecasts because about
30 percent of the Nation's commercial forest
land is still in farm ownership-some 151
million acres.
Our research findings support the general
idea that "timber supply inhibiting" owner-
ship characteristics and land use trends can
be expected to substantially reduce yields of
timber from nonindustrial private lands.
Numerous studies have disclosed the wide
variety of purposes for which many tracts of
timberlands are owned. Timber production
is simply not the dominant purpose of many
owners. Studies reveal rather conclusively
that investment for forestry purposes is not
taking place on the majority of small hold-
ings. No doubt your knowledge and experi-
ence also bear this out. We must face the
fact that on a substantial acreage in this type
of ownership, timber production will not
double, or even increase significantly, in the
years ahead. Constraints on timber harvest-
ing seem sure to increase on many small
forest tracts.
Much productive forest land is being con-
verted into urban or suburban residential or
industrial areas, highway complexes, parks,
reservoirs, and so forth. These uses perma-
nently remove part of our resource base as
a source of future timber supplies. This is
especially true in the Midwest, New England,
the Middle Atlantic States-very few parts of
the country are unaffected by this trend.
There have been some offsetting trends.
In some areas tree planting under the soil
bank and other programs and reversion of
abandoned farmland to tree cover have in-
creased forest acreage. The cropland adjust-
ment program authorized by the Agricultural
Act of 1965 may stimulate some tree plant-
ing, although most of the land affected will
probably lie in the great grain producing
areas of the country and will not be put into
trees. In the meantime we see substantial
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May 10., 1966
eace
support
the
n for
ke clear
like
y posits on as aciti enta daa Member of Con- world. The sacrifice of Americanomes, and g vernment-itsf lack of weaknesspopularthe
gress, on this vital matter. the even greater suffering and sacrifice of the among the peasants-that I have voiced the is, Vi
in V m
on t
tra
ese
every powerI mayiha ehbe nlinf vaour in sacTeconly waytthat
First, let megstress how and grow ng numberhof toemne..mI ms t to herefore, exertresent
problem is. A great
American young men, your sons and mine, have to help prevent an unthinking drift by our country can lose this war-or any war-end
a
vernment are fighting and dying
expand pe ple do not wantoand will not ac ept tTo
Vietnam.- There this gr AmInto errica sands do s h i nodoes not
66 close to 200,000 yea there January strengthen
will be
about Vietnam, and people-and sacrifice
In doubler year that number
Chinese will This has been my only fearthreatens,
probably to bring the world to the brink the be e doubled. If the Chinese enter
fighting, did in Korea, then 500,- this is why I have spoken out as I have. of thermonuclear war-only to end up with
000 tAmerican soldiers will be While I accept and support the basic ob- this sad situation is, indeed, the height of
000 to a million
involved in Vietnam. If we carry on a land jectives set forth by the President for our tragedy.
war against China. There is no limit to the future course in Vietnam, I do not completely Because of my reservations as to the com-
number of men we will need to send. accept the official view as to the nature of plete accuracy of the official views of the war,
There is a chance, small now but growing this war. Nor do I agree with all of the I differ with the military recommendations
every day, that this may become a nuclear steps being taken to achieve the basic objec- on how to achieve our goals. I place far
war and that Russia will become involved. tives. Let me explain some of these differ- greater emphasis on the recommendations
ences briefly. for strengthening the structure of democ-
y-young then every citizen The official view of this war is that it is racy in Vietnam. I would allow, not forbid,
cf 1this, happens
prop- an invasion from the north-that is, from the expression of political views and the
death in a nand old-faces
finale e to hufacesman possible
death in a nuclear u the Communist state of North Vietnam-to development of political parties in Vietnam.
less. overthrow a democratic country (South Viet- I would do far more than has been done
At the present level of the fighting,
yea, ar on nam) friendly to the United States and insti- in helping the peasants improve their eco-are Viespending ngse out the tax xon a cuts ye passed tute a Communist rule from Hanoi. This nomic level. I would use the minimum
Vietnam wiping administration the tax highly view is only partially correct. It neglects the amount of military force in Vietnam con-
by this improbable the continuation ntiand making hghly fact that most Vietnamese, north and south, sistent with maintaining our forces there
forts o ithe hequat of domestic fo for r the see themselves as one people temporarily and resisting the takeover by the Vietcong.
spending divided against their will. It neglects the fact I would favor reducing or stopping the heavy
citizens improve the quality of life
citizens a this country. could this major that the major Vietnamese Government has bombing, rather than extending it. In addi-
level, tax i a year from now of care face dit es been an extremely oppressive, totalitarian tion, I would make far greater efforts to bring ncreases, rationing tax scare commodities dictatorship throughout its existence and has an end to the fighting, through a negotiated
and major or Government ernment controls on produc- never been freely elected or enjoyed wide peace, in accordance with terms that would
tion, support. guarantee South Vietnam what it has never
The official view also neglects the fact that had-a government elected by and responsi-
Every citizen should be deeply concerned popular
about this. Every citizen should seek the the vast majority of the enemy we are fight- ble to its own citizens. Once that has been
best information available from his Govern- ing (probably 80 percent) are native South achieved, I would leave Vietnam to determine
mint, and from every other source, on why Vietnamese whose motive,. as they under- its own future, with whatever economic and
we are engaged in Vietnam and what G our stand it, is not to expand communism but technical assistance we see fit to give.
goals are there. This is your war-your to secure freedom for South Vietnam. These This is a very brief summary of my views
ernment has ordered your sons to fight it. Vietnamese see the United States as a for- and of some of the points I have made in
You will pay for it with your money and, eign aggressor (as they did the French before dozens of speeches. I have expressed these
possibly, your life. us), and the Saigon government as merely a. views because I have a deep concern for the
I have made many speeches about Viet- creature of the United States-completely welfare of our country and for the peace
nam. My purpose has been not to force my financed by the United States and unable to of the world. If my own political life must
view on anyone but to present the facts stand alone. be jeopardized, so be it.
as I have observed them, to suggest courses Another official view of this war is that it
of action that I think are reasonable, to en- is really aimed at stopping Chinese commu-
courage every person I can to think the prob- nism from further expansion. This again is
lems through for himself and then to speak only partially true. North Vietnamese com- What Price the Great Society?
and act on his convictions. As long as this munism is strongly nationalistic and only
country is a democracy, this is the proper partly under Chinese influence. It is also
way for every citizen to exercise his rights. under Russian influence, and it seeks to EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Now, what are my own views on this prob- maintain a role independent of both where of
lems? I accept and support the basic objec- possible, as well as balancing between them
tives set forth by the President-that we when necessary. Vietnamese for 2,000 years HON. J. ARTHUR YOUNGER
Intend to resist and defeat any military solu- have fought the Chinese, and it is doubtful of CALIFORNIA
tion by North Vietnam and the National if any conceivable pressure could make them
Liberation Front (Vietcong), and that we are willingly accept Chinese domination. In . IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
willing to unconditionally negotiate a solu- South Vietnam, the National Liberation Tuesday, May 10, 1966
tion to the conflict at the conference table. Front not only would resist Chinese Commu-
I do not advocate a unilateral withdrawal of nist control, but does not wish control by Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, the fol-
American troops or a surrender of South Viet- North Vietnam or immediate reunification lowing article, "What Price the Great
nam to North Vietnam by negotiation or in of the two parts of Vietnam. It seeks, in- Society?" written by Charles Stevenson,
any other way. stead, a cooperative relationship and possi- appeared in the March issue of the Read-
I strongly support the President's an- ble reunification after 10 or 15 years. as Digest at a time wwe are called to
willingness to accept the principles - A frequently voiced official view of our upon Digest at appropriations time when
for fiscal ed to
of the Geneva Conference of 1954 as a basis role in Vietnam Is that we are there to assist pass
for a negotiated settlement. I strongly sup- and advise the South Vietnam Government- The facts contained in this article are
port his expressed desire to have the South first, in defending itself against aggression important for the purpose of decision-
Vietnamese people decide for themselves, and subversion, and, then, to institute demo- making on the part of every Congress-
through free elections, the form of govern- cratic reforms, and win the support of the man:
ment they wish and the policies which that peasants who comprise the vast majority of WHAT PRICE THE GREAT SOCIETY?
government will follow in its relation with its the population. I have pointed out that we Charles
Stevenson)
neighbors. have been working at this for the past 12 (By
I believe that if every American citizen un- years-even since we helped establish the "A new chapter in greatness" Is how Presi-
derstood what the Geneva agreements pro- Government in 1954-and in this effort we dent Lyndon B. Johnson describes the flood
vided, and why they were not carried Out, have failed dismally. The Government has of Great Society legislation enacted by the
and was willing to support the President's accepted our money-in fact, could not exist last session of Congress. There's the appear-
efforts to comply with the spirit of these for 1 day without it-but has not accepted ance of something for everybody: poverty
agreements, the problems in Vietnam could our suggestions for reforms and has never programs, rent subsidies, aid for farmers,
be swiftly solved. been able to inspire any substantial support cities, public schools, recreation, the arts.
iii we have become more deeply involved for itself. And the chapter has not ended: even now,
militarily in Vietnam, I have sought to re- As a consequence, we now have beer} forced as the 89th Congress settles into its second
sist the emotional pressures which inevitably to forget what we said so emphatically only a session amid belated realization that there's
develop-pressures which stifle dissent, which year or so ago-that this is a Vietnamese also a war to pay for, there are pressures for
reject the facts that do not conform to the war, and one which must be fought and won still more for everybody.
popular views, which prevent us from seeing by the Vietnamese. Today, it is basically an The President himself, ordering a stepping-
how we got to where we axe, and what we American war against one part of the Viet- up of his all-encompassing welfare proposals,
need to do to achieve our real goals. I can- namese people, with another part-the Sai- makes plain that the war in Vietnam will not
not act in any other way. For 25 years I have gon government-playing an unconvincing be allowed to interfere with "building a
been deeply concerned about how to create role as our supporter and sponsor. Great Society at
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~RESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX ME14
1J2 1966
There is less enthusiasm from MIKE MANS- gram burgeoned. In 1964 alone, there were last March with a $1,092,400,000 auth.oriza-
FIELD, the dour Senate leaderfrom Montana. handouts for 12,500,000 children in 50 States, tion, nearly 80 percent of it for roads. The
Alarmed at the quality of the 321 Presiden- For example, Montgomery County, Md., is House Public Works Committee acknowledges
tial requests that he guided through Con- an "impacted area." Because many resi- that the program is so new that it is "still
gress, he has already called for not just a dents work at upper-bracket Government too early to be able to draw conclusions.
letup but a reappraisal. "We passed a lot of jobs in nearby Washington, it has the sec- Nevertheless, at the President's direction.
bills, some of them very hastily," says Sen- and highest median family income in the Congress passed still another law to set up
atai' MANSFIELD. "They stand in extreme United States. Yet because they are Govern- more "economic development regions"-for
need of going over for loopholes, rough cor- ment workers, it gets assistance for its example, for northern New England, the
ners, and particularly for an assessment of schools.
cost," Now President Johnson has inverted the So the area,rtile Southwest's Lakes, the s, a eep
OIndian reserve-
What worries men of Senator MANSFIELD's idea of impacted-area aid: school districts tion country, the Pacific Northwest moun-
stamp is this: By hiding costs-indeed, not where military installations are due to shut tains.
even reckoning them-the administration down will receive funds to build schools This new program is concurrent with a
steamrollered its program through without which they had argued were needed to take revival of the old Area Redevelopment Ad-
regard even for our peacetime capacity to care of the Government pupils they're now ministration, which was established in 1961
pay. Now the- economy bears the additional losing. the hope of creating nent jobs
burden of a $10 billion-a-year war. Political By a similar process, it $474 million, 4-year inwitha handful of economicallypdepres ed com-
history indicates that so long as welfare laws subsidy to higher education-inaugurated in munities scattered around the country.
are on the books, the expenditures they au- 1958 in response to Sputnik-evolved into an However, by pork barrelers' intrusions, ARA
thorize will be made-if not openly in the authorization to spend $845,350,000 in a soon was ladling out grants for everything
Budget, then deviously through supplemen- single year. The money goes for everything from street lights in Miami Beach, Fla., to
tal or deficit appropriations. No amount of from college libraries to subsidies and guar- county buildings in San Diego, Calif.
budget juggling or rosy claims about future antees for student loans, the latter despite Congress refused in 1963 to breathe new
income can erase the certainty that non- the ready availability of privately financed, life into ARA, and the agency was due to
defense expenditures and our cumulative na- nonprofit student loans. (United Student expire last June. But the administration
tional deficit, already at the highest level in Aid Funds, Inc., had already guaranteed had other ideas. A $3.25 billion authoriza-
history, will continue to go up. 82,000 loans for a total of $52 million to stu- tion-21/2 times as much as ARA was ever
The stated purposes of much Great Society dents in 685 colleges, and signed up 5,500 allowed to spend-was pushed through Con-
legislation were worthy. But the bills were banks in 49 States to provide additional aid.) gress to carry on everything ARA did and
rammed through Congress with no concern The House Education and Labor Commit- more, only under a new agency name, the
for priorities, price tags, or the cancerous tee met, deliberated and reported this bill Economic Development Administration (same
inflation that deficit spending is already out in less than 20 minutes. "A mockery of place, same phone number). The big dif-
causing. the legislative process," declared Representa- ference is that an increase in flexibility makes
FORCOTTEN REQUIREMENT tive ROMAN C. PUCINSKI, Democrat, of Ills- the new law even more susceptible to abuse
Public Law 801, passed in 1956, stipulates: nois. In similar procedures, most of Presi- than the old one.
