THE INDIVIDUAL CASUALTY IN VIETNAM--A RADIO BROADCAST FROM SAIGON

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400060011-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: April 7, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

April 7, 1966 Approved FCO 20 IW/ZWMAIRDPSEBM46R000400060011-0 7597
LINCOLN Mz.1JRIAL
In its moss-boughs, gray in sun, green in
And now, far off again, remember sadly,
He knew his Bible, and his Shakespeare, well;
rain;
Glad to have known, sad to have left: for
Surveyed raw plains, kept store, directed
By the Inland Waterway
there,
mail;
It shall grow in glory with might and main.
On Crested Butte, I saw that double rainbow,
Rode horseback on the Illinois trail
This tree, from this Arbor Day.
L
fe's grief, and hope; and answer to my
,
A long, lank, prairie lawyer; cast a spell:
-EDITH BANNISTER DOWLING.
,i
prayer.
"Four score and 7 years ago," said he,
"Our fathers brought forth on this conti-
nent
A new nation"-and "new" is what he
meant-
Fair-founded, and "conceived in liberty."
Simple his cabin birth, sudden his end:
"Now he belongs," said Stanton, "to the
ages."
Wars of today, though fought on wider
stages,
Freedom still wins. Here Lincoln, free-
dom's friend,
Memorled is, our 16th President:
Folks of all faiths still up these steps are
bent.
ASTRONAUT
The capsule soars. The man inside
Works on his own, with our world's hope
Upon him. Far below that ride
This world is very small in scope.
In outer space, each hue, each sight
Is thin and strange as upper air.
What keeps him, through swift days, and
night?
He told us, with a prayer.
-EDITH BANNISTER DOWLING.
JAMESTO W N
Three hundred and fifty years ago,
From England over the sea
On the long high wave sailed a company brave
In three ships, the Delivery,
The Constant, and the small trim Goodspeed.
After great voyaging
They reached river land on a virgin strand;
And they named their port for the King.
Three hundred and fifty years ago,
In the Old Dominion new,
Jamestown was made, in the kind trees'
shade,
And a strong colony grew:
Church and fort were built and maintained-
For God, praise; for men, laws;
And through trial and strife they established
a life
Independent, yet true to the Cause.
Cavaliers of Virginia, loyal to their King:
Smith, Newport, Gates, and Dale,
And Berkeley and more, through fires and war
Working for right to prevail.
The Starving Time passed, and the Indians
settled,
And the Maids fetched across the foam,
They raised their corn, and the babes there
born,
And began to forget their home.
Three hundred and fifty years later,
On that island, now consecrate,
Where the old church hallows the river
shallows,
Men still revere the great;
The great Founders, and great Preservers,
Through sunny years and gray,
Of the first story in our South's glory-
Of Jamestown, U.S.A.
-EDITH BANNISTER DOWLING.
FOR A LIVE-OAK PLANTING IN BEAUFORT, S.C.,
ARBOR DAY (1965)
"A green thought in a green shade,"
A long-ago poet wrote down,
And Marvell's "green thought" again is made
A fact, in this island town:
Today we are adding one more green tree
To our bounty-an ever-green,
With shadowed grace, over land and sea,
And a haven for birds who preen
UNTO THE HILLS
I would not yet grow old.
I would not be stiff cold
With the new buds uncurled.
Oh endless hills,
Your agelessness I crave.
Let not the severing grave
Clay down the heart that thrills
To the sweet sights of living,
The sounds of song, and storm,
And the feel, final, warm,
Of love's taking and giving.
Oh lovely world I see
Around me, green and gold,
Trees, sky, and earth-I hold
My heritage from thee
In humble fealty.
-EDITH BANNISTER DOWLING.
SONG FOR MUSIC
The year is hard
And countries fall.
Each man's future
A stone wall.
The flesh of love
Is blown away,
Cinders, not flowers,
Every day.
The year is hard.
The watchwords change.
The only progress
The bombers' range.
But sometimes yet,
Where men stay free,
The air may shiver
With harmony.
Tremble of flute;
Strings new-born;
Challenge of trumpet;
Whoop of horn.
While under the wars
A sleepless guard
Hums a tune remembered-
The year is hard.
-EDITH BANNISTER DOWLING.
To A COLORADO MOUNTAIN
Oh Crested Butte, from far across this coun-
try
I crave your immobility of stone-
Capture, and lose you, having left; stern-
yielding
You stand, immobile-changeable, alone
Majestic and self-living, shades amassing
Of every hue of heaven, from dawns to
eves;
Rock-crowned, above your timberline,
breath-taking;
Male as your crags, female as aspen leaves.
Rigid, and quivering, guarding the green
valley
Which awed the first white man here, long
ago-
Oh Crested Butte, from far across this coun-
try
I yearn for you, in flower, and in your snow.
Miles high, in summer's shining, stirring
hours,
I found, beyond the trees, such lone de-
light:
Peeping among your pebbles, wild English
flowers,
Far-Western miniatures, in the thin sun-
light;
Harebell, and heather; bugle, and shep-
herd's purse;
Across the ocean and the miles, the same.
Once England, now this mountain, is the
nurse,
Kindly and strong of bosom, whom I claim,
THE INDIVIDUAL CASUALTY IN
VIETNAM-A RADIO BROADCAST
FROM SAIGON
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
think we all have a tendency to become
hardened by press reports of dozens of
battles involving thousands of men.
Arthur Koestler observed once that
"statistics do not bleed." Amidst the
tumult and the shouting we frequently
lose sight of the individual casualty-
and of the tragic cost of war.
A recent radio broadcast from Saigon
movingly elaborated on the meaning of
this cost. The radio correspondent is a
constituent of mine, Clyde Edwin Pettit,
who traveled around the world on as-
signment of Station KBBA in Benton,
Ark., and did some most incisive report-
ing on the war in Vietnam.
The station to which I refer is owned
by David McDonald, Winston Riddle,
and Mel Spann of my State. It is a
small station, without the budget or the
staff or the facilities of the large net-
works or the weekly news magazines.
But like many other small stations and
periodicals throughout our country, they
try to do a good job of honest and ac-
curate reporting. I believe that stations
like this are to be commended on their
high level of public service programing.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that a transcript of one of Mr. Pet
tit's series of broadcasts be inserted in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the tran-
script was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
BROADCAST FROM SAIGON
For KBBA news, this is Ed Pettit report-
ing from Saigon.
This is the last of our letters from Viet-
nam.
In these broadcasts we could have been
talking about battalions and regiments,
about casualties and statistics, about tactics
and strategy. But instead we've been talk-
ing about people, about GI's and Vietnamese.
For it takes people to fight a war. And when
wars end, as all wars must someday end, men
may look back on days gone by, may remi-
nisce of the pleasures of conquest, or of com-
radeship, or of common fears once fleetingly
known,
'But those who have seen the face of war
are never nostalgic about war itself. For no
man can honestly glorify nor glamorize war.
That is, no one who has really been there.
For war is the men in the camps, and the
women who follow the camps, and it is also
disease as well as death or destruction. And
it is drudgery-plain hard work and the
monotony of being "support troops"-the
totally important men without which there
could be no war. Many would like to be in
combat, but they are support troops, know-
ing that for the rest of their lives they will
be asked, "Were you ever in combat?" They
will hesitate and answer, but they now know
they will never be able to explain that simply
being here in Vietnam can be dangerous, and
that any man is in combat the instant some-
body tries to kill him.
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BRU BR I 00400060011-0April 1.966
War is the infinite beauty of a verdant
Jun:,'?le anguished by a piercing animal shriek
of one man bayoneting another. And his
last breath is the final, pitiable groan of one
you didn't even know, could hardly hate, and
of whom you might have been a friend under
other circumstances.
I"?rr war is taking, and war is giving, and
war is the sharing of common hopes and
dreams.
War is walking warily in the steps of the
maxi in front of you, and the funny feeling
of knowing that if your friend steps on a land
nunc he will be the one to get it. Only the
GraJ; man knows how it feels to walk in front.
War is the tension of being a target, and,
for some, of being hit by your own men
because somebody made a mistake.
If you're a civilian here, war is the chance
to [Hake a quick killing in the black market.
Or, perhaps, to quick killing, period, if you
are paid well enough. Or, for some civilians,
the chance to see your house burned to the
!,,round by a bomb. Or to see your father's
head cut oil before your eyes.
War is the warm, rich blood of a man
washing away and mixing with the black
mud of the Mekong River, each cell of his
blood stamped by his heredity with the
uniqueness that made him, once, an indi-
vidual.
So war is the wicked waste and destruc-
tion of the wonder of life itself.
Perhaps the worst thing about war is that
it changes the laughter of those who love
life into the weeping of new wives and young
widows. War is hardest on the living, on
those who must carry on, tortured by poign-
ant memories of the past, racked with the
bitter reality of the irrevocable, destined al-
ways to wonder. pointlessly, what might have
been.
War is death, and death is an indicriml,-
nate harlot who chooses capriciously with
whom she will lie in fatal embrace-the cow-
ard today, the brave man tomorrow.
And war is something that puts the really
important things in their proper perspective:
things like survival and health.
