TOO FEW BOMBS IN VIETNAM?

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400060003-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 26, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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A2226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX April 26, 1966
Most of the men coming to Tripler are
cases involving 60 to 120 days rehabilitation.
The Vietnam war, for instance, has meant a
500-percent increase in business in the past
year for the 10th Air Medical Evacuation.
Group of the Air Force's 61st Airlift Wing at
Hickam.
A spokesman said:
"Three or more air evacuation planes are
coming into Hickam each week for every nine
flights out of Clark Airbase in the Philippines.
"Six or less of these flights overshoot Hick-
am, going from Japan to Travis Air Force
Base near Sacramento nonstop.
The new Lockheed C-141 makes this
possible. When air evac planes put into
Hickam, the men usually go to Tripler for a
night's rest.
"They go to Tripler if they are island
men, if they need a specialist to look at their
problem, if the flight crew needs an overnight
rest or if it looks like they can get back to
duty in 60 days or so," he said.
BLOOD TO VIETNAM
While planes at Hickam unload the
maimed for Tripler, the hospital, 2 weeks ago,
rushed 500 pints of blood in a week to Viet-
nam and 600 on one occasion before that.
Steger said, "Normally we carry 150 pints
of blood at all times and use between 60 and
100 a week while drawing on 40 to 50 from
service sources each week."
At any one time the hospital patient
population runs 60 percent in uniform, 40
percent dependents, retired servicemen, and
others.
"We're not feeling any great pinch," Steger
said, "either in handling battle casualties or
having enough doctors and support person-
nel to do the job.
"If there is any strain, it is on the civilian
doctors in the country being drafted because
of the war," he said.
That's the rub. A young doctor thinks he's
settling down to routine tummy ache cases
in some quiet town and then find himself
looking at shrapnel wounds at Tripler.
That's when he really knows there's a war
on.
Mrs. Gandhi's View of Fish Protein
Concentrate
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HASTINGS KEITH
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, many of
us in Congress have been anxious to see
fish protein concentrate go into large-
scale production primarily because of its
potential value abroad. Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi, of India, whose country
is at present plagued by massive famine,
expressed an interest in fish protein con-
centrate during her recent visit here.
She pointed out, however, that a ma-
jor problem would be to "sell" this new
form of food to her people. I would
heartily concur in this view. If we are
truly to help combat malnutrition in this
world, we will have to apply some of our
efforts to research in new ways to use
this product and some of our efforts to
educating people about what it is and
how it could be used.
Today, fish protein concentrate is
awaiting the approval of the Food and
Drug Administration. Although fish
protein concentrate was developed many
years ago, this inexpensive and highly
nutritious product is still not being used
for the benefit of those who need it. I
concur with the view of the New Bedford
Standard Times editorial and ask unan-
imous consent to place it in the RECORD.
There must be no further delay in put-
ting fish protein concentrate to use.
Government and industry must both get
to work and "sell" fish protein concen-
trate.
The editorial follows:
[From the New Bedford Standard-Times,
Mar. 31, 19661
EDUCATION REQUMED
It is not generally known, but India's
Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, would
like to learn more about the use of fish flour
as a food additive.
Approached by a Standard-Times repre-
sentative during her visit to Washington,
Mrs. Gandhi expressed an interest in investi-
gating this protein concentrate and, im-
plicitly raised an important question con-
cerning it.
She wondered about public acceptance of
fish flour in her country, and felt her people
would have to be "sold" on the product
because "they are used to eating their fish
in a certain way."
Actually, the "selling" problem may not
involve fish flour itself, but rather the in-
troduction of the U.S. product, if and when
it is given Federal approval, so that the In-
dian people can see how it differs from their
OW11.
This is because there has been research
on fish flour in India, aided by an exchange
of ideas with the U.S. Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries. But the fish used by the Indian
scientists was oily (ours is not) like a
sardine and, probably for this reason, early
reports on experiments in India have not
been optimistic.
What seems to be indicated, therefore, is
an American education program?since India,
plagued by massive famine, could be greatly
benefited by fish flour?that would acquaint
the Indian people with the completely dif-
ferent nature and manufacturing methods
of the U.S. product.
Even though we still are awaiting approval
of fish flour by the Food and Drug Adminis-
tration, it is not too soon for Government
and/or industry to start thinking about
effective ways of educating potential con-
sumers abroad as to precisely what this food
material is, and what it can do for them.
There Is a God
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr.
Speaker, an article of unusual interest
has been brought to my attention by one
of my constituents. It was written by a
14-year-old girl in my district, Miss
Pamela Smith of Amboy, Ill.
In a great Christian nation such as
ours, it is indeed encouraging to find a
young person such as Miss Smith who
still expressed the deep sense of faith and
devotion that guided our country to the
position of world leadership it enjoys
today. The article, as it appeared in the
"Voice of Youth" column in the Chicago
Tribune, follows in its entirety:
Many people these days give up going to
church with the excuse, "I was out late last
night, and I just couldn't make myself get
up this morning." Some even don't belieVe
there is a God. I think that now, with the
trouble across the sea, we should depend on
Him even more.
So, to prove that there is a God, I would
like to start first with the Bible. What
other book is so internationally known? As
old? So well studied? So timeless? There
is none to compare with it. What other has
so many authors? The Bible, together, has
66 books. Surely these writers all couldn't
have been wrong.
When you see a huge tree and realize it
has grown from a seed you think, "There
must be a force behind this that is greater
than you or I." There is. God.
How did Adam and Eve arrive on earth if
God didn't put them there? How did the
world come into being if it were not created
by God? When we truly believe, we don't
have to ask where He came from. He's just
there. That's enough for true Christians.
When Jesus came to earth, suffered, and
died for us, He showed His great love. What
about the angel at His tomb? Wasn't that
proof? And after we have prayed to God,
asking His forgiveness, don't we feel better?
If we have prayed honestly, we should.
God is loving, not demanding. This is
why He lets each of us make our own choice
as to whether we have fear, or love and
trust him. He lets us deeide if we wish to
be saved.
That is why I say, "There is a God."
'Too Few Bombs in Vietnam?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. TIM LEE CARTER
OF KENTUCKY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, in this
day when there is so much controversy
over the conduct of the war in Vietnam,
I would like to bring to the attention
of my colleagues an interesting editorial
that appeared in the April 23 issue of
the New York Times on the subject of
"Too Few Bombs."
In view of recent testimony or state-
ments regarding the need for repurchase
of bombs because of supply shortages of
arms or equipment in the Vietnam war,
I think this editorial timely and appro-
priate and would commend it to my col-
leagues for their consideration. There-
fore, I would like to have this editorial
Inserted in the RECORD:
TOO FEW BOMBS?
Secretary of Defense McNamara has met
disturbing reports of bomb and other short-
ages overseas with a denial that is more
emphatic than convincing.
Almost 250,000 U.S. troops and 100,000 tons
of supplies have been sent to Vietnam from
all over the world. There has been "draw-
down," as the services call it, on military
supply inventories throughout the world.
Virtually all ready combat units have been
committed to Vietnam or other foreign sta-
tions; the strategic reserve in this country
has been reduced to training cadres. In a
military sense the United States has been
skating on thin ice for some time, and the
danger is not ended.
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Army's Tripler General Hospital in Hawaii
Plays Vital Vietnam Role
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA
inkwan
IN THE :HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, one
31 the reasons for the excellent morale of
iur combat forces in Vietnam is the
knowledge that America's lifesaving
-.echniques have reached a level of excel-
lence heretofore undreamed of. Our sol-
diers know that should they be wounded
they have at their service the most ad-
vanced technology of 20th-century
medicine.
At their disposal are the better trained
medics who give immediate first aid on
the battlefield, the helicopter which
-.11?ves precious minutes by flying the
wounded out quickly and even under
heavy enemy fire, the well-equipped held
hospital with its supply of modern drugs,
rod finally the jet ride to a fully staffed
Army hospital.
One of these hospitals, receiving in-
creased casualties of the Vietnam con-
1.1:ct, is the Army's Tripler General Hos-
pital, located in Honolulu on the island
el Oahu. A "veteran" of World War II
and the Korean war, the 1,400-bed hos-
pital has, despite the rapid increase in
our Vietnam commitment to more than
200,000 troops, managed to make an or-
derly and smooth transition from its
quiet peacetime function to an urgent
wartime operation.