Whenever any unit of the executive branch dent Johnson's legislative requests dealing This new flexibility permitted the Presi-
recommends expansion, costing more than a with education became law. Thus the Gov- dent to announce that not only were the
million dollars a year, of any function, it ernment's educational expenditures, which 952 counties that qualified under ARA still
must set forth "for each of the first five totaled $291 million in 1945, and had soared eligible for aid, but also 116 other areas
fiscal years the estimated maximum expendi- to $6.3 billion in 1965, will top $8.7 billion which under the earlier criteria had been de-
tures for all purposes." The intent, as the this year. clared ineligible, plus still another 212 needy
late Senator Olin D. Johnston, Democrat of And there's no end in sight, for, as a areas. All these 1,280 counties-mare than
South Carolina, declared at the time, was Housing minority report points out, "Expe- a third of the Nation's total, containing 50
to "enable Congress to consider proposed rience proves that once an area or group, million people-are to join the Nation's poor
legislation with a full understanding of the however wealthy and self-sufficient, acquires as wards of Washington. This, in addition
cost involved." But, in a canvass of Con- a vested interest in Federal school-aid funds, to the big Appalachia-type regional-develop-
gressional committees, I have been able to it will join a powerful lobby for the continu- ment organizations which will embrace who
find among the 321 enacted Johnson legis- ation of those funds." knows how many more millions.
lative requests only three instances in which URBAN DEVELOPMENT The question: Can the remaining healthy
the administration fully complied with this All spending schemes are dwarfed by those communities of the country possibly con-
statute. . dreamed up for cities-where the big votes time to pay their own way and pay for the
yp tally, when Chairman John L. Sweeney are. One of the President's urban plums other communities too? Totali up. Typically,
of the Federal Development Planning Coin- is the $125 million community service pro- g ec no s Some of Washington's ncs
mittee for Appalachia went before the Senate gram, through which university professors In g sharpening their pencils
Public Works Committee, he admitted that will tell city residents what to do. To pro- after the recent legislative binge, have come
he could not provide even an informed guess vide for massive Federal intervention,- the with the following figures, fantastic, yet
concerning any long-range cost of his pro- administration created a Department of real : In 1955, Federal cash expenditures
gram. In pushing through its program for Housing and Urban Development (DHUD), totaled $70.5 billion. By last year the out-
aid to elementary and secondary education, and rammed through a set of "Big Brother" lay had climbed to $122.4 billion. This
the Office of Education held its publicized programs for the agency to handle. Con- fiscal year it is expected to range between
figure on anticipated costs to $6.66 billion-- gress passed an $8.2 million omnibus hous- $132.3 and $135 billion. Even if the war in
simply by not estimating the cost of subsidy ing bill, after the House Banking and Cur- Vietnam is brought under control, the econ-
payments for a fourth and fifth year of the rency Committee heard friendly witnesses omists anticipate h conservatively that by
heart of the plan. Had the agency included in secret sessions from which all who dis- 1975-just 9 years hence-our spending will
such estimates for those two years, the figure agreed were barred. In a cloud of con- total around $204 billion, with more money
would have run to at least $10.7 billion. fusion, Congress additionally authorized $6 going into welfare-state activity than into
In defense of the administration's disre- billion in long-term rent subsidies, any other function. Such activity will. ac-
gard of Public Law 801, the Budget Bureau Before his retirement, Senatory Harry F. count for 53.6 percent of all Federal outays. 1955
baldly declares that the "cost projections for Byrd, Democrat, of Virginia, calculated that Further (In it totaled 18.9 percent.)
individual legislative proposals have seemed if DHUD grows at the same rate as the De- more, State and for matching
local governments
to us of little value in many, if not most, partment of Health, Education, and Welfare to will meet have eFederal-aid deep foe ants tha funds
cases." Thus, the administration not only has--a reasonable enough assumption-it v requiremen ot their
hid the costs from Congress and the public; will be dispensing an incredible $225 billion overall expenditures must also soar-from bi, it didn't even bother to figure them out be- annually within 13 years. Other estimates $7H4 e the in 1964, to outline by 1975 t
forehand for itself. Proof is contained in vary. But the real point is that no one, Here, torn, is the outline of the Groat
Budget Bureau "Bulletin 66-3," now being in Government or out, knows how much Bociety's reckless, hmotional revolution.
quietly circulated among Government agen- DHUD has already been committed to spend. on Bear extension mind of that the emotional stare being
ties, Tardily it directs them to try to come Nor can anyone be sure as to what areas already established spending
up with some notion of how much we are DHUD will barge into. In its very first press trends. Another projection, by Economist
Planni
going to have to pay for each of the new release as a unit of DHUD, the Public Hous- Association, Lecshows for that the if Na we are are alto achi a chievve
programs already under way. ing Administration announced approval of a , she
Let's look at some of the spending prof- loan for construction of 50 low-rent houses all the national goals that our political
ects-a,nd where they lead. in President Johnson's own Johnson City, mentors have declared desirable, the cost by
In World War II, Congress began appro-
priating small sums to school districts in
"impacted areas" where untaxed Federal ac-
tivity, mostly military installations, over-
loaded the schools. Once started, the pro-
AREA REDEVELOPMENT selves that politicians' statements of noble
purpose, combined with phomny "gifts," con-
The scheme to revive the economy of the stitute a substitute for
hi
'
ac
evement? Isn
t
11-State Appalachian area got underway it time for us to insist that the politicians
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May 10, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
munications; the advances in medical science
and public health techniques; the develop-
ment of our natural resources and interna-
tional trade. It will be a showcase of a free
society at work.
Interama offers a great opportunity for the
United States and the Latin American
nations. At Interama we can demonstrate
how our free "enterprise system and our
people-working together with the American
Republics, can stimulate on a scale of the
greatest magnitude-the trade and cultural
programs--which will build a better hemi-
sphere for all of us. Our representatives are
now contacting and inviting the major com-
panies, institutions and organizations to par-
ticipate in Interama.
' In closing, I would like to offer these sug-
gestioris. First, that the Inter-American
Bar Association seriously consider the estab-
lishment of a permanent headquarters at
Interama. From the standpoint of geograph-
ical location, compatible interests, and the
special and versatile facilities offered, In-
terama is a logical choice as the home of the
Inter-Ariierican Bar Association. Second, if
you represent major companies or know
leaders in industry, I hope you can carry
our message to the heads of those companies
to urge their participation in Interama.
PULITZER PRIZE GOES TO DON
WRIGHT, MIAMI NEWS NEWSPA-
PERMAN
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
MCVICKER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, last week
"the Pulitzer Prize awards were an-
nounced. One of these awards went to
the evening newspaper in my home city
of Miami, the Miami News. Don Wright
won the Pulitzer award for his work as
a political cartoonist. This Pulitzer
Prize which was awarded to the Miami
News is the fourth such award given to.
this outstanding newspaper-no other
newspaper in the South holds this dis-
tinguished record for this award.
The Miami News previously had won
the top journalistic award in 1939 for
its exposure of the Miami "Termite Ad-
ministration"; in 1959 for uncovering
miserable conditions under which mi-
grants live at Immokalee; and in 1963
for revealing the Russian missile buildup
an Cuba.
Mr. Speaker, I would like to have in-
corporated in the body of the RECORD
an article from the Miami News regard-
ing Don Wright's award and giving some
of the background about this fine young
man Also, I would like to add the
editorial which appeared in the Miami
News the same day regarding this Pulit-
zer.
Mr. Speaker, only last week did an-
other Miami reporter, Miss Rose Alle-
gato, of the Miami Herald, receive the
award as one of this country's outstand-
ing women of Italian descent. She is
now Joined by one of her colleagues, Jean
Wardlow, who won an award for a series
she wrote on automobile accidents. Miss
Wardlow is` the recipient of the annual
Editorial `Award of the National Foun-
dation'of Highway Safety in New Haven,
Con t., I' woulud also like to have incor-
porated this brief article about her
award from the Miami Herald:
No.77 ---19
[From the Miami News]
Doss WRIGHT Toole JUST 4 YEARS To WIN
PULITZER
(By Haines Colbert, reporter of the Miami
News)
Don Wright made it to the top as an
editorial cartoonist in less than 4 years,
but he'd been working toward it since a
fellow second-grader drew a picture of an
automobile.
"I think all kids draw pictures of cars
and warplanes and stuff," Wright said yes-
terday after he'd been awarded the Pulitzer
Prize. "The only difference is that most of
them outgrow it and I didn't."
The prize carries with it a $1,000 cash
award.
Wright, 32, started doing editorial cartoons
in his spare time while he was picture editor
of the Miami News in 1961. He went into it
full time a few months later, and the best
way to stir him up is to tell him that it
must be nice to earn a living by drawing
one picture a day.
If he doesn't dream about it, Wright starts
working on the day's cartoon when he gets
up at about 7 a.m.
"I start groping for an idea while I'm
having coffee, shaving, and getting dressed,"
he said. "I think about it while I'm driving
to work and while I'm going over the mail
and the newspapers.
"I'm in pretty good shape if an idea hits
me by noon. That means I can finish the
drawing by 6 or 7 p.m.
"If I don't have the idea by luncht_me,
things start getting complicated. Then I'm
not only trying to think of something to
draw, but It has to be simple enough so
the drawing won't take all night."
Wright's drawings infuriate some readers,
delight others, and get the emotions of still
others pretty well mixed up.
"A lot of readers complain that the car-
toons are unfair and they're absolutely
right," he said. "A cartoon has to be unfair
because it's one sided.
"An editorial writer can present both
sides of an argument and qualify what he
says. The cartoonist can't do that. He
strips an idea to the simplest form and
uses it to hit the reader in the eye-
whammo.
"The cartoonist is fair only in that he
takes a swipe at anybody who seems to de-
serve it. Quite a few people have criticized
me for being too liberal, but the liberals got
all over me when I did a cartoon on the
necessity for stopping communism short
of California which won an award from the
Freedom Foundation."
Wright was born in Los Angeles January 23,
1934, but was brought to Miami as a child
by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles C.
Wright.
He graduated from Miami Edison High
School In 1952 and went to work as
a copy boy for the News. Wright was a
photographer for 6 years, with 2 years out
for Army service, and then became picture
editor.
"I was always drawing, though," he said.
"When the kid drew the automobile on the
blackboard in grade school, I got him to
show me how, and I never quit fooling
around with it.
"My wife (the former Rita Biondin) was
the one who finally got me into fulltime
drawing. She kept after me until I did a
couple of political cartoons and showed them
to the editor, Bill Baggs.
"I've looked at some of them recently,
and I don't know how they ever got in the
paper. They were terrible, but I think my
style has Improved. The drawings are sim-
pler now, and they get the idea across better."
One of the first of Wright's cartoons to
win national attention was drawn when
Wally Butts, University of Georgia football
'9783
coach, won a libel suit from the Saturday
Evening Post.
Wright drew a bust of Benjamin Franklin,
founder of the Post, being knocked over by
a football. The cartoon was reprinted in
Time magazine and a number of other pub-
lications.
Other Wright drawings have been repro-
duced nationally since, and a collection of
his work is on permanent display at the Uni-
versity of Syracuse.
Last year, he won the national award for
the best cartoon used in the Catholic press.
The Wrights-Don, his wife and a 165-
pound great dane named Baron-live at
11725 Southwest 88th Avenue.
[From the Miami News]
PULITZER PRIZE FOR Dow WRIGHT
We have long thought the cartoons of
Don Wright are the best to appear on any
editorial page in the country.
Certainly, he is the best of the younger
cartoonists, and has been so recognized by
the number of publications which have reg-
ularly reprinted his cartoons since they began
appearing here in 1962.
It is a source of great pride to his col-
leagues at the Miami News therefore that
Wright yesterday was awarded journalism's
highest honor, a Pulitzer Prize. .
It Is significant that Wright's prize came
not for any single cartoon, but for the ex-
ceptional quality of all of his work. The
News is proud of him.
[From the Miami'Heraldi
HERALD WRITER WINS AWARD FOR SERIES
Herald Writer Jean Wardlow has received
the annual Editorial Award of the National
Foundation for Highway Safety In New
Haven, Conn.