War is the triumphantly happy smile on
the face of a kid who has just been told by
a doctor that only a few more operations and
he may be able to see again.
In war there is the joy of simple things:
of basting a chocolate milk shake, or a cold
beer, or of getting to see a Hollywood movie
out in the field at night even if the mosqu'i-
tocs are biting you. And perhaps the greatest
pleasure of all: the joy of a shower once a
week, if you're lucky.
War is a bunch of guys having a last game
of touch football before going out on a patrol
from which some may never return.
War is the wandering mind of a young
man on guard duty, thinking wistfully of a
fireplace in Vermont, or a girl in Tennessee,
or a hotrod in California.
War is a bangalore mine blowing the guts
out of a guy from Grand Rapids.
War is the form of what once was a man,
covered by fifes, in a half-forgotten foreign
field.
`Phis might have been a doctor--
Or a druggist from Des Moines--
Or a farmer in Florida-
Or a crop-dusting pilot from Pine Bluff.
Or he might have been a happy failure.
fitrt now he is a statistic: only one of the
casualties termed "moderate" in the press
reports and by the politicians.
Of course, a nation must never fear to fight
aggression and tyranny. But it would be a
disservice to the dead not to pause and, out
of respect, consider the cost.
1"or the cost of war is in the millions: the
millions of homes that will never be built,
the millions who will die from diseases that
would have been conquered by medical re-
search were it not for the cost of war.
The cost of war is in the billions: the biil-
lions of days that will never be lived.
The cent of war is the cost of a kid from
Kansas w`ro will never moe a whesi harvest
again..
It is bey from Boston who will never see
his own son grow up to skin his (knee on a
city sidewalk.
It is a 'ad from Louisiana who will never
live to fall in love, ono: laugh with a girl
In the rain.
All these things are war, and nmiany more
things, too.
But fortunately for most war is coming
home.
And later--:much later-when ;6 summer
storm conies to the dark ldlidwestei n sky, you
hear thunder, and for a moment you think
of gunfire, once long ago, and s , very far
aw:r y.
And yor. laugh, be-cause you made it back.
Then yni stop smiling, as you think of
friends: of Chuck and Joe and tied--who
didn't muse it back.
This I-, Ed Pettit reporting from Saigon for
KB BA N::ws.
AMERICAN' AGI UCULTUR E---THE
GREATEST SUCCESS STORY
Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. Mr.
President, in a world where a sreat im-
balance in the supply of food and fiber
is causing grave concern on the part of
all thinking men, American agriculture
strands out as our greatest success story.
Perhaps there is a, tendency to overlook
this fact in our booming industrial econ-
omy. Yet American farms have outpaced
industrial productivity in our Nation by
a factor of approximately 3 to 1. At the
same time, our farm population has not
shared the f till benefit, of this bountiful
yield, either in income or other material
rewards of our affluent society. If 43
percent of our farm families have annual
incomes of $3,000 or less, we need to
rededicate our domestic effort: on their
behalf, and spend less on foreign aid.
T need not remind niy colleagues that
America is the best fed and best clothed
Nation in the world; that our surpluses
have worked. as effectively for peace as
our weapons, and that in our present
declaration of world war on hunger, the
American farmer is once more the back-
bone of this effort.
But despite our tremendous successes,
we cannot feed and clothe the world. I
believe the challenge is more in sharing
our farm technology than. our products
or yield. The whole direction of our
foreign aid should, be that of helping all
nations become more self-sufficient, so
as to reduce the mounting financial bur-
dens on the American people. Indus-
trially, our efforts are fruitful--West
Germany is a glowing example. But so
long as hunger is rampant throughout
the world, the American conscience will
constantly prod us into action.
Let me pause here and provide a few
significant figures for the RECORD. Ac-
cording to the latest budget summary,
our national. debt has grown i'rom $270
billion in 1946 to $318 billion. in 1965.
This increase of approximately $50 bil-
lion is more than twice- offset by our
total investment in foreign aid and as-
sistance, including food for peace, which
by 1965 totaled $116 billion. Without
this $116 billion expenditure, our na-
tional debt might have been significantly
reduced following World War 'I. Amer-
ica, however, has been quite willing to
mortgage the fiKure of her children in
order to bring relief to friend and foe
alike. Our charity would seem to exceed
the demands of the Good Book itself,
which should influence the relations of
all mankind.
I was pleased recently to note that
administration officials are stressing
agriculture and self-help in the new
$3.3 billion foreign assistance program,
which over a 5-year stretch might cost
the taxpayer another $16 billion. Flow
long can our wealth and resources stand
this drain? For this reason, I have ad-
vocated a diminishing scale of foreign
aid over the next 5 years, so as to im-
press foreign nations with the absolute
necessity of becoming more self-sldl'i-
Clent.
There are many pros and cons in the
matter of foreign aid. I, for one, could
not give thought to this program of
worldwide relief without the assurance
that it was temporary, and designed to
help other nations rebuild their re-
sources and become self-sufficient. As I
recall, the initial budget for the Marshall
plan was $5 billion under a 5-year au-
thorization totaling about $17 billion.
This was most certainly a modest be-
ginning, compared with the fact that we
have now exceeded this estimate by $100
billion. This demonstrates the danger
of letting the wily camel get his close
under the tent. But that was almost 20
years ago, and $100 billion less. It can-
not and must not become the permanent
dole, as its history would indicate.
There is a recent development that
should give us hope in this respect. I
speak of the willingness of our agricul-
tural press--magazines and newspapers
alike, to share the techniques of scien-
tific farm production with foreign na-
tions. I believe the inexpensive dissem-
ination of scientific knowledge from the
laboratory to the land in America is vital.
For truly, our press has made a vast
contribution in the science of agriculture.
In a recent exchange of letters between
the Secretary of Agriculture, Orville
Freeman, and the president of the Agri-
cultural Publishers Association, James
Milholland, Jr., Cleveland, Ohio, Secre-
tary Freeman recognized this program
when he wrote:
I was particularly interested In your com-
ment that people of other nations have con-
tacted your association and its members in
an effort to learn more about the methods
used to provide American farmers with a
constant flow of vital information. This
is a highly encouraging development. On
my travels abroad it has been very plain
that one of the biggest agricultural prob-
lems facing the world in its efforts ro combat
hunger and improve nutrition is how to close
the gap which exists between technical data
in the laboratory and the applications of
these data on the land. Whatever contribu-
tions you and your associates can make to
help improve the diffusion of agricultural
knowledge, especially in economically emerg-
ing nations, will be a truly great service.
Here is the very essence of a program
to stimulate self-help. I am in formed a
study group of weekly and small daily
newspaper publishers is planning a trip
to Japan and east Asia this year. James
Milholland, Jr., is also planning a trip
abroad this summer. In western Europe,
he will confer with government leaders
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Approved For (91A.:D67-B9BMME00400060011-OApril 7, 1966
Saigon. The villazge-named Tan Phu,
which means "New Prosperity"-is an ex-
ample of what South Vietnam and the
United States are trying to do to rebuild and
unify the country.
But Vietcong terrorists have now come in
and murdered the village finance officer and
the chief of one of the five hamlets that
make up the village.
In the last 2 years the Vietcong have mur-
dered between 650 and 700 local officials
and kidnapped another 1,500. More than
3,000 other civilians-many of them members
of families of officials-also have been killed.
These have not been murders of passion-
even of revenge. They have been committed
deliberately to keep South Vietnam from
achieving the stability that can come only on
a foundation of local government. The
Vietcong formula is simple--kill those in
important public jobs.
Those who would have us pull out of the
country on the grounds that the Saigon
government _ccan't organize the country and
get the support of its own people should
consider why this is so difficult.
And those who bleed over burning or using
chemicals to destroy rice crops to keep them
from falling into Vietcong hands should
weigh that "atrocity" against the hundreds
of cold-blooded murders of civilian officials.
TRIBUTE TO LESLIE L. BIFFLE
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD an editorial, published in
the Washington Post, in tribute to the
late Leslie L. Biffle, former Secretary of
the Senate.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LESLIE L. BIFFLE
During his 44 years of service as an em-
ployee of the U.S. Senate, ending with his
tenure as Secretary of the Senate in 1952,
Leslie L. Billie was the very ideal of a legis-
lative functionary. His infinite attention to
all the details of the legislative process
freed successive senatorial "employers" from
duties and responsibilities that otherwise
would have impinged upon their responsi-
bility for policy. He was the sort of inde-
fatigable, tireless, self-effacing detail man
that every official searches for and that few
find.
Politics was his life. The son of an office-
holder, he was brought up to understand
public affairs and to enjoy them from early
youth. He was always the faithful adjutant,
but he was not without political instinct and
purposes of his own. His relationships with
Senator Joseph Robinson were close and his
rapport with President Truman was complete.
The business of Congress could not go
forward without such public servants. They
are often relatively unknown to most citi-
zens, but the mark of their personality
nevertheless is on countless pieces of legis-
lation that never would come to pass without
their largely anonymous contributions to
congressional deliberation. Leslie L. Biffie,
on his own merit and as the personification
of loyal legislative servants like him, deserves
the tribute of his countrymen.
