U.S. ACTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA CONSISTENT WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030004-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: February 23, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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A930 COI GRESSIONA:L RECORD -APPENDIX February 23, 1966
Auditorium last night to present an adult
evening of music.
The players form the permanent orchestra
of the Interlochen Arts Academy, a recent
prep school expansion of the famed summer-
time National Music Camp in northern
Michigan.
Vor this first appeara.ice on a seven-con-
cert tour of the East coast and Ontario, Thor
Johnson, the director of the school, con-
ducted three-fourths of the program. The
founder of the summer camp, Joseph Maddy,
took the baton for Berlioz's "Roman Carnival
Overture."
The program, which also included Mozart's
"Linz" Symphony, Kodaly's infrequently
heard concerto for orchestra, and Shosta-
kovich s First Symphony, showed a wise se-
lection calculated to challenge all the play-
ers with at least one major responsibility for
the 2 lir,Urs.
U. is practic,r. ly a, norm for the conserva-
tory orchestra to fall short in one or more
Sections, With high school groups, you note
the enthusiasm, then quickly assemble the
bat's" and "herwever's,"
Yet few excuses are necesary for this or-
chestra, in which even the string section is a
disciplined, many-splendored thing.
The five continuous movements of the
Kodaly Concert.,), composed in the midst of
World War II, proved to be the apex of the
concert. The solo violas and cellos, respond-
ing smoothly to an equally eloquent wind-
assembly, transformed the Largo Into a
sumptuous, impassioned affair intensified
with unbelievable nobility in the later tutti
reatfirmation in Bachian motivic work.
The command shown in this movement, as
in the first with Its incisive brass punctua-
tions, and in the two allegros, stunningly
managed even in improvisational solos, could
hardly be matched by good adult performers.
'['he certainty evident through all levels
of ::he string section most obviously charac-
terized the reading of the "Linz." The
reading of the adagio indicated an unusual
maturity In maintaining a slow tempo with-
out sacrificing the metrical pulse.
The musicians languished tastefully over
the protracted dissonances and solo episodes.
Yet they never sank into that ominous quick-
sarid of increasingly sluggish paces that
drags performers into the mire of a new fare-
well symphony.
'[.'here was a wonderful pliancy in ex-
changes between sections and individuals in
the Berlioz. Maddy drew forth a controlled
rather than a. weepingly sentimental can-
tilena.
Coming from the pen of a 19-year-old, the
Shostakovich Symphony impressed its Rus-
sian hearers immediately and impressed the
audience last night. All the elements-
skilled pizzicato, light wind tonguing, lux-
uriant tutti mixtures-were there for a total
suavity and grace that were outstanding.
1 from the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
10eb. 22, 19661
YOUTH CONCERT THRILLING EVENT
(By Wendell Margrave)
The Interlochen Arts Academy Orchestra,
Thor Johnson, Joseph E. Maddy, conductors.
Department of State Auditorium. Program;
Symphony No. 36 in C, K.425, "Linz," Mozart;
Concerto for Orchestra, Kodaly; the Roman
Carnival Overture, opus 9, Berlioz; Symphony
No. 1, opus 10, Shostakovich.
Those fortunate enough to attend the con-,
cert: last night at the Department of State
Auditorium of the Tnterlochen Arts Academy
Orchestra had the inspiring experience of
hearing a fine orchestra concert, comparable
in programing to that of any symphony or-
+:hestra in the world, played by 102 young
people of high School age.
The school they represent, an outgrowth of
I lie National Music Camp at Interlochen, is a
college preparatory school for studenis gifted
in the arts. The orchestra rehearses 2 hours
a day, 6 days a week, for a 32-week season and
is at present on a tour which takes them
today to the University of Maryland, tomor-
row to Carnegie Hall, then to three perform-
ances in Canada.
The orchestra members :ire most;y from
the Middle West, but all sections of the
country are represented, and there arc' mem-
bers from Taiwan, Finland, and Japan.
Three are from the Washington area: Vio-
linist Nancy Cole from Silver Spring. Clari-
nettist Jonathan Lautman from Takorna
Park, and Eugene Sittenfeld, percussionist,
from Bethesda.
It was a thrilling performance. It i. a stu-
dent orchestra, to be sure, with not quite the
routined confidence and mature sound of a
professional group, but wonderfully ompe-
tent, wonderfully accurate, wonderfully uni-
tied. The Kodaly-Concerto for Orchestra and
the Shostakovich First Symphony gave op-
portunity for much excellent solo work by
individuals, notably Violinist Victoria Mato-
aich; Cellist Jane Schroeder; a rem.,rkable
young bass player named David Currie; Mir-
iam Jakes, a blond oboist with the embou-
chure a bit to the right but with a sweet
sound and a musician's way of phrasing; and
the spectacular and dedicated timpanist,
Tsutoniu Yamashita from. Kyoto.
The best single section in the orchctra is
the brasses, for they have the incisive attack
and golden tone that is America's owi, pecu-
liar contribution to brass playing. This rests
as much on the example of the greet jazz
players as it does on the symphony tradition;
and it gives a particularly vital thrust to the
Sound of the orchestra.
The conducting was in the experienced
;hands of Thor Johnson, who for years con-
ducted the Cincinnati orchestra. Dr. Joseph
E. Maddy, founder of the music camp and of
the academy, who is everywhere a symbol of
this kind of enterprise, conducted the Roman
Carnival. At the close of the program, the
concertmaster led the orchestra in the
excerpt from Hanson's Romantic Symphony
that is the Interlochen theme.
The Something for Nothing Theory
Always Fails
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. A. S. HERLONG, JR.
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 9, 1966
Mr. Hls'RLONG. Mr. Speaker, a .short
time ago my distinguished friend and
our former colleague, Millard F. Cald-
well, now a member of the Florida Su-
preme Court, made an address b :fore
the Civitan Club of Jacksonville, Fla.,
which in my judgment was so outstand-
ing that it deserves being printed iii the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for the enli.uht-
en.ment of the Members,
Justice Caldwell is recognized a- one
of Florida's most distinguished jusLices.
He has been a member of the State
Supreme Court since 1962. His illustri-
ous career includes a term as Governor
of Florida as well as his service in the
U.S. Congress, His speech presented
here is typical of the clarity, profundity,
and brilliance that are characteristic of
his public utterances.
The title of the speech is, "The ,Some-
thing for Nothing Theory Always Fails."
