VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030002-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
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• Document Page Count: 126
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: February 28, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Relpa a 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030002-3
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 28, 1966
The story begins 38 years ago-in
1928-when a concerned Congress took
a first step to control soil erosion. In
that year the first erosion control re-
search station In Oklahoma was estab-
lished at Guthrie. There followed the
creation of the Soil Erosion Service in
1933, and the establishment of the Soil
Conservation Service, in 1935.
In 1937, Oklahoma was among the first
States to authorize soil conservation dis-
tricts, the basis for continued coopera-
tion in soil and water conservation and
development among farmers and ranch-
ers, the Soil Conservation Service, and
other Federal and State agencies and
organizations.
"Oklahoma's Heritage" tells a story
that with some regional variations could
apply to any part of the Nation where
the transition in land and water conser-
vation has been dramatic in its spread
throughout the rural areas, and from the
farm and ranch to the rapidly growing
urban communities.
"Oklahoma's Heritage" tells us that
watershed protection and development
has become a people's program, a fact
attested to by $850,000 provided annually
by the Oklahoma State Legislature for
watershed planning and assistance to
soil and water conservation districts.
I believe this heartening story of one
State's travels along the road of sound
soil and water conservation and develop-
ment is of considerable interest outside
of Oklahoma. It is, really, a national
story that will be told as long as the need
for rich soil and an ample supply of
clean water continues to exist.
(Mr. ROUSH asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, I will sup-
port the supplemental appropriation bill
for the Defense Department. In so do-
ing I also wish to make clear my full
commitment to the administration's pol-
icy in Vietnam. I support the admin-
istration's policy because I am convinced
our goal is an honorable and lasting
peace.
I am convinced we seek no domina-
tion over other lands, we do not seek
to rule the fortunes or destinies of other
people. I am convinced we have walked
that extra mile in seeking peace and
that at this time there is no other course
open but to seek out and defeat the en-
emy. There is at this time no other
path toward peace open to us. No ac-
ceptable alternatives have been offered.
Even as I express this conviction I
know I must examine my own responsi-
bilities. Agree or disagree-like it or
not-when the Nation is at war we are
committed to battle with an enemy and
there can be no question where every cit-
izen must stand. There is no one whose
heart is not burdened with sorrow for
those who suffer because of this war.
But I am resolute in my determination
to do that which must be done.
To criticize, to attack, to deny support
to our policy-all at a time when we are
at war can only serve to undermine the
morale of our fighting men. Equally
dangerous it can lead to a misinterpreta-
tion by our enemies of the strength of
our policy. Such a misinterpretation
could result in prolonging the conflict
and delaying the advent of peace.
The news I want Hanoi to get is that
this Nation is determined, that we are
united, that we mean what we say and
that what we say is backed by every cit-
izen of this country.
OKLAHOMA HERITAGE TELLS CON-
SERVATION PROGRESS STORY
Mr. STEED asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 mire-
ute and to revise and extend his re?-
nnarks. )
Mr. STEED. Mr. Speaker, I would like
to call your attention to a booklet I re-
ceived recently that describes in picture
and story the dramatic problems of soil
and water conservation in Oklahoma,
and how the people of my State, with
the help of Congress and the Federal
Establishment, have acted to solve them.
'I'Yne booklet is called "Oklahoma's
Heritage, Ours To Guard and Keep." It
is heartening to me, as I know it is to the
people of my State, to realize the prog-
ress that has been made in conserving
our land and water resources since the
dread days of the Dust Bawl and the
times of frequent and damaging floods.
TRIBUTE TO THE HONORABLE
ALBERT THOMAS, OF TEXAS
The SPEAKER. The Chair recognizes
the gentleman from Texas [Mr.. PATMAN].
Mr. PATMAN. :Mr. Speaker, I rise
with a heavy burden of personal grief to
announce to the Members of the House
the death of their colleague and my dear
friend, the Honorable .ALBERT THOMAS, of
Texas.
I have had the great gift of his friend-
ship since he was first elected to this body
in. 1936. In. all the many years that we
served together, I found him always a
pillar of strength, the soul of integrity,
and an extraordinarily able and hard-
working man, ever concerned with the
well-being of those he represented, of
the Government which he served, and of
the country which he loved.
Most of us who were close to him have
been aware of the seriousness of the ill-
ness with which he was afflicted. We
have seen him bravely endure surgery
time after time. He fought the good
fight all of his life; it was not in him
to act any differently when life had
reached its sunset. He suffered with
courage, with the grace of one who did
not wish that those who loved him should
grieve. The fight is over, and his suffer-
ing is over. Those who loved him do
indeed grieve at his passing, and I here
acknowledge the extent of the loss that
I feel.
He was born in Nacogdoches, Tex., in
1898. attended public schools there, and
entered Rice Institute prior to the First
World War. When the United States
entered the conflict, he immediately
joined the Army, and was commissioned
as a very young second lieutenant. After
the war, he returned to Rice where he
obtained a bachelor's degree. He then
was graduated from the University of
Texas Law School in 1926. He cane
back to Nacogdoches and was elected to
the combined offices of district and
county attorney. He was reelected to a
second term which he was unable to
complete, since his abilities had won for
him the post of assistant U.S. attorney
for the southern district of Texas.
He served with distinction for 6 years
in that office of public trust and respon-
sibility, and then won election to Con-
gress in 1936 to represent tl-ie Eighth
Congressional District in Harris County,
Houston, Tex. By the summer of 1938
he had obtained no less than 12 PWA
projects and $9 million worth of Federal
flood control projects for his district.
Throughout his congressional career he
concerned himself mightily with Hous-
ton's problems of flood control, naviga-
tion, and waterways. Houston's ability
to cope with the present huge shipping
traffic that fills its ports is due in large
measure to his magnificent efforts
through the long years of his service in
the House of Representatives.
Houston owes much else to him, such
as the Veterans' Administration Hospital
on Holcombe Boulevard, the city's free-
ways built in large part from Federal
funds, the Houston ship channel, the
Manned Space Craft Center, the Texas
Medical Center, and many, many more
constructive, progressive, and valuable
projects.
He never forgot his constituents. Be
tried to read all of their letters to :him,
and to dictate answers on the same day
their letters were received. He was
proud of the extent of his information on
the wishes, needs, and beliefs of those
he represented in this House. He liked
to tell the people in his district that he
made up his mind about his vote on any
bill by reading what they had written to
him about it, by talking with as many of
them as he could, and then deciding the
correct and fair thing to do. He was
one of the :most conscientious men I have
ever known.
On January 22, 1949, he was selected
to be the chairman of the Independent
Offices Subcommittee of the House Ap-
propriations Committee. His chair-
manship during the many years since his
appointment to that highly important
post has been a monument to his scru-
pulous honesty, his dedication to detail,
to progress, and to achievement, his
knowledge of the legislative process, of
the needs of the Federal Government,
and of the ways and wishes of his col-
leagues whose judgment he always re-
spected and whose friendship he deeply
treasured.
I am too deeply moved by his passing
to recount the details of his many
achievements as a man and as a Mem-
ber of the House of Representatives.
Moreover, the record of accomplishment;
which he established here is known to
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consideration the bill (H.R. 12752), to pro-
vide for graduated withholding of income
tax from wages, to require declarations of
estimated tax with respect to self-employ-
ment income, to accelerate current pay-
ments of estimated income tax by corpora-
tions, to postpone certain excise tax rates
reductions, and for other purposes.
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Chairman, on Jan-
uary 13 of this year, I rose to speak
against the reimposition of the "luxury
taxes" on automobiles and telephone
service that had been suggested by the
President the evening before in his state
of the Union message. I maintained
then, and I continue to believe today,
that automobiles and telephone service
are necessities to most Americans and
should not be taxed as luxuries. For
this reason, I will vote to recommit the
bill before us, with instructions to strike
the provision delaying the excise tax
reductions on autos and telephone
service.
If the bill is not returned to commit-
tee, I will be compelled to vote for final
passage for a very important reason:
additional revenues are required to offset
the rising costs of the war in Vietnam,
or serious inflation will be stimulated.
Congress Backs President V
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 22, 1966
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, Amer-
ica is faced with critical decisions in
1966, especially in our war in Vietnam.
I am proud to support our President,
Lyndon B. Johnson, in his efforts to win
freedom for the people of South Vietnam
and preserve the peace around the world.
I include in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a
timely editorial, written by Rex Ed-
mondson of the Jacksonville Journal, of
Jacksonville, Fla., which applauds the
President's stand. In this I certainly
concur.
[From the Jacksonville (Fla.) Journal,
Feb. 19, 19681
THE PRESIDENT'S STAND
How much power should a President have
in times of crisis?
That question seems to be the main point
of contention in Congress right now as the
Senate Vietnam debates go on.
Eighteen months ago, acting with the
speed and unanimity of crisis, Congress
voted President Johnson its endorsement of
"all necessary measures" to bar aggression in
South Vietnam.
Now those Congressmen are seeming to re-
cant on their previous stand. They are con-
tending that they will go over the Presi-
dent's head and to the people to gain sup-
port opposing the administration's stand.
Those Senators who cannot go along with
the strong line against North Vietnam are
listening politely to those testifying who do
not agree and then apparently ignoring their
advice.
Retired Diplomat George F. Kennan, an
expert on communism and foreign affairs,
summed up the feelings of a lot of us when
he. contended that although we probably
should not have been caught in the Viet-
nam struggle, we are in it and that it would
be unthinkable to back out now.
It is Kennan's idea that we should avoid
getting in deeper, that our best bet Is to hold
what we have and hope for some sort of
outside intervention that will solve the
problem.
Senator ALBERT GORE of Tennessee thanked
Kennan for his views, but said plainly that
Members of Congress are determined to pro-
ject their own views.
This, as President Johnson agreed later (at
least on the surface) is not only the right
of Congress, but the duty as well.
Much of the dissention over President
Johnson's order to resume the bombings in
Vietnam stems over what some Senators
claim was a mistaken idea of what they
were endorsing in 1964. Some, among them
Senator GAYLORD NELSON, a Democrat of
Wisconsin, say that they voted for the reso-
lution with the understanding that the
American mission would remain one of sup-
porting and advising South Vietnam, not of
fighting thb war.
That category is one all of us would have
preferred, but we have been forced into a
situation where fighting now is mandatory.
This fact should not be obscured, nor
should the fact be underplayed that the
President, under the Constitution, is still
Commander in Chief and as such must make
the decisions.
The notion of the Communists that we are
a paper tiger cannot be blamed on anything
but the wide breach of opinion that exists
now within our Government on what should
be done in Asia.
If anything is to be salvaged from the
sacrifices already made and which will be
made in Asia it will come only because this
Nation pulled itself together In one com-
mon cause.
President Johnson should not be made the
scapegoat for a situation which is unprece-
dented in our history and one in which no-
body has any ready solution. He must only
do what he things is right.
Congress should stand ready to support any
President who moves firmly and honestly
in that direction.
Guidance and the Political Apostolate
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DONALD J. IRWIN
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. IRWIN. Mr. Speaker, in the cur-
rent issue of the National Catholic
Guidance Conference Journal, Dr. John
Norman, professor of history and gov-
ernment at Fairfield University in my
district, has published an article entitled
"Guidance and the Political Apostolate."
Dr. Norman discusses the role of the
Catholic layman in politics but he also
makes some extremely interesting obser-
vations about the responsibility of all
citizens in a democracy.
In the belief that Dr. Norman's ar-
ticle will be of interest to my colleagues,
I offer it for insertion in the RECORD at
this point.
The article follows:
GUIDANCE AND THE POLITICAL APOSTOLATE
(By John Norman, professor of history and
government, Fairfield University)
Pope Plus XII once declared that "While
there Is much talk about the maturity and
A977
strength of the layman in the church, it is in
public life that this must be practiced and
proved. To act in this field is truly to act
in the church." Yet insufficient attention is
directed to what the layman can do to pro-
mote Christian principles in public life, for
he must not only particpate more actively in
civic and political affairs, but he must do so
under the conscious guidance of the ethical
precepts of the church. If he cannot take
part as a candidate, he can do so as a ra-
tional, informed, and unselfish voter. It is
not too much to say that in a democracy, the
voting booth is the secular equivalent of the
confession booth. Both provide a private
test of one's conscience.
In a democracy politics is almost always on
the edge of ethics, and often overlaps it. Its
very terminology is in large part ethical in
connotation. Let us consider a few examples.
"Politic" itself stems from a Greek word
meaning citizen, and now signifies one who
is wise or prudent. "Vote" originally meant
to vow in Latin. "Suffrage" indicates a pray-
er of intercession or supplication as well as
the right to vote. "Franchise" once meant
freedom from some restriction or servitude.
"Candidate" in old Rome was one who dressed
in white (purity or sincerity) when offering
himself as a suitable aspirant for office.
"Office" now means, among other things,
duty, place of trust, or religious service.
"Republic" represents the common weal
(commonwealth) or state. And Aristotle
once defined the "state" as "as association
of similar persons for the attainment of the
best life possible."
THE ETHICAL IMPERATIVE
Today we are laymen with reference to
clergymen, but not with reference to politi-
cians, since in a democracy all citizens are in
a real sense politicians. Grover Clevelahd
put It well when he said, "Your every voter,
as surely as your chief magistrate, exercises
a public trust." The ancient Greeks were
keenly concerned over the ethical imperative
to participate in civic affairs. Indeed, they
referred to laymen not involved in public
matters as "idiots," as any good dictionary
will show. The classic expression of this feel-
ing is found In Thucydides, who quotes
Pericles thus: "We alone regard a man who
takes no interest in public affairs, not as a
harmless, but as a useless character; and if
few of us are originators, we are all sound
judges of a policy."
But American laymen have been too fre-
quently unsound judges of policy in the
absence of proper guidance from their
priests. For one thing, clergymen have not
been in the forefront of overdue reform
movements in the United States. Moreover,
in view of the large number of priests who
have expressed sympathy or support for
such demagogs as Father Coughlin and
Senator McCarthy (not to mention Musso-
lini), laymen should resolve to become
autonomous Catholics in politics, and not
automatic ones. Where politics Is concerned,
ethics is too important a matter to leave
solely to the clergy. Catholics need the
guidance of informed laymen, who, in the
words of Jerome G. Kerwin, "hear nothing
of the application of the moral to public af-
fairs from their pulpits."
However, in the matter of greater Cath-
olic involvement in politics, matters are
improving. Only a decade ago, Rev. John
Tracy Ellis complained that, though Cath-
olics had risen to prominence on the local
level (not always to their credit), very few
had attained high positions on a national
level. Only a few years later, D. W. Brogan
observed that the President and Attorney
General were Catholic, as were the leaders of
both Houses of Congress and nearly 20 Gov-
ernors. This did not represent a Jesuit
conspiracy, he added, but America's coming
of age.
It was also the coming of age of the lay-
men, many of whom had apparently heeded
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
such exhortations that an upright Catholic
was bound by a serious obligation to run
for office only "when his election is certain,
when he is able to avert grave evils from
the community, when he can accept without
grave inconvenience to himself, and when
no other equally competent candidate is
available."
This trend toward greater participation,
if continued, will help expiate the wrong of
days past when corrupt bosses were almost
n, synonym for Catholic politicians. For
there was then a kind of Gresham's law of
politics, that bad politicians tended to drive
out good ones. This of course does not
usean that laymen will be saintly. In fact,
asurveys have shown that Catholic-educated
individuals behr,ve no better-and no
worse--than other members of the commu-
nity. But then, if men were angels, no gov-
ernment would be needed, as James Madison
once remarked.
((LIGATION TO VOTE MORALLY
For those who do not run for office, the
moral obligation to vote is obvious. But not
so obvious is the obligation to vote morally.
'T'his does not imply that there should be a
Catholic vote. It, means simply the applica-
tion of Christian principles to politics in
accordance with ogre's individual conscience.
We neither have nor need a Christian Demo-
cratic Party. The political lay apostolate may
be effectively exercised within the American
party system, which peaceably reconciles the
divergent interests of a pluralistic society. In
this sense, Catholicism and democracy are
out mutually incompatible. Far from it.
Alexis de Tocquevilie wrote that in the
ignited States the Catholic religion had been
mistakenly considered the natural foe of de-
inocracy. "Among the various sects of Chris-
tianity," he said, "Catholicism seems to me,
on the contrary, to be one of the most favor-
able to equality of condition among men."
Since Catholics have frequently advanced
claims to moral superiority over other sects,
if, would be well to try to live up to these
claims, even at the risk of straining human
nature. Catholic laymen could set an exam-
ple for others by endeavoring to vote as
though the question on conflict of interest
applied to a private citizen as well as to a
public official. In other words, he should not
vote for his own best interest if it conflicted
with the general interest. This is seldom
stressed in either Catholic or public schools,
or in pulpits. It is scarcely understood.
When it is considered at all, it is looked upon
is idealistic or unrealistic, as if idealism were
nut; in the long run the very essence of
reoib m.
Yet there is nothing new about the idea,
even though it has been swept under the po-
litical rug. John Stuart Mill asserted, "The
viLer is under an absolute moral obligation
to consider the interest of the public, not his
private advantage, and give his vote, to the
best of his judgment, exactly as he would be
bound to do if lie were the sole voter, and
the election depended upon him alone." In
Al candor, how :many of us vote that way?
Or how many of us have ever been taught to
think that way?
hill's sentiment found an echo in one of
the best and least known speeches of a great
C,vtholi.c, Al Smith, in his last address just
before the 1928 presidential election, al-
though he almost certainly never read Mill.
S. Lid he: " * * * It is the duty of every Amer-
ican citizen, marl or woman, to vote accord-
ing to the dictates of conscience, solely upon
f,',n basis of wha.'; he or she believes to be for
the best interest of the country itself and
not upon the basis of any passion or any
prejudice. Any man or woman or any group
casting it ballot for any other reason except
tire welfare of the country Is doing what they
possibly can to negative the whole theory of
democratic government."
Things like this need to be discussed and
acted upon among Catholics. One reason for
this is that only within recent years have
Catholic colleges and universities acknowl-
edged political science as a legitimate disci-
pline. A noted Catholic political scientist,
Jerome G. KKerwin of the University of Chi-
cago, pulled no punches when he affirmed
that "Even now there are Catholic schools
where it is scarcely recognized, or where it
forms some minor part of history, sociology,
or economics. * * * If we have Catholics in
the field of political science, they come large-
ly from the secular schools." As part of the
political apostolate, Catholic alumni could
enhance the prestige of their alma maters by
urging the completion of this unfinished
business of modern Catholic education. They
had. better realize that most of the advances
in the social sciences have developed through
the efforts of non-Catholics.
ETERNAL DRUDGERY
Apart from running or voting, political
participation may entail the bother of help-
ing out with speeches, releases, meetings,
doorbell ringing, fund raising, telephone
calls, stuffing envelopes, taking care of party
headquarters and other grubby details. The
price of liberty, therefore, is not so much
ete:mnal vigilance as it is eternal drudgery, a
thought otherwise expressed in the tribe but
true maxim that either you run the govern-
ment or the government will run you. And
party politics does help run the government.
There is always the fear that one may
somehow become morally contaminated by
going into politics, The risk is not much
greater than in any other field. If power
corrupts in politics, it also does so in busi-
ness-or in the priesthood itself, for that
manner. It has been said that politics is the
art of the possible, so that only compromise
and consensus can be expected instead of
perfect solutions. In a democracy it often
takes deals to approach ideals. The letter
the laymen who enter politics, the better the
results. Einstein once testified to the fact
that more was accomplished in science than
in political science because the latter was a
much more difficult field to master.
Thus the political apostolate is far from
easy. It will involve the layman in con-
troversy, misunderstanding, and sacrifice. He
must be as tough of hide as he is tender of
conscience. American politics is no game for
those who are only Sunday Catholics.
West Virginia's Statues in the
U.S. Capitol
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. KEN HECHLER
OF WEST VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATI'V ES
Tit arsday, February 24, 1966
Mr. HECHLER. Mr. Speaker, Harry
V/. Ernst has written for, the Charleston
Gazette an excellent article on the two
West Virginians whose statues are in the
tr.S. Capitol. Under unanimous consent,
I nclude this article on the history and
significance of the statues of Francis H.
Pierpont and Senator John E. Kenna:
WASHINGTON'S MOUNTAINEERS IN MARBLE
(NOTE.--Each State allowed statutes of two
sons in the U.S. Capitol. Here are the
choices of West Virginians.)
(By Harry W. Ernst)
WASHINGTON. D.C.-One championed the
trnion and helped create the State of West
Virginia. A Methodist and Republican, he
was too uncompromising to be a successful
politician. He was descended from an early
American family.
The other, son of an Irish immigrant,
helped carve out of the Missouri wilderness
a farm when he was a boy. When he wins
only 16, he was wounded fighting for the
Confederacy. His congeniality made him it
successful politician. A Roman Catholic
and Democrat, he was the youngest Member
when he served in the House (29) and U.S.
Senate (35).
They were Francis Harrison Pierpont. "the
father of West Virginia" who was Governor
of the restored (loyal to the Union) State
of Virginia from 1861 through 1868, and
John Edward Kenna of Charleston, who
served in the House and Senate from 1877
until his death in 1893.
West Virginia has honored both men by
placing marble staues of them in the U.S.
Capitol where each State is permitted to
remember two of its prominent citizens in
statuary.
Selection of two men of such contrasting
background and achievement perhaps re-
veals a facet of West Virginia's character that
isn't fully appreciated.
Although it rural, somewhat provincial
State, West Virginia generally practices what
its State motto preaches-"Mountaineers are
always free." Without self-conscious ideol-
ogy, West Virginians for the most part be-
lieve in equal rights and the right to dissent.
They don't preach. about such fundamentals
of democracy, but simply live confortably
with them.
None of the other 17 border and Southern
States has made as much progress as West
Virginia in moving to end the barbaric humil-
iation of the Negro. And McCarthyism,
which equates dissent with treason, never
flourished in the State where a small number
of right- and leftwingers have little difficulty
being heard.
The reason may be that West Virginians
are basically uninterested in ideology--
whether it enslaves men because of their race
or because of their politics. Their fellow
citizens can seek truth by handling snakes
or protesting against the war in Vietnam as
long as they respect the rights of others to
disagree or to be left alone.
In his novel, "Absalom, Absalom," Wil-
liam Faulkner discusses the cultural shock
to a man who migrated from the West Vir-
ginia mountains to Mississippi in the early
19th century. In West Virginia, "the land
belonged to anybody and everybody": in
Mississippi the land and the people were
neatly divided and "a certain few men * * *
had the power of life and death and barter
and sale over others."
The selection of Pierpont and Kenna to
represent West Virginia in Capitol statuary
indicates the State's passion for diversity
and tolerance. How could a State honor
both a lover of the Union and a fighter for
the Confederacy during the same period?
Perhaps the answer lies in the character
of the two men, who their fellow citizens
obviously respected although they may have
hotly disagreed with them on some issues.
The statue of Pierpont is really a monu-
ment to the State he helped establish during
the Civil War, as Senator Jonathan P. Doll-
iver of Iowa, a West Virginia native, pointed
out when it was unveiled at the Capitol in
1910.
"It is a monument to times that we hardly
yet understand," Senator Dolliver observed.
"It is a sort of a memorial of our heroic
age."
With his reputation as the father of West
Virginia, Pierpont could hardly be ignored by
his fellow citizens. Shortly after his death in
1899, the State society of the Grand Army
of the Republic persuaded the legislature to
place his statue in Statuary Hall.
Franklin Simmons, an American sculptor
living in Rome, completed it in 1904. But
it wasn't formally unveiled until 6 years
later because of the maneuvering of several
State politicians who disliked Pierpont and
because of the illness of his only grandchild,
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Mrs. Frances Pierpont Siviter, who unveiled
it.
Pierpont's life and character are well
known to students of West Virginia history.
Prof. Charles H. Ambler of West Virginia
University wrote a biography of Pierpont
that was published by the University of
North Carolina Press in 1937.
But few West Virginians probably know
who their second marble representative in
the Capitol was.
Born in Valcoulon, Kanawha County, on
April 10, 1848, Kenna was 8 years old
when his father died and left his family
practically penniless.
His mother, a great-granddaughter of
frontier fighter Gen. Andrew Lewis, took
Kenna and his two sisters to live with her
brother on a Missouri farm.
After the Civil War, Kenna joined his fam-
ily who had returned to Kanawha County.
He studied at St. Vincent's Academy in
Wheeling for two and a half years and then
entered the law office of Miller & Quarrier in
Charleston.
Kenna had to wait 8 months before he
could be admitted to the bar until the law-
yers' test oath, which forbid Confederate
sympathizers to practice law, was repealed.
In 1872 when he was 24, he was elected
prosecuting attorney of Kanawha County and
became a circuit court judge 3 years later.
His campaign style was strikingly similar
to that of John F. Kennedy. Kenna was tall,
handsome, and glamourous because of his
war record. He was also a powerful speaker
who shunned vituperative attacks on his
opponents.
Like Kennedy, he appealed to younger
members of his party. And Kenna tried new
ways of stirring up voters. In 1877, he cam-
paigned with a circus to help persuade West
Virginians that they should make Charleston
the permanent location of their capital.
Instead of a game of touch football, how-
ever, Kenna and his youthful lieutenants
celebrated his election as prosecuting attor-
ney by playing marbles in the backyard of a
friend's house.
Kenna was defeated in his first try for the
House of Representatives in 1874. But 2
years later he overcame the opposition of
influential Democrats and upset the incum-
bent, Representative Frank Hereford, of
Union, Monroe County, who was chairman of
House Interstate and Foreign Commerce
Committee.
He served three terms in the House and
was chosen in 1883 to succeed Henry G.
Davis, who declined to seek reelection, in the
U.S. Senate.
Kenna's popularity in southern West Vir-
ginia partly resulted from his successful
efforts in obtaining Federal aid for a slack-
water system that made the Kanawha River
navigable, which helped open the region's
natural resources for development.
A personal friend of President Grover
Cleveland and one of the strongest defenders
of his administration, Kenna was considered
a liberal Democrat who championed Federal
regulation of the railroads-the dominant
economic power of his era.
During Kenna's second term in the House,
the West Virginia Legislature instructed the
State's Congressmen to support the Texas
Pacific Railroad bill. But Kenna declined,
explaining:
"I have not denounced subsidies to come
here and support them. I have not raised
my voice in opposition to class legislation
against the interests and rights of the masses
to come here and lend my voice to the con-
summation of that very work.
"I have not joined in the indignation of
my people at the stupendous power and cor-
ruption of the American lobby to come here
and surrender myself helplessly into its
hands."
A fellow Congressman described Kenna's
position as "a bold stand for a young man
* * * to take against the unanimous action
of the legislature of his own State." But
Kenna was persuasive. The West Virginia
Legislature reversed its action.
Kenna also was ahead of his times in ad-
vocating a stronger Presidency more inde-
pendent of Congress. He emerged as a leader
of the Democratic minority in the Senate
when he argued for 3 hours and 20 minutes
that President Cleveland was right in re-
fusing to detail his reasons for dismissing cer-
tain officials who had been appointed with
the advice and consent of the Senate, whose
Republican majority was attacking Cleveland
for his action.
At 45, Kenna died from heart disease at his
home in Washington near the Capitol on
January 11, 1893. A service was held in the
Senate Chamber and another one at
Charleston in the small Catholic church that
Kenna had designed when he was 25.
In a memorial address, a New York con-
gressman described Kenna as believing "in
the fullest possible freedom of thought and
action * * * he was a bigot only in his
hatred of bigotry."
"Most men live too long," observed Sen-
ator Blackburn of Kentucky. "This man
died too soon." There was general agreement
that Kenna's death cut short a promising
career.
Less than a month after his death, the
West Virginia Legislature authorized a statue
of Kenna to be placed in the U.S. Capitol-
the first West Virginian to be so honored,
which indicated his unusual popularity in a
State known for rough treatment of its poli-
ticians.
Kenna's statue, which was sculptured by
Alexander Doyle, now stands in the Capitol's
Hall of Columns under the House Chamber.
On the floor above is Pierpont's statue in
Statuary Hall where the House of Repre-
sentatives originally met.
The 1864 act, which authorized the Capitol
to also serve as a museum dedicated to the
Nation's history, permitted each State to
donate two statues that are Federal property
and can't rbe removed from the building
without the permission of Congress.
. By 1932, the weight of the statues had be-
come too much for the floor of the old hall.
One from each State was left in the hall and
the other's were dispersed throughout the
Capitol, perhaps indicating that the weight
of history is even too much for buildings to
bear.
Some of history's strains, however, were
lifted last month when a ceremony in
Statuary Hall offered hope that the Civil War
has finally ended. The United Daughters of
the Confederacy, in remembering Robert E.
Lee's birthday, also laid a single red rose at
the base of statues of both Confederate and
Union heroes including Pierpont of West
Virginia.
DESCENDANTS OF JOHN E. KENNA
Although all of Senator John Edward
Kenna's children now are deceased, several of
his grandchildren still make their homes in
West Virginia.
Senator Kenna's first wife died. Their only
child was a daughter, who became a Catholic
nun and died in a New York convent many
years ago. He had four sons and a daughter
by his second wife.
One son, the late Jo N. Kenna, was judge
of the State supreme court. Judge Kenna
was the father of Lee M. Kenna, a Charleston
attorney; and Nancy Kenna Ivison, who now
lives in Connecticut.
Another son, the late Edward B. Kenna,
.who died at the age of 32, was listed as editor
of the Gazette in R. L. Polk & Co.'s "Charles-
ton Directory" of 1911. Edward's only child
is Capt. William E. Kenna, U.S. Navy retired,
who now lives in Connecticut, also.
The third son, the late Arthur Kenna, was
a Charleston. photographer, who had five
children. They are Mrs. Gertrude Kenna
Thomas of Pittsburgh; Mrs. Louis K. Hen-
derson of St. Albans; Mrs. Ann Kenna Moore
of Vienna, Wood County; Alexander P.
Kenna of St. Albans; and John E. Kenna, III,
of Charleston.
The fourth son of Senator Kenna was the
late John E. (Jack) Kenna, It, who was a
salesman and pitched semipro baseball for
the old Charleston Senators. He never mar-
ried.
Senator Kenna's only daughter by his sec-
ond wife was the late Mary Kenna Elkins,
who married Blaine, one of the sons of the
late Stephen Benton Elkins. Their only
child is Stephen Blaine Elkins, a Washington
real estate developer.
West Virginia still is honoring the name of
Senator John Edward Kenna. Kenna, Jack-
son County, is named after him, as is Kenna
homes in South Charleston.. And, one of the
new elementary schools that will be built in
Kanawha County under the most recent
bond issue, will be the John Edward Kenna
School in North Charleston.
Honolulu Declaration Rises Above
Militarism d1~111i
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN E. MOSS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, typical of
many editorials I have read is one in the
Sacramento Bee which found the Hono-
lulu declaration "heartening" in its
avowal :
The war for the hearts. of the people is
more than a military tactic-
The paper quotes the declaration-
It is a moral principle. For this we shall
strive, as we fight to bring about a true social
revolution.
The paper believes:.
If the new domestic improvement and
stability offensive of the Honolulu declara-
tion is translated into reality the South
Vietnamese people will obtain the greatest
possible stake in resisting communism and
defending freedom.
The newspaper adds that-
It is most welcome that President Johnson
has determined to export a measure of the
Great Society to this and other southeast
Asian nations. This export may well equal
100,000 more American troops.
Because of the significance of the
Honolulu declaration, I commend this
editorial to the attention of my col-
leagues. The editorial follows:
[From the Sacramento (Calif.) Bee, Feb. 11,
1966]
HONOLULU DECLARATION RISES ABOVE
MILITARISM
The Honolulu Declaration issued in the
form of an agreement between the United
States and South Vietnam as a result of
President Lyndon B. Johnson's visit to Hawaii
contains one very welcome new emphasis.
While L.B.J. and South Vietnamese heads
of state declared their determination to per-
severe in military resistance to the Vietcong,
there was nothing said about expanding the
war. Instead there was a pledge to expand
social, economic, and political reforms.
Said the declaration:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 24, 1966
"The war for the hearts of the people is
snore than a military tactic. It is a moral
principle. For this we shall strive as we
tight to bring about a true social revolution."
flow heartening it is to witness America
nmem.bering its revolutionary origin and
dodging to use this heritage as a weapon in
he Vietnam conflict. The signatories of the
Hawaiian declaration promised that both na-
tions would undertake to give "full support"
;o political and social reforms and "special
,upport" in helping to stabilize the economy
usd increase the food supply for the people of
mouth Vietnam.
Real substance has been given to these
pledges by the swift dispatch of Vice Presi-
clent HueERT H. HUMYHREY and Secretary of
A+;riculturc Orville Freeman along with Am-
bassador at Large W. Averell Harriman to
South Vietnam as well as to other Asian
0a.tions.
One of the most critical problems which
Ii as dogged the defenders of South Vietnam-
;:;e independence has been the unrest of the
mople. Millions of South Vietnamese have
maintained an attitude of neutrality toward
the war. This fact has made it possible for
the aggressors to find refuge and sustenance
among the people and often to conceal their
identity. Some of this neutrality has arisen
a cause the people have been caught in a
;lueeze between the warring forces.
in some measure, however, the Vietnamese
p?cople have remained unalined because
their standard of living has been so low
many of them are not certain their lot would
bn any worse under the Communists. Ten
.different governments in 10 years have
caused political instability and confusion
which aids the aggressors.
If the new domestic improvement and
stability offensive of the Honolulu Declara-
tion is translated into reality the South Viet-
oamese people will obtain the greatest pos-
,aible stake in resisting communism and de-
fa~nding freedom. It is most welcome that
L.B.J. has determined to export a measure of
Use Great Society to this and other southeast
ft fan nations. This export may well equal
11.10,000 more American troops.
Estonian People Remembered
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Os,
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK
TN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr, WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, each year
raa the appropriate days, Members of
this Chamber join their fellow Ameri-
cans throughout the world in remember-
ing that millions of persons in countries
behind the Iron Curtain live their daily
lives subjected to Soviet imperialism.
11; is well that we vocally remember,
thereby keeping alive even a faint hope
kiat someday the captive nations of
Europe may join the international coin-
ruunity as free and independent mem-
l;ers of the family of nations.
I rise today, Mr. Speaker, to pay trib-
ute to the greatness of the Estonian
people, and to recall that 48 years ago
these proud people declared themselves
independent. They then. reestablished
their national independence which they
ad lost in the course of imperialist Rus-
sian expansion to the west. But the
i'.stonian people were able to enjoy their
f,.?eedom for merely two decades. The
new masters of Russia-the Commu-
nists-with their Red army-overran
and occupied the country during World
War II. That these traditionally free
people are not free today is one of the
great tragedies of Our times.
Since World War II began, approxi-
mately 55 former colonies representing
about 1.5 billion people have gained their
independence, these peoples constituting
lit one-third of those living today, are
abc
free. In many more cases, western co-
lonial powers helped and nurtured their
colonies toward responsible independ-
ence. What we in the West and most of
the newly independent countries fail to
realize is that during this same period
of time, not a single colony of the Soviet
Union has become an independent state.
In fact, the Soviets have expanded their
empire where they have been able, and
have brutally repressed those under
their yoke who have sought to attain
their freedom.
Yet it is the Soviets, employing the
Marxist dialectic, who have branded the
Western nations as the colonial powers,
when in fact, Mr. Speaker, behind the
Iron. Curtain lies the largest colonial
empire the world has ever seen and suf-
fered with. We ought to recognize the
spurious Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics for exactly what it is: a colonial
empire which makes a mockery of sov-
creiignty, freedom, human justice, and
social conditions.
We shall not let ourselves be fooled
by the Russian propaganda agencies.
Life in this "worker's paradise" is diffi-
cult, as the Estonians watch their where-
withal being shipped out of their coun-
try; as they watch their women and
children being forced to work hard and
long hours and days for no apparent in-
crease in the nation's standard of living;
as they crave the amenities of life, es-
haec:ially clothing, only to be told, "per-
haps next year"; as the majority of Es-
tonians outside the major cities live in
:substandard housing, many of these
units having only outside plumbing; as
wages rarely rise, and almost never faster
than the cost of living. It is a sorry life,
but it should not surprise us to see this.
'T'hc millions of people in the captive na-
tions learned a long time ago that the
true nature of Russian socialism is some-
what less than colonial poverty.
We are not deceived. We shall not fa>r-
get. The Estonian people have our faith,
our trust, and the everlasting hope for a
brighter tomorrow.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR.
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, while
we have read a great deal recently about
the contributions being made by mem-
bers of our armed services, the work of
the Air National Guard has not received
the attention it deserves. The part-
time military men who compose the
Guard have been providing full-time as-
sistance to the Military Airlift Command
and assuming an increasing share of re-
sponsibility for our total military airlift
program.
Last year the "weekend warriors" of
the Air National Guard played an un-
precedented role both in hauling tonnage
to Europe and in helping to speed the
movement of men and materiel to south-
east Asia. In 1965 the 26 Air National
Guard heavy transport squardons car-
ried approximately 25 percent of the
total cargo tonnage delivered to Europe
by the Military Airlift Command. In
recent months, Guard aircraft have pro-
vided a significant additional capability
to enable the Miliary Airlift Command to
reduce the backlog of military cargo in
stateside terminals.
So that the splendid service of these
civilian airmen may be more widely rec-
ognized, I include in the RECORD the fol-
lowing article from the January issue of
the National Guardsman magazine:
THE AIR GuARD's AIRLIFT-ANYWI3ERE,
ANYTIME
(By Maj. Corb Sarchet)
(NOTE-Air Guard transports serve the
Nation three ways: flying cargo hauls, troop
airlift, and aeromedical evacuation flights.
While in a training status, its fleet of 212
ocean-spanning aircraft has flown more than
27,500 tons of cargo overseas for the Military
Aircraft Command, demonstrating its "ready
now" status. Its 1,:122 experienced pilots are
a significant asset for a pilot-short Air Force,
its planes one-third of the MAC fleet.
In nearly 5 years since its beginning, it has
flown more than 34 million miles, carried
260,000 passengers, and hauled nearly 52,000
tons of cargo for the National Guard and
MAC combined, and with a safety rate better
than that of MAC. :Its planes could move the
men of one infantry division in one "lift".
The Air Guard MAC fleet is truly a "go any-
where, any time" force in being that pro-
vides the Air Force that added "go power"
when the going gets rough.)
Now 5 years old, the Air National Guard's
heavy transport force plays a significant role
in the Nation's airlift picture.
As part of "training" activities, Air Guard
transports carry thousands of tons of vital
military cargo to points all over the World-
tonnage which otherwise would have to be
borne by the already heavily-committed
craft of the Military Airlift Command (ex-
Military Air Transport Service) or farmed
out to commercial carriers.
Air Guard transport crews also voluntarily
have flown hundreds of "special" missions
above their normal training requirements
whenever MAC has become hard pressed, and
cargo and passengers stack up at MA.C's
terminals.
Air Guard transports also' answer the call
when special airlift projects arise for which
MAC's Regulars can't be spared from their
primary tasks. Such a case is the just-con-
eluded "Christmas Star" in which 76 Air
Guard transport crews took time oil' from
their civilian jobs and families to fly 406 tons
of Christmas packages, gifts, and mail from
an appreciative Nation to its fighting men
in Vietnam.
MAC couldn't handle the cargo--it was
stretched tight already, supporting the
southeast Asia effort. In fact, it used the
opportunity to ship 139 tons of military
cargo to Vietnam aboard the Air Guard trans-
ports along with the Christmas gifts.
Ironically, it was at this very time of the
greatest need for airlift, and amidst greatly
increased use by MAC of the Air Guard capa-
bility to help carry the growing cargo re-
quirements, that announcement was made
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February 24., 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
he meets and, like his immediate predecessor,
Sanford Bornstein, now serving as chairman
of the board of directors of RBA, has devel-
oped a vast circle of stanch friends in every
walk of life. In view of RBA's present leader-
ship, one would not have to go very far out
on the limb to predict a year of unprece-
dented success and accomplishment for the
association in 1966.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES C. CORMAN
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, the Los
Angeles Times has accurately pointed
out that "with friends like Jimmy Hoffa,
the American labor movement does not
need any enemies."
Mr. Hoffa's proposal leading to the
threat of general strikes is not in the
best interests of the public or the Amer-
ican workingman. The Hoffa scheme
can only lead to the imposition of re-
strictive laws upon organized labor and a
stifling of the great contributions which
the unions have made to strengthening
our economy and bringing a measure of
equality and Justice to the collective bar-
gaining table.
The Times editorial of February 8 fol-
lows:
HOFFA REACHES FOR STILL MORE POWER
With friends like Jimmy Hofra, the Amer-
ican labor movement doesn't need any
enemies.
The president of the Teamsters Union,
who has managed thus far to stay a step
ahead of Federal efforts to clap him in
jail, delivered himself of some rather fan-
tastic proposals over the weekend.
First, Hoffa announced a campaign to en-
roll professional athletes from baseball,
football, and other sports in a giant union
under the Teamsters' wing.
Nothing could undermine public confi-
dence in the cleanliness of sports faster than
allowing a man with Hoffa's record of un-
savory connections to gain a position of
influence.
Fortunately, both team owners and play-
ers appear cool to the Teamster plans.
One day after inviting himself into pro-
fessional sports, Hoffa made an even more
extraordinary proposal.
In a Detroit address, he suggested that
unions should join in fixing a common ex-
piration date for all labor contracts in each
city, and for unions in allied industries
across the Nation.
There is nothing unusual about union
contracts within a given industry having a
common expiration date. This is the pat-
tern where Industrywide bargaining exists.
But Hoffa's proposal goes much further,
since it is aimed at giving organized la-
bor the power to stage massive walkouts,
cutting across union and industry lines.
The Teamster boss says he wants to fol-
low the example of foreign countries "where
you find whole cities shut down" by gen-
eral strikes.
There is no reason to believe that respon-
sible union leaders will rise to the Hoffa
bait. In fact, they are probably considerably
embarassed -by it, since it comes on the eve
of a key Senate vote on labor-backed efforts
to outlaw State right-to-work statutes.
The outcry resulting from the transit
strike which paralyzed New York is evi-
dence enough that the American peo-
ple would not tolerate the kind of massive
union power envisioned by Hoffa.
Any serious move In that direction almost
certainly would result in restrictive legis-
lation or application to unions of the anti-
trust laws.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL
.OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 16, 1966
Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker,
under leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I would like to include an edi-
torial which appeared in the Long Island
Press of February 23, 1966, entitled "Viet-
nam Clarification."
I wholeheartedly agree with the point
taken in the editorial, on the need for
clarification, and commend the article to
my colleagues.
The editorial follows:
VIETNAM 'CLARIFICATION
There is a great hue and cry over how
to achieve our aims in Vietnam. Some say
we've had enough debate and let's get on
with the job. But should we stop the de-
bate when we still don't know what the "job"
is really all about? Hardly.
It is in this area that Senator ROBERT F.
KENNEDY Is doing the Nation a service. His
controversial statement about a coalition in
Vietnam with the Vietcong is forcing some
hard, cold looks at where we're going and
how we will get there in Vietnam.
Only debate can bring some measure of
clarity into these cloudy issues. On Satur-
day, for instance, Senator KENNEDY did not
specify free elections as a precondition for
including Communists in any postwar gov-
ernment in Saigon. Yesterday, he made it
clear he meant that this precondition must
be met.
Over the weekend Vice President HuM-
PHREY, Under Secretary of State George Ball,
and Presidential Assistant McGeorge Bundy
blasted Senator KENNEDY. But yesterday,
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, another of the Presi-
dent's top advisers, took a position close to
the Senator's.