According to Tripler's commander,
iVtaj. Gen. Byron L. Steger, the quality
of medical care has never been reduced,
even when the hospital was overloaded
during October and November of 1965.
General Steger emphasized the high life-
saving ratio of today's combat casualties
when he said:
lorne have come in here looking like they
ac-e about to die and then months later they
walk out,
ideally located halfway to the con-
tinental United States, the hospital not
only continues its heavy load of routine
dependent and veteran care cases, but
also performs major operations on com-
bat injuries, ships hundreds of pints of
emergency blood to the battlefront, and
acts as a stopover point for air evacua-
tion patients.
submit for inclusion in the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD, a newspaper article on
Tripler Hospital's commendable role in
ii.:4ping to meet the Vietnam crisis. The
article, writen by Reporter Lyle Nelson,
appeared in the Thursday, April 14,1966,
issue of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin:
Appendix
VIETNAM CONFLICT'S IMPACT ON TRIPLES
JAOSPITAL
iis layle Nelson)
The scene is Tripler Hospital, that big
pink building on the hill.
A leg has to come off.
Frozen skin comes out of the icebox for
transplanting.
A bullet is left in a man because it went
in clean and ho; and taking it out would
eause more problems.
An amputee from years back efuietly reas-
sures a despondent new amputee.
Hands are rebuilt with metal parts 1,ke
a robot.
A good leg is shortened, bone cut out, lae-
cause the other shattered leg had to be
shortened.
Pints of blood are rushed to Vietnam.
New doctors and nurses check into Trip] er
DRAMA IN BUILDING
These are a few of the dramatic things
that have been :happening inside that big
pink building, mostly in the las'; 6 mont
Tripler has gone to war.
But Maj. Gen. Byron L. Steiger, Tripler's
commander, prefers not to paint a picture
of drastic changes at Tripler?of a hospital
turned upside down because of American
casualties in Vletnam.
"It was pretty rough last October and
November and we had to work pretty hard
and steadily but not to the detriment of
quality medical care," Steger said.
"We received more casualties at that tune
and it put a load on our staff," he said.
"But there is a relative lull in the fighting
now and things have tapered off a little," he
said.
ONE HUNDRED PATIENTS NfMr
Right now Tripler has about 100 patients
direct from Vietnam, some with gunshot pr
mine wounds, others with noncombat ill-
nesses, like malaria.
Yet most of Tripler's current patient los
about 550, are routiine, sick servicemen, wives
having babies, and kids with runny noses.
But what has changed things at Tripler
since the United States pumped 200,000 men
into Vietnam has been combat wounds.
"We get every known type of missile wound,
gunshot, shrapnel, machinegun slugs,
mines," Steger said..
"Some have come in here looking like they
are about to die and then months later they
walk out," Steger said, proudly.
Col. John D. Ashby, chief in orthopedics,
has seen practically all the wounded GI's
the last year.
"We've had three amputations, all local
men," he said.
"I had a war veteran from Korea come up
to talk to this one fellow, give him a little
pep talk, some reassurance, show him how
well he does his job ancl gets around town an
one leg.
"We are doing hand reconstruction work.
"Some carry plenty of shrapnel fragments,
many so small we leave them there, since
they don't really bother a man.
"Shrapnel and bullets are sterile when they
go in. It is only if they take dirty clothing
in with them that we sometimes have to dig
them out," Ashby said.
"One man lost four inches in the thigh
bone and later we will shorten a leg so he
can walk easier," he said.
A SAD CASE
Then there was one sad case of a burn vic-
tim who had lost an arm. His buddies in the
wards volunteered blood?only he died of a
blood clot in the lungs later.
Steger told about an island man, Lt. Wil-
liam Olds who came off the Vietnam battle-
field with wounds in the thigh and pelvis.
Olds was put on a striker frame which.
made him a sandwich between two metal
frames so doctors could turn him over for
simultaneous treatment both front and back.
"It was an amazing case," Steger said, "and
now he has returned to duty at Fort Bennin:
Ga."
While the war has had its impact on Trip-
ler, there has to be a great deal of business
as usual in the treatment of sick servicemen
and their dependents.
"We are set up with 1,400 beds but when
we reached our war peak last November, we
were only slightly over 1,000," Steger said.
Any hospital has to have more beds avai ;-
able than patients it can handle.
ISOLATION NEEDED
That is because people with contagious dia-
eases have to be isolated, men must be cepa -
rated from women, children from adults.
Steger said, "Our job is to take care or
people's needs in internal, surgical, and pry
chiatric medicine.
"And we have to handle war casualties as
well as support the local military populatioi.,
its dependents, provide 75 beds for the Vel -
erans' Administration, and support certain
other Government employees."
Steger said, "We had 785 patients froni
Vietnam in 1965.
"Of these, 66 were psychiatric cases, the
rest almost equally divided between medical
like malaria and ulcers, and surgical."
The surgical workload included fixing
shattered bones and brain damage work per-
formed by neurosurgeons.
FIFTY-FIVE PHYSICIANS
The Tripler staff includes 55 physicians on
the teaching staff, 65 residency trainees ins
various fields, 36 interns, and another 20 in
the dental department, all with college de -
greea.
A staff increase of 55 civilians and 58 mill -
tory has been authorized because of the
Vietnam war and most of these new people
have checked in. Most are , not doctors.
The Tripler staff, including nurses, custo -
dians, and others, totals 1,250 people, 450 or
whom are civilians, and 450 enlisted service
men.
The Tripler outpatient load runs to 19,001]
a month, that is, persons who come to see
the doctor even if junior only has a runny
nose.
The routine case of the child who needs
cough syrup usually can be taken care ce
at dispensaries at Hickam, Pearl Harbor.
Schofield Barracks, and other places without
checking into Tripler's outpatient division.
The departure of the 25th Division from
Schofield cut into Tripler's normal Workload
Steger added, "More available beds in the
Far East, particularly in Japan and Okinawa.
has also helped take the load off us."
TO PHILIPPINES
A man wounded in Vietnam often is flown
quickly to the Philippines for 2 days,
From there he goes to Japan if it looks like
he can get back with his outfit within 60
days.
A2225
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1 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR
In the past few weeks the evidence of
strain has become pronounced. Seven hun-
dred and fifty-pound bombs, sold as surplus
some years ago to a German commercial con-
tractor, have been repurchased by the Gov-
ernment at more than 10 times their sales
price for use in Vietnam. More than 33,000
officers, experienced noncoms and specialists
aro being transferred from Germany to Viet-
nam or to units being trained in this coun-
try. They will be replaced by 18,000 green
privates. Aircraft sorties in South Vietnam
have been materially reduced in recent weeks
because of local shortages of bombs, match-
ing fuses, tail fins, and other ordnance.
There are undeniable scarcities?actual or
impending?of many military items, includ-
ing trained military manpower.
'The reasons for theca de -..ciencies vary,
and it is certainly true that no war ever has
been fought without some shortages. But
Mr. McNamara does himself no credit by
trying to deny the obvious.
This newspaper has long questioned the
wisdom of large-scale bombing in terms of
American objectives in Vietnam, but we
believe unreservedly that whatever strategy
the administration embarks upon must not
fail for lack of arms or equipment. Far
greater candor on the part of the administra-
tion, a candor lacking throughout the Viet-
nam war, would provide greater assurance to
the Nation that the men who are doing the
fighting and dying in Vietnam get all the
support they need.
Cotton Must Compete
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. E. C. GATHINGS
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, after
studies and hearings before our House
Committee on Agriculture in February,
the House took up and approved on
March 3 a bill to enable cottongrowers
to establish, finance, and carry out a co-
ordinated program of research and pro-
motion to improve the competitive posi-
tion of, and to expand markets for,
cotton.
This bill, H.R. 12322, presently is pend-
ing before the Senate.