The speech follows:
THE SOMETHING FOR NOTHING THEORY ALWAYS
FAILS
RETROSPECT
As we watch the American people trade in
their old and tried Constitutional Republic
for the welfare state some of us find it inter-
esting to look back through the ages and
note the effect of similar exchanges by other
nations.
If the examples of the past mean aoylhing.
we must agree history demonstrates the fact
that the "something for nothing" theory has
never worked: and the fact that, every time
the calculating confidence men have promised
utopia on earth in exchange for pcliticsl sup-
port, the people have been taken to the
cleaners.
But people, generally, like sheep, decline
to learn from history. P. T. Barnum grew
rich on his circus tricks because, as lie said,
a fool is born each minute.
Some 1.100 years before the birth of Christ.
Samuel, later to be known as the Prophet,
told the Israelites, as they clamoured for a.
paternal ruler, that the King would take
their son:; to he his horsemen, to run before
his chariots, to plow his ground and reap his
harvests; would take their daughters to be
cooks and bakers, would give their fields and
vineyards and olive orchards to his officers
and make the people his slaves. And then he
told them, when all that had happened. they
would cry out against that ruler, whom they
had chosen for themselves, "but the Lord
will not answer you in that day." The Israel-
ites, as is the way with people, did not heed
Samuel's word of caution. They preferred to
follow the will of the wisp quest for fool's
gold.
And a thousand years later, when the
Roman Republic was at the height or its
glory, there was another movement to swap
independence for the promise of beneficence
under a dictatorship. The leading politi-
cians, already intolerant of restraint and
contemptuous of the Constitution which was
designed to curb their ambitions, were offer-
ing their panaceas of "something for noth-
ing" and the people were buying.
It was just then that Marcus Tullius
Cicero, a student of law under old Scacvola,
was about to suffer his first great disillusion-
ment with unprincipled government. Al-
though Rome dominated the world, its citi-
zens had grown. slick and fat, careless of
their rights, and had fallen prey to the cun-
ning politicians who craved more and. yet
ever more power and riches.
CHICANERY
Cicero's first client was a substantial man
of business-a man of integrity who trusted
his government. But he was a rich man and,
because powerful politicians coveted his
wealth, he was a victim of bureaucratic chi-
canery, - Cicero, his lawyer, also a man or in-
tegrity and one who trusted his government,
submitted documentary proof of his client's
innocence, confident justice would prevail.
But he lost his case. He asked his old friend.
Scaevola, why he had failed, Scaevola was
disgusted--he slammed the table and
shouted, "Imbecile. Of what use are rec-
ords * * * if the government is determined
to rob and destroy a man * * * who poes;es-
ses what they want? Have I truly wasted all
these years on such an idiot?"
All this has a familiar ring-I dare say
some lawyers and. clients in this room have
gone through experiences similar to those
which plagued Cicero and his client..
But Cicero, undaunted, appealed his cause
to the august Senate in these words: "We
are taxed in our bread and our wine, in our
incomes and our investments, on our land
and on our property, not only for base crea-
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 February 22, looroved For COINGRESSIONAL RECORD 67 HOUSE 000400030004-1
always been dominated by commercial bank-
ers?
The administration is seeking no such
power and would prefer not to have the ques-
tion asked. Yet, the question of the
Fed's cherished independence from the ex-
ecutive branch is once again critical as a re-
sult of the inflation scare spawned by the
Vietnam war.
The interest rate boost decreed by the
Fed 3 months ago in defiance of Mr. John-
son has failed completely as an anti-infla-
tionary device, just as critics predicted. In-
stead, it started a chain reaction in interest
rate boosts. And though orthodox bankers
deny it, this increase in the cost of money
has been as inflationary as an increase in the
cost of steel.
Working on the theory that if the first dose
of medicine doesn't work try a second, the
Fed is geared for another discount rate boost
within 60 days. Whether this will really stop
inflation is debatable. It will, however,
escalate the runaway cost of money.
Indeed, bankers are privately demanding
another boost in the discount rate-the rate
charged by the Fed for money loaned to the
banks-to 'justify their own increases in
money rates to astronomical levels.
This raises the question of the indistinct,
delicate relations between the White House
and the Fed. W. Johnson came off second
best to Reserve Board Chairman William
McChesney Martin last December when the
Fed raised the discount rate without con-
sulting the President.
Some high administration officials now be-
lieve Mr. Johnson made a political mistake
in publicly disagreeing with Martin and
should not oppose the forthcoming second
discount rate boost-or still a third increase
later this year.
This caution shows up in Mr. Johnson's
failure to fill a vacancy on the Reserve Board
created January 31, when the term of C.
Canby Balderston, a Martin ally, ended.
Although the President could take control of
the Board by filling that vacancy, he has let
Balderston remain as a lame duck.
The basic reason for this is Mr. Johnson's
inability to find a Board member who will
support his position but not anger Martin
to the point of resigning. Thus, the White
House has turned down a suggestion for the
job forwarded by a prominent Democratic
Senator on grounds that he is an "easy
money" man.
While accepting Martin's private recom-
mendation that the new Board member not
be an economist, the President also has ruled
out a commercial banker. What he wants
is a moderately liberal businessman (though
Assistant Secretary of Commerce Andrew
Brimmner, who would be the Board's first
Negro member, is under consideration).
Yet, the identity of Balderston's replace-
ment begs the question that Senator Mc-
CARTFYY plans to raise in the Finance Com-
mittee: Why should the President not have
the power to regulate national monetary
policy as he has the power to send 200,000
men to Vietnam; why should Presidential
authority stop short of controlling interest
rates?
Whatever Secretary Fowler's answer to
these questions, it will transcend the simplest
debate over tight versus easy money. The
fundamental issue is whether the President
can control a Vietnam inflation without end-
ing 6 years of economic growth. If lie per-
mits the Fed to raise the discount rate again
this spring without a serious effort to block
it, he will say implicitly that the job can't
be done.
TRANSPORTATION AND ITS IMPACT
UPON THE ECONOMY AND NA-
TIONAL SECURITY
(Mr. WHITENER asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. WHITENER. Mr. Speaker, dur-
ing my service in the Congress I have
been greatly interested in transportation
and its impact upon the economy and
national security of the United States.
As the Representative of a highly in-
dustrialized district I have been par-
ticularly concerned over the problems
existing in connection with rail and
highway freight transportation. The
severe shortage of boxcars in the
country is causing undue hardship on
the shippers and manufacturers in my
congressional district.