THE KETTLE BOILS IN VIETNAM
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
a major obstacle to bringing about an
armistice and a cease-fire is and has
been the refusal of warlike officials high
in the Johnson administration such as
Secretary of State Dean Rusk to agree
to negotiate directly with the National
Liberation Front, which is and has been
for years the political arm of the Viet-
cong. In fact, the Vietnamese fighting
for the liberation of their native land
were first called the Viet Minh, and the
National Liberation Front was the pol-
itical arm of the forces of Ho Chi Minh
fighting against French colonialism.
The National Liberation Front, which
is headed by a Saigon lawyer who is not
a Communist, presently controls proba-
bly three-fourths of the land area of
South Vietnam. This despite the fact
that American Armed Forces who have
succeeded the French in trying to main-
tain a militarist regime in that part of
Vietnam south of the 17th parallel are
the finest soldiers in the world, and with
devastating air power capability have
engaged in' the most destructive bomb-
ing the world has ever known. The
Vietcong forces are the major adversary
against which our forces are fighting.
Of course, Vietcong delegates must par-
ticipate in any conference if peace is to
be restored to Vietnam.
How can Secretary Dean Rusk defend
a viewpoint that we will not negotiate
directly with the National Liberation
Front or Vietcong? He has made the
amazing statement that the Hanoi gov-
ernment represents the Vietcong, and he
talks glibly about aggression from the
north. He ignores the historical fact
that there is no North and South Viet-
nam. The Geneva accords recognized
this. It is clearly stated in that agree-
ment which the United States through
John Foster Dulles approved:
The military demarcation line at the 17th
parallel is provisional and should not In any
way be considered as constituting a political
or territorial boundary.
At the present time and for some
months past our CIA and State Depart-
ment officials have been carrying on se-
cret negotiations with the leaders of the
National Liberation Front. The purpose
is to secure the release of Gustav O.
Hertz, an American civilian official in
Vietnam and a Vietcong prisoner.
Their offer is to return a captured Viet-
cong terrorist for the release of Gustav
C. Hertz. It is noteworthy that State De-
partment and CIA officials did not seek
the release of Hertz by approaching the
Hanoi government directly through an
intermediary such as Algeria. They
went direct to the National Liberation
Front itself. This gives a lie to the claim
repeatedly made that the National Liber-
ation Front is simply a puppet of Hanoi.
It reveals that CIA and State Depart-
ment officials do in fact admit what offi-
cials in Asiatic nations have been saying
all along-that the National Liberation
Front is essentially independent of
Hanoi.
The noted French historian, Philippe
Devillers, a director of the National Polit-
ical Science Foundation of Paris, has
stated repeatedly that the Vietcong are
waging a civil revolt against what they
regard as an oppressive landowners' re-
gime and militarists' dictatorship from
Saigon. Professor Devillers was a former
correspondent in French Indochina for
Le Monde. He is the author of a history
of Vietnam North Vietnam Today."
He states that unfortunately American
leaders pretend to regard North Vietnam
and South Vietnam as two separate na-
tions when, in fact, the people of North
and South Vietnam are one people. Very
definitely he repeatedly states the fact
that the conflict in South Vietnam is a
civil war. It is not an aggression from
North Vietnam or China. Furthermore,
the facts are that there is no evidence
whatever that China has even one mili-
tary advisor with the Vietcong forces
anywhere in South Vietnam. Professor
Devillers has stated repeatedly that Sec-
retary Rusk's statements as to military
aid coming into the southern part of
Vietnam from Hanoi is much less than
claimed.
The Washington Post published an edi-
torial, "The Kettle Boils in Vietnam,"
which I ask by unanimous consent be
made a part of my remarks and inserted
in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE KETTLE BOILS IN VIETNAM
The threat of civil war within a civil war
in Vietnam has been averted, but only for the
present. Hope for a peaceful solution of the
internal crisis now lies in the summoning as
soon as possible of a convention, or "assembly
of leaders" who can agree on a more repre-
sentative regime.
Marshal Ky had to back down at Da Nang,
and he has lost face. There is nothing more
damaging in an oriental country. It prob-
ably means that his days as a premier are
numbered. The problem is to make the
transition peacefully and to end up with a
government that will have popular support.
The United States appears to be in process
of extricating itself from the commitment
that President Johnson rashly made to Pre-
mier Ky at Honolulu in February. There is
no need for the United States to sink or swim
with any particular government leader or
group in Saigon.
The United States has invested such huge
stakes in the Vietnam war that it must oper-
ate as much as possible apart from Internal
Vietnamese politics and squabbles. In the
presnt crisis, Marshal Ky came close to drag-
ging the Americans into his factional con-
flict. His troops were flown to Da Ndng in
U.S. Air Force transport planes. The anti-
American manifestations of recent days have
taken on an ominous tone.
However, the war cannot be fought in a
political vacuum. There is no time to lose.
If South Vietnam is to have a government
acceptable to Buddhist, Catholic, student,
military, and civilian elemen$s from all over
the country, the "assembly of leaders" must
be called quickly. Popular emotions either
must get a peacful political outlet or they
will be expressed in violence.
POETRY OF EDITH BANNISTER
DOWLING
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President,
South Carolina is blessed with many
talented people, but none more so than
Mrs. Edith Bannister Dowling. Her
poetry has given pleasure and inspira-
tion to a great number of people, and for
the enjoyment and uplifting of my col-
leagues, I ask unanimous consent that
six poems and a sonnet written by Mrs.
Dowling be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the poems
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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 April 7, 1966 Approved Fp61MffiRJ61bytW- P 77%01 68000400060011-0
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD-NA-
TIONAL GRANGE NO BEDFELLOW
OF FARM BUREAU
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, on
March 28 I heard AFL-CIO Vice Presi-
dent Joseph D. Keenan deliver an excel-
lent account of the historic agrarian
leadership of this country. The occasion
was a dinner honoring James Patton,
who retired recently from the presidency
of the National Farmers Union. On
April 1, 1 inserted Mr. Keenan's speech
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, along with
my own comments, beginning on page
'1088.
Yesterday, I was amazed to learn that
the text of the Keenan speech which had
been furnished me included three words
which Mr. Keenan did not say.
Mr. Keenan actually said, during the
course of his speech:
The National Farm Bureau Federation,
year in and year out., in Washington and in
Sue State capitals, thunders against every
piece of social legislation designed to help
the people in general, and wage earners in
particular. They are as predictable as the
National Association of Manufacturers--and
they are almost always on the same side.
That statement is harsh, but, in my
experience, dating from service in the
Montana Legislature in 1937, true.
The copy of the Keenan speech fur-
nished me included "and the Grange"
after "The National Farm Bureau Fed-
tsration." Mr. Keenan had wisely crossed
out of his speech the unfactual statement
that the National Grange belongs in the
,same antisocial category as the National
harm Bureau Federation.
't'hat would have been an affront to the
National Grange, which has a long and
proud record of achievement for farm
people and support for legislation that is
in the national interest.
1 have worked with Grange leaders of
many States throughout my political life.
We have sometimes differed, and we have
visually fought on the same side. Most
recently I used supporting correspond-
once from Orin P. Kendall, master of
the Montana State Grange, to help make
the case against unwise budget reduc-
;ions proposed for the Department of
Agriculture. The Washington State
c_, range has been one of the great leaders
in western water development. The .Na-
tional Grange, especially in its early
years, typified the type of agrarian lead-
ership of which Mr. Keenan spoke. Had
he included in his speech the reference
which he deleted, he would have done
violence to the facts and an injustice to
a worthy organization.
I ask unanimous consent to correct the
permanent RECORD so the second para-
=,raph reads as it was delivered, as quoted
in my remarks above.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore. There being no objection, correc-
tion will be made.
A PROPER BALANCE BETWEEN PUB-
L..;IC SERVICE NEWS COVERAGE
AND ENTERTAINMENT
Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, as the
ranking minority member of the Senate
Space Committee. I have a very deep
interest in our space program and I fol-
low it very closely. In that interest I
am concerned for the safety of the as-
tronauts on every manned :flight.
Over a decade ago it was my pers teal
privilege to be associated with the late
Edward Ft. Morrow and Fred Friendly
in several of their programs of their dis-
tinguished "See It; Now" series as t hey
filmed several of the interviews I had
with leaders of various nati ;ns throu--h-
ou.t the world. Their "See Ii No?,v" series
has never been equaled as a public serv-
ice program.
Consequently, I vigorously applauded
Fred Friendly's protest resignation and
his eloquent plea for a greater sons' of
public service on the part of the :iet-
works and less subservience to commer-
cialism.
Now, I am no devotee or fan of "'the
Batman"--but I do think that the net-
works can reach a point of overcover-
age of news events and can carry the
crusade of public service over entertain-
ment to an extreme that is neither sen-
sible nor justified nor serving a really
constructive purpose.
Such was the case, in mi' opinion, in
the overcoverage of the Gemini 8 re-
covery. Admitted that we should be con-
cerned about the safety of the astronauts
in the crisis that developed, nevertheless
the networks went too far in their o,;er-
coverage. The networks wisely and casily, and with propriety and proper c:in-
cer'n, could have given the viewing ai,di-
ence constant reports through the white
subliminal bulletin tapes at the bottom
of the screen, such as they have used in
giving election returns without cutting
into the regular programs. They could
have done this -and when the safety--
or forbid, tragedy---had been establisl:.ed,
they could have broken into the pro-
gram and still provided just as much
conscientious and concerned news serv-
ice as they did in the uninterrupted, end-
less drone that their overcoverage did
produce.