On April 14, the Jonesboro, Ark., Sun,
made editorial comment on the need for
such authority and such programs. The
Sun serves a great area in the Arkansas
Cotton Belt and reflects the views of
growers that such programs are essential
if we are to firm up the role of cotton
in our economy. If any item is news-
worthy, you will see it in the Jonesboro
Sun. It is a pleasure to bring this edito-
rial to the attention of Members of the
House and the Senate and to express the
hope that early action by the Senate will
enable the Congress to forward this leg-
islation to the President for his signa-
ture:
COTTON MUST COMPETE
The cotton surplus is expected to reach
record of more than 16 million bales by Au-
gust 1, necessitating a severe acreage cutback
to curtail production. Less acres in cotton,
of course, mean less need for all the goods
and services required to produce a crop,
pinching the economy in all cotton areas.
More than 342,000 people in Arkansas de-
rive all or a big part of their incomes from
cotton. Receipts from farm marketing of
cotton and cottonseed amount to about $240
million a year, not to mention the additional
revenue they generate.
Cotton, however, is going into warehouses
while manmade fibers are being used in prod-
uets that once were all cotton. Their con-
sumption has risen to more than 11 million
bales, exceeding that of cotton by 2 million
bales.
For the time being, cotton is reasonably
competitive with rayon due to a Government
subsidy. Fibers making the biggest gains,
however, are the noncellulosics which sell
for 80 cents per pound or more. In 5 years
they have taken more than two-thirds of the
6-million-bale growth in the domestic mar-
ket.
The 14 giant corporations producing syn-
thetics are spending more than $200 million
per year for research and promotion, com-
pared with a little over $10 million spent on
cotton.
How can 500,000 cotton farmers across 18
States combine their resources to compete
with these centrally controlled rivals? Lead-
ing growers are sponsoring a bill which pro-
vides for uniform collection of funds for cot-
ton research and promotion. It contains all
the necessary safeguards for grower control
in that it does not become effective unless
approved by cotton farmers in a referen-
dum; and grower could obtain a refund; and
the program would be initiated, developed,
and conducted by a beltwide producer or-
ganization whose members would be select-
ed by State or area cotton farmer groups.
This program gives the cotton farmer an
arrangement through which he can save him-
self with his own money if he wants to. It
deserves the support of all who are interest-
ed in a healthy cotton economy.
Tosans' New Magazine To Rally Young
Conservatives
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GLENN R. DAVIS
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. DAVIS of Wisconsin. Mr.
Speaker, two intelligent and intellectual
young constituents of mine, the Wheeler
brothers, Richard and Timothy, have
recently launched a new national maga-
zine named "Rally." They thought-
fully forwarded to me a copy of their
trial issue, which I found to be interest-
ing and stimulating.
Recently Loyal Meek, chief editorial
writer of the Milwaukee Sentinel, left
his desk to go back on the reporter's beat.
He called on his two Wauwatosa neigh-
bors, the Wheeler brothers, with the re-
sults shown in the following Sentinel
story:
TOSANS' NEW MAGAZINE TO RALLY YOUNG
CONSERVATIVES
(By Loyal Meek)
Rally, a national magazine for young con-
servatives, is in the hatching stage in Wau-
watosa.
Richard S. and Timothy J. Wheeler, broth-
ers, are the founders. They have published
one trial issue and hope to begin regular
monthly publication by mid-May.
The brothers typify the young conserva-
tives to whom Rally is to appeal. Timothy is
28 and has credentials to serve as a conserva-
tive publisher by virtue of 4 years of expe-
A2227
rience as an associate editor of National Re-
view, a leading conservative publication.
Richard is 31 and is to be the editor of
Rally. He recently returned to Wauwatosa
from Washington, D.C., where he was on the
staff of Reader's Digest.
"Rally will be largely aimed for conserva-
tive readers under 40 on down to the college
level," said Timothy. "There may be some
high school students who will be interested
in it, although probably not very many."
One of the main reasons for the founding
of Rally, according to Timothy, "Is to provide
a market for the many young conservative
writers who have come along in the last few
years."
While conservative in ideology, Rally in-
tends to be liberal in paying its writers, and
especially the younger ones, Timothy said.
Rally will be an advocate of private enter-
prise, the free market system, limited govern-
ment, individualism and for voluntary wel-
fare work by the independent sector, as dis-
tinguished from the public and private
sectors.
While supporting capitalism, Rally itself
will not be a business intent only on making
a profit. For the Wheeler brothers, it is
going to be mainly a labor of love.
The Wheelers now are devoting much of
their time and energy to arranging for the
necessary financial backing.
One of the reasons for establishing head-
quarters in Wauwatosa is that Milwaukee has
the advantage of being a "good conservative
advertising base." Timothy estimates that
"approximately 40 firms here have shown
themselves to be willing to support such
a publication with their advertising."
In addition, he reports, they have been
given support and encouragement from sev-
eral businessmen, here and in Indianapolis.
To make the magazine self-sufficient, a
circulation of 8,000 will be necessary. It is
hoped that this base figure can be reached
within a year?and, of course, that the num-
ber of subscribers will go higher, up to about
18,000. Introductory subscription rates are
$5 for 1 year, $9 for 2 years and $12.50 for
3 years.
Establishing a magazine, especially one
with a select market, is a hard and chancy
undertaking. The Wheeler brothers are con-
vinced, however, that there is a place for
Rally. They point out that there are more
than 100 liberal and leftist publications but
relatively few conservative and rightist pub-
lications, and none in the area they have
staked out?a serious, high quality and fully
representative journal for conservatives in
the 20 to 40 age group.
The Wheelers use the word "serious" in
their promotional material, but they hasten
to emphasize that Rally will not be stuffy.
They promise to make it bright, lively and
witty.
"Ever since conservatism has come of age,"
Timothy said, "its spokesmen have been
spending most of their'time yelling at each
other and exchanging diatribes with liberals.
We hope to establish a better dialog tletween
the right and the left. We want to direct our
time and energy toward Solving problems?
nongovernmental solutions."
Another reason for locating Rally here,
in addition to the good advertising climate,
according to Timothy, is to give it more of a
midwest viewpoint. Almost all journals of
opinion are published in the East, he adds,
and hence reflect the viewpoint of the east-
ern establishment.
Although it will give more attention to
domestic issues, Rally will not ignore inter-
national matters.
Arrangements have been made to have an
anti-Communist column as a regular feature,
written by an intelligence analyst whose
name can't be revealed.
Rally, Timothy emphasizes, will not be a
radical rightwing haranguer. "We will,
for instance, discuss civil rights," Timothy
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A2228 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX April 26. 1966
said, calling it an issue young conservatives
believe in.
He sees the problems of urban life?sprawl,
decay, environmental pollution?as the big
haues of the coming decade. "Conserve-
la ea; -and Rally will be in the forefront of
channeling thought toward urban progress
nod development," Timothy said. "It is a
part of conservation, and conservation is
close to conservatives' hearts."
'rhe third reason for locating Rally here
Is that Wauwatosa is the Wheelers' home
town.
Timothy and his wife and son, Christopher,
3, live at 7401 Watson Avenue. Built in
1877, the house has been in the Wheeler
family ever since. 'The brothers' grand-
mother. Mrs. L. C. Wheeler. lived in the
house for 64 years, until her death in 1964.
The brothers' parents, Mr. and Mrs. S.
Lawrence Wheeler, live at 7720 Rogers Ave-
nue. Richard is making his home with
them.
The brothers are graduates of Wauwatosa
East High School, Richard in January 1953,
and Timothy in June 1955.
Richard attended Northwestern Univer-
s' ty and the University of Wisconsin. Be-
tween times, he studied at the Pasadena
Playhouse and tried writing plays. On the
Madison campus, he wrote a controversial
column for the Daily Cardinal and helped
establish Insight and Outlook, a pioneering
conservative student journal. Before join-
ing Reader's Digest, he wrote editorials for
the Phoenix (Ariz.) Gazette and was chief
editorial writer for the Oakland (Calif.)
Tribune.
Timothy also attended the University of
Wisconsin. After 2 years at Madison, he
joined the Army and was engaged in in-
telligence work overseas. Discharged in
March 1961, he returned to the University of
Wisconsin and became interested in con-
servative writings and political journalism.
He met the former Mary Pox of River Hills
on the Madison campus, and they were mar-
ried in 1962_ Shortly thereafter, he joined
the staff of :National Review.