It is a problem which must be solved
by the railroad industry and the Gov-
ernment if our economy is to continue
to advance and if we are to be certain
that we will have an adequate supply of
boxcars of all types in the event of a
great national emergency.
Mr. Speaker, it is an ironic fact that
the Nation had more boxcars in 1925
than it has today. In that year 2,414,083
boxcars were in service in the Nation.
At the close of 1965 only 1,547,307 box-
everyday economy I feel that some
thought should be given to helping the
railroads which have tried to keep up
to date, overcome the boxcar shortage
through long-term loans, tax credits, or
other financial assistance in proper
cases.
Within the past several days I have
had numerous contacts from manufac-
turers in my congressional district with
reference to the recent ICC service
order requiring the Southern Railway
System to deliver 350 boxcars per week
to St. Louis, Mo., in order that the cars
may be distributed on western railroads
suffering a severe boxcar shortage. They
are the innocent victims of the present
crisis.
Under the dynamic leadership of D.
W. Brosnan, the Southern has revolu-
tionized the railroad industry in the
Nation. The Southern has made
tremendous strides in providing better
and cheaper service for its shippers.
Thousands of new boxcars incorporating
the very latest technological advances
have been placed in service on the South-
ern under Mr
Brosnan's leadership
.
.
cars were in service. The Southern has not raided its
A 1925 boxcar had an average capacity neighboring railroads for boxcars. Yet
of 44.8 tons. A boxcar in 1965 had an the requirement that the Southern be
average capacity of approximately 57 made to deliver 350 of its cars per week
tons. The greater carrying capacity of to western railroads will compound an
the boxcar today, however, does not off- already serious car shortage existing on
set the total loss in tonnage resulting the railroad. The result is that shippers
from the continued shrinking of our and manufacturers in my congressional
boxcar fleet, district will experience undue delays in
During 1965 the Nation's railroads the movement of their shipments.
placed in operation 87,826 new cars, Mr. Speaker, this is an intolerable sit-
which was a greater number than had uation. I feel that the constituents of
been placed in service in either of the my colleagues have experienced similar
2 previous years. Unfortunately, how- situations in connection with the rail-
ever, 78,661 cars were retired from roads in their areas. I am hopeful that
service. These figures give a graphic the appropriate committees of the Con-
illustration of what is taking place in the gress will look into this matter and re-
Nation in regard to our freight car port legislation that will bring relief to
su
l
pp
y
demand made upon them by industry for v et
freight cars. Severe car shortages, how- `/
ever, have been experienced during the
past several years. In an attempt to U.S. ACTION IN
temporarily solve the car shortage in CONSISTENT
certain areas of the country the Inter- TIONAL LAW
state Commerce C i i h
om
i
SOUTHEAST ASIA
WITH INTERNA-
m ss on as
ssued (Mr. CORMAN asked and was given
car service orders which have required permission to address the House for 1
railroads to make a part of their box- minute.)
car fleet available to other roads more Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, in re-
severely affected by the car shortage. cent weeks there have been a number of
In other words, the ICC has been charges leveled against the legality of
shifting cars from one hard-pressed road American actions in Vietnam.
to another road in a more serious sit- Yesterday, the house of delegates of
uation by reason of the car shortage. the American Bar Association, by unan-
The car service orders, however, are no imous vote, answered these charges by
answer to the problem. It is imperative affirming the legality of the U.S. partici-
that legislation be passed by the Con- pation in Vietnam under international
gress to assure that the railroads will law, the United Nations Charter, and the
maintain at all times an adequate supply Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
of freight cars. The economy demands I thoroughly agree with the bar's res-
it, and it is absolutely necessary in the olution, which states:
interest of national security. Whereas in recent hearings before the
The railroads which have kept abreast Foreign Relations Committee of the U.S.
of their needs for cars are not to be Senate, it has been stated that international
blamed for the car shortage. Heavily lawyers are agreed that the U.S. position in
taxed and confronted with many prob- Vietnam is illegal and in violation of the
lems involving labor, regulation, and Charter of the United Nations; and
tremendous passenger deficits, some of Whereas articles 61 and 52 of the charter
the roads have not kept up with the sanction steps for self-defense and collective
and regional security arrangements such as
boxcar demand. In the interest of na- the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to
tional security and the demands of our which the United States is a party; and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE February 22, 1966
Whereas in the course of these hearings
it has been suggested that an expression on
this subject by the American Bar Associa-
tion would be appropriate: Now. therefore,
be it
Resolved by the American Bar Association,
That the position of the United States in
Vietnam is legal under international law,
and is in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations and the Southeast Asia
Treaty; and be it further
Resolved, That the secretary of this asso-
elation be, and he is hereby authorized and
directed to transmit a copy of this resolu-
tion immediately to the chairman of the
eoreign Relations Committee of the U.S.
Senate.
PROPOSED INQUIRY INTO THE OF-
I'ICIAL CONDUCT OF JUDGES
(Mr. GROSS asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks in the
RECORD at this point and to include a
resolution.)
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, last week
a Senate Judiciary Subcommittee heard
testimony on the problem created by
corruption, laxity, incompetence, or
senility on the Federal bench. There
was emphasis on the importance of pub-
lic respect for our system of laws, and
the grave danger that is presented when
a. cloud of corruption or incompetence
hangs over the Federal judiciary.
Mr. Bernard G. Segal, of Philadelphia,
chairman of the American Bar Associa-
tion's Committee on Judicial Selection,
Tenure, and Compensation, put it this
way:
It is axiomatic that of all our historic
American traditions, none is more basic than
the citizens' respect for the law. This re-
spect require,, confidence in the institutions
of the law, and in the men who administer
th.em. The citizen's esteem for his courts
and the judges who preside in them is of
the very essence of our kind of society.
Mr. Segal, Judge John Biggs, Jr., the
chairman of the judicial conference com-
mittee on court administration, and Mr.
.Joseph Borkin, Washington attorney and
author of the book, "The Corrupt Judge,"
were in agreement that impeachment is
the only remedy available today for ac-
,ion against judicial misconduct.
Both Mr. Borkin and the chairman of
the subcommittee emphasized the serious
problem that has arisen in Oklahoma
where the Judicial Council of the 10th
.Judicial Circuit made an attempt to bar
.Judge Stephen S. Chandler from han-
dling cases because it was stated he was
"either unwilling or unable" to perform
his judicial functions adequately.