I had no desire to see "Batman" and
I admire and find most interesting the
distinguished news teams of the net-
works, but enough is enough-whether
it is a politician talking too long on tcde-
vision-or elsewhere-or a distinguished
news analyst ]being placed in the ex-
tremely embarrassing position of having
run out of something interesting to :ay,
having run out of interesting material,
and having to resort to what was noth-
ing less than a, TV filibuster.
Not only is this an imposition on the
viewers. It is no less an imposition on
the! analyst-commentators.
It is time for the networks to grow
up on this subject of the proper balance
between public service news coverage and
entertainment--to avoid the extremes
of overdoing either crass commercialism
nr public service news that loses its pur-
pose and interest after a certain point.
Nor is the overcoverage of the Gemini
8 spectacular easily justified by a ei;n-
deranation of the "Batman" TV fans chools. Alrn tested are the respondent's
iaonilirrity with the project objectives. It
seeks to ascertain the individual's personal
op`rti.ous regarding the Homewood neighbor-
hood and whether the resident will stay in
the neighborhood or move away. Copies of
t:lie questionnaire may be obtained from the
Council Office, 920 Homewood Avenue,
'iitsburgh.
A 16-millimeter film, "The Voice From the
:street," has been made by station KDKA in
Pittsburgh, depicting the activities of the
council. The 30-minute film Is available on
lean, at no charge, from the Library, Depart-
ment of Housing and Urban Development,
Washington, D.C., 20410.
Another agency, Community Organizations
of Pittsburgh (CO-OP), was founded in 1963.
CO-OP coordinates the activities of a hum-
her of neighborhood groups By the end of
19(:4, 30 neighborhood groups were affiliated
with CO-OP and 12 others were prospective
affiliates. CO-OP's main function is to rep-
resent neighborhoods in issues of citywide
rope and to encourage citizen support for
c:rpital improvements, improved public serv-
ices, code administration, and other citywide
;crvices.
In 1964, the Mayor's Committee on Human
Resources was formed. This agency admin-
i:a:;rs the community action program under
the economic opportunity program. The
,;xecutive director of the redevelopment au-
i,liority is a member of thi.s committee. Thus,
a constant; coordination of the urban re-
newal and antipoverty programs is assured.
Dozens of other neighborhood organiza-
tions are in operation, representing resi-
+lenls of individual areas. These meet reg-
ularly with public and private agencies to
;res::?nt the views of the residents in matters
affecting their neighborhoods.
Inadcquaey 0f Our Merchant Marine
E K'.t'ENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HION. THOMAS M. PELLY
OF 411ASIriNCTON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESES TATIVES
th'ednesday, April 6, I:a66
Mr. PELLY. Mr. Speal' 'r, I ask
unaniii ous consent to include at this
point it the 'RECORD an article by Hoyt S.
Haddock which appeared in the NMU
Pilot, t to official organ of tlut National
Martime Union of America. In capsule
form (his article goes to thi very core
of the merchant marine crisi;.
Mr. I laddock is executive secretary of
Liie A -'I_CIO Maritime (o)nmittee.
Hereafter is his article:
LET'S FA 'r: IT, 1VIR. IYIcNAAIAJYA, Wt~ Trr. r DON'T
HAVE Tilt Snres
The Secretary of Defense has ;stain stated
that th current merchant marine is ade-
quate t:, meet emergency Defense Depart-
rnerit n,ieds. Apparently, the becretary is
not aware of the extreme hardshi ns that have
been placed an the U.S. fleet and merchant
seamen to meet the Vietnam ;situation to
date or ac is too stubborn to admii, he was
wrong ii. his appraisal of the merchant ma-
rine in 1962.
The number of ship,, necessary to fulfill
any deg ?ee of military commiti:ient is not
available because of its classified nature.
One re,-,. -)n i; is classified is that the Secre-
tary of Defense does not want the people
to know just how inadequate orr merchant
marine is. Another reason for 'seeping the
planning classified is that it would expose
cur wear nessas to our enemies.
The Sc cret cry's announcement., nd his past
actions, iowever, lead us to belies that this
statcmei t of adequacy is completely out of
step wit:r the facts and with the degree of
corlimitnient the Government is now plan-
ring in tae Vietnam war.
The inadequacy in terms of ful-illing mili-
tary req airements of the currei it fleet can
be demonstrated by comparing isle current
fleet wita the fleet at the outbreak of the
h-orean va.r and the increase necessary at
that Lim ^.
At the beginning of t ',e Korea', war there
were 61,:150 seamen on board the privately
owned aid Government-owned r hips under
bareboat and general agency charters. The
number of seamen. increased to 99,700 by
January 1, 1x152, to meet the Korean situa-
tion.
To me et the shipping requin?ments for
I3:orea, tle number of ships was i ereased 64
percent 1 etween June 1950 and J:1 riuary 1952.
Over this same period, the number of seamen
increased by 62 percent. This increase in
ships was; necessary in spite of the fact that
American -flag ships were carrying 43 percent
of our imports and exports in 19t;0 and 1951.
Between 1950 and 1965 our imports and
exports increased by :11,11 percew, but the
actual ti=ns carried. on U.S.-flag ships de-
creased by 43 percent, (In 195:; U.S.-flag
ships car ?fed 43 percent of the imports and
exports . nd in 1964 carried 8.3 percent.)
The tonnage carried on U.S.-flag ships in
1904 would have to be increased by 419 per-
cent to bring the carriage up to the 43 per-
cent carried in 1950.
in t,ern,_,s of numbers of seamen fed ships,
the curre nt: number would have to be in-
creased 'ly approximately 100 ,crcent to
equal the number in service durlop the Ko-
rean war This :increase would he larger if
it was projected from the begini ing of the
buildup rest year.
While these figures do rot show precise
numbers of ships or seamen necessary in case
of a national emergency, they din, however,
shed light on the statement that the U.S.-
flag merchant marine is "ad.equate."
But aside from the question if whether
the Secretary is right or wrong is the fact
that the basic responsibility for proni',iirig
an American-flag merchant marire does cot
reside within the Department ( I Dcdensc.
This responsibility belongs to th Maritime
Administrator. In developing it merchant
marine, the Maritime Administrator should
be guided by: the number of ships necesaa.ry
to meet emergency military needs-the ab-
solute minimum below which ,.vo should
never drop to insure our own survival. At
the same time, the Administrator has the
clear responsibility to work: tow;rd a, goal
of at least 50 percent of all our w;;terhorne
commerce on U.S.-flag ships.
But instead, the Maritime Administrator
accepts these broad questionable tatenients
of adequacy for defense and then further
cominounds the fleets' inadequat7, by using
them as maximums above which (1 . rvernnierrt.
participation should not be extend,ul.
The Administrator further a.l)(licaacs his
responsibility when he advocate;, building
in foreign yards. Further, he projects it pro-
gram with no passenger ships and less cargo
ships manned with less seamen carry less
tl
Our Aging Merchantmen and Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Or
ETON. ED REINECKE
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 29, 19(6
Mr. REINECKE. Mr. Spea icer, cotl-
cerned citizens from every part of this
Nation are growing increasing], alarmed
at the crisis condition of this country's
merchant marine fleet. Spokesmen from
labor unions, from shipbuilding com-
panies, from importer and export asso-
ciations, from the military associations,
and from the national press are ex-
pressing their alarm at the degcncration
that has taken place in all phases of
our merchant marine. It si'('ms, Mr.
Speaker, that the burdens of the war in
Vietnam have revealed a pandora's box
of troubles: lack of trained pilots and
merchant marine officers; lack of young,
able crewmen; most ships over 20 years
of age and in drastic need of repairs;
lack of an adequate replacement and
ship construction program; loss of inter-
national trade routes to foreign competi-
tors; and total decay in this Nation's
leadership on the high seas. Mr.
Speaker, by the Merchant Marini(' Act of
1936, as amended, the administration is
charged with the responsibility to de-
velop a national maritime policy. The
realities of the mess in the rlercharit
marine make it very clear that under
this administration there simply is no
national maritime policy. Where is the
leadership, Mr. Speaker? Whitt is the
Maritime Administration doi"p, Mr.
Speaker, about this serious crisis?
One of the most able spokesman ex-
pressing alarm is the maritime .editor of
the Baltimore Sun, Helen Delich Bentley,
who has authored an article appearing
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The task in which we are involved Is the
developing of Latin American institutions
which can attack the barriers to economic
and social development; it is developing
working programs In tax, fiscal, land, and
credit reform; it is planning effective use of
available resources in the development proc-
ess; it is the training of professional and
technical people for industrial and agricul-
tural development. And, ladies and gentle-
men, it is giving hope for a better life to that
man in the rural village who is struggling at
the starvation level to put food in the mouths
of his children and who dares to dream of a
better future for those children. It is giv-
ing hope for a better life to that mother in
the slums surrounding the cities of most of
Latin America, whQ, sees her first born live
through a long bout with disease only to face
a future with little hope of learning to read
or write or acquiring some basic skill on
which to base q life.