110FSPRING OF DISSENT
What Is the purpose of Rally? The follow-
ing is excerpted from a "Statement of Pur-
pose" by the editors in the magazine's intro-
ductory issue:
"We seek no patent to improve society
except to the extent that we are able to im-
prove ourselves, and to the extent our success
in doing so persuades others to do likewise.
"We do not refer to ourselves as partici-
pants in a 'movement,' feeling that move-
ments are artificial, nihilist, relentlessly ac-
tivist and insufferably busybody. We have no
marching orders. We build no utopias. We
bathe, shave, and wear shoes. 'Revolt' is
more descriptive of our shared assumptions,
and what we mean by the term is the rising
rejection among the younger generation of
the contemporary liberal orthodoxy. * *
"Within the last 10 years or so a great
many young people have become dissatisfied
with (the I intellectual climate, among
whom we count ourselves and virtually every-
body who has helped construct this journal.
The sum of our dissent has justly been called
the 'Revolt on the Campus,' for ours is in--
deed revolutionary dissent in the sense that
it extends to all, or very nearly all, of the
prevailing liberal orthodoxy. In a bette:r
sense, however, it is restorative, and in-
volves a modern recommitment to -traditional
values. We rally in defense of the great
tradition of the West, and dedicate ourselves
to its restoration in our own persons. Those
traveling the same road we invite to join
us; there are good things to come."
Uncle Sam Offering a Windfall to
Investors
--
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL A. FINO
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
T'uesday,April 26? 1966
Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, I would like
to bring to the attention of the Members
of this House an article which appeared
in the New York Post on April 25, 1966,
opposing the President's proposed loan
pooling scheme as a "windfall."
The theory of the Post is that the prof-
its of participation purchases will go to
institutional investors like banks and in-
surance companies. The Post feels that
the whole thing is tantamount to giving
out a "windfall" in exchange for a budget
gimmick.
I am inclined to agree. The program
certainly is not a "windfall" for taxpay-
ers, who will pay through the nose for
this expensive means of Government
fundraising, but it may well be a wind-
fall for a select group of large-scale in-
vestors. The fat profits to be made help-
ing the President disguise his budget def-
icit will attract institutional funds that
would otherwise go into mortgage lend-
ing and other forms of lending that "help
the little guy." This program?this in-
stitutional "windfall"----will help the "big
guy" and hurt the "little guy" vk ho needs
cheaper credit.
What amazes me in viewing this whole
administration fiscal and monetary chess
game is the silence of the self- anointed
friends of the "little guy." WIEn'e is the
voice of the distinguished chairman of
the House Banking and Currency Com-
mittee, so frequently raised in opposi-
tion to anything that smacks of profits
to the big city bankers? I think that the
Post article is right in saying that the ad-
ministration has made loyalty to decep-
tion a test of virtue.
The article follows:
uNcLs sans OFFERING A WINDFALL TO
INVESTORS
WASHINGTON, April 25.e-There is- a multi-
million-dealer windfall for private investors
in President Johnson's plan to sell shares in
Government leans.
Even the "little fellow" with a few thou-
sand dollars to invest will be able to earn
an unusually high return on his money at no
risk.
11 Congress OK's the plan, private lenders
could pocket over $100 million in extra earn-
ings over the next '2 years--courtesy of the
taxpayers.
Presumably most of this bonartet will go
to large institutional investors?banka, in-
suran.ce companies, and pension Hinds.
But the Treasury Denartment says you
can probably get a piece of the action for
as little as $5,000 at your neighborhood bank.
There's even talk of lowering the minimum
investment to $1,000.
Your money will earn premium interest?
estimated at from a quarter to a half of
1 percent above regular Government funds.
At current interest rates, that means you'd
be getting around 51/2 percent return or
more on your money, with all the work and
worry taken care of by Uncle Sam.
Here's how the plan would work:
The Governrnent holds outstanding loans
totaling about $33 billion it has made to
farmers, small businessmen, colleges, stu-
dents, etc.
The President wants to get rid of some of
these loans?partly to make his budget look
better, partly to tap unused sources of credit
in the private money market.
For a number of years, a few Govermnent
agencies?principally the Federal National
Mortgage Association?have been selling off
loans to private buyers.
Now the President was to expand this plan
to cover any of the nearly 100 agencies which
lend money to the public.
Instead of each agency selling off its own
loans, big batches of them will be lumped
together in "pools."
Shares in the pools (called certificates of
participation) will be sold to private in-
vestors by FNMA, which has experience in
this business.
The money will go into the Federal Treas-
ury, cutting down the red ink on L.B.J.'s
election-year budget.
GOVERNMENT DOES WORK
The actual loans will still' belong to the
Federal agencies, which will do all the work
of collecting payments, foreclosing on de-
faulters, etc.
Twice a year, interest payments--allied
dividends?will go out to holders of the
certificates.
The President hopes to sell at lent $4 bil-
lion worth of loans in the coming 'year, and
another $4 billion the year after.
At a one-quarter of 1 percent premium.
that would cost the taxpayers about $44
million over the next 2 years in higher inter-
est payments to private investors.
If the premium runs one-half er three-
quarters of 1 percent, the windfall would
reach $88 or even $132 million, in the first
2 years of the program alone.
Understandably, many Members of Con-
gress are unhappy about the proposal.
Congressional sources said administration
lobbyists put on intense pressure for the loan
sale plan.
Unless a real revolt develops in Congress,
investors will be diving for profit tais sum-
mer in this new Federal money "pool:'
Reform of Parcel Post Laws
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GALE SCHISLER
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. SCHISLER. Mr. Speaker, many
newspapers have taken note of the leg-
islation now being considered by the
House Post Office and Civil Service Com-
mission to reform existing parcel post
laws.
The Atkinson-Annawan News, Atkin-
son, Ill., the Galesburg-Register Mail,
Galesburg, Ill., and the Moline Dispatch,
Moline, flI., all recently published ar-
ticles concerning H.R. 12367 which is
designed to end illogical limitations
placed on the Post Office Department's
parcel post handling.
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A2256 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- APPENDIX Li 26, 1966
In short, section 241 has now been so con-
strued as to fit precisely the action taken
by the leaders of the Free D.C. movement?
the action of picketing and boycotting Wash-
ington merchants in order to force them to
support home rule for the District of Co-
lumbia. Indeed the identical reasoning used
by the Court to sustain the count of an in-
dictment charging interference in the right
Of Negroes to use public streets and highways
could be used to sustain an indictment of
Free D.C. leaders who interfere with the right
of Washington merchants to put stores on
public streets and enjoy the custom of pas-
sers-by who wish to shop.
If the Department of Justice does not wish
for technical reasons to invoke section 241,
I suggest that it follow the method -it has
sometimes used in the South?that of in-
formal negotiations to persuade local au-
thorities to prosecute on the basis of local
statutes. I need hardly tell you that the
local authorities in Washington would listen
with great respect to representations made
by the Department of Justice, inasmuch as
they are after all part of the Federal Govern-
ment and the local U.S. attorney is in fact
one of your subordinates. There is a local
antiracketeering law which is applicable.
I know that it is applicable since the 'Men-
tion of its possible use caused the leaders of
the Free D.C. movement to desist from their
original intention of collecting money by
intimidation. It also caused them to cover
up?or rather attempt to cover up?their
boycott purpose by confining their public
program to mere picketing of merchants who
have not declared for home rule, while
spreading private instructions to their fol-
lowers to boycott these merchants.
These superficial modifications do not re-
move the criminal purpose of the Free D.C.
movement or make the movement less sub-
ject to criminal prosecution. If the extor-
tion of money is a crime, the extortion of a
belief is also a crime. It is even a greater
crime, for to paraphrase Shakespeare, he who
extorts money extorts trash, while he who
extorts beliefs filches a man's good name and
his very conscience. The District of Colum-
bia authorities are therefore recreant in their
duty when they fail to take action against
the picketing and boycott program even in
its present form.
I submit, Mr. Attorney General, that the
Free D.C. movement has to be stopped in one
way or another if we are not going to en-
courage, by inaction, the subversive trend
of transforming government by law into gov-
ernment by mobs and racketeers.
I commend the Department of Justice for
its courage and zeal in protecting the civil
rights of Negroes. I would commend it still
more if it took the-lead in protecting the
civil rights of all of us.
Sincerely,
BENJAMIN GINZBIJRG.