Mr. Borkin, a man with an impressive
background in the study of the problems
of corruption and misconduct in the
judiciary, pointed out that Judge Chan-
dler. in return, has made serious charges
of attempted bribery and other miscon-
duct against two other judges-Alfred P.
Murrah, chief judge, 10th Circuit, U.S.
Court of Appeals, and Luther Bohanon,
district .judge. U.S. District Court for the
Pastern, Northern, and Western Districts
of Oklahoma.
Mr. Borkin stressed that this dispute
in Oklahoma has been an upsetting fac--
Cor in the Federal courts in Oklahoma
since 1962, and he declared that these
charges should not be permitted to stand.
tie emphasized that there can be no
compromise short of a. full investigation
to clear the judges or to force their
removal.
I agree with Mr. Borkin that, great
damage has been done because the
courts, the executive branch, and the
Congress have taken no effective steps
to clear up this scandalous situation. I
have waited patiently for months, and
I have hoped that the Justice Depart-
ment, the courts, or the Congress; would
initiate or suggest a proper legal inves-
tigation to clear the air and put an end
to this outrageous situation in the judi-
ciary in the 10th circuit.
There has been no effective action
taken, or even started. Therefore, I am
today instituting the only action avail-
able to try to get to the bottom of this.
I have introduced a House resolution
authorizing and directing the House
Committee on the Judiciary to investi-
gate the conduct of the three Federal
judges in Oklahoma involved in this con-
troversy. Upon its finding of fact, the
House Judiciary Committee would be
empowered to institute impeachment
proceedings or make any other recom-
mendations it deems proper.
The committee would also be empow-
ered to require the attendance of wit-
nesses and the production of such books,
papers, and documents-including finan-
cial statements, contracts, and bank ac-
counts--as it deems necessary.
The resolution in no way establishes
the guilt of the principals involved. It
is necessary to the launching o= an in-
vestigation for the purpose of determin-
ing the facts essential to an intelligent
conclusion and eliminating the cloud
now hanging over the Federal judiciary.
The resolution follows:
H. Rcs. 739
Resol-ed, That the Committee orn the Ju-
diciary is authorized and directed, ass a whole
or by subcommittee, to inquire into and
investigate the official conduct of Alfred P.
Murrah, chief judge, 10th Circuit, U.S. Court
of Appeals, Stephen S. Chandler, chief judge,
U.S. District Court for the Western District
of Oklahoma, and Luther Bohanon, district
judge, U.S. District Court for the Eastern,
Northern, and Western Districts of Oklahoma,
to determine whether in the opinion of said
coinittee the said judges or any of them
have been guilty of any high crimi or mis-
demeanor which in the contemplation of the
Constitution requires the interposition of the
constitutional powers of the Hos.e. Said
committee shall report its findings to the
House, together with such resolutions of im-
peachment or other recommendations as it
deems proper.
Sac. 2. For the purpose of this resobition
the committee is authorized to sit and act
during the present Congress, at such times
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, the downfall of U.S. merchant
marine strength may be closer at, hand
even than many of us. in Congress have
been indicating. News of an increase in
cargo insurance rates on the seas could
mean that U.S. ships would be virtually
eliminated from the common carrier
shipping market.
The major shipping insurance firms in
London have now advised that insurance
rates on cargoes shipped in vessels more
than 20 years old should be increased by
about 100 percent. The word is going
out that only newer ships should be used.
As pointed out by many Congressmen
recently, our Government has allowed
our merchant shipping fleet to go down-
hill steadily over the past several years
until now a large percentage of U.S. ships
afloat are more than 20 years old.
The new rates could go into effect as
early as March 1, a week from today.
Insurance firms do not legally have to
follow the London lead, but they can be
expected to do so.
The penalty rate would mean an 8-per-
cent increase in a shipper's total bill on
one cargo, according to one example
mentioned by American shippers yester-
day as they prepared to make an effort
to ward off the increase.
This would be enough to divert a great
volume of shipments from. American
ships to the generally newer fleets of
other nations such as Japan, Russia, Nor-
way, and Germany.
And still our cries for a greater Amer-
ican merchant marine go unheeded.
According to my understanding, this
country would have to build new ships
at a rate of 135 every year if we were to
avoid a major disaster to our merchant
shipping capability. Even without the
increased insurance rates on older ships,
U.S. shipping is a sick industry.
The problem is highlighted by the fact
that President Johnson's budget calls for
the construction of only 13 new ships in
the coming fiscal year. We are treated
to the spectacle of the Secretary of De-
fense saying that our merchant fleet is
adequate, when obviously it is not.
If the merchant fleet were an ordinary
domestic business, there would be small
cause for concern. But our national se-
curity is at stake. The merchant marine
is a vital arm of national defense. And
this is not a new or superficial idea.
It has been acknowledged by the Con-
gress beginning in 1936. It is understood
today in most other nations. It is known
elsewhere, whether or not the House is sit- here in Congress today. But it has
ting, has recessed, or has adjourned, to hold w been tragically overlooked by the
such hearings, to require the attendance of
such witnesses and the production. of such
books, papers, and documents- including
financial statements, contracts, and bank ac-
counts-to administer the customary oaths
to witnesses, and to take such testimony as
it deems necessary.
DOWNFALL OF U.S. MERCHANT
MA:RINE STRENGTH
(Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama asked
and was given permission to address the
administration.
We face today an absolutely vital need
for attaining a U.S. merchant marine
philosophy. As proposals for considera-
tion, I want to call attention to the 12
steps I put forth as suggestions in my
remarks of February 16, and to other
ideas which. have been advanced in re-
cent months by those both in this Con-
gress and elsewhere who understand the
importance of regaining strength in our
merchant marine.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
gration has drained off the advantaged and
more venturesome. Agriculture, . once the
mainstay of its commerce, now that cotton
is a minor crop, follows patterns of land use,
logging, cattle, and pasture, which leaves too
much land idle and too many country
folk grossly underemployed. Merchandising
plods along as it did at the turn of the
century; local schools administer statewide
programs of slight relevance to community
needs. Craftsmen and artisans are in short
supply. A new home is a rare event. Prop-
erty values are stagnant. Tax revenues are
unequal to forward planning.