If Senator KENNEDY means representation
for the Communists through free elections,
General Taylor said, "I'd have no trouble
with it * * *. If he means negotiating them
into a coalition government, I'd not be for
it.,,
What the Senator is now saying makes
more sense than his original statement. He
is now calling for clarification of this serious
confusion in the administration's policy.
He pointed out a glaring contradiction. On
one hand, the United States claims it will
talk with Vietcong and Hanoi without any
preconditions whatsoever. On the other,
there are indications that these are pre-
conditions, including the one that none of
the dissident elements "which undoubtedly
will include the Communists will be repre-
sented in the government."
"You can't have it both ways," he said,
"and in my judgment this is important for
us to be clarified."
Regardless of how one might feel about
Senator KENNEDY's views, he has served the
purpose of forcing discussion. What he is
saying, in essence, is that if we are fight-
ing a limited war, we must expect a limited
A917
peace and must begin to think, therefore, in
terms of those limitations. If not, if we
are to fight a total war aiming for uncondi-
tional surrender, then we must face up to all
its bloody consequences.
Youth Concert Thrilling Event
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WESTON E. VIVIAN
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, the per-
formance of the orchestra from the
Interlochen Arts Academy, Monday eve-
ning in the State Department Audito-
rium, here in our Nation's Capital, made
me proud to be from the State of Michi-
gan and to be a member of the Michigan
congressional delegation which sponsored
the concert.
As a measure of the effect on the audi-
ence, a former member of a famous string
quartet with the London Symphony Or-
chestra was exuberantly collecting auto-
graphs.
Mr. Speaker, the United States could
do no better than to have this group of
talented, disciplined, delightful young
people tour the countries of the world
with their outstanding gift of music.
Dr. Joseph E. Maddy, who taught mu-
sic for 20 years at the University of Mich-
igan, Ann Arbor-which is in my dis-
trict-and who is professor emeritus
from that great institution of learning,
is to be congratulated for holding onto
his long-time dream of a great arts acad-
emy until it became a reality. Thor
Johnson, who coaxed, bewitched, or de-
veloped a group of high school music
students into a single instrument of sur-
passing beauty, is to be applauded. My
deep appreciation also goes to each mem-
ber of the orchestra behind whose per-
formance were many hours of concen-
trated practice and single-minded devo-
tion to the mastery of an art that speaks
in a universal language to peoples of
every land.
I take special pleasure in the fact that
the following members of the orchestra
are from the Second Congressional Dis-
trict of Michigan: Roberta VanMeter,
Plymouth-violin; Norman Fischer,
Plymouth-violoncello; Michael Fergus-
on, Ypsilanti-bassoon and contra-bas-
soon; Gary Breeding, Milan-french
horn; Edward Kalousdian, Ann Arbor-
tuba; Peter Bonisteel, Ann Arbor-per-
cussion,
In the Washington newspapers which
covered the concert, the string section
was referred to as a disciplined, many-
splendored thing, and the programing
was considered to be "comparable to that
of any symphony orchestra in the world."
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con-
sent I place in the RECORD the reviews
of the Interlochen Orchestra's concert
written by Cecilia H. Porter for the
Washington Post and Wendell Margrave
for the Evening Star, both published on
February 22:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 24,. 1966
I From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Feb. 22, 19661
YOUTH CONCERT TFiRIL.LING EVENT
(By Wendell Margrave)
Chose fortunate enough to attend the con-
cert last night at the Department of State
Auditorium of the Interlochen Arts Academy
orchestra had the inspiring experience of
hearing a fine orchestra concert, comparable
in programing to that of any symphony or-
chestra in the world, played by 102 young
people of high school age.
The school they represent, an outgrowth
of the National Music Camp at Interlochen,
is it college preparatory school for students
gifted in the arts. The orchestra rehearses
:'. hours a day, 6 days a week for a :32-week
_;easan and is at present on a tour which
takes them today to the University of Mary-
land, tomorrow u) Carnegie Hall, then to
three performances in Canada.
The orchestra members are mostly from
the Middle West, but all sections of the
country are represented, and there are mem-
bers from Taiwan. Finland, and Japan.
'T'hree are from the Washington area; violin-
ist, Nancy Cole from Silver Spring, clarinet-
st, Jonathan Lautman from Takoma-Park,
^rid Eugene Sittenfeld, percussionist, from
Bethesda.
it was a thrilling performance. It is a
:;Ludent orchestra, to be sure, with not quite
the routined confidence and mature sound
of it professional group, but wonderfully
nompetent, wonderfully accurate, wonder-
fully unified. The Kodaly Concerto for Or-
chestra and the Shostakovich First Sym-
phony gave opportunity for much excellent
solo work by individuals, notably Violinist
Victoria Matosich, Cellist Jane Schroeder, a
remarkable young bass player named David
Currie, Miriam Jakes, a blonde oboist with
the embouchure a bit to the right but with
a sweet sound and a musician's way of phras-
ing, and the spectacular and dedicated tym-
panist, Tsutomu Yamashita from Kyoto.
The best single section in the orchestra
is the brasses, for they have the incisive at-
tack and golden tone that is America's own
peculiar contribution to brass playing. This
rests as much on the example of the great
jazz players as it does on the symphony tradi-
tion; and it gives a particularly vital thrust
to the sound of the orchestra. The conduct-
ing was in the experiencing hands of Thor
,Johnson, who for years conducted the Cin-
cinnati Orchestra. Dr. Joseph E. Maddy,
launder of the music camp and of the acad-
emy, who is everywhere a symbol of this kind
of enterprise, conducted the "Roman Carni-
val." At the close of the program, the con-
cert-master led the orchestra in the excerpt
from Hanson's "Romantic Symphony" that is
the Interlochen theme.
I From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Feb. 22,
1966)
LNTERLOC IIEN STUDENTS PERFORM LIKE ADULTS
(By Cecelia If, Porter)
Nearly 90 red-coated teenagers massed on
lie stage of the State Department's West
Auditorium last night to present an adult
evening of music.
The players form the permanent orchestra
of the Interlochen Arts Academy, a recent
prep school expansion of the famed summer-
time National Music Camp in northern
Michigan.
For this first appearance on a seven-concert
tour of the east, coast and Ontario, Thor
Johnson, the director of the school, con-
ducted three-fourths of the program. The
Founder of the slimmer camp, Joseph Maddy,
took the baton for Berlioz' Roman Carnival
Overture.
't'l:,e program, which also included Mozart's
"Tdriz" Symphony. Kodaly's infrequently
heard Concerto for Orchestra, and Shostak-
uvich :s First Symphony, showed a wise se-
lection calculated to challenge all the
players with at least one major responsibility
for the 2 hours.
is practically a norm for the conservatory
orchestra to fall short in one or more see-
tions. With high school groups, you note
the enthusiasm, then quickly assemble the
"bet's" and "however's."
Yet few excuses are necessary for this
orchestra, in which. even the string section
is a disciplined, many-splendored thing.
The five continuous movements of the
Kodaly concerto, composed in the midst of
World War II, proved to be the apex of the
concert. The solo violas and cellos, respond-
ing smoothly to an equally eloquent wind
assembly, transformed the largo into a
sumptuous, impassioned affair intensified
with unbelievable nobility in the later tutti
reaffirmation in Bachian motivic work.
The command shown in this movement, as
in the first; with its incisive brass punctua-
tions, and in the two allegros, stunningly
managed even in improvisational solos, could
hardly be matched by good adult performers.
The certainty evident through all levels
of the string section most obviously charac-
terized the reading of the "Linz." The read-
ing of the adagio indicated an unusual ma-
turity in maintaining a slow tempo without
sacrificing the metrical pulse.
The muscians languished tastefully over
the protracted dissonances and solo episodes.
Yet they never sank into that ominous giiick-
sand of increasingly sluggish paces that drags
performers into the mire of a new "Farewell
Symphony."
There was a wonderful pliancy in ex-
changes between sections and individuals In
the Berlioz. Maddyy drew forth a controlled
rather than a weeping sentimental cantilena.
Coming from the pen of a 19-year-old. the
Shostakovich symphony impressed its Rus-
sian hearers immediately and impressed the
audience last night. All the elemetits-
skilled pizzicato, light wind tonguing, lux-
uriant tutti mixtures-were there for a total
suavity and grace that were outstanding.
Dr. Bernard Braskamp
SPEECH
HON. JOHN R. HANSEN
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. HANSEN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, I
wish to join with my distinguished col-
league from Iowa, and the leadership of
the House of Representatives in the com-
ments and remarks that have been made
here on this sad occasion.
All of us are deeply grieved by the loss
sustained through the passing of this
good servant of the Lord.
In Dr.:Braskamp I found, as a native
Iowan and a fellow Presbyterian, a wel-
come handclasp and a friendship that
was stimulating.
:During the 14 months I knew him I
came to look forward to his incisive
choices of Scripture that prefaced the
opening prayer each day. Dr. Braskamp
distinguished himself as a churchman
in this area long before he came to serve
as Chaplain of the House of Repre-
sentatives. I am certain that his 16
years of service to this body will stand
a:; an eloquent monument to a gifted
and dedicated spirit.
More Flags for Vietnam: Nations Sup-
porting the U.S. Effort in Vietnam.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, the Unit-
ed States is not the only country assist-
ing South Vietnam in its struggle against
conquest by its northern neighbor. Al-
though we.wish more substantial assist-
ance were being provided by more na-
tions, we should not overlook the valuable
military, economic, or sometimes polit-
ical and moral support which has been
rendered by other nations. We should
not forget which nations are willing to
stand up and be counted on our side.
Three nations have made the supreme
commitment of sending troops, and risk-
ing the lives of their sons for the cause
of freedom just as the United States and
the Republic of Vietnam must do. These
nations are Australia, which has sent one
reinforced battalion of 1,500 men; New
Zealand, which has sent one artillery
battery of 300 men; and the Republic
of Korea, which has sent a reinforced
division of 17,000 men and supporting
forces totaling 3,750 men. Other mili-
tary assistance has been provided by
Malaysia, which has supplied training to
Vietnamese for counterinsurgency opera-
tions and some armored vehicles; the
Philippines and Nationalist China, which
have sent psychological warfare as well
as medical personnel; and Thailand,
which has military air detachments in
Vietnam and supplies training for South
Vietnamese Air Force personnel.
In addition to these countries which
are sending military assistance, more
than 30 nations are supplying or have
agreed to supply some sort of nonmilitary
assistance. In most cases this support
signifies an affirmation of their support
for the struggle against agression. Bel-
gium, Brazil, Denmark, Ecuador, Greece,
Guatemala, India, Ireland, Israel, Laos,
the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, Tur-
key, and Uruguay have sent medicines
and flood-relief aid. Canada has pro-
vided educational assistance, medicines,
flour, and aluminum warehouses. West-
ern Germany has provided assistance for
agricultural development, physicians,
technicians, and ambulances. Iran has
sent petroleum products and Ireland has
provided financial support. Japan has
sent economic assistance, technicians,
medical supplies, radios, and ambulances,
although it holds the Japanese Constitu-
tion prohibits sending troops. Laos has
provided refugee relief. The United
Kingdom has provided financial assist-
ance, and Venezuela is sending rice.
Even traditionally neutral Switzerland
has provided 30 microscopes.
In total, 31 nations have supplied some
sort of tangible assistance. Eight more
have agreed to provide assistance of some
kind.
There is another kind of support which
has been provided which I would like to
mention, and that is political and moral
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:February ? 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
support. : For many years the United
Kingdom, as a cochairman of the Geneva
Conference of 1954, has supported the
basic policies of the United States when
the other cochairman, the Soviet Union,
sought to issue messages condemning
United States or South Vietnamese
policy. Similarly Canada, as a member
of the International Control Commission,
has repeatedly helped protect the free
world interests against unfair charges by
the Communist side. Other nations
have voiced support in important resolu-
tions in international or regional orga-
nizations such as the United Nations or
SEATO.
All of these contributions have been
welcome and appreciated. Nevertheless,
in view of the magnitude and importance
of the task in South Vietnam, we have
every right to ask for more.
Over 1,300 Southeastern Louisiana Col-
lege Students at Hammond, La., Sup-
port President Johnson's Vietnam
Policy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES H. MORRISON
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. MORRISON. Mr. Speaker, re-
cently I received a resolution signed by
over 1,300 students at Southeastern Lou-
isiana College in my hometown of Ham-
mond, La., supporting this country's
policy in Vietnam. I have forwarded
this resolution to President Lyndon B.
Johnson to show the President and the
entire country how these many young
people are patriotically supporting the
United States in its struggle in South
Vietnam.
The students at Southeastern strong-
ly support their President's policy. In
addition to this resolution they sent a
similar resolution with a large number
of signatures to our troops in Vietnam
before Christmas. I feel that these
young people represent the finest tradi-
tion of our American heritage. I am
sure that the sentiments expressed in
the resolution represent the views of an
overwhelming majority of our citizens
throughout the country.
The following is the resolution spon-
sored by the Southeastern Louisiana Col-
lege student government and signed by
the hundreds of students at that institu-
tion :
RESOLUTION
Whereas the United States of America is
involved in a military conflict in Vietnam;
and
Whereas President Lyndon B. Johnson Is
Commander in Chief of our Armed Forces;
and
Whereas the American foreign policy is
being applied to its best effect in Vietnam:
Therefore be it
Resolved, That the student government of
Southeastern Louisiana College, Hammond,
La., representing the entire student body,
go on record as being in full support of our
Federal Government's policy in Vietnam;
be it further
Resolved, That this body honor the men in
Vietnam by rising for a moment in silent
prayer; be it further
Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be
recorded in the official minutes of the stu-
dent government senate and that a copy be
sent to President Lyndon B. Johnson.
The following is a letter which I re-
ceived from James J. Brady, president of
the student government at Southeastern:
DEAR CONGRESSMAN MORRISON: On behalf
of the student body of Southeastern Louisi-
ana College, I am forwarding to you a copy
of the resolution supporting our President's
and Government's position in Vietnam.
As you can see this resolution is accom-
panied by a list of over 1,300 names of stu-
dents on our campus who support this posi-
tion. These names were collected by various
members of the student body at different
places on the campus.
This petition is not the neatest nor the
most attractive that might be composed, but
the sincerity of the students whose names
appear on this roil reflect the true greatness
of our republic.
I, therefore, ask that you make known our
position concerning Vietnam to the Presi-
dent and to the other members of the Louisi-
ana congressional delegation.
Sincerely yours,
JAMES J. BRADY,
President, Student Government.
And finally I include the letter which
I sent to the President along with the
resolution :
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: It is with great pride
that I forward to you a petition signed by
1,300 students of Southeastern Louisiana Col-
lege, located in my hometown of Hammond,
La., expressing the support of these young
people for our Nation's policy in Vietnam.
The letter transmitting this petition, from
Student Government President James J.
Brady, reflects the hope of our country
through the courageous attitude of this stu-
dent body.
I am very pleased and happy to submit this
petition to you.
With kindest regards, I am,
Sincerely,
JAMES If. MORRISON,
Member of Congress.
Dr. Bernard Braskamp
SPEECH
OF
HON. LESLIE C. ARENDS
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, all of us
are saddened with the passing of our be-
loved Chaplain. His voice is now silenced
but he is still to be heard. He is saying
to us now what he has many times said
in his counsel to us, individually and col-
lectively. Whatever the loss, whatever
the problem, however dark and formid-
able things may appear, whatever our
grief and whatever our hardship: "Be of
good cheer."
In our grief of losing Dr. Braskamp we
need but remind ourselves of his sustain-
ing words of encouragement: "be of
good cheer." "God's will be done."
. A969
The words he lived by come from
Joshua:
Be strong and of good courage; be not
afraid, neither be thou dismayed; for the
Lord thy God is with thee whithersoever thou
goest.
In his prayers, as he opened each ses-
sion for 16 years, he would inspire us and
encourage us in the tasks before us. In
more ways than we will ever know he
gave us .courage and renewed our
strength.
To his bereaved family I offer my sin-
cerest sympathy.
More Have Died on U.S. Highways Than
in All the Nation's Wars
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN E. MOSS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE: HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, the car-
nage which occurs daily on our roads
and highways becomes increasingly
serious with the passage of time. For-
tunately, a greater degree of attention
is being paid to the problem than has
been paid in the past. A number of
bills on the subject have been intro-
duced, including my bill, H.R. 12549, to
create a National Traffic Safety Agency
to lead in accident loss prevention
through research and application of its
findings.
Because of its relevance, I would like
to include in the RECORD an editorial
from the Sacramento Bee, Sunday,
February 13, 1966, entitled "More Have
Died on U.S. Highways Than in All the
Nation's Wars," which I think points
out the magnitude of the problem quite
graphically and indicates how much
more substantial the difficulty will be-
come unless action is taken on a number
of fronts to alleviate and solve it.
The editorial follows:
MORE HAVE DIED ON U.S. 15IGHWAYS THAN IN
ALL THE NATION'S WARS
In the Revolutionary War, 4,435 Americans
died in battle. In the War of 1812, another
2,260 were killed. In the Mexican War, 1,733
lost their lives. The Civil War claimed
141,414 Union soldiers dead in battle and
74,545 Confederate dead. Another 305 were
killed in the Spanish-American war. World
War I claimed 53,513 Americans killed in
action, World War II 292,131, and the Korean
war, 33,629. As of early this month, 1,035
had died in Vietnam. This totals 605,080 in
American battle dead.
An appalling sacrifice, but to a cause:
Freedom.
Last year, 49,000 Americans lost their lives
on American highways and this says nothing
of the 3.5 million maimed and injured and
the billions lost in property damage.
Over the last quarter of a century, dating
only to 1941, a total of 1.5 million have died
on the highways, more than twice as many
as have been killed in all of the Nation's wars
dating back 190 years.
Yet murder-by-motor continues. This
year, traffic statisticians expect more than
50,000 will die, and again this says nothing
of the injured. Despite improvement in road
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A970 CONGRIESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February
1Angineering, deaths the next 10 years will
Iro up, year by year. Indeed, it may be as
President Lyndon B. Johnson said in an ad-
dress before the American Trial Lawyers Asso-
-iation in New York City: "It is a fact that
if we continue on our present suicidal rate,
kwlf of all Americans will I day suffer death
,,r serious injury on our highways."
The causes?
They are several.
The first, and perhaps the predominant
i actor, is the human factor.
The traveling public has become so used
to death on the highways, so familiar with
the casualty listing, it has come to accept the
carnage as just One of those things, and
therein lies the greatest danger. Slogans
have failed to encourage safety. Laws spe-
cifically written to inspire responsibility at
the wheel have been inadequate. The haz-
>:rds have been taken out of travel, insofar
as possible, through straightening out
=curves, easing access and egress, etc. Still
the slaughter continues.
:Second, more and more cars are being
produced, bought and fed into already con-
;4ested arterial and freeway routings. In the
early 1920's American producers were turn-
ing out 1.9 million cars each year. By 1930
production had risen to 2.7 million. By 1940,
i:(, 3.7 million. By 1960, to 6.6 million. Last
year, production in the United States totaled
more than 7.7 million and producers have
predicted a 10 million production year by
1970.
Third, the automobile industry has made
some progress, yes, in making motoring safer;
but U.S. Senator ROBERT F. KENNEDY, for
one, thinks it has not done enough. He em-
phasized that General Motors Corp.. the larg-
est producer of cars in the world, made a
prolit of $2.1 billion in 1965, yet spent only
.$R million on research-a sum he termed
grossly inadequate.
Meantime, what will be essential to the
eventual solution is much, much tighter
regulation---driving is not a right but a priv-
ilege---and sustained experimentation to
produce both safer cars and safer roads. And
if, will take public education, by the ton. All
of this will be for naught, however, if the
nian at the wheel cannot be reached and
convinced. If he cannot, very possibly he
eventually will be able to be reached-at the
morgue.
IXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
IF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 16, 1966
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, we in
the United States know Independence
Day as a happy occasion, a holiday filled
with picnics and parades. By contrast,
:,here are less fortunate peoples for whom
the anniversary of independence evokes
)rely a poignant memory. Such a na-
,ion is Lithuania.
forty-eight years ago this month,
Lithuania gained independence after
More than 120 years under first; Rus-
s,ian then German domination. That
i1-nnile state of freedom lasted but a few
c3:rs. The country suffered as a bat-
Itc?;round during World War II, was for
:1 years under German occupation, and
in 1944 was occupied by the Soviet Un-
ion, which to this day exercises oppres-
inve dominion over the 3 million inhabi-
tants of Lithuania.
The United States properly refuses to
recognize the incorporation of Lithuania
into the Soviet Union. And we citizens
who so cherish our own freedom hope
the days will be short until that same
freedom can be enjoyed again on the
eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. We join
Erwin Cahman, of the Christian Science
Monitor, in declaring, "The Baltic peo-
ples-an ancient, culturally rich folk
with proud national traditions-deserve
a better fate, and one day may achieve
it.
Citizens Honor Hamburg Township Fire
Department
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WESTON E. VIVIAN
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, I have
spoken of individual initiative and its
importance in our democratic system of
Government on the floor of the House
before.
Today, ]i wish to bring to the attention
of the Members the work of the Hamburg
Township Fire Department in Livingston
County, Mich., which I am privileged to
represent in the House of Representa-
tives.
Mr. Speaker, in order to provide fire
protection for the area, a group of
civic-minded men in Hamburg Town-
ship founded a volunteer fire depart-
ment, and equipped it with their peI?-
sonal funds and additional sums they
were able to raise. I believe that the
members of the Hamburg Township Fire
Department deserve to be honored for
contributing time and money to the
safety and welfare of their community.
1: join with the citizens of Hamburg
Township who paid tribute to their ex-
traordinary fire department recently at
a dinner in its honor.
I am pleased to include an article on
the department, published in the
Brighton Argus, at this point in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
HAMBURG TOWNSHIP DINES FIREMEN
13:AMBURG-Tribute to the volunteers who
man the only privately owned. fire depart-
ment in the Nation, will be paid by the
residents of Hamburg Township, January
29, when the firemen will be guests at a din-
ner at the Lakelands Golf Club.
Although all the equipment is owned
by all the members of the volunteer fire de-
partment, the organization is a nonprofit
organization-in fact it depends on finan-
cial assistance from private sources and many
of the firemen themselves have expended
sizable sums of their own on equipment.
The 6:30 o'clock dinner at the golf club
to be given by the residents of Hamburg
Township celebrates the 20th anniversary
of the volunteer lire department's incorpor-
ation.
Twenty years ago Hamburg had no fire
protection. It had no lifesaving equipment.
Today, because of the untiring efforts of a
group of civic-minded volunteers it has
both. Not only do these men maintain and
operate firefighting and resuscitating equip-
ment, but they also finance it.
This organization has grown from a group
24, 1966
of stout-hearted, green volunteers with two
war-surplus, gasoline-powered pumps--one
on the creek bank, the other mounted on a
two-wheel trailer-to a group of stout-
hearted, trained volunteers who now own
three radio-equipped mobile units and a
large-volume electric pump at the creek
which could supply the entire village of
Hamburg with water, if need be.
At the present time they are awaiting de-
livery of a new American-Marsh 1,000-gal-
Ion tank truck with both a high and low
pressure pump.
Lincoln Day Oration of the Honorable F.
Bradford Morse
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR.
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, on Feb-
ruary 12, the gentleman from Massachu-
setts [Mr. MORSE] delivered the annual
Lincoln Day oration before the Middle-
sex Club of Boston. In his eloquent ad-
dress, Congressman MORSE invoked the
principles which inspired President Lin-
coln and the Republican Party to na-
tional leadership a century ago, and
challenged all Republicans to carry forth
the battle for freedom in our own era.
In calling for a "new birth of free-
dom" in these tangled and troubled
times, Mr. MORSE declared:
We must recall that the keystone of free-
dom is responsibility-and that the highest
responsibility of if. free political party is to
govern-for the people.
Toward this goal, he called upon all
Republicans to pursue Lincoln's vision of
a party of the people, a great party of
diverse men and women "joined together
not because they share a common dogma,
but because they share common goals."
Mr. MORSE'S concise and compelling
address merits the attention of all Amer-
icans, and I would include it in the
RECORD at this point:
LINCOLN DAY ORATION OF CONGRESSMAN F.
BRADFORD MORSE: BEFORE THE MIDDI,S EX
CLUB, BOSTON, FEBRUARY 12, 1966
"Of strange, discordant, even hostile ele-
ments we gathered. from the four winds and
fought the battle through-under the con-
stant hot fire of a disciplined, proud and
pampered enemy."
So said Lincoln in speaking of a Republican
Party which was not then 3 years old.
His words described the explosive emer-
gence of a new force, made of shredded rem-
nants of political failure, born to meet the
troubled conscience of a troubled people, des-
tined to preserve the integrity of a nation
determined to destroy itself.
"Did we brave all then to falter now? Now
when that same enemy is wavering, dis-
severed and belligerent."
These words, too, are golden with age, for
though they challenge us today, Lincoln used
them to chide Republicans a century ago.
For Lincoln knew, as we must learn, that
unity begets strength, that discord breeds
disaster. -
Lincoln knew, as we must learn, that his
party-our party--would deny its essential
character and insure its own destruction
were it to impose upon itself a discipline of
ideological conformity.
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Hurley, a veteran of World War I and a
long-time resident of the immediate area.
The 16-acre site was purchased by the town
of Randolph from Mr. Lind for $43,600 and
has been extensively landscaped with a foot-
ball field, baseball diamond, tennis courts,
and areas for physical education.
STATISTICS
Acreage: 16.87 acres.
Building area, 86,910 square feet.
Student capacity: 1,000 students.
Parking capacity: 185 cars.
Building cost per square foot: $15.60.
Expenditures :
General contract including site
development ----------------- $1,560,400
Planning and supervision-_-- 112, 320
Clerk of the works ---------- 12,450
Furnishings and equipment-- 133,123
Miscellaneous ----------------- 14,301
Unexpended ------------------- 4,406
Total appropriation------ 1,837,000
State: 50 percent.
DEDICATION AT RANDOLPH JOHN F. KENNEDY
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL BY HON. JAMES A.
BURKE
Mr. Chairman, honored guests, faculty
members, and friends, I am delighted to have
been invited to speak at the dedication of
this beautiful junior high school, named in
memory of our late and beloved President
John F. Kennedy. This dedication ceremony
has particular significance to me because I
had the honor of serving in the U.S. Congress
under his direction as President. John F.
Kennedy always had an intense interest in
education. As a Congressman from Massa-
chusetts, in one of his early educational pro-
posals, John Kennedy said: "I am aware that
Massachusetts is not an island unto itself,
and its progress, its peace, its prosperity, and
ultimately its survival depend upon the wis-
dom and enlightenment of the public school
graduates in every part of the country."
Let us not forget that much of the educa-
tional legislation passed during the last ses-
sion of Congress was originally initiated by
John F. Kennedy.
His youthful vigor appealed greatly to the
younger generation and they immediately be-
gan to identify themselves with the Presi-
dent. President Kennedy encouraged their
confidence by choosing the youth of America
to represent our country abroad under the
auspices of the Peace Corps. He realized
that the future of our country was in their
hands and emphasized to American youth
the importance of staying in school and
completing their education. We, of Massa-
chusetts can be justly proud of our schools
and the remembrance that one of our native
sons was elected to Congress, went on to be-
come a great Senator, and a dearly beloved
President of the United States. These at-
tainments should be emphasized to the stu-
dents of John F. Kennedy Junior High
School, since they too can become the future
leaders of America. John F. Kennedy was so
proud to be the President Of a democratic
society because he believed that only in a
democracy did the future leadership depend
so much on educational preparation.
Our Government has made education free
and available to every American, beginning
with the elementary school and continuing
through high school, Junior high school 1's
an important transition, the transition to
greater maturity and learning. It is with the
introduction of junior high school that the
student begins to sort out his knowledge and
attains a greater proficiency in subject
matter.
Those of you who will be studying and
teaching at this beautiful John F. Kennedy
Junior High School have a manifold respon-
sibility, a responsibility to a past Congress-
man, Senator, President, and educator. It
is up to all of you not to allow specialization
of subject matter to consume the student as
well as the teacher. Having broad interests
is most important In keeping our democratic
way of life alive.
Unfortunately, President Kennedy did not
live to see many of his educational ideals
enacted into legislation, but let all of us
here cherish his name and be inspired by his
educational beliefs. In a message to Con-
gress, President Kennedy referred to educa-
tion as a "keystone in the arch of freedom
and progress." Today, let us remember the
name of John F. Kennedy as a keystone in
the structure of this school. I know that I
share with all of you the hope that this
school will endure and flourish with all of
the beauty and greatness inhere
name.
Is Appeasement of the Aggressors Going
To Be the Reward for Our Heroes?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, on Monday evening, February
21, 1966, on page A-3 of the Washing-
ton Evening Star, appeared two stores of
American heroism in Vietnam. Nearly
200,000 brave young Americans are fight-
Ing tyranny and aggression in Vietnam.
They are fighting, not only to protect the
right of the South Vietnamese to be free,
but they are also fighting to prevent the
spread of Communist aggression until it
enslaves our own land.
American heroes are dying in Vietnam
to protect the right of those who are
doing their best to cause our defeat at
the hands of the leaders of the Commu-
nist conspiracy. Certainly all Americans
respect the right of free discussion and
we will preserve the right of dissent.
But where do we draw the line between
legitimate debate and honest dissent and
treason?
Is sending blood, funds, and propa-
ganda to the enemy that is killing Amer-
icans, dissent or treason? Does free
debate include the right to fly the flag
above our own and to falsely accuse our
own country of crimes against humanity?
I hope many Americans, including
Members of Congress, read the articles in
Monday's Star. And if they did, what
will they tell these brave boys on that
day when we all must make a reckoning
of how we lived and how we died? What
are those Members of the other body who
are so sure America is wrong and the
enemy is right, willing to say to the loved
ones of these brave heroes? Or is peace
so sweet and fear so great that our coun-
try has reached the point where we are
ready to abandon all honor, all respect,
all freedom in the hope that we may be
permitted to live?
Throughout the proud history of
America our people have stood for free-
dom. Every generation has produced
those who prefer death to slavery. Have
we lost the courage of those who have
gone before?
I do not believe the American people
A963
have, but I am afraid there are those in
positions of leadership who, for whatever
reason, seem to be willing to abandon
principle for expediency, freedom for
slavery, honor for peace. Let us rededi-
cate ourselves to the principles upon
which this Nation was founded and for
which countless thousands have bled and
died and for which Americans are suffer-
ing and dying today in Vietnam.
It may be a small measure of tribute,
but I would like to include the stores of
American heroes, Stephen Laier and
James McKeown, in the hope that their
sacrifice will remind all Americans of
national purposes which seem to be for-
gotten. Stephen Laier and James
McKeown will be remembered by history
and their memory will be enshrined for-
ever in the hearts of men who dream of
freedom. Who remembers today the
name of the screaming beatnik who took
part in yesterday's anti-American
demonstration?
The news stories from the Star follow:
A HERO'S 15 DAYS: COURAGE TO GATES
OF DEATH
(By Peter Arnett)
SAIGON.-A young infantryman named
Stephen Laier has shown in 16 pain-filled
days that in some men the only limit to
courage is death.
The courage of Laier, 18 years old, 6 feet
tall, and weighing 225 pounds, almost defies
comprehension by men who have never been
wounded in battle.
From the moment he lost both his legs to
a bursting Vietcong mine early in February,
to the time 15 days later when life finally
ebbed from his body, Laier fought for sur-
vival with a tenacity that brought tears to
the eyes of those who knew his wounds were
mortal. The doctors did everything to save
him.
Big, blond Laier, from Fort Wayne, Ind.,
suffered his terrible wounds February 4 as
an ambush patrol from his company of the
1st Battalion, 16th Regiment, 1st Division,
chased a sniper and got hit by hidden mines
wired to detonate simultaneously.
LOSES BOTH LEGS AT ONCE
Three of the men were killed instantly, the
remaining 11 wounded. Laier, close by the
mines when they burst, lost his legs on the
spot.
With wounds this terrible, most men slip
into shock and die.
Laier, the radioman for the patrol told
doctors later he knew he was the only man
alive capable of operating his radio equip-
ment.
He tied rough tourniquets around the
stumps of his legs and groped for his radio
in the undergrowth. The blast had upset
the calibration of his radio.
In the gathering dusk, Laier retuned the
set, a difficult job for a whole man. Then he
began calling to his company headquarters
at nearby Lai Khe.
AID TAKES 35 MINUTES
Laier then attempted to call down medical
helicopters, but they could not land because
of the darkness. A patrol from his company
arrived on foot, guided by him.
By this time 35 minutes had gone by.
His company commander, Capt. Edward
Yaugo, from Warren, Ohio, asked Laier, "Is
there anything we can do for you?"
Later replied, "Yes, you can get me some
morphine."
Dr. Kris Keggi, from El Paso, Tex., remem-
bers Later being brought into the 3d Surgical
Hospital at Bien Hoa that night.
"Medically, he was dead then," Keggi said.
"We probed his veins. There was no blood
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 2J, 1966
ville, Tenn., "Who's going to take care of
you now?"
"We had been working together ever since
we joined the unit," Perkins said. "He called
me 'Sergeant Rock.' and I called him 'Old
Dan.' He was real young, but real grownup
in his attitude.
Fernandez, whose father, Jose, lives at
Los Lunas, already had served. one stint in
Vietnam, a. 90-day volunteer tour as a door
gunner on armed helicopters. He earned
the Air Medal and a Purple Heart during that
tour.
He returned to Vietnam last month with
the 1st Platoon, C Company, of the 5th
Mechanized Infantry's 1st Battalion.
He was still volunteering.
'He was in the same spot the night before
and volunteered to go out on patrol again.
even though he hadn't had any sleep for 48
hours," 2d. Lt. Joseph D'Orso of Norwalk,
Conn., said. "He was always volunteering."
Masingale, one of those saved by leer-
naadez' lunge atop the grenade, said his
friend "had a girl back home he planned
to marry when he got back. He also wanted
to get a new truck for his father's ranch."
Dan Fernandez was hit by a rifle bullet
after the grenade exploded. He lived to get
back to the brigade hospital. Doctors fought
for 2 hours to save him, but. the internal
bleeding was heavy.
The Vietcong paid a price, too. Seventeen
of them were killed and five others were
believed killed and carried away by comrades.
in them. He was literally down to his last
drop of blood."
TREMENDOUS WILL TO LIVE
Keggi and his aides pumped 6 pints of
blood into the youth and he came around.
fifteen days la t;er a total of 60 pints of
blood had been given him, literally replacing
leis normal blood supply six times.
"I Iis will to live was tremendous," Dr. Keggi
:;aid.
f,a,ier developed a multiplicity of complica-
tions, Ilecessitating further operations on his
legs.
"We fought against amputating his legs at
the hips," Keggi said. "We hated to do that.
This man had been a football player, and he
old us that he wanted to get out, wear tin
tags, and walk again."
At no time did Later complain about his
misfortune.
SURSE I17:LPS WITH LETTERS
"Maybe it was because his grandfather
bad lost his legs because of diabetes. He
didn't seem afraid to face life," said Capt.
Marguerite Giroux, from Malone, N.Y., the
operating room nurse.
Nurse Giroux helped Later write letters
home, to his mother and his girl friend.
"lie was so brave, that he didn't even want
tell his girl friend that he was so sick.
Ile said she would not have to worry about
him,' Nurse Giroux said.
To help sustain him in his quiet desperate
fight for life, Later, a Roman Catholic, asked
for a priest. As many as live Catholic chap-
lains at it time came to visit him. Nurse
Giroux said he prayed constantly.
GENERAL GIVES BRONZE STAR
i,aier's commanding officer, Maj. Gen. Jona-
than. Seaman, visited Laier several times,
Beaman was so impressed with the young
radioman that he wrote a friend, "This is one
of the bravest men I have seen in 30 years
as a soldier."
Seaman presented Laier a Bronze Star with
"V" for valor, and told him. "This is the
highest award in my power to present you.
f wish I could present you with a higher one."
Later told his commanding general: "I want
to stay in the Army when I get my new legs."
Death did not come as a merciful blessing
for the terribly wounded infantryman. He
tried hard not to die.
HE DIVED ON THE GRENADE: GI GIVES LIFE
c.'oa BUDDIES
(By John T. Wheeler)
Cu Cur, Vietnam.--"When he spotted the
grenade, lie lunged on top of it without
hesitation. He hollered, 'Move out you
people,' and then it went off."
Spec. 4 James McKeown, of Willingbro,
N.J., was telling about Spec. 4 Daniel Fer-
aiarulez, 21, of Los Lunas, N. Mex., whose ulti-
ina.te act of bravery saved the lives of four
of his buddies.
Ilut the blast of the Vietcong grenade
ended his life.
Ills officers are recommending him for the
C.:ngressional Medal of Honor.
Last Friday, Fernandez was in a reinforced
squad lying in ambush outside the 25th
Dl vision's 2d Brigade perimeter, 25 miles west
ot: Saigon. The Americans were hit by a
much larger Vietcong force using a .50-
caliber machinegun, a light machinegun,
a a.ril,omatic weapons, and plenty of grenades.
"The grenade :hit Dan on the foot as he was
crawling," McKeown said today. "When it
went off, it tore into his groin, abdomen,
and right leg."
Pvt. David R. Masingale, of Fresno, Calif..
a medic, told Fernandez while they were
waiting for a medical evacuation helicopter,
"Ilang on, buddy."
Fernandez replied, "I'm going to hang on."
But he added: "I never believed it would
hurt so much."
.Just before the helicopter took off, Fer-
nandez asked Sgt. Ruben Perkins, of Nash-
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT McCLORY
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. McCLORY. Mr. Speaker, as I
scanned the editorial page of the Wauke-
gan News-Sun, of Thursday, February
10, 1966, the aforementioned caption
caught my eye.
The Waukegan News-Sun is a daily
published in the principal city of Lake
County, most populous of the counties
which comprise the 12th Illinois District.
It wields a decided influence as an opin-
ionmaker.
In this editorial, "Invitation to Free-
loaders," is summed up the opinions of
a considerable number of my constitu-
ents and., I venture to say, of my col-
leagues and their constituents. I rec-
ommend it to those who have not given
serious thought to the reasons why H.R.
8:282 should be defeated.
INVITATION TO FREELOADERS
When a depression-haunted Congress en-
acted legislation about 30 years ago requir-
ing every State to set up basic unemployment
compensation laws, the objectives were sim-
pte and clearcut.
To qualify, unemployed workers had to be
willing and able to work. Benefits from the
program, separately governed by each State,
were to go to legitimate wage earners who
had clearly lost jobs through no fault of their
own.
The program has since become an accepted
part of American life-but policing has posed
persistent problems. Through the years,
thousands of unscrupulous claimants- loaf-
era, schemers, parasites, and moonlighters-
-have bilked millions of undeserved dollars
from the States.
And now before Congress is a bill, H.R.
8282, which threatens to open the door wider
than ever before to freeloaders, while at the
same time, taking away the States right to
govern the program as they see fit.
The bill is being pushed hard by labor,
personified by George Meany and Walter
Reuther. Another ardent supporter, Secre-
tary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz, has given his
stamp of approval.
What does this bill plan to do? First, it
will allow Washington to set the standards
for distribution of unemployment benefits in
all States-a State prerogative until now.
Second, benefit:, will be doubled and tri-
pled. And the terms of these benefits could
run as long as 1 year.
In Lake County, an unemployed, unmar-
ried worker can draw a maximum $42 per
week for 26 weeks under unemployment com-
pensation. Once in awhile, he may receive
an emergency 13-week extension, based ott an
overall increase in. unemployment in. Illinois.
Under H.R. 8282, by 1971, this same Lake
County worker could draw $100 or more each
week for a minimum of 26 weeks, not a max-
imum as under the present law. Further-
more, the bill would relax the number of
safeguards already imposed by the States.
Workers who voluntarily quit jobs for any
reason, including just plain laziness, could
still receive compensation. The same would
be true of employees who had been dismissed
for outright misconduct.
The question that is always asked is: "Who
pays for this tremendous increase in unem-
ployment compensation?" Initially, the an-
swer is the employer who would be saddled
with an estimated 60-percent increase in
payroll taxes. Ultimately, unless the em-
ployers could somehow absorb the higher
cost, the increase would be passed on to the
buying public.
From a narrow, individual point of view,
the liberalized benefits may be tempting.
But measured in terms of the broad public
interest, exorbitant benefits without proper
safeguards against abuse would badly distort
the true spirit of unemployment compen-
sation.
Instead of deterring unemployment, cs in
the altruistic sense, allowing wage earners a
small stipend during a rough period, the bill
would make a mockery of personal incentive
while diminishing the rights of States and
forcing employers and consumers to foot the
huge bill.
H.R. 8282 should be defeated.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES C. CLEVELAND
OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. CLEVELAND. Mr. Speaker, the
unexpected death of our beloved Chap-
lain, the Reverend Bernard Brask'xnp,
was a great shock. He was a man of wis-
dom, and good. counsel who daily re-
minded this House that everything we
do here, no matter how vital and en-
during it may seem at the moment, shall
all pass away but that the Kingdom of
the Lord shall endure forever.
For 16 years Chaplain Braskamp min-
istered to this House, invoking devine
blessings on our efforts. Although he
was a stanch Presbyterian, he served
God; and his ministry applied alike to all
who serve and have served in this House.
We will miss this good and wise man
who so honorably served the Lord in this
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Survey Shows Prosperity .
EXTENSION OF REMARKS.
HON. BYRON G. ROGERS
OF COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. ROGERS of Colorado. Mr.
Speaker, the Denver Post, an outstand-
ing newspaper of the West, has con-
ducted its 10th annual consumer analysis
survey of the metropolitan area. I am
pleased to report that the metropolitan
area is really prospering. Under unani-
mous consent I insert in the Appendix of
the RECORD an outstanding article by
Willard Haselbush, Denver Post business
editor, under date of Sunday, February
20, 1966, which is as follows:
The Denver metropolitan area is teeming
with persons who are well-housed, well-paid,
well-educated and enjoy, as a routine way of
life, ownership of savings accounts, stocks,
bonds, appliances, and luxury items.
The "war on poverty" doesn't involve some
90 percent of the area's families because 49
percent make from $8,000 to more than
$15,000 a year and only 10 percent of all fam-
ilies In greater Denver report annual incomes
of $3,000 or less.
The 10th annual consumer analysis survey
of the metropolitan area released Sunday by
the Denver Post underlines continuing pros-
perity in the Mile High City and its suburbs.
The survey, ,conducted by experts follow-
ing a proven cross-section procedure used by
leading newspapers across America, involved
interviews with 3,870 families-1.3 percent of
the population-chosen not at random but
by address, age bracket, income and other
factors.
It showed that Denverites are earning
more, spending more and saving more than
ever before.
It revealed that 92 percent of all families,
regardless of income, own one or more auto-
mobiles and that 30 percent of the vehicles
were bought in the last 12 months-both
new and used.
It showed that 77 percent of all metropol-
The Denver Post's 1966 consumer analysis
in book form now is being distributed to
advertisers and advertising agencies by the
newspaper's advertising department and its
representatives, Moloney, Regan & Schmitt.
Inc.
A composite picture of continuing and ris-
ing prosperity in the Denver area emerged
from the person-to-person survey which be-
gan last September.