The award, a $100 U.S. savings bond, was
given to Mrs. Wardlow for her series on mys-
tery crashes that ran in the Herald last fall.
It was announced Monday by William H.
Veale, president of the national group.
In her series, Mrs. Wardlow re-created some
of the mystery crashes-one-car accidents
that were never explained because the driver
of the car was killed.
What happened to these drivers, she asked.
"Did they fall asleep? Did they Imagine an
object in the road? What made them swerve,
roll over, or speed headlong into a canal?"
In Dade County, 54 fatal one-car crashes in
1964 took 66 lives.
"The figures are laced with alcohol," she
wrote.
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
MCVICKER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. PEPPER'S remarks will ap>]fear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
FREEDOM FOR SOUTH VIETNAM
STARTS IN SAIGON
(Mr. WOLFF (at the request, of Mr.
MCVICKER) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, the United
States is involved in the Vietnamese con-
flict because we believe that people
should be free to choose the form of gov-
ernment they want.
The United States has made a commit-
ment to the people of South Vietnam to
see that they get that choice.
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CONGRESSIONAL 1,i.ECOAI7 -HOUSE May 10, 1966
Reports from Saigon over the weekend
are disquieting evidence that Premier Ky
may not fully appreciate a basic tenet of
democracy-that he governs only at the
sufferance of the people.
The United States Is in Vietnam not
to support Ky but to back up the Viet-
namese people In their struggle for the
,simple fight to be free from oppression.
This freedom of choice includes free-
dom from the terror and violence in-
ficted upon the Vietnamese by the Viet-
cong and it also means the freedom to
chart their,own course of action as the
struggle goes on.
I believe that instead of offering expla-
nations for Ky's procrastinations on
holding elections and his acceptance of
their results, Secretary Rusk should put
Mr. Ky on notice that the United States
will throw its full weight behind free
elections in South Vietnam at the earliest
prb.ctlcal date.
Premier Ky has made intemperate
statements in the past,
It is now time for our. Government to
make it abundantly clear to the entire
world that we will not stand idly by
w7iile one form of despotism is substi-
tuted for another.
Political freedom for South Vietnam
starts in Saigon.
A NEW PROGRAM OF, TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE THROUGH COL--
LEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
(Mr. KASTENMEIER (at the request
of Mr. McVlciEa) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the REcoim and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. KASTENMEIER. Mr. Speaker, I
have introduced a bill which will author-
ize the Department of State through the
Agency for International Development
to encourage and assist colleges and uni-
versities in the establishing, strengthen-
ing, and maintaining programs of for-
eign development and for their provi-
sion of research, education, training, ad-
visory and technical assistance, directly
or in cooperation with foreign univer-
sities and in connection with programs of
assistance to developing nations.
This proposed act is a product of a
series of penetrating studies on the prob-
lem of university involvement in the field
of the foreign development program.
University presidents, foundation offi-
cers, AID officials and educators have
been examining, for several years, the
role of the university in foreign relations.
American universities obviously must
have a major part in this national effort
and they do. Our centers of higher edu-
cation have demonstrated a willingness
to confront the problems of our time and
for the most part, they have recognized
that no challenge is greater or more
meaningful than that of assisting to re-
move the barriers to the development of
the emerging nations.
The goal of this legislation is to pro-
vide a new basis for college and univer-
sity involvement in the technical assist-
ance area. This bill is based upon the
time-proven 79-year-old Hatch Act of
1887 under which the agricultural ex-
periment stations of the land-grant col-
leges were given annual grants by the
Federal Government for agricultural re-
search projects. As in the case of the
Hatch Act, the universities would have
a regular, continuing responsibility in
providing technical assistance to under-
developed nations. AID would be the
administering agency for the Federal
Government. The universities would be
able to plan ahead, to assume greater
responsibility, bring together more com-
petent staff for the job and integrate this
foreign work more smoothly into their
other activities.
In operation today is the Water Re-
sources Research Act of 1964 that was in-
spired by the principles of the Hatch Act.
In this very successful Government-spon-
sored, university-operated research pro-
gram, colleges and universities in each
of our 50 States and in Puerto Rico are
engaged in various water research pro-
grams and projects.
Our centers of higher education possess
a unique combination of resources for
development work. The universities con-
tain resources of knowledge that are es-
sential to the Nation and must be effec-
tively employed in its behalf, both in
domestic and foreign programs. Colleges
contain, specialized knowledge that, at
times, is not immediately available with-
in our governmental agencies. AID, for
example, has recognized this tremendous
reservoir of talent by calling upon the
universities for research and other types
of technical services for foreign aid pro-
grams.
But, the task of institution building for
international service cannot be readily
financed by any mechanism the universi-
ties now have before them. University
budgets cannot afford to participate in
such programs. According to a Univer-
sity of Wisconsin report:
Each time a university organizes for an
overseas venture it must assemble personnel,
equip them with language skills and other
special local knowledge, acquire library mate-
rials and other necessary data, and set up
an administrative structure to handle re-
cruiting, budgets, finance, travel, shipping,
clearance and customs, medical problems,
and the host of other matters incident to
overseas programs.
The report goes on to say:
When the project ends, there is no choice
but to wastefully dismantle this structure
or engage in a frantic effort to keep it in
operation beyond its planned term and find
other jobs to justify its continued existence.
With particular respect to the involve-
ment by State universities in foreign pro-
grams, while we would all agree that they
represent an indispensable reservoir of
skills and goals, their ability to mobilize
fully for those goals will depend on the
willingness of the Federal Government,
rather than. that of the State,. to build
the institutional strength that will be re-
quired. State legislatures cannot justify
commitments for such projects. It is al-
ways difficult to convince a State legisla-
ture that is faced with numerous tax is-
sues to appropriate funds for the use of
overseas development programs. AID, at
present, cannot assure the future of such
institutional facilities because of the
short-term nature of its contracts. Pri-
vate foundations have only limited re-
sources and cannot support sustained
long-term commitments.
The United States is committed to par-
ticipation in foreign development. As
a statement by Indiana University
declares:
The world is in an inexorable state of
change. It is in the national interest of the
United States to participate in the trans-
formation of the underdeveloped countries
so that the results are better for us, rather
than worse. The unacceptable alternative is
to allow others to determine the future
conditions of the world in which we will have
to defend our national interests.
But, the facilities to retain qualified
people whose skills and competences had
been developed in previous international
assistance programs of the universities
are not being maintained under existing
support provisions to a level needed to
meet our foreign policy objectives. Be-
cause most of the current programs are
short-term commitments, it is difficult to
obtain enough competent personnel. It
is always difficult to convince people to
enlist in a program with limited duration
and no assurance of future work. The
importance of the long-term contract is,
that it will give the universities the as-
surance that their programs will not be
ended just when they have built up staff
and resources to do effective work.
We have learned from past experience
that the technology of the Western World
cannot be transferred to less developed
nations without extensive adaptive re-
search and training programs. The
success of education in the United States
can be attributed to the ability to bridge
the gap between the laboratory and the
field. Much of the effectiveness of, for
example, applied science in agriculture
has accrued because professors have had
well-established roots in their local en-
vironments. This is also true whether we
consider research or teaching. While the
principles of science are the same every-
where, their application, however, dif-
fers with the environment. That is to
say, it is one thing to enroll foreign
students in courses in American uni-
versities, but is is quite another to train
each student appropriately for useful
careers in their home countries. Apply-
ing the relevance of an education ob-
tained in the United States to the reali-
ties of the environment In the develop-
ing countries is, however, another story.
While large numbers of American pro-
fessors have gone overseas on temporary
leave to work on the problems of de-
velopment in the poorer countries, they
have done so only rarely as projections of
their university. Upon their return.,
nearly all of these professors have felt
impelled to lay aside and even to for-
get their foreign experience and to con-
centrate upon teaching and research at
home in order to recoup "time lost."
Success in these overseas projects re-
quires that adaptive research and train-
ing programs be carried on over a period
of several years, and staffed by a team of
experts. Experience has generally dem-
onstrated that single experts have ac-
complished little in attempting to intro-
duce a new technology In a foreign
country. If our overseas development
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 May 10, 1966 -"-- ' ~CONGRT55ZUNAI:~L+lZ7t~cll-=Y1vvJ~'- ---- --- -- - IVI
Shelf, which is generally defined as 200
meters in depth, or, in other words, 655
feet. As such, this bill would adequately
provide protection on our west coast off
Oregon and Washington from the pres-
ent encroachment of the Soviet trawler
fleet, where the Russians are fishing 25
or 30 miles off the coast, but where the
Continental Shelf is only about 40 fath-
oms or 240 feet deep.
Incidentally, the Soviets are one of
several nations favoring a 12-mile limit
and it is of interest that Japanese trawl-
ers operating in the Japan Sea about 18
miles off the coast of Siberia were
ordered by a Soviet patrol vessel in
March of 1966, to leave the area. Similar
incidents have occurred there before.
In order to assure that my legislation
would not conflict with the jurisdiction
of any foreign country, such as Mexico,
I have included a provision whereby the
President could set a boundary in sub-
stitution if he determined that part of
the fishing zone boundary should be
changed.
The bill further authorizes the State
Department, in consultation with the
Department of the Interior, to consult
with foreign nations to ascertain the
extent, manner, and annual average
catch of their fishing boats in any of the
Under my bill, rights to fish in the fish-
ing zone would be allowed to any foreign
nation whose fishermen had established
historic fishing rights within such zones
during the 10 calendar years preceding
the enactment of this law.
The provisions of this measure would
conform to a considerable degree to ex-
isting uniform practice under interna-
tional convention as to fishing, but in no
way would traditional laws or regula-
tions covering navigation be changed.
Mr. Speaker, the United States has
much to gain.
"ISSUES AND ANSWERS"-VIETNAM
(Mr. MINSHALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, I wish
that every American had been watching
ABC's "Issues and Answers" on Sunday,
May 8. Secretary of State Dean Rusk
did a masterful job in response to inter-
rogation by news correspondents Bob
Clark and John Scali.
For those of my colleagues who did
not hear this outstanding radio-televi-
I submit a transcript of
sion program
,
last Sunday's broadcast: basis on which elections for a National As- has urged on every possible occasion that the
IssUES AND ANSWERS; SUNDAY, MAY 8, 1966; sembly in the government would be held. United Nations take more and full respon-
GUEST, THE HONORABLE DEAN RUSK, SECRE- Now, there is the drafting process and then sibility in the Vietnam situation. We have
TARY OP STATE, INTERVIEWED BY BOB CLARK, there is a period which precedes an election done that in speeches to the Assembly; we
ABC NEWS CORRESPONDENT, AND JOHN SCALY, of that sort. So I don't anticipate that have talked about It in the committees of the
ABC STATE DEPARTMENT CORRESPONDENT Prime Minister Ky is going to try to stand Assembly; we have taken the matter to the
Mr. SCALE. Mr. Secretary, welcome to "Is_ in the way of the constitutional and the Security Council, but you saw Secretary Gen-
sues and Answers." electoral process which he himself and his eral U Thant's comment on this particular
Secretary .Rusx. Thank you very much, fellow.generals initiated last January 15, well proposal.
John, I am glad to be here. before the Honolulu Conference. :He said it was not realistic, or common-
Mr. SCALY. Premier Ky may have stirred Mr. SCALY. You see then, Mr. Secretary, no sense indicated it couldn't go forward.
up another political crisis in Saigon yester- sign that Premier Ky, by whatever he has What I think is the situation is that Hanoi
day by saying that he expects to remain in said, has interposed any new roadblock which and Peiping have bitterly rejected any in-
power at least another year despite the plans will delay the process of a return to civilian trusion of the United Nations Into the Viet-
for the free elections which are aimed at government? nam problem, and in the last discussions in
naming a civilian successor government. Secretary RusK. No, I don't see that be- the Security Council the Soviet Union
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Are you at all alarmed or disturbed by
this reported stand?
Secretary Rusx. Well, in the first place,
John, Prime Minister Ky didn't say accord-
ing to the transcript of his press conference
that I have in front of me, that he is going
to stay in office another year. He did make
reference to the elections for a national
assembly to be conducted in 1967. He didn't
say what time in 1967. I think what hap-
pened there was that-we had another in-
stance that you and I are familiar with
where reporters grabbed somebody on the
fly and they pressed them with questions
and kept boring in until they get something
that they think makes news.
As I look at the transcript, Prime Minister
Ky was very cautious and very moderate in
his comments to a large number of questions.
For example, when he was asked whether
some of the Buddhists were neutralists, he
said this is not the right time to talk about
the venerables.
Well, I have been given that kind of ques-
tion many times myself. He was asked
whether the labor unions were infiltrated
by the Vietcong. He said there are many
labor unions in South Vietnam and the ma-
jority of them are not Communists. Of
course, there is some infiltration.