Despite these staggering handicaps, the
situation, to the close observer, is not as
bleak as it sounds. The industries there
could rather soon almost double their pay-
rolls; in one case, by aggressive marketing
and extra plant capacity; in the other case,
by a larger labor pool sufficiently trained.
Each is capable of expanding into lines kin-
dred to its present output. The immediate
locality has natural resources now left to
occasional exploitation by nonresident own-
ers. Fine products, commanding ready mar-
kets, could be manufactured from these raw
materials and sold, not by the ton but by
the ounce, were the skills developed capable
of turning out such wares. Farming could
escape the doldrums by a new pattern of
agriculture geared into the processing and
packaging of foods for the gourmet trade.
The locality is rich in history, rich in its
antebellum plantation homes, rich in a peo-
ple honorable, hospitable, cultivated, and
kind. Some wealth is there, too-wealth
with little faith in the future of the com-
munity.
Manifestly a complete about-face could
take place. As spirit is already aborning de-
termined to leave past moorings and venture
anew on the high seas of fresh endeavor.
The community as it might become is com-
ing vividly to view. But many of the skills
are lacking for any such dream to mature
into reality. The skills could be supplied
through manpower training as adminis-
tered by the U.S. Department of Labor. The
U.S. Department of Agriculture is charged
with the duty, indeed high privilege, of de-
veloping a, pattern of agriculture befitting
the present era. And so it goes with other
departments of Government, State and Fed-
eral, each with some service that somewhere
fits into the mosaic of this community's
regeneration. But "some service" is not
enough. There must be a total program, a
consortium of agencies working with the
community to impart deficit skills, to work
out a new, viable pattern of agriculture,
spark urban renewal, and bring to the local
schools training in practical arts (for the
love of heaven, not book ends and taborets).
Much else, of course, is needed to complete
the mosaic the community must supply for
itself, particularly the enterprise to create
new products out of raw materials right at
hand.
Yes, the old market towns of the cotton
kingdom can thrive anew once they face the
last of the '20th century. As byprod-
uct of such a transformation, the social
problems of our big cities will assume more
manageable dimensions. By a single nail
driven at the right spot one salient in Big
Town's war on poverty can be won. And it
is the easiest nail to drive-the resuscitation
of the sagging market towns of the old Cot-
ton Belt. That nail, oddly missing now, is
teamwork on the part of State and Federal
agencies to bring them help suited to their
opportunities. Such help would be trifling
in cost compared with the values sure to
accrue.
Should the Church. Sponsor Federal
Welfare Programs?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 22, 1966
Mr. ROUDEBUSH. Mr. Speaker, very
few persons are fully aware of the extent
the Federal Government is involving the
churches of America in its housing
programs.
This involvement raises serious ques-
tions of the traditional state-church
relations and may insert our churches in
Federal programs as agents of the
Government.
Mr. Ross Hermann, the talented and
energetic young editorial writer for the
Indianapolis News, has explored the role
of churches in Federal welfare programs
in a detailed manner.
Some of the conclusions reached and
questions raised by this new concept
have been included in a perceptive
column written by Mr.. Hermann for his
newspaper on February 1, 1966.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con-
sent, I include this article in its entirety
for the Members of Congress to examine.
The article follows:
SHOULD THE CHURCH SPONSOR FEDERAL
WELFARE PROGRAMS?
(By Ross Hermann)
Federal housing programs are bringing
about some far-reaching changes in church-
state relations.
Complete separation of church and state,
supposedly favored by current doctrine in
Washington, is in fact giving way to public
embrace in which Government and churches
cooperate on mutually approved social
projects.
The subject came up locally at the Con-
ference on Housing and Urban Development,
sponsored last fall by Mayor John Barton
and Representative ANDREW JACOBS, when a
speaker told conferees that churches and
other nonprofit organizations can qualify
for Government-insured financing to build
housing projects.
Churches, in this approach, are further
envisioned as agents of Government policy
under the proposed rent-supplement pro-
gram, administration-backed legislation cur-
rently stopped in Congress by a revolt of
House Members. The issue is now being
pressed by Federal welfare-staters around
the Nation.
Sidney Spector, a Federal Housing and
Home Finance Administration official, ex-
plained the idea to local conferees as fol-
lows: "Let us say a church group here in
Indianapolis wished to undertake a housing
project, as one of Its services to the com-
munity. It could form a nonprofit mort-
gagor corporation. It could go to a private
lending institution for financing. The loan
would be insured by the FHA with the maxi-
mum rate of interest I mentioned (51/4 per-
cent) and for the term involved (40 years).
And then it can go ahead, assuming all plans
work out, and build the housing."
Rents, he said, could be set by Federal law
in accordance with the nonprofit cost of
operation and the cost of construction. Be-
cause the housing would be open to people
of varying incomes in an attempt to promote
social integration, he noted, some could
afford the rent and some couldn't.
Those who could pay the rent, he said,
would do so. Poverty-level families, how-
ever, would pay a maximum of 25 percent of
their income. The difference between that
payment and the regular rent would be made
up to the church or other sponsoring orga-
nization by direct subsidies from the Federal
Government.
Some churches are, at present, administra-
tive arms of Government social policy under
a program of long-term insured financing to
build rental housing for the aged. Church
and other nonprofit groups can qualify for
Government-insured loans at 51/4 percent
interest for 40 years, Spector said.
A prime example of church-state housing
is San Francisco's Martin Luther Tower,
built by St. Mark's Lutheran Church with
Government backing. The 13-story apart-
ment will house people over 62 who can
afford rents between $100 and $220 a month.
When complete, the tower with its adjoining
social and recreational hall will be a self-
contained community shepherded by Lu-
theran churchmen.
Institutions like the Martin Luther Tower
are, to date, relatively rare and unobtrusive.
As Federal officials travel around the coun-
try selling the idea to local congregations,
however, a new national debate on church-
state relations may be in the making.
Other churches, for example, could charge
that the Government has, within the con-
fines of the Martin Luther enclave, estab-
lished a religion, contrary to constitutional
prohibitions.
To back up the point, they could argue the
Federal Government has given the favored
churches in such programs a captive audi-
ence for their viewpoint and has established
their dominion over the daily lives of a group
of people, to the effective exclusion and dis-
adv$ntage of other religions.
U.S. Combat Forces Spread Thin
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MELVIN R. LAIRD
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 22, 1966
Mr. LAIRD. Mr. Speaker, in yester-
day's edition of the New York Times,
the noted and widely respected military
affairs correspondent for the Times,
Hanson W. Baldwin, wrote an article
that should cause concern to every Mem-
ber of the House.