The task is not an easy one. It involves dy-
namic forces demanding or opposing change.
Nevertheless, through the government-to-
government programs, i.e., the bilateral
agreements reached between our Govern-
ment and those of the underdeveloped coun-
tries of Latin America, institutions are being
built: savings and loan, private development
banks, cooperatives, productivity centers,
management and labor training institutions,
and agricultural extension systems.
Yes, the Alliance is moving. It has its
slow periods and it has its violent interrup-
tions. But progress is being made in the
cold, hard unglamorous business of build-
ing and strengthening the institutional capa-
bilities of the various countries to work on
their own problems. There is, however, one
great gap which needs to be filled, and it is
on this need-and this opportunity-that we
are directing our attention today.
It takes time to build an extension service
to the point that it can reach out to the
man in rural Latin America. It takes time
to develop a savings and loan system which
can provide houses for a segment of the
society. In short, it takes time to develop
and expand institutions. Until this can be
done, there is a particular need to give a
sense of movement to the alliance at the
grassroots level. Your help is needed in
responding to local self-help efforts in the
rural villages and in the slums which sur-
round the cities.
The partners of the alliance, as a second
followup phase of the alliance, is the chan-
nel through which you, as members of or-
ganizations or as individuals, can work di-
rectly in an alliance with the eager people
of a small but important country focusing
its attention on independence and self-iden-
tification. This is a private sector program
which offers to you an opportunity and a
challenge. If you believe that we should
strengthen the friendly ties with Latin Amer-
ica, you have a specific opportunity now be-
fore you.
Through a Michigan Partners of the, Alli-
ance, there is not an individual or neigh-
borhood group that cannot be a working part
of a new private sector partnership with the
citizens of British Honduras.
There are now operating partnerships es-
tablished between private sector counterpart
groups in 15 Latin American republics and
29 States of the United States. These part-
nerships develop in response to interest ex-
pressed by these groups. Our partners office
in the U. S. Alliance headquarters in Wash-
ington responds to this interest and plays
the role of catalyst-translating that interest
into an operating program through the
mechanism of Partners of the Alliance com-
mittees.
Once a broadly representative U.S. Partner
committee is formally organized, our office
takes an additional supporting step by ar-
ranging for the visit of a four to five member
"program development team" to the Partner
area find-working with a counterpart Part-
ners of the alliance group- to develop a
program which they will jointly implement.
Such a program, of course, should be based
on the best local consensus of priority needs
as related to the resources available to the
partners for the task ahead.
Similarly, the composition of the team
selected by the U.S. partners committee
should reflect these priority areas, which in
Michigan's case have been suggested in ad-
vance by the premier and our own Consul
General in Belize in collaboration with the
Peace Corps Director and other local leaders.
My colleague Mr. Ruben will elaborate on
these recommended priority areas.
Once the committees have been formed
and the program development team has
made its report, the partners continue to
work. together directly. Our Washington
Partners staff withdraws into the wings, so
to speak, but continues to be available as a
resource to assist the partnership when we
can and when called upon. We endeavor
to provide the common channel of commu-
nication through which the various com-
mittees can share program experiences.
These partnerships normally develop pro-
grams revolving on the following five types
of activities:
1. Helping local groups complete commu-
nity self-help projects.
2. Technical assistance.
3. Educational scholarships and professor
exchanges.
4. Cultural exchanges.
5. Investment and commercial relation-
ships.
In the first category are the many small
projects In which local groups in a Latin
American country have undertaken self-help
but need some assistance in completing
them. For example, in several countries
rural communities have built schools but
lack the materials for the roof, doors, and
windows. High schools, or even elementary
and intermediate school students, civic clubs,
and other groups working through their
State's partners of the alliance committees,
may provide financing for the needed mate-
rials.
Other similar projects already completed
have involved equipment for medical posts
or small hospitals, books in Spanish or
Portuguese for village libraries, hand tools
for training programs, hand pumps have
been provided for community wells; also
blockmaking machines, chain saws, hand
tools and other equipment have been pro-
vided to enable slum improvement associa-
tions to complete community buildings,
schools and medical posts. Scores of proj-
ects such as these have been completed,
and many more are in process of being im-
plemented.
These are small projects but to villages
in which the family income may range from
$40 to $80 a year, this is meaningful help.
In the category of technical assistance, the
U.S. partners committees may develop an
inventory of specialists who would be avail-
able to go, upon request, to their partner
area for 1, 2, or 3 months-not on the
basis of a contract but solely on the basis
of transportation and per diem costs. For
example, the Texas League of Municipalities
has offered to make available to their part-
ners in Peru, men with broad experience in
handling the practical problems of city gov-
ernment. Similarly, a Houston television
station and another professional broadcast-
ing group have offered to help the Peruvian
Broadcasting Association in its educational
programing. The offers are expressions of
keen interest at the community level in the
alliance for progress.
In the field of education, Florida is de-
veloping a scholarship program with Colom-
bia. The Florida Alliance Committee has al-
ready worked with erlueattoi al institutions in
establishing up to five scholarships at each
of 29 junior colleges as well as a lesser num-
ber at the graduate level. Plans also call for
future collaboration with the barranquilla
midmanagement training center and a tech-
nical and vocational training center.
Joint venture investments and other com-
mercial relationships are developing as a
natural outgrowth of the partnerships. At
the first inter-American Partners of the Al-
liance conference held last June, the com-
mittee on industrial development and in-
vestment opportunities recommended that
the various partners committees in Latin
America develop a list of specific investment
opportunities and assign to them priority
ratings based on their general contribution
to the country's economic development.
These lists are then made available to their
counterpart group.
These examples illustrate activities in re-
lation to the five areas named above. Mr.
Ruben in his topic, "How Can Michigan and
British Honduras Collaborate in a Partner-
ship?" will describe other Interesting and
varied ongoing activities.
One of the most important aspects of the
partnership program, however, is the fact
that it is a two-way program.
When the late President Kennedy spoke
to the Latin American Diplomatic Corps and
the Members of the U.S. Congress on March
13, 1961, he said:
"We invite our friends in Latin America
to contribute to ,the enrichment of life and
culture in the United States. We need teach-
ers of your literature and history and tra-
dition, opportunities for our young people
to study in your universities, access to your
music, your art, and the thought of your
great philosophers. For we know we have
much to learn."
In keeping with the two-way flow of the
partnership, one State university in the
United States is organizing a planning de-
partment and has requested professional
assistance from Its Latin American partner,
which happens to have a strong cadre of
technicians and professionals in that dis-
cipline.
Costa Rica sent 12 educators to Oregon
and assisted that State in upgrading the
teaching of Spanish and as resource staff
for social studies.
In the business world, partnership signi-
fies a sharing In the proceeds of business
operations. Similarly, the partners of the
alliance seeks to establish a channel through
which organizations and individuals in
every area of the hemisphere can share in
the work of the development process and
together reap the benefits of educational,
cultural, social, and economic progress.
Finally, the partners of the alliance is not
a program of mutual "adoption" but rather
it is a practical approach through which the
people in the United States and Latin Amer-
ica can work together in a direct alliance.
It Is a two-way program, the scope of which
is limited only by the imagination and ener-
gies of the partners in each relationship. We
in the United States long have talked about
what we can learn from the great cultural
and educational wealth of the other Ameri-
cas, but we have not done enough to put
that stated principle into practice. This we
can help do through the partnership program.
This then is the story of the partners of
the alliance. It now remains for this audi-
ence to decide the matter of Michigan's
participation.
On behalf of the partners office I pledge
the support of our partners staff in your
effort. Should this group organize on a
statewide basis, we will support a followup
program development team of members to
visit British Honduras and round out a joint
program. I am sure you will find the effort
richly rewarding.
Thank you again for your kind attention.
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sinre the murder of I?ie,n we have put in
and supported, it, comic-opera succession of
inept and arrug;uxt generals, the current of
whom is an admirer of the energy and
dynamism of Adolf Hitler, and none of
whom, according to James Reston, had a
popular base with the people who "regard
their leaders in Saigon as merely the suc-
c cs.iors of the French colonial regime."
Of course we do not have neocolonial
ambitions or seek booty or territory in Viet-
Wain. We are there to till a power vacuum
.;o as to contain and check the threats of
Communist expansionism. But, in response
co our peculiarly American brand of obses-
:;fve a.nticoxnnnmism, we have so frequently
misled our own people that Ambassador
t:;.-odberg has admitted there is a problem
oP restoring "credibility" among Americans
to the statements of our own Government.
We have succumbed to the immorality of
the end justifies the means, so that we hw!e
dropped napalm bombs on children and
women in villages, we have bombed a
sovereign nation in outright violation of the
United Nations Charter and the Geneva Ac-
ccord; we have acquiesced in the brutal use
all- torture by our South Vietnamese allies;
we have not shrunk from defoliating crops;
we have persisted in our outrageous pieties
that our bombings kill no civilians while
our pilots report that they blow up anything
that moves down it highway; at least one
hospital has been bombed and one of our
pilots even informed the New York Times
Chat the had thrown a Vietcong prisoner out
of Ills plane to mid-air because he refused
in talk.