He was asked whether there would be fur-
ther political difficulties between now and
the elections. He said he didn't know. He
was also asked about the so-called baby
Turks, the young officers who might be cre-
ating some problems, and he called them
micro-Turks and he said, of course, these
men who are out on the frontlines fighting
are distressed by some of the troubles that
have occurred there and so when a soldier
is upset and angry who knows what their
reaction is going to be?
He was asked whether he felt an elected
government would be more efficient than his
government. He says, "As a man Who pro-
motes democracy and elections, of course, I
say "Yes." As to whether he would resign as
soon as the constituent assembly will be
elected, he said no, their mission is to draft
a constitution.
So they kept boring in and he did say-
they asked him if he was going to run for
the constituency and he said "No, that is not
my job. I am the Prime Minister. I
shouldn't be a member of the constituent
assembly."
Whether he would run for election to the
national assembly next year, he said, "I don't
know."
Well, that is what most American politi-
cians say before they have announced
whether they are a candidate or not.
When you look at the schedule, the time
factors here, there is now in session in Sai-
gon a committee of some 36 people who are
drafting an election law under which there
would be elections for a constituent assem-
bly. Now, those elections, as Prime Minister
Ky said yesterday or the day before, would
occur about September 15. When those
elections occur and a constituent assembly
convenes, that assembly will draft k con-
stitution.
cause what they have agreed to is that there
would be elections for a Constituent Assem-
bly. That Constituent Assembly would draft
a constitution.
Now, what happens with respect to the
government and the elections following that
wifl be determined in the course-by the
South Vietnamese themselves in the course
of further discussions to be held.
I think this is a case where a particular
remark was interpreted for more than it
meant.
For example, on that particular question
I understand that the reporters pressed him
on the point and asked him if it was his
understanding that his government would
stay in power for another year. Well, he
didn't say another year, but he Said, "Until
the National Assembly in 1967." This was a
prediction as to when that National Assembly
would come into being. But, as you and I
know, sometimes a man's answer is taken to
incorporate a question and I think it would
have been helpful had we had in front of us
the full transcript of the press conference.
It would have shown that this was not a
major change in this situation.
Mr. CLARK. I would take it then that you
don't see any cause for concern at all that
delays of some sort could provoke more
trouble from the Buddhists?
Secretary Rusx. I think there are differ-
ences of view in South Vietnam among the
different groups as to how this process should
proceed. Many of them feel that the present
government should stay in office until it can
transfer its power to a freely elected govern-
ment under a new constitution.
Now, there are some elements, and I don't
believe these are a majority, who feel that
somehow the present government ought to
leave for some other arrangement before that
occurs. But these are things the South Viet-
namese can work out among themselves and
these are matters that are still to be dis-
cussed.
You see, one thing the people sometimes
overlook is that the initiative for moving to-
ward a constitution and toward elections
came from Prime Minister Ky and the di-
rectorate of the generals in January of this
year, not through any stimulations or pres-
sure from the United States, but for reasons
of their own.
Now, they repeated this in Honolulu and
President Johnson joined in saying that we
thought this was a good idea. But it was the
generals who said, "Let's move to a consti-
tutional system here." They did that in
January.
Now, I think that-and as Prime Minister
Ky said in his press conference yesterday, an
elected government could be more efficient
than the present government. So I think we
ought not to get too excited about these
things and let the South Vietnamese work
them out.
Mr. CLARK. Do you see any merit in the
proposal made by Senator RIBICOFF this week
that the United Nations take over super-
vision of the election by sending observers
to the scene?
Secretary RUSK. Well, there are several
points about that. First, President Johnson
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 10, 1966
strongly resisted any United Nations role in
Vietnam on the grounds that the Geneva
machinery was the appropriate machinery to
use in this situation.
Well, Ambassador Goldberg immediately
said, "Well, if that is true, let's use the
Geneva machinery" but the Soviets were not
prepared to go down that trail.
Now, many members of the United Nations
feel--we may not agree with them, but never-
theless they feel-that because of the atti-
tude of Hanoi and Peiping that the injection
by the United Nations of itself into this
situation would make the possibility of
settlement more difficult.
Now, they feel that sincerely and genuinely.
As I say, we don't necessarily agree with it
because it is their feeling.
There is another element here too that we
have to take into account. There was a
British suggestion in the last day or two that
the International Control Commission some-
how supervise these elections for the Cori-
stituent Assembly. This created a very sharp
reaction among all elements in South Viet-
nam--on the grounds that the South Viet-
namese know all about how to run an elec-
tion. They are living in a goldfish bowl.
There are 25 diplomatic missions there who
can look at the elections. There are hun-
dreds of foreign newsmen there, many of
them skeptical, who are going to look at these
elections.
The South Vietnamese have had consider-
able experience overtime in elections. His-
torically the villages in South Vietnam have
elected their own leaders and they in turn
have elected their provincial leaders. This
was true during the period of French
colonialism.
Last May they had municipal and pro-
vincial elections. Seventy percent of the
registered voters voted. About 65 percent of
the eligible voters had been registered.
These are figures that compare favorably with
our own. So that the South Vietnamese, a
proud, sensitive people, feel they need not be
subjected to some sort of tutelage. The
whole world can look to see whether these
elections are free. So, given the reluctance
of the United Nations on the one side to in-
ject itself into South Vietnam, and the re-
luctance of Hanoi and Peiping to let anybody
have free elections, and the reluctance of the
South Vietnamese to be put in a position of
tutelage, it doesn't appear that this particular
suggestion can go forward. But I emphasize
that as far as we are concerned, we would
be delighted to see the United Nations take
whatever role it can and is willing to take to
bring the South Vietnamese problem to a
peaceful settlement.
Mr. SCALI. Mr. Secretary, Historian Arthur
Schlesinger said today that President John-
son is too gullible in taking the State De-
partment's advice on the Ky government.
He says the State Department has been
wrong in the past and the President
shouldn't take this advice. What do you
have to say about this?
Secretary Rusx. Very little. Mr. Schle-
singer is not an expert on Asia. He took a
very small role in Asian questions when he
was in Government. I worked on Asia for
25 years and I don't think I am going to get
into a discussion with Mr. Schlesinger on
Asia.
Mr. SCALI. Well, what about the gullibil-
ity factor?
Secretary Rusx. No, the President, the
Secretary of State, and the Secretary of De-
fense with the full backing of men who
have spent their lives working on Asia, look
at these matters with great depth, with
great comprehension and try to make the
best judgments that we can about the al-
ternatives and what we ought to do in con?-
nectlon with particular situations.
Mr. SCALI. I don't wish to belabor this,
Mr. Secretary, but Mr. Schlesinger also said
that you personally have an erroneous inter-
pretation of the Vietcong in that you seem
to judge it as speaking for a coordinated
Communist effort. Do you have such a mis-
interpretation?
Secretary Rusx. It is not -a misinter-
pretation. We have facts. We know that
the Vietcong is speaking for Hanoi. The
National Liberation Front was organized by
Hanoi to seize South Vietnam. We know
that their instructions come daily from
Hanoi to the south. I am not talking about
misinterpretation, I am talking about facts.
Mr. CLARK. Another of the strong critics
of our policies in Vietnam and in Asia, Sen-
ator FULBRIGHT, has taken another tack re-
cently as you know. In a series of lectures
he has claimed to see signs that the Ameri-
can Government is falling victim to an arro-
gance of power. Do you see any such signs?
Secretary Rusx. Well, I have read those
lectures. Senator FULBRIGHT has not been
quite specific in just what it is he charges
us with in this regard. One always has to
be careful about the abuse of power. Lord
Acton once said that power tends to corrupt,
and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
But I think it is a matter of the greatest
historical importance that the almost un-
believable power of the United States since
1945 has not corrupted the American peo-
ple. That power has been used to support
the simple and decent purposes of the Amer-
ican people in world affairs.
Now let's look at the record since 1945
onward. We demobilized almost totally after
World War II, to a point where in 1946 we did
not have a single division ready for combat
or a single air group ready for combat. We
tried to eliminate nuclear weapons from the
arsenals of the world by giving them up for
ourselves under the Baruch proposals. We
reduced our defense budgets to something
like $10 billion in 1947. We took the leader-
ship in insisting upon a peaceful reconcilia-
tion with our enemies, Germany and Japan.
We spent over a hundred billion dollars not
only binding up the wounds of war, but try=
ing to help other countries get on with their
economic and social development. We put
some $14 billion in food assistance to other
countries.
When crises have come up, upon occasion
we have to act with firmness, but we have
also acted with great prudence. We flew an
airlift into West Berlin to help those people
survive while we explored the possibilities of
peaceful settlement rather than engaging
our troops in combat. '
In Korea we took enormous casualties to
try to defend the ability of the South Ko-
reans to live at peace without unleasing the
Pandora's box of nuclear war. When the
Cuban missile crisis came up, President
Kennedy took extraordinary effort, as John
Scala knows, to leave the door open to a
peaceful settlement of that great crisis. We
waited 4 years, through increased infiltra-
tion from North Vietnam into South Viet-
nam, before we struck at North Vietnam.
Now there may have been mistakes along
this period, but they are not mistakes of
arrogance. The United States has committed
itself to trying to build a decent world order.
Why? Because the tens of millions of
casualties in World War II and the prospect
of hundreds of millions of casualties in
world war III make it a compelling necessity
that we organize a peace, that we not leave
these things just to hopes for peace, or we
not leave them to the ideas of the 1930's that
if you are not too rude to the aggressor,
maybe he will be satisfied and leave you
alone.
We have got to organize a peace. That is
what the United States has been all about
in this postwar period. And we don't go
around looking for business in these matters.
There have been dozens and dozens of crises
in which we have not taken part. We are
not the gendarmes of the universe. But it
has been necessary upon occasion for us to
move to defend the possibility of an orga-
nized peace, particularly where we have spe-
cific commitments through alliances.
Now this is not arrogance. The attitude
of the American people in this postwar
period has not been one of arrogance despite
the unbelievable character of the power
which is available. But this power must not
be used by ourselves, the Russians, or others,
because the survival of the human race de-
pends upon it.
These problems should be approached on
one's knees. These problems make pygmies
of us all and unless we approach them with
humility we will never solve them.
Mr. SCALI. Mr. Secretary, Senator FUL-
BRIGHT in criticizing the administration's
policy toward Vietnam said, among other
things lately, that the influx of several hun-
dred thousand American troops into Vietnam
has turned South Vietnam into an American
brothel. Do you know of any such problem?
Secretary Rusx. Well I don't want to en-
gage here today with Senator FULBRIGHT in a
personal discussion. We will have full op-
portunity tomorrow to take up any of these
questions that he wishes to pursue. I must
say I was disturbed by the characterization
of a city of two and a half million people, a
proud and sensitive people, as an American
brothel. It just isn't true, as a matter of
fact.
We all know that the world's oldest pro-
fession is present in every big city through-
out the world and the world's oldest profes-
sion is supported by men and has been since
the beginning of time, whether in uniform or
in civilian clothes. But what also disturbs
me is that this reflects unfairly and inaccu-
rately upon what our men are doing out
there. The overwhelming majority of our men
are fighting, standing guard, patrolling,
carrying rice to people who are hungry, run-
ning aid stations for those who are sick,
teaching classes, building schools, and doing
the things that are necessary to help the
South Vietnamese people get on with the
job.
Now the characterization of a city of two
and a half million people as a brothel, and
the implication that this is preoccupying
the attention of our soldiers out there I thin]:
is not very helpful under present circum-
stances.
Mr. CLARK. Do you feel in making remarks
like this that Senator FULBRIGHT is giving aid
and comfort to the enemy?
Secretary Rusx. No, no. No, no; I would
not say that at all.
Mr. CLARK. Of course, that was Barry Gold-
water's phrase-
Secretary Rusx. No, no. Well, I don't
want to inject myself-it would be presump-
tuous of me, perhaps even arrogant of me,
to inject myself into the discourse between
Senator FULBRIGHT and former Senator Gold-
water but, no; I don't attribute that kind
of motivation at all.
Mr. CLARK. You don't share at all the Gold-
water sentiment that Senator FULBRIGHT
should resign?
Secretary RUSH. No, I don't. This is be-
side the point as far as I am concerned.
Mr. SCALI. Mr. Secretary, Senator R013FRT
KENNEDY contends that the policy of no
sanctuary for Communist planes which
might attack from bases in Red China, that
this policy amounts to a very dangerous es-
calation that would cause real trouble.
Do you see grave risks in this policy?
Secretary Rusx. Well, any decisions on
that subject would be, of course, made by
the President in the light of all the circum-
stances at the time. I think that we would
not be building a peace if we should some-
how establish the principle in international
law that nations can conduct military opera-
tions against their neighbors and be them-
selves safe under a sanctuary of some sort.
This would greatly distort the possibilities
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our bilateral relations with Peiping, they
make it clear there is nothing to discuss un-
less we are prepared to surrender Formosa.