In his article, Mr. Baldwin cited chap-
ter and verse about alleged shortages- in
experienced manpower, equipment,
clothing, and ammunition, stating that
"the Nation's armed services have almost
exhausted their trained and ready mili-
tary units, with all available forces
spread dangerously thin in Vietnam and
elsewhere."
Mr. Speaker, there are some extremely
serious charges made in this article
which, if true, will shake the confidence
of the American people in those leaders
in this administration who have been
charged with the responsibility of in-
suring an adequate and prepared Mili-
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February 22, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
say you agree with them, the President takes
the position that there is not much difference
between the Gavin-Kennan thesis and the
(tusk-McNamara policy.
't'here is in fact a radical difference, the
difference between a limited and an unlim-
ited war. The President may not want to
light an unlimited war. I have no doubt;
myself that he does not want to do so. But
the promises he made in Honolulu which the
Vice President is now broadcasting so lav-
ishly in Saigon and Bangkok, are-if they
are to he taken seriously--an unlimited com-
initment of American soldiers and American
money. It Is this unlimited commitment
which those of us who belong to the Gavin-
Kennan school oppose. For we see that as
the numbers of our troops and the range
of our bombing are escalated, and as the
theater of the war becomes widened, it is
highly probable, indeed it is well nigh inevi-
table that the United States will find itself.
confronting China in a land war on the
mainland of Asia.
Last week's hearings made visible that this
is where the course we are taking leads.
Congress and the people would be frivolous
if they did not examine with the utmost seri-
ousness how real, how valid, how significant
is the hypothesis that the kind of war the
Johnson administration is conducting is
leading to a confrontation with China.
Gen. Maxwell Taylor, who since 1961 has
played a leading part in our military inter-
vention in South Vietnam, has recognized
that the prospect of a land war with China
is today our greatest worry. In an inter-
view published in the current issue of U.S.
News Sc World Report, General Taylor is
asked about the danger of "a military con-
frontation with Communist China." He re-
plies that "one can never rule out the possi-
bility. But I would list the probability quite
low in terms 01 percentage."
'Phis has an ominous resemblance to the
colloquy in 1950 between President Truman
:end General MacArthur. (cf. Lawson, the
United States in the Korean War," p. 79.)
In your opinion," President Truman asked
[:General MacArthur, "is there any chance
that the Chinese might enter the war on
the side of North Korea?"
NhicArthur shook his head. "I'd say there's
very little chance of that happening. They
have several hundred thousand men north
of the Yalu, but they haven't any air force.
If they tried to cross the river our Air Force
would slaughter them. At the most perhaps
60,000 troops would make it. Our infantry
could easily contain them. I expect the ac-
tual fighting in North Korea to end by
't'hanksgiving. We should have our men
home, or at least in Japan, by Christmas."
At the very moment that President Tru-
man and General MacArthur were talking
Were were already more than a. hundred
thousand Chinese Communist troops in
North Korea, and another 200,000 were ready
to cross the Yalu. By mid-November at least
:100,000 Chinese would be poised to strike-
and the ROK, the American, and other U.N.
forces would not even be aware of their pres-
ence. Before the war was over the Chinese
Communist armies in Korea would reach a
peak strength of more than a million men.
On the question of the need to contain
the military expansion of Red China, there is
virtually universal agreement in this coun-
try. The containment of Red China today,
like the containment of Stalinist Russia after
the World War, is necessary to the peace of
the world and is a vital interest of the United
States. What is debatable is the diplomatic
policy we are pursuing in order to contain
Red China. 11 we compare what Mr. Rusk
and Mr. William Bundy are doing with the
diplomatic policy by which some 15 years
ago Stalin was contained, the differences are
very striking.
The cardinal difference is that our Chinese
containment policy is a unilateral American
policy whereas our Stalinist containment
policy was shared with and participated in
by all the Western allies. It is often said
officially that in the Far East today we are
repeating what was done so successfully in
Europe. If this were what we are doing, there
would be an alliance to contain China in
which Japan, Russia, India, Pakistan, the
United States, Great Britain, and France
were alined in a Far Eastern Marshall plan
and NATO. Instead, owing to the miscalcu-
lations and blundering of the Vietnamese
war, we have alienated and indeed neutral-
iced all the great powers of the Asian main-
land.
The diifference between the two contain-
ment policies in Europe and in the F:,x East
is the difference between realism and verbal-
ism, between professionalism and amateur-
ism. Our present policy is as if we had set
cut to contain Stalinist Russia by ignoring
the British, the French, the Italians, and the
Germans, and had decided. to make our stand
against. communism by the defense of let us
ay-Bucharest.
The Old Market Town. Operation
Comeback
Is'XTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JAMES A. MACKAY
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 22, 1966
Mr. MACKAY. Mr. Speaker, clearly,
the function of the U.S. Department of
Commerce's Area Redevelopment, Ad-
ministration was to revitalize our rural
areas which, for years, have been losing
their talented young men and woolen to
the city.
I commend tc the attention of my col-
leagues, an article that was written be-
fore the Area Redevelopment Adminis-
tration was replaced by the Economic
Development Administration, an agency
with broader powers and authority.
The article, which appeared in the At-
'anta Economic Review, November 1965,
was written by lay constituent, Dr. Philip
Weltner, a prominent leader, active in
community affairs, and who has had the
roles of lawyer, educator, and manage-
ment consultant.
Dr. Weltner is the father of our es-
teemed colleague, Congressman C1fARLES
LONGSTREET WELTNER.
THE OLD MARKET TOwn : OPERA) IoN
COMEBACK
(I1y Philip Weltner)
"Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the
plain." Methinks Goldsmith penned that
line. Since then, how many Auburn,, have
vanished? The old Cotton South had many
such, and some still linger uncertainly on.
Strange that an age, bemused as s ours
by economics and psychology, neither notes
the loss in tangible values incident to the
stagnation of our rural market towns nor
ponders why so few reverse their decline.
For certain, the centers of wealth are totally
indifferent to the dollar drain on them
caused by the impoverishment of the hinter-
land. The steady :migration from the latter
into the cities is by no means all gain. The
unskilled and ignorant sector of that migra-
tion has done much to create city slums and
swelled welfare rolls and has, added substan-
tially to costs of tax-supported medic: ,I care.