Vietnam and Disarmament: A Paradox
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
10N. RONALD BROOKS CAMERON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
? Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. CAMERON. Mr. Speaker, last
aek I sent to my constituents a news-
letter containing my views on how our
Nation's policy regarding South Viet-
nam is related to the issue of arms con-
trol and disarmament.
Under unanimous consent, I include
my statement at this point in the
RECORD.
VIETNAM AND DISARMAMENT: A PARADOX
(By RONALD BROOKS CAMERON, member, COM-.
mittee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. Rouse of
Representatives)
Unless the most pressing problem facing
the human race is resolved during this third
of the 20th century?it may well be the last
third of the last century for humanity as
we have known it.
With the rapid increase in technology and
its almost universal application to destruc-
tion of fellow humans?there is today no
doubt of the validity of Albert Einstein's
comment that he had no idea what weapons
would be used in a third world war but he
knew the weapons in the fourth world war?
"sticks and stones."
TOTAL WEAPONS CONTROL
To my mind, the objective of complete and
total world control of nuclear weapons and
ultimately all aggressive weapons should be
the prime objective of our foreign policy,
as well as the first order of each of the other
130 sovereign states of this earth.
Surely there is no question but that for-
eign policy must be based on that hackneyed
phrase "enlightened self-interest." Hack-
neyed though it be, this phrase has acquired
new urgency as a result of our rapidly in-
creasing technology. Enlightened is the key
word that has taken on this urgency?be-
cause of the technological advances in com-
munications that were designed primarily for
war but, thankfully, have collateral civilian
benefits.
When it is possible to have instantaneous
worldwide comunications of voice, and soon
of picture, it is obvious to all that it is not
possible to keep secrets. When Russia makes
a soft landing on the moon and England
manages to secure all of the photographic
benefits of the landing, is there any doubt
that there are no secrets? That all mankind
Is fast becoming totally interdependent?
MANY PROBLEMS FACE US
In attempting to bring about arms control,
there are myriads of practical problems?but
the most serious of all of these problems is
coming to a resolution in part because of the
world's increased ability to communicate.
There is an old political joke about the
public official being out front of his con-
stituents just far enough to be leading and
not so far that he is being chased.
This increased ability for leaders of each
country to communicate with their constitu-
ents is making it possible for them to lead
more rapidly?to get further in front?be-
cause of the ease with which the necessity
to move can be explained?and understood.
Though progress toward arms control has
been precious little, a world climate has been
created in a few short years that makes it
possible for world leaders to publicly discuss
the subject without being subjected to the
type of abuse and ridicule that was heaped
upon the late Adlai Stevenson following his
H bomb testing speech in October of 1956, a
speech in which he said:
"It is no accident that the instinct of sur-
vival which is common to all men and all
nations is slowly but surely compelling the
most practical and hardheaded statesmen to
give increasing heed to the prevention and
abolition of war. In this nuclear age peace
is no longer merely a visionary ideal, it has
become an urgent and practical necessity,"
and "Effective disarmament means universal
disarmament?an open world, with no secret
armies, no secret weapons, and, in effect, no
military secrets. Responsible statesmen do
not risk the security of their countries for
hopes which may prove illusory or promises
that are worthless."
There were not many responsible statesmen
on this issue in 1956. Those of us who re-
member that speech of October 15, can also
remember the hue and cry that went up
around the country?accusing Stevenson of
being everything from an ivory-towered
idealist to a Benedict Arnold.
But look at the situation only 10 years
later. Once Stevenson brought the issue
out for all to see?once frank and open dis-
cussion was encouraged by communication
media around the world?once the responsi-
ble statesmen had a forum from which to
discuss the issue, they have been able to
convince their constituencies of the validity
of nuclear arms control. Today, only 10
years since that speech, all but 15 nations
of this earth have made a partial commit-
ment to this concept by affixing their names
to the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Agreement.
Of the 15 1 who have not signed 32? are
not members of the U.N.?and they are all
of limited significance save for 3?the same
3 who are the principal protagonists in South
Vietnam?the Peoples Republic of China,
North Vietnam, and France.
It must be kept foremost in our thinking
on the subject that though 116 nations have
taken this limited step towards a rejection
of force in the settlement of international
disputes?their primary motivation for
taking such a step must have been survival.
Their continued commitment to this agree-
ment and commitment for further steps
toward the objective of total disarmament
must of necessity be predicated on the same
motivation?but to secure such commit-
ments there must be credibility that they
will not only survive as humans but as na-
tions.
During the transition period, which may
well take several debacles, that they will not
be consumed by a war of national liberation.
COMMITMENT BY EISENHOWER
One can, and most have, argued the valid-
ity of the actions and commitments of the
Eisenhower administration to the country of
South Vietnam. Our original "dog in the
manger" attitude re the Geneva Accords on
French Indochina, the subsequent failure
to hold elections, de Gaulle's "execution" of
the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in a
fit of personal pique?as a spoil sport. For-
mer Senator William Knowland's personal
commitment to Chiang Kai-shek that helped
drive Red China to bandit status. All of
these things have been and should be de-
bated, for hopefully we will learn from our
past blunders. But during this debate we
must be careful not to delude ourselves into
believing that we can turn back the clock?
we must recognize the realities of today.
Most of these acts happened prior to Octo-
ber 1956, when Stevenson opened the eyes
of mankind, and all of them happened prior
to the limited nuclear test ban agreement.
FORCE MUST BE REJECTED
Today the vital issue facing us is: how do
we build on that limited agreement? How
do we keep faith that force as a resolution
of international disputes must be rejected
and that those who so reject force need not
fear for survival?either from nuclear pollu-
tion or wars of national liberation?
Surely we are not credible if we now turn
our back in South Vietnam and allow the
country to be consumed by terrorist invad-
ers. As former President Eisenhower re-
cently said, this would be giving "sanctuary
to those responsible for sending guerrilla
forces and supplies into South Vietnam in
the effort to impose their will on the gov-
ernment and people of that country."
Retreat could well precipitate a repeat per-
formance in Thailand, Korea, Indonesia, and
possibly the Philippines?not to mention at
least a half dozen countries in Africa and a
similar number in South America.
1 Nonsignatories of limited nuclear test
ban: Albania, Andora,* Bhutan, Cambodia,
Congo, Cuba, France, Guinea, Lichtenstein,*
Monaco,* Oman and Masquat,* Saudi Arabia,
Peoples Republic of China,* North Korea,*
North Vietnam.*
5-Countries marked with asterisks above
are not members of the United Nations.
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April 26, 1986 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- A PPENDIX
There is undoubtedly a role to be played
by Federal grants-in-aid. But assuming, as
we do here, that the Federal Government
should finance a larger share of total govern-
mental expenditures, there is much to be said
For taking a close look at the alternative ways
in which it might achieve this end.
One such alternative is Federal assump-
tion of functions that are now in the hands
al State and local authorities. But in the
lace of wide diversity of local needs and
tsates across the country, there are probably
very few functions or subfunctions that are
appealing or appropriate candidates for this
treatment. Those that are involve services
with very large "spillover" effects--services
that do not readily benefit the taxpayers of
any one State. This will frequently explain
wiiy some services are not provided at all, or
iire provided inadequately. It undoubtedly
goes far to explain the failure of the States
to take appropriate action to prevent the
pollution of the Great Lakes or the Ohio
ttiver, for example. In cases of this kind,
there may be no reasonable way to gt a job
1:011e that everyone seems to agree should be
done except by having the Federal Govern-
ment do it.
Another means of providing financial as-
sistance to the States that has frequently
been advocated involves Federal relinquish-
ment of tax sources and their use by the
States. The tax on local telephone service
has been a favorite candidate for this role.
With its repeal by the Federal Government
as of the beginning of this. year, it will be in-
teresting to see how much of the one-half
billion dollars of its yield will in fact be
taken up by the States. As a discriminatory
tax on consumption and a tax on business
costs, there is little to commend it; our over-
ell tax system will not be improved if it
ebould be replaced by comparable State taxes.
Other candidates are similarly unpromising
and, generally, less likely to yield significant
revenues. Moreover, like the tax on local
telephone service, they would mostly help
Liaise States that are least in need of assist-
tone.