It showed that 75 percent of all families
in the area have charge accounts, that 84
percent own insurance policies, 31 percent
have stocks and/or bonds and 79 percent
have savings accounts. Of these, 57 percent
reported bank. savings, 39 percent have
money in savings and loan institutions and
38 ercent own shares In company credit
full and in a manner worthy of his call-
ing. There can be no finer eulogy to
him than to paraphrase a line from one
of the last prayers he offered for us.
Surely, for him, that prayer, uttered just
a few weeks ago, was fully answered for
he, indeed, had "removed from him
everything that holds us back from a
complete surrender to Thy ways and Thy
will."
Mr. Speaker, there can be no higher
praise than to acknowledge that in Dr.
Braskamp, we knew a man who preached
to us, not Only with his words, but also
with his life.
V
unions.
The scientific projection of those polled
showed that 29 percent of all Denver-area
families have savings bonds and 33 percent
hold mutual. fund shares.
Other highlights:
Twenty-nine percent of the Denver-area
households-a total of 86,700--consist of two
persons and 14 percent-41,900-have six or
more members.
Denver has more children than adults.
The survey showed that 4 percent are under
2 years old, 13 percent between 2 and 6, 21
percent between 6 and 11, and 20 percent
between 12 and 17.
Only 11 percent of the area's husbands are
over 65 and 30 percent are between 35 and
60.
A total of 104,700 housewives are jobhold-
ers. That's 36 percent of the total,,an In-
crease of 3 percent over a year ago. By
income groups, 23 percent of the fulltime,
housewife jobholders reported a total family
income of $16,000 or more a year.
Downtown Denver remains the favorite
shopping area for 27 percent of the popu-
lation, the projection showed, That com-
pares with 21 percent who shop regularly
at Cherry Creek, 17 percent at Lakeside, 14
percent at University Hills and 12 percent
at Westland.
SPEECH
HON. JOHN R. SCHMIDHAUSER
Stan-area dwellers own their homes. That
includes 51 percent of families earning less
than $5,000 a year who own and do not rent
their living quarters.
The gain in 1965 among families making
$8,000-plus a year was 4 percent, the survey
showed.
It also showed that 8 percent of the metro-
politan area's families gross more than
$16,000 a year, 22 percent are in the $10,000
to $16,000 income bracket and 19 percent
make between $8,000 and $9,999 a year.
That adds up to 23,900 families, in an area
with a population of just more than a million
persons, who are in the $16,000-plus annual
income bracket.
Other highlights uncovered by the annual
survey showed that 19 percent of all heads of
households in the area have college degrees,
another 17 percent have completed up to 3
years of college and 32 percent have high
school diplomas, but no college training.
Only 14 percent, said the mathematical
projection, dropped out of grade school and
never went back to school.
Forty-seven percent of the Denver area
household heads are managers, officials, pro-
fessional men, proprietors or craftsmen, and
12 percent are retired The retirement total
of family heads in the area, the survey
showed, is 35,900, far ahead of the 29,900 who
have clerical, jobs Only 3 percent of the
area's population falls in the laborer cate-
gory. That's 9,000 against the 41,900 who
didn't finish grade school and the 56,800 who
have college degrees.
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. SCHMIDHAUSER. Mr. Speaker,
when I first came to Washington as a
freshman Member of the House, one of
the things I found most heartening was
the high quality spiritual guidance given
the Members of the House of Represent-
atives by their Chaplain, the late Rever-
end Bernard Braskamp. Perhaps I re-
sponded more warmly to him because
he was a fellow Iowan and because he
also rose from modest beginnings and
found, through education, a means to
serve others. I only know that I found
his daily message a source of wisdom and
inspiration and one which helped me
view the daily round of quorum calls,
rollcalls, and speeches as part of the con-
tinuing march of our national history.
w for-
h
l
o
y say
Mr. Speaker, I can on
tunate the House of Representatives has at Honolulu and then moves on to South
Vietnam to begin immediate work on these
been in being served by so illustrious a programs to build free, self-governing, demo-
Chaplain as Dr. Braskamp, and I join all cratic communities.
Members, both old and new, in offering It is also significant that President John-
my sympathy to his family and to all -'son dispatched Vice President HuMPHREY to
who have lost his. valued guidance. Dr. visit South Vietnam to continue the momen-
Braskamp, however, had lived life to the turn for this positive program of reconstruc-
Nation's Best Minds Advise President
Johnson on Southeast Asia
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOE L. EVINS
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. EVINS of Tennessee. Mr. Speak-
er, President Johnson in a recent letter
made this historic statement in a per-
sonal message:
Whatever else history may say, it must
record that everything this Government is
trying to do is the result of the collected
wisdom and judgment of the best minds
in the country. And I alone will take re-
sponsibility for all final decisions.
This statement first appeared publicly
in my newsletter, Capitol Comments, on
February 14, 1966, in which it was point-
ed out that the Vietnam conflict appar-
ently is entering a significant new phase
of reconstruction and pacification.
Under unanimous consent I insert this
issue of Capitol Comments in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD, believing it to be
of interest to my colleagues and to Amer-
icans generally.
The newsletter follows:
VIETNAMESE CONFLICT ENTERS NEW STAGE
(By Jos L. EVINS)
This week in Washington was marked by
major and significant developments in the
continuing Vietnamese crisis. The conflict
seemingly is moving into a new stage. This
became apparent with the recent meeting of
President Johnson and other high American
officials with officials of the South Vietnamese
Government during the week in Honolulu,
Hawaii.
Following this meeting a joint declaration
was issued in which the goals of the two na-
tions were announced. A concerted effort
will be made to build a democratic nation,
beginning at the grassroots level.
According to the announcement, as areas
are liberated from the Vietcong, American
and Vietnamese teams will move in to launch
basic programs, in education, in economic
reform, in agriculture, and in health to create
stable and self-governing communities.
It is most significant that the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare and the Sec-
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11'ebruary 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --APPENDIX A957
followed a democratic pattern. More im-
portant was the wide latitude which was his
to c loose friends, activities, and beliefs. The
increasing responsibility about making more
and more of his own decisions was both
gratifying and frightening to Melvin.
Melvin also grew concerned about current
events. Remembering his earlier lessons he
thought that those rebellious ones who
burned their draft cards had somehow missed
the point in their interpretation of democ-
racy He debated the actions of those who
marched in protest of the Government's
policies in domestic and foreign affairs. He
wondered what he would do if he were in a
position of leadership in the Nation.
Aid thus it was that. Melvin, like Ulysses,
became a part of all that he had met. Mel-
vin's story is my story and, like Melvin, I
have formed my understanding of the mean-
ing of democracy, realizing that the years
and experiences to come will add new di-
ruension to these beliefs.
I believe with Lincoln that democracy is
government "of the people, by the people,
uirl for the people."
1 )elieve that true democracy recognizes
the worth of the individual by guaranteeing
hire certain freedoms as set forth in the
il.:S.:,ons titutlou.
f believe that our form of democracy
evolved from the thoughts, experience, and
prayers of men through the centuries and
will complete its evolution only through the
elf ors of men today and in the future.
I believe that democracy is more than a
Form of national government. It pervades
all o l life for those who live within its
framework.
I helieve that this democratic form of gov-
ernment places more demands upon the in-
dividual than any other form of government
because in granting freedoms It exacts com-
pensating responsibilities----or, as John D.
ifockefeller, Jr., put it, "every right implies
a responsibility; every opportunity, an obli-
gation; every possession., a duty."
1. believe that I cannot separate myself
from the processes of democracy and blame
others for its imperfections. I believe that
I must participate actively in our democratic
government, and that I must prepare myself
now for that participation.
ibis is what democracy means to me.
House Loses Rev. Bernard Braskamp
HON. DOMINICK V. DANIELS
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. DANIELS. Mr. Speaker, this
House has sustained a great loss this
week with the passing of our beloved
Chaplain, the Rev. Dr, Bernard Bras-
kamp.
In his quiet way, Dr. Braskamp was a
constant source of spiritual comfort to
all N[embers of this House, both those
who shared his denominational prefer-
^nce and those who were members of
other faiths. All of us. in different ways,
have profited by knowing this kindly and
gracious man. His passing leaves a great
void in this House, but he shall never
be forgotten by those of us to whom he
gave so generously of :himself.
1?'or more than a half century, Dr.
Braskamp did God's work and the world
is a better place for his presence. To
:ail Members of the House his loss comes
as a personal one. Each of us has lost
a good friend.
Mrs. Daniels joins with me in extend-
ing our condolences to his son., Bernard,
Jr., and to his daughter, Mrs. Norman
E. Tucker, and to the other members of
his family.
The Meaning of Democracy to 16-Year-
Old Elizabeth G. Rasche, of Fairbanks,
Alaska
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RALPH J. RIVERS
OF ALASKA
IN 'LICE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 2, 1966
Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker,
it is with great pride that I bring to the
attention of my colleagues the heart-
warming words of 16-year-old Elizabeth
G. Rasche, a senior in the Lathrop High
School, of Fairbanks, Alaska, describing
what democracy means to her. She is
Alaska's winner of the Voice of Democ-
racy Contest sponsored by the Veterans
of Foreign Wars of the United States and
its ladies auxiliary, and I want to share
her speech with you. It follows:
DEMOCRACY: WHAT Is MEANS TO ME
Democracy: a skinny 17-year-old in fa-
tigues and combat boots, fighting his first war
from behind his first submachinegun; a
teacher explaining the War of 1812 or judicial
review or an eloquent American poet, urging
her students to express their own feelings
without hesitance, without fear; a college
girl guiding an illiterate child's groping
mind through his first reading lesson and
returning the wonder in his face. Democ-
racy: an ideal emblazoned in the souls of a
new generation, a generation dedicated to
preserving it as a. living, glowing reality.
I'm 16 years old, and I'm part of this gen-
eration. [ live in a world of hostility, a world
where men submerge their very humanity in
primitive brutality, a world in which the
freedom :f love seems sometimes a tenuous
thing; and often, I cry out in frustration,
"What can I do?"
The answer is stereotyped: I can absorb the
essence o:: democracy in my history, govern-
ment and literature classes. I can take part
in. activities which contribute to my intel-
lectual, emotional, and moral development.
I can keep informed of current affairs, and
build myself into a wise, capable citizen. This
is my duty; it constitutes my role as an
American high school student. But like so
many students, l: grow impatient with the
taking; I long to give.
I'm thankful for the small ways I have
been able to give in my community.
Throughout 7 years of Girl Scouting I was
encouraged to "help other people at all
times" in ways as diverse as making Christ-
mas favors for the aged and aiding in a full-
scale polio vaccination program. I've worked
with young children as a library aid and Red
Cross volunteer. I've come to understand
other cultures better through the foreign
visitors my family and I have entertained in
our home. Just last summer, as a hostess
for one of our local civic organizations, I
welcomed people from every State and many
foreign countries to my city. Greeting them
at the airport, answering their questions, and
making them feel at home, I felt a deeper
kinship not only with my countrymen, but
with all mankind.
Presently school. absorbs most of my time,
but school itself exemplifies democracy.
I'ni proud to be a member of our vibrant
student council, which is patterned after
the U.S. Congress and encompasses such
programs as student exchange, flood relief,
and aid to UNICEF. I'm in many other activ-
ities as well. In some, I'm a leader; in others
I'm a follower, and this is the way it should
be. I round out my week by teaching a
Sunday school class of exurberant fourth
graders, convinced that America is, and must
remain, "one nation under God."
But is all this enough? My answer is an
emphasic "No." I believe in my generation
and in what we're doing, but I believe there's
more, much more we could be doing to sus-
tain democracy. I'd like to see a teen corps
of unpaid volunteers fighting poverty and
sickness and illiteracy throughout the Na-
tion; this might be an extension of Project
Headstart. I'd like to see youth chapters of
both political parties in every American
town.
I'd like to see some of our teen centers
turned into centers for democratic action.
I'd like to hear the familiar complaint
"There's nothing to do" answered with
worthwhile service projects: helping out at
the polls, landscaping, making intelligent
high school broadcasts. These are only a
few of the innumerable ways we can and
should be preserving the democratic ideal.
The older generation, which emerged
strong and resilient from war and depres-
sion, has set a noble precedent for us. If
we too are to be strong and resilient, if we
too are to perpetuate democracy, we can't
sit back and simply enjoy our education,
with the idea of using it in a few months,
a few years, a few decades. We can and must
begin right now to put it to work. We are
the new generation. Today is ours.
Lithuanian Independence Day
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LUCIEN N. NEDZI
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. NEDZI. Mr. Speaker, it has been
26 years since the illegal seizure of the
Baltic nations. In an era when the
United Nations is expa.ndnig its member-
ship yearly, many people have never
learned of Lithuania's history and its
tragic fate. Indeed, a sizable percentage
of member states was not even in exist-
ence when Lithuania fell to Soviet
perfidy.
On February 16, we observed the 48th
anniversary of Lithuanian Independence
Day. Lithuanian Americans have led
the fight to inform the world of their
homeland and of their homeland's loss of
freedom. Lithuania is not a make-
believe nation. It has a rich and hon-
orable history going back to the 13th
century. The takeover of this small na-
tion stands as a clear example of the
expansionist tactics of the Soviet Union
and of its indifference to the principles
of freedom, democracy, and self-
determination.
The United States has refused to rec-
ognize the incorporation of Lithuania
into Russia. We thus reiterate our sup-
port for the principle of self-
determina-tion and for the moral and political im-
plications of this principle.
I congratulate the Lithuanian-Ameri-
can organizations in the United States
for their long and . tenacious fight in
behalf of this cause.
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tion and pacification gained at the session
in Hawaii.
The Governments of the United States and
South Vietnam agreed on these main points
at Honolulu:
To resist aggression.
To work for the social improvement of the
people.
To strive for self-government.
To promote free, democratic elections.
To attack hunger, ignorance and disease.
To continue the quest for peace.
President Johnson Is continuing his firm,
reasoned direction of the conflict and there
are strong indications that our American
forces are inflicting sustained, substantial
and telling losses on the Vietcong and on
Invading Communists.
In response to a letter which your Repre-
sentative sent to President Johnson concern-
ing the Vietnamese conflict, the President
said in reply:
"Whatever else history may say, it must
record that everything this government is
trying to do is the result of the collected
wisdom and judgment of the best minds In
the country. And I alone will take respon-
sibility for all final decisions."
The President has an awesome, lonely and
grave responsibility in safeguarding the in-
terests of freedomand halting the onrush
of communism in southeast Asia, and at the
same time, avoiding the missteps that would
trigger a nuclear war.
The President is moving In the direction
of achieving an honorable peace without a
general war. There could be no greater re-
sponsibility placed upon the shoulders of any
man-and the President needs our support
in this critical time.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES L. WELTNER
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 25, 1966
Mr. WELTNER, Mr. Speaker, I would
like to take a moment to pay tribute to a
Young man in Atlanta who is in the
frontlines of the war against poverty.
David Dammann Is a Job Corps re-
cruiter who has interviewed some 1,000
young residents of Atlanta's most de-
prived neighborhoods, and has persuaded
250 of them to take advantage of the op-
portunity to help themselves by joining
the Job Corps.
Mr. Dammann, a graduate of Duke
University, is the subject of a column by
Hugh Parks which appeared in the At-
lanta Journal on February 1. I insert
this column at this point in the RECORD:
HE'LL CHANGE YOUR MIND
You may have several sincere reservations
about the Job Corps but at least two have
rubbed. off by the time you have finished
talking with Dave Dammann:
1. He is determined to see it work, al-
though he is underpaid.
2. If they get enough like him it will work.
Dave, based in Atlanta, is the Job Corps
top recruiter in the United States.
He pulls on an old sweater cr an old coat,
climbs into an old Rambler, sees that the
protective placard which says Job Corps lies
on the seat beside him and sets out, night
and day, to some of Atlanta's most dangerous
neighborhoods.
He wears the sagging sweater or coat be-
cause he found when he wore a neat business
suit he was tagged immediately as a detec-
tive and kids he. wanted to talk to would
scatter at sight. The placard Is to place, on
his windshield to protect his. car from being
stripped while he's away from it.
He ignores whatever derisive calls, or worse,
that are flung in his direction and heads con-
fidently toward a corner gang, calling out,
"Hey, fellows, don't run, I'm not the law, I
want to talk to you a moment." Or, "Good
doctor," to the leader, "I've got a good deal
here."
In Buttermilk Bottom, Cabbage Town and
Blue Heaven, he has become a familiar figure,
this rambling 24-year-old graduate of Duke.
Does he ever have any qualms about being
alone? Especially at night?
"I was brought up in a Queens neighbor-
hood," he replied, "which for 2 years straight
had the highest juvenile delinquency rate in
New York City, Including Harlem. I have
been stabbed before."
CAUSES CAMP DIRECTOR TO COMPLAIN
When he was growing up, the neighborhood
was primarily a mixture of European im-
migrants: German (he is of German de-
scent), Greeks and Italians. Now Puerto
Ricans and Negroes are moving in.
"Of the 300 kids in our block," he went on,
"my 2 brothers and I are the only ones to go
to college. This was because our parents and
our grandfather, who is a teacher, inspired
us to want s higher education. I learned
that all you need is guidance-proper guid-
ance. We had that."
Since he joined the Job Corps here less
than a year ago, Dave has signed 250 boys out
of the 1,000 he interviewed. About two-
thirds are Negro.
He follows up their progress at the various
camps which they attend from 8 months to
2 years, depending on what work they are
capable of learning and are interested in.
His persistent letters to directors of the 82
camps, asking about his recruits, so annoyed
one that he complained to Washington.
He can talk the language of the slum kid
(not all are from slums) and will threaten to
bap one aside the head if he doesn't go all
out in his new opportunity. Some aspire to
high goals, most are realistic, and two Negro
boys with a fourth grade education had their
ambitions centered on learning enough so
they could pass the Air Force's written exami-
nation. And they passed.
Such a gifted athlete that he was All New
York -State in soccer when he was in high
school, easy-walking Dave came south to
Duke to study to be a teacher but decided
upon graduation-and this from a guy who
is working for Washington-"that there is
too much bureaucracy in the schools."
He is married to the former Carrell Ann
Larmore, daughter of Jesse Larmore, chief of
adult probation for Fulton County. She is
studying for her Ph. D. In psychology at
Emory and it is good that she has been grant-
ed a financial "assistantship" because Dave's
salary is $6,050 a year.
Pearl Harbor Shipyard Supervisors
Conduct Vietnam Poll
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA
OF HAWAII
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, I
count myself among the more fortunate
Congressmen in that I represent an edu-
cated and well-informed electorate.
Many of our citizens have demonstrated
A959
a keen awareness of the issues with
which this Nation is beset. One such
citizen is Mr. Jerome A. Cook, of Aiea,
Hawaii, who is - a vice president of the
National Association of Supervisors, De-
partment of Defense.
Mr. Cook, in making plans to come to
Washington in March for a meeting of
the national association, conducted an
opinion poll of the Pearl Harbor ship-
yard supervisors so that he would have
their views on some of the critical issues
that confront our government. On the
issue of the war in Vietnam, Mr. Cook's
poll showed strong support for the ad-
ministration's policy among the mem-
bers of the association in Hawaii.
The results of Mr. Cook's poll, in which
165 supervisors participated, are as
follows:
1. The United States should use
all its military might to end
the war in Vietnam at the
risk of war with Rod China__
2. Are you willing to pay more
taxes to support the war?
_ _ _
3. We should at least bomb all of
North Vietnam, including
Hanoi and seaports
_________
4. The United States should rec-
ognize the Vietcong at the
negotiating table as le
mate parties to peace talks__
B. The United States should
withdraw comppletely from
Vietnam as it is too unim-
portant to risk a world war__
No
opinion
Room 307, Gilman Hall-Some
Reminiscences
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE P. MILLER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE- HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 17, 1966
Mr. MILLER. Mr: Speaker, in Cali-
fornia, on February 21 a group of dis-
tinguished Americans participated in the
dedication of room 307, Gilman Hall, at
the University of California at Berkeley
as a national historic landmark.
History was made in this room in the
thirties through the research work con-
ducted by renowned nuclear scientist Dr.
Glenn T. Seaborg, and his associates.
From the efforts of these esteemed scien-
tists came plutonium with all its awesome
implications for both peace and war.
I am pleased to insert In the CONGRES-
SIONAI. RECORD the remarks of my fellow
Californian, the Honorable - Glenn T.
Seaborg, Chairman of the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, who participated in
the dedication of this historic room 307:
Room 307, GILMAN HALL-SOME
REMINISCENCES
I am happy to participate with Art Wahl
and Ed McMillan in this 25th anniversary of
the discovery of plutonium and I especially
appreciate the fact that Stew Udall is offici-
ating in this dedication of room 307, Gilman
Hall as a national historic landmark.
I imagine it is typical of our time-because
of the speed of change, the sheer number of
significant events which pile up in the
quickly passing years-that each of us today
lives through a little more history in our
lifetime. ? -
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At least this seems to be the case. It is the subject. I was puzzled by the silua- When I learned that Ed McMillan had gone,
:(li exciting time to be alive, to be working, tion, both intrigued by the concept of the I wrote to him asking whether it might not
to be trying to make some contribution to transuranium interpretation of the ex- be a good idea if we carried on the work he
the scheme of things-and occasionally to perimental results and disturbed by the ap- had started, especially the deuteron bom-
have some small success in the effort. parent inconsistencies in this interpretation. bardment of uranium. He readily assented,
it is also a time when time itself is some- I can remember discussing the problem with writing that it was a good idea that this
thing of luxury--particularly time to remi- Joe Kennedy by the hour-often in the work be continued.
nisce. But since today is a special occasion, postmidnight, small hours of the morning Our first deuteron bombardment of ura-
I hope you'll afford me a little of that luxury. at the old Varsity Coffee Shop on the corner nium was conducted on December 14, 1940.
Having a room in which you and your col- of Telegraph and Bancroft Avenues where What we bombarded was a form of uranium
leagues worked rather routinely, and cer- we would often go for a cup of coffee and oxide, U.,O?, which was literally plastered onto
t,duly unceremoniously, designated as a na- a bite to eat after an evening spent in the a copper backing plate. From this bombard-
tonal historic landmark is an unusual ex- laboratory. ed material Art Wahl isolated a chemical
perience, to say the least. 'T'hose o of you who ho I first st learned of the correct i nterpreta:tfon fraction of element 93. The radioactivity of
remember room 807 Gilman Hall as it was in of these experiments, that neutrons slit this fraction was measured and studied. We
those early days (and remained for many uranium into two large pieces in the fission observed that it had different characteristics
years) will agree that a less significant or reaction, at the weekly Monday night semi- than the radiation from a sample of pure
Historical-looking room hardly existed on the' nar in nuclear physics conducted by Prof. 93-239. The beta particles which in this case
campus of the University of California. E. O. Lawrence in Le Conte Hall. On this were due to a mixture of 93-239 and the new
@'ortunately the room is still here. It has exciting night in January 1939, we heard isotope of element 93 with mass number 238
heeu enlarged somewhat and it contains more the news from Germany of Hahn and Strass- (93-238) had a somewhat higher energy than
complicated equipment. The simple small maarn's beautiful chemical experiments. I those from pure 93-239 and there was more
:.ink, down which some of our precious plu- recall that the fission interpretation was gamma. radiation. But the composite half-
tonium was inevitably lost in the course of greeted at first with some skepticism by a life was about the same, namely, 2 days.
our experiments 25 years ago, has been re- number of those present in that room, but However, the sample also differed in an-
placed by another sink. The little cubbyhole as a chemist, with a particular appreciation other very important way from a sample of
with its low slanting ceiling directly under for Hahn and Strassmann's experiments, I pure 93--239. Into this sample there grew
Oilman Ball's roof, where we kept our elec- felt that this interpretation just had to be an alpha particle emitting radioactivity. A
troscope and various samples, is still an ap- accepted. I can remember walking the proportional counter was used to count the
pendage to the room. And it still opens streets of Berkeley for hours after this semi- alpha particles to the exclusion of the beta
through glass doors to the little outdoor nar in a combined state of exhilaration, in particles. This work led us to the conclu-
patio where, because of the shortage of labor- appreciation of the beauty of the work, and sion that we had a daughter of the new iso-
atory space and fume hoods, we were forced disgust at my inability to arrive at this inter- tope 93-238-a daughter with a half-life abo
the I,o carry on some of our experiments which pretation despite my years of contemplation her bout 50 yeasrs and with
shorter Hato thane the
go-ive off noxious fumes. or. the subject.
I recall that our counting equipment was Now, with those radioactivities identified now known half-life of 94-239, which is
two doors down the hall, in room 303. The as fission products, there were no longer any 24,000 years. The shorter half-life means it
trst plutonium had its alpha radiation mews- transuranium elements left. However, in higher intensity of alpha particle emission
ured in that room and therefore room 303 later investigations by Ed McMillan at Berke- which explains why it was so much easier to
hares it place in history with room 307. Joe by and others elsewhere, one of the radio- identify what proved to be the isotope of ele-
Kennedy and I had our desks in room 303, activities behaved differently from the ment 94 with the mass number 238 (94--238).
and later in the year 1941 one whole wall was others. It didn't undergo recoil. It didn't (Later it was proved that the true half-life
Laken up with a chart of isotopes to which separate from thin layers of uranium when of what we had, i.e., 94-238, is about 90
additions and changes were frequently made. uranium was bombarded with slow neutrons. years.)
clad Art Wahl, Joe Kennedy, Ed McMillan, This was the beta radioactivity with it half- On January 28, 1941, we sent a short note
or I bad the slightest idea that today's event bite of about 2.3 days. Along toward the to Washington describing our initial studies
would transpire, we might have looked for spring of 1940, Ed began to come to the con- on element 94, which also served for later
other more auspicious quarters. I don't elusion that the 2.3-day activity might actu- publication in the Physical Review under
think we would. have gotten them. Space ally be due to the daughter of the 23-minute the names of McMillan, Wahl, Kennedy, arid
was at a premium and we were lucky to have uranium 239 and thus might indeed be an Seaborg. We didn't consider, however, that
oven these rooms to work in. Fortunately, isotope of element 93 with the mass number we had sufficient proof at that time to say
we were more interested in getting results 239 (93-239). Phil Abelson joined him in we had discovered a new element and felt
in our work than in our surroundings or any this work in the spring of 1940 and together that we had to have chemical proof in order
significance they might have in the future. they were able to chemically separate and to be positive. So, during the rest of .fanu-
BuL in recalling the story of plutonium identify and thus discover element 9a. ary and into February, we attempted to iden-
f should go back further-perhaps to 1936 Immediately thereafter, during the sum- tify this alpha activity chemically.
when, as -a graduate student, I spoke in the teed and fall of 1940, Ed McMillan started Our attempts proved unsuccesful for some
college of chemistry weekly seminar as looking for the daughter product of the 2.3- time. We did not find it possible to oxidize
was required of each of us once a year. day activity which obviously would be the the isotope that was responsible for this
Since the fall of 1934, when I began my isotope of element 94 with mass number 239 alpha radioactivity. Then I recall that we
graduate work at Berkeley, I had been read- (94-239). Not finding anything he could asked Prof. Wendell Latimer, whose office
i.ng Brit the exciting papers by Fermi, Segre, positively identify as such, he began to was on the first floor of Gilman Hall, to sug-
and coworkers from Rome and then the bombard uranium with deuterons in the 60- gest the strongest oxidizing agent that he
equally fascinating papers by Hahn, Meitner, inch cyclotron in the hope that he might find knew for use in aqueous solution. At his
and Strassmann from Berlin. 't'hey were a shorter lived isotope-one of a higher in- suggestion we used peroxydisulfate with
studying the interesting radioactivities tensity of radioactivity that would be easier argentic ion as catalyst.
which were produced when uranium was to identify as an isotope of element 94. Be- On the stormy night of February 23, 1941,
bombarded with neutrons and which they fore he could finish this project, lie was in an experiment that ran well into the next
attributed to isotopes of transuranium ele- called away to work on radar at MIT. morning, Art Wahl performed the oxidation
ncnr . During this time my interest in the trans- which gave its proof that what we had made
li remember how I devoured those early uranium elements continued. Since Ed Mc- was chemically different than all other
papers and how I considered myself some- Milian and I lived only a. few rooms apart in known elements. That experiment, and
thing of it minor expert on those "trans- the Faculty Club, we saw each other quite hence the first chemical identification of
uranium element:;." In fact, they were the often and, as I recall, much of our con versa- element 94, took place in room 307 of Gilman
subject of my talk at that seminar in 1936? tion, whether in the laboratory, at meals, in Hall, the room that is being dedicated as a
:.n hour-long talk in which I described those the hallway, or even going in and out of national historilc landmark today, 25 yearn.
"new" elements and their chemical prop- the shower, had something to do with ele- later.
erties in great detail. I need not remind meet 93 and the search for element. 94. I The communication to Washington de-
you, I am sure, that in January of 1939 word must say, therefore, that his sudden depar- scribing this oxidation experiment, which
reached us that Hahn and Strassmann in Lure for MIT came as something of a sir- was critical to the discovery of element 94,
(iirmany had identified those "trans- prise to me--especially since I didn't even was sent on March 7, 1941, and this served
uranium" isotopes as barium and lanthani- know when he had left. for later publication in the Physical Review
inn, and other fission products of uranium, In the meantime I had asked Arthur Wahl, under the authorship of Kennedy. Wahl, and
and thus established that they were not new one of my two graduate students, to begin Seaborg.
,lements at all studying the tracer chemical properties of Almost concurrent with this work was the
curing the 2 years following my seminar element 93 with the idea that this might be search for, and the demonstration of the
talk in 1936 and before the discovery of its- a good subject for his thesis. My other co- fission of, the isotope of major importance -
rtion, niy interest in the neutron-induced worker was Joe Kennedy, who was a fel- that is, 94-239, the radioactive decay
ra.dioactivities in uranium continued un- low instructor at the University and, as I daughter of 93-239. Emilio Segre played a
abated and, in fact, increased. I read and have indicated, was also very interested in major role in this work together with Ken-
reread every article that was published on the general transuranium problem. nedy, Wahl, and me. The importance of ele-
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 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400030002-3
February 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
being channeled into campaigns to make
the poverty warriors look better, if not good.
It is quite true that an important feature
of a campaign like the one launched against
poverty is bringing the program itself to the
attention of its beneficiaries. But we have
already recited in this space the lengths
to which the Enquirer has gone, in that
direction.
We have dispatched a special reporter to
the Office of Economic Opportunity in Wash-
ington to learn firsthand what the war on
poverty is all about, We have charted the
multitude of antipoverty programs in oper-
ation in Cincinnati. We have devoted a
major part of a recent issue of the Pictorial
Enquirer to the antipoverty program. And
we have carried day-to-day reports of the
activities within the program's scope.
The other communications media in the
Queen City have done nearly as well.
These efforts have been undertaken not to
enhance anyone's image; they have been un-
dertaken to inform the public.
There is a world of difference between
"news" and "publicity." "News" is what
happens. "Publicity" is manufactured news,
frequently the illusion of news; it is what
someone would like to be news. Those who
cannot make news must seek instead to
make publicity,
This, we fear, is the situation in which
too many of America's poverty warriors find
themselves. They are so destitute of achieve-
ment that they must buy public attention.
[From the Cincinnati Post and Times=Star,
Feb. 10, 19661
CAC AND PRESS AGENTS
The Community Action Commission,
which supervises the war on poverty here,
is taking another look at the proposed
spending of $36,000 a year for press agents.
Although the CAC board Monday night
did not formally rescind the action approv-
ing the budget (passed 11 to 7 at a previous
meeting), it did authorize the creation of a
committee to study it.
It is interesting to note that the 15-page
argument for spending the $36,000 had been
given directors,a week before a decision was
taken at the January meeting and did not
receive the benefit of an appraisal by the
executive committee or any other committee
of the CAC.
Whatever the outcome of this reappraisal,
we think the CAC staff and board will dis-
cover as other Government agencies have
discovered, that nothing beats good, effec-
tive work to win good, effective publicity.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM R. ANDERSON
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. ANDERSON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, as the number of casualties of
the Vietnam conflict continues to grow,
there is a tendency to think in terms of
just that-cold, impersonal numbers.
One such "number" was Capt. Carl S.
Miller, of Robertson County, Tenn., who
was killed in action in the beginning of
this month as a helicopter pilot in Viet-
nam.
Captain Miller believed in what he was
doing in that Asian land, and he believed
in what the United States is doing. The
following editorial from the Robertson
County Times is a fitting tribute to a
courageous and gallant soldier, not a
number, to a man who made the ultimate
sacrifice to insure the safety and secu-
rity of his country.
The editorial follows:
[From the Robertson County (Tenn.) Times,
Feb. 3, 1966]
A SALUTE TO CAPTAIN MILLER
The county mourns with Mrs. Carl S. Mil-
ler, Jr., whose husband, Captain Miller, was
killed in action last week as a helicopter
pilot in Vietnam. At the same time we can
all be proud-as his family is proud-of the
contribution he has made in the cause of
freedom.
Captain Miller grew up in Robertson
County before embarking on a military ca-
reer he realized might someday take him into
combat. He had a sense of duty and was
willing to make any personal sacrifice for his
country-and indirectly for his three boys,
who survive.
As his courageous wife so plainly stated it:
"Bing didn't have a choice, he was sent to
Vietnam. But, if they had given him a
choice, that's where he would have wanted
to be."
There are those who stand today arro-
gantly burning draft cards and shouting for
our Government to quit the fight against
communism. They haven't, for the most
part, been outside the country or seen the
results of surrender to tyranny.
Captain Miller saw the ugly face of com-
munism and constantly wrote of his convic-
tion that our Government was right to stand
and fight. He looked on it as a privilege to
join in this fight.
For those of us who cherish our freedom
let us salute Capt. Carl S. Miller--a patriotic
American we won't soon forget.
Vice Adm. F. L. Ashworth Is Acclaimed
as an Example for American Youth
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. WILLIAM H. BATES
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. BATES. Mr. Speaker, almost co-
incident with his 54th birthday last
month, announcement was made that
Vice Adm. Frederick Lincoln Ashworth
had been named commander of the U.S.
Navy's mighty 6th Fleet. This event led
the Beverly Times, of Beverly, Mass., to
A949
today's make-believe world of James Bond,
the Man From U.N.C.L.E., and the Batman.
But Frederick Ashworth's accomplishments
are fact not fiction. And they set a pattern
of old-fashioned virtues, such as loyalty,
bravery, and patriotism, which are too fre-
quently overlooked or ignored by 20th cen-
bury youngsters.
In high school, as president of the student
council, he began to set the high standards
which carried him through life. He grad-
uated from the Naval Academy in 1933 at
the age of 21 and as a junior officer served
aboard a battleship, but soon transferred to
Pensacola for flight training.
On December 7, 1941, when Pearl Harbor
was attacked by the Japanese, he was at-
tached to the Bureau of Ordinance in Wash-
ington. A few months later orders came
through for transfer to an advanced carrier
training group and finally in 1942 he took
command, of his own aerial torpedo squad-
ron.
Operating out of Henderson Field on Gua-,
dalcanal, he won his first decoration-the
Distinguished Flying Cross. His job was a
dirty one. It took leadership and old-fash-
ioned guts. Daylight raids on Japanese ship-
ping in the Solomon Islands. Bombing mis-
sions against enemy positions and always the
dangers of hostile fighter aircraft.
For canny planning in helping direct sev-
eral key amphibious operations the Bronze
Star was next.
Then came a turning point in his life. He
was assigned to a supersecret mission in
Santa Fe., N. Mex., with the unromantic title
of "Project Y." In reality it was the develop-
ment and perfection of the atomic bomb.
Admiral Ashworth helped supervise and co-
ordinate field tests of the bomb, and then on
August 9, 1945, he flew with the Army B-29
bomber which dropped the second atomic
weapon on the Japanese city of Nagasaki.
For this he was awarded the Legion of Merit
and the, Silver Star.
Back to the States after the war, he helped
in the basic planning of the Bikini atom
bomb test and the first stages of the under-
water delivery of nuclear weapons.
In the last 15 years, top commands: the
giant aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt,
commandant of midshipmen at the Naval
Academy, carrier divisions, Deputy Chief of
Staff, European Command, and finally, Com-
mander, U.S. 6th Fleet.
You can have your television and movie
stars. Such is the stuff of real heroes.
American Bar Association Unanimously
Affirms Legality of American Action in
Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. HUGH L. CAREY
OF NEW YORK
acclaim this naval leader's service to our
country as an example which today
American youth well might follow. In 1
the hope that it may inspire others,
therefore, I am pleased to present the
editorial from the Beverly Times of Feb-
ruary 1, 1966, as follows:
A REAL HERO
It is always an honor to a community when
one of its sons or daughters achieves un-
usual distinction. Such is the case with
Beverly and Frederick Lincoln Ashworth, re-
cently named a vice admiral and given com-
mand of the U.S. Navy's 6th Fleet, mainstay
of our defense in the Mediterranean and
Middle East.
Admiral Ashworth whose mother lives in
Wenham, which, incidentally, he also lists as
his home address, was born in Beverly on
January 24, 1912. His career has been ad-
venturous and distinguished. It is a story
which makes fascinating reading even in the
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. CAREY. Mr. Speaker, in view of
the questions that have been raised con-
cerning U.S. action in Vietnam, I was
interested to note that on February 21,
the house of delegates of the American
Bar Association unanimously adopted a
resolution affirming the legality of our
participation in that country under in-
ternational law.
The chairman of the association's sec-
tion on international and comparative
law, which originated the resolution, is
Edward D. Re, a distinguished authority
in the field, who serves this country as
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 24, 1966
Chairman of the Foreign Claims Settle-
ment Commission. I am proud to have
Dr. Re as a close friend and constituent.
I submit for the RECORD an article from
the February 22 issue of the New York
Times in reference to the action of the
bar association:
13AR GROUP FIENDS U.S. Wen POLICY LEGAL
UNDER U.N.
(By Austin C. Wehrwein)
CHICAGO, February 21-The American Bar
Association's house of delegates today passed
by unanimous voice vote and without debate
:c resolution affirming the legality of the U.S.
participation in Vietnam under international
law, the United Nations Charter and the
Poutheast Asia Treaty Organization.
The resolution was intended as an answer
to statements by WAYNE MORSE, Democrat, of
Oregon. During last week's televised hear-
ings of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, Senator MORSE said that some inter-
national lawyers believed that the U.S. posi-
tion was illegal.
Eberhard P. Deutsch, of New Orleans,
chairman of the Standing Committee on
Peace and Law Through the United Nations,
presented the resoltuion at a midyear meet-
ing at the Palmer House here. All 250 at-
tending members of the policymaking house
of delegates voiced support.
Mr. Deutsch mid the Senator "perverts
and misconstrues" the meaning of the
United Nations Charter. He also said he
hoped the resolution would strengthen the
position of Senators who support the war
and "fervently" hoped it would support the
Iightingmen in Vietnam.
The resolution was prompted by RUSSELL
B. LONG, Democrat, of Louisiana, who sug-
gested at the hearings that the American
Bar Association reply to Mr. MORSE'S con-
tention.
Mr. Deutsch said he would report passage
of the resolution to Senator LONG and stood
ready to testify before the committee on the
action if called to do so. The resolution was
sent to J. W. FOresIGHT, Democrat, of Arkan-
aas, chairman of the committee.
Mr. Deutsch conceded that the resolution
was silent on Lite question, raised by Mr.
MORSE, whether President Johnson should
have asked for a congressional declaration
of war. However, he said that he believed
it was implicit in the resolution that the
war was legal regardless of a formal declara-
tion.
Edward W. Kuhn, of Memphis, president
of the 120,000-member association, said the
action "repudiated" Mr. MORSE and that his
organization would "lobby" for its position.
Ile did not elaborate.
The resolution. was reportedly the unani-
inous product of Mr. Deutsch's standing com-
mittee and the section of the international
and comparative law, whose chairman is Ed-
ward D. Re of New York. If an association
delegation should go to Washington, the two
chairmen and Max Chopnick of New York,
who is on the international law section,
would make up the delegation.
'rhe American Bar Association's reaction
was unusual in its rapidity. Although the
resolution was limited to support of the
administration on legal points, it amounted
to support of the administration's Vietnam
policy generally, a key member of the inter-
national law section disclosed.
NO NAMES MENTIONED
The resolution. although clear as to inten-
tion and meaning, mentioned neither Mr.
I.oNG nor Mr. MossE by name. An accom-
panying report said that international law
professors in 31 universities had expressed
their opinion "that the position of the United
t;tates in Vietnam is legal, and is not in viola-
tion of the charter of the United Nations."
this was a reference to a statement by a
group of professors sent last month to Presi-
dent Johnson and put into the CONGRES.SION-
AI, RECORD by Representative J. J. PICKLE,
Democrat, of Texas.
The reported declared:
"Articles 51 and 52 of the [United Nations]
Charter expressly provide that nothing con-
tained therein `shall impair the inherent
right of individual or collective self-defense,'
nor preclude `the existence of reginnel ax-
rangements or agencies for dealing with such
matters related to the maintenance of inter-
national peace and security as are appropri-
ate for regional action.' The Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization is such an arrangement
or agency."
The text of the resolution follows:
"Whereas in recent hearings before the
Foreign Relations Committee of the U.S.
Senate, it has been stated that international
lawyers are agreed that the U.S. pos.itinn in
Vietnam is illegal and in violation o the
Charter of the United Nations; and
"Whereas articles 51 and 52 of the charter
sanction steps for self-defense and c, llec-
ti:vve and regional security arrangements such
as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to
which the United States is a party;
"Whereas in the course of these hearings it
has been suggested that an expression on
this subject by the American Bar Association
would be appropriate: Now, therefore, be it
"Resolved by the American Par Associar.tion,
That the position of the United States in
Vietnam is legal under international law,
arid is in accordance with the Charter of the
United Nations and the Southeast Asia
Treaty; and be it further
"Resolved, That the secretary of this asso-
ciation be, and he is hereby, authorized
and directed to transmit a copy of this reso-
lution immediately to the chairman of the
Foreign Relations Committee of tb(% U.S.
Senate."
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JOHN DOWDY
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. DOWDY. Mr. Speaker, during my
service in the U.S. Congress, I have tried
to keep the people I am honored to repre-
sent informed of my activities and r+'cord
in. Congress, as well as the policies of the
Federal Government. In my years here,
some 16,000 bills have been voted an in
the House of Representatives. Along
with others of us, my record has been
on several occasions misrepresented by
falsehood and half-truths from the
mouths of selfish special-interest groups
and political opponents. I here spread
my voting on the issues, that each per-
son may determine for himself that my
record has been made in the interest of
the people.
I voted for the tax reduction bills,
which have encouraged. industrial and
business expansion and produced more
jobs. Three substantial tax reductions
have been enacted during my service. and
each had my full support.
I consistently vote for an invincible
national defense, and oppose every pro-
posal to weaken our Nation through uni-
lateral disarmament. I believe our fight-
Ing men should have the best possible
equipment in ample supply. I will con-
tinue working to that end.
I voted for the bill to prevent and con-
trol the pollution of waters, and to pro-
vide for the development of our water
and land resources.
I voted for the bills relating to com-
munity health services, and to provide for
the development of programs to help the
aging, and to provide for health research
facilities.
I opposed the act which causes higher
consumer price for coffee.
I voted for :increased social security
benefits, disability benefits, and increases
in old age pensions and other assistance.
I voted to reduce the voluntary retire-
ment age to 62, and for widows, to age
60, and to allow greater earnings before
reduction in social security benefits.
I voted for education and training
benefits for veterans, and for other GI
benefits.
I voted to improve the Railroad Retire-
ment Act.