Furthermore, a great share of tax co,rt.ribu-
A 889,
tions to government from wealthier centers
is diverted in subsidies to deficit commu-?
nities in aid of local schools and other public
services. And then there is the farmer.
"How long, 0 Lord." For years his plight
has been of National and State concern.
Untold millions have been expended in his
behalf. Those millions have served ruralia
as prop and stay. But the rural market
towns of the old Cotton Belt, along witch the
surrounding countryside, have generally con-
tinned to regress. Millions more have gone
to support rural and semirural schools, from
both State and Federal funds. And yet the
majority of high school diplomates and
nearly all college graduates hotfoot to "Big
Town" as fast as they can. Educational sub-
sidies actually accelerate the flight from
home of the brains and brawn the old rural
market towns must retain to restore their
languishing fortunes.
In 1961 the Federal Government started
on a new track. Congress created within the
U.S. Department of Commerce the Area Re-
development Administration for the pur-
pose of pumping new life Into our decaying
countryside. The hope was to move indus-
try in and expand such industry as was there,
stepping up local payrolls and infusing fresh
blood into the local economy. Results to
date have fallen short of anticipation. Fact
is, brave new programs seldom fulfill the
optimism of their sponsors. On the credit;
side, one can say that a thre,-quarter loaf
is better than none. Nevertheless, an in-
quiry into why the loaf promised was not.
delivered could be highly instructive.
Quite symptomatic of our age is the fallacy
shared in places high and low that "noth-
ing is wrong that money won't cure." So if
a billion won't do it, try 10. The money
cure overlooks entirely the community as a,
social organism with a biology and psy-
chology of its own. The rural market towns
in the old Cotton Kingdom, barring rare ex-
ceptions, have steadily waned, not for lack
of more money, but because their people In
the last four decades failed to recognize and
adjust to change. Instead of looking ahead.
their people longed for the good old days to
return. Well, they haven't and never will.
Federal largess., distributed in whatsoever
guise, is impotent to change the economies
of such communities. Change, if ever it is,
to take effect, is first of all an inner process
of discovery that a better future can be
achieved through personal effort anti. how
this effort can be directed so that once again
the community may burgeon forth with
opportunity.
But, even though this change of spirit and.
attitude takes place, too many of these com-
munities by now are bereft of essential skills.
in particular entrepreneurship, to create by
themselves a new day. Nevertheless, all the
essential helps are there in abundance, but:
alas in disjoined fractions. "East is East
and West is West, and never the twain shall
meet." "Water, water everywhere, but not a.
drop to drink." On the local scene we inert
with a complex human organism, the com-
munity; and yonder on the State and Federal
levels we encounter departments, agencies,,
bureaus, branches, and sections, administer-
ing different programs or different phases of
the same programs, many of high importance
to the renascence of our shrinking market;
towns-but, so far as the latter are con-
cerned, no common strategy at State and.
Federal levels, no plan, no tactics, no Co..
ordination, no comprehension of existence of
a task. that they must share if ever the task:
is to get done.
The vital need for coordination may more
readily be seen by a case in point. The
scene is a rural market town, a county seat;
in the Cotton Belt of yesteryear. Popula-
tion has steadily declined. Per capita income
is among the lowest in its State. The town
offers little by way of recreation and less of
opportunity to the rising generation. Emi-
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tary Establishment. For this reason, it of the Guard and Reserve might not supply divisions, which are already almost fully com-
is incumbent upon the administration to all his stated needs, it was said, since various mitted to Vietnam, the western Pacific, the
publicly answer the very serious charges material shortages-as well as shortages in Caribbean, and the Mediterranean, said to
contained in the Baldwin article certain types of trained manpower-might training duties.
So that all of my colleagues will have
an opportunity to read the very pene-
trating article written by Hanson Bald-
win, I include it herewith in the Appen-
dix of the Record:
U.S. COMBAT FORCES SPREAD THIN-READY
UNITS AT HOME LARGELY COMMITTED TO
VIETNAM WAR-SHORTAGE APPEARS IN ITEMS
OF CLOTHING AND AMMUNITION
(By Hanson W. Baldwin)
The Nation's armed services have almost
exhausted their trained and ready military
units, with all available forces spread dan-
gerously thin in Vietnam and elsewhere.
This is the conclusion of a study of U.S.
Regular and Reserves Forces by this cor-
respondent.
Virtually all the combat-ready units in the
United States have been committed to Viet-
nam and, except for a few Army and Marine
battalions and a few squadrons of the Tacti-
cal Air Command, no more units will be fully
trained and equipped for a number of
months.
In addition to the shortages in trained
military manpower and in field-grade officers,
there are major existing shortages in uni-
forms and olothing, and actual or potential
shortages of various types of ammunition
and equipment that are causing the services
increasing concern.
The commitment of more than 200,000
men to Vietnam, supported by strong air and
naval forces, and the maintenance of two
divisions in Korea, more than five in Europe
and of smaller units elsewhere, including the
Dominican Republic, have reduced the forces
in the United States to a training establish-
ment.
The experience level of the Atlantic Fleet
and of all other commands has been reduced
to provide the needs of Vietnam.
According to the services, the "squeeze"
appears to be becoming worse instead of
better. Gen. William C. Westmoreland, the
U.S. commander in Vietnam, is understood
to have stated a requirement for some 200,000
more men in Vietnam during the 1966 cal-
endar year, and a proportionate increase in
air support.
High-level decisions about whether and
how to meet these needs are expected shortly.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff has recommended
the limited mobilization of Reserve Forces
ever since last spring, but President Johnson
and Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara
ordered instead increased draft calls and vol-
untary enlistments to build up the Regular
Forces.
In recent weeks, the services have been
conducting studies at various command
levels to determine how best to meet General
Westmoreland's 1966 requirements. The al-
ternatives considered were continuation of
the present slow buildup of the Regular
Forces by increased draft calls and voluntary
enlistments; transfer of troops from Europe,
Panama, Alaska, and anywhere else available;
or a selected callup of the Nationary Guard
and Reserves.
The studies, as far as could be learned,
have not yet been completed. But prelimi-
nary indications were that the first course-
continued dependence upon draft calls and
enlistments-could fill only a fraction of
General Westmoreland's requirements within
the time he desired them and that the result
would be what one officer called a very slow
and disorderly buildup of the Regular Forces
with a greater and greater lowering of the
experience level and more and more bottle-
necks.