A third alternative is the allowance of a
eredit against Federal income taxes for State
or local taxes paid. This device would
help only the taxpayer immediately and di-
cectly, but, it is argued, it would enable the
.tte les to impose additional taxes in the
..t.m mint of the credits allowed without adding
Lu the net tax liabilities of taxpayers. Be-
cause the amount of sales tax paid by any one
taxpayer is extremely difficult to ascertain,
and because of the likelihood that renters
:et wen as owners bear property taxes, the
Amty attractive prospect for the credit is in
t.lie income tax. But 16 States do not impose
seneral individual income taxes, and some
them are constitutionally prohibited from
doing so. In addition, the tax credit device
would aid the richest States most and the
atiorest States least?and, in this sense at
eeett, would appear to entail an inefficient
use of Federal funds. Furthermore, there
reams to he nothing to be gained through an
approach under which the States impose
LIX;^,,, Fe that they may, in turn, be "forgiven"
hy the Federal Government.
This brings Us to the most recently ad-
satiated form of. Federal financial assistance
the States the so-called Heller plan,
.einied for Walter W. Heller, former Chair-
man the Council of Economic Advisers
toiler Prssidents Kennedy and Johnson.
of its most attractive features is its basic
e:molicity. The Federal Government would
:la:tribute to the States each year an amount
olio! to a specified percentage of the Fed-
eral individual income tax base?taxable M-
eanie reported by all individuals. One
variant of the plan would simply divide the
'ii,;;distributable slim among the States
according to population. At current levels
or taxable income, 2 percent would provide
ts5 billion, or approximately $25 per capita.
Some would attach no strings whatsoceer to
State use of the funds, while others :vould
require that they be spent on a rather wide
range of functions or that they not be spent
for such generously aided ones as highways.
The plan has several major pluses. tnlike
conditional grants-in-aid,. its budget-dietort-
ing influence would either be offsettiag or
nonexistent. The amount to be distril sited
would grow at least as rapidly as the ecouomy
as a whole, and probably considerably fuster.
Thus it would provide a source of ret enue
that is more likely to keep pace with Ii:Ang
expenditures than existing sources. And a
minimum (perhaps equal to the prior year's
amount) could be built in to insure against
cyclical downswings. The equal per :capita
form of this unconditional Federal drant
would have some equalizing influence turning
the States because, for example. $25 is a
larger proportion of per capita income in
Alabama or Mississippi, say, than it is in
Connecticut or Delaware.
At several points one may take issue with
the. Heller plan as thus far presented. But
it is a flexible plan which can be moCified
easily to meet most objections. Clearle. for
example, if $5 billion per year (growing at
about 6 to 7 percent annually) is thought
Inadequate, the 2 percent figure can readily
be raised to 3, or 4, or any other percent that
Is consistent with the fiscal position (a the
Federal Government, its objectives of eco-
nomic growth anti stability, and the needs of
State-local governments. Similarly, it ould
involve only a modest increase in complexity
to provide a built-in penalty against hose
States putting forth relatively little :fiscal
effort anti to provide more interstate equaliza-
tion of fiscal capacity than would be ach eyed
through equal per capita grants.
Fiscal effort could be takea into account
by multiplying the basic per cepita figure by
the ratio of State-local tax collections in.
each State a.s a percentage of income received
in the State to the same percentage for the
United States as a whole. .A State which
responded to the receipt of Federal sul,sidy
by cutting its taxes would be penalized by
having that subsidy reduced.
fiscal capacity, as: measured 1;y income re-
ceived in the State, could be built into the
formula.
With the suggested modidcations, the
Heller plan appears to meet the objec: ions
that are raised against the alternatives. Un-
der present circumstances, it has far more
appeal than a further reduction in Federal
taxes, or it may be ooupled with a smaller re-
duction than would otherwise be warranted;
it would be likely to meet needs more
urgently requiring attention than those that
might be met through an equivalent inn ease
in Federal expenditures; and it does not suf-
fer from the disadvantages of expansion of
the already unwielilly structure of ecncli-
tional grants-in-aid.
It is no secret that a Presidential task
force headed by Joseph Pechman of the
Brockings Institution reported favorabl on
as undisclosed version of the: Bailer elan
last year and that its report hie, not beet re-
leased to the public. Obviously, the Man
was not viewed favorably by key Preside, dial
advisers. One can only spec slate on the
essence of their objections.
Perhaps it was because of relu.stance on
the part of Washington bureaucrats, to see
Federal funds distributed to the Si ates
whose spending they (the bureaucrats)
would not supervise. Perhaps it was bar. t use
influential Washingtonians outside of the
Government object to their loss of infire?nce
vis-a-vis their counterparts in the State old-
tals. Some may be reluctant en make :raere
Federal funds available at this time to State
officials and legislative bodies whose beha vior
on civil rights issues has been objection: ble.
Others are concerned about the possibility
that the larger cities would bit shortchanged
by the States. Whatever the facts of the
A2255
matter may be, it seems clear that the Haller
plan has yet to be examined on its intrinsic
merits.
The Civil Rights of Many
Washington Merchants
- ?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF VlsI
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia. Mr.
Speaker, under leave to extend my re-
marks I should like to insert in the REC-
ORD a letter I received recently from a
constituent of mine which contains some
very interesting observations he has
made as to how the Attorney General
might protect the civil rights of many
Washington merchants who are pres-
ently being intimidated and threateoed
with reprisals if they do not agree to sup-
port a specific type of home rule legisla-
tion. The letter shows that actions
taken by the Department of Justice in
other areas of the country on the basis of
Federal statutes could be applied with
equal vigor in protecting these mer-
chants.
The letter follows in full:
ARLINGToN, VA.,
April 2, 196.;.
HOD.. NICHOLAS DEB, KATZENDACH,
Attorney General of the United States,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. ATTORNEY GENERAL: On Pebrnary
22 I wrote you concerning the activities of
the Free D.C. movement as announced in
the press, and pointed out that these activi-
ties constituted an open conspiracy to depeive
Washington merchants of the enjo:ymeni of
their civil rights. I suggested that the tie--
partment of Justice take action similar to
that which it has taken in regard to activi des
of Southern whites interfering with the civil
rights of Negroes.
On March 16 I received a reply signed by
an assistant to Assistant Attorney John Door
and stating that the information I 11 ive
furnished "does not disclose the violation of
a Federal criminal statute," and that tin re-
fore the Justice Department "has no au-
thority to take any action in the matter."
I have before me the Supreme Court de-
cisions of March 28 in the Price and Guest
cases, and these decisions show that, the t ie-
partment of Justice has been using a if;'
construction statute (18 U.S.C. 241) to brig
to justice southern whites conspiring Li
interfere with the civil rights of Negreett.
It seems to me that the same statute is
applicable to the openly confessed es-
corted action of the leaders of the Free
D.C. movensent to intimidate Washirt,; nt
merchants and interfere with the enjoyment
of their civil rights.
The opinions of the Supreme Court in
these cases hold that section 241 is appl et-
ble to conspiracies by private individuals itt
connected with conspiracies by public offi-
cials to interfere with the enjoyment of d el
rights. They also hold that the rights volved include include all rights protected by t
Constitution and the laws of the Unitel
States, not merely those rights which ;ire
conferred by or "flow from" the Federal (ley-
ernment. Finally they hold that conspi -a-
ches by private persons to interfere in I he
enjoyment of civil rights can be prosecut eci.
"whether or not motivated by racial ds-
crimination." '
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April 26, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX A2257?
And what of Europe? De Gaulle now has
NATO in convulsive death throes as a result
of his failure to sign the test ban agreement
and his determination to have an "independ-
ent nuclear capability." Wouldn't our re-
treat from South Vietnam force West Ger-
many to reconsider her commitment to dis-
armament? Wouldn't she question our com-
mitment to her defense?and probably de-
cide that she too needed "independent nu-
clear capability"?
And what of Russia? Is she capable of
"eating crow"? That is what China would
make her do. China would announce to the
world that she was right and Russia was
wrong?the United States was in fact a
"paper tiger." To save face, would Russia
have to move on Berlin?
The United States has many unique
aspects?but one of them is not demagogu-
ery. Each country has its Robert Welches of
the right and its Robert Scheers of the left.