Now, the United Nations runs into the
same thing. It will, the United Nations, re-
ject or expel the Republic of China on For-
mosa. It has a population equal to more
than half of the members of the U.N.; it
was a charter member of the U.N. Peiping
has made it very clear, not only that the
Republic of China must be expelled, but that
the U.N. must apologize and reorganize and
do all sorts of other things.
Mr. CLARK. Mr. Secretary, I am sorry to
have to cut this off, but our time is up.
Thank you for being our guest on "Issues and
Answers."
Secretary RUSK. Thank you very much.
of organizing a decent peace. But the
source of a danger, if that issue should arise,
would be from those who would inject them-
selves into a conflict which we are trying to
settle.
Once again, and I have said this at least
what, a hundred times, John? I would be in
Geneva tomorrow afternoon if there was any-
body there to talk with me about peace in
southeast Asia. For 5 years we have gone to
the ends of the earth to talk about peace in
southeast Asia.
We went to the Laos Conference in Geneva.
We accepted the Soviet nominee as the Prime
Minister of Laos. We accepted the idea-
produced by the Laotians themselves-that
they should have a coalition government.
We signed that agreement. So did Peiping
and so did Hanoi. But from the very day of
the signature, Hanoi refused to withdraw its
troops from Laos, refused to cease sending
its troops through Laos into South Vietnam.
Now, the question is, who is interested in
peace, and who is insisting upon taking over
somebody else by force?
Now, a lot of these things ought to be
sorted out on the basis of those very simple
things. It isn't necessary to confuse these
with a great deal of speculation and all sorts
of philosophy and all sorts of ambiguity and
murkiness. At the heart of the matter is,
how are we going to organize peace and who
is prepared to join in doing that, and who is
determined to gobble up their neighbors by
force?
Mr. SeALS. Do you see any sign that the
North Vietnamese or perhaps the Chinese
Communists have softened their stand
against negotiations lately?
Secretary RUSH. I have seen nothing on
that in recent months. So far as we can tell,
their attitude remains what it was toward
the end of the 37-day bombing pause, that
the National Liberation Front must be ac-
cepted as the sole spokesman for the South
Vietnamese, that we must accept Hanoi's four
points and we must get our troops out of
South Vietnam.
Mr. CLARK. Mr. Secretary, two Democratic
Senators, Senator TED KENNEDY and Senator
McGOVERN, of South Dakota, this past week
proposed that, a panel of distinguished
Americans be named to reappraise our whole
China policy. -
Does that idea appeal to you?
Secretary RUsH. Well, this is an intriguing
idea, but we have in the executive branch,
have had for a long time, more than a year,
a very competent group that has been mak-
ing an intensive study of these matters.
They have been in touch with many experts
outside; they have visited universities and
they have searched the literature for pos-
sible new ideas.
As you know, the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee and the Zablocki subcommittee
of the House Foreign Affairs Committee have
made a study in considerable depth of these
matters.
Now, actually the President and I have dis-
cussed it recent weeks the desirability of
systematizing outside advice in the general
areas of the world, based largely on the orga-
nization of our Geographic Bureau in the
Department of State; Africa, Western Europe,
Latin America, the Far East, that sort of
thing.
So I think it is very likely that we shall do
this somewhat more systematically than we
have done before.
We have very distinguished consultants
whom we call on all the time so I think there
is no great issue on this matter.
Mr. SeALS. Mr. Secretary, do, you see any
sign that, as Senator McGovern suggested,
the United States stop campaigning at the
United Nations against Chinese Communist
membership in the United Nations?
Secretary RusH. Well, when all that comes
up to the heart of the matter on this ques-
tion, what do you do about Formosa? In
(Mr. ZABLOCKI asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, tomor-
row, Wednesday, May 11, at 3 p.m., will
be held another in a series of meetings
open to the Members of the House to
discuss our foreign aid program. Four
Republican and four Democratic mem-
bers of the Foreign Affairs Committee
have joined in sponsoring these meetings
in the belief that the aid program is of.
interest to the entire House.
Tomorrow, the - guest speaker will be
John Kenneth Galbraith, noted Harvard
economist and former U.S. Ambassador
of India. The subject will be "Foreign
Aid: Some Recent Lessons." It should
prove to be an interesting and stimulat-
ing session.
The meeting will be held in the Speak-
er's dining room at 3 o'clock to enable
us to be near the floor if a rollcall should
occur. I hope that my colleagues here
in the House will join us to hear our
distinguished guest.
A FRESH LOOK AT THE UNITED
NATIONS
(Mr. FASCELL asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, at a re-
cent regional foreign policy conference
at Atlanta, Ga., Mr. Joseph J. Sisco, As-
sistant Secretary of State for Interna-
tional Organization Affairs, delivered an
address entitled, "A Fresh Look at the
United Nations." The substance of Sec-
retary Sisco's remarks is, I am certain,
of great interest to all members con-
cerned about the future of the United
Nations and our role in that organiza-
tion. -
For this reason I wish to insert- Mr.
Sisco's address ' in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD.
I would like to take this opportunity
to express my commendation for the
fine job which Secretary Sisco has been
doing since he was appointed to his pres-
ent office last year.
As chairman of the Subcommittee on
International Organizations and Move-
ments of the House Committee on For-
eign Affairs, I have had ample oppor-
tunity to meet with Mr. Sisco, to dis-
cuss his views, and to review the actions
which he has initiated on behalf of
more effective U.S. participation in
the many international Organizations to
which we belong. I must say that in all
of our contacts Mr. Sisco has been very
frank and helpful to the subcommit-
tee.
In addition, the review of the budg-
etary procedures of the various interna-
tional organizations, undertaken with-
in the Department of State under Mr.
Sisco's supervision, can have serious and
constructive implications for the future
of our participation in their activities.
As I have already said, I believe that
Secretary Sisco is doing an outstanding
job for our Government and country,
and I certainly wish him well in his en-
deavors.
Mr. Sisco's address follows:
A FRESH LOOK AT THE U.N.
(Address by the Honorable Joseph J. Sisco,
Assistant Secretary of State for Interna-
tional Organization Affairs, before the
Regional Foreign Policy Conference, Dink-
ier Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, Ga., Saturday,
April 2, 1966)
It is a privilege to be here in Atlanta. The
aim of these regional foreign policy con-
ferences is an excellent one, embodying a
basic democratic idea-a direct discussion of
public policy between interested citizens and
those charged with formulating it.
A generation or two ago most of the major
problems of government could be understood
by almost every citizen. Today, even many
well-informed people do not feel fully com-
petent to judge many public issues. Too
many persons simply shy away from their
consideration altogether. Let the expert, the
man with specialized knowledge, decide
them. Yet these decisions, the complex no
less than the simple, determine the future
of our Nation.
The need for an informed, educated cit-
izenry is therefore greater than ever. And
as the issues grow more intricate, our obliga-
tion to explain and discuss them becomes
correspondingly more important.
The institution I want to talk with you
about today-the United Nations-is as com-
plex as any around-as complex, in fact, as
the 117 widely varied nations comprising it.
We Americans are pragmatic in our ap-
proach to most institutions. We pride our-
selves on our flexibility and lack of dog-
matism. Yet for some reason our view of
the United Nations has often been somewhat
simplistic. We have tended to forget that
the United Nations must inevitably reflect
the great diversity of views, interests and
goals of the members represented in the
world body. We sometimes forget when we
do not always get our way that the United
States is not the only country developing
the scenario in world affairs today. We have
at times asked too much of the U.N., and on
other occasions have expected too little.
Polls show that the American people
strongly support the U.N.: 80 percent be-
lieve the U.N. important and want the U.S.
Government to use it more. Of course, the
U.N. is an important instrument of foreign
policy, one way among others for advancing
our causes and for cooperating with other
countries in the myriad tasks of political
conciliation, social progress, economic devel-
opment, and technical cooperation.
But we must avoid extravagant expecta-
tions about the U.N. Those who start out
by seeing the U.N. as a panacea for all our
ills often end in disillusionment. And they
sometimes go to the opposite extreme of pes-
simism-regarding the U.N. merely as a dec-
orative feature on the international land-
scape. For example, a distinguished corre-
spondent, concerned over some irresponsible
actions by some members of the General
Assembly, recently advised his readers that
"the only way to preserve the organization
so that in some distant future it may play
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 10, 1966
the role for which it was created is to spare
it as much as possible." A few weeks later,
another distinguished correspondent for a
great U.S. newspaper entitled an article, "The
U.N. Tries Hard, But."
Now, I have been engaged in wrestling
with the sometimes exhilarating and some-
times frustrating problems that have faced
us in the U.N. for the past 15 years. I try
not to overexaggerate but-to quote a friend
of mine-I try not to underexaggerate either.
I believe the beginning of wisdom lies in
being neither a pessimist nor an optimist--
but in being a possibilist. I am a possibilist.
In fact, I would venture to say that all
practitioners of foreign policy must be pos-
sibilists-for politics-whether in our own
legislature or in an international forum-is
the art of the possible.
How does a possibilist approach foreign
policy problems, and more specifically how
does he operate in the U.N.?
First, he keeps in mind the real options
that are open to him. He is problem-oriented
and does not grasp for utopian solutions.
In the words of Winston Churchill: "Do
not let spacious plans for a new world divert
your energies from saving what is left of the
old."
He knows, in the words of President Frank-
lin Roosevelt, that the, structure of world
peace "cannot be a peace of large nations
or of small nations, [but] * * ? a peace
which rests on the cooperative efforts of the
whole world."
He knows he must deal with factional dis-
putes in Cyprus and disorder in the Congo
and the effect of the price of cocoa on
Ghana's future-not about some amorphous
scheme for world order.
He knows that when weighing the ques-
tion of Red Chinas admission to the U.N.
or recognition that not only is our view
relevant but also the adversaries' continued
insistence that the Republic of China be
eliminated or cast aside.
He is concerned with how to recruit ob-
servers for Kashmir, as well as how to achieve
a more fundamental and lasting political
solution.
Second, he adapts to changing circum-
stances. One of the cliches about p1acti-
tioners of foreign policy is that we are un-
aware that the world is changing. We are
either asleep like nip van Winkle or are
romantically playing the old familiar tunes
from our boyhood. I assure you that if you
sat at my desk in Washington for 1 day you
would soon be disabused of this cliche. In
dealing with U.N. affairs we are constantly
aware that we cannot escape the dramatic
changes of the 20 years since the charter was
signed, and especially the changes in the
composition and pressures in the U.N. during
the decade of the sixties. It is a common-
place that change is taking place at a revolu-
tionary and ever-accelerating pace. The
tough assignment is to know how to design
and adapt machinery to provide for peaceful
change while preserving the underlying
values--justice, economic and social advance-
ment, human rights-for which the U.N. was
created and to which our foreign policy is
devoted.
Third, a possibilist does not start out with
extravagant expectations. He is not disillu-
sioned when he encounters setbacks. He
seeks limited goals. He is patient. He keeps
probing for possibilities. The history of our
efforts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the
Vietnam problem illustrates this dramati-
cally.
The task of the United Nations has been
encumbered almost from the start by great-
power conflicts. Its efforts to promote social
progress have been hampered by discord and
strife. It has been called upon to keep peace
where there has been no peace in the hearts
of men. It has. been buffeted by the winds
of racism and nationalism as the peoples of
colonial lands have moved to rule themselves
in freedom and to assert their right to speak,
and vote, as equals in the forum of the
nations.
But through it all the U.N. has survived
and continues to serve the cause of peace.
That the United Nations has come this far is
a tribute to the vision of those who drew the
founding plans, a testimonial to the resil-
iency and relevance of the charter itself.
The measure of the importance which Presi-
dent Johnson attaches to the U.N. is demon-
strated by the fact that for the first time in
our history, a Supreme Court Justice was
asked to leave the Bench to lead us in the
U.N. forum. Justice Arthur Goldberg has
done this brilliantly.
CHANGE IN THE U.N. ITSELF
One question being asked is where is the
U.N. going? This issue concerns us not only
because of the present financial and consti-
tutional difficulties the U.N. faces. In deeper
perspective, we are grappling with the ques-
tion of how to make sure that the U.N.
structure keeps up with the times. For in
the words of Lord Halifax at the concluding
session of the San Francisco conference: "We
cannot claim that our work is perfect or that
we have created an unbreakable guarantee
of peace. For ours is no enchanted palace to
'spring into sight at once' by magic touch
or hidden power. But we have, r am con-
vinced, forged an instrument by which, if
men are serious in wanting peace and are
ready to make sacrifices for it, they may find
means to win it."
Changes in the world are inevitably re-
flected in changes in the U.N. To be sure,
the U.N. must be representative of the new
membership, as it tried to do by enlarging
the Security Council and the Economic and
Social Council.