'!'here is no doubt that the Vietcong Com-
munist i are fierce practitioners of terror, but
it the moral distinction between them and
us is obliterated, does it matter who wins
Vietnarn? In this war, which is prettied up
as a war for freedom in South Vietnam, there
i:; no freedom now and there never has been
in that ravaged turd. In this war which we
pretend is a war against aggression, but which
began as a civil war in violent reaction
against the destruction of the Geneva agree-
ments and against the repressions of the
puppet Diem, we have now b- eked ourselves
into what has become it fullfiedged Ameri-
ra.n war in which the helpless people of Viet-
uam ..u'e becoming mere pawns. We have
brutalized ourselves in the dirtest war in
which this Nation has ever been engaged.
We have managed once again, as in Santo
Ilomirigo and many other parts of the world,
it) identify ourselves with the discredited
,,,zrermels and corrupt agents of an unjust
:society.
We have appointed ourselves policemen of
the world, whether the rest of the world
wants it or not. We have given ourselves to
au exercise of self-righteousness flowing
mom a distorted view o:f reality in which we
are ready to ascribe all fault to our Conh-
nulnfnt energies and to see ourselves as
blameless. When we exaggerate the admit-
tedly hostile intentons of our enemy, when
we ignore the frightening effects upon them
of our threats and actions, when we imagine
we ca.u arranger the world in our way, we place
all mankind in jeopardy-
The Communist monolith Is dissolving and
dividing before our very eyes, but we cannot
,ocean to lay down the cliches and the slogans
which have befogged us for 20 years. And
:;o we proceed on a course which drives
Llacsoi into the arms of Peking, which ini-
pairs the possibility of the Soviet-American
detente which could lead to broad areas of
c itilernent, which cannot possibly be re-
solved by military victory, which earns the
fearful trembling but not the support of our
;allies throughout the world, which wastes
American blood and wealth while China has
is propaganda field day at our expense while
:he loses not it single Chinese soldier, and
which raises the frightful possibil.ty of a
nuclear holocaust. On teip of that is the
folly of turi ing revoluation over to the Com-
munists who, of course, seek to debase and
capture the revolution for their own pur-
poses, while we embrace the hated generals
and the keepers of the status quo.
But, we are tcld, we Jews especially must
realize that this is Munich all over again
and we mu", not permit Appeasement. In
my judgement this is demagoguery and non-
sense. Communism and nazism are both
noxious bit' they are not identical. Ruma-
nia, Poland Yugoslavia are Communist na-
tions as well; they are not our enemies. In
1938, the n din force operating against the
Czech status quo was an outside fo ce, Hit-
ler's Germany; the major force operating
against the status quo err South Vietnam
has been an inside force, formed in 1960 into
the NLF. The largest outside force in Viet-
nam is An merican troops, although North
Vietnam pours more regiments into South
Vietnam as the war escalates. The Czech
government was a stable, strong, democratic
government the. South Vietnamese govern-
ment is a lictatorship which we buy, sell
and manipulate Like puppet's on a string. Ho
Chi Minh Ia a ruthless and bloody tyrant,
but he is not Hitler. Standing firm in 1.938
might have ended the danger of Hitler's
Germany. .Fighting in Vietnam todiy, even
if we gaiilec total victory which would mean
the decimation (if all Vietm-cm, does not even
engage our central foes--the Chinese Com-
munists in( perhaps the Soviets. Tu engage
what we regard as our real foes would require
nuclear bombs, and except for it few Penta-
gon madme 1, we do not seem ready or that.
The analogy between Vietnam and Munich is
a spurious otie; unreel used to frighten Jews it
is a transparent and indefensible )iece of
demagoguer V.
Should w, withdraw froin Vietnam? No,
that is mahilestly impossible. We should
renew the ;essation of bombings i!i North
Vietnam and maintain unceasing quiet dip-
lomatic effi its to get negotiations started
among all parties to the conflict, including
the Vietcon c, which will lead to a cease-fire
and an hot orable settlement. As i. Jewish
community we should speak and fu 1. in be-
half of pea'etul settlement of conlicts, in
behalf of all movements ii*_ the dirtction of
a world at law, in behalf of all eJorts to
deal with the poverty and hunger aid dis-
ease which ie at the root of the rev iiution-
ary fever of this age, in behalf of con-?ilation,
negotiation, and peace. And, in my,pinion,
any Jewish agency which speaks out of a
Jewish value stance will speak out for pre-
cisely these kinfs of things. Isn't that a
tender-hear ;eel position? Yes. That's what
the Jewish iositLon has always been Rach-
manim, b'n ii rachmauim---merciful sons of
the Mercifu Neither America nor t is world
needs us to join the mob howling I:hr more
blood, more bombs, more military power or
to develop position papers or strategy and
realpolitic. We do not need a Jewish desk
of the Rare Corp. The Communist world is
already deh zmanized and we are rushing to
catch up. vo, America and the world need
Jews, who c re really Jews, to keep roan hu-
man, to remind us again that man s a pre-
cious thing that there is only one family
of Dian, th:.t the spilling of blood a some-
thing more serious than cracking a nut,
that he who saves a hate saves a world, and
that man h is a :nigher destiny than that re-
vealed in th-~ cesspool of Vietnam.
Long afte ? this war disappears into history,
the world v'ill still remember the words of
the Hebrew )rophets of 2,000 years ag-i, point-
ing the patLways, of morality out of he jun-
gle of inhumanity to that day when men
will not hi rt nor destroy in all this holy
mountain. Thai; was our mission in ancient
days and it is sti'l'l our mission today.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HHON. WILLIAM S. BROOMFIELD
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 5, 1966
Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Speaker, a
group of distinguished Michigandrs will
travel this Staturday to British Hon-
duras, a Central American country which
will gain its independence in the next few
years.
They will be the vanguard of other
groups who will visit this country under
the Michigan Partners of the Alliance
program estabCished only last February.
In every sense of the word, the rela-
tionship between Michigan. and this
soon-to-be independent country which
plans to call itself Belize will be a part-
nership, a mutual exchange of infor-
mation, of knowledge, or experience for
the betterment of both.
I am proud to see this relationship
come about and I am sure that the
Michigan Partners of the Alliance, under
the able leadership of the Honorable
Alvin F. Bently and Chancellor Durward
Varner of Oakland University, will prove
to be of great value to the cause of better
understanding between our two peoples.
At the organizational meeting of the
Michigan Partners of the Alliance pro-
gram at Michigan State University on
February 25, Mr. Theodore Tcnorio,
associate director of the Partners of the
Alliance program, very ably outlined the
objectives and the purposes of this worth-
while program. For the benefit of my
colleagues, Mr. Teriorio's remarks follow:
REMARKS OF THEODORE TENORIO, ASr;OCIAT]t
DIRECTOR OF THE PARTNERS OF THE AI,LIANCE
PROGRAM, AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING
CALLED DY Gov. GEORGE ROMNEY AT THE
,.STUDENT UNION BUILDING, MICHIGAN STATE
UNIVERSITY, EAST LANSING, ON FEBRUARY
25, 1966
Governor Romney, ladies and gentlemen,
on behalf of Jim. Boren, the director whose
message you have just heard, and our small
partners staff I: am grateful to Governor
Romney for this invitation to be here this
morning to talk with you briefly about the
Partners of the Alliance, the grassroots op-
erational program in which you are contern-
plating direct involvement.
The parent Alliance for Progress, which
evolved from that now historic conference in
Uruguay in 1961, is not a U.S. program, but
rather it is an alliance involving, in the words
of the charter of Punta del Este, "The full
energies of the peoples and governments of
the American Republics." It is therefore a
great joint effort which calls for positive
action not only of governments but Llso of
the private sector. This means that the
Alliance is a great revolutionary program for
progress which must have the active par-
ticipation of the people of the united
States--and the people of Latin America.
Business leaders, yes, but this means the
small businessman as well as the director of
a large corporation. Labor leaders, yes, but
also the member down at the level of his
local. Professional leaders, yes, but also the
young dynamic near. or woman who may be
starting a professional career but can make
a contribution to the cause of hemi:;pheric
peace.