I voted to provide more educational
opportunities for our young people, and
to provide loans to students. I have
assisted the schools and colleges in our
district in their applications for funds
and loans amounting to many millions
of dollars, and have successfully assisted
them in their other problems with the
Federal Government.
I have successfully introduced and en-
acted bills to ban pornography from the
mails, and to allow prosecution of pur-
veyors of pornography in the jurisdiction
where deliveries are made, and have sup-
ported other bills to protect decent peo-
ple from this obnoxious traffic. I con-
tinue to oppose distribution of Commu-
nist propaganda through our post offices.
I have introduced and supported bills
to strengthen the criminal laws of this
country, so that people might be safe on
the streets.
I have responded to every request from
a community for assistance in its eco-
nomic development and in its dealings
with the Federal Government. This has
resulted in a large number of grants and
loans for hospitals, water and sewer sys-
tems, libraries, :housing, airports and air-
port construction, remodeling of public
buildings, new post offices, public facili-
ties, and countless other improvements.
I have aided numerous industries and
businesses that are locating in our dis-
trict, or expanding their operations in
our district, in their applications for
loans and other assistance from the Fed-
eral level. Our growth in this respect
has far exceeded the expansion in any
other comparable area.
At times, cities and businesses have
come to me for help after losing hope
of success, and I have succeeded in get-
ting favorable action.
I have helped thousands of individuals,
including farmers, businessmen, labor,
veterans, housewives, the aged, disabled
and dependent persons in presenting
their claims and problems to the various
departments of the Government. I. re-
gard this opportunity of service as a
privilege, and among my most treasured
possessions are the letters of apprecia-
tion which I have received from these
people who have contacted me after all
other hope of receiving help or consid-
eration had been exhausted.
In fact, an ex-Congressman who lives
in our district, and his son, a State me -a-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX February 2.4, 1966
In her term of office Sister Francetta was
assisted by her young executive vice presi-
dent, Sister Jacqueline Grennan, who is now
president. She was recently appointed to
Sargent Shriver's Committee for Project
Headstart, which helps preschool children
from poverty-stricken areas. Sister Jacque-
line is also the only woman member of the
President's Advisory Panel in Research and
Development in Education.
Their superior general in the Sisters of
Loretto is Sister Mary Luke Tobin, the only
U.S. nun invited to be an observer at the
Vatican Council.
Sister Francetta saved the story of her re-
tirement from Webster as a scoop for the
student newspaper. She said that she had
long been a firm believer in the professional
policy of retirement at age 65 and that the
policy seemed pertinent to her. But she
added that her order is also a service corps.
She had called her old friend U.S. Senator
STUART SYMINGTON to tell him of her pro-
posed retirement and her interest in the war
on poverty. The Senator told her to send
him a letter detailing her history.
In it she said, "I am in excellent physical
and mental health and could perform some
function in the President's war on poverty.
I am tremendously interested in the anti-
poverty program and the Peace Corps. I am
eager to share in some phase. There is work
for me within my congregation, but I am
convinced that people like me, already dedi-
cated and committed, can perform a service
in the larger complex of the needs of the
world."
The letter went from Senator SYMINGTON
to Sargent Shriver, and the rest is history.
The Job Corps suggested that a civilian
wardrobe might be more suitable. With
conventual approval, she complied.
Public reaction to her appointment has
been good. "I have received only the highest
respect for what I'm doing, and great un-
derstanding. Letters have arrived from all
over the country, from strangers and former
pupils, with expressions of good will and
encouragement."
One Hundredth Birthday of Millville, N.J.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS C. McGRATH
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, 100
years ago this Saturday, on February 26,
1866, the pretty city of Millville, in
Cumberland County, N.J., held its meet-
ing of incorporation and, during that
evening, voted itself out of the "town-
ship" classification and into the "city"
category. This event is being celebrated
Saturday in Millville with a centennial
parade and civic banquet.
The parade will be complete with
bands, marching units, and floats, and
promises to be a highlight of Millville's
100th birthday celebration which of-
ficially began on January 10, 1966.
On that day, a. reenactment of the first
town council meeting ever held, in Mill-
Ville was staged in a town meeting during
which residents of Millville donned the
costumes current 100 years ago and
portrayed the roles of the original par-
ticipants. It was probably the first town
meeting ever held in which the par-
ticipants received curtain calls.
Saturday's parade is the second in a
series of events being staged by the Mill-
ville Centennial Corp., to mark the
end of the city's first century. On July 4,
there is scheduled a gigantic community
picnic and fireworks display, and on
June 30 through July 2, the formal cele-
bration will conclude with a historical
pageant.
Mr. Speaker, today Millvilleis known
as "the Holly City of America" to note
the fact that the traditional Christmas
season decoration is grown there in great
profusion and provided to holiday time
markets throughout the Nation. Mill-
ville now has some 20,000 residents and,
although it is a relatively small commu-
nity by some standards, its citizens are
looking forward to growth and progress
during their city's second century. This
spirit is inherent in the manifesto which
the Millville Centennial Corp. issued at
the beginning of the 100th birthday
celebration.
The manifesto states that Millville in-
tends to create new civic awareness
among all its citizens, plans to uncover
new civic leaders, stimulate the local
economy, honor its heritage, and focus
its attention on the future.
I might note that two of Amercia's
most famous personages have joined in
the centennial celebration. The Mill-
Ville "Brothers of the Brush," a group of
male residents who have grown beards
reminiscent of the style of 1866, invited
Astronauts Frank Borman and James A.
Lovell-whose Gemini V beards became
quite widely remarked upon-to accept
honorary memberships in Millville's
bearded brotherhood, and both accepted.
I cannot help but be proud of the
spirit exhibited by Millville's residents-
paying honor to yesterday while, at the
same time, preparing carefully and sys-
tematically for tomorrow. I am proud
to help mark the 100th anniversary of
the incorporation of this progressive,
charming city and look forward to join-
ing with Millville's celebrants Saturday.
Charleston, W. Va., Gazette-Mail Echoes
President Johnson's Call for Congres-
sional Reform of Election Spending
Laws
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH
OF WEST VIRGINIA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, the
Gazette-Mail of Charleston speaks forth-
rightly when it says:
The matter of election spending has been
studied to death. The need now is to do
something about it, and this is not hindered
by a lack of good examples.
In Britain, careful limits and controls on
reporting are enforced. In West Germany
parties agree beforehand to spending limits
and there is careful Checking and reporting.
As the paper points out
President Johnson recently cast a spotlight
on the need for reform of laws governing
election spending.
4
Because this editorial is a timely and
lucid summary of the issue, I ask unani-
mous consent of my colleagues to make
it a part of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows :
[From the Charleston (W. Va.) Gazette-Mail,
Feb. 6, 1966]
ELECTION SPENDING LAWS NEED DEGREE OF
SANITY
President Johnson recently cast a spot-
light on the need for reform of laws govern-
ing election spending. In so doing, he echoed
the plea of the late President Kennedy and
the proposals of the Republican Coordinat-
ing Committee. This is a bipartisan project,
but regrettably Congress continues to ignore
it.
Present laws are unrealistic to the, point
of being ridiculous. The Corrupt Practices
Act sets a maximum spending limit of $5,000
on congressional candidates and $25,000 on
senatorial candidates-limits that would as-
sure defeat for any serious candidate who
heeded them. Candidates therefore evade
the law by proliferating campaign commit-
tees and thus there are no effective limits.
President Kennedy contended the need is
for full reporting and publication of cam-
paign expenditures, not control over
amounts. As an indication of the astronomi-
cal expense of campaigns today, it cost John
Lindsay and his supporters about $2.5 mil-
lion to win the recent race for mayor in New
York.
Such an expenditure does not necessarily
mean there is wrongdoing. It does not in any
way imply an election has been "bought."
As with everything else, the legitimate costs
of organizing, conducting, and giving neces-
sary public exposure to a campaign have gone
up, up, up.
Indeed; there is more chance for skuldug-
gery under the present law, when a candi-
date must contrive ways to cover up neces-
sary expenditures, than there ever would be
under a system of full and accurate reporting
of what he actually spent.
Besides full reporting, such inducements
as tax credits have been proposed to en-
courage giving by contributors. And there
are ways to keep check on reporting and as-
sure its honesty. In Florida's model system,
for example, a candidate can have only one
treasurer and must do business at only one
bank to make checking manageable.
The matter of election spending has been
studied to death. The need now is to do
something about it, and this is not hindered
by a lack of good examples. In Britain, care-
ful limits and controls on reporting are en-
forced. In West Germany, parties agree be-
forehand to spending limits and there is
careful checking and reporting.
Certainly the United States, which con-
siders itself quite a civilized democracy,
should he able to bring some sanity into our
election spending laws to assure honesty and
full public knowledge about who 's going on.
Congress should get busy and sthat it is
Mr. Johnson Believes in Democracy for
Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS '
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 23, 1966
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, at this
time when the issue of Vietnam is gen-
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Appendix
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. DEVINE. Mr. Speaker, this
month we again memorialize Abraham
Lincoln, In the Columbus, Ohio, Dis-
patch, an editorial appeared on Febru-
ary 12, which is most helpful to those
pf ogle still interested in some of the orig-
inal basic American philosphies:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Throughout this broad land today the
birthday of Abraham Lincoln will be ob-
served in classroom studies, speeches, and by
the printed word.
All who comment on the life and deeds of
the martyred President, especially in this
particular moment of our history, can do no
better than recall some of his own words.
[tttered more than a century ago, these
words of the Great Emancipator are still
amazingly applicable to conditions in our
land today:
''Til lately I have been in favor of un-
lil:lited liberty for every man as our Consti-
tution seems to guarantee. But is it not an
ar.l; of folly to give absolute liberty of con-
acience to a set of men who are sworn to cut
our throats the very day they have their
opportunity for doing it?
'Ts it right to give the privilege of citizen-
ship to men who are the sworn enemies of
onr Constitution, our laws, our liberties, and
our very lives? Is it not an absurdity to give
to it man a thing which he is sworn to hate,
curse, and destroy?
"Sooner or later the people of the Republic
mast put a restriction on the exercise of lib-
cr y turned toward the destruction of that
from which it came " * ?. But this is the
problem of another generation."
Tire problem of which Mr. Lincoln was
!;peaking certainly is with the present gen-
er:rtion, what with the poisonous seeds of
communism being sown on our university
campuses, in our trade unions, and even in
stir Nation's highest legislative halls.
Another prized utterance by President
Lincoln appraised the coveted spot the United
States holds in the world:
"We, the American people * * * find
ni rselves in the peaceful possession of the
fa [rest portions of the earth as regards extent
of territory, fertility of soil, and salubrity of
a:L m ate.
"We find. ourselves under the government
Ol a system of political institutions con-
,trtcing more essentially to the ends of civil
;i.d religious liberty than any of which the
history of former times tells its. We, when
m-tunting the stage of existence, found our-
selves the legal inheritors of these funda-
m^.ntal blessings.
"We toiled not in the acquirement or estab-
Ibhment of them: they are a legacy be-
queathed us by a once hardy, brave, and pa-
triotic, but now lamented and departed, race
of ancestors."
A warning as to the only way we could
someday lose this great Nation was related in
other words of wisdom from the humble
Abraham Lincoln, born in a log cabin in
Kentucky 157 years ago today and who rose
to be our 16th President:
"At what point shall we expect the point
of danger? Shall we expect some trans-
atlantic military giant to step the ocean and
crush us at a blow? Never.
"All. the armies of Europe, Asia, and Africa
combined, with all the treasure of the earth
(our own excepted) in. their military chest,
wii:h a Bonaparte for a commander, could not
by force take a drink from the Ohio or make
a track on the Blue Ridge in a trial of cr
thousand years.
"If destruction be our lot we must our-
selves be its author and finisher.. As a nation
of freemen we must live through all time,
or die by suicide."
If government is kept in the hands of
people. if free enterprise is allowed to flourish,
if the internal threat of communism is
curbed; then, as Abraham Lincoln said, no
power on earth can take away the rich legacy
bequerthed us by our forefathers.
Job Corps Nun
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL H. DOUGLAS
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, February 2?, 1966
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, the
January issue of Catholic Digest had an
article by Rosemary Donihi entitled
"Job Corps Nun." This article is about
Sister Francetta Barberis, who is now 1
consultant to the Director of the Wom-
en's Job Corps Centers. As this article
points out, Sister Francetta has brought
with her valuable experience in workin
with young people.
For the benefit of my fellow colleagues,
I ask unanimous consent to have the ar-
ticle printed in the RECORD. I am sure
that they will agree, after reading this
fine article, that the war on poverty has
enlisted a top general in the form of
Sister Francetta.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
JOB CORPS NUN-SISTER FRANCETTA Is No. 2
WOMAN IN A U.S. GOVERNMENT PROJECT
(By Rosemary Donihi)
Sister Francetta Barberis, S.L., on June t
became consultant to the director of the
Women's Job Corps under the Office of Eco-
nomic Opportunity in Washington, D.C. She
retired. from the presidency of Webster Co-
lege in. St. Louis at the same time. She has
been a Sister of Loretto for 47 years, and is 65.
She is called Sister in the office though now
and then a wag ventures Fran since she wears
secular clothing in her new position.
Bennetta Washington is director of the
Women's Job Corps and Sister Fran cetta is, in
effect, the No. 2 woman in the voluntary
training program for girls from 16 to 21.
Most of the girls dropped school after the
ninth grade, have sixth-grade level skills.
have been out of school for more than 6
months, and come from families living in
substandard housing.
The first three residential centers for them
were in St. Petersburg, Cleveland, and Los
Angeles. Two more are in Charlestown,
W. Va., and Omaha. With 1,500 girls regis-
tered now, 10,000 are expected before the year
is out. "Our job," says Director Washington,
"is to turn out a woman equipped to work,
marry, and raise a family. It is not just to
train the girls as secretaries, beauticians, or
dental assistants."
When the St. Petersburg training center
became a trouble spot, Sister Francetta was
sent there. She talked with the girls, the
townspeople, and the people vacationing in
the city, to smooth things out. Out of the
friendly conversations was born a citizens'
boosters club to help make the Job Corps
enrollees feel at home.
When she is home from what can become a
countrywide circuit, Sister Francetta lives
with both telephone and address unlisted, in
a pleasantly furnished efficiency apartment
in Foggy Bottom, a portion of downtown
Washington near the river. The old section
has been modernized for Government people
like Sister Francetta, who like to walk to
work.
Since her profession as a nun she has
lived mostly in large religious houses with
domestic staffs, but now she does her own
cooking and cleaning. Her Sisters of Loretto
have no Washington residence, but many
of them visit her.
Her workload is constant. She goes early
to the office and leaves late, but friends
have given her season tickets to the National
Symphony and the experimental Arena
Stage. She goes to mass at the church of
St. Stephen the Worker, the late President
Kennedy's White House parish.
Her wardrobe is built around suits and
soft-shirt dresses, more often dark than
light. For summer she was equipped with
three handbags: one white patent leather,
one brown, and one black. She is a major
Government executive and dresses for it.
Her silver-threaded dark hair is medium
short and softly permanented. She does it
herself. She takes an engaging pleasure in
your honest declaration that she looks 15
years younger than she is.
Until her 18th year, Sister Francetta
trained to be a professional ballerina, but
then chose the convent. "Now," she says,
"I am dancing in spirit all the time."
Sister Francetta focused national atten-
tion on Webster College during her 7 years
as president. Since her arrival there in 1958,
it has embarked on a revolutionary new pro-
gram of teacher training, more than doubled
its faculty, increased the number of lay per-
sons on the faculty, and attracted professors
of many faiths.
Physically, the college complex has trip-
led; the attendance has nearly doubled; men
have been admitted to full-course schedules
in the department of fine arts, music, and
theater arts. A $1.5 million center of per-
forming arts has been. made possible through
gifts and pledges of Sister Francetta's long-
time friend, hotelman Conrad N. Hilton.
Theater Impact, a semiprofessional summer
stock company, has been successfully
launched.
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February 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
crating so much heat it is heartening to
encounter the light of Mr. Spivack's Feb-
ruary 17, 1966, column, "Watch. on the
Potomac," in the New York Journal
American. Mr. Spivack rightly points
out that if the President had only to
cope with those critics who openly sup-
port the Vietcong, there would be no
problem.
But when President Johnson is faced
with the kind of insidious defeatism
which preaches that the Vietnamese, and
for that matter all of the people of
southeast Asia, do not understand de-
mocracy and that it is futile to believe
that democracy can live in that part of
the world, then his foreign policy
burdens are immeasurably increased.
This kind of criticism dangerously
feeds on the. reactionary belief in racial
superiority and isolationism and is often
mouthed by alleged liberals who believe
that it is better to consign the people of
southeast Asia to the "tender mercies"
of the Communists than to wage a war
for their liberation.
I commend this article to the attention
of our colleagues.
HONOLULU AND THE DEFEATISTS
(By Robert G. Spivack)
WASHINGTON.-The President's foreign
policy burdens are being immeasurably in-
creased-not by "appeasers" in and out of
Congress, but by defeatists.
If he had only to cope with those few
who openly support the Vietcong there would
be no problem. If his critics argued that
the way to handle a bully is to yield to him,
their public support would be minuscule.
Every man, within his own experience, from
school days to adulthood, knows that a bully
does net stop until he is made to stop.
But when critics, especially those who as-
sume the mantle of foreign policy "experts,"
argue that democracy "can't win" in south-
east Asia, that the Communist tide sweeping
that part of the world cannot be turned back,
then you have problems.
Nothing can so sap the spirit of an in-
dividual, or a nation, as constant repetition
of the theme, "It can't be done."
It was to get away from this kind of de-
pressing atmosphere that the President de-
cided to fly to Hawaii to meet with the South
Vietnamese leaders, to reaffirm our objectives
as they were stated in "The Declaration of
Honolulu" and to give hope to the people
of Vietnam as well as our troops.
When he returned to the mainland the
President said he was "refreshed." There
was good reason for it. What he heard in
Hawaii was far more encouraging than what
he was hearing in Washington. The Ameri-
can and Vietnamese military men agreed
with Premier Ky's assertion that, within 7
months, the situation in the field had
changed "100 percent." Not only are the
non-Communists not losing, the military
initiative is now in our hands.
But what greeted the President on his
return to Andrews Air Force Base?
First there was a columnist's broad, sweep-
ing assertion that the whole Government has
"gone stale." Less than 24 hours after the
Hawaiian conferees had agreed to wage a
war on "social misery" in Vietnam, there
were whining complaints about the lack of
"fresh ideas."
Next came a series of recommendations
from nonmilitary men that we ought to ease
up on the pressure against the Communists,
adopting, in effect, a Maginot Line strategy.
This was hardly a fresh idea.
But underlying all this criticism there' was
something else-a kind of racist superiority
on the part of those who; disclaim racism of
any kind, some of whom have, in fact, been
active in civil rights activities.
A945
We are now being told that the Vietnamese It was his genius in building up General
are. so different from Americans that it is Motors to one of the largest businesses in the
impossible for them to have anything re- world that made it possible not only for him,
sombling a democratic form of government. but for others who invested in that enter-
This is an insidious kind of defeatism. prise, to earn large sums as the stock of the
Although those who talk this way may con- company appreciated steadily In value over
sider themselves "liberals," the appeal is to the years.
the most reactionary instincts, to isolationist In 1937, Sloan created the Alfred P. Sloan
sentiment, and to those who feel racially Foundation, with an initial grant of $10 mil-
superior. lion, to help studies in science and economics
What the defeatists overlook is the fact and broadened it later to aid in medical care
that many Orientals, Japanese, Filipinos, and and research, particularly in cancer. He
others are building democracy, despite their said at the time he gave away the $10 million :
cultural differences with us. Certainly the "Having been connected with industry
President believes it can be done. That's during my entire life, it seems eminently
why the conference was held in half-Asian proper that I should turn back, in part, the
Hawaii-to show the real spirit of Honolulu. proceeds of that activity with the hope of
Life of Alfred Sloan Belies Red Claim of
Good Life
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOE L. EVINS
OF TENNESSEE
IN TIIE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. EVINS of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, Mr. David Lawrence, the dis-
tinguished columnist and publisher,
wrote a most perceptive and penetrating
article which appeared in the Washing-
ton Star, on the life of Alfred P. Sloan,
Jr., a guiding force in the building of
the General Motors business empire.
Mr. Lawrence makes the point elo-
quently that Red China could never have
an Alfred Sloan because its totalitarian,
communistic economic policies would
preclude his development.
It is the basic story of individual ini-
tiative compared to the stifling of indi-
vidual freedom.
Because of the broad general interest
of this article to my colleagues and to
the Nation, I have unanimous consent
that the column be reprinted in the Ap-
pendix of the RECORD.
The article follows:
LIFE OF SLOAN BELIES RED CLAIM
(By David Lawrence)
In the realm of communism-whether in
the Soviet Union or Red China or in other
parts of the world-the constant cry is that
capitalism is selfish and inhumane and that
social welfare can be achieved in each coun-
try only by giving arbitrary power to a small
group of men.
But today the people of the Communist
world could learn a lesson if they read the
obituaries being printed about the life of
Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., who died last Thursday
at the age of 90. For here was a man who
amassed a fortune of more than $300 million,
but gave virtually all of it away for the
cause of human welfare.
There have been others like Sloan in Amer-
ican history, but the stories of their altruism
are too often lost in the maze of other hap-
penings in a busy world.
Sloan was one of the ablest businessmen
this country has produced. Men engaged
in big business are sometimes pictured as
heartless or as materialistic to the extreme.
It may come as a surprise to many of. the
younger generation who lean toward the
Communist philosophy to discover that there
are far more philanthropists among the suc-
cessfulbusinessmen of American than there
are selfish human beings.
Sloan's case is a significant example of
how money Is made and how it can be spent.
promoting a broader as well as a better un-
derstanding of the economic principles and
national policies which have characterized
American enterprise down through the
years."
Sloan was a modest man. He rarely made
public speeches or talked about his ventures
into the field of philanthropy. He was deeply
concerned with the functioning of the free
enterprise system and with the right of every
Individual to improve his lot by his own
efforts in cooperation with others.
Sloan was also a great executive. He once
said:
"I never give orders. I sell my ideas to my
associates if I can. I accept their judgment
if they convince me, as they frequently do,
that I am wrong. I prefer to appeal to the
intelligence of a man rather than attempt to
exercise authority over him.
all"Get the facts. Recognize the equities of
concerned. Realize the necessity of doing
a better job every day. Keep an open mind
and work hard. The last is most important
of all. There is no shortcut."
Under the American system of free enter-
prise, individual initiative is encouraged.
The same cannot be said of the Communist
system. Indeed, the American standard of
living is the highest in the world, and so are
its philanthropies.
Private contributions for charitable pro-
grams of various kinds in the United States
totaled $10.6 billion in 1964. No individual
really is able to accumulate enough to give
any substantial part of that big.sum. But
the large givers in every city are usually
businessmen. Many of Sloan's associates, for
instance, have followed his example and have
donated much of their earnings to philan-
thropic projects.
Sloan's life emphasizes the great advan-
tages of the American system of individual
freedom, as contrasted with the oppressive
and truly selfish system of communism by
which a few men achieve power and impose
their will on hundreds of millions of their
countrymen.
There are many unsung heroes in the
commercial world, but the impact of their
redistribution of wealth has certainly been
felt in America by universities and colleges,
churches, hospitals, and other institutions
supported by philanthropy.
Chester W. Nimitz: An American Naval
Immortal
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DON H. CLAUSEN
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN. Mr. Speaker,
on February 20, 4 days before his 81st
birthday, Fleet Adm. Chester William
Nimitz died. This Nation, and especially
the hundreds of thousands of American
servicemen who served under him, now
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 24, 1966
sadly join in a farewell tribute to a great
U.S. naval figure. He came from a small
town in Texas to eventually command
and lead to complete victory the greatest
naval force ever assembled on this globe.
'Tis service to it:s country can never be
forgotten and his attributes as an Ameri-
can officer will stand always as an exam-
tile of the finest in a great tradition.
Following his graduation as seventh in
a class of 114 in the class of 1905 of the
Naval Academy, Admiral Nimitz handled
a wide variety of assignments in a meri-
torious manner. His rise in his chosen
career was finally capped by a tour of
3 years, 1945-47, as the highest uniform-
ed naval officer in this country. But he
will always be remembered as the man
who assumed command. of the Pacific
1+'leet in the dark days of December 1941
and who led it to a brilliant victory over
Imperial Japan. Combining a great
strategic perspective, an eminently suc-
ccrssful tactical competence, an ability to
let the most from his men, and a resolu-
l,ion to persevere until victory, he led the
American naval forces through a series
of battles and campaigns to Tokyo Bay
in September 1945. He started with a
badly hurt fleet and nursed it and built
it into the greatest striking force the
world has ever seen.
After his outstanding military career
be continued his public service in many
positions of a private and public charac-
ter. He always displayed his traits of
geniality, humanity, and intelligence in
a fashion to do honor to himself and his
Nation. He finally retired to his home
near San Francisco in 1956. It is with
great pride as an American that I extend
to his wife and four children my deep
respects and sincere condolences on this
sad day.
EX'rENS'.{ON OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday. February 24, 1966
v1r. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, aside from the immorality of
the Federal Government taking the
hard-earned dollars of working taxpay-
ers to pay the rent for those unwilling
or unable to afford better housing, the
whole system of handouts opens the
door to widespread scandals. There al-
ready has been evidence of massive cor-
ruption in the poverty programs, but no
one seems interested in bringing it to
light. Before Congress appropriates
money for rent subsidies, we had better
make sure that all the loopholes for
chiselers and dishonest officials have
been closed.
'llie well-known columnist, Lyle Wil-
son, had a warning on this subject in
the Washington Daily News of February
23, "Beware of Scandal." I include the
article as a part of these remarks.
BEWARE OF SCANDAL
(By Lyle Wilson)
Editorials predict that President Johnson's
rent supplement plan would invite outra-
geous scandal. The Miami Herald headed its
editorial with these words: A subsidy for
scandal. The editorial made these points in
support of its prediction:
Original rent guidelines were so loosely
drawn that fam lies with annual incomes of
$8,100 would have been eligible.
The Federal Housing Administration,
which would administer the rent dole, lacks
both experience and the staff to prevent
chiseling.
There has been no effective congress seal
action to assure adequately enforced stand-
ards of eligibility.
There is another disturbing aspect of the
rec.t dole. tf is that distribution of ch;irity
among the voters traditionally has bees a
vital part of boss rule and corruption its tl.ie
great cities. William. Marcy Tweed war, the
most notorious of the city bosses. Ross
Treed was Grand Sachem of New York's
Tammany Hall. In 1805, 16 years after or-
gi;nization of the Tammany Society, it was
incorporated as the charitable institution.
Scribner's concise Dictionary of American
History relates the sturdy growth of Tarn-
m:eny Hall in part as follows:
"'T'he enfranchisement of proper: yless
wl-,ites (1822), which Tammany had cham-
pioned, was the source of its gradual growth
to power. Until the advent of William M.
Tweed as leader (1860), Tammany Hall dif-
fered from other urban political organiza-
tions only in degree. He made it a smoothly
running juggernaut, which has served as It
model for city machines. Tweed controlled
the mob by catering to its religious and racial
groups and by gifts to the poor."
Gifts to the poor. A bucket of coal, a
hamper of food, clothing when needed, some
folding money on election day. It all ..dded
up to corruption. Boss rule and bag gov-
ernment built up a foundation of which a
dole or a subsidy or a supplement, all pretty
much alike, created and enforced the loyal-
ties upon which political power was based.
Tweed happened to be a Democrat. 'there
were equally corrupt Republicans in New
York and elsewhere.
Political corruption is not limited to but
]h; is been mos ; notable in large American
cities. Corruption is likely to flourish where
politicians can buy the gratitude of voters
with public or private funds or can coerce
voters by the power to withhold funds from
reedy citizens. Poverty fertilizes the field
of corruption. Bad administration of public
funds invited corruption regardless of the
purpose to which the funds are appropriated.
A decent respect for the public welfare
requires that President Johnson and the
Congress take adequate precautions against
the rent, dole becoming a subsidy for scandal.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS C. McGRATH
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 24, 1966
Mr. MCGRATH. Mr. Speaker-
I am under more apprehension on account
of our own dissensions, than the effort of
the enemy.
The New York Journal-American gives
this quote, noting that-
The deeply concerned words could well
have been spoken by President Johnson who
has, indeed, expressed similar concern, But
1l:iey were written by George Washington.
1'hey are as applicable today, as then.
The paper feels that the dissension
voiced in this country "may convey to
Hanoi the tragically mistaken assump-
tion that our Nation prepares to unfurl
a white flag."
The words of warning seem appropros,
and I suggest that the editorial on the
subject be made a part of the RECOTaD.
It is herewith submitted.
NOW, AS THEN
"I am under more apprehension on ac-
count of our own dissensions, than the c-Sort
of the enemy."
The deeply concerned words could well
have been spoken by President Johnson who
has, indeed, expressed similar concern. But
they were written by George Washington.
They are as applicable today, as then, and
his birthday makes their recollection appro-
priate in this time of national stress when
our difficulties without are rendered more
serious by dissensions within.
The quitters are in full, loud voice. They
would have us pull out of Vietnam, willy-
nilly, in virtual surrender and world dis-
grace, in shameful abandonment of pledge
and honor.
There are, too, sincere doubters who be-
lieve our engagement in Vietnam should
never have been started. These, too, are in
demanding chorus.
And there are, of course, the outright Com-
munists within our midst, and their duped
peacenicks who seek by clamor to frustrate
reason.
There are dissensions by many whose
stature gives importance to their views and
by many of low station whose importance is
that their noise may convey to Hanoi the
tragically mistaken assumption that our Na-
tion prepares to unfurl a white flag.
But the flag still is and will be, to the day
of victory, a banner of meaningful stars and
stripes so historically made possible by
George Washington and now so historically
maintained by President Johnson and the
vast majority of the American people.
An Atlanta Boy Meets the Poverty
Program
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CHARLES L. WELTNER
OF GEORGIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 25, 1966
Mr. WELTNER. Mr. Speaker, the
Neighborhood Youth Corps has come in
for a certain amount of criticism lately
because of a few isolated instances of
apparent favoritism or poor judgment
in the selection, of youths enrolled irk the
program. I believe that the vast ma-
jority of such cases were simply instances
in which decidedly disadvantaged youth
were not quite poor enough-their fami-
lies perhaps had annual incomes of up to
$4,000 or so, rather than the $3,150 figure
established as the poverty guideline :for a
four-person family.
Overall, I think the Neighborhood
Youth Corps program is being adminis-
tered in an excellent fashion, and is
achieving the intended results. As an
indication of what I mean I insert at this
point in the RE,coro an article by Marvin
Wall which appeared in the Atlanta
Constitution on January 21, concerning
a disadvantaged young man who, like
countless others, has found the door to
opportunity through the Neighborhood
Youth Corps.
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February 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD .-HOUSE
SENATOR PAT MCNAMARA
(Mr. VIVIAN (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, I know
that I speak for the vast majority of my
constituents, when I say that it was with
the greatest regret and personal sadness
that I learned that the great senior Sen-
ator from Michigan, PAT MCNAMARA, Will
retire at the end of this year.
PAT MCNAMARA has been an outstand-
ing servant of the people of Michigan;
he has been a respected and beloved leg-
islator; he has been, to many of my col-
leagues, and to me, a valued mentor. In
the 12 years that PAT MCNAMARA has
served his State and his country, he has
been a driving force behind some of the
most important social legislation of the
century: Hospital and health care for
the elderly, aid to education, civil rights,
and the first concerted Federal efforts to
fight poverty.
As the chairman of the Senate Public
Works Committee, he has been respon-
sible for programs that are helping to
provide thousands of cities and towns
with capital improvements that are soon
translated into new jobs and improved
health and welfare. This is the proud
legacy that PAT MCNAMARA will leave our
Nation when he retires next January.
After a lifetime of dedicated service,
first as a leader in trade unionism and
then in public service, PAT deserves to
be able to ease up a bit. I wish him
well in his retirement; but the Michigan
congressional delegation and the people
of Michigan will miss his leadership in
the coming years.
(Mr. GILBERT (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. GILBERT'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
PERSONAL ANNOUNCEMENT
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
announce that this afternoon when one
vote came on a quorum call and another
on adoption of the rule on the foreign
aid bill I was with Dr. Irving Muskat,
chairman of Interama, in conference
with the Honorable John Macy, Chair-
man of the Civil Service Commission,
relative to some vital aspects of Interama
and was not able to get back in
time for these votes. However, I have,
of course, voted on the other votes re-
specting the foreign aid bill, including
final passage of the bill today.
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include , extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. PEPPER'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix. ]
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AT
14TH ANNUAL PRAYER BREAK-
FAST
(Mr. MATSUNAGA was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this-
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, as a
strong believer in the power of prayer, I
was deeply moved, as were others pres-
ent, by the remarks of President Lyndon
B. Johnson at the 14th annual Presi-
dent's prayer breakfast meeting, held last
Thursday, February 17.
Burdened by the weight of decision-
making demanded by his high office, and
having to make decisions calling for
sending of American young men into the
battlefields of Vietnam, our President
stated that he has found the courage to
face the next day in prayer. He quoted
the words of another tormented Presi-
dent of. a past generation, Abraham
Lincoln :
I have been driven to my knees many times
by the overwhelming conviction that I had
nowhere else to go. My own wisdom and
that of all about me seem insufficient for
the day.
President Johnson added that his
strength comes not only from his own
prayers, but also from the prayers of
the mothers who have given their sons to
our country, and who in their great sor-
row still found the courage to write him
and to pray for him. The President was
preceded by the world renowned evange-
list, the Reverend Dr. Billy Graham.
Mr. Speaker, in the hope that those
who did not hear the president may
gain a better understanding of the heart
and mind of our great leader by a read-
ing of the complete text of his moving
and inspiring remarks made on Febru-
ary 17, 1966, at the 14th annual presi-
dent's prayer breakfast held at the
Shorham Hotel here in Washington,
under unanimous consent I include it
in the RECORD:
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AT THE 14TI-I
ANNUAL PRAYER BREAKFAST AT THE SHORE-
HAM HOTEL, FEBRUARY 17, 1966
Dr. Graham, my beloved friend, Senator
CARLSON, distinguished guests at the head
table, my dear friends, I am pleased to return
again to our annual prayer breakfast to be
among so many of my old friends. In this
room this morning we have been privileged
to hear one of the great speakers and lead-
ers of our time. He has been heard by some
of the great leaders of the most powerful
nations in the world, yet not a single one of
,us is ashamed to say, "I will lift up mine
eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh
my help."
Just a few blocks from here, on the front
of the National Archives, is an inscription,
"The past is prologue." As your President,
I have had many occasions to realize the
truth of that statement. Throughout our
long history our Presidents have struggled
with recurring problems. The way they
handle those problems and their successes
or failures can guide us in the actions that
we are called Upon to take today.
But there are some things that history
cannot teach us and among them is how to
bear, without pain, the sending of our young
Americans into battle and how to fill the
aching void as we wait for the news of their
fate and how to console the wife, or the
mother, or the little children when that
news is bad.
These are the times when I recall the wis-
dom of Abraham Lincoln when he said, "I
have been driven to my knees many times
by the overwhelming conviction that I had
nowhere else to go, My own wisdom and
that of all about me seem insufficient for the
day." In private prayer at unusual mo-
ments, I have found courage to meet another
day in a world where peace upon earth is
still only an empty dream.
The Prophet Isaiah tells us, "They that
wait upon the Lord shall renew their
strength; they shall mount up with wings as
eagles; they shall run, and not be weary;
and they shall walk, and not faint."
I believe that with all my heart, but in
these troubled times I am sustained by much
more than my own prayers. I am sustained
by the prayers of hundreds of Americans who
daily take the time to look up from their
own problems in order to try to give me a
little encouragement in mine. Not long ago
I received a letter one morning from a mother
whose son had been killed in Vietnam. She
spoke of the pain and the loss and the tears
that are ever ready to flow, but through all
of this were words of encouragement for me
from this dear little lady.
In her letter she concluded, "Mr. President,
I wish I could tell you all that I feel in my
heart. There just aren't words, so we ask
God to bless you and your little family, that
He will guide you in all the terrible decisions
that you must make. As long as we believe,
our strength is in our faith in God and He
will never fail us."
dear mother are to be found the greatness
of this Nation and also the strength of its
Pse dent.
ANCING OF WAR IN VIETNAM
(Mr. MOELLER (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MOELLER. Mr. Speaker, I
deeply appreciate the fine explanation
of H.R. 12752 provided by the chairman
of the Committee on Ways and Means,
the gentleman from Arkansas [Mr.
MILLS], and I appreciate his appeal for
our support of its enactment.
I likewise appreciate the very pointed
admonitions set forth by the ranking
minority Member the gentleman from
Wisconsin [Mr. BYRNES). It is heart-
warming to know that an issue as vital
as the financing of the war in Vietnam
has such bipartisan support. However,
I also agree with my colleagues who feel
most strongly that this is,. at least to
some degree, discriminatory legislation.
Last June we removed the excise tax
on many, many items, including a partial
removal of the excise tax on automobiles
and telephone charges. It occurs to me
that we might have turned to the more
luxury-type-area to reimpose the excise
tax. A tax on luxury items is certainly
not one that touches the impoverished
or the workingman. I concede also that
the machinery is still in operation for
collecting the excise tax on automobiles
and telephones, and for that reason, it
seems most appropriate that this be the
area, though I reluctantly agree, where
additional revenue must be found.
We all loathe war and none can'deny
that we are now engaged in a cruel war
in Vietnam. Our servicemen dare not
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 24, 1966
be denied the implements of war or the
necessities for their subsistence, but
since we are now engaged in this in-
volvement I find no recourse except to
approved the proposed Tax Adjustment
Act of 1966.
I do so with the hope that in a very
brief period of time we can restore these
tax cuts and that the additional costs of
warfare will be lifted from the backs of
our taxpayers. While making this nec-
essary adjustment now, I agree most
wholeheartedly with the gentleman from
Wisconsin I Mr. BYRNES 1, that we need to
eliminate all unnecessary expenditures
for domestic purposes--and such elimi-
nations can be made. However, those
who are suffering from inadequate eco-
nomic resources today, those who have
been disadvantaged by years of economic
drought as many of the inhabitants of
the Appalachia region, should not be
made to suffer the first expenditure cuts.
Wise expenditures of aid for these areas
will help to replenish the treasury in
the future and improve income.
Again, Mr. Speaker, I reluctantly ex-
press approval of the legislation in the
hope that what we do here today, out
of prudence, will provide assurances for
victory in Vietnam.
i'lIE REDWOODS DESERVE BETTER
THAN COMPROMISE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from California IMr. C01RELAN1 is
recognized for 5 minutes.
Mr. COHELAN. Mr. Speaker, the
President's message on conservation, de-
livered yesterday, is one of the most far-
reaching and far-sighted on this subject
of all time. The President is to be highly
commended for his generally excellent
program, and particularly on his pro-
posals to combat water pollution.
California's Governor Brown deserves
credit for his efforts leading to the in-
clusion of a Redwood National Park in
this program and for his work to secure
provision of appropriate economic ad-
justment payments.
But, Mr. Speaker, I would be less than
candid or honest if I were to say the ad-
ministration's redwood proposal is ade-
quate to preserve this great and unique
resource. Unfortunately, it falls far
short of what is necessary if any inean-
ingful stands of redwoods are to be pre-
served for future generations of Ameri-
cans.
It takes a thousand years or more to
grow mature redwoods, and, once cut,
much longer still to establish a climax
forest, if indeed that is possible at all.
This point, incidentally, is not the opin-
ion of novices or special-interest repre-
sentatives. This point was made by the
National Park Service in its report of
September 1964, prophetically entitled
"The Redwoods, a National Opportunity
for Conservation."
Yet, Mr. Speaker, the administration's
bill would appear to ignore this very
message. It appears to disregard the
simple but staggering fact that only 10
percent-or 200,000 acres-of this coun-
try's original redwood forest remains to-
day. It appears to ignore the reality
that last year alone some 15,000 acres of
redwood giants fell to the woodman's ax,
and that more are being felled-many in
the very area proposed for preservation-
as we talk.
These facts plainly indicate that bold
action is required, but bold action does
not characterize the administration's
plan.
This plan calls for a 43,392-acre park
in the Mill Creek area of Del Norte
County, including the present Jedediah
Smith and Del Norte Coast State Parks.
But when these State parks are included,
only some 25,000 acres would be added to
protected status; only 7,800 acres of ad-
ditional virgin redwoods would be
included., and much of this is either of
mediocre quality or in the process of
being cut.
This Mill Creek area is primarily im-
portant as watershed protection for the
two existing State parks. It would not
compare in quality or variety, in scenic or
recreational features, with the 90,000-
acre park at Redwood and Prairie Creeks
which 28 of our colleagues in the House
have joined me in calling for, and which
16 Members of the Senate introduced
yesterday.
Mr. Speaker, I am ,also disturbed about
the plan to provide a separate unit of
1,400 acres in Humboldt County to pro-
tect the world's tallest trees. It is not
that these trees do not need protection;
they need it desperately. But this provi-
sion of only 1,400 acres raises false hopes
that they could be preserved for long.
Once the surrounding valley slopes are
logged off, as they inevitably will be, the
tallest redwoods will be exposed to wind
and flood and soil erosion which will
quickly number their years.
The most serious weakness in the ad-
m.inistration's proposal, however, Mr.
Speaker, is the omission of the Redwood
and Prairie Creek Valleys, where sweep-
ing vistas combine with primeval forest
and wild, clear streams in a setting of un-
matched grandeur. Here nearly 80,000
acres of unprotected forests are avail-
able, 33,000 of which are forested with
virgin redwoods.
't'his is the area originally identified as
most desirable for a redwood national
park in a National Geographic Society
study.
This is the area first recommended by
the National Park Service.
This is the area for a redwood park
supported by the Sierra Club, the Wilder-
ness Society, the National Audubon So-
ciety, the National Parks Association , the
Men's Garden Clubs of America, the Citi-
zens Committee on Natural Resources,
the Nature Conservancy, Trustees for
Conservation, Citizens for a Redwood
National Park, and the Federation of
Western Outdoor Clubs.
This is the area provided for in bills
introduced by 45 Members of the House
and Senate.
It may very well' be, Mr. Speaker, that
insufficient funds presently exist to ac-
quire this entire area of primary desi:ra-
b ility. But the answer to this limitation
is not to put the limited funds available
to second best use.
The answer is that if only $56 million
is available, it should be put to use in
buying the best land available; $56 mil-
lion can make a very desirable start in
acquiring an outstanding Redwood Na-
tional Park in the Redwood Creek area,
though certainly an even more desirable
one could be purchased with more plenti-
ful funds. And if we begin in the right
place we can make appropriate additions
as this becomes possible.
Compromise is not worthy of this great
resource. Let 'us pursue its preservation
with the vision, imagination and determi-
nation it deserves.
Mr. Speaker, the New York Times this
morning, in an editorial entitled, "Re-
treat on Redwoods," comments thought-
fully and perceptively on this very prob-
lem. I commend it to our colleagues'
attention :
RETREAT ON REDWOODS
In his message on conservation yesterday,
President Johnson put forward an excellent
program to combat water pollution, on which
we will comment later, and he reaffirmed his
support for several desirable bills now pend-
ing for national parks and seashores.
But on one of the most controversial of
current issues in this field-the size of the
proposed Redwood National Park in northern
California-his stand is a sharp disappoint-
ment.