Our capitulation in South Vietnam would
bring them to the fore in each country of
this earth and they could well force many
world leaders to retreat from the limited
progress we have made toward disarmament.
These leaders would have to come closer to
their emotionally charged constituents or
run the very probable chance of being so far
out in front that they are being "chased."
As distasteful as our involvement in South
Vietnam is to all Americans?when the reali-
ties of today are recognized?it seems obvious
that of the options available to us now?
capitulation and withdrawal, retreat to en-
claves, uncontrolled escalation, or continua-
tion of our policy of measured response?
only the latter one serves what should be our
primary foreign policy objective?disarma-
ment.
The Need for a New Federalism
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD D. CLANCY
OF omo
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26, 1966
Mr. CLANCY. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
bring to the attention of my colleagues
an excellent article on the present Fed-
eral-State-local government relation-
ships, by a former Member of the House
of Representatives, the Honorable Robert
Taft, Jr. This article appeared in the
April 1966 issue of Washington World:
THE NEED FOR A NEW FEDERALISM
(By Robert Taft, Jr.)
Rich uncle's handouts to the children
rarely help to build a happy family. This
remains true even when the child has grown
to adulthood and responsibility. Can the
increasingly direct role of Central Govern-
ment in the community life and local govern-
ments of America expect any better result?
This is what the debate over the "New
Federalism" is all about. The answer points
up a basic difference between the thinking
of the Republican and Democratic parties.
The future of our governmental frame-
work, which has been based traditionally
upon the States, hangs in the balance. In
the end, the decision seems unlikely to be
resolved by reestablishment of complete
State hegemony over its local governmental
offspring. More likely, and predicted by
some, is the decline of the State to a vestigial
organ. But with ingenuity and intelligence
we may work out other solutions.
Our society, built as it is upon our Federal
structure, stands to change with it. Why
should we be concerned with the change?
A review of the beginnings and development
of American federalism may help provide
an answer.
The root of the word, "Federal" can help
dispel misconceptions about its present im-
plications. It sterns from "fides," the Latin
word for faith, and thus defining a compact
between States which retain their internal
independence. In America, its corruption
began early with the "Federalist Party" as
one favoring stronger Central Government,
as contrasted to the compact approach of the
Articles ' of Confederation. Its corruption
took another big step in the Civil War, with
the forces of the Union being known as "The
Federals." Today to most of us, "Federal"
when applied to Government, is all but
synonymous with "Central" or "National."
Perhaps we are conditioned most vividly to
what it means when we face this "Federal"
income tax month each year.
In its origin, our Government was Federal
in the true sense of binding together by the
Constitution colonies of diverse history, in-
terests, and aspirations, yet reserving to each
and its people the nondelegated powers.
More than the historical and geographical
considerations were involved. A chief moti-
vation of the Federation was to build and
guarantee a system of Government under
which there would be built-in safeguards for
individual rights and freedoms. This was
done through limiting the power of national
government by clearly prescribing its scope
of authority and thus assuring that it would
be responsive to the desires of those gov-
erned. The separation of powers was one
means adopted. But equally important was
the retention and definition of a truly fed-
eral system, with the separate tiers of Na-
tional, State, and local government. Thus,
at each level, the people, through an elective
process guaranteed as a "republican form
of government," could demand responsive-
ness and call to account.
Today, the concept thus established is
constantly tested by greater strains. Revo-
lutionary change in population, communi-
cation, transportation, and technology have
all combined to require a broader role of
Government. This is true both'as to services
and as to laws to regulate increasingly com-
plex relationships of people. Confusion, or
lack of concern, as to the wisest allocation
of new responsibilities of Government has
sometimes resulted in chance decisions as to
the appropriate level for new programs.
More often, availability of financial resources
and political realities have made the deci-
sion. Our increased role in world affairs,
availability of Federal revenues from the in-
come tax, unlimited borrowing power, the
rigidity of State constitutions, malappor-
tioned State legislatures, and the more direct
and effective communication of the Chief
Executive and national officials with the elec-
torate have all combined to channel much
of governmental growth to the Central Gov-
ernment.
DIRECT ACTION
For many problems, direct central action
has been inevitable and logical. For in-
stance, interstate commerce and communi-
cations, an agriculture program, veterans af-
fairs, antitrust legislation, national labor re-
lations, and social security could hardly have
been dealt with effectively otherwise.
In a number of other areas, such as work-
men's compensation and higher education,
the States have taken responsibility and have
acted. In others, such as public education,
local and State units combined to strive to
meet expanding needs and provide service.
In other fields, the pattern that has devel-
oped has been one of national initiation and
policy determination implemented through
the States down to the local level of final
impact. Typical of this approach have been
the unemployment compensation program,
national health programs like Kerr-Mills, the
categorical welfare programs such as aid to
dependent children and aid for the aged, the
interstate highway program, and manpower
development and training, to name a few.
In these the degree of Federal financing and
control of standards has varied. But this
"grant-in-aid" approach has at least ob-
served the original framework of the Federal
system and kept some order in the National-
State-local relationship. By doing so, it re-
tained at least some control and participa-
tion by the State through its executive and
elected officials. But let's admit that, even
so, the tendency of the grant-in-aid system
has been to drift toward increased financing,
standard setting and control from the na-
tional level, accompanied by a shedding of
responsibility at the State level. This is the
tendency of the proposal we see in unem-
ployment compensation, for instance. H.R.
8282, presently pending in Congress, would
move toward depriving the States of the
right to set qualifications for eligibility. It
would all but do away with the merit-rating-
for-employers concept that has been a key to
the success and financial stability of many
State systems.
An approach to check this trend for a
field such as education and welfare has re-
cently been suggested by a Republican task
force. The task force suggestion has been
endorsed in principle by the Republican Co-
ordinating Committee. It proposes to limit
further expansion of the specific grant-in-
aid concept and institute new functional
grants for general fields of expenditure. De-
fining the function only in general terms,
the proposal suggests also broader grants
from the national budget to the States, using
an equalization formulation and prohibit-
ing use of the funds only in programs dis-
criminating on account of race. Admitted-
ly, present spending attitudes, immediate
military requirements and other economic
factors may raise feasibility questions as to
the proposals at this time, but a national
budgetary priority for such grants, after na-
tional security, might be established. On
the whole, it seems more likely to be feasible
and considered favorably than the alterna-
tives of turning back revenue sources to the
States, or further State tax credits against
Federal taxes. Even the Johnson adminis-
tration appeared to so feel with regard to
the Heller-Peckman proposal until opposi-
tion mobilized from Mr. Meany of the AFL-
CIO and other centralistic forces. No more
has been heard since.
A NEW PARTNERSHIP?
But the most serious recent threats to the
federal system do not lie in the areas already
discussed. Rather, they are implanted and
spreading in the concept of what HUBERT
HUMPHREY and others have called the
New Federalism. As described, it is to be a
new partnership of the National Govern-
ment with local subdivisions of government,
the cities, the counties, the school districts,
and other local authorities. Omitted entire-
ly from the picture would be the State gov-
ernment. Often the elected body in the city
or county or school district may likewise be
bypassed by a contractual financing arrange-
ment between Washington and an appointed
or ad hoc group of one kind of another. The
exotic cell in such arrangements is the inde-
pendence, through a source of national
funds, created in the local unit so financed.
It is no longer required to turn to its parent
government or community for required sup-
port. Nor need it continue to merit support
in the local electorate. It is an independent
and going piece of machinery that answers
only to the source of its funds. Let's look
at a few specific examples.
The poverty program is a classic one.
Agreeing as we all do with making more
meaningful the American principle of equal-
ity of opportunity, we must still recognize
that the Director of the Office of Economic
Opportunity has life-or-death control over
every facet of the poverty program.: He may
contract, or refits to 'contract, for the serv-
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A2258 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?APPENDIX April 26, 1966
ices with any governmental or private non-
prcat group he desires. The contractor
could be any type of organization other than
a political party. It could be a labor union.