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question in the affirmative, and Reform dent at Ann Arbor, has had his deferment tion, the lessons of-Jewish -History, the ethi-
Judaism has taken the lead in mobilizing the cancelled because of his participation in a cal values of Judaism are acutely relevant,
entire Jewish community to this challenge. demonstration there. It is encouraging that I believe, to an American sick and hungry
For if such issues of war and peace are not the Justice Department has spoken up for the for values to live by.
within our province, then we reside in the constitutional right of dissent, and it Is to Nobody pretends that we Jews have lived
province of Chelm or never never land. be hoped that it will dissuade the overzealous up to that mission in our time. Individual
There are many grounds for Jewish concern, from the temptation to use the draft as a Jews have won Nobel Prizes and our numbers
not the least of which is our stake in main- hammer to smash lawful political activity fill the ranks of SANE, foreign policy associ-
taining a healthy and vigorous climate of and to intimidate young and vulnerable stu- ations, U.N. groups and every protest group,
civil liberties in America itself. dents from expressing their consciences. I but as a Jewish community we have largely
If the war in Vietnam continues its spiral do not want to overstate the situation. been tepid and silent on the great issues of
of escalation, we may enter a dark and There are powerful agencies of the courts, war and peace. Nowhere is the status quo
dangerous era in American life in which a the press and the citizenry to resist these tendency of the Jewish community more
spirit of repression and hysteria and hatred trends, and the right to protest has In the evident than in the sphere of war and peace.
will make the McCarthyism of the fifties look, main been protected. But I don't think we We pay a price for being so accepted and
in retrospect, like a mild national aberration. should regard these few portents as merely secure in American life. We are so in that
The tension over the Korean conflict spawned transient irritants either. Even before Viet- we are losing that special angle of vision
the madness of McCarthyism. As I write, we nam became a crisis, the forces of right wing which comes from being out, from being
have resumed bombing in North Vietnam and radicalism were significant in American life; alienated, from being part of but apart from
the Security Council of the United Nations and, despite the leadership of the courts in the general society, subjecting it to judg-
is preparing to debate the question. What safeguarding civil liberties, public opinion ment and to criticism. I get woried when the
lies ahead no man can see, but it could well polls in this country have always revealed Jewish position is a popular position. The
be a storm which would unleash the passions widespread Impatience with the rights of dis- entire organized Jewish community today is
and furies of repression here in the United senters-atheists, Socialists, Communists and in danger of becoming a nice, bright orna-
States. agitators of all kinds. When this normally ment of the establishment, as predictable as
Some troubling portents are already evi- fragile foundation is burdened with the a New York Post editorial and as safe as a
dent. Government leaders on all levels have tensions of an actual shooting war against Chaplain blessing the House of Representa-
helped shape a public mood inhospitable to Communists, when the awesome power of tives. It is against us, too, that some of our
criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam. Attorney America seems not to be capable of achiev- best young kids are revolting.
General Katzenbach has held out the threat ing clean-cut military victory, when for the One can criticize religion and its place in
of a full-scale investigation into the demon- first time in American history a widespread the social order, but one cannot discount the
strations, promising that "we may have some protest movement evolves in the very midst significance of the Vatican Council schema
prosecutions in this area." J. Edgar Hoover, of a war, then all the latent paranoid on war and peace, of Pope John's "Pacem in
who can always be relied upon to appeal to tendencies in American life will inevitably Terris," and especially the moral leadership
the primitive and widely held notion that be exacerbated. Critics will be told to shut on this issue which the current Pope of Rome
Communists are at the bottom of all social up, rally around the flag, stop selling out our is bringing to bear. The same is true of the
agitation, reassured the public that Commu- boys in Vietnam, go back where you came statement by the National Council of
nists are exploiting the protest against our from, and criticism will be increasingly Churches of Christ, which similarly related a
Vietnam policy. The Senate Internal Se- equated with pro-communism and with great religious tradition to the issues of our
curity Subcommittee has reported that the treason. Neighbor will once again view day. Nobody would care what a Jewish bowl-
demonstrations have passed into the hands neighbor with suspicion, and the hunt for a ing club has to say about Vietnam, but I
of Communists and extreme elements. That scapegoat will be on. Our national character think they do care where Judaism stands,
some Communists are exploiting this issue does not dispose us for that "ordeal of what we at the UAHC said in San Francisco
goes without saying; that such statements patience" of which Ambassador Goldberg and what the leaders of the three faiths will
by government leaders will have the effect recently spoke. The attrition of American say when they meet in a conference on re-
of stifling free debate and discouraging liberties would be a greater disaster than the ligion and peach in Washington.
honest dissent also goes without saying. Al- loss of Vietnam, and we must have the
though the Presidents consensus curtain has courage to affirm the first amendment, to But for a Jewish community to speak to
tended to muffle debate, there has been a uphold lawful protest and dissent, and to this kind of issue also requires more than an
certain polarization of dissenting opinion in encourage diversity and open debate which assemblage of persons who happen to be
the Congress and the country, emphasized are the true glories of American democracy, born Jewish; it requires an embodiment and
by the hearings in the Senate Foreign Rela- There is another rationale for our concern.- expression of what is uniquely and profound-
tions Committee, and intensified by the It is the Great Society. Despite President ly Jewish: the ideals and values which lie
sharp criticisms of Senator ROBERT KENNEDY. Johnson's assurances to the contrary, I fear embedded in the Jewish historic and reli-
While the burning of draft cards is a futile that an escalated war in Vietnam will also gious experience. If we have not succeeded
and senseless gesture which merely beclouds spell the epitaph to the Great Society. Not in making visible and clear the relevance of
the debate, young and misguided idealists only are we not rich enough to wipe out this Jewish tradition, it is our failure and
who destroy their cards to symbolize their poverty, racial ghettos, illiteracy, and misery not the failure of Judaism. It may be in-
conscientious abhorrance of the war in Viet- here at the same time that we conduct a convenient but dig we must into the mine of
nam are treated like major threats to the protracted major war there, but I believe that Jewish teaching.
American system; harsh and panicky legis- an intensification of this war will so bru- Rabbi Jacob Agus has described Jews as
lation was quickly adopted to make violators talize and blunt our moral sensitivity as to the antidemonic and antimythological force
subject to maximum penalties of 5 years im- drain most of the idealism out of the vision in human history. This is what is needed
prisonment or $10,000 fine or both. As the of a Great Society. In connection with U.S. policy in Viet-
American Jewish Congress has pointed out, I believe that our deepest rationale is the nam. Here I express my own feelings.
this stands in shocking contrast to the pen- imperative of Judaism itself. Our unique I am not a pacifist; I was a gunnery officer
alty for desecrating the U.S. flag: 30 days im- history has made us specialists in the survival in the Navy in World War II. I applauded
prisonment or $100 fine or both. This bor- of human crisis; indeed, I think this ac- the containment of communism in Europe,
ders on war hysteria and scapegoating which counts in part for the growing fascination our resistance to aggression in Korea and
can lead to excesses as to which Jewish and on the part of non-Jews with literature about Kennedy's stand on Cuba. Yet I believe we
other groups concerned with civil liberties the mystery of Jews, Judaism, and Jewish must expose the juvenile American tendency
should at least maintain vigilant concern. history. We tend, correctly, to attribute our to divide the world into "good guys and bad
This growing punitiveness was also re- drive for social justice to Jewish religious guys"; the world is too complicated for
flected in the sentence of 2 years at hard la- values. We explain our position on racial simplistic dichotomies and immature ideo-
bor, a dishonorable discharge and forfeiture justice in terms of the Judaic concept of the logical crusades. We must remind ourselves
of pay which was visited upon Lt. Harry W. sanctity of the human personality and the and our fellow Americans of some simple
Howe for participating, not in uniform and equality of all the children of God. Yet the truths about Vietnam, among which are the
not on duty, in an anti-Vietnam demonstra- commandment to seek peace, to pursue it, to following: that we poured more than a bil-
tion in El Paso, Tex. This is a harsh penalty be messengers of peace unto the nations lion dollars of aid into the French effort to
and the victim is not only one man, but the that commandment is infinitely more em- control Indochina before France was forced
first amendment to the Constitution. Would phatic and unambiguous. It was our proph- out; that after the French withdrawal, we
he have been punished in the same way if his ets who gave the world the vision of uni- took over and installed Diem as puppet ruler
placard had read: "Bomb the Chinese Com- versal peace; and our rabbinic literature is an of South Vietnam, gave him, military sup-
munists back to the stone age"7 unceasing demand that Jews stand, as co- port in direct violation of the 1954 Geneva
And perhaps most ominous. of all have been partners with God, in shaping the messianic accord, and conspired with him to subvert
threats by officials of the selective service vision of a time when nations shall beat their the reunification elections promised in the
program to lift the deferment of college swords into plowshares. But never before accord because we didn't like the way the
students who are involved In student pro- in human history have Jews had the freedom election would have turned out; that when
tests. One of the finest products of our and the security and the access to the ears his role became too distasteful to the people
youth program in Reform Judaism, a deeply of the world to give universal meaning to of South Vietnam, destroying his usefulness
committed and socially conscious young stu- this mandate. The insights of Jewish tradi- to us, we conspired to get rid of him; that
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 `a2t 19 pproved For"? eE RP~5~/~gq,j9 - f&-RBP67R00446R00 400060011-0
6 W [p 7, 61 ? P, PENDIX
better English thin theig mother tongue by
about the time they reach third grade.
"If it's not school, it is 'Batman,' " a mother
said. "TV is an enormous English language
influence on the kids."
At a meeting of Hispanic community lead-
ers here recently some speakers said candidly
that they would rather use English because it
came easier to them.
However, "Spanish is here to stay," many
of those interviewed stressed, although few
would predict that New York would become
bilingual in the technical sense, Like Mon..
trea.l, where English and French are officially
noted. The consensus was that the Spanish
Language as well as certain Latin traits would.
permanently flavor the city much in the way
they do in Miami, where most of the Cuban.
exile; have settled.
Today Spanish language mass 'media are
powerful here and command great loyalty
;Lmong their audience. They include tele-
vision channel 47 and three radio stations-
WADO, which has been broadcasting around
the clock since March 1, WHOM and WBNX.