For some months the administration has
been wavering between two plans. One, em-
bodied in a bill by Representative COIL LAN,
of California, would establish a 90,000-acre
park. More than it score of House Members
have introduced similar bills. The alterna-
tive plan drafted within the Interior De-
partment provided for a drastically smaller
park. It would have afforded no protection
to Redwood Creek Valley, which has the best
surviving stand of primeval redwoods. But
it would have been much more acceptable
to the commercial interests that want to saw
these ancient trees-some of them more than
2,000 years old-into lumber for use as build-
ing material, fenceposts, and similar
purposes.
Public protests against this timidly con-
ceived, grossly inadequate plan led to the
last-minute compromise which the admin-
istration sent to Congress yesterday. It is a
compromise that will satisfy no one who
understands the values at stake in the preser-
vation for all time of these unique, magnifi-
cent trees. We note with surprise and regret
that Senator KUCHEL, of California, has
agreed to sponsor this highly unsatisfactory
bill, and with even more surprise and regret
that Secretary Udall lends his reputation as
a conservationist to such an unworthy com-
promise.
Only 43,000 acres are to be included in this
proposed park. Since this acreage includes
two existing State parks, little more than
half of the land would be newly protected.
Moreover, fewer than 7,000 acres would con-
sist of primeval. redwoods. The Redwood
Creek Valley would remain available for pri-
vate exploitation-except for one pathetically
small enclosure of 1,400 acres, isolated from
the rest of the park.
Buying up these redwood lands from pri-
vate owners would be expensive, but dollars
cannot be decisive when the asset is irre-
placeable. As President Johnson so elo-
quently said in his message, "Despite all of
our wealth and knowledge, we cannot create
a redwood forest, a wild river, or a gleaming
seashore." We urge Congress to take the
President at his word and to create a Red-
wood National Park worthy of his rhetoric
and of the great trees that are an indescrib-
ably beautiful part of America's natural
heritage.
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NUKES
gram, and urge that the necessary funds
be included in the 1967 fiscal year budget
so this important construction program
can continug without Interruption.
FEDERAL REVENUES FOR USE IN
STATE PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND
SECONDARY EDUCATION
(Mr. GURNEY (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. GURNEY. Mr. Speaker, I am to-
day joining several of my Republican col-
leagues in introducing legislation to
share a portion of Federal revenues with
each State for use in public elementary
and secondary education.
The bill would establish an educational
assistance trust fund, into which 1 per-
cent of the revenue received from the
Internal Revenue Code and tariff sched-
ule would be deposited the first year, 2
percent the second year, up to 5 percent
the fifth year, and thereafter.
Tax 'sharing for education is based
on . a two-part formula: half of the
money would be returned to the States
on a per-student basis; the other half
would be based on the amount of effort
each State is currently putting into edu-
cation. "Effort" is defined as the per-
cent of gross personal income spent on
public elementary and secondary edu-
cation.
The concept of tax sharing to bolster
the State's abilities to provide those
services which are within its domain Is
an attractive one to all those who fear
intervention by Washington in local
matters. Education, along with other
services, is becoming more and more
difficult for States to afford. State taxes
have risen steadily, from $4.9 billion 20
years ago to $24.2 billion in 1964. In
1963 alone, property taxes rose 7.3 per-
cent over 1962 rates, sales taxes increased
by 8.7 percent, corporation taxes by 7.5
percent, and personal income tax by 6.3
percent.
All this has been caused by the in-
crease in State and local expenditures.
These have risen by 600 percent since the
mid-1940's. The cost of education alone
has risen over 700 percent In that time,
from $3 billion in 1946 to $22 billion.
And this outlay for education is ex-
pected to double by 1972.
State and local taxes have risen about
as high as they can go, with the Federal
Government preempting so much of the
national income through Federal income
tax. This leaves State and local govern-
ments in the position of having no place
to turn except to the Federal Govern-
ment.
However, the knowledge of local sit-
uations, needs, and problems is at the
local and State level. They are far
better able to improve their educational
programs themselves. Gigantic Federal
programs too often result in Federal con-
trol and the imposition of rules which
are not in the best interests of education
in all areas.
This year we have seen several locali-
ties in the United States refuse aid
under the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act, because they feared
overcontrol by the Office of Education.
They would rather struggle along in
freedom than lose control of the edu-
cation of their children to those in far-
removed offices in Washington.
For experience has taught us that Fed-
eral subsidy brings Federal control. The
tax-sharing plan, however, lets the Fed-
eral Government provide the funds and
lets the States determine how these can
best be used to supplement their own
efforts.
Built into the formula is the assurance
that no State will then decide to sit back
and let Uncle Sam pay the bills, for the
amount a State receives depends in great
part upon its own per student expendi-
tures. If anything, this will spur the
States on to greater effort.
To assure that the money Is spent for
education, plans will be submitted by the
Governor to the Comptroller General of
the United States each year, and at the
end of the year an audit must be sub-
mitted to show actual use. This ap-
proach gives a tremendous boost to the
education of our young people. Per
pupil expenditures can increase greatly
through Federal contributions and at the
same time, incentive will be provided for
each State to make even more effort on
its own.
There would be no need for a great ex-
pansion of Federal personnel in Wash-
ington to administer the program-it
would be handled by the local officials
already on the job. It would yield us the
greatest return on our investment, for it
would utilize the best capabilities of each
level of government.
Our federal system is a precious free-
dom which we must strive to preserve
and strengthen. It is built firmly upon
the Federal-State cooperation and divi-
sion of powers and responsibilities, such
as I propose in this bill. And like every
other precious thing we know in Amer-
ica, its strength is in the education of
each new generation to carry it on and
protect it. Surely, then, we. can make no
wiser Investment in our Nation's future
than by the speedy passage of this bill.
(Mr. BUCHANAN (at the request of
Mr. BURTON of Utah) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
[Mr. BUCHANAN'S remarks will ap-
pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. WYDLER (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. WYDLER'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD
Mr. MOELLER. Mr. Speaker, In the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of yesterday at
page 3615, line 44, are the words:
Profound though, as prayer.
Certain words of my remarks were in-
advertently deleted. The RECORD should
read:
February 24, 1966
He was a profound theologian, as his pray-
ers amply indicated.
I ask unanimous consent that the per-
manent RECORD be so corrected.
The SPEAKER. Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was no objection.
The SPEAKER. Under a previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Texas [Mr.. PATMAN] is recognized for 60
minutes.
[Mr. PATMAN addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Appendix.]
The SPEAKER. Under a previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Ohio [Mr. VANIKI is recognized for 60
minutes.
[Mr. VANIK addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Appgrjdix. ]
N
U RO
TATION NOW IN VIETNAM
Mr. SPEAKER. Under a previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Wyoming [Mr. RONCALIO], is recognized
for 30 minutes.
(Mr. RONCALIO asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, I bring
to the attention of my colleagues the fact
that from thinly populated Wyoming,
with less than 320,000 human beings, six
families have been called upon to pay the
supreme price of the escalation of our
Vietnam military posture.
These six fatalities are:
First. Alma Jack Stumpp, Afton, Wyo.
Second. Ernest Taylor, Jr., Kaycee,
Wyo.
Third. Robert Fred Guthrie, Chey-
enne, Wyo.
Fourth. Craig Blackner, Lyman, Wyo.
Fifth. Sam Lee Delos, Ten Sleep, Wyo.
Sixth. Ladd Condy, Cheyenne, Wyo.
What is particularly tragic, Mr.
Speaker, Is that in the case of at least
two of the above war casualties from
Wyoming had there been some type of
rotation policy in effect in Vietnam their
lives might have been spared.
Mr. Guthrie, a young man from Chey-
enne, Wyo., was killed within 30 days
prior to the completion of his tour of
duty-after a 4-year hitch as a corpsman
in the U.S. Marines.
On November 17, 1965, Ernest E. Tay-
lor-a specialist 4th class-from Kaycee,
Wyo., was killed in action. Two days
before, he had written to friends that he
expected to be released from combat duty
on December 10 to begin his trip home,
following- his stretch of duty. In this
case he was killed less than 3 weeks prior
to the completion of his tour.
These two deaths show again the ne-
cessity for a review now of the ,military
policy that asks far too much of a few
while far too many get by giving far too
little in this process of defending Amer-
ica in time of its military engagements.
Because of my own personal experience
in the 1st Infantry Division in World
War II, Mr. Speaker, an American Regu-
lar Army Division again engaged in com-
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February 4., 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE
three reasons that would explain the Congress passed the Trade Act over 3
stubbornness. One is that a large trade years ago under the false impression
surplus would be a great credit to the that we were riding high in foreign ex-
trade agreements program. It would port markets?
bear out the predictions made on behalf I do not believe that we should plunge
of the program and the hopes centered blindly ahead with further drastic tariff
in it. It would justify the undertaking reductions when our trade statistics, if
by tyre fruits it had borne. properly reported, would reveal our weak
Not to be overlooked is the reflection competitive position in world markets.
that a large export surplus would also We would be ill advised, I am con-
put a pleasing sheen on the feverish ef- vinced, to proceed under the assumption
forts and motions of the Department of that present high levels of production
Commerce to promote exports. With no
surplus to show for these efforts it might
be more difficult to coax more money out
of Congress.
The third item is perhaps the most
pernicious of the three. The so-called
export surplus is used as evidence that
the ..ndustries of this country are indeed
competitive in world markets. More-
over, the high surplus shows that we
could absorb further drastic tariff cuts
with little risk of damage to our indus-
tries;.
if the authentic results of our trade
demonstrate that we are not really com-
petitive abroad except in two or three
products, our trade position takes on a
wholly different complexion. The fact is
that so far as exports of manufactured
goods are concerned we have been ex-
periencing a shrinking in our share com-
pared with other countries. The prin-
cipal exception is machinery. Our ex-
ports of this item have boomed hand in
hand with the rising tide of investment
of cur industries abroad. This may be
temporary and may result in. shrinking
foreign markets for goods shipped from
this country in the future. Exports of
[arra products have also risen to record
heights, but this swelling volume is at-
tributable to shipments under Public
Law 480, food for peace and similar pro-
grains. They do not reflect an improve-
ment of our competitive position in
agricultural products.
it seems unthinkable that under these
circumstances we should offer to the
world another 50-percent tariff reduc-
tion. Recently, Mr. William M. Roth,
Deputy Special Representative for Trade
Negotiations, in a speech before the Unit-
ed States-Japan Trade Council, said:
Actually, much has been accomplished so
air in Geneva. Items to be excepted from
the across-the-board 50-percent cut in in-
dus-aial tariffs were tabled in November 1964.
Our exceptions were kept at the barest mini-
mum consistent with considerations of over-
ridiag national security.
;.ef'erring to the so-called Kennedy
round he also said:
,]'his ambitious effort, the greatest in the
20-year history of GA'I'T trade negotiations,
will not fail because of any lack of will or
determination of the United States to see it
through to a satisfactory conclusion.
?o, Mr. Speaker, the policy is to push
through the 50-percent reduction in any
(vent. If the facts of our nonexistent
trace surplus that have recently come to
light do not greatly temper the deter-
mination mentioned by Mr. Roth, we can
only wonder what is the administration's
real attitude toward domestic industry.
Is it to be sacrificed willy-nilly because
and employment in this country would
justify opening up our market to grow-
ing volumes of imports when it is clear
that so far as really competitive trade is
concerned we are running a deficit. If
there is any doubt about this deficit, I
think it should be cleared up.
I am joining others who have intro-
duced a joint resolution calling on the
Commerce and Treasury Departments to
issue summary trade reports that will
show our true competitive standing in
the world rather than obscuring the
facts. I trust that the Ways and Means
Committee will hold early hearings so
that all. doubts can be resolved.
FRE33 BUSBEY. THE RUGGED
INDIVIDUALIST
(Mr. ARENDS (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the :RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. A.ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, it was a
great shock to me to learn of the passing
of my very good friend, Fred Busboy, who
served in this body with distinction in
the 78th, 80th, 82d, and 83d Congresses.
Inasmuch as he was elected from what
is generally known as a politically mar-
ginal district, he was not able to have
continuity of service and the opportunity
to demonstrate his full worth. Notwith-
standing this, in each Congress that he
served he contributed immeasurably to
its deliberations.
We frequently use the descriptive term
"rugged individualist" without our al-
ways being quite certain what it means.
But I think that anyone who was privi-
leged to know :Fred Bushey would under-
stand exactly what is meant when we re-
fer to him as a "rugged individualist."
He was a man of convictions with cour-
age of his convictions, and more than just
ordinary courage. He would fight to the
bitter end, even if he stood alone, for
what he believed. Nothing could deter
him.
During World War I he served as a
Regular Army sergeant, and he partici-
pated :in some of the hardest fought bat-
tles of that war. He was proud of this,
and justly so. And as I fondly reflect
on Fred's service in the Congress, he
showed the same ruggedness and deter-
mination and ingenuity that somewhat
typifies a military sergeant. He did not
seek glory for glory's sake. He sought
results, and he got results.
With the passing of Fred Busbey I.
have lost a very fine friend. He will
never be forgotten by any of us privi-
leged to know him.
MONENNY FISH HATCHERY AT
SPEARFISH, S. DAK.
(Mr. BERRY (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to :include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, it is very
unfortunate to find that the 1967 budget
for the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife does not include any proposed
expenditure for the current building and
expansion program being undertaken at
the McNenny Fish Hatchery at Spear-
iish, S. Dak.
The McNenny hatchery, constructed
in 1951, produces rainbow and brown
trout primarily for stocking waters in
the Black Hills trout management area.
This area contains about 175 miles of
trout streams and 1,900 acres of trout
lakes, which provide an estimated 800,-
000 man-hours of angling annually. In
addition to this, this hatchery supplies
17 counties in western South Dakota, 21
counties in western North Dakota, 10
counties in eastern Wyoming, and a large
Bureau of Reclamation reservoir in Ne-
braska. The average annual production
of all species is about 70,000 pounds.
During the past several years the Bu-
reau of Reclamation, the Corps of Engi-
neers, and State and local governments
have constructed numerous new impond-
ments in South Dakota, and the three
neighboring States. Many of these res-
ervoirs provide excellent trout fishing;
however, to maintain the fishery, fre-
quent planting of fingerling fish are re-
quired. Requests for fingerling trout by
management agencies exceed the present
production capabilities of the hatchery.
The McNenny hatchery also serves as
a production test center for the formu-
lation and testing of fish diets. This has
resulted in significant improvements in
our ability to produce quality diets at
substantial cost savings. A new building
is needed to house testing and diet form-
ulation equipment, and to provide addi-
tional fingerling production facilities.
With funds provided in fiscal year 1966-
$25,000-a well is at the present time
being drilled to supplement the hatch-
cry's water supply.
The development program, which I
shall outline in a moment, must be un-
dertaken to increase the production of
fish and to improve efficiency of opera-
tions immediately. The expanded facil-
ities would mean about 100,000 pounds
of trout could be produced annually, ap-
proximately doubling, the present finger-
ling production.
The development program includes
the following items:
Pipeline--------------------------- $10,000
Broodstock raceways-.------------- 20,009
Production building and facilities__ 120, 000
Residence____--._._-___.-_-____-_____ 20,000
Sewage disposal system ------------ 20, 000
Equipment---------------------.--- 15,000
Therefore, the total estimated cost of
the program is $205,000. I urge the
House Interior Appropriations Subcom-
mittee and each Member of this House
to carefully consider this building pro-
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Fe&ruary 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD US
bat in Vietnam-I believe it is proper to
call to the attention of my colleagues at
this time this glaring inequity in the
Armed Forces of the United States. I
have, accordingly, written to the Secre-
tary of Defense suggesting a rotation
policy for men in combat, and if none
is forthcoming, I shall introduce legis-
lation to that effect.
It is evident, Mr. Speaker, that these
conflicts in policing the world-and par-
ticularly our Vietnam commitment-
may extend for a long period of time.
This being true, a certain number of set
days in combat or "in contact with the
enemy," becomes the only real goal which
a fighting man understands in carrying
out the daily ordeals of combat.
We in the Halls of Congress, we in the
safe, well-fed sectors of America, may be
moved by the euphonious principals daily
restated in these difficult times. But to
men eating the C-rations and sleeping in
swamps, to men digging holes in the jun-
gle and fighting and dying-so many
days in combat and then home-this is
the only language they truly understand.
A man in combat feels one thing above
all else-and that is that he stays alive
in order to come home to his loved ones.
If a rotation policy is in effect, he is a
better soldier because of it. If one is not
in effect, Mr. Speaker, he has no goal;
he has only bleakness and a constantly
doubtful moral factor at best, which will
always affect his proficiency.
I stress again, Mr. Speaker, experience
has taught us that the first thing for
which any man fights is his self preserva-
tion. I believe we had better establish
a firm and definite policy of rotation for
our great fighting men now. It should be
so many days in combat, during all of
which they may look forward to return-
ing home. Thus somebody in the train-
ing camps or civilian life in America, can
take their place to carry on the fight
which means so much to so many.
I believe a strong immediate rotation
policy should be placed in effect so that
at least five riflemen with the most over-
seas duty per company per month should
be rotated home and replaced with re-
cruits from stateside.
I believe these five men should come
from every combat unit in South Viet-
nam, and I believe that at least two men
should be rotated home from all sup-
port, supply, and other noncombat units
now in these theaters of operations.
Mr. Speaker, I stress that this is a
matter of equity and of the basic con-
cepts of justice-and I hope my col-
leagues will take an interest in this vital
matter.
In World War II in the Big Red One-
the 1st Division-it was said that there
were two ways to get home, by rotation
or in a pine box-in a mattress cover, to
be exact. in my sparsely populated dis-
trict, which is the State of Wyoming,
Mr. Speaker, six young men have come
home so far via a pine box, it is time
now to assure that the next six to come
home to Wyoming come home alive and
well, and able to know the respect and
admiration of a grateful people.
THE WAR THAT FOREIGN AID
FIGHTS
(Mr. OTTINGER (at the request of
Mr. MATSUNAGA) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I am
told by those who have visited the bat-
tlefronts in South Vietnam that average
life expectancy in Vietnam is only 35
years. You may be surprised to learn,
however, that this figure has nothing to
do with the bullets of the Communist
enemy. This figure is the result of the
ravages of other enemies: disease,
hunger, and ignorance. The United
States is engaged in a war on these killers
as well as the terror and death spread by
the Vietcong.
The soldiers on this second front are
the teams of doctors being trained with
the help of U.S. medical personnel and
equipment provided through our AID
program. Medical centers in Hue and
Saigon are now graduating 150 doctors a
year to take charge of the country's ex-
panding medical services. More than
12,000 health centers have been estab-
lished and stocked with medicines in
rural health programs manned by 8,000
newly-trained village health workers.
When the United States started its bat-
tle against disease and squalor in Viet-
nam, there were fewer than 200 civilian
doctors attending to the medical needs
of 16 million people.
The importance of this effort is not
diminished by the fact that Vietcong
guerrillas destroy some of the new health
units as soon as they are constructed.
In every village where a Government
health center is caring for the sick and
undernourished there is visible proof of
which side is concerned with the welfare
of the people, proof which the Vietcong
seek to obliterate.
The AID-supported health program
started with the introduction of sani-
tary water supplies in the ancient capital
of Hue, as well as in Saigon. In rural
areas, outdoor sanitary facilities have
been added.
A major campaign against malaria
which was initiated with the help of
U.S.-trained malaria teams, has reduced
the incidence of new cases to less than
2 percent a year.
Deaths from malaria have been re-
duced from 35,000 in 1958 to 2,000 in
1965. Seven million people have been
vaccinated against cholera, and 8 mil-
lion more have received vaccinations and
treatments for other diseases.
American civilians are responding in-
creasingly to the Vietnamese Govern-
ment's call for medical help. The latest
group of American doctors to volunteer
their services in Vietnam included 30
Cuban refugees. One hundred personnel
from the U.S. Army Medical Civilian
Action Program are also serving.
While there are many inadequacies
and shortcomings in our AID program
in Vietnam, there is no questions but
that this humanitarian effort equals or
exceeds in importance our military effort
there. The Agency and the administra-
tion are now making a major effort to
win the nonmilitary war in Vietnam-
and are successfully persuading the
South Vietnamese Government to place
more emphasis in this direction. This
effort as fully deserves our support as
the military authorization on which we
will shortly be acting.
SMALL BUSINESS NEEDS HELP
(Mr. OTTINGER (at the request of
Mr. MATSUNAGA) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I
have today introduced legislation which
must be passed if the small businessmen
of this Nation are to receive the assist-
ance the Congress intends they receive.
My bill would separate the revolving
funds under the Small Business Act so
that the Small Business Administration
could not reach into direct business loan
funds even if some widespread disaster
would justify that action. In the case
of a disaster requiring additional finan-
cial assistance from SBA, a separate sup-
plemental appropriation would be re-
quired. The thrust of this bill is to keep
inviolate the small business direct loan
program which has been so important to
the small businessmen of the Nation.
The legislation I have introduced
would not increase the SBA appropria-
tion but would divide it into three
separate revolving funds reserved for
specific purposes. The Small Business
Act now provides for only one with allo-
cations set administratively within SBA.
My bill would establish one revolving
fund for direct business loans under sec-
tion 7(a) of the Small Business Act,
prime contract authority under section
8(a), and loans under title IV of the
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 in the
amount of $1 billion.
A second revolving fund totaling $300
million is set up for disaster loans under
section 7(b) and section 7(b) (2). The
third separate revolving fund is set up
for programs under the Small Business
Investment Act of 1958-except for title
IV of that act-and the bill authorizes
$461 million for this fund.
My bill also sets limits for the amounts
of loans, guarantees and commitments
which may be outstanding at any one
time under each of the three funds.
Mr. Speaker, the need for legislation
such as I have introduced today has been
amply demonstrated on a number of oc-
casions in recent years. The recent
transit strike in New York City drama-
tized the seriousness of the failure of the
Small Business Administration to seek
funds necessary to maintain an effective
direct loan program. Congress must
take take immediate action to provide
these funds.
Although SBA suspended its direct
loan last October 11, it took no steps to
obtain sufficient funds to avert economic
disaster should an emergency arise.
When the transit strike became an ex-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --HOUSE February 79 4, '1_9766
tended emergency, thousands of small
businessmen were faced with economic
ruin and SBA had no resources to assist
them. Instead, SBA was forced to hast-
ily round up extra funds to provide direct
leans. There is some question whether
the $20 million SBA raised from a revolv--
ing fund was enough to meet the need.
lilt the main point is that SBA's mad
dash for money was precisely the wrong
aplxroach and. should not have been
necessary.
Suspension of the direct loan program
is now in its sixth month and SBA ofti-?
cials still are unable to tell us when they
will be able to lift the moratorium. True,
SBA is studying ways of better orga-
nizing the loan program, but that is little
comfort to the businessman who needs a
loan now.
li urge all my colleagues to join with.
me in taking positive action to put the
small business direct loan program back:
on its feet. We can afford no further
delay.
E &I ONIA----INDEPENDENCE DAY
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr..
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, it is a
distinct honor to extend congratulations
to the thousands of supporters in Amer-
ica of Estonian independence and to the
captive people of Estonia on this Febru-
ary 24, the anniversary of their inde-
pendence. While the Estonian nation
has experienced many misfortunes since
their 1918 declaration of independence,.
the ebullient quest for freedom and lib-
erty that was once achieved, remains
strong today.
Yes, Russia still wields its overpower-
ing influence in Estonia, but even 22
consecutive years of Russian occupation
have not succeeded in destroying the Es-
tonian's determination to remain true to
their own cultural heritage.
The shameful and sometimes barbaric
treatment of the people of Estonia at
the hands of the Russian Communists
is surpassed perhaps only by that of
Nazi Germany. Proof of Russian brutal-
ity and virtual extermination of much of
Estonia's people lies in the stark popula-
tion statistics of 1934 and 1959. During
that 25-year :interval the Estonian pop-
ulation decreased by approximately 120,-
000. Primary methods employed by the
Soviets which account for those losses
were purges, deportations and murders.
Many Estonians were forced to become
refugees, many of whom were able to
come to America. But this policy of the
Russians had another facet; the num-
ber of Russians in Estonia grew by more
than 167,000 during the same period. It
is estimated that more than 240,000 per-
sons from the Soviet Union have "mi-
v--rated" into Estonia. We are all aware
that the purpose of this Russian program
was to dilute Estonian nationalism
through a tremendous influx of persons
loyal to Mother Russia. However,
strong Estonian resistance to this im-
perialist Russian subterfuge has been a
leading factor in its failure and is quite
reminiscent of the historic failures dur-
ing the 1721-1918 period of czarist. Rus-
sian occupation.
Americans of Estonian descent have
continued their activities in support of
liberty for their captured brethren.
America can take pride in the fact, that
she has welcomed to her shores more
than 60,000 Estonian refugees from Nazi
and Communist persecution. Though
naturally concerned about events in
.Estonia, these Estonian-Americans have
freely joined in the fight to improve
man's condition wherever he is found.
While much of the world's attention
has been focused on such vital issues as
Vietnam and proliferation of nuclear
weapons, we must not, lose sight of the
plain and overriding issue of funda-
mental human freedom. The people of
.Estonia are unfortunate victims, who
bear witness to the fact that the struggle
for freedom is not limited to the "un-
developed" areas of the world. It is
being carried out wherever one group of
people uses force or intimidation to sub-
ject another group to its will. It is in
-this light we should consider the case of
:Estonia.
It is a travesty of the meaning of free-
dom that these people must be forced to
observe the passing of another anniver-
sary while in the cruel and vise-like
grasp of Communist Russia. Let us in
everyway possible and at every oppor-
tunity call to the world's attention the
plight of the people of Estonia and the
rest of the souls Communist Russia still
maintains in virtual bondage.
VASCO DE SOUSA JARDIM
(Mr. RODINO (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point _n the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, last Sat-
urday evening in my hometown of
Newark I was privileged to join with
many of my friends in the community in
paying tribute to one of New Jersey's
most distinguished citizens, Vasco de
Sousa Vardim. Founder, editor, publish-
er of New Jersey's weekly Portuguese
language newspaper, Vasco Jardim's in-
fluence extends well beyond New Jersey
and well. beyond his ethnic associations.
And for his more than 40 years of service
to the community and to his fellow Por-
tuguese-Americans, Vasco Jardim was
singled out to receive the highest civilian
honor that can be awarded by the Gov-
ernment of Portugal: Conferral of the
Order of Prince Henry..
It was a joyous occasion, this dinner,
and I was honored myself by being asked
to participate in the events. His Excel-
lency Vasco Viera Garin; Ambassador of
Portugal to the United. States, made the
presentation to Mr. Jardim, while such
leading figures within the Portuguese-
American community as Father Jose L.
Capote; Father Anthony Monteiro; Don-
ald B. Gomes, the chairman; :Prank
Soares, cochairman; Dr. Manuel L. da
Silva, toastmaster; Antonio Brag a, re-
cording secretary; Mrs. Daniel Rod-
rigues, corresponding secretary; and
Mario Teixeira, Jr., treasurer, we:?c re-
sponsible for the well organized success
of the entire affair.
Vasco Jardim typifies the great men
who have made America great since our
early days. Born in the Madeira Islands
of Portugal, he came to this country in
1920, settled and married in one of the
largest Portuguese-American c:ominuni-
ties in. southwestern Massachusetts, mov-
ing to Newark in 1928. Even as in Fali.
River and New Bedford, Vasco Jardim.
immediately became a powerful force for
good in his new community.
As a reporter, he was always aware of
his responsibility for truth; as a citizen.
he helped weld into the community those
of his own ethnic heritage and helped
the community to wipe away the arti-
ficial barriers that are often set around
ethnic groups.
Many years ago John Donne wrote :
No man is an island sufficient unto itself.
Each of us is touched, each of us its af-
fected and changed, for better or for
worse, by the actions of others. Because
this is true, all of Newark, all of New
Jersey and so many communities beyond
our State lines stand in the debt of the
man we honored last Saturday evening.
Good deeds are as the stars which
shine brightly in the dark sky of night.
We do not notice them in the sun-filled
glare of day-to-day living; but they are
there, nevertheless, to brighten the world
at an hour when it most needs brighten-
ing. Saturday night we paid tribute
publicly to one who so has brightened the
world; to one who has given so much
without reckoning the cost; to one who
has labored so valiantly without regard
for reward.
Vasco Jardim has made the world a
little richer, a little warmer and a much,
much better place for all of us. To
which we can only add our sincere and
heartfelt thanks and our prayers that
he will long continue to do so.
ESTONIAN INDEPENDENCE
(Mr. RODINO (at the request of Mr.
MATSUNAGA) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, I con-
sider the setting aside today of our leg-
islative duties for a few moments to rec-
ognize Estonia's independence anniver-
sary as being a fitting tribute to the
Estonian people. And yet, as I offer my
congratulations to Estonia and to her
many friends here in America, the occa-
sion leaves me with mixed emotions.
First, I am very privileged and grateful
to wish Estonia well, but at the same
time I am saddened when I reflect on
the suffering and sacrifice that country
has had to endure only to find itself' still
under the heel of Soviet Russia.
Estonia is a Proud land. She endured
almost 200 consecutive years of czarist
domination before she achieved her in-
dependence on February 24, 1918. How-
ever, in spite of that fact, her nationalist
fervor took root and culminated in the
country's becoming independent in 1918.
Ridding one's country of foreign troops
almost singlehandedly is not an easy
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February 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RE -
nally on February 2, 1920, the Commu- well have fared better if sufficient ad-
nists signed a treaty in which all vance storm warnings had been avail-
previous claims over Estonian territory able. Across the border in Mexico the
were renounced. damage from these storms has been even
The next 20 years were busily spent on more devastating and the loss of life,
improving the domestic situation, but far greater. The region south and
the Estonian people kept a constant southwest of San Diego seems to be the
vigil olr Russian intentions. That policy area from 'which a great many of these
was well founded as the infamous Mu- violent storms approach. It has long
tual Assistance Treaty of 1939 indi- been recognized as a sparse data area for
cated. The treaty enabled Russian meteorological information, and this
forces to legally occupy Estonian terri- fact has recently been confirmed again
tory. Not content with the treaty pro- to me by the Administrator of our En-
visions, Russia presented Estonia with vironmental Services Administration.
an ultimatum on June 16, 1940 which Some information is obtained on an ir-
amounted to complete capitulation. regular basis through our cooperative
Through Russian manipulation and in- program of taking observations by mer-
timidation a new Estonian Government chant ships and aircraft crews of inter-
amenable to Moscow took over on June national flights who report in-flight
21, 1940. In July this government weather conditions when passing through
proclaimed Estonia a Soviet Socialist that region. We also receive some satel-
Republic. lite surveillance for the detection of
From mid-1941 to the end of 1944, major storms and weather systems.
nazism replaced Russian terror, murder, Our Weather Bureau has, in the past,
and deportation. But unfortunately for liven consideration to the establishment
the Estonians, World War II's end re- of a weather station for both surface and
sulted in the return of Russian occupa- upper air observations on Guadalupe Is-
tion and membership in the Soviet land, Mexico, but the establishment of
Union., such a weather station has yet to be ac-
The tragedy and suffering of Estonia's complished. The exhorbitant financial
people under Soviet Russia are almost loss suffered by our Government and our
beyond belief. Their ability to endure private citizens makes it imperative that
and continue their own culture in light the Congress act quickly to authorize the
of Russian occupation and impositions establishment of meteorological observa-
is a truly marvelous feat. But how long tion stations on Guadalupe Island, Mex-
can we expect that resistance to contin- ico, for the purpose of improving the
ue without more tangible aid from the weather forecasting service within the
free world? In an attempt to help al- United States.
leviate this problem I have sponsored Accordingly, I am today introducing
House Concurrent Resolution 290 which legislation aimed at accomplishing this
would have the President instruct our purpose and the text of my bill reads
Ttnited Nations representative to initi- as follows:
ate action on Russia's forced occupa- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
tion of the Baltic States. Representatives of the United States of
I know and feel what this day repre- America imcin the Congress assembled, That In
ser der
sents to men and women of Estonian to improve the States, forecasting see
origin the world over. I am privileged of the United t at, the Administrator
Science Adminiss trator oo
to represent a large number of these peo- Athe dminis-
tration shall take such action as may be
pre living in the Rochester, N.Y., area. necessary to establish a meteorological re-
It is my fervent hope that as Estonians porting station of Guadalupe Island, Mexico.
and their millions of supporters in In taking such action, he shall cooperate
America commemorate Estonia's 48th with the State Department and other de-
anniversary they will rededicate them- partments and agencies of the United States,
selves to work together for their peo- with t$e meteorological service of Mexico,
ple's liberation and freedom. and ,lvi}h the World Meteorological Organi-
,zfkti
TO IMPROVE THE WEATHER FORE-
CASTING SERVICE OF THE UNITED
STATES
(Mr. BOB WILSON (at the request of
Mr. BURTON of Utah) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker,
southern California has been beseiged
by the most violent storms in recent his-
tory during the past few months and
costly damage to private, commercial,
and military property has been wide-
spread. Continued interruptions in air
and land operations of the military have
resulted from sudden storms and the
same interferences have caused consid-
erable indisposition to commercial and
private traffic as well.
Agricultural operators have suffered
greatly from the recent unusual weather
conditions and all of these interests may
3899
trade with the United States had a busi-
ness-as-usual policy with the mortal
enemy of American soldiers in Vietnam.
The Department of Commerce has de-
clared that it will deny Government-
financed cargoes to foreign-flag vessels
which called at North Vietnam ports on
or after January 25, 1966. Although
this certainly is a step in the right direc-
tion, I must agree with the presidents
of the International Longshoremen's
Union, the National Maritime Union,
and the Seafarers International Union
that the administration's directive black-
listing ships transporting cargoes to
North Vietnam is too weak and ineffec-
tive.
Following are details of the regulations
as they appeared in the Federal Register
of February 12,1966:'
The Maritime Administration is making
available to the appropriate U.S. Government
departments the following list of such ves-
sels which arrived in North Vietnam ports
on or after January 25, 1968, based on in-
formation received through February 10,
1966.
Flag of registry, name of ship
Gross
British : tonnage
Shienfoon------------------------- 7,127
Shirley Christine------------------ 6,724
Wakasa Bay----------------------- 7,044
Cypriot: Amon---------------------- 7,229
Greek: Agenor---------------------- 7,139
SEc. 2. Vessels which called at North Viet-
nam on or after January 25, 1966, may re-
acquire eligibility to carry U.S. Government-
financed cargoes from the United States if
the persons who control the vessels give
satisfactory certification and assurance:
(a) That such vessels will not, thence-
forth, be employed in the North Vietnam
trade so long as it remains the policy of the
U.S. Government to discourage such trade;
and
(b) That no other vessels under their con-
trol will thenceforth be employed in the
North Vietnam trade, except as provided in
paragraph (c), and
(c) That vessels under their control which
are covered by contractual obligations, in-
cluding charters, entered into prior to Janu-
ary 25, 1966, requiring their employment in
the North Vietnam trade shall be withdrawn
from such trade at the earliest opportunity
consistent with such contractual obligations.
NICHOLAS JOHNSON,
Maritime Administrator.
REIGN-FLAG VESSELS ENGAGED
IN TRADE WITH NORTH VIETNAM
(Mr. ASHBROOK (at the request of
Mr. BURTON of Utah) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, dur-
ing the 89th Congress I, along with other
Members of the House from both politi-
cal parties, have protested against the
self-defeating policy of doing business
with foreign-flag vessels which are en-
gaged in trade with North Vietnam. It is
exasperating enough to learn that free
world trade with North Vietnam has in-
creased about 138 percent since 1955,
when the United States first began ask-
ing other non-Communist nations to
help in exerting economic pressure on
that avowed foe of the free world. But
it has been downright discouraging to
reflect that ships which profited from
VOLUNTARY WAGE GUIDEPOSTS
REFUSED BY AFL-CIO PRESIDENT
GEORGE MEANY AND HIS COL-
LEAGUES
(Mr. MORSE (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, I believe
that the House must view with con-
siderable concern the refusal of AFL-
CIO President George Meany and his
colleagues to accept the voluntary wage
guideposts proposed by the Council of
Economic Advisers for this year.
The idea of guideposts was first put
forward in the 1962 Economic Report of
the President. At that time President
Kennedy said:
If labor leaders in our major industries
will accept the productivity benchmark as
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13000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 24, 1966
a guide to wage objectives, and if manage-
ment in these industries will practice
equivalent restraint in their price decisions,
the year ahead will be a brilliant chapter in
the record of the responsible exercise of
lrcedom.
Implicit in the, late President's remarks
was the fear that without this restraint,
inflation could nullify whatever economic
progress was made. Inflation continues
to haunt our economy. With the grow-
ing number of people living on fixed in-
comes in their later years, the danger of
inflationary pressures which reduce pur-
chasing power and devalue the dollar is
particularly acute. Thus the "produc-
tivity benchmark" referred to by Presi-
(lent Kennedy must continue to be our
standard for ware decisions.
Ideally, we would prefer that Govern-
inent remain entirely neutral in the
,aecisionmaking process that takes place
in. the private sector. But we must ac-
ccept the fact that economic pressure at
home and crises around the world de-
mand the careful cooperation of busi-
ness, labor, and Government.
The proposed guideposts will not
guarantee wage-price stability and eco-
nomic growth, but in my ,judgment, they
represent reasonable standards to guide
private decisionmakers in making re-
sponsible judgments in the public in-
terest. bili.ty is ours. After all, much of r:.he
The administration should not use cause of our present inflation can be
these voluntary standards as an excuse directly attributed to the wild spending
for questionable attempts at enforce- programs in which our Government is
ment. Such recent attempts indicate presently engaged..
that we need to review our stockpiling Inflation, as we all know, means every..
Policy. They do not warrant abandon- thing costs more.
rnent of the guideposts. While prices are spiraling so are the
Labor should not set itself above the taxes. Social security taxes were
national interest. in sustaining economic boosted with the passage of medicare;
tcrowth within a framework of restraint. excise taxes are being raised back to
The times demand responsibility from where they were before and the collec-
cas all. +
f
(Mr. MORSE I at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah') was granted permis-
;;ion to extend his remarks at this point
.n the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
I Mr. MORSE'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
(Mr. CONTE (at the request of Mr.
13uRTON of Utah } was grand permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter. )
l Mr. CONTE'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
A BILL TO INCREASE SOCIAL
SECURITY
(Mr.. SKUBITZ (at the request of Mr.
I3is'roN of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
i i, the RECORD and to include extraneous
rrhitter.)
Mr. SKIJBIT9,. Mr. Speaker, two
ear jor specters haunt the American
I rople today, fear of a major war in
t.nia and the throat of widespread in-
flation.
"'lie sad effects of inflation are espe-
ciafly felt by our senior citizens, most of
whom live on fixed incomes either EXPORT SURPLUS OR TRADE
through retirement or on social security. DEFICIT?
Although the social security check is
the same each month, the cost of every- (Mr. BETTS (at the request of Mr.
thing from food to footwear continues to BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
risa at an alarming pace. From 1958 Sion to extend his remarks at this point
until the most recently enacted increase in the RECORD and to include extraneous
in social security cash benefits, recipients matter.)
suffered a 7-percent loss in buying power. Mr. BETTS. Mr. Speaker, since 1960
To correct this unfortunate and un- the Department of Commerce has been
necessary problem, I am introducing a announcing an export surplus year
bill today which will provide automatic after year, ranging from $4.5 billion to
increases in social security benefits as $6.9 billion. Recently the 1965 trade
the cost of living rises. This bill calls surplus was given out as amounting to
for an increase of 3 percent in the bone- $5.2 billion. Although this was still at
fits whenever the consumer price index a high level, it was a decline of $1.7 bil-
reflects a similar jump in the cost of lion from the high-water mark of $6.9
living. billion in 1964.
This method alone among the many These high surplus figures have been
proposals for improved benefits can be used both as a measure of the competi-
accomplished without any further in- tive force of our industries in foreign
crease in social security taxes. Acccrd- trade and of the great value of exports
ing to cost studies by the Department of to our balance of payments deficit. The
Health, Education, and Welfare, the amounts reported each year have been
growth of the economy will provide the set against the cost of foreign aid, tour-
necessary revenues to make the cost-of- ist expenditures abroad, and so forth,
livi;ag adjustments proposed in my bill. to demonstrate the valuable function of
in my opinion this is a just and eciui- exports and their service in offsetting
table bill that should be passed. We deficits incurred from other sources.
have an obligation to fulfill to our elderly Mr. Speaker, l am afraid we have been
constituents for we have created this notes s ing ourselves and singing high
hydra-headed monster and the responsi- n of optimisrrn when there was little
t
;
roil o
Income taxes is being acceler-
:.ted. Now the President and his ad-
visers are talking about increasing in-
come taxes even more so that the poor
taxpayer is left With less to pay for
commodities which cost more.
At, the current rate of climb, one-half
partment o I Commerce, the cost of ing from Europe, Asia, and Africa, this
living will go up a highly inflationary understates the cost by some 25 percent.
6 percent this year. From the first of On imports of $21.3 billion, which was the
last year to the first of this month it level of our 1965 purchases abroad on the
rose 4.1 percent, and it looks like it w?ll basis of foreign 'value, the undervalu-
beat both the Russians and us to tale ation would be serious. The true figure
moon. In terms we all understand this would be closer to $25 billion.
means on the average an individual h is If we wash out these two unjustifiable
to lay down $1.04 on the counter today practices from our trade statistics
our
,
for what he paid $1.00 for a little over a export surplus vanishes. This is to say,
year ago, and by the end of this year it if we value our imports at their true cost
will cost a dollar and a dime for whit and if we exclude from our exports the
You could get with a dollar last year. goods that we sell, not competitively but
Individual items have jufttped more than because we subsidize them or give them
others: bacon has jumped 61 percent in away, we actually incurred a deficit of
the last 10 years, a man's wool suit hens some $2 billion in 1965 in our foreign
increased 23 percent in price, and a loaf trade.
of bread costs 17 percent more. Mr. Speaker, there is nothing to be
Until a more responsible attitude to- gained by deluding ourselves in this
ward government spending is assumed manner. On the other hand, much
and inflation is stopped, we must do harm can come from such an odd prac-
whatever we can to protect those who are tice. We generally pride ourselves on
hurt the most-the ones living on a fixed basing policies on facts
or trying to do
,
income like our social security folks. i so. Otherwise our judgment loses its
hope Congress acts swiftly and favorably value.
upon my proposal to raise benefits as in- Why do we then persist in this ,prac-
flation goes up. tice of self-deception? I can think of
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or no
hing t0 be optimistic about, so far
as our trade balance and our competitive
standing in the world are concerned.
For one thing, our official export
statistics have included all the sales and
shipments arising from AID appropria-
tions. In other words, our export re-
ports include goods that we ourselves
have paid for out of the Treasury. By
this measure it would be easy to double
our export surplus. We need do no
more than increase foreign aid expendi-
tures sufficiently.
Secondly, we have been reporting our
imports at what they cost at the foreign
point of shipment, neglecting to add
freight and insurance costs incurred in
bringing the goods to this country.
This is a naive practice and we are one
of the few countries that adhere to this
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ebruary 24, 1966
cruelty against the people to increase in-
dustrial output. Furthermore, this was
done at the expense of providing con-
sumer goods and a program for increas-
ing the living standards of the Estonian
people, areas in which the Soviets
exercised almost total disinterest. It is
estimated by competent authorities that
the Estonian people are materially in
worse condition today than they were
25 years ago.