Transfer of troops from Europe and else-
where would supply a greater proportion of
General Westmoreland's stated requirements,
but not all of them. Even the mobilization
duty assignment was concerned with the
Army's. mobilization base and Strategic Re-
serve, said that "whatever the course of ac-
tion (in Vietnam)-continued, escalated, or
modified downward-we are in a situation
of perilous insufficiency," without much
capability of "a graduated response to any
serious challenge."
The actual and potential trained man-
power and material shortages are affecting
all the regular services-particularly the
Army and the Marines-and the Army Na-
tional Guard and Reserves. One National
Guard general said, "there is not a Guard
division in the United States today that
could fight its way out of a paper bag."
There are many reasons for the difficult
situation in which the services now find
themselves, officers say. Many of the officers
in the services have long felt that many
of Secretary McNamara's cost-effectiveness
formulas were too rigidly applied and did not
allow -a sufficient cushion of supplies and
equipment for emergencies.
Some of the centralized control procedures
instituted in the Defense Department have
proved to be too inflexible or too slow in
response to the needs of the services.
For some years, even before Vietnam be-
came acute, the services were tending to live
off inventories, particularly in spare parts
and ammunition, and full replacements wore
not provided.
EQUIPMENT WITHDRAWN
Equipment, particularly radios and auto-
motive equipment, was withdrawn from Na-
tional Guard and Reserve units to supply
Regular Army units and this has not yet
been replaced.
As the Vietnamese war became larger and
larger the services were required until last
year to fit the extraordinary expenses of the
war into their regular budgets. The war
was unfunded until last spring, and no
special appropriation in any way commen-
surate with the war's expenditures was asked
for until last month.
Service requests for reopening production
lines of aircraft and other items were re-
jected or postponed until the emergency
became acute. The letting of contracts was
thus delayed and replacement of expended
material was further delayed as available in-
ventories became dangerously depleted. Of-
ficers point out that the administration's
defense request for the fiscal year 1967, start-
ing July 1, contains many items that were
requested and rejected a year ago.
Other major reasons for today's squeeze
are several. Expenditure rates-particularly
for certain types of ammunition and ord-
nance and clothing-have been considerably
higher in Vietnam than expected.
The administration's decision to depend
upon the Regular services, without calling
up the Guard and the Reserves, increased
tremendously the strain upon the Regular
Army and the Marines.
' RESERVES IN PLAN
The Army's problems have been further
complicated by the fact that ever since the
Korean war, the main thrust of the Army's
strategic planning had been based upon the
assumption of a mechanized war in the
European theater. A major war in an un-
developed country, like Vietnam, with in-
adequate ports, piers, airfields, roads, and
warehouses, required considerably more
specialized units, such as engineer construc-
tion battalions, terminal service companies,
port construction companies, and, for the
Navy, Seabee battalions, than were included
in the peacetime force totals of the regular
services.
CADRES TRANSFERRED
Without mobilization of the Reserves some
of these specialized units had to be created
from scratch, and the trained cadres for
them had to be transferred from other units.
Thus, the policy now in effect, of gradually
building up the strength of the regular forces
by increased draft calls and voluntary en-
listments, has resulted in very considerable
reduction in overall experience levels and in
constant squeezes, or as one officer put it,
in "robbing Peter to pay Paul."
The trained manpower situation in the
services today is as follows:
REGULAR ARMY
The last of the Army's trained major
units--the 25th Division in Hawaii-has just
sent two of its brigades to Vietnam; the third
is expected there shortly. No other major
units in this country are immediately ready
for service, although part of the 4th In-
fantry Division at Fort Lewis, Wash., is
expected to be trained shortly. About a third
of the 101st Airborne Division (Fort Camp-
bell, Ky.) and a third of the 82d Airborne
Division (Fort Bragg, N.C.) are in Vietnam
and the Dominican Republic, respectively.
The two other brigades of both divisions,
which have been used to provide replace-
ments for Vietnam and cadres for new units,
will be filled up to strength soon, but except
for a few battalions they cannot complete
unit training for some weeks.
They could, however, be sent overseas-
as was the 1st Cavalry Division (airmobile)-
without completion of unit training. The
5th Infantry Division (mechanized) (Fort
Carson, Colo.), like other Army units, has
been attempting to ease the heavy burden
on the Army's crowded replacement training
centers by training its own recruits; it can-
not be ready for some months.
TRAINING DIVISIONS
The two armored divisions at Fort Hood,
Tex.-the 1st and 2d-are acting, in ef-
fect, as training divisions, they have almost
completed the training of one cycle of re-
cruits who will be used to fill out new units
or as Vietnam replacements and will start on
a new cycle shortly. The 3d Armored Corps
staff at Fort Hood was transferred bodily to
Vietnam last year, and now a new corps staff,
re-formed and trained, has also been trans-
ferred there The Army's new division, the
9th Infantry, at Fort Riley, Kans., and one
of the three new brigades authorized last
The Army's concept of mobilization had year, the 196th at Fort Devens, Mass., have
always been predicated upon the assumption just been activated and will not be ready for
that in case of any war as large as Vietnam many months. Smaller combat and support
the Reserves would be mobilized, and the units are being filled up with new manpower
supporting combat and supply units essential and trained as rapidly as possible.
to supply and sustain Regular Army combat In Europe, the combat strength of the 7th
units would be furnished by the Reserves. Army has been approximately maintained in
The concept also envisaged the replace- numbers, but the experience level has
ment in the United States of Regular Army dropped as specialists and individuals have
units transferred to the theater of war by been transferred to Vietnam. Supply and
mobilized Reserve units, thus maintaining support units are at their lowest strength
the strategic reserve available for use in any since before the Berlin crisis of 1961.
emergency. The dimensions of the Army's problem are
The Marines also depended upon a fourth illustrated by the fact that the Army took in
(Marine Reserve) division, well trained and almost 100,000 drafted men in November, De-
equipped, to supplement their three regular cember, and January, and 46,533 volunteers.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030004-1
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030004-1
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX I+'eW- ary 22, 1966
The training load for training centers,
schools, etc., has climbed from 135,000 men
in the month of January 1965 to 240,000 amen
Ill January 1966.
,carcities in trained noncoms and in cer-
Lain officer grades are becoming acute.
Ollieer c ,dilate school graduates will
climb from 1,319 in the fiscal year 19(15 to
1_.091 in fis