Charles Baltin, vice president of WHOM?
pointed to increasing Spanish language
quality advertising by nationwide food..
beverage, detergent, and tobacco manufac-
turers as proof that business was expecting
the Hispanic market to last for "a couple of
generations at least" and rapidly gain in.
purchasing power.
Ralph Costantino, program director of the
same station. said: "Ethnic broadcasting once
was multilingual-I remember making
Chinese programs. Now it is almost exclu-
sively geared to Spanish. This is it heini-
spheric language unlike Italian, which is
spoken in a faraway country; most Italo-
Ainericans think they know Italian, when all
they speak is some southern dialect."
Par ahead in the newspaper field is El
I )iario-La Prensa with it circulation of about
40,000 and a strongly Democratic editorial
Iule. Senator ROBERT F. KrNNE,DY will dedi-
.:ate the newspaper's new $3 million building
.iI; 181 Hudson Street on April 12. The pub-
Lather, O. Roy Chalk, said he had set aside
three floors of the eight-story structure for
audiovisual mass teaching of the Spanish
language to civil service workers and other
groups as "New York very definitely is going
bilingual." Mr. Chalk, who has large trans-
,orta.tion, communications, and real estate
,:n terests, said lie was preparing a national
edition of his newspaper for distribution
coast to coast, in Puerto Rico, Latin Ameri-
can countries. and Spain.
i. r,?NniAY SUPPORTER
1:1 'I'iempo started as a weekly in 1963 .and
became a daily last October. It will move
into new, larger quarters at 116 West 14th
l'itreet on June 1, Its editor in chief, Stan-
ley P?oss, reported a circulation of 35,000.
The paper supports Mayor Lindsay and
snakes particular efforts to reach Spanish-
language readers outside the Puerto Rican
community here.
\few York also has 24 Spanish-language
motion picture theaters, scores of Latin
nightclubs, and about 4,000 bodegas (gro-
icri.es) owned by and catering to Puerto
h,icars. A Brooklyn scrod market chain is
controlled by a Puerto Rican company.
Spanish-speaking persons also operate about
'L.000 barbershops, a field once dominated by
Italians, as well as hundreds of restaurants,
insurance and real estate agencies, and other
businesses.
An expert on Hispanic: business here, Julio
Hernandez, said Cubans had made "tremen-
dous inroads-they are very resourceful."
Mr. Hernandez heads the Lower Manhattan
Nosiness Development and Opportunity
Corps, which receives Federal antipoverty
funds and has granted 63 loans totaling
$000,000 since it started 8 months ago. It
also promotes what is believed to be the first
;panis:h-language basic: management course
is the country.
Three credit institutions here are doing
business nainly with Puerto Ricans, the
Banco Polular de Puerto Rico, the Banco do
Ponce, anti the Ponce de Leon Federal Sav-
ings and loan Association. The manager of
the last establishment, Erasto Torres, said
that an Increasing number of Puerto Ricans
were buying homes in the $20,000 t.o $25,000
price range. The Pelham Bay ar-:a of the
Bronx is favored by the new Hispanic mid-
dle class. Dthers move to Long Isla al.
There sage ;,till near-ghettos of Puerto
Ricans in the city--''Spanish Harlem" from
East 96th to 118th Street, many blocks on
and off 13 oadway on the Upper West Side,
and in s:uth and east Bronx. Spanish
neighbnrh ids abound also on Manhattan's
Lower East, Side, once mainly Jewish, the
Greenpoin , Williamsburg, and Brownsville
sections o' Brooklyn, anti other pockets in
that berm gh and in Queens.
Cubans have generally kept nr,ny from
Puerto Hit an .seas. The average Cuban in
New York often well educated, is ahead of
the average Puerto Rican. on the scial-eco-
nomic ladder even though he has the added
handica.n rf alien status.
Last ySi is civil war to the I'D ;minican
Re?ublic t -ached off a still growing immigra-
tion movement; from that country. Many
Dominicans arrive with enough ;unney to
buy mat or squeeze out power Puerto Ricans.
The Coro: a section of Queens was found
to be harboring a sizable Dominic, n colony.
Conflicts : nd resentment between Domin-
icans and Puerto Ricans were rc. ortcd in
several art is.
About 28.950 Dominicans had .o;istered
as alien residents of New York in Ja.r,uary, ac-
cording to Sol Marks, Deputy District Direc-
tor of the U.S. Immigration and N. t:uraliza-
tio:n Service. The Dominican Consulate Gen-
eral estim:_ted that 65,000 D_:eninicns were
living here. The discrepancy between the
two figures: may be due to the fact that
many e;irii'r Dominican immigrant:, attained
U.S. citizenship, and others enterer on tem-
porary vin s and failed to register.
A total of 48,(108 Cubans and 17,658 Colom-
bians also ?egis,ered in January as ,lien resi-
dents here However the Cuban ands Cuban-
descended population is known to be much
larger bee, use many earlier immigrants are
now citizens.
The Put 'to Rican population of New York
was little more: than 60,1100 in 19(0, about
245,000 in 1950 and about 612,000 in 1960.
It may re; oh 750,000 early next year. The
migration [rom Puerto Rico to Now York
was higher t in 1953, with nearly 71.000 per-
sons, and again in :L956, with mare than
52,000. Si ate then it has fallen off, The
success of . he island's economic devrlopnent
program, 'Operation Bootstrap," induced
many Puer o Ricans to return home In 1961
nearly 1,80) Puerto Ricans: more returned to
their homeland than those settling in New
York, and is 19,33 the :net outflow w:s nearly
5,500.
Since 19 A the migration here 'uis been
rising again, showing a net inflow o' 1,370 in
that year tnd of 16,678 in 1965. As man-
power sho. tages become more pressing in
many U.S. industries and wages go up,
Puerto Ricans again seek 'their fortune in
the big city that is 'only $45 av. Y"--the
cheapest of ? fare from San Juan to No,w York.
The prey on.t influx from Puerto Rico is
"more sophisticated," according to 1:'rancisca
Bou, assistant director of the migrlion di-
vision here of the Puerto Rican labor depart-
merit. "Ii past years," she said, "people
from the island would come, shivering in
thin clothes, with a batte,ed suit.:ise and
no place to go. Now many arrive better pre-
pared, and fewer get stranded or are un-
skil led."
Nevertheess, about 160.1100 Puert Ricans
are still n t welfare rolls, enmpar: lively a
higher percenta.;e than tare 236,000 Negroes
and 107,000 others on relief. Close t. 200,000
A2065
Puerto Rican children are in Nc,v York's
school system with only about 5,01;0 in the
12th grade. Puerto Rican leader, clamor
for measures to enable many more of their
community's youngsters to go t.c college.
Better education for young Puerto Ricans
here is indispensable for "necessary leader-
ship," Teodoro :Moscoso, Mayor Lindsay's new
consultant on Puerto Rican community af-
fairs and economic deveolpment, r:a.id. The
appointment of Mr. Moscoso, one of the
world's leading experts on economic develop-
ment and Latin American problems, was
clearly meant to prove that the sew city
administration cares for Hispanic New York.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS''
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN ,'`
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA'IIVES,
Wednesday, April 6, 1966
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, one of the
bright spots which has pierced the gloom
of war during the last few months, is the
outspoken conscience of the religious
community. No religious group has been
more outspoken than the Jewish com-
munity.
In speaking out about Vietnam last
November, the Union of American
Hebrew Congregations brou;ht a
thoughtful moral note to the di ;mansions
of the war. Now, in the current issue
of American Judaism, Albert Vorspan.,
director of the Commisison on Socha.
Action of the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations, develops the moral argu-
ment at greater length.
Albert Vorspan's article is thoflLlhtiill
and thought provoking. If men con-
sider his position "tender hearted," lie
points out :
That's what the Jewish porit_on hr;S
always been.
He favors world law and observes:
We do not need a Jewish desk of l,ho
Rand Corp.
I think we all can benefit from reading
Mr. Vorspan's words.
His article follows:
VIETNAM AND THE JEWISH CGNSCI -::NCE
(By Albert Vorspan, author of "( ants of
Justice" and co--author of "Ju" ire arui
Judaism" and "A Tale of 10 Citi(s." H's
articles have appeared in Time, A ,e R -
porter and many other publicatioias. Mi?.
Vorspan is director of the Commission on
Social Action and director of pros=rams of
the UAHC.)
(NOTE.-At its biennial assembly in 11..;1
Francisco in November 1965, the Onion of
American Hebrew Congregations adopted a
resolution calling for a ceasefire and it polit-
ical settlement of the war in Vietna::i. '1',c
following article is an expression of personal
opinion with respect to the course s: events
in Vietnam and we recognize our obligate, i
to publish diverse views on so troubling and
controversial a.n issue. Reactions fr)'n read-
ers will appear in forthcoming is ,ices of
American Judaism.)
Should the American Jewish community,
as such, be concerned with the moral issues
raised by the growing crisis in Vetnam:'
The Union of American Hebrew Ce.igreg i-
tions and the Central Conference of Ameri-
can Rabbis have vigorously answered this
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