It is conditions like these to which the
free world must address itself in shed-
ding light on actual conditions of the
millions of people held captive by
U.S.S.R. Our continued observance of
the historic declaration of independence
on February 24, 1918, is an indication to
all the world that Estonia's plight is of
concern to us and that we are committed
to her liberty.
(Mr. CURTIS (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extra-
neous matter.)
[Mr. CURTIS' remarks will gl~pear
hereafter in the Appendix.] U ~~1
YOUNG AMERICANS FOR FREEDOM
SUPPORTS A STRONG VIETNAM
POLICY
(Mr. MARTIN of Alabama (at the re-
quest of Mr. BURTON of Utah) was
granted permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and
to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, the Young Americans for
Freedom-YAF-has been recognized as
the leading student organization in the
Nation supporting a strong U.S. foreign
policy in South Vietnam. Practically
since its founding in 1960, YAF has been
regarded as a highly effective conserva-
tive youth organization, and YAF's
position on the Vietnam question has
given it greater recognition.
It goes without undue comment that
I am highly interested in the student de-
velopments regarding Vietnam through-
out the Nation, but the activities of col-
lege students both for and against the
U.S. position in Vietnam on the college
campuses of the Southern States are of
particular interest to me.
It has been encouraging to learn of
student organizations, like YAF, who
are supporting a strong U.S. foreign pol-
icy. During the past year the student
protest demonstrations from the left
have grown in proportion, size, number,
and volume. It is gratifying to a Mem-
ber of Congress to hear of responsible
student organizations like YAF, the
Young Republicans, and even the Young
Democrats in some instances, who are
not only offsetting the leftwing student
protests by having rallies supporting a
strong Vietnam policy but who are also
launching many constructive programs.
Mr. Speaker, the position of YAF on
foreign policy questions is derived from
the Sharon statement which was
adopted in conference at Sharon, Conn.,
September 9-11, 1960, at the founding of
the organization. In the Sharon state-
ment are found the guidelines for deter-
mination of YAF's position on foreign
policy questions:
In this time of moral and political crisis,
it is the responsibility of the youth of Amer-
ica to affirm certain eternal truths.
We as young conservatives, believe:
That we will be free only so long as the
national sovereignty of the United States is
secure; that history shows periods of free-
dom rare, and can exist only when free citi-
zens concertedly defend their rights against
all enemies;
That the forces of international commun-
ism are, at present, the greatest single threat
to these liberties;
That the United States should stress vic-
tory over, rather than coexistence with, this
menace; and
That American foreign policy must be
judged by this criterion: does it serve the
just interests of the United States?
Mr. Speaker, I have the privilege of
serving on the National Advisory Board
of YAF along with many distinguished
Members of the two Houses. The Sen-
ator from South Carolina [Mr. THUR-
MOND], the Senator from Florida [Mr.
HOLLAND], the Senator from Texas [Mr.
TOWER], the gentleman from Alabama
[Mr. BUCHANAN], the gentleman from
Mississippi [Mr. ABERNETHY], the gen-
tleman from Tennessee [Mr. BROCK], the
gentleman from Virginia [Mr. BROY-
HILL, the gentleman from Mississippi
[Mr. COLMER], the gentleman from Flor-
ida [Mr. CRAMER), the gentleman from
South Carolina [Mr. DORN], the gentle-
man from Florida [Mr. HALEY], the gen-
tleman from Alabama [Mr. GLENN AN-
DREWS], the gentleman from North Caro-
lina [Mr. JONAS], the gentleman from
Georgia [Mr. CALLAWAY], the gentleman
from South Carolina [Mr. WATSON], and
the gentleman from Mississippi [Mr.
WILLIAMS], serve with me on this Advi-
sory Board. In addition to these Mem-
bers from the Southern States, there are
30 more Members from the two Houses
who also serve on that board.
Mr. Speaker, last fall I had the dis-
tinct pleasure of speaking at a testi-
monial dinner honoring one of the great-
est men of the other House, the Senator
from South Carolina, STROM THURMOND.
This testimonial dinner was held in Bir-
mingham, Ala., a city of fond memories
to the Senator.
At this testimonial dinner, the Senator
made some pertinent comments regard-
ing the Vietnam question. In part the
Senator stated:
On the international scene, you are faced
with dangers to freedom from a succession
of little wars and the even more dangerous
diplomatic remedies to terminate them, as is
demonstrated by the events this year in the
Dominican Republic, and, I fear, may be soon
again demonstrated in Vietnam. The mili-
tary action of the Communists in Vietnam is
at this point of less peril to freedom than is
the potential for concessions to the Commu-
nist aggressors which may be granted in the
terms of a political termination of the mili-
tary hostilities.
The Senator went on to comment:
The greatest threat is an idea, or, more
precisely, a mental attitude or orientation,
even a way of thinking, which is induced by
an idea.
Mr. Speaker, the Senator concluded
his moving address by a challenge to the
young people of America which bears di-
rectly on the Vietnam issue:
In your own time, however, you are faced
with a prevalence of moral and political
relativism, which is more extensive, more
pervasive and more dangerous than ever
before. It is your greatest obstacle in your
struggle for freedom. You are the best hope
for freedom. You can fulfill your promise if
you will but resist moral and political rela-
tivism by continuing your disciplined ad-
herence to an absolute code of spiritual and
philosophical values. You must continue to
refuse to compromise with expediency. You
must maintain the courage to defy the con-
sensus. You must continue to choose the
harder right instead of the easier wrong.
Young Americans for Freedom, as
many other organizations throughout
the South, have answered this call.
At the national convention of the or-
ganization, commemorating its fifth an-
niversary, here in the Nation's Capital
early last fall, the YAF delegates unani-
mously passed a resolution calling for
the commitment of sufficient number of
ground troops to combat the guerillas
now active in South Vietnam. YAF ap-
plauded the commitment of United
States might and prestige on behalf of
South Vietnam and supported the rec-
ognition that the war must be won on the
ground as military success is a precon-
dition for the political and social devel-
opments which will ultimately decrease
the ability of the Communists to lure
peasants into giving aid and comfort to
the Vietcong.
SOUTH VIETNAM
Whereas we share the administration's
view that what the Communists chose to call
"wars of national liberation" constitute
nothing more than a new form of aggression
which must be resisted as a threat to the
establishment of true peace; and
Whereas the current aggression against
South Vietnam takes its primary inspiration
and direction from the north and has as its
ultimate object the conquest of all of south-
east Asia, a fact recognized by those coun-
tries in the area who have sent significant
amounts of combat personnel to share in the
burden of defeating the Communists; and
Whereas we believe that this Nation is re-
quired by considerations of national interest
and by moral considerations of the highest
order to come to the aid of the people of
South Vietnam and other countries of south-
east Asia in their defense against aggression;
and
Whereas while South Vietnam fails to
measure up to the full standards of freedom
to which we in this country have become
accustomed, the present form of government
nevertheless affords a greater opportunity for
the ultimate development of truly liberal in-
stitutions than would a Communist regime:
Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Young Americans for
Freedom applauds the commitment of U.S.
might and prestige on behalf of South Viet-
nam and supports the recognition that this
war must be won on the ground in South
Vietnam as military success is a precondition
for the political and social developments
which will ultimately decrease the ability of
Communist recruiters to lure local peasants
into giving aid and comfort to the Vietcong;
and be it further
Resolved, That we urge the administration
demonstrate its intent to take whatever ac-
tion proves tactically necessary to assure that
the successful termination of the war will not
be unduly delayed, including such measures
as (a.), the commitment of sufficient num-
bers of ground troups to combat the guer-
rillas now active in South Vietnam, (b) of
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1+'eb7?uaany 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAI, RECORD -I HOUSE
;,r:essors, that is, forces which would destroy national security that he could not devote
is if given a chance, had improved in the most of his time to pushing the expansion
period since World War II and if our rela- of domestic public services.
rive defensive strength had grown in recent Our safety at home is no better protected
years. But those propositions are highly than our security abroad. In fact, it may be
doubtful, to say the least. less so. An American, or a local resident,
The Soviet Union devotes twice as large can walk the streets of most major foreign
a share of gross national product to na- cities without fear, even at night. But tint
tional defense as the United States, as Timo- may not be advisable in some residential
hey Sosnovy, Soviet economy specialist at neighborhoods of Washington, Chicago, and
I he Library of Congress, has pointed out and other metropolitan centers. The failure of
the threat from Rod China is growing every government to safeguard its citizens is now
}ear. Communist countries have vastly ex- so widely recognized that a book "How To
banded their territory and population, their Protect Yourself on the Streets and in Your
economic, technologlcail and military power Home" (accompanied by a letter from the
ewer the past 20 years, and they have been head of the FBI) seems to be on the way to
.;ble to raise their st-ttus and influence in the becoming a bestseller. (This may be an in-
i core vulnerable or at least more difficult.
The rapid dismantling of our Armed Forces
after World War II invited the Communist
takeover of Eastern Europe and large see-
i.ions of Asia. Aggression in Korea, Vietnam,
and other places was not unrelated to our
scorning unpreparedness. In Korea our
troops were almost pushed into the sea and
toe United States, for the first time in its
history, had to settle for a draw. In Viet-
tra.m we have for some years now been unable
Lo cope with a seemingly far inferior oppo-
cccnt.
The number of military projects or pro-
g'ams scrapped, deferred, or slowed down
iii recent years is in the hundreds. They
were not discarded because military experts
O'cubted their value or effectiveness in
strengthening our defenses. The decisions
fell against the military because the expan-
sion of domestic services was deemed more
urgent by the powers that be.
The Skybolt air-to-ground missile, nuclear
rocket Rover, manned space glider Dyna Soar,
V.uto ram jet rocket engine and numerous
other projects were turned down although
the leaders of our Armed Forces demanded
ti em. Approval of nuclear carriers was de-
nied and authorization of manned (follow-
Liu) bombers too long delayed.
A fallout shelter program which could save
millions of lives and might deter a would-be
aggressor was deemed to be too expensive
as was an effective anti-missile-missile sys-
tem.. A few months ago the Nike X missile
seemed to be on the verge of approval. When
escalation in Vietnam called for larger funds,
were offsetting savings to be made by tight-
ening up on civilian type services? Not at
nd'.. The Nike X antimissile missile and
other defense projects fell victim to budget
ai tting. Again, as in earlier years, the
arcued services lost out to more charmed
services--domestic welfare programs. The
consequences of such policy are awesome to
contemplate.
Potentially more critical to national se-
curity than money are the time, attention,
:cud efforts of our governmental leaders
which are now overwhelmingly spent on do-
mestic affairs. Inadequate study and con-
:;irceration may have been responsible for
th,a Bay of Pigs disaster and for many other
Lroubles which flare up from time to time
tereslang reverse shift in responsibility: from
government to the individual.)
The United States, the country with i tee
highest standards of living, is also the world's
most crime ridden. The most powerful N:c.-
tion which once set out to make the world
safe for democracy seems unable or unwill-
Ing to make its city streets safe for walking
home at night. Crime is rising six times as
fast as the population according to the latest;
FBI. report.
There is only one possible explanation 1';rr
this phenomenon: we have not been able Lo
convince would-be offenders that "crime
doesn't pay." They except to get away with
it. And they may well have concluded from
a study of reports on crimes, arrests, convic-
tion:, and terms actually served, that the sta-
tistical odds are not too discouraging.
It is obvious that governmental action in
combating and suppressing crime is woe-
fully inadequate. But so far not enough has
been done about it-nor about the fact that
almost 50,000 men and women are killed each
year in traffic accidents, largely because gov-
ernmental attention and effort are preoc-
cupied with other pursuits.
In conclusion: Government has multiplied
its domestic activities in recent decades, malt -
ing a steadily growing number of Americas s
dependent upon its benefits and favors, e.-
lending the area of coercion, while not adc:-
quately meeting its responsibility to protect
the safety of the Nation and the individual.
That course, if pursued much longer, gravely
threatens personal and collective liberty and
security. It is high time for us to quit de-
vising new programs which Government may
adopt: or enlarge as substitutes for personal
effort and to start thinking of means to
strengthen the challenge to the individual I,i
deal with his own problems.
Government can be and should be man
best :friend--and it, is, if it fulfills its pri
ma.ry tasks well. To the extent to which
it neglects its foremost duties in order to
expand recklessly in other directions and
harms the body politic, it becomes a foe and
should, in the words of the Declaration of
Independence, be altered. The time has not
come when we can afford to abolish it.
DOLLAR BLOCKADE OF CUBA
NEEDED
in distant parts of the world. (Mr. LANGEN (at the request of Mr.
"Congress Needs help" was the title of a BURTON of Utah) was granted permis
recent investigation and TV review of the in- lion to extend his remarks at this point,
ablity of "absurdly overworked" Congress- in the RECORD and to include extraneous
rncn to be adequately informed on the vital
issues they are called upon to decide. Mem-
bers of Congress cannot give sufficient time, Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, it is time=
study, and thought to defense and interns- for the United States to declare a dollar
l.ianal affairs because they are overloaded blockade of Cuba so that American tax-
with civilian projects. The President, ac- payer funds do not contribute to the ex-
cording to the a Newsweek story of Decem- port oi' Communist subversion through-
her 20, 1965, explained that in 1965 he had out the Western Hemisphere. I make
concentrated on civilian affairs "to get the
domestic problems out of the way so that this suggestion after observing plans by
1 c acid give more time to foreign problems." the U:c.lted Nations to provide Cuba with
dome may regard this to be the wrong order over $3 million in special funds for the
of priority. In this day and age a President University of Havana and an agricul-
rnight conceivably be so occupied with our tural research station. Please keep in
mind that the United States contributes
40 percent of the funds used by that U-N.
special agency.
It means that $1.2 million of U.S.
money would be used in the project.
And what do they teach at Havana "U"?
More subversion of the hemisphere, of
course, because the university branch to
be helped is headed by Russian and
Cuban military personnel.
Brazil and Paraguay have strongly ob-
jected to helping: Castro through the
U.N., and for good reason. Brazil and
Paraguay are both principal targets of
Communist subversion directed from
Cuba. Just last month the Communist
tricontinental congress on subversion
was held in Cuba and was formally desig -
nated as the headquarters of Communist
subversion in Latin America, Asia, and
Africa. If we contribute funds to this
unwarranted U.N. project we will be un-
derwriting that subversion.
A similar effort to provide U.N. funds
for Castro's Cuba was scrapped 3 years
ago due to protests from many of us in
the Congress. Apparently the planners
do not give up easily, but my opposition
to such a scheme remains just as strong.
I was dismayed by the published re-
ports of the official U.S. attitude toward
such assistance to Cuba as stated by U.N.
Ambassador Roosevelt. He says the
United States will register an objection
on principle, but will not withhold our
share of the fund or demand rejection
of the proposal. This is bureaucratic
doubletalk of the worst order. It is in-
conceivable that any government can be
against something as frightening as com-
munism and still support it.
Mr. Speaker it is hoped that public and
congressional indignation will defeat thin
latest proposal as it did 3 years ago.
ESTONIAN INDEPENDENCE
(Mr. LIPSCOMB (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permission.
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. LIPSCOMB. Mr. Speaker, I
would like to join my colleagues in offer-
ing congratulation;; to the freedom-lov-
ing people of Estonia and her many sons
and daughters in America as they ob-
serve February 24 as the anniversary of
Estonia's declaration of independence.
It is sincerely hoped that the encourage-
ment and good wishes expressed by
many today will serve to further inspire
the Estonian people to resist communism.
The fact that modern Estonia has been
under the heel of the U.S.S.R. continu-
ally since 1944 and has not succumbed to
Soviet pressures to accept communism is
a truly remarkable accomplishment.
Today I would like to call attention to
one particular argument to which the
Communists like to :refer, namely, the al-
legation that since membership in the
Soviet Union, Estonia's industrial expan-
sion has increased. What is not said and
what we should remember is that before
the U.S.S.R. captured Estonia in 1944 the
country had substantial industries of its
own.
The Soviets applied enormous pres-
sures and exercised almost inhuman
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festive air action against Soviet-built missile
sites around Hanoi and Haiphong, (c) the
beginning, by calculated aerial and naval
bombardment, of the destruction of the in-
dustrial capacity of North Vietnam, (d) by
instituting a naval and air blockade of North
Vietnam, all of these steps to be taken to
induce North Vietnam to cease in its support
of the troops in the south, and (e) the clear
communication to Communist China that
any overt intervention by that country will
result in retaliation by the United States and
by our allies such as Nationalist China.
YAF's activities in the Southern States
have followed a well-designed pattern of
constructive action. In Alabama, Flor-
ida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia,
YAF chapters have engaged in construc-
tive activities supporting the war effort.
Mr. Speaker, a news article in the
Wednesday, October 27, 1965, edition
of the Durham, N.C., Sun, entitled,
"Leader in YAP Hits Protesters," illus-
trates the attitude of YAP toward the
leftwing protest demonstrations. The
article follows:
LEADER IN YAP HITS PROTESTERS
WASHINGTON.-A leader of the Young
Americans for Freedom (YAF) blasted the
student anti-Vietnam protests here in the
Nation's capital today as a deliberate at-
tempt to defeat the cause of freedom in Asia
and the world.
In making the denouncement, Randal C.
Teague, a member of YAP's board of directors
and the leader of its Southern program, said,
"Students who are burning their draft cards
and organizing programs to avoid the draft
and to thwart the American effort against
communism in Asia are in a minority on
the college campus. What they are doing is
wrong-legally and morally. Those who are
in violation of Federal laws shoud be pros-
ecuted and severely punished by the courts."
Teague, a student himself, went on to
say, "These students are not conscientious
objectors. Their actions show shades of
absolute anarchy.. As many national leaders
have pointed out, there is strong evidence
that many of these protests have been led
by the extremists of the radical left who
often associate themselves with Communist-
leaning groups. Responsible students have
no sympathy with those who are deliberately
flaunting the law by burning their draft
cards, by blocking troop and supply convoys,
and worst of all, by demoralizing those val-
iant fighting men in Vietnam today who are
risking their lives to insure the security of
freemen."
The YAF leader concluded by saying,
"When our Nation issues a call to arms, it
is our duty to respond to it, whether we per-
sonally like it or not. Every American, from
the youngest to the oldest, deserves to sup-
port his Government in time of national
emergency, and surely the war in Vietnam
is one of the gravest situations confronting
the world today."
At its recent national convention in Wash-
ington, YAP passed a strong resolution unan-
imously calling for the commitment of sulU-
cient numbers of ground troops to combat
the guerrillas now active in South Vietnam.
The resolution also called for effective air
action against Soviet-built missile sites
around Hanoi and Haiphong, the beginning
by calculated aerial and naval bombardment
of the destruction of the industrial capacity
of North Vietnam, and by the institution of
naval and air blockade of North Vietnam.
The resolution concluded with the call to
issue a clear communication to Communist
China that any overt intervention by that
country will result in retaliation by the
United States and by our allies.
In a telegram dated November 1, 1965,
the Southern region of YAF called upon
the Attorney General of the United
States to prosecute violators of Federal
draft statutes. The text of the telegram
follows :
Hon. NICHOLAS DEB. KATZENBACH,
Attorney General of the United States,
Washington, D.C.
The Southern region of Young Americans
for Freedom representing thousands of re-
sponsible college students strongly supports
Justice Department efforts to prosecute vio-
lators of Federal draft statutes. These viola-
tors must be prosecuted if respect for law and
order is to prevail. We urge full execution
of Public Law 89-152 against all draft card
burners. We commend efforts to prosecute
those deliberately disrupting the American
war effort. While we support the right to
peaceful protests, we cannot condone riotous
demonstrations. In our opinion many of the
recent protests border on sedition and trea-
son. We support a strong administration
policy on winning the war at home as well
as abroad.
RANDAL C. TEAGUE,
Regional Director.
Mr. Speaker, an appropriate release
to the newspapers, radio, and television
media was issued subsequent. to this tele-
gram to make clear to the public the po-
sition of YAF on the draft-card burners.
I ask unanimous consent that this re-
lease may appear in the RECORD at this
point.
STUDENT LEADER ASKS KATZENBACH To PROSE-
CUTE DRAFT VIOLATORS-NOVEMBER 1, 1985
WASHINGTON.-A southern student leader
today supported the Justice Department in
arresting and prosecuting violators of Fed-
eral draft laws.
Randal C. Teague, a national board of di-
rectors member of Young Americans for
Freedom (YAF) and its southern Spokes-
man, advised Attorney General Nicholas
Katzenbach in a telegram today that "the
southern region of YAF, representing thou-
sands of responsible college students, strongly
supports Justice Department efforts to pros-
ecute violators of Federal draft statutes."
Teague went on to say, "These violators
must be prosecuted if respect for law and
order is to prevail. We urge full execution of
Public Law 89-152 against all draft-card vio-
lators." Public Law 89-152 is the law carry-
ing a fine of $10,000 or 5 years' imprisonment,
or both, for any person who knowingly de-
stroys or mutilates his draft card. The law
was enacted to carry a severe penalty against
the draft-card burners at recent student
demonstrations against U.S. involvement in
Vietnam.
The telegram concluded, "We commend
efforts to prosecute those deliberately dis-
rupting the American war effort. While we
support the right to peaceful protests, we
cannot condone riotous demonstrations. In
our opinion, many of the recent protests
border on sedition and treason. We support
a strong administration policy on winning
the war at home as well as abroad."
YAP is regarded as the leading student
group supporting a strong policy in Vietnam.
Its national chairman, Tom Huston, of In-
diana, appeared on ABC's "Issues and An-
swers" this past Sunday to present the opin-
ion of students supporting a strong U.S.
policy in Asia.
YAP has a southernwide program of do-
nating blood to American soldiers in Viet-
nam, aiding refugees and orphans fleeing
from war-torn North Vietnam, sending mail
praising our American soldiers to them to let
them know the majority of American stu-
dents are behind them, a petition campaign
in support of a strong administration policy,
3897
and the presentation of debates and speeches
on Vietnam on various campuses.
During my recent tour of South Viet-
nam and southeast Asia, one of the prob-
lems of the war which struck me most
clearly was the lack of sufficient material
support from our allies in the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization and from our
Allies throughout the free world. While
the Republic of South Korea and the
Australian Government have sent troops
to South Vietnam, the remainder of the
free nations of Asia or the free world
have contributed little to winning this
war against aggression. Fortunately,
Allied support is far from being at the
level required to sustain the effort.
YAF realized this shortcoming in our
foreign policy efforts,.and in an attempt
to inform the American people, on and
off the college campus, of this inadequacy,
the southern offices issued a call for more
Allied support in Vietnam. This release
follows:
STUDENT GROUP CALLS FOR ALLIED SUPPORT IN
VIETNAM-NOVEMBER 8, 1965 ,
WASHINGTON.-The southern spokesman
of the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
called for greater military and economic sup-
port in Vietnam from our Allies today. Ran-
dal C. Teague, a student at the American
University in the Nation's Capital, called for
expanded assistance to win the war in Viet-
nam from our Allies in the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization and from throughout
the free world.
In making the pronouncement, Teague
said, "Since 1961, the United States has borne
the burden alone of defending South Vietnam
and its people. Not only the security of all
Asia but ultimately the security of all nations
will depend on the outcome of this war. It
is time that our Allies help the United States
win the war. Mere moral support is not
enough."
Teague went on to say, "We not only need
more fighting men and materials, but win-
ning the war in Vietnam will require greater
commitments of medical corpsmen to doctor
the civilians, schoolteachers to educate the
children, engineers and construction teams
to build roads and hospitals, and agricultural
experts to increase food production. We must
win the war with the people, and our Allies
are surely in a position to supply the tech-
nicians required to help the people."
. He concluded. by saying, "President John-
son and the administration should not only
encourage our allies to help us secure the
freedom of South Vietnam because of Com-
munist China's continual threat to Asia, but
they should also encourage our allies to stop
trading and shipping with Communist China
and North Vietnam. Our American soldiers
are being shot at and killed by North Viet-
namese soldiers whose nation is being eco-
nomically aided by our allies. It just doesn't
make sense."
With the exception of troop commitments
from South Korea and Australia, very little
assistance has come from our allies.
YAP is regarded as one of the leading stu-
dent organizations backing a strong policy
in Vietnam. The student group has launched
programs on college campuses in the South-
ern States to donate blood to American fight-
ing men, to collect food and clothing for refu-
gees fleeing wartorn North Vietnam, to have
fraternities and sororities adopt Vietnamese
orphans, and to offset the student protest
demonstrations.
One of the problems in the college
movement in this Nation in support of a
strong administration policy has been
proper coordination of activities. When
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE e ruar?y 24, 1966
blood donation drives, petition cam-
paigns, debates, speeches, and many
other actions are going on simultaneously
across the Nation and throughout the
South, it is difficult to get across to the
American people that these actions are
more significant and more representa-
tive of true student opinion than the one-
shot protest demonstrations lead by the
radical left.
In order to obtain the needed coordi-
nation throughout the Southern States,
Young Americans for Freedom, Inc., is
sponsoring the Southern Student Victory
in Vietnam Committee--SSVVC-which
is calling upon the support of all campus
organizations supporting a strong policy.
't'hey have called upon support from the
College Young Republican clubs, the
Young Democratic clubs, YAF chapters,
and any other independent or affiliated
group.
The purpose- of SSVVC were outlined
in a release of November 23, 1965, and,
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent
for its inclusion in the RECORD at this
point.
rSuDTIIERN' STUDENT VICTORY IN VIETNAM
COMMITTEE FORMED--NOVEMBER 23, 1965
WASHINGTON.--The formation of the
Southern Student Victory in Vietnam Com-
mittee---SSVVC--to support a strong U.S.
foreign policy in South Vietnam by the dem-
onstration of student support was an-
nounced here in the Nation's Capital today.
'.1'he new committee will operate on over a
hundred college campuses in eight States of
the South.
The committee's formation was announced
by Randal C. Teague, the Southern spokes-
man for the Young Americans for Freedom,
Inc. (YAF), a conservative youth group, and
Alfred Regnery, the national director of the
recently held symposium for freedom in
Vietnam and YAi"s national college director.
in announcing the formation of SSVVC,
Teague, who is its southernwide field direc-
tor, said., "We seek the earnest support and
cooperation of all college students and orga-
nisations who are supporting a firm policy
in southeast Asia. We will serve as the prin-
cipal vehicle through which all student ac-
tivities in support of the U.S. policy in South
Vietnam can he channeled. We call for the
support and cooperation from the college
Young Republican clubs, the Young Demo-
cratic clubs, the YAP chapters, and any other
:student organization, affiliated or independ-
ent, which seeks victory in Vietnam."
'l'eague, a student at the American Uni-
versity in Wash_ngton, D.C., went on to say,
"Much student activity has already been
going on in the South, but during the next
year this activity will greatly increase. It
is not only desirable-but essential-that
these activities be properly coordinated.
nVVC is such r., coordinating unit."
SSVVC will undertake programs on college
campuses to sponsor debaters and speakers
on over 50 college campuses, to sponsor
blood donation drives to give blood for
American fighting men in South Vietnam,
to form local Victory in Vietnam Commit-
tees on 107 campuses which serve as target
rights, to send food and clothing to refugees
and orphans fleeing North Vietnam, to have
college fraternities and sororities adopt
orphan children in Vietnam, to circulate
petitions calling for a strong foreign policy
position in southeast Asia, and several other
cotzstructive programs.
S-SVVC and its cooperating groups will
participate closely with the International
Youth Crusade for Freedom in Vietnam with
debate-in's on December 7 and student rallies
supporting the war effort on January 7 and
8 of next year. YAF leaders are chsJleng-
it.g members of leftwing student protest
groups which have been instrumental in
the burning cf draft cards to debates on
December 7, the anniversary of Pearl i'arbor
attack. Major rallies have been planned for
January throughout the world..
In addition to Teague and Regnerv. the
steering committee of SSVVC will be com-
posed of the field directors for each State
within the jurisdiction of the new commit-
tee. The steering committee's membership
was announced as Judy Whorton, a student
e li Sa.Inford University in Birmint:,ham;
'timothy C. Ohr, a. student at St. Petersburg,
Fla., Junior College; Guy W Mayes, Jr., a
student at Emory University in Atl;tnta;
James If. Green, a student ate Duke Univer-
sity in Durham, N.C.; Charles C. Hooks, Jr.,
a recent graduate of the University of North
Carolina now residing in Gaffney, S.C.;
Michael Everhart, a student at Southwestern
aL Memphis; and Thomas B. Wright, Jr., it
student it the College of William and Mary
in Williamsburg, Va.
An indication of the substantial public
i,uoport which the SSVVC received is an
editorial which appeared in the Clear-
water, Fla., Suir of Monday, December 6,
1965. This editorial follows:
P. OTESTING THE PROS; ESTERS
With the activities of the right-leaning
Young Americans for Freedom most middle-
of-the-roaders cannot always see eye to eye,
but with the latest YAP project few can take
exception-their creation of the Southern
Student Victory in Vietnam Commitee.
The newest YAF project thus become:; part
cf a growing national protest against the
draft dodgers, draft card burners, and peace
demonstrators.
As announced by Randall C. Teat ue, a
former Pinellas County resident and now a
student at the American University in Wash-
irgton, D.C., the Southern Student Victory
in Vietnam Committee has been organized to
support a strong U.S. foreign policy in Viet-
nam, and will operate on a hundred college
campuses in this country.
Teague details the aims of the new youth
sr.ovement:
"We seek the earnest support and coopera-
tion of all college students and organiz.etions
who are supporting a firm policy in south-
east Asia. We will serve as the principal
vehicle through which all student activities
in support of the U.S. policy in South Viet-
nam can be channeled. We call for the sup-
port and cooperation from the college 'y'oung
Republican Clubs, the Young Democratic
Clubs, the YAP chapters, and any other
student organization, affiliated or indepen-
dent, which seeks victory in Vietnam."
Some of the projects of the SSVVC. re-
ports Teague, will be to undertake programs
on college campuses, sponsoring debates and
speakers; to sponsor blood donation drives
to give blood for American Sghting men in
South Vietnam; to form local Victory in
Vietnam Committees on 107 campuses; to
send food and clothing to refugees and or-
paans beefing North Vietnam; to have college
fraternities and sororities "adopt" orphan
children in Vietnam; to circulate petitions
calling for a strong policy position in south-
east Asia.
Tomorrow, the 24th anniversary of the
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, will find
the new group participating with the Inter-
national Youth Crusade for Freedom for
Vietnam with debates with leftwing student
protest group; which have been instru-
nlental in the burning of draft cards.
We welcome YAF to the fast-growing; ranks
of young people and Americans generally
who are getting plenty fed up with this left-
wing lunatic fringe, and who are letting our
servicemen in Vietnam know in no uncertain
terms that we are behind them all the way.
Mr. Speaker, the Southern Student
Victory in Vietnam Committee has been
successful. Civic support of the campus
program, as indicated in the Clearwater
Sun article, has come from every area
of the South.
At a regional conference of YAF's
State officers for the Southern region,
held in Atlanta on February 12, new
Vietnam-related programs were fornm-
lated to spearhead an even larger pro-
gram to support a strong policy in Viet-
nam.
YAF has been cautious in handlir,i; the
Vietnamese situation. They are sup-
porting a strong policy---not just an ad-
ministration policy. They are prepared
to deviate from the policy of any admin-
istration when that policy does not coin-
cide with the necessary action required
to sustain the war against. Communist
aggression. YAF has been and will con-
tinue to be, I am sure, committed to an
administration policy only so long as that
policy is consistent with that criterion
set forth in the Sharon statement. for
determining American foreign policy:
does it serve the just interests of the
United States?
HORTON URGES REDEDICATION TO
LIBERATION OF ESTONIA
(Mr. HORTON (at the request of Mr.
BURTON of Utah) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, the ob-
servance by our fellow Americans of
Estonia's 48th anniversary of its dec-
laration of independence is a fitting trib-
ute to the Estonian people. The hope
is ever present that through comin?em-
orating this event of Estonian history,
those Estonians now held captive and in
virtual slavery by the Russian Com-
munists will continue to be inspired to
resist Russian efforts to make them re-
ject their historic cultural heritage.
In man's quest for liberty few struggles
surpass those of Estonian patriots.
From Russian occupation between 1721-
1918 Estonia not only succeeded in sur-
mounting russification programs, but
Estonian culture actually thrived. Dur-
ing that period even though under
Russia's heavy oppressive control,
Estonia's music, poetry, plays, and books
flourished. A remarkable tribute to a
tenacious people. In addition, this period
also nurtured Estonian nationalism
which showed itself in the Estonian, re-
bellion of 1905. Though Russian soldiers
ruthlessly crushed the revolt, the spark
of nationalism still burned and emerged
again in 1917-18.
Under Russia's provisional govern-
ment of 1917, autonomy was granted to
Estonia. She was given the right to
elect a parliament and administer her
own laws. German successes in pushing
Russian troops out of much of the Baltic
area encouraged the Estonian Govern-
ment to proclaim Estonia an independ-
ent state. That declaration was issued
on February 24, 1918, and for the next
2 years the fledgling nation was forced
to fight both Germans and Russians in
order to preserve its independence. Fi-
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price for manufactured grade milk (cur-
rently at $3.24 per cwt. for 8.72 percent but,
terfat milk). The increase in the support
price for milk would be achieved by increas-
ing the purchase prices for butter, cheese,
and powder at which the Commodity Credit
Corporation would pay for dairy products
under the price support program.
U.S. milk production for October 1965 was
2.3 percent under the previous year; No-
vember, 3 percent; and December, 4 percent.
Total production for this period in 1965 to-
taled 28.2 billion pounds; the lowest since
1960 when production for the same period
was 27.7 billion pounds. If milk deliveries
continue at these levels for 1966, total pro-
duction could approximate 123 billion
pounds-down 2.5 billion pounds from 1965.
A decline in milk production on U.S. farms
of this magnitude would reduce supplies to
minimum levels.
Support purchases of dairy products for
1965 accounted for 5.7 billion pounds of milk
equivalent-compared to 7.7 billion pounds
in 1964. The 1965 figures are the lowest
since 1960 when purchases amounted to 3
billion pounds of milk equivalent. If the
decline in farm production materializes and
commercial demand continues upward, there
will not be adequate stocks of dairy prod-
ucts available to meet total demand for prod-
ucts in the fall months. Thus, support pur-
chases would be nonexistent except for the
flush (spring) months of production.
Dairy farmers' income would be improved
through the increase in support price. Thus,
dairy farmers would be in a stronger position
to meet the ever rising production costs and
the Nation would have ample supplies of
milk and dairy products-essential for an
adequate diet.
An immediate increase in the support price
for milk is vital to the butter-powder indus-
try. Currently, the butter and powder prices
are near support levels and the gross return
to a dairy plant for 100 pounds of 3.5 per-
cent butterfat milk processed into butter-
powder is approximately $3.68 (59.33 cents
times 4.2 pounds butter plus 14.54 cents
times 8.2 pounds powder). However, because
of the strong cheese market, Wisconsin but-
ter-powder plants report paying prices from
$3.60 to 3.75 per hundredweight for farm bulk
tank manufactured milk. Margins are barely
adequate, if adequate, for defraying produc.
tion costs (labor, depreciation, and supplies).
Immediate relief is needed or many persons
will suffer financial losses, plants will close,
jobs will be lost, and farmers will be without
markets.
The current cheddar cheese price is quoted
at 41.75 cents per pound for 40-pound
blocks-compared to a support price of 36.1
cents per pound. Thus, an upward adjust-
ment in the support price will have no im-
mediate effect on the cheese market, but
will improve the financial position of the
butter-powder plants.
If the dairy industry develops an export
market (commercial and payment in kind)
and the Government fulfills its obligation
for dairy products in foreign lands, a steady
supply is essential.
Supplemental to the price support program
is the authority given to the Secretary of
Agriculture in section 709 of the 1965 act
to purchase dairy products on the open mar-
ket to fulfill commitments.
We cannot stress strongly enough the ur-
gency of the depressed and chaotic condi-
tions facing dairy farmers, the dairy indus-
try and the economy of Wisconsin. There-
fore, your deliberate and forthright action
in raising the level of the support price for
manufactured milk is solicited.
Sincerely yours,
CHARLES L. FARE,
Dairy Economist.
THE DAIRY COUNCIL OF MILWAUKEE,
Brookfield, Wis., February 15, 1966.
Hon. JOHN RACE,
Member of Congress,
House of Representatives,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN RACE: America's fu-
ture rests squarely on the youth of today.
To insure a steady growth in a strong,
healthy, vigorous America, we must develop
a strong, healthy, vigorous group of junior
citizens. No other Federal programs have
proven themselves like the school lunch and
the school milk programs have, in provid-
ing the nutrition and proper diet, so neces-
sary to the development of fertile minds
and healthy bodies.
The proposed reduction in funds for the
school lunch and school milk programs in
the national budget, does not appear to be
congruous with an increase in the budget
for the poverty program and foreign aid.
It is false reasoning to deprive schoolchil-
dren of the nutritional benefits of their
programs which have no readymade distri-
bution supervision.
We urge you to use every avenue open to
you to restore the budget on the school lunch
and school milk programs to adequate levels.
Sincerely yours,
THE DAIRY COUNCIL OF MILWAUKEE,
EDWIN SCHMIDT, Secretary.
ALLENTON, WIS.,
January 26, 1966.
Hon. JOHN A. RACE,
U.S. Congressman,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. RACE: I am a dairy farmer in t
and I urgently plead with you to make avail=
able sufficient funds for the school milk and
lunch program. The cut in the budget is
surely going to hurt the farmer and is not
good for the youngsters in school. Milk is
good, pure food. I'm sure it's money well
spent.
Sincerely,
PURE MILK PRODUCTS COOPERATIVE,
Fond du Lac, Wis., January 26, 1966.
Hon. LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
President of the United States,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
SIR: In behalf of some 16?;000 dairy farmer
members of Pure Milk Products Cooperative
and hundreds of thousands of other farmers,
school systems, children and their parents,
this letter is to inform you that there is deep
concern everywhere at efforts on the, part of
the executive branch of our Government to
bring about the announced sharp reduction
in the school lunch and school milk
programs.
We are greatly concerned with the budget
proposal which would cut the school milk
appropriation for the coming fiscal year to
little more than a third of current appro-
priations and reduce sharply the school lunch
funds.
These programs have provided vital con-
tributions to the nourishment of millions of
schoolchildren who might otherwise suffer
from malnutrition or lack of an adequate
and balanced diet. To curtail these impor-
tant programs, is to shortchange the chil-
dren of our Nation, and to further encourage
a lack of physical fitness on the part of youth
of our country. It is inconceivable that we
should shortchange our own children under
the pretext of a balanced budget, while de-
voting hundreds of millions of dollars to
foreign aid programs.
Not only are these school milk and school
lunch programs important in meeting the
3885
nutritional needs of our children, they are
also important factors in the building of
proper diet habits in citizens of the future,
and in establishing and mantaining markets
present and in the future for the hard-
pressed dairy farmers who are the backbone
of American agriculture. Reduction of these
programs is another slap in the face of this
important segment of agriculture. They, the
dairy farmers and dairy industry are still
dazed by the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture's efforts to drive milk prices downward
by the purchase of oleomargarine instead of
butter for use in the diets of needy Ameri-
cans and to fill domestic commitments.
We understand that the Bureau of the
Budget has issued a directive to the USDA
to withhold several million dollars of the
money which Congress had already appro-
priated for use in the school milk program
for the current year. We consider this a
serious shortchanging of millions of under-
privileged and improperly nourished school-
children. In addition, it thwarts the deci-
sions in which Congress took acton to provide
proper funds for these programs.
We urge immediate action to correct the
flagrant departures from the stated objec-
tives of the Great Society program. This
can be done by restoring to the programs
the funds appropriated by Congress, and by
restoring to the budget for the coming fiscal
years the money necessary to maintain both
the school milk and the school lunch pro--
grams at current operating levels.
Sincerely,
WM. C. ECKLES,
General Manager.
VIETNAM -
(Mr. CABELL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. CABELL. Mr. Speaker, it is the
source of no little satisfaction to a Mem-
ber of Congress who supports his Presi-
dent on a matter of national urgency, to
know that the people and the responsible
press of his district also give the Presi-
dent their support.
On successive days, February 8 and
February 9, two of the Nation's great
newspapers editorially expressed such
support. The two editorials spoke of two
vital questions involved:
First, our justification for being in
Vietnam, and the attitude 'of the Viet-
namese, and second, the two-dimension-
al aspects of the conflict.
In its editorial, the Dallas Morning
News supported wholeheartedly the
President's statement that "were the
Communist aggressors to win in Vietnam,
they would know they can accomplish
through so-called wars of national li-
beration what they could not accomplish
through naked aggression in Korea-or
insurgency in the Philippines, Greece,
and Malaya-or the threat of aggression
in Turkey-or in a free election any-
where in the world."
The News went on to say, "South Viet-
namese have given the lie to the earlier
claims by the peaceniks that their hearts
were not in the fight for independence."
The following afternoon, the Dallas
Times Herald editorially commented on
the President's conference in Hawaii and
his statements, adding:
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We must work as diligently at easing
hardships and improving the peasants' lives
as we have at formulating military strategy.
And?
Judging from President Johnson's insist-
ence in Hawaa, the largely one-sided battle
will gain this needed second dimension.
I am sure that many of my colleagues
would like to read these excellent edi-
torials in their entirety, and I am, there-
fore, attaching them to these remarks
for the RECORD.
IFrom the Dallas Morning News, Feb. 8, 19661
THE REASON WHY
The President's speech in welcome to
South Vietnam's Premier represented pure
Johnson. It was a tough, succinct, hard-
hitting speech.
President Johnson used the occasion to
blast those "special pleaders" who urge the
country to sell out the South Vietnamese
and our own troops. He used it to sum up,
briefly and well, the reason why the defense
of Vietnamese integrity is of critical impor-
tance to this country and to the world. The
speech he made got the job done.
The South Vietnamese have given the lie
to the earlier claims by peaceniks that their
hearts were not in the fight for independence.
They have continued to fight and die by the
thousands in a war that seems to have no
limits and no end. They fight, not only as
soldiers, but as civil officials and administra-
tors, who go to posts in Red-plagued areas
where they are lucky to live for a month.
The villagers themselves, whose lot is often
harder and more terrifying than that of the
soldiers, have continued to resist.
"They fight," the President said, "for the
essential rights of human existence-and
only the callous or timid can ignore their
cause."
Unfortunately, there are some of both in
the President's own country and he had
some choice words for them:
"There are special pleaders who counsel
retreat; in Vietnam. They belong to a group
that has always been blind to experience
and deaf to hope. Were we to follow their
course, how many nations might fall before
the aggressor? Where would our treaties be
respected, our word honored, our commit-
ment believed?"
Over and over again these special pleaders
have asked: "Why are we in Vietnam?"
If the Vietnam critics were listening to
the President's speech, they heard the reason
explained to them. But it seems doubtful
that they were because, as he pointed out,
they are deaf to all save the gloomy sounds
made by themselves and their kind.
However, the reason that this country has
given the lives of more than 1,300 of its
young men to defend Vietnam is a valid one,
and the President stated it well. He said:
"Were the Communist aggressors to win
in Vietnam, they would know they can ac-
complish through so-called wars of national
liberation what they could not accomplish
through naked aggression in Korea-or in-
surgency in the Philippines, Greece, and
Malaya--or the threat of aggression in Tur-
key-or in a free election anywhere in the
world."
I From the Dallas Times Herald, Feb. 9, 19661
A Two-DIMENSIONAL WAR
The degree of mutual. understanding ap-
parently achieved between President Johnson
and South Vietnamese Premier Ky at their
amicable Hawaii conference is encouraging.