The U.N. is based on the one-nation, one-
vote principle. Of the present 117 members,
nearly half did not exist as independent
states when the U.N. was formed. Of the 67
new members to enter the organization since
1945, 34 are African states, most small and
with limited resources. A significant shift
in relative voting strength to small members
has occurred in most important U.N. organs.
If the U.N. Is to be vital and viable, it must
reflect not only the "sovereign equality" of
states but the realities of power and respon-
sibility as they exist in the real world today.
For if it does not do so, the U.N. will speak
but no one will listen, and its findings will
lose their value.
The 20th General Assembly witnessed sev-
eral examples of excesses by the majority, in
some cases overriding the charter provision
for a two-thirds vote an an important ques-
tion on issues affecting peace and security.
As Ambassador Goldberg stated at the close
of the 20th Assembly: Where action is taken
by the assembly in derogation of the charter
requirement for a two-thirds vote on im-
portant questions "that action is a complete
nullity. It is null and void." The dis-
crepancies between voting power and real
power will not be solved by formal abandon-
ment of the one-nation, one-vote system.
The charter on this subject is unlikely to be
changed, and an agreement on a formula
for weighting votes is unlikely. Rather, in-
formal influence, mutual adjustment proce-
dures, composition of subgroups, and the
weight of political and financial contribu-
tions should help redress the balance. Above
all, patience and understanding will be re-
quired, particularly by the advanced coun-
tries with greater experience in interna-
tional affairs. It is our hope that all mem-
bers will see that in the long run orderly
procedures will serve their interests and.
help move all of us toward a more stable
world order in which the rule of law prevails.
A HARD LOOK AT U.N. PROGRAMS AND BUDGETS
We have also been taking a hard look at
programs and budgets throughout the entire
U.N. system. We supported the establish-
ment of a General Assembly Committee to
review budgetary problems in the U.N. sys-
tem. The United States has been the main
supporter of these programs in the past, and
we can expect to do our full share in the
future. We have supported U.N. programs
because they help the developing countries
to help themselves, because they sometimes
avoid some of the political difficulties which
are involved in bilateral aid, they help share
the burden, and they provide a worldwide
pool of technical help which is not available
to any single country. But our support can-
not and must not be taken for granted.
We realize the needs are great, and the de-
veloping countries understandably want to
better their lot today-not in the distant
future.
But we are convinced that more of the
needs can be met by assuring that the 'U.N.
and its family of agencies are operating at
maximum efficiency, that sound and sys-
tematic budgetary procedures are followed,
that program priorities are clearly estab-
lished, marginal and duplicative activities
eliminated, that undue increases in staff are
avoided, and that reasonable and not exces-
sive budget target levels are established..
We are working hard to this end. As Presi-
dent Johnson stated in a memorandum of
March 15 to the Secretary of State directing
him to undertake certain measures to im-
prove our participation in international or-
ganizations: "No nation has been a greater
supporter of the United Nations, its special-
ized agencies, and other international organi-
zations than the United States. * ? * The
United States shall continue to meet its fair
share of the financial requirements of these
organizations. If we are to be a constructive
influence in helping to strengthen the in-
ternational agencies so that they can meet
essential new needs, we must apply to them
the same rigorous standards of program per-
formance and budget review that we do to
our own Federal programs." Ambassador
Goldberg and I have just returned from
Geneva where we met with the other major
contributors to the U.N. in an effort to give
reality to this directive.
PEACEKEEPING
We consider U.N. peacekeeping an impor-
tant security option in U.S. foreign policy.
The U.N. has undertaken some dozen peace-
keeping operations-all of which have served
the national interests of the United States
and the cause of peace. We would like to see
the U.N. capacity to keep the peace strength-
ened. A U.N. committee of 33 is examining
various facets of this problem--including
whether new arrangements are needed re-
garding authorization of peacekeeping and
their management, and how these should be
financed in the most equitable and reliable
manner.
However, as long as there are fundamental
differences between the U.S.S.R. and the
United States about the role of the U.N.
in the peacekeeping field, it will be difficult
to make real progress toward a more re-
liable system of financing or authorizing
future peacekeeping operations.
The Soviets still want to subject all fu-
ture peacekeeping operations to their total
veto. We favor the Security Council play-
ing the primary role provided in the charter.
But subjecting` peacekeeping operations en-
tirely to the Soviet veto is a prescription for
future total paralysis.
For our part, we will support. desirable
future peacekeeping operations. We recog-
nize that where a major power has funda-
mental objections, those who favor a par-
ticular peacekeeping operation may have to
carry a heavier financial burden. We recog-
nize that the unwillingness of the General
Assembly to apply the loss of vote sanction
against those who refused to pay their peace-
Reeping assessments has weakened the prin-
ciple of collective financing. But we will
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May 10, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. - SENATE
Located ? near each elementary school will
be a neighborhood center with a nursery to
free the housewife for errands or for coffee
with neighbors.
The junior high and senior high schools
will be placed next to one another in the
village center, so they may share a gym-
nasium, auditorium and library.
These are some of the ways Rouse and his
staff devised to eliminate duplication and
waste. Another is to lay all sewer lines at
the start rather than tear up the earth and
lay them as the community grows.
And this leads to Rouse's main concern:
Profit. And he puts it: "This was no residual
goal. It was our prime objective."
THE WARSAW CONVENTION-
SENATE RESOLUTION 256
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that two recent New
York Times newspaper articles, relating
to Senate Resolution 256, be inserted at
this point in the RECORD,
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times,
May 7, 1966]
ATTACK SPURRED ON WARSAW PACT-AIRLINE
;GROUP ACCUSED IN LIABILITY CONTRO-
VERSY
(By Tania Long)
The dispute over the U.S. continued par-
ticipation in the Warsaw Convention reached
a new intensity yesterday in an atmosphere
that grew increasingly bitter.
An important group of lawyers who op-
pose the withdrawal of this country's de-
nunciation of the treaty, which sets inter-
national air liability, virtually accused the
International Air Transport Association of
misleading the State Department by misrep-
resenting the position of some of the air-
lines.
And two leading pilots who are also law-
yers, announced they would urge the pilots'
organizations they represent to refuse to fly
in the event the United States does re-
join a convention it denounced last Novem-
ber on the ground that it provided insuffi-
cient liability coverage for international air-
line passengers. '
Both groups have charged that the pro-
posals under which the United States in-
tends to reenter the convention would lead
to sabotage of aircraft and the murder of
hundreds of innocent passengers. The pro-
posals call for an increased liability limit of
$75,000 and the establishment of an absolute
liability principle under which the airmen
reached in Montreal earlier this week.
CLAUSE CAUSES TROUBLE
It is the absolute liability clause that has
drawn most of the fire and led to the re-
jection by five American air carriers-in-
eluding United, National and Delta airlines-
of the terms of the new liability agreement
reached in Montreal earlier this week.
The charges against Air Transport Croup
were made in a telegram to Under Secretary
of State Thomas C. Mann; with a copy sent
to Knut Hammarskjold, director general of
the association, which represents 100 air-
lines. It said:
"Reports reaching us indicate major for-
eign airlines, including British Overseas Air-
ways Corp., attached important reservations
to absolute liability $75,000 plan. Reserva-
tions not made known by IATA to State
Department at Montreal meeting. Further
understand that BOAC requested that res-
ervations be made known to other airlines,
which ]ATA did not do BOAC reservations
included exclusion of all acts of third par-
ties, including sabotage BOAC position and
9675
perhaps others being misrepresented in within the convention with a $75,000 limit,
IATA communications to airlines and to provided certain conditions are met.
, CALLED NONSENSE The memorandum of the Air Transport
"Further illustrates need for public hear- Association, the trade organization of the
ing demanded by Senate resolution signed Nation's scheduled airlines, sets out the new
by 26 outstanding Senators. Urge State De- terms in detail because, a spokesman said,
partment demand IATA produce all com- things have moved so fast that inevitable
munications between IATA and airlines on errors of interpretation have been made and
this subject in last 3 weeks for State Depart- the actual facts have not kept up with the
ment and Senate hearing." rumors.
The telegram was signed by Lee S. Kreind- It makes the point that the agreement is
ler, chairman of the aviation law section of a most unusual one, since the carriers have
the American Trial Lawyers Association and undertaken to pay up to $75,000 for each
a leading legal authority on air liability. passenger without being proved guilty of
The lawyers' charges were described as
"absolute nonsense" by Julian Gazdlk, gen-
eral counsel to the airline association, in a
telephone interview from the Montreal head-
quarters of the air transport association.
"We are always careful never to misrepre-
sent anything," he said, "especially in such
a delicate assignment as this has been."
He asserted that BOAC was the first car-
rier to signify its assent to the new terms.
He had just received a cable from London
stating: "BOAC has compiled your cable.
Signed agreement in post." According to
another source in transport group, accept-
ances have also come in from Varig, Irish In-
ternational and Sabena.
Mr. Gazdik said that when BOAC was first
sounded out on the liability terms proposed
by the State Department, the airline ex-
pressed a reservation regarding the absolute
liability coverage in cases of sabotage.
But he pointed out that the new terms
purposely exclude saboteurs or their heirs
from claiming damages resulting from acci-
dents due to bombings.
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times, May 9,
dum says, liability is imposed on a carrier
only if a passenger can prove that the
carrier was at fault.
Then, in countering various statements
that have been made about what the new
terms would or would not do, the memo-
randum says:
"The agreement does not provide for an
'automatic' award of $7,000 for each victim.
A claimant will recover only damages proved
in court. Thus, he could collect anywhere
from nothing to an unlimited amount.
"A carrier must be proved guilty of willful
misconduct-i.e.. reckless or intentionally
harmful conduct-for damages above $75,000
to be recovered.
"The agreement does not provide an in-
ducement to saboteurs. Claims benefiting
sabateurs are expressly excluded. (Oppo-
nents reply that it is not always possible
to identify a saboteur.) "
AIRLINES CLARIFY LIABILITY ACCORD-ATA
SAYS FACTS HAVEN'T KEPT UP WITH RUMORS
(By Tanis. Long)
The Air Transport Association of America
will issue a memorandum today that it hopes
will clarify some of the complex issues in-
volved in the proposed new liability agree-
ment under the Warsaw Convention.
The United States and the airlines serving
on international routes are negotiating for
an updated convention that would raise the
carriers' liability limit from the $8,300 set in
Warsaw in 1929 to a more realistic $75,000.
The decision as to whether the United
States goes along with the new terms will be
made this week, and there is considerable
pressure on the administration from both
advocates and opponents.
The proposed agreement is strenuously op-
posed by a group of lawyers for whom Lee S.
Kreindler, chairman of the aviation law sec-
tion of the American Trial Lawyers Associa-
tion, is chief spokesman. It is also opposed
by some of the pilots.
SABOTAGE FEARED
President, as a member of the Senate
Armed Services Committee and as a
Senator from West Virginia, I am fre-
quently the recipient of mail from rela-
tives of servicemen serving in Vietnam.
I am sure that the other Members of the
Senate are similarly contacted by the
wives, mothers, and other family mem-
bers of soldiers, sailors, marines, and
airmen serving in southeast Asia. Often
concern is expressed over the health and
medical care being accorded these fight-
ing men.
In an effort to be of service in provid-
ing general information on this subject,
I discussed it in a special radio interview
with Lt. Gen. D. Heaton, the Surgeon
General, Department of the Army, who
is, incidentally, a native West Virginian,
having been born in Parkersburg, Wood
County. General Heaton's remarks on
the subject of medical care for Ameri-
can fighting men in southeast Asia were
The groups have said that the plan calling impressive, both because of the dedicated
for absolute liability of up to $75,000 a pas- spirit revealed when he spoke of the tasks
senger is an invitation to sabotage. which he and his medical people are per-
The lawyers assert, furthermore, that an
artificial limit for death or injury goes against
the American principle of justice. No limit
exists on domestic routes and each case is
judged on its merit, they point out.
The controversy has reached the floor of
the Senate. GAYLORD NELSON, Democrat, of
Wisconsin, supported by a 25 cosponsors, in-
troduced a resolution urging the administra-
tion to hold full public hearing before with-
drawing its denunciation of the Warsaw
Convention.
The denunciation is due to take effect next
Sunday. The administration announced its
withdrawal from the convention when the
airlines refused to increase the liability limit
to $100,000. It has since agreed to remain
forming and because of the encouraging
report which he relayed.
I ask unanimous consent that my radio
interview with General Heaton be print-
ed, in transcript form, in the RECORD at
this point.
There being no objection, the radio
interview was ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
Today I have as my guest, Lt. Gen. Leonard
D. Heaton, the Surgeon General, Department
of the Army. General Heaton is a distin-
guished medical officer; and, while serving
as commander at Walter Reed Army Medical
Center here in Washington, he personally op-
erated on such famous patients as President
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 10, 1966
Dwight D. 'isenhower, and the late Secre-
tary of State John Foster Dulles. More re-
cently, he was responsible for the care and
treatment of the late General of the Army
Douglas MacArthur while he was a patient at
Walter Reed.