It could be a local school board. It could be
a newly formed private organization set up
only for that purpose. The Governor (with a
meaningless veto that can be vetoed by the
(lE0 Director), the State legislature, the
city council, the school board, the county
commissioners, and the established local
health and welfare councils have little or no
say. Though they may be consulted in some
cases, they need not be. For instance, or-
ganizations such as settlement houses sup-
ported by Community Chest and local gov-
ernment grants in the past have thus been
subject to local assessment of validity of pro-
gram. Now, they find their funds coming
mostly from Washington. Naturally they
will now dance to the tune that is played
there. Confusion, competition, and duplica-
tion can mushroom under such circum-
stances. And the recourse of the citizen af-
fected if he is not satisfied with the perform-
ance shifts also from his own locality or
State to the Nation's Capital. The only way
he can be felt is by his vote for President or
for the Congress.
Other fields, such as transportation and
housing, have very similar considerations.
Local building codes, zoning restrictions, and
city planning must meet the tests set by the
various national authorities or be excluded
from participation in the distribution of
Federal funds. Often there is no recourse
from a denial of such funds.
The new medicare bill, however much we
may have telt there was a need for such help,
puts almost unrestricted authority in HEW
to determine the criteria for hospitals and
nursing homes to qualify to receive payments
under the program. How far these regula-
tions will go at the outset remains to be de-
termined, but very conceivably they could
extend to professional qualifications of staff,
kinds of medications prescribed, as well as
the facilities provided. Again, the recourse
for those who disagree will not be at the level
of the community, the local government, or
even the State capital.
In education, while the acceptance of the
broad Federal aid program is up to the dis-
trict, the National Commissioner has been re-
eeryed the right to establish criteria. At the
outset these may be acceptable to local
effitool auliorities. But it is difficult to pic-
ture a. ec000l board with one-third or more
of its budget coming from this source drop-
ping participation in the future because of
clietgreement with a new or expanded re-
quirement from the Commissioner. Again, if
there is disagreement, the recourse, if any.
lies only in Washington.
The citseen may think that this is a mat-
ter of indifference as far as he, John Doe,
is concerned. He has enough problems of his
own. Ma oy have given up on the idea that
government can he efficient, eccmomical, and
run by people who are truly concerned with
the kind of conditions under which he and
his children live and will live in the future,
Ire has reason, Heaven knows, to feel this
way. It e; true that to increase the dace-
1,f von vyn 10 officeholders running your busi-
of is; after you elect them to a position where
they have the power to do so, you stiould be
,1,1)10 to expect them to do a good job. The
Meal cell:no-unity or State can stay master of
Sic Litation by retaining the power to be
abicto ?neck up on elected officers and 1m-
i-feet Lilian if they do not do a good job or
tend to ga in the wrong direction. But who
furlong us can lire a commissioner on educa-
tion appointed by the President of the
United States? Who among Its can tell a
commiLstioner of education, obscurely sitting
behind a desk in Washington, that we do or
do not want our children to learn about sex
in the schoolroom, for instance, or dancing.
Or to ;Plow fraternities and sororities to form
there? We can tell our school boards today.
But should economic dependence of our
schools turn from the community to Wash-
ington, our voice will be weakened, as the
only weapon a citizen has ,igainst abuse
through big money, whether it is in business,
union, or government, is his ability to be
able to oust the critter who is causing the
trouble, or strengthen the officials whose
positions he trusts and appro :es of. When
the money comes not directly from us, but
indirectly through our taxes paid to the
central government, it is the t government
and not we who will make soch decisions.
REVOLTJTIO NARY CHA 105
And the real difficulty with ;11 of these de-
velopments insofar ir.s the Federal system is
concerned is that State and 7ocal responsi-
bility and concern evaporates when the fi-
nancial support and control move elsewhere.
The Secretaries of HEW and HUD become the
co-mayors of Main Street, U.S.A. The level
of local responsibility drops, interest wanes,
and tee caliber of local ofacia's deteriorates.
It could be that from the point of view of
efficiency and dispatch of public programs in
our multiple communities, coinmunications,
and computer techniques are now so devel-
oped that the State and local governments
could become surplusage. This is highly
doubtful. But even were it Ea, we have to
take stock that such a charge would have
effects upon our society that would be revo-
lutionary and unfavorable. 'maybe ready
to accept them, but Again, it's very doubtful.
As noted at the outset the federal system
was adopted at least in par' to provide a
check, or a series of checks, -upon the power
of government. The purpose it these checks
was to build and promote ineividual liberty
and equality of oppertunity. Our past suc-
cess toward these goals we sof:el-lit is testified
to by the growth. and strength of our Nation.
We have, through our private ffaterprise sys-
stem, encouraged and protect ed by govern-
ment, mobilized the energy, in agin.ation, and
capability of our people as individuals better
than any other nation in the world. Checks
upon anise of government p. wer have been
a significant factor in this as ecess. Should
we abandon thorn now, particularly with the
increased scope of' government at all levels,
we risk losing the wellspring of American
progress, our free society.- Centralized con-
trol and the rigid hand of nat ional bureauc-
racy can stifle Initiative and demoralize the
Nation. We have been movie g in that dan-
gerous direction in man.y fields. We must
turn irons it and seek a new approach that
will strengthen, not weaken, f,tate and local
governments. They must be made respon-
sive to new problems. They roost have avail-
able the means of financing - hose programs
of government that can best be handled at
their respective levels. Wheee, as must be
true in many cases, they work in partnership
with national government, we should insist
upon safeguards thst preven Washington's
domination and profiide the it spume of a day
1,0 Court for the offended. Thsre is a desper-
ate need for such. a "new federalism." It
should be in the traditional of our Federal
Union, designed to give the people a louder
and idearer voice in their gni ernment at all
level';. It should promote, no infringe upon,
iiim,a, liberty.
Horton Recognizes National Library Week
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Os,
HON. FRANK HC RION
OF NEW rORK
IN THE HOUSE OE' REPRE fENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 26 1966
Mr. DORTON. Mr. Speaker, last week,
April 17-23, we celebrated National Li-
brary Week, a nationwide operation de-
signed to encourage reading and the use
of libraries. The observance was in its
9th year of sponsorship by the American
Library Association and the National
Book Committee, two distinguished non-
profit organizations.
One of the most important areas of
library growth is in our Nation's public
schools. The support given a schoolchild
by a school library and an enthusiastic
librarian is vital, especially for children
from a deprived background--a fact rec-
ognized by Congress in the passage last
year of the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act. I am proud to say that
the city of Rochester, N.Y., with a popu-
lation of over 300,000, has a library and
a librarian in each of its secondary
schools?and 3 of these schools have 2
librarians apiece. Although there are no
libraries or librarians in the 45 elemen-
tary schools, every classroom has its col-
lection of books whose total value comes
to $3 a child?and an increase has been
requested for next year.
Next year, moreover, there will be
libraries, and librarians to go with them,
in four elementary schools--three of
them supported by title I funds from the
Elementary and Secondary Education
Act.
While :r am discussing library services
in Rochester, I might add that the city
is noted for its contributions to the fields
of library science and services. The
Eastman Kodak Co. particularly has
added greatly to the field of documenta-
tion by developing microreproduction
systems, and the Xerox Corp. is actively
exploring the field of teaching machines
which can have great bearing on the
future of school libraries.
As a member of the District of Colum-
bia Committee, however, I have had oc-
casion to contrast the school library sit-
uation here in Washington with that in
my home area. Much has been done:
much remains. The contrast is strong-
est in the allocation of money for library
books: This Capital City of well over
800,000 can provide only 50 cents worth
of books for every elementary child, and
$1 worth on the junior and senior high
school level. The city has sought to
double both these allocations in fiscal
1967. Combined with funds from the
Elementary and Secondary Education
Act, granting of this requeot would put
the schools within hailing distance of
those in Rochester?and all would still
fall short of the ALA standards of an
investment of $4 to $6 per student in
library books.
Not only books but people count?
trained, friendly librarians to show a
child how to unlock the storerooms cf
knowledge. Although Washington's sec-
ondary schools now have one or more
librarians apiece, about 50 of our elemen-
tary schools still have no ccntral library
facilities and no professioen1 or volun-
tary library personnel. Their library
books are dispersed, for want of staff,
among the classrooms or packed away
in storage.
For fiscal 1967 the city pa" ;poses to add
21 more elementary school liforarans to
the 43 now employed. This will still
leave over half the elementary schools
without librarians. These are primarily
the smaller, older schools in the central
area, so crowded with churl i' that they
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