The two leaders may still differ on emphasis
iii the anti-Communist war, but fertile areas
of agreement also have been found, judging
from official statements, for a positive, grass-
roots program to aid the Vietnamese people
and thereby win their support for the Ky
government.
The Saigon leadership still prefers to talk
more of escalated military action than about
the civilian reforms needed to win the ulti-
mate struggle with the Vietcong at the in-
dividual and village level. But Ky and his
aids have shown encouraging cooperative-
ness, in Honolulu to President Johnson's
insistence that more emphasis be placed on
improving the conditions in all areas as they
become secured from rebel terror by military
conquest. This undertaking will be even
more difficult-and less dramatic-than suc-
cessful combat "search and clear" operations.
But realistically, it will be impossible ever to
win any thing but a tenuous temporary hold
on any portion of Vietnam but a handful
of cities by military means alone.
This is the paradox of the conflict. It can
he lost through military weakness, but it
cannot be won purely by military strength.
The succession of Saigon government; domi-
nated by military men have too long failed
to face this reality of the dual struggle, and
so have many American assistance strategists.
Now, judging from President Johnson's in-
sistence in Hawaii, the largely one-sided
battle will gain this needed second dinension.
There can be no cause for overoptimism
about the chances of quick success in the
tedious task ahead in the villages. Similar
efforts have been made before, with dismal
results. But the critical situation demands
a new and broader attempt, aimed at building
model facilities for giving the backward, war-
weary Vietnamese populace every reason to
prefer Saigon leadership to Vietcong occupa-
tion. Ample American aid and knew-how,
skillfully applied, could still work wonders.
The United States has helped establish
showcases of superior Western culture and
living standards elsewhere, as in West Ber-
lin-where the contrast with communism's
meager offerings was so painful the Reds had
to wall in their people to keep thein from
flocking to it. Admittedly the job is more
difficult in a remote agrarian Asian setting-
but so Is fighting a war. We must work as
diligently at easing hardships and improv-
ing the peasants' lives as we have at formu-
lating military strategy. At the technological
level, the Vietcong can't compete. We are
not making fullest use of the best weapons
we have for winning over the people who are
real pawns in this struggle-and keeping
them "won."
PROPOSED CODE OF ETHICS FOR
CONGRESS
(Mr. RESNICK asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.
Mr. RESNICK. Mr. Speaker, I rise
with some hesitation and reluctance to
discuss a matter that to me is both un-
pleasant and embarrassing. Perhaps I
am breaking an unwritten rule. But
the issue is of such burning importance
that I hope I will be forgiven if my
words seem out of order or improper in
any way.
For the past few weeks I have been
shocked to read a series of columns by
Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson which
have made serious charges against the
alleged activities of a Member of the
other body, and his alleged relationship
with Julius Klein, a public relations
man, lobbyist, and registered agent for
Germany.
What, I found particularly paiiiful in
these columns was the nature of the
charges made. It was not easy for me
to read that a Member of the other
body stood accused of carrying out as-
signments for a registered foreign agent
in behalf of a foreign government.
In other words, these columns pur-
port to show that a strange and unex-
plained relationship existed-or still ex-
ists-between these two men.
One letter, which I found particularly
offensive, was written by a Member of
the other body to a member of the
German Cabinet. It strongly suggested
that Members of the Congress, both Re-
publican and Democrat, endorsed Mr.
Klein and habitually seek his advice. I
considered this presumptuous statement
an insult to me and many of my col-
leagues, since it presumed to speak for
me and was totally untrue.
I found the stories related in these
columns so hard to believe, as a matter
of fact, that I telephoned Jack Ander-
son and demanded to see evidence of
these charges. Mr. Anderson invited
me to his office to inspect his files. I
sent a member of my staff to Mr. An-
derson's office. He was received cor-
dially and given full cooperation. As a
matter of fact, he spent over 3 hours
going through Mr. Anderson's files,
which consisted of copies of correspond-
ence, telegrams, and memos between the
two men, as well as the reports of pri-
vate investigators. My assistant saw all
of the original material quoted in the
columns, all of which he told. me was
unquestionable authentic. He also saw
material which has not yet appeared in
print, and which he assures me is even
stronger and more sensational than
what has already been printed in the
newspapers.
Mr. Speaker, I am not here to judge
or condemn other people. But it seems
to me on the basis of what I have seen,
and in the absence of refutations or
denials by the parties concerned, that
these newspaper accounts might indeed
be true. And if they are, one cannot
avoid speculating on their implications.
The American people have had their
faith shaken in the past. Only a few
months ago Congress received a very bad
press when armies of lobbyists invaded
Capitol Hill to get sugar quotas for their
clients. And, of course, before that there
was the Bobby Baker scandal, which
needs no further amplification from in(!.
Over the years, influence peddling and
conflicts of interest have always been un-
welcome-but hardly unknown-intrud-
ers in Washington.
No one questions the right--rather, I
should say the absolute duty--of a Con-
gressman to fight for the legitimate in-
terests of his home district and his con-
stituents. That is one of the reasons we
are here. But we must all be constantly
aware of the dangers of developing too
close a relationship with people or com-
panies, and being drawn into the web of
opportunity.
These situations, and the suspicion and
shame they bring to Congress, emphas-
ize the need for a congressional code of
ethics. The nature of the position of a
Member of the Congress of the United
States gives him virtually unlimited free-
dom of action. He should not be left
completely to his own judgment-be-
cause judgment is elastic, and varies be-
tween individuals.
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 3844
Approved For Re 8nafflffi9ALCJWB0qy"04000300P? .uary 24, 1966
ing the following at the end of my re-
marks:
I have tried to help our unemployed, in-
cluding our older workers. Some evidence
of my efforts is shown by my statements and
the tabulations on pages 2755 and 2760 of
the February 13, 1964, issue of the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD. I quote two paragraphs
from a letter written me by Senator PAT
MCNAMARA, March 25, 1964. He is chairman
of the Senate Special Committee on Aging:
"Thank you for calling my attention to the
material you inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD of February 13 concerning Federal
employment of older workers. The staff of
the Senate Special Committee on Aging tell
me that they noted the data when you in-
serted it in the RECORD and that it is one
of the best discussions of the subject.
"You are certainly to be commended for
your zeal in combating age discrimination
in Federal employment, and I wish you well
in your further activities along this line."
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Texas?
There was no objection.
SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE
INVESTIGATION OF THE NORTH-
EAST POWER FAILURE
Mr. ROGERS of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
I ask unanimous consent that the Spe-
cial Subcommittee on the Investigation
of the Northeast Power Failure be per-
mitted to sit during general debate this
afternoon.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
Texas?
There was no objection.
SUBCOMMITTEE ON MANNED SPACE
FLIGHT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
SCIENCE AND ASTRONAUTICS
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, on behalf
of the gentleman from Connecticut
[Mr. DADDARIO], I ask unanimous con-
sent that the Subcommittee on Manned
Space Flight of the Committee on Sci-
ence and Astronautics be permitted to
sit during general debate today.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
There was no objection.
COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, on be-
half of the gentleman from North Caro-
lina [Mr. COOLEY], I ask unanimous con-
sent that the Committee on Agriculture
may have until midnight tonight to file
certain reports.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
There was no objection.
will be held in the Washington National
Cathedral at 2 o'clock tomorrow after-
noon, February 25.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I make the
point of order that a quorum is not pres-
ent.
The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum
is not present.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I move
a call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The Clerk called the roll, and the fol-
lowing Members failed to answer to their
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, I move adoption of the rule on
H.R. 12169 providing for 3 hours of
debate.
H.R. 12169 will authorize the appro-
priation of $415 million in supplemental
funds for the economic assistance pro-
gram of the Agency for International
Development during the remainder of
fiscal year 1966.
This authorization is essential to carry
forward U.S. efforts to resist Communist
aggression in South Vietnam and else-
where in southeast Asia and to build
stability in the Dominican Republic. In
addition, the authorization will replenish
the contingency fund which provides
Bandstra Farnsley Powell seen and emergency situations where
Baring Fisher Reuss vital U.S. interests are at stake.
Blatnik Hagan, Ga. Rivers, S.C.
Burleson Hagen, Calif. Roudebosh H.R. 12169 provides $315 million in
Casey Hansen, Iowa Scott new authority for supporting assistance,
Cederberg Harvey, Ind. Smith, Iowa of which $275 million is for Vietnam; $15
Chelf Hibert Taylor
Cohelan Jacobs Teague, Tex. million for Laos and Thailand; $25
Dawson Kee Toll million for the Dominican Republic; and
Derwinski Martin, Ala. Vigorito $100 million for the contingency fund,
Dorn Matthews Walker, Miss.
Dowdy Miller White, Idaho for use in any part of the world where
Dyal Moorhead Willis emergencies might arise.
Edwards, La. Pool Zablocki There is a clear need for these funds.
The SPEAKER. On this rolleall 390 Appropriations now available for use in
Members have answered to their names, Vietnam and the Dominican Republic are
a quorum. exhausted. The contingency fund is ex-
By unanimous consent, further pro- hausted. In fact, AID has had to "bor-
ceedings under the call were dispenfcd row" from other funding categories to
These
Vi
m
t
i
t
V
SUPPLEMENTAL FOREIGN ASSIST-
ANCE AUTHORIZATION, FISCAL
YEAR 1966
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr. now before the House would seriously
Speaker, by direction of the Committee hinder our efforts to defeat the Commu-
on Rules, I call up House Resolution nists in the crucial struggle for south-
742, and ask for its immediate consider- east Asia.
ation. The $275 million of supporting assist-
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol- ance for South Vietnam can be divided
lows: into two main elements. The first is
H. RES. 742 $175 million to finance commodity im-
Resolved, That upon the adoption of this ports which will help to fight inflation.
resolution it shall be in order to move that I think all my colleagues would agree
the House resolve itself into the Committee rampant inflation poses a major threat
of the Whole House on the State of the to economic and political stability wher-
Union for the consideration of the bill (H.R. ever it occurs. But in a war situation
12169) to amend further the Foreign Assist- such as Vietnam, the effects are even
pur Act o as amended, and order against fagmaiinensrt more serious and an integral part of our
purp poses, and d all points s of
said bill are hereby waived. After general program is designed to bring more goods
debate, which shall be confined to the bill into the economy to keep the forces of
and shall continue not to exceed three hours, inflation in check.
to be equally divided and controlled by the The second major element of the pro-
chairman and ranking minority member of gram in Vietnam to be financed from the
shall the be read Committee for amendment on Foreign Affairs, under the the five- bill funds authorized in H.R. 12169 is $100
minute rule. It shall be in order to consider million for counterinsurgency and rural
without the intervention of any point of construction. Included in these pro-
order the amendment recommended by the grams are public safety, logistic man-
Committee on Foreign Affairs now printed in agement, public works, refugee relief,
the bill. At the conclusion of the consid- agriculture and welfare, and develop-
eration of the bill for amendment, the Com-
mittee shall rise and report the bill to the brief listing, these funds will have a di-
and the e previous dmth may question have rect impact on the people of that war-
been adopted d such
shall shall be considered as ordered on the bill torn land. These funds will support the
and amendments thereto to final passage outstanding work of the Agency for In-
without intervening motion except one mo- ternational Development in helping to
tion to recommit. build a better life and to give the Viet-
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr. namese hope for the future.
Speaker, I yield myself such time as I Approval of these funds will help sup-
may use and yield 30 minutes to the port the military efforts in Vietnam and
gentleman from California [Mr. SMITH]. carry forward the pledge made in-the
(Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts asked declaration of Honolulu to win the cru-
and was given permission to revise and cial battle against disease, ignorance,
extend his remarks.) and poverty in South Vietnam.
MEMORIAL SERVICES FOR ADMIRAL
NIMITZ
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I take
this time first to advise the House that
memorial services for Admiral Nimitz
ena
.
n
s
finance our effor
"borrowings" must be paid back.
I am assured by AID that there are no
further sources of funds and, in fact,
funds for Vietnam are dangerously low.
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House of Representatives
T'IIURSDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 1966
The House met at 12 o'clock noon.
Rev. Clarence W. Cranford, D.D.,
Calvary Baptist Church, Washington,
:t_).C., offered the following prayer:
"For as the rain cometh down, and the
:;now from heaven, and returneth not
thither, but watereth the earth, and
maketh it bring forth and bud, that it
may give seed to the sower, and bread
to the eater; so shall My word be that
croeth forth out of My mouth," saith the
/.ord.-Isaiah 55: 10-11.
We thank Thee, 0 Lord, that as the
:;now settles upon the earth, so Thy word
can settle in our minds and hearts.
Grant, 0 God, that as that word pene-
trates our thinking, it may bring forth
the fruit of wise decisions and right
actions.
We thank Thee today for him who,
:aver the last several years, has led this
!body so often in prayer. We thank Thee
or his witness and continuing influence.
,rant Thy blessing upon his loved ones.
May they be comforted by their memo-
:-ies of his life, and by their hope for the
life to come.
We pray for the Nation for whom he
prayed so often. We love our Nation,
Lord. We thank Thee for its ideal of
"liberty and justice for all." We con-
fess we have not fully achieved the
ideal, but, 0 God, keep us always moving
in that direction. May no selfishness on
our part, ar lack of understanding, keep
us from working for our Nation's wel-
fare. We pray for Thy name's sake.
Amen.
THE JOURNAL
I'he Journal of the proceedings of yes-
terday was read and approved.
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate, by Mr.
Arrington, one of its clerks, announced
that the Senate agrees to the amend-
ment of the House with an amendment to
the bill S. 251, to provide for the estab-
lishment of the Cape Lookout National
Seashore in the State of North Carolina,
and for other purposes, in which con-
currence of the House is requested.
The message also announced that Mr.
MAGNUSON, chairman of the Committee
on Commerce, pursuant to title 46,
United States Code, section 1126c, ap-
pointed Mr. BARTLETT and Mr. PROUTY
to be members of the Board of Visitors to
the U.S. Merchant; Marine Academy.
'I he message also announced that Mr.
'\4AGNUSON, chairman of the Committee
on Commerce, pursuant to title 14,
United States Code, section 194(a), ap-
pointed Mr. BASS and Mr. PEARSON to be
members of the Board of Visitors to the
U.S. Coast Guard Academy.
COMPENSATION OF TEACHERS AND
'T'EACHING POSITIONS UNDER THE
'.DEFENSE DEPARTMENT OVER-
SEAS TEACHERS PAY AND PER-
SONNEL PRACTICES ACT
Mr. UDALL. Mr, Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent to take from the
Speaker's table the bill (H.R. 6845) to
correct inequities with respect to the
basic compensation of teachers and
teaching positions under the Defense
Department Overseas Teachers Pay and
Personnel Practices Act.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from P ri-
zona? The Chair hears none, and ap-
points the following conferees: Messrs.
MURRAY, MORRISON, UDALL, CORBETT, ;,ad
BROYHILL of North Carolina.
PROPER LAND USE PROMISES
LASTING BENEFIT
(Mr. MACKAY asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and. to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MACKAY, Mr. Speaker, in the
rapidly expanding urban and industrial
area around Atlanta, we have come to
appreciate the importance of wise land
use planning to protect the community's
valuable soil and water resources, a .ad
for the long-term benefit of investors in
the Atlanta economy.
The Atlanta region is experiencing the
same land use problems as those found in
other dynamic metropolitan areas in the
Nation. The answers to these problems
are much the same everywhere. They
are based on proper evaluation of the
soils: following through with develou-
ment programs that the particular tyue
of soil will adequately support; taking
the necessary steps to protect against
erosion from land under development,
and stabilizing the soil immediately fol-
lowing development.
Local governments, institutions, and
urban and industrial developers in the
Atlanta region have wisely sought, and
have received, expert help from qualified
soil and water conservation technicians
in planning the best possible use of lard
under development.
The Soil Conservation Service of ti 'C
U.S. :Department of Agriculture, in cu-
operation with the State of Georgia, has
provided vital technical assistance on soil
and water conservation problems. In
the State as a whole, SCS soil scientists
last year completed soil survey;; on about
1,870,000 acres of land.
I am confident that soil surveys will l,e
used increasingly in Georgia's Fourth
District to determine the best possible
use of the land in a developing economy :
to protect the land from erosion, the riv-
ers and streams in the area from silta-
tion, and those who buy and build on the
land from loss due to building on soil
that is not suited to the purpose.
I heartily commend the Federal, State,
and local cooperation which has made
possible the soil surveys and other soil
and water conservation measures in the
Atlanta area and throughout Georgia's
Fourth Congressional District. Through
experience, we have come to appreciate
the immense value of these services-for
the lasting benefit of this important and
rapidly growing region of the American
Southland.
HEARINGS IN REGARD TO THE B-7'.7
AIRPLANE
(Mr. STAGGERS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, I tape
this time today to announce that next
Tuesday, the Committee on Interstate
and Foreign Commerce will have before
it in executive session the Chairman of
the Civil Aeronautics Board and the Ad-
ministrator of the Federal Aviation
Agency to discuss the subject of the
B-727 airplane.
All of us are aware that in the past few
months there have been several regret-
table accidents involving this type of
aircraft. Many Members of the House
have indicated to me their rightful con-
cern over what has happened and what
is being done to avoid repetition.
I wish to indicate that the formal in-
vestigations of the aviation authorities
are going forward to determine what may
have been the causes of the accidents and
the steps that need to be taken to prevent
recurrence. The record is not yet com-
plete and definitive conclusions have not
yet been reached.
The committee has no desire to
anticipate what may be the findings, nor
jump to any hasty opinions. We cannot
overlook, however, our responsibilities to
the people and to the Members of the
House in the field of aviation operations
and safety, as to what, if anythinrr,
should be done in the meantime. Ac-
cordingly, we are having these executive
meetings so that we may be assured
ourselves and in turn assure the Mem-
bers that the proper measures have been
and are being taken adequately to pro-
tect the public.
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD
Mr. BECKWO:R'I'H. Mr. Speaker,
ask unanimous consent that the per
manent RECORD be corrected insofar as
my remarks of February 23, 1966, ap-
pearing on page 3578 in the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD are concerned by includ-
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 February 2 ,p deed For Re~e8RCN~g 9ALCl~- BOOR ?0400030002-3 3845
The expanded AID program in Viet-
nam entails increased administrative ex-
penses. AID has estimated that approx-
imately $1.4 million will be required to
meet recruitment costs and pay for other
administrative and support services.
Therefore, the committee has included
authority to use up to $1.4 million of
supporting assistance funds for admin-
istrative expenses incurred only in con-
nection with Vietnam programs. This
authority would require a determination
by the President that such a transfer is
necessary, which determination would be
reported to the Congress.
The bill before the House also con-
tains $15 million to support counterin-
surgency and rural development efforts
in Thailand and Laos. The battle for
these areas of southeast Asia has been
increasing in tempo in recent months.
Communist subversion is being stepped
up and we must meet it.
H.R. 12169 thus will provide support
for efforts to meet aggression and resist
subversion in these key countries of
southeast Asia-Vietnam, Thailand, and
Laos. The funds being requested are
small in comparison to our military ef-
forts, but they are not less important.
Mr. Speaker, the bill before the House
will help in the short-run struggle
against communism and the long-run
battle against the ancient enemies of
man.
As President Johnson said in his for-
eign aid message to the Congress:
We extend assistance to nations because it
is in the highest traditions of our heritage
and our humanity. But even more because
we are concerned with the kind of world our
children will live in.
I urge all my colleagues to support
H.R. 12169, which will provide one more
step toward a world of stability, peace,
and freedom.
Mr. Speaker, I hope that the rule is
adopted, and I would now like to yield to
the gentleman from California [Mr.
SMITH].
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield to me for a point on the
rule?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. I
yield to the gentleman from Missouri.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I appreci-
ate the gentleman yielding and for his
explanation of the bill which is to be con-
sidered here, H.R. 12169, as made in or-
der by House Resolution 742. My ques-
tion pertains to the rules of procedure of
the House and particularly to lines 6 and
7 of the resolution, where "all points of
order against that bill are hereby
waived."
Would the gentleman from Massachu-
setts advise me, in his wisdom and that
of the Committee on Rules, what there
is in this bill that might be subject to a
point of order and, secondly, who made
the request that this be included in this
rule and, thirdly, why it is good proced-
ure under these particular circum-
stances?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Actu-
ally, I do not know where a point of or-
der lies. All I do know is it is the pro-
cedure of the Committee on Rules, when
we have a rule to write we tell the Par-
liamentarian and he writes it for us, and
we go on from there. I do not know
whether there is a point of order that lies
against the bill. As I recall it, yesterday
the chairman of the Committee on For-
eign Affairs said, having gone over the
bill with the Parliamentarian, that he
knew of no points of order but that they
thought it was best because of the im-
portance of the bill that they waive
points of order so, in case there is a tech-
nicality ruled against it, it would pro-
tect it.
Mr. HALL. I thank the gentleman.
But, is the distinguished gentleman tell-
ing the House that the Committee on
Rules does not write the rules under
which we consider legislation in this
House?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Of
course, we have as an adviser on matters
of this nature the Parliamentarian, as
do all the Members of the House.
Mr. HALL. Is there any question in
the gentleman's mind as to whether or
not there is anything in this bill that is
not germane? Was any point submitted
that would require waiver of all points of
order against the bill?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. No.
I would submit there was not.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I submit that
this is a poor way to legislate. We have
adequate rules of procedure which are
updated every 2 years and which have
been our rules since the time of Jefferson
for the handling of matters pertaining
to rules of germaneness, the Ramseyer
rule, and every other indication that we
ordinarily concern ourselves with con-
cerning points of order. If they are to
come in here, as they did indeed yester-
day, when we had a protest vote against
the rule requested by the Committee on
Ways and Means, and, if all supplement-
als or deficiencies and appropriations
come in with waivers of points of order
and "gag rules" preventing amend-
ment-and this is a perfectly good rule
here except for the waiver of all points
of order-there are bound to be objec-
tions, no action "without objection," and
none will be considered under unanimous
consent, and I place the House on notice
that there will be protest votes all along.
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. All I
can say to the gentleman from Missouri
is that to my knowledge there are no
points of order in this legislation. How-
ever, the committee felt that the bill was
of such import that it did not want to
take any chances, and so the waiver of
points of order was placed in the bill.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, if the gen-
tleman will yield further, I understand
what the gentleman from Massachusetts
is saying-this was inserted by the Par-
liamentarian or by the Committee on
Foreign Affairs, and it was passed rou-
tinely, without consideration by the
Committee on Rules.
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. It
was suggested by the Parliamentarian.
Mr. HALL. And, Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman will yield further, there is
nothing in the bill itself that might be
subject to a point of order?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. It was
inserted by the Committee on Rules at
the suggestion of the Parliamentarian.
Mr. HALL. Well, Mr. Speaker, the
House in its wisdom can.determine later
whether the bill contains areas therein
and whether it might be subject to a
point of order. But with this resolution
passing as written we have no right to
work our will under these circumstances.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Yes,
I yield to the gentleman from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, with all
due respect to the gentleman presently
in the well of the House, and the Com-
mittee on Rules, am I to believe now
that it is becoming fashionable to simply
write waivers of points of order in the
rules clearing bills to the House floor?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. There
was a request that this be done.
Mr. GROSS. If the gentleman will
yield further, is it just fashionable to
do it?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. The
gentleman from Iowa was in the Com-
mittee on Rules when the debate trans-
pired yesterday. The gentleman was
there, and he knows that the chair-
man of the Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs asked for this particular rule, after
he had talked with the Parliamentarian.
At that time the gentleman could have,
if he so desired, opposed the rule and
the granting of the waiving of points of
order that the gentleman's chairman
offered before the Committee on Rules,
but the gentleman sat there mute.
Mr. GROSS. If the gentleman will
yield further, let us get the record
straight. I sat immediately back of the
chairman of the House Committee on
Foreign Affairs, and the gentleman from
Pennsylvania said he did not know of
any reason why points of order should
be waived on the bill, and I thought that
was sufficient.
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. But,
nevertheless, he asked for this rule.
Mr. GROSS. Who is "he" who asked
for a waiver of points of order?
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. The
gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr.
MORGAN]. I presume he was speaking
for the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Mr. GROSS. Who is "he"? The
chairman of the Foreign Affairs Com-
mittee? The chairman of that commit-
tee said that he was not asking that the
points of order be waived.
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. But
Dr. MOROAN explained to us that he had
requested the rule that was suggested to
him, after he had consultation with the
Parliamentarian. For that reason he
was offering that rule, and that is why
we adopted it.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, if the
gentleman will yield further, I do not
know when that happened, and I insist
he did not make such a request. If there
is a rollcall vote on the rule I will vote
against adoption for the reason that no
case has been made for a waiver of
points of order.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
MURPHY of New York). The time of the
gentleman from Pennsylvania has ex-
pired.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1+'ebruary 24, 1966
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr.
Speaker, I yield myself such time as I
may consume.
(Mr. SMITH of California asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr.
Speaker, House Resolution 742 provides
for a 3-hour rule for the considera-
tion of H.R. 12169, which is a bill to
amend the Foreign Assistance Act of
1961. It does waive points of order, but
it is open for amendment.
The bill, Mr. Speaker, authorizes the
appropriation or $115 million for the re-
mainder of fiscal 1966 to support U.S.
operations in southeast Asia and the
Dominican Republic, and to build up the
contingency fund. None of the money
is for military assistance.
Mr. Speaker, the funds are intended
for the following purposes: $275 million
for Vietnam, $7.5 million for Laos, $7.5
for 'Thailand, ;25 million for the Do-
lninican Republic, and $100 million for
the contingency fund, which makes a
total of $415 million.
Mr. Speaker, of these funds for Viet-
nam, $175 million will be used to import
essential consumer goods and industrial
materials required to keep the economy
going. The remaining $100 million is for
the rebuilding of war-damaged villages,
roads and bridges, increased refugee re-
lief, and to finance increased counter-
insurgency operations.
Mr. Speaker, the $7.5 million for Laos
will be used to finance a civilian air
transport to outlying areas cut off from
direct government contact, and to pur-
chase the supplies carried in by the air-
lift.
Mr. Speaker, the $7.5 million ear-
marked for Thailand is to be used to
t:xpand programs aimed at strengthen-
ing the exposed northeast area against
Communist subversion from neighboring
Laos just across the Mekong River.
Training of local police improved com-
munications and expanded health, edu-
cation, and agriculture programs are
planned.
Mr. Speaker, the bill provides $25 mil-
lion for the Dominican Republic. The
:;um of $15 million will be used to help
'finance the Government and the re-
maining $10 million is earmarked to
continue such projects as road repairs,
community development, and irrigation
programs.
Finally, Mr. Speaker, the bill au-
thorizes $100 million to be added to the
contingency fund for use in the last 3
months of fiscal 1966. The funds are
to meet unexpected needs, not known
ones, or programs Congress has previ-
ously rejected.
Mr. Speaker. I urge the adoption of
the rule.
I say to the gentleman from Massa-
chusetts, I do not have any requests for
time but do reserve the balance of my
time.
The SPEAKER. The Chair recog-
nizes the gentleman from Massachusetts
I Mr. O'NEILL].
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, I have no further requests for
time.
Mr. Speaker, I move the previous ques-
tion on the resolution.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the motion offered by the gentleman
from Massachusetts to order the previ-
ous question.
The motion was agreed to.
The previous question was ordered.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
agreeing to the resolution.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
\4r. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani-
mous consent to revise and extend my
remarks previously made.
The SPEAKER. Without objection,
it is so ordered.
There was no objection..
Mr. LIPSCOMB. Mr. Speaker. I
make a point of order that a quorum is
not present.
The SPEAKER. Evidently, a quorum
is not present.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Speaker, I move
a call of the House.
Mr. LIPSCOMI3. Mr. Speaker, I was
going to object to the vote on the resolu-
tion on the ground that a quorum was
not present.
The SPEAKER. The Chair had de-
cl.6red the resolution was agreed to and
a motion to reconsider was laid on. the
table.
Mr. LIPSCOM]3. Mr. Speaker, I was
on my feet and I want to object to the
vote on the resolution on the ground
that a quorum is not present, and make
the point of order that a quorum is not
present.
'I'he SPEAKER. The Chair wants to
be fair and wants to protect the rights
of Members. Since the gentleman states
that he was on his feet for that purpose,
without abjection the actions by which
the resolution was agreed to and the mo-
tion to reconsider was laid on the table
are vacated.
Mr. LIPSCOM73. I thank the
Speaker.
Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on
the resolution on the ground that a
quorum is not present and make the
point of order that a quorum is not
present.
'The SPEAKER. Evidently, a quorum
is not present.
'The Doorkeeper will close the doors,
the Sergeant at Arms will notify absent
Members and the Clerk will call the roll.
The question was taken; and there
were-yeas 359, nays 11. not voting 62. as
follows:
l Roll No. 221
'YEAS-359
Abbitt
Aspinall
Bolling
Abernethy
Ayres
Bolton
Adair
Baldwin
110w
Adams
Baring
Brademas
Addabbo
Barrett
Bray
Albert
Bates
Brock
Anderson, 1111.
Battin
Brooks
Anderson,
Beckworth
Broomfield
Tenn.
Belcher
Brown, Ohio
Andrews,
Bell
Broyhill, N.C,
George W.
Bennett
Broyhill, Va.
Andrews,
Berry
Buchanan
N. Dak.
Betts
Burke
Annunzio
Bingham
Burton, Calif.
Aoends
Boggs
Burton, Utah
Ashmore
Boland
Byrne, Pa,
Byrnes, Wis.
Herlong
Philbin
Cabell
Hicks
Pickle
Cahill
Holland
Pike
Callan
Horton
Pirnie
Callaway
Hosmer
Poage
Cameron
Howard
Poff
Carey
Hull
Price
Carter
Hungate
Pucinski
Collor
Huot
Quie
Chamberlain
Hutchinson
Race
Clancy
Ichord
Randall
Clark
Jacobs
R.edlin
Clawson, Del
Jarman
Rees
Clevenger
Jennings
Reid, 111.
Collier
Joelson
Reid, N.Y.
Colmer
Johnson, Calif.
Rcifel
Conable
Johnson, Okla.
Reineake
Conte
Johnson, Pa.
Reuss
Conyers
Jones
Rhodes, Ariz.
Corbett
Jones, Ala.
Rhodes, Pa.
Graley
Jonas, Mo.
River=, Alaska
Cramer
Janes, N.C.
Roberts
Culver
Karsten
Robison
Cunningham
Karth
Rodino
Curtin
Kastenmeier
Rogers, Colo.
Curtis
Keith
Rogers, Fla.
Daddario
Kelly
Ronan
Dague
Keogh
Roncalio
Daniels
King, Calif.
Rooney, N.Y.
Davis, Ga.
Kag, N.Y.
Rooney, Pa.
Davis, Wis.
King, Utah
Rosenthal
de la Garza
Kluezynski
R-ustenkow,.ki
Delaney
Kornegay
Roush
Dent
Krebs
Roybal
Denton
Kunkel
Rumsfeld
Derwinski
Kupferman
Ryan
Devine
Laird
Satterfield
Diggs
Langen
St Germain
Dingell
Latta
St.On.ge
Dole
Leggett
Saylor
Donohue
Lennon
Scheuer
Dow
Lipscomb
Schisler
Downing
Long, La.
Schmidhauser
Dulski
Love
Schneebeli
Duncan, Oreg.
McCarthy
Schweiker
Duncan, Tenn.
McClory
Sccrest
Dwyer
McCulloch
Shipley
Edmondson
McDade
Shriver
Edwards, Ala.
McDowell
Sickles
Edwards, Calif.
McEwcn
Sikes
Ellsworth
McFall
Sisk
Erlenborn
McGrath
Skuhitz
Evans, Colo.
McMillan
Slack
Everett
McVicker
Smith, Calif.
Evins, Tenn.
Macdonald
Smith, N.Y.
Fallon
MacGregor
Smith, Va.
Farbstein
Machen
Springer
Farnum
Mackay
Stafford
Fascell
Mackie
Staggers
Feighan
Madden
Stalbaum
Findley
Mahon
Stanton
Flood
Mailliard
Steed
Flynt
Marsh
Stephens
Fogarty
Martin, Ala.
Stratton
Foley
Martin, Mass.
Stubbleflcld
Ford, Gerald R. Martin, Nebr.
Sullivan
Ford,
Mathias
Sweeney
William D.
Matsunaga
Talcott
Fountain
May
Taylor
Fraser
Meeds
Teague, Calif.
Frelinghuysen
Michel
Tenzer
Friedel
Mills
Thompson, N.J.
Fulton. Pa.
Minish
Thompson., 'rex.
Fuqua
Mink
Thomson, Wis.
Gallagher
Minshall
Todd
Garmatz
Mize
Trimble
Gathings
Moeller
Tuck
Gettys
Monagan
Tunney
Giaimo
Moore
Tupper
Gibbons
Morgan
Tutee
Gilbert
Morris
Udall
Gilligan
Morrison
Ullman
Gonzalez
Morse
Utt
Gray
Morton
Van Deerlin
Green, Oreg.
Mosher
Vanik
Green, Pa.
Moss
Vivian
Greigg
Murphy, 111.
Waggonner
Grider
Murphy, N.Y.
Walker, N. Mex.
Griffin
Murray
Watkins
Griffiths
Natcher
Watts
Hagen, Calif.
Nedzi
Wollner
Haley
Nelsen
Whalley
Halpern
Nix
White, Tex..
Hamilton
O'Brien
Whitener
Hanley
O'Hara, Ill.
Whitten
Hansen, Idaho
O'Hara, Mich.
Widnall
Hansen, Wash.
O'Konskl
Williams
Hardy
Olsen, Mont.
Wilson, Bob
Harsha
O'Neal, Ga.
Wolff
Harvey, Mich.
O'Neill, Mass.
Wright
Hathaway
Ottinger
Wyatt
Hawkins
Pa.tman
Wydler
Hechler
Patten
Yates
Helstoski
Pelly
Young
Henderson
Perkins
Younger
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NAYS-11
Andrews,
Gross
Pool
Glenn
Gurney
Quillen
Ashbrook
Hall
Rogers, Tex.
Dickinson
Passman
Watson
NOT VOTING-62
Ashley
Fulton, Tenn.
Olson, Minn.
Bandstra
Goodell
Pepper
Blatnik
Grabowski
Powell
Brown, Calif.
Grover
Purcell
Burleson
Gubser
Resnick
Casey
Hagan, Ga.
Rivers, S.C.
Cederberg
Halleck
Roudebush
Chelf
Hanna
Scott
Clausen,
Hansen, Iowa
Selden
Don Ii.
Harvey, Ind.
Senner
Cleveland
Hays
Smith, Iowa
Cohelan
Hebert
Teague, Tex,
Cooley
Holifield
Toll
Corman
Irwin
Vigorito
Dawson
Kee
Walker, Miss.
Dorn
Kirwan
White, Idaho
Dowdy
Landrum
Willis
Dyal
Long, Md.
Wilson,
Edwards, La.
Matthews
Charles H.
Farnsley
Miller
Zablocki
Fine,
Moorhead
Fisher
Multer
So the resolution was agreed to.
The Clerk announced the following
pairs :
Mr. Miller with Mr. Grover.
Mr. Moorhead with Mr. Cleveland.
Mr. Hebert with Mr. Halleck.
Mr. Brown of California with Mr. Ceder-
berg.
Mr. Edwards of Louisiana with Mr. Roude-
bush.
Mr. Toll with Mr. Goodell.
Mr. White of Idaho with Mr. Harvey of
Indiana.
Mr. Hays with Mr. Fino.
Mr. Rivers of South Carolina with Mr.
Gubser.
Mr. Cooley with Mr. Walker of Mississippi.
Mr. Cohelan with Mr. Don H. Clausen.
Mr. Holifield with Mr. Scott.
Mr. Kirwan with Mr. Kee.
Mr. Multer with Mr. Olson of Minnesota.
Mr. Charles H. Wilson with Mr. Dowdy.
Mr. Carman with Mr. Dawson.
Mr. Chelf with Mr. Irwin.
Mr. Smith of Iowa with Mr. Selden.
Mr. Bandstra with Mr. Ashley.
Mr. Grabowski with Mr. Casey.
Mr. Pepper with Mr. Hanna.
Mr. Matthews with Mr. Long of Maryland.
Mr. Landrum with Mr. Teague of Texas.
Mr. Zablocki with Mr. Dorn.
Mr. Vigorito with Hr. Hansen of Iowa.
Mr. Willis with Mr. Farnsley.
Mr. Blatnik with Mr. Fisher.
Mr. Fulton of Tennessee with Mr. Purcell.
Mr. Senner with Mr. Powell.
Mr. Hagan of Georgia with Mr. Resnick.
The result of the vote was announced
as above recorded.
The doors were opened.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. AL-
BERT). The Chair recognizes the gentle-
man from Pennsylvania [Mr. MORGAN].
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House resolve itself into the
Committee of the Whole House on the
State of the Union for the consideration
of the bill (H.R. 12169) to amend further
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961," as
amended, and for other purposes.
The motion was agreed to.
IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
Accordingly, the House resolved itself
into the Committee of the Whole House
on the State of the Union for the consid-
eration of the bill, H.R. 12169, with Mr.
THOMPSON of Texas in the chair.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
By unanimous consent, the first read-
ing of the bill was dispensed with.
The CHAIRMAN. Under the rule, the
gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. MOR-
GAN] will be recognized for 11/2 hours and
the gentlewoman from Ohio [Mrs. BOL-
TON] will be recognized for 11/2 hours.
The Chair recognizes the gentleman
from Pennsylvania [Mr. MORGAN ] .
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
myself 10 minutes.
(Mr. MORGAN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, H.R.
12169 authorizes $415 million of addi-
tional funds for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1966. Most of this money is for
Vietnam, and I believe it is fair to say
that if it were not for the war in Vietnam,
we would not have this bill before us.
Now I know that there are some of us
who disagree with the policy our Gov-
ernment is following in Vietnam, but I
do not believe that even those who dis-
agree with our policy will find themselves
in opposition to this bill.
As far as I am aware, none of the
critics of our policy has advocated an
immediate pullout of U.S. forces and
termination of U.S. assistance.
I believe everyone will agree that as
long as our boys are fighting in Vietnam,
we must back them up, and, although this
bill provides no military assistance, the
funds which it authorizes are absolutely
essential if the civilian population is to
cope with the devastation of war and the
demoralization caused by inflation in
that country.
The funds authorized by this bill are to
be used as follows:
For Vietnam----------------- $275,000,000
For Laos_____________________ 7,500,000
For Thailand_________________ 7:500,000
For the Dominican Republic_- 25, 000, 000
To replenish the contingency
fund---------------------- 100, 000, 000
Total------------------ 415,000,000
VIETNAM
It is not necessary for, me to describe
the effect which the war has had on the
economy of Vietnam. Villages, roads,
and bridges have been destroyed. Crops
have been damaged and the movement of
rice to markets has been interrupted.
The Government is not able to collect its
normal revenues, and it needs more
more money than ever to carry on the
war effort.
This bill authorizes funds to assist
the rural population to deal with war
devastation and to finance the import of
additional supplies of very essential com-
modities. The sale of these commodi-
ties will absorb some of the rapidly
expanding purchasing power resulting
from the presence of U.S. personnel and
the large-scale construction program
made necessary to supply and to shelter
our forces in that country.
At the same time, the proceeds of the
sale of these commodities will augment
the war budget of the Government of
Vietnam.
As I pointed out a minute ago, there
is no money in this bill for military as-
sistance. The organization and proce-
dures of the military assistance program
are not designed to support combat
operations. The Committee on Foreign
Affairs agrees with the recommendation
of the President that the supply of mili-
tary equipment and services to the Viet-
nam forces should be at the discretion
of our commander in the field and that
the same logistics system should serve
both United States and Vietnam forces
while this present war is going on. Au-
thorization of the funds to finance mili-
tary equipment for the use of our own
forces in Vietnam and for the Vietnam-
ese forces is now under consideration by
the Committee on Armed Services.
Just yesterday morning I appeared be-
fore the Committee on Rules at the same
time the Armed Forces representatives
appeared, and a rule was granted on their
bill. I am sure under the leadership of
the House, it will be up for discussion
next week.
LAOS
The $7,500,000 for Laos is needed pri-
marily to meet the problems of supply-
ing the civilian population of that war-
torn country. There are a considerable
number of refugees who have to be taken
care of, and many villages inhabited by
people who are strongly anti-qommunist
are cut off except for air transport. The
United States finances civilian air trans-
port to supply these people and the ex-
pansion of airport facilities in order to
carry the load.
THAILAND
The Communist campaign of terrorism
and subversion in Thailand has been ac-
celerated, particularly in the northeast
and the extreme south. The $7,500,000
provided for Thailand is to finance the
expansion of the civil police, including
additional helicopters and a village radio
network, and to extend the rural de-
velopment program to more villages.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
The funds authorized in the bill will
provide $25 million -for the Dominican
Republic. Most of it will go to pay sal-
aries and other expenses to keep govern-
ment services going until the revenues
of the Government of the Dominican
Republic can be restored, and the rest
to finance such essential economic pro-
grams as road maintenance, repair of
irrigation ditches, and community de-
velopment.
CONTINGENCY FUND
The large item in this bill that is not
programed is the continguency fund.
The bill authorizes $100 million to
replenish the contingency fund. Last
summer, the President requested and
Congress voted $50 million for the con-
tingency fund. This was the first time
in 10 years that the Executive had asked
for less than $150 million for the con-
tingency fund, although in some years
the actual drawings on the contingency
fund were substantially lower.
The $50 million has not been enough
to meet the demands on the contingency
fund this year. It has all been pro-
gramed, and the bill provides $100 mil-
lion to take care of unforeseen situations
or to deal with problems which are
known to exist but where the amount of
money required cannot yet be deter-
mined.
The Congress has established the pol-
icy, which is accepted by the Executive,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February lyy 1966
t;liat the contingency fund will not be
used to finance projects or operations
which are already programed or for
which Congress has refused to provide
funds.
'['here is no way we can tell whether
$100 million will be enough or whether
it will be too much. The Agency for
International Development has in recent
years made a good record of returning to
the Treasury any unneeded portion of
the contingency fund.
The committee believes that, con-
sidering the present world situation, it
is in the national interest to provide the
full amount requested, with the under-
standing that if all the money is not
needed, it will not be spent.
The expanded Vietnam program has
increased the cost of administration to
pay the salaries of additional personnel,
to meet the cost of recruiting the limited
number of people with the necessary
qualifications who are available for serv-
ice in Vietnam and provide the necessary
office space, equipment, and rental of
quarters.
Section 610(b) of existing law pro-
hibits the use of the transfer authority
or other discretionary authority con-
tained in the Poreign Assistance Act to
augment appropriations for administra-
tive expenses. For this reason, an addi-
tional authori?ation is required for this
purpose, and the bill makes $1,400,000
available for such use.
Mr. Chairman, this bill is very, very
important to our effort in South Vietnam.
As I said before, no military assistance is
provided in the bill, but it is important
to carry on our effort there. I hope that
the House will pass the bill.
Mr. PASSMAN. Mr. Chairman, will
the distinguished chairman yield?
Mr. MORGAN. I yield to the gentle-
man from Louisiana.
Mr. PASSMAN. Is it not true that this
money is being requested and author-
ized on an "illustrative" basis, in that if
the administration does not need this
money for southeast Asia, it could be allo-
cated to and spent in any other country
In any part of the world where we have
an AID program or even in countries
where we do not have an AID program
at the present time?