General Heaton has been decorated by our
Government a number of times, including
the occasion when he was honored for his
able handling of mass casualties during the
surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor at
the beginning of World War II.
Question. Speaking of mass casualties,
General Heaton, how dolour American casual-
ties so far during the hostilities In Vietnam
compare with those experienced during World
War II and the Korean conflict?
Answer. Well, Senator BraD, first, I am very
honored to be here with you today; and, In
answer tp your question, I must say at the
outset, we are meeting today not the full
range of weaponry in Vietnam that we did
in World War H and in Korea. Therefore,
we can say that our wounds aren't quite, in
some instances, as devastating as those in the
past two wars. Moreover, our casualties who
enter hospitals have a far less mortality rate
than in World War II and in Korea. I will
give you figures such as 4.5-percent casualty
rate in World War II; 2.6-percent casualty
rate in Korea; and, in Vietnam today, it is
running between 1 and 1.2 percent.
Question. How do you account for this
improvement, General?
Answer. We account for it, first, reminding
you again of the lack of the overall range of
weaponry, and, No. 2, the very speedy evacua-
tion of our casualties upon receipt of the in-
jury to our forward hospitals by way of the
medical ambulance helicopters. I think that
that coupled with the fact we have placed in
the front hospitals very, very competent sur-
geons more than explains the tremendous re-
ductions in the casualty rate.
Question. Are there any shortages of ma-
teriel or personnel necessary for the accom-
plishment of your medical mission?
Answer. I am very pleased to tell you, sir,
that we have encountered no shortages of im-
portant materiel, and, certainly, we are ex-
tremely well staffed with personnel.
Question. Well, now, how do the medical
problems of this war differ from those in
Korea or during World War II? You have
already mentioned one aspect of the differ-
ence.
Answer. Our problems in Vietnam today
are a little different than in World War II
and Korea, If based only on the malarial
situation. You have heard, I am sure, and
everybody, about our problem with malaria.
It is the falciparum malaria, we call it. It
does not respond to our weekly tablet which
we thought would prevent all malaria and
still does with the vivax type malaria. How-
ever, we are doing a lot of research on this
and I am happy to tell you that we believe
that we are coming up soon with a drug to
not only prevent the falciparum malaria, and
also, if the malaria does develop, it will con-
siderably ameliorate the disease.
Question. Are we helping the civilian pop-
ulation with their medical problems?
Answer. We are doing a great deal with the
civilians. You remember President Johnson
is quite concerned with this. We have estab-
lished what we call a Milphap team-doctors
and nurses to work in civilian hospitals in
the 43 Provinces. We, also, you will remem-
ber, have medical members of the special
forces team and such as that,
Question. Well, General Heaton, you would
say then that the overall medical situation
concerning our troops in South Vietnam to-
day is very much improved over what it has
been in past wars?
Answer, Senator BYRD, it is tremendously
improved, and I would like every mother and
father and wife to know that we left no ave-
nue overlooked or unattended. They can be
sure that their boys are receiving the best
possible care.
Senator BYRD. Well, General Heaton, our
people are appreciative of this, and I am very
grateful for your presence today and for your
message to my constituents, because I feel
that it is a message that is encouraging.
IS THERE NEW HOPE FOR OUR IN-
DIANS, ESKIMOS, AND ALEUTS?
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, in an
interview with William, Steif in yester-
day's Daily News, Secretary Udall con-
fessed that the Bureau of Indian Af-
fairs has "in the main been a failure,"
despite the expenditure of $1.5 billion
over the last 10 years. I could not agree
more. What has transpired in the past,
under the guise of benevolence and pa-
ternalism, regardless of how well in-
tended, is a disgrace which can no longer
be ignored.
Mr. Udall plans to remedy this failure
by suggesting legislation for the next
Congress. I know I can speak for other
members of the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs, as well as for myself,
when I say we have had enough of the
empty promises of the past, and are in
no mood for further procrastination.
Apparently, the Secretary is finally
contemplating action. to improve the po-
sition and the opportunities of these
original Americans who have so long
been kept in a semiprimitive condition
by Federal bureaucracy and misguided
policies conceived at the top of the Bu-
reau.
The plight of the natives of interior
Alaska calls for a new policy which will
enable them to enter the mainstream of
American life in the third quarter of
the 20th century. To this new ap-
proach by the Secretary, for which I am
grateful, I pledge my complete coopera-
tion and wholehearted support. But
prompt and thoroughgoing reform and
corresponding action are imperative.
While we are spending billions of dollars
abroad to help the underprivileged of
other lands it is high time we made simi-
lar efforts in behalf of an important seg-
ment of our own people.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the text of Mr. Steif's inter-
view be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
UDALL'S SOI,IITION-PRIVATE INVESTMENT
COULD AID INDIANS
(By William Steif)
Interior Secretary Stewart Udall thinks the
"big new money" to bring the Nation's
380,000 reservation Indians out of poverty
must come from private investors, not Uncle
Sam.
Mr. Udall, in an interview, offered ideas on
how he expects to carry out President John-
son's order to "ramrod" solutions to the
Indian problem.
First he confessed the Bureau of Indian
Affairs has "in the main been a failure"
despite spending more than $1.5 billion in the
past decade.
BIA failed, he said, because of "the old,
rigid concept" under which it regarded itself
as trustee for the Indians, and gave them no
responsibility.
Mr. Udall summed up his task as "up-
grading Indian leadership and putting it In
a position to make more decisions."
Mr. Udall said educated Indians could
hardly wait to get off the reservations, thus
draining off leaders. But if investments de-
veloped opportunity of the 50 million reser-
vation acres, educated Indians would stay.
or have reason to return.
Specifically, the Secretary said he would
concentrate first on housing.
Ninety percent of all reservation housing
is substandard, and Mr. Udall said Federal
housing people "traditionally haven't been
interested because of their urban focus."
Another major focus will be persuading in-
dustry to invest on the reservations.
The Secretary is skittish on termination of
BIA aid to the Indians.
He said every tribe and reservation should
be dealt with on an individual basis; some
tribes may have to be lured off their un-
productive lands into towns, while other
tribes' rich lands would be developed.
LEGISLATION
Mr. Udall is trying to pull together a legis-
lative package which the administration
would introduce early in 1967. It could in-
elude--
An heirship bill which would solve the
dilemma of thousands of Indians owning tiny
slivers of land.
Basic law on what Indians would be eligible
to share in claims payments and how In-
dian tribal rolls would be closed.
A special law to let individual Indians be
terminated from BIA dependency by tribal
purchase of their rights.
Loan guarantee laws and alternate kinds
of nonprofit corporations distinct from tri-
bal councils; the nonprofit firms would be
able to mortgage land, issue tax-free bonds,
and take part in normal business ventures.
Mr. Udall is looking to closer ties with Sar-
gent Shriver's Office of Economic Opportun-
ity and Eugene Foley's Economic Develop-
ment Administration, since the average In-
dian family's income is $1,500 a year--lowest
of any group of poor in the Nation.
But Mr. Udall also recognizes Indian edu-
cation must be upgraded, and hopes to shift
much of this work to the States.
BOUTIN, AN,EXCELLENT CHOICE
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, the
President has made an excellent choice
in the appointment of Bernard Boutin
as Administrator of the Small Business
Administration.
This is an important post. The Small
Business Administration brings help, as-
sistance and encouragement to the Na-
tion's small businessmen who must com-
pete in the marketplace with the giants
of industry. Over the years the business-
men of Alaska have benefited greatly
from the guidance and the cooperation of
Small Business Administration officials.
The Small Business Administration
offers low-interest, long-term loans to
the victims of natural disaster. We of
Alaska have good reason to know how
valuable this help can be. Alaska's
recovery from the March 27, 1964, earth-
quake was rapid and sure. Without the
dedicated and able help of the Small
Business Administration this recovery
would have been less rapid and much less
sure.
Now with the appointment of Mr. Bou-
tin the Administration has an able, ex-
perienced director who will continue the
agency's tradition of efficient service to
the Nation's businessmen. Mr. Boutin
with his experience as Administrator of
the General Services Administration anc
In private enterprise is well qualified fol
the post. .
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 10, 1966
of Philadelphia, the Sons of Delaware, the
Historical Society of Delaware, Wilmington
Club, the Wilmington Country Club, Wil-
mington Lodge, No. 307, B.P.O.E., the Uni-
versity Club, Maryland Society of Delaware,
the Westchester-Biltmore Country Club, the
Bedford Club, Armstrong Lodge, No. 26, A.F. &
A.M.; Delaware Consistory, Eden Lodge, No.
34, I.O.O.F.; Cherokee Tribe, No. 4, I.O.R.M.;
Modern Woodmen of America; Ancient Order
of United Workmen; the Bankers of New
York, the Burning Tree Golf Club of Wash-
ington, D.C., the Metropolitan and other
clubs.
He was a member of the Methodist Church.
Survivors are his widow, his son of Green-
ville and his daughter of Glencoe, Ill., five
grandchildren, and seven great-grand=
VIETNAM
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, in the Wilmington Morning
News of May 7, there was published an
article by Mr. Henry J. Taylor, entitled
"Viet War Will Be Lpst in Washington."
This article makes some interesting
comments on the background of our
becoming involved in southeast Asia, and
I ask unanimous consent to have it print-
ed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
VIET WAR WILL BE LOST IN WASHINGTON
(By Henry J. Taylor)
By every conceivable measure of relative
power, mighty America's war in Vietnam
should have been over and done with long
ago.
A few dates tell a great deal about its con-
duct. They are more reliable than Defense
Secretary Robert S. McNamara's Alice-in-
Wonderland publicity handouts.
President Kennedy was inaugurated Janu-
ary 20, 1961. On that day, only 77 U.S. mili-
tary men were in South Vietnam, and all were
serving only as advisers. The Pentagon con-
firms this.
The Bay of Pigs invasion occurred April 18,
1961. Ninety days later, President Kennedy
sent 12,000 troops to Vietnam, reportedly to
On October 3, 1964, after going to Viet- CHINA'S HATE OF UNITED STATES TRACED TO
nam four times, each time "to review the NEED FOR SUITABLE TARGET
situation," Mr. McNamara announced: "The (NOTE.-The author of this article is a
major part of the U.S. military task in Viet- British novelist teaching in Japan, who re-
nam can be completed by the end of 1965, al- cently made a trip through Communist
though there may be a continuing require- China.)
ment for a limited number of training per- (By Frank Tuohy)
sonnel."
On February 3, 1965, Ambassador Henry PEKING.-Signs of anti-American feeling
Cabot Lodge said: "If we were as success- are everywhere in China, yet I feel there is
ful in the civil-political area as we are in the something fishy about it all. If the Ameri-
military situation in Vietnam, we'd be on cans did not exist, the Chinese Communist
our way now." Party would have to invent them.
On August 1, 1965, we staged our first Viet- Take the following scene, for example:
Dam engagement. This was at Chu Lai-9 An old man is lying on the ground, and an
months ago. It spread to the first bloody en- officer with a stock whip is flogging him. A
counters in the Ia Drang Valley. Today we young woman dashes forward to help, but is
still control neither Chu Lai nor the Ia Drang seized by two soldiers. The officer turns with
Valley, a fiendish snarl and snatches her baby from
The woman shrieks. Grinning, the officer
draws a revolver and shoots her.
The officer is American, the mother and
baby Vietnamese. This gruesome scene
starts off the Chinese film "Victory Is Just
Ahead," which I saw in Canton. The Ameri-
can officer, called J. Waston, is played by a
Chinese in a false nose.
On August 5, 1965, President Johnson retal-
liated for attacks against our ships in the
Gulf of Tonkin by bombing North Vietnam.
Nearly a year later we're still hearing how
Successful our bombings are-and we're still
bombing, bombing, bombing.
On December 1, 1965, Mr. McNamara an-
nounced: "It will be a long war."
Every one of Mr. McNamara's successive
troop estimates throughout the years was
as wrong as the next one. First he said 12,000
would do the job, then 24,000, then 40,000,
then 75,000, then 150,000.
On March 3, 1966, at an angry press con-
ference, Mr. McNamara ticked off a figure of
235,000 as needed. Then on April 20 he an-
nounced that 255,000 are there. And is there
any end in sight?
The heroism and morale of our troops and
fliers who are fighting and dying is nearly
incredible, God bless them. And let me
give you, for the first time in print, an added
slant on fine Gen. William C. Westmoreland.
At the request of an important midwestern
publisher, President Johnson and Secretary
McNamara secretly called General Westmore-
land home to brief the American Newspaper
Publishers Association convention in New
York the week of April 25. General West-
moreland replied: "Sorry, but I can't leave
the job."
It was commonly agreed in Algeria that if
the French lost that war it would be lost in
Paris, not Algiers. If we lost the Vietnam
war it will be lost in Washington.
show, after the Cuba debacle, that the United RED CHINA
States was not a paper tiger. Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, re-
It was a fateful decision, and it was the cently many articles have been written
beginning of the war commitment-now 5
years old and much has been made on the floor of
.
Today we have 265,000 men in Vietnam, the Senate concerning the advisability
not including the great 7th Fleet. The ab- of changing our policy with respect to
solute cream of the U.S. Army is there. The Red China.
Marine Corps elite regiments are there I came across a newspaper article the
along with the very best of the U.S. Navy other day, published in the Washington
and Air Force. Even our vast Strategic Post of April 28 written b
a B
iti
h
y
r
s
Air Command, not designed for such mis- , novelist, Frank Tuohy, who has been Thirdly, the Americans play an important
siohs, is employed nearly around the clock. teaching in Japan and who recently role in the thoughts of Chairman Mao Tse-
Nevertheless, on January 13, 1964, heavy
Communist units stood 35 miles from Saigon, made a trip through Communist China. tong. The struggle of opposites' is cease-
and they remain where they were 2 years ago. The article is entitled "China's Hate of less." Thus there will always be a strug-
gle between the party and the reactionaries.
On February 5, 1962, Secretary McNamara United States Traced to Need for Suit- This struggle will never come to an end,
stated: "By every quantitative measure, we able Target." socialism will never be transformed, and
are winning the war in Vietnam." Mr. President, this is worthwhile read- communism may be postponed forever.
On December 2, 1962, Assistant Secretary of Ing, not only because it indicates a first- Thus the devil will always be with us
Defense for Public Affairs Arthur Sylvester hand observation after travel in that and, at present at any rate, the Americans
said to the Sigma Delta Chi journalistic fra- country, but also because it gives some fit the role better than anyone else. Why?
ternity's Deadline Club in New York City: idea of the problems that we in the West- Because they are the most powerful nation
"It's the inherent right of the Government to ern World are facing with regard to try- in the world, they are unrepentantly capi-
lie to save itself." ing to put over our conception of talist, their military bases still encircle
On June 21, 1963, Mr. McNamara made his morality and ethics in an oriental frame China; and in Vietnam they are fighting
"winning the war" statement of the previous an "antipeople's" war.
year all over again. I as ask. unanimous a. und by the the Red consent to have Chinese.
the U.S. COWARDS AND SADISTS
On June 22, 1964, Gen. Paul D. Harkins,
article to which I have just referred In films, in plays and operas, the Ameri-
returning from command in Vietnam, stated: cans are represented as long-nose, knock-
"I think the military situation is coming printed in the RECORD. kneed, whip-cracking cowards and sadists.
along fine now." This was an apostasy, tragic There being no objection, the article They date back to Uncle Tom's Cabin. The
to observe, General Harkins was peddling that was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, technological nightmare of modern warfare
pap under McNamara's censoring eye. as follows: is almost completely ignored, Hiroshima and
her. The woman breaks free, but two more
soldiers cross their rifles with fixed bayonets
in front of her. Raising the child, the officer
hurls it down onto the crossed bayonets.
REASONS BEHIND HATE
Why do the Americans have to be presented
like this?
First, the Chinese believe that they have
been especially marked out for American de-
testation since 1949. One of the "remolded
capitalists" of Shanghai, used to turning on
his opinions for foreigners, was quite def-
inite about it:
"The Americans have bullied us too much
* * * In 1950 they bombed plants in
Shanghai and have made more than 400
intrusions. Why should we Chinese have
aggressive designs on other countries when
there is so much to be done here?"
Further embellishments are added to this
general picture every day: China's sudden
loss of friends in Ghana and Indonesia Is
due to CIA plotting; all American moves for
peace in Vietnam are a hoax.
Secondly, in spite of diplomatic setbacks,
China still wishes to appear the leader of
revolutionary movements against imperial-
ism and neocolonialism all over the world.
The breakdown of the relationship with
Cuba is still a traumatic experience which
has not been adjusted to. Deprived of the
Cubans, China looks elsewhere for oppressed
peoples to lead. Flagged maps of the United
States show spots of "student-worker" pro-
test as though these were Chinese outposts
in a battle.
My objection that many of the protesting
American students were Christians and paci-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 9655
position simply because a better post might
be in prospect.
On December 10, 1928, he was appointed
by Gov. Robert P. Robinson to fill the va-
cancy caused by the resignation of U.S. Sen-
ator T. Coleman du Pont. In 1930 he was
elected a U.S. Senator, defeating Thomas F.
Bayard, his Democratic opponent.
Senator Hastings was one of the first and
most persistent critics of the New Deal of
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
In 1936, he was defeated in a bid for re-
election by James H. Hughes. During the
campaign, Senator Hastings attacked the
Roosevelt family and the President's pro-
posals to enlarge the U.S. Supreme Court.
At a rally of Brandywine Hundred Repub-
licans during the campaign, Senator Hastings
declared the Federal Social Security Act dis-
criminated against the young man in favor
of the older man and pledged if reelected "to
get rid of the iniquitous law."
After his defeat, he returned to the prac-
tice of law in Wilmington. He was senior
partner of the firm of Hastings, Taylor, and
Willard when he died.
He became counsel for stockholders of
Pennroad Corp. in suit against the Pennsyl-
vania Railroad for $95 million damages, a
suit in which others joined, but he was
senior of the many attorneys and took the
leading part in the trial of the case. They
won a verdict for $22,100,000. Both sides
appealed, leading to a compromise settle-
ment of $15 million.
In 1960, he assailed the city towaway law
claiming the towing away of cars when the
drivers were about to drive them away as a
"distressing and disgraceful situation" and
needed correction.
He told the Sons of the American Revolu-
tion in 1951 there were no hopes of peace
through the United Nations nor through
peace talks with Russia. He charged that
the U.N. was just as helpless as had been
the League of Nations.
Senator Hastings continued to take an
active interest in political life until his final
illness, and wrote frequent letters to the
editor of the News-Journal papers.
In October 1964 he urged the appointment
of Associate Justice Daniel F. Wolcott as chief
justice of Delaware (this was later done)
and the appointment of Chancellor Collins
J. Seitz, to the State's highest court.
More than a year later he pressed for the
appointment of Seitz to the U.S. Circuit
Court of Appeals (President Johnson subse-
quently made the appointment) and took
Pennsylvania's two Senators to task for favor-
ing a Pennsylvania lawyer for the post.
When he was 90, Senator Hastings wrote
a book including reminiscences of 50 years
of State politics. Entitled "Delaware Politics.
1904, 1954," the 67-page book contained
many anecdotes and numerous stories about
political leaders of both parties during that
time.
Mrs. Hastings died February 1, 1930, leav-
ing two children, Elizabeth Ellen (Hastings)
Fletcher, and Daniel Jr. On October 17,
1931, Senator Hastings remarried. His see-,
and wife is Elsie Saxton, a sister of his first.
wife. She survives.
His private business interests embraced the
Interstate Amiesite Co. of which he was pres-
ident, General Precision Corp., 20th Century
Fox, and Pennroad Corp.
At one time he owned Woodburn, the cele-
brated haunted house of Dover, now the Gov..
ernor's House, occupied by Gov. Charles L.
Terry, Jr.
His hobbies included golf, horses, and
hunting dogs. He once played 90 holes of
golf in 21/2 days. He was also interested in
raising purebred Holstein cattle on the farm
he had owned near Dover.
He was a member of the Young Men's Re..
publican Club of Wilmington, Union League
which he was appointed an associate
justice of the State supreme court. Sen-
ator Hastings served as city solicitor in
Wilmington from 1911 until 1917 and as
a judge on the Wilmington municipal
court from 1920 until 1929.
On December 10, 1928, he was ap-
pointed as a Republican Member of the
U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Senator T. Coleman
du Pont. Two years later he was elected
to complete the unexpired term and was
reelected to a new 6-year term which
ended on January 3, 1937.
Senator Hastings, who celebrated his
92d birthday on March 5, was one of the
best known and well-loved political
figures in Delaware.
In a political career which spanned
half a century, Senator Hastings con-
tributed greatly to the growth of his
adopted State and the Nation. The peo-
ple of Delaware have lost a distinguished
statesman, and those of us who were
fortunate enough to know him have lost
a valued friend.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, I join my
colleague in expressing my deep sorrow
on the passing of former U.S. Senator
Daniel O. Hastings, of Delaware.
Senator Hastings lived a long and ac-
tive life, and most of his life was in-
volved in the governmental affairs of his
community, State, and Nation. He is
best remembered for his service in the
U.S. Senate from December 10, 1928, to
January 3, 1937, but before that and
after that he contributed greatly of his
judgment and energy to the affairs of
Wilmington and the State of Delaware.
I knew him as a friendly, sincere man
whole interest in Government and his
fellow citizens continued even in his ad-
vanced age. He was remarkable for the
activity he displayed even when he
reached the age of 90.
We are fortunate that Senator Hast-
ings took time in his later years to write
a brief history ofDelaware politics from
1904 to 1954.
In the conclusion to this book, Senator
Hastings writes:
With the experience I have had in politics,
and the age I have reached, I am wondering
whether General MacArthur's statement
about the "soldier" might not apply to the
man who has been active in politics, to wit:
"The old politician never dies, he just fades
away."
In Senator Hastings' case I would like
to emphasize that his interest and activ-
ity never flagged, and he always re-
mained a valued counselor.
Mrs. Boggs and I express our deepest
sympathy to members of Senator Hast-
ings' family.
Mr President I ask unanimous con-
Senator Hastings lived at the Plaza Apart-
ments, 1303 Delaware Avenue.
His career spanned more than 80 years in
public office and private law practice. But
a country schoolteacher was credited for
helping to build the foundation for his suc-
cess.
His life was full of paradoxes. Senator
Hastings wanted a legal career but a role in
politics was pressed upon him.
Reared a Democrat, he became a Republi-
can. Up to 1930, he held public office 25
years, but had never been a candidate in an
election. He was a justice in the State's
highest court before he was a Wilmington
court judge.
He was born in Somerset County, Md.,
March 5, 1874, son of Daniel H. and Amelia
Ellen (Parsons) Hastings.
Senator Hastings went through a grade
school in the county, but decided against fur-
ther education when he reached high school
at Crisfield, Md.
However, his teacher, Miss Estella Marshall,
persuaded him to continue with his school-
ing, explaining the opportunities open to a
trained mind. The Senator often credited
Miss Marshall for starting him off in the
proper direction.
A private tutor, Prof. Charles F. Eastman,
was responsible for his precollege education.
In 1892, Senator Hastings went to Wash-
ington to clerk in a railway office for $25 a
month. His hours were arranged so he could
prepare for a law course. Within 16 months
he had mastered a preparatory course to en-
ter Columbian University (now George Wash-
ington University).
To help defray his college expenses, he
worked as a stenographer in a Law office and
as a clerk in the office of the chief engineer
of the War Department.
At 24, he married Garrie L. Saxton of
Dover.
He was admitted to the Delaware bar in
1902.
Senator Hastings formed a law partnership
with Henry C. Conrad, and after practicing
for only 2 years, he won appointment as
deputy attorney general of Delaware.
The appointment came largely as a result
of his performance as defense counsel in a
number of murder trials. He filled the dep-
uty attorney general post for 4 years.
Gov. Simeon S. Pennewill appointed
Senator Hastings as Delaware's secretary of
state on January 19, 1909, for a term of 4
years. He resigned, however, on June 16 of
the same year, to accept an appointment as
associate judge of the superior court, resi-
dent in New Castle County for a 12-year
term. As an associate judge he also sat as a
member of the then State supreme court.
Previous to the present Delaware supreme
court, established in 1951, the highest court
in any particular case consisted of those
judges of the superior court and the court of
chancery who had not sat upon that case at
the trial level. The present supreme court is
composed of the chief justice and two asso-
ciate justices.
On January 17, 1911, Judge Hastings re-
signed from the judiciary and took over as
special counsel - for the Delaware General
Assembly.
sent to have an article from today's Wil- From July 1, 1911, to July 1, 1917, he
mington Morning News on the death of served as city solicitor of Wilmington.
Senator Hastings printed in the RECORD. Upon the death of Wilmington Judge
There being no objection, the article Philip Q. Churchman, Gov. John G.
al .
Hastings turt
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, accept the Townsend, jJr., urged udgeship ship of Senator municipal court.
t.
as follows: He accepted and served until 1928.
FORMER DELAWARE SENATOR HASTINGS DIES AT Some friends were chagrined because he
92-CAREER SPANNED 60 YEARS became a city judge after sitting as an asso-
Former U.S. Senator Daniel O. Hastings, 92, ciate justice of the State's highest court at
died last night at 8:30 In Foulk Manor on 35, the youngest justice in Delaware history.
Foulk Road where he had been a guest since Judge Hastings, however, declared it the
March 13. Creed of his public career never to refuse a
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400070013-7