Mr. MORGAN. I am sure if the gen-
tleman from Louisiana will read the
hearings conducted by the Committee on
Foreign Affairs, he will find that the
President has already had to draw on
funds temporarily unused to the amount
of $64 million to keep the program going.
The money in this bill will have to re-
place what has already been drawn and
spent. The money is actually needed
right now.
Mr. PASSMAN. I appreciate the gen-
tleman's response; but is it not true that
this money in this hill is being requested
on an "illustrative" basis, and that it is
not earmarked for South Vietnam or any
other country? It is not like all other
foreign aid: It is on an "illustrative"
basis and may be spent wherever the
AID agency pleases? If it is not true,
please point out where in this hill you
have earmarked money for South Viet-
nam.
Mr. MORGAN. I have already pointed
out to the gentleman from Louisiana that
$64 million is earmarked to replace funds
already spent.
Mr. PASSMAN. Is that provision in
this bill?
Mr. MORGAN. It has already been
spent.
Mr. PASSMANN. Is there such a pro-
vision in this bill?
Mr. MORGAN. It has been explained
in the hearings.
Mr. PASSMAN. I am talking about
this specific bill. The program is on an
"illustrative" basis. I have been lian-
dl:ing the appropriations bill for this pro-
gram for a long, long time, and it is still
on an "illustrative" basis. Funds in the
annual appropriation and in this bill are
not earmarked for any particular coun-
tr:;r. Also the contingency fund of $1.00
million can be used in any country
around the world. In fact, AID testified
before my subcommittee that they may
not need. it and. may not spend it. I
thank the gentleman for yielding.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
myself 2 additional minutes.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. MORGAN. I yield to the gentle-
man from New Jersey.
Mr. GALLAGHER. I thank the
chairman for yielding to me. Is it not
a fact that the appropriation bill con-
sidered by the gentleman from Louisi-
ana is also on an illustrative basis and
that it does give transferability author-
Mr. MORGAN. This particular au-
thorization has been justified on the
basis that the need exists in South Viet-
nam and in the neighboring countries of
Laos and. Thailand.
Mr. PASSMAN. Mr. Chairman, will
the gentleman yield further?
Mr. MORGAN. I yield to the gentle-
man from Louisiana.
Mr. PASSMAN. I always seem to get
this monstrosity of a program through
the House on that basis. But when you,
the authorization committee, make it
legal to appropriate on an illustrative
basis, we have no other alternative other
than to go along with such a flexible
procedure.
This is just another piece of the ,give-
away program. If you earmark these
funds for South Vietnam, I will vote for
it and apologize to this House for making
this statement. You are not going to
earmark these funds, and AID will have
the right to spend it wherever they
please.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, if
the gentleman, who has not always been
a, supporter of the program, has not been
able to earmark it down through the
years, I believe that what we must do is
trust the administration now, as we have
in the past.
Mr. PASSMAN. The gentleman has
made my point for me. I want to thank
him for it. We understand it is not ear-
marked, and you have no assurance that
15 cents of it will be spent In South
Vietnam? so far as the language of the
bill is concerned.
Mr. GALLAGHER. The gentlem,,m's
own bill is always set up on an illustra-
tive basis. I believe the chairman made
a point that the money has atreadv i..?.--r
borrowed from other areas in order to
fund the activities in South Vietnam.
Mr. PASSMAN. I read the hearin' a
and I still do not know where the money
has been spent. It is the same old cab-
bage.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will tiic
gentleman yield?
Mr. MORGAN. I yield to the ;gcn Ha-
man from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, is it not
true that if the contingency fund in the
amount of $100 million is approved it
can be spent in Indonesia or on behalf
of Nasser or Sukarno, or in any other
place around the world?
Mr. MORGAN. The gentleman un-
derstands the definition of "contingency
fund." Of course, it can be used any-
where there are unforeseen emergencies,
anywhere around the world. The gen-
tleman knows, as I know, that in the
bill of last year we established a special
contingency fund for South Vietnam in
the amount of $89 million. It, has all
been allocated to that area. This is the
reason why none of the $50 million from
the contingency fund was used in South
Vietnam. The gentleman can be sure,
without that special contingency fund
for South Vietnam, the $50 million would
have been used in South Vietnam.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I
yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from
Indiana iMr. ADDAIR].
(Mr. ADAIR asked and was given per-
mission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ADAIR. Mr. Chairman, the bill
before us today presents a very serious
question for many people, including my-
self, who have been critical of our for-
eign aid programs for many years. If
this bill is to be supported-and I think
it should be-it should be supported on
the basis of the fact that we are in Viet-
nam. Whether we like it or not, we are
there. If we are there, we should provide
every resource, every facility for our
fighting men there.
It may be said, perhaps, that in this
bill we are being overgenerous. I think
we are. In my judgment there is a place
where this bill can be reduced and should
be reduced. But we must not err on. the
side of denying any dollars to the ac-
tivity in Vietnam which will lead to its
speedier conclusion and may in any sense
result in the saving of lives. Upon that
sober basis, I think this legislation should
be considered.
Mr. Chairman, this legislation is not
perfect. It is not without fault. It does
not do many of the things that ought
to be done. It leaves unanswered certain
questions.
However, it is a step in the right direc-
tion and possibly, only possibly, the best
step that we can take at this time.
There are areas about which several of
us on the committee who filed supple-
mental views were deeply concerned.
First of all, we are concerned that ships
of friendly nations, ships of countries
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to which we have given assistance,. are
even now continuing to carry goods and
cargoes into North Vietnam, into the
harbor at Haiphong. We feel something
should be done about that, something
far more than has been done and is be-
ing done.
Secondly, although we did not go into
this in the supplemental views, we are
aware that great delays are being en-
countered in the offloading of cargos at
Saigon and Da Nang and elsewhere. We
think this is inexcusable. If, during
World War II, we could, by the use of
breakwaters and otherwise, unload fan-
tastic amounts of cargo and great num-
bers of men onto the Normandy beaches
in a combat situation, then there is ab-
solutely no excuse, Mr: Chairman, for the
fact that cargo ships are lined up wait-
ing. to be offlpaded in Saigon and else-
where in Vietnam. This, I say, is inex-
cusable.
Thirdly, Mr. Chairman, everyone who
has visited Vietnam comes back with re-
ports that there is a black market there.
Admittedly, in a wartime economy, it is
difficult to stop black-market operations,
but if they cannot be stopped entirely, at
least they can be limited. We who filed
supplemental views suggested a means
by which this could be done. We sug-
gested that all civilian dependents be
sent home. There are no civilian de-
pendents there now of U.S. Government
personnel, military and civilian, but
there are some contractors' civilian de-
pendents there. We have reason to be-
lieve that if these dependents were sent
home, at least one type of black-market
operation would be curtailed, if indeed
not done away with completely.
Reference has been made to the con-
tingency fund. For this fiscal year there
was provided $50 million, which was all
committed or at'least earmarked in the
first 7 months of the fiscal year, none of
it for Vietnam.
At the request of the President, special
funds for southeast Asia were made
available which were or are being used in
Vietnam. Now we are asked to provide
another $100 million in contingency
funds for the balance of this fiscal year.
At the maximum this will only be 4
months. I think that is far too much.
In a period when we are tightening our
belts and we are trying to continue pro-
grams here at home and do a great deal
for people abroad the contingency fund
should be and can be severely limited. I
am sure that an opportunity will be of-
fered to the Members of this House to do
so.
Mr. Chairman, I conclude as I began
by saying that although this bill before
us is one which presents many questions
and raises many doubts and leaves is-
sues unanswered, if we take the position
that the war in Vietnam must be won, if
we take the position that we cannot deny
anything which will contribute either di-
rectly or indirectly to victory there, then
I think we must support this bill.
Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. Yes. I yield to the gen-
tleman from Michigan.
Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Chairman,
first I would like to compliment the gen-
tleman from Indiana for his very excel-
lent statement as to his reasons for sup-
porting this legislation.
(Mr. BROOMFIELD asked and was
given permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BROOMFIELD. Mr. Chairman,
I rise in support of H.R. 12169.
I fail to see how Congress could do
otherwise, any more than it could fail to
authorize payment of the water bill for
the fire department while it was in the
midst of attempting to stamp out dan-
gerous fires in many parts of the city.
The bill before us today is emergency
legislation. It is designed to authorize
the expenditure of $415 million in tax
dollars, most of it to be spent in the short
space of the next 4 months, in order to
repair the damages caused in many parts
of the world by ignorance, by unconcern,
by miscalculation and misunderstand-
ing.
It even provides an additional $100
million for our $50 million "petty cash
drawer" in case dollars are needed to
sprinkle on other brush fires which
might erupt in any part of the world. ,
I am sure that the Congress will en-
act this bill into law rapidly, as it should.
This money is needed, and quickly, in
such places as South Vietnam, Laos, the
Dominican Republic and Thailand.
But throwing dollars at our problems
is not a solution to them, no matter how
many dollars we have and however,
tempting this solution may appear. The
best that dollars can buy is time. The
worst is complacency and the failure to
even see problems as they develop.
We need more fire prevention as well
as fire control in the world, and we can't
have it unless and until we start using
these dollars as tools to implement for-
eign policy rather than as replacements
for a foreign policy.
Unfortunately, the funds we are au-
thorizing today ere not tools, not imple-
ments, but payments for mistakes. Let
us hope we have fewer of them in the
future.
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Chairman, will the
gentleman yield for a question?
Mr. ADAIR. Yes. I yield to the gen-
tleman.
Mr. MIZE. Will the gentleman in the
well please give me a few hypothetical
illustrations on which this money from
the $100 million contingency fund could
be spent?
Mr. ADAIR. I think the chairman of
the committee answered that a little ear-
lier. I could only use generally the same
illustrations. A contingency fund is, as
its name implies, a fund to, be used for
unseen eventualities. We in the Con-
gress and particularly in the House and
those of us on the Committee on For-
eign Affairs have been in the past-and I
count myself among those-particularly
critical of the way that the contingency
fund can be used, but there are-and I
will say to the gentleman very few-lim-
itations, as long as it falls within the
broadest outlines of foreign aid, on the
manner in which this fund can be used.
It can be used for situations which arise,
for example, in a country which is newly
threatened with revolt. It can be used
for problems which present themselves in
the field of education or matters of that
sort. It is subject to the very widest use.
Mr. MIZE. I thank the gentleman.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentleman
from Missouri.
Mr. CURTIS. The gentleman heard
the remarks of the gentleman from Lou-
isana, the chairman of the Subcommittee
of the Committee on Appropriations for
foreign aid. Is it accurate that these
funds are not tied down on that this au-
thorization of funds is not tied down to
Vietnam?
Mr. ADAIR. It is true that by the
terms of this bill it is not tied down to
Vietnam nor indeed to southeast Asia.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, could I
ask the gentleman one further question?
Mr. ADAIR. Let me continue. How-
ever, if you read the record of the hear-
ings, and if you consult the report, there
is no question as to the intent. Since
the gentleman has opened the question
let me state that we are acting upon
this as a measure apart from some money
for the Dominican Republic, a measure
basically for southeast Asia.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman from Indiana has expired.
Mr. ADAIR. Mr. Chairman, I yield
myself 2 additional minutes.
Accordingly, I would think that the
administration which has presented it to
the Congress in that way as a measure to
contribute to stability in southeast Asia
would feel bound to use it for that pur-
pose.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, if the
gentleman will yield further, why would
not the administration have this in this
bill?
Mr. ADAIR. That is a question which
the gentleman, I believe, should address
to the author of the bill.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. CURTIS. I am quite interested
in this question.
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentleman
from New Jersey.
Mr. GALLAGHER. I am very happy
to point out that of the money which
has been earmarked, $275 million of this
request has been justified on the basis of
its need in South Vietnam.
Mr. CURTIS. If the gentleman will
yield further, yes, but-no, no, if I could
interrupt there just a minute. You are
not responsive to the issue. You say
"earmarked," and that struck my
interest.
But then you go on, as has just been
talked about, and say something else. I
want to find out why it is not actually
tied down and actually earmarked by
language, and not on the basis of just
these statements.
Mr. GALLAGHER. If the gentleman
will yield further, it has never been ear-
marked in such fashion in any of the
history of the foreign aid bill. During
the history of the foreign aid bill it has
never been specifically earmarked.
Mr. CURTIS. I know, and that is one
of the troubles with this bill.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE ebruary 24, 1966
Mr. GALLAGHER. Or any other
appropriation.
Mr. MORGAN. Or in the appropria-
tion bill. The gentleman from Missouri
wants to change the rules on matters of
liiis kind.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, if the
gentleman will yield further, I believe
that is one reason our foreign aid pro-
,;rams have been so poor, if I may draw
that conclusion. Certainly, to come here
at a time when we are in war over there,
and say that this is for Vietnam and if
you expect to get the vote on the assur-
ance that that is what it is, I certainly
believe that this rule should be changed
and we should tie it down.
Mr. Chairman, I doubt if I will vote
Cor this unless it is tied down, because I
have seen instances in these programs
and I am about to conclude that the
administration does not follow what it
says in those examples which it gives
as to where the money is to be spent. We
e:ould not rely upon this.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
r,entleman from. Indiana has again ex-
;ired.
Mr. ADAIR. Mr. Chairman, I yield
4.-oyseff 2 additional minutes. I say in
response to the remarks of the gentleman
rom Missouri that it is my understand-
ing we will have an opportunity to con-
nect these more closely and explicitly
,with Vietnam and southeast Asia,.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, if the
!;entleman will yield further, will a pos-
aible amendment be offered?
Mr. ADAIR. I understand that such is
the case.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, if the
=,e ntleman will yield further, I want to
lovclop one other point, if I may. I
was trying to firad-and I have not had
in opportunity to look through all of the
hearings, although I have read the re-
port-I was interested in seeing what
balances we have not just in the foreign
aid funds, but Public Law 480 funds, and
how this money that we recently voted
or the Asian Pank, which I hope will
;:a; available particularly in Vietnam,
how this is coordinated. But I find no
discussion of it contained in the report.
As I stated earlier, insofar as I have been
,blc to ascertain from the report, and I
have not read the hearings, there has
oen no interrogation on this point.
Could the gentleman tell me whether
the committee did go into all aspects of
financing that is available in Vietnam,
not ;just through this bill, but through
the use of Public Law 480 funds, the lend-
ing that might be available in the Asian
Sank, and so forth?
Nfr. ADAIR.Ha.ving in mind the great
multiplicity of lending institutions that
are available for activities here and else-
where, I would have to say to the gen-
tleman, it would be almost impossible
to go into all of them. Some of them do
not even come within the purview of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs. We did
;ivo some consideration-perhaps not
;moogh-to the general subject.
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Chairman, if the
gentleman would permit me to make this
observation before he yields further, it
seems to me that is what we would ex-
pect the Committee on Foreign Affairs
to do even though it is not within their
jurisdiction-at least to have a kno,,.l-
edge of the funds that would be going
in to hit at the same problem so at least
there would be some consensus of this
whole problem that the House could
consider.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman. yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentleman.
Mr. GALLAGHER. There is a corn-
plebe report on all of the expenditures
available for all Members. But if I
might follow up what the gentleman
from Indiana has already said and nail
it down, we are talking about funds I ci.-
mnarily to be used in Vietnam. For ii:-
stance, the $100 million of this request
is for additional economic assistance
that will be used for rural constr:te-
tion. and counterinsurgency activities.
AID needs $175 million for Vietnam
to help finance the import of essential
commodities in order to help comeaat
inflation.
Rice imports needs $21 million.
Medicines and pharmaceuticals re-
quires $9 million.
Needed for petroleum products, 1,;12
million.
Needed for iron and steel, $50 million.
Needed for fertilizer imports, $4.5
million.
Mr. Chairman, over half of these coan-
modities will be utilized in areas out! ide
of Saigon. All of the $275 million is pun-
pointed for use in 'Vietnam.
Mr. CURTIS. In what way is this .,led
down? This is simply a statement. Low
call the Congress know that this actually
is the way this money will be spent?
Mr. GALLAGHER. We would assume,
of course, that the administration is t,c~ll-
ing the truth, as we have during all the
time that we have had this program in
operation.
.Mr. CURTIS. If the gentleman will
yield further just for this observation,
that is the whole point that the gentie-
man from Louisiana made, as I under-
stand it, and to the extent that I have
been able to study this matter of ex-
penditures, the administration-and r his
is not just this administration, it was
true in the Eisenhower administration as
well.
Mr. GALLAGHER. That is right.
Mr. CURTIS. There was not ?.ids
kind of followthrough on how they sh,cat
the money.
Mr. GALLAGHER. There has been
that kind of followthrough and the t, is
why we have confidence that the money
will be properly used.
Mr. CURTIS. In other words, the
gentleman is saying that he feels I aicr in
error in concluding that there has not
been a follow !Ji rough?
Mr. GALLAGHER. Yes; I would con-
clude that the gentleman is in error if
he says that there has not been a follow-
through on this.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentle:r!an
from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. The gentleman from
Missouri [Mr. CURTIS] raised the ques-
tion of committee consideration of the
Southeast Asian Development Bank.
That was subsequent to the hearings held
by the committee on this bill. More-
over, we are never consulted by the Com-
mittee on Banking and Currency, so far
as I know, with respect to financing any
of these wonderful giveaways around the
world that they get into.
Mr. CAHILL. Mr. Chairman, will Ll.-.e
gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentleman
from New Jersey.
Mr. CAHILL. Mr. Chairman, can the
gentleman tell us whether or not. there
is any existing statutory authority at
the present time to permit the President
or someone to order the dependents of
the U.S. citizens back home?
Mr. ADAIR. The President in my
opinion has the authority. I think
there is no doubt about it. It has be?n
exercised, I am told, in a number of in-
stances.
Mr. CAHILL. Can the gentleman ad-
vance any logical reason as to why this
authority would be utilized as far as
military personnel are concerned and
not so far as civilian dependents are
concerned.
Mr. ADAIR. Not at all. That is the
point I was trying to make earlier and
I appreciate the gentleman's concur-
rence in my views.
Mr. CAHILL. I think the gentlemen
is making an excellent point. One of
the things that I have observed is that
there is a tremendous housing shortage
in Saigon particularly. I think this is
one of the elements involved in the black
market and certainly it is something
that needs looking into. I think the
gentleman has made a very valuable
contribution to the discussion of these
problems.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentle-
man.
Mr. GALLAGHER. I would like to
point out that all civilian personnel of
the Government have been ordered
home. The only civilian personnel re-
maining there or family of personnel are
the wives and families of the private
contractors who are there.
Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Chairman, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ADAIR. I yield to the gentle-
woman.
Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Chairman, I take
this time to compliment the gentleman
from Indiana for his constructive criti-
cism. I have always had a great deal of
respect for his position in this regard
and for his sincere endeavor. I would
like to ask the gentleman a question at
this point. Is it not true that the criti-
cism that you have brought out on the
floor at this time regarding civilian de-
pendents and supplies was thoroughly
discussed by us in the consideration of
this bill and that at the present time we
have the statements to the effect that the
supplies have been speeded up and that
we might take up the problem of civilian
dependents?
Mr. ADAIR. The gentlewoman is cor-
rect. Efforts are being made. My point
is that they are tardy and far too little.
If we can get cargoes across beaches un-
der combat conditions, I see no reason
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why we cannot do the same in areas
where there is no danger of aerial attack.
Mrs. KELLY. I agree with the gen-
tleman.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman from Indiana has expired.
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Chairman, I
yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from
New York [Mr. RESNICK].
Mr. RESNICK. Mr. Chairman, I
think we sometimes tend to forget when
we talk about AID appropriations, and
funding, and economic development and
all the other technical jargon, that at
the grassroots, out where the action is,
the AID program means people at
work-dedicated people; people with a
job to do; people who get tired and
scared and shot at and worried and who
keep right on doing their jobs the best
way they can. I would like to tell you
about just one of these men I met dur-
ing my recent trip to Vietnam.
I spent 1 day in the Mekong Delta with
the U.S. operations mission there. I
could not get in the area I was supposed
to visit because they were afraid for my
safety. The man running that area was
Eduardo Navarro.
Eduardo Navarro is a retired U.S.
Army colonel. He knows how to use a
gun if he has to but he does not carry
one. He is a civilian working for the
Agency for International Development as
a Provincial representative in Vietnam
near the Cambodian border. He is con-
cerned with the welfare of 250,000 Viet-
namese in an area infested with Viet-
cong. After being ambushed several
times on the road to Saigon, he finally
gave up driving. He has had several
narrow escapes from daytime bombings
in the streets of the city.
The villagers regard Ed Navarro as
their friend. He works closely with the
Province chief and American and Viet-
namese military personnel to improve
life in the Province while maintaining
the best possible security. About 30 of
his villages are considered secure and
have qualified for Government help by
routing out the Vietcong and agreeing to
carry out self-help projects.
He is proud of the more than 100
schools which have been built by the
village parents with cement and roofing
supplied by AID. Nearly 200 teachers
have been trained in short courses.
Several clinics have been built and
stocked with medical supplies from the
AID commodity import program. Occa-
sionally, the Vietcong steal them but the
people know where they come from.
He uses his warehouse of food-for-
peace wheat, oils, and dried milk as pay-
ment for work to benefit the community
and make life worth fighting for.
On a demonstration farm 2 miles out
of town, production is being increased by
use of fertilizer and new seed. The
Provincial hospital has a new surgical
wing built by AID, staffed by a team of
Filipino doctors and nurses paid by their
own Government.
In fact, no aspect of life is overlooked.
All the resources of AID in Vietnam are
available to Eduardo Navarro to help the
Vietnamese people build a better life.
Not many Americans will ever hear of
Ed Navarro or of his counterparts in
every Vietnamese Province. But we in
the Congress must not only know of.
what they are doing, we must support
them. Perhaps this war cannot be won
by civilians armed with seed, cement,
and goodwill, but neither can it be won
without them.
I believe the budget requests for AID
are minimal and I call for their speedy
approval.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I
yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from
Iowa [Mr. GROSS].
(Mr. GROSS asked and was given per-
mission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, I would
address a question to the chairman of
the committee, if I might have his atten-
tion. This bill, as I understand it, and
as I believe the Members of the House
understand it, is to provide additional
funds for economic aid to the Viet-
namese and contiguous territory, plus
$25 million for the Dominican Republic.
Mr. MORGAN. Plus $100 million for
the contingency fund.
Mr. GROSS. Yes. But is not the bill
designed for the purpose of aid to Viet-
nam? There is nothing whatever for
the military effort.
Mr. MORGAN. Seventy percent of
the funds in the bill are designed to sup-
port the war effort in South Vietnam.
Mr. GROSS. Then why should we be
dealing in this supplemental with any
other areas other than those enumerated
in the bill?
Mr. MORGAN. We are not. That
is my opinion. I understand that all of
the supplemental appropriations re-
quested in this bill are for areas that
are of vital importance to the security
of this country.
Mr. GROSS. Will not the distin-
guished chairman agree with me that
there is nothing whatever in the lan-
guage of this bill that holds its provi-
sions to Vietnam or any other specific
place in the world?
Mr. MORGAN. As the gentleman
knows, this is a supplemental authoriza-
tion and is an amendment to the regular
foreign aid bill.
Mr. GROSS. Yes; it is an addition to
the regular foreign handout.
Mr. MORGAN. This is the procedure.
Any other method would require us to
bring out a separate AID bill for South
Vietnam. Is that what the gentleman
is suggesting? This is an amendment to
the regular AID bill.
Mr. GROSS. I think a substantial
number of the Members of the House are
willing to vote for a bill today supple-
menting the foreign aid appropriations
where such funds are designated for the
purpose of doing something about aiding
and brining about a successful conclu-
sion of the Vietnamese situation and
sorry state of affairs in the Dominican
Republic. It will be my purpose later
on to offer an amendment to the bill to
restrict the expenditures to those areas.
It will be my further purpose to move to
strike out all of the contingency fund in-
crease, and I will argue that point later,
because as the supplementary views in
the report clearly show, not one dime of
the $50 million previously appropriated-
and this was the statement of the dis-
tinguished chairman before the Rules
Committee yesterday-was used in Viet-
nam. So it is incredible that we should
be called upon today to provide $100
million to beef up the contingency fund
when we are dealing with a bill specifi-
cally designed to take care of the situa-
tions in the Domican Republic, in Viet-
nam, Laos, and Thailand.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, will
the gentleman yield further?
Mr. GROSS. I yield.
Mr. MORGAN. Is it the gentleman's
intention, on Tuesday next, when H.R.
12335 comes to the House, containing
approximately $4 billion for military use
in southeast Asia planning, to do the
same thing and to pinpoint it in the same
way?
Mr. GROSS. There is a great differ-
ence between military assistance and the
giveaway program.
Mr. MORGAN. I do not believe there
is. It is all part of the same thing.
Mr. GROSS. Especially when the
giveaway program can go to any country
in the world under the terms of this bill-
to any country in the world.
Mr. MORGAN. Is it the gentleman's
intention to pinpoint each item in the
military authorization for Vietnam?
Mr. GROSS. Surely the gentleman is
not trying to compare military assistance
with this bill, which happens to come
from the committee of which I am a
member. I know a little something about
this bill.
Mr. MORGAN. The gentleman is
making an argument about the economic
portion of the bill, but I still would like
to have an answer to my question in re-
gard to military funds authorized for the
same area.
Mr. GROSS. I happen to know some-
thing about this bill. I am not a member
of the Armed Services Committee and,
therefore, I cannot say that I know as
much about military assistance needs in
the areas covered by this bill.
Does the gentleman know about the
military bill? I shall be glad to support
amendments, if the gentleman will offer
them, with regard to military assistance,
if he can find anyplace where we are
going to give military assistance to any-
one outside the southeast Asia area un-
less that country is fighting in Vietnam.
Mr. MORGAN. The gentleman from
Pennsylvania has no intention to offer
amendments. What I am trying to say
to you, Mr. GROSS, is that I have con-
fidence in my President. When he says
he is going to spend $275 million in Viet-
nam I have confidence that he is going
to spend it in Vietnam.
Mr. GROSS. Then suppose you tell
me what happened to the $50 million in
the contingency fund which was ex-
pended last year? Suppose you tell me
where the President is going to use the
$100 million in 120 days or less. Suppose
you give me some idea as to that.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. GROSS, there was
a contingency fund every year of the
Eisenhower administration and every
year since, and not one dime of this
authorization has ever been programed
in advance. If you will allow me the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - DOUSE February 24, 1966
time, I will read that information into
the RECORD.
fvir. GROSS. No ; the gentleman con-
f : ols ample time for that.
Mr. MORGAN. As to all of the ex-
iwnses since 1956.
Mr. GROSS. Just a minute, now.
5iou have ample time or time of your
own.
Mr. MORGAN. And not one dime out
cis the contingency fund has been pro-
,r named. You know the definition of
"contingency fund" and I know it. It is
for unforseen emergencies.
1. do not know today where one dime
of this money is going to be spent, and
t do riot believe the administration does.
Mr. GROSS. We put $50 million into
ilie contingency fund last year.
Mr. MORGAN. Yes; and I know
where every dime of it was spent. So
do you.
Mr. GROSS. Let us get it in the
I Z,ECORD.
Mr.. MORGAN. You know and I know
that security is involved, and we cannot
introduce it in the RECORD.
Mr. GROSS. Much of it ought to go
in the RECORD. Much of it should not
lue classified. It should be made avail-
able to the people who pay the bills.
Mr. MORGAN. You know very well
IA tat it cannot be put in the RECORD.
Mr. GROSS. You know that there is
plenty of it that ought to be put in the
I1XCORD.
I believe we ought to take a look at the
help we are not getting in Vietnam these
days, along with the tremendous ex-
oenditure of money we are making and
being called upon to make under the
terms of this bill.
So far as I know, there are only three
+eounlries--Australia, New Zealand, and
'-,outh Korea-which are supplying any
combat troops at all. New Zealand is
:,applying one battery of artillery. Aus-
I.ralia is supplying a battalion of combat
'':coops. And South Korea, on the basis
of the last information I have is supply-
ng a division of combat troops.
I have not seen any figures with regard
o casualties of Koreans. I suppose they
are engaged somewhere in Vietnam, but
the newspapers do not provide us with
he casualty fgures insofar as the
Koreans, the Australians, and the New
ealanders are concerned.
Otherwise they are deeply gratified-
::s Ifenry Cabot Lodge said when he ap-
peared before the committee not too long
ago--the other countries of the world are
deeply gratified that we are doing the
lighting and dying in Vietnam, along
oath the South Vietnamese.
but us consider the Philippines, for
instance. At present the Philippines
have 70 personnel in Vietnam. These
consist of military and civilian medical
cams and a military psychological war-
f.i,re detachment. Would one not believe
that the Philippines could make some
kind of combat contribution to the war
in Vietnam, to some of the fighting and
=lying going on over there?
Japan has provided over $55 million
worth of economic assistance to Viet-
nam. 'I'bis is money. We are talking
about money exclusively now. This Is
reparations money they owe the Vietna-
mese as a result of their defeat in World
War II that they would pay under any
circumstances. Yet the State Depart-
merit has the colossal gall to hand out a
statement of this kind indicating that
the Japanese are making a contribution
in Vietnam when they give them $55
million of money which they owe them as
reparations for damage when they occu-?
pied the country in the last war.
You talk: about having confidence in
people. Let us have a decent and a fair
story from some of these people in i:he
State Department and in the White
House.
Greece has contributed medical sup-
plies. I do not know how much. This
is the State Department report which
says Greece has contributed medical sup-
plies- I hope it is remembered that we
put a lot of money into Greece in other
years, yet we get no real help in stop-
ping communism. elsewhere.
Turkey has provided medicines and
has also offered to provide some cement.
Some cement--no troops.
Iran has contributed 1,000 tons of
petroleum products to Vietnam and has
dispatched a medical team.
Hundreds of millions of American dol-
lars are going into India, a country that
had 5 million or more under arms in
World War II yet; it will not provide a
single combat soldier to help us out in
Vietnam. India has provided cloth for
flood relief, says the State Department,
and has under study the creation in
Vietnam of a factory for the preparattton
of tea and another for sugar so, they
will have tea with their sugar and sugar
with their tea. This is within the
framework of a program of technical
assistance and economic Oaoperat-on.
India is also considering providing
equipment for what? For a blood
transfusion center. They do not offer
to give any blood, but will provide the
center for somebody else to give their
blood. How nice. Pakistan.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
Gentleman from Iowa has expired.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
the gentleman 5 additional minutes.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Chairman, I th.+ark
the gentlewoman from Ohio for yielding
me the additional time.
Pakistan has contributed some finan-
cial relief for flood victims, and it, I.oo,
donated some clothing to Vietnam. No
troops.
Israel made a gift of pharmaceutical
supplies and has offered to train Viet-
namese in Israel in various fields, what-
ever that means. No troops.
Belgium provided medicines. Ilow
much? The State Department does not
say. No troops.
Canada is providing a professor of
orthopedics at Saigon University. A big
help. Also about 200 scholarships both
academic and technical. They are also
providing about $150,000 worth of flour.
If I remember correctly, Canada has
been selling about $400 million worth of
wheat a year to Red China, but they
cannot afford to get into Vietnam on a
bloodletting basis. So, no troops. I al-
most forgot-Canada has agreed to con-
struct an auditorium for the Faculty of
Sciences at Vietnam's Hue University.
Denmark has provided medical sup-
plies and is willing to train Vietnamese
nurses in Denmark. No troops.
France since 1956, says the State De-
partment, contributed $111 million in
assistance to South Vietnam. That is
since 1956. A big contribution. No
troops.
Germany has provided 12 personnel in
Vietnam and has agreed to provide 14
more for a total of 26. They, too, are
providing a large amount of help. No
troops.
Ireland has contributed 1,000 pounds
to Vietnam through their Red Cross. No
troops.
Italy, where we have dumped more bil-
lions of dollars--and I mean billions-
have provided a nine-man surgical team
and are providing science scholarships.
No troops.
The Netherlands. The Dutch have
given antibiotics. No troops.
Spain has provided 800 pounds of med-
icines and has agreed to send a military
medical team to Vietnam. No troops.
Switzerland, the home of a lot of our
gold and bank accounts. I wish there
were some way we could find out how
many of the black marketeers and cor-
ruptionists in Vietnam have unnumbered
bank accounts in Switzerland as well as
some other people. However, the Swiss
have provided microscopes for the Uni-
versity of Saigon. No troops.
Now we get down to Britain, which is
threatening to invade little Rhodesia and
bring that friendly country to its knees.
In one of the most outrageous enter-
prises in the history of this country,
President Johnson has joined the British
in their boycott of Rhodesia. The Brit-
ish have provided six civilians for the
British advisory mission in Vietnam and
a professor of English at Hue University.
With 8 Vietnamese already in training
in England, Britain has agreed to provide
for 12 more this year.
That is the British Empire or what is
left of it. They are perfectly willing,
apparently, if all else fails and they are
losing their boycott of Rhodesia-they
are perfectly willing it seems to send two
divisions there to beat that little country
down and stir up more ferment and more
trouble in Africa in the process. Appar-
ently the explosion and massacres in
Nigeria have not given the United States
enough to handle for awhile, so this
administration has to help stir up more
trouble in Rhodesia.
Now getting to Latin America, the Ar-
gentines have sent two observers to Viet-
nam to examine the possibilities for Ar-
gentine assistance. They are going to
send some observers down to find out
whether there is any place for them to
do any fighting or dying in Vietnam.
Brazil has provided coffee and medical
supplies. No troops.
In the Dominican Republic they are
having their own. troubles, but they hays
offered some cement.
So it goes around the world where we
have frittered away at least $130 billion
trying to buy friends and influence peo-
ple. Yes, as Lodge reports, most of the
rest of the world. is deeply gratified that
we are fighting and financing the war in
Vietnam.
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February 24, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I
yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from
Utah [Mr. KING].
(Mr. KING of Utah asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Chairman,
there are some who may be reluctant to
approve further public funds for non-
military purposes in South Vietnam until
they are assured that private philan-
thropic agencies are also given a full op-
portunity to assist. Let me assure the
members of this committee that private
philanthropic groups are giving valuable
assistance in South Vietnam. Their
story is a noble one, that deserves to be
told.
A recent on-the-spot survey by repre-
sentatives of the American Council of
Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service
reported that "the refugee situation in
Vietnam is in good hands." They found
43 voluntary agencies with either opera-
tional or supporting interest in Vietnam.
Their varied programs are supplement-
ing that of the Government of Vietnam
and the Agency for International De-
velopment. These nongovernmental
groups serve special needs and establish
direct person-to-person relationships
where Government programs cannot
operate so easily. Twenty-eight private
agencies were running refugee relief
programs.
For example: CARE is distributing
packages financed by donations of the
American people, including school sup-
plies, tools and seeds; needle trade kits
to accompany sewing machines, and rice,
salt; and fish, purchased locally.
Catholic Relief Services Is expanding
its services by 2 percent for school lunch
programs, family feeding stations, and
relief of war victims. It will quadruple
its shipments of medicines, expand its
vocational schools and cooperatives, and
increase orphanages and social welfare
services.
Church World Service took part in
the initial refugee program in 1954 when
800,000 Vietnamese fled south. It has re-
turned to Vietnam to serve the new in-
flux of refugees, providing nurses and
medical units, community development
and agricultural teams, and some sup-
plies for direct relief.
Other church-related agencies provid-
ing similar services and supplies include
the Christian Children's Fund, the Amer-
ican Friends Service Committee, and the
Mennonite Central Committee. Other
agencies with special competence are
helping with the blind, lepers, orphans,
foster parents, public health, and rural
electrification.
The International Rescue Committee,
in cooperation with AID, has accepted the
responsibility for six medical teams to be
assigned to refugee areas. Leading
American drug companies already have
donated a substantial supply of drugs for
civilian use, and the Medical Civic Action
Program will distribute them throughout
Vietnam.
International Voluntary Services has
been operating a program in Vietnam
since 1957. Under an AID contract, IVS
has 50 young men serving throughout
the rural regions, working`on projects in
agriculture, science education, teaching
English, and in work with youth and
refugees.
The number of refugees will soon ex-
ceed a million, and will seriously tax the
resources of all agencies. The most
pressing need, according to the American
Council of Voluntary Agencies, is for
more personnel. Supplies there are, but
people are needed to help in the camps
where 450,000 refugees are now being
cared for, and in the villages to which
they return or are resettled. Doctors,
nurses, administrators, social welfare,
and community development experts are
wanted on short- and long-term assign-
ments both by voluntary agencies and by
AID.
In spite of all the difficulties, the ref-
ugee problem in Vietnam is being han-
dled with vigor, and great self-sacrifice.
I, for one, want to see that every cent of
the AID request is provided for this vital
work.
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Chairman, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. KING of Utah. I yield to the
distinguished gentleman from Florida.
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Chairman, I wish
to compliment and commend the gen-
tleman from Utah for pointing out to
the Members of the Committee of the
Whole House on the State of the Union,
and to the country, the splendid effort
being made by the private, voluntary,
and religious organizations in Vietnam
and in the rest of the world.
Mr. Chairman, I would add to the
remarks of the gentleman, if I may, that
our Subcommittee on International Or-
ganizations and Movements has studied
the scope of organizational contributions
to human betterment, in the areas of
economic well-being, education, health,
and all others. Our study fully corrobo-
rates what the gentleman has reported
about the voluntary agency and religious
group effort to help in South Vietnam.
The report shows that there are several
thousand such organizations in the
United States helping throughout the
entire world, and it is estimated that
such private assistance amounts to about
$600 million a year.
This represents a substantial and
knowledgeable effort on the part of U.S.
citizens to express their interest In the
welfare and freedom of other people of
the world.
This is a story which ought to be
told more frequently. It Is a story that
all of the American people ought to un-
derstand and in which they ought to
take great pride.,
Mr. KING of Utah. I thank the gen-
tleman.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman has expired.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
5 minutes to the gentleman from Penn-
sylvania [Mr. FULTON].
Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Chairman, I rise in support of this legis-
lation because I believe it is necessary
that the U.S. Congress provide all neces-
sary funds for Vietnam and southeast
Asia.
We people on the Foreign Affairs Com-
3853
mittee of the House have had adequate
hearings and have discussed this' legis-
lation and the need for it. I would say
to the House, I believe this is a good bill
and should be passed so that there will
be adequate supplemental foreign assist-
ance authorization for the fiscal year 1966
under H.R. 12169.
I have several amendments I think
should be placed in the legislation. The
first one refers to the $25 million for the
Dominican Republic which is shown on
page 3 of the section-by-section analysis
of H.R. 12169.
I recommend that item should be spe-
cifically made by, the United States not
as a grant, but on a loan basis. The rea-
son being this item is not just for current
expenses but is to help on capital budget
costs in the Dominican Republic. Capi-
tal expenditures should as a policy be ad-
vanced on a short- or long-term basis.
As a matter of fact, in the hearings we
had the statement from Mr. Bell of AID
as follows:
Our money has been going to an increas-
ing extent to capital development, to techni-
cal assistance and to more permanent con-
struction and long-range efforts to establish
a stronger economy in the Dominican Re-
public.
When the purpose of the $25 million is
for longtime capital purpose, then I be-
lieve Congress should specify it should
be on a loan.
But you say to me-FULTON, are we go-
ing to be depriving the Dominican Re-
public Government of needed assistance?
The answer is "No."
If you will look at page 20 of the com-
mittee hearings, you will find that since
the date of'the revolution which occurred
on April 24, 1965, through January 10,
1966, the great U.S. Government and the
greater U.S. taxpayers have put in $86.3
million as grants to the Dominican Re-
public. These were supporting assist-
ance grants for Government operations
and maintenance.
In addition to that, there is $50 million
current 1966 authorized money in the
President's contingency fund plus $4.1
million carryover from 1965. I am not
allowed to give you the details of it, but
there is an allocation of $37.3 million to
the Dominican Republic out of $54.1 mil-
lion remaining in that contingency fund
as of this time. That is not obligation-
that is allocation. So that adding the
$86.3 million makes a total of $123.6 mil-
lion that the United States is providing
now to the Dominican Republic.
The President now proposes to add $25
million more as a grant. So this addi-
tion will mean since April 24, 1965, U.S.
grants of $148,622,000.
I believe that is one of the highest
rates of grants we have ever had to a
country of this size.
But you say to me-How about the
present loans of the Dominican Repub-
lic? They have some loans under 1
year-$30 million worth of loans due
under 1 year. Those loans are owed to
foreign banks. So we in Congress are
just simply going to pick up the $25 mil-
lion of commercial foreign bank loans.
The Dominican Republic Government
owes $153.5 million on loans that are
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE l e ruary 2.~, 196E
Prom 1 to 8 years maturity. The United
States could make a 40-year loan to the
Dominican Republic with 1-percent in-
terest for 10 years, and 2i/2-percent in-
terest for 30 years. This type of loan is
authorized under present Federal acts.
So that if the United States gives the
Dominican Republic $25 million as a
loan on a long-term basis, they are not
in such bad shape, as the United States
has really given wonderful help to the
Dominican people as follows:
U.S. assistance to the Dominican Republic,
Ltpr. 24, 1965, to Jan. 10, 1966
,supporting assistance grants for
Government operations and
486,300,000
Administered tl,rouh OAS ---
57, 000, C00
Administered through AID ---
29, 300, 000
Approximately $40 million of these funds
have been used to pay salaries of employees
who were on Government payrolls, or were
employed by municipalities or Government-
owned corporations before April 24, 1965; $12
million was made available to the Govern-
ment-owned sugar corporation through a
loan by the Organization of American States.
The balance was provided for disaster relief
including food and medical supplies and
emergency public works activities which are
being undertaker. by the provisional Govern-
ment and AID.
"Technical assistance grants
totaled--------
44, 438,
000
Agricuture___..___
941,
000
';ducation__-_ __ --------------
396,
000
Transportation -
212,
000
11tiblic dminhtr,Aion____-___
1,161 ,
000
Community deve!opment___-_
128,
000
Other project:.._____________
1,600,000
Development lams authorized:
National Housing Batik -------
5, 000, 000
Food for peace-----------------
'1,858,000
Title I1[ approved fiscal year
196G --------------------------
Another question you should ask me is
who are the creditors of the Dominican
Government and to whop; are those loans
owed? Obligations from 1- to 8-year
maturity are owed to the International
Monetary Fund, the International Bank
and the U.S, Treasury.
On loans over 8 years, obligations of
the Dominican Republic Government
are owed to the International Bank,
AID, Export-Import Bank, and to the
U.S. Treasury under Public Law 480, title
IV.
Why should the United States adopt
a business basis and free enterprise
policy toward the Dominican Republic
at this time? The reason is that the
Dominican Government is holding many
businesses that are now Government
owned and Government operated. These
businesses are being operated at a deficit.
The Dominican economic situation is
this. First, there is a low rate of savings
and. investment. Nobody much in the
Dominican Republic is saving or trying
to help their government by avoiding in-
flation and seeking stable economic con-
ditions.
Second, the Dominican exports are
still being emphasized on commodities
like sugar and cocoa which are In great
oversupply at the present time and low
priced on the international markets.
The Dominicans have not changed their
agricultural programs to realism and ef-
fective demand. This should be done at
once both at home and abroad.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman has expired.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I
yield 2 additional minutes to the gentle-
man from Pennsylvania.
Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Let us
face it. Too large a share of the econ-
omy of the Dominican Republic is owned
and operated by the Government at a
loss. If we will simply insist in this (":'on-
gress that the Dominican Republic
change over and make immediate plans
for changing to a private economy, the
U.S. taxpayers will be much better off,
rather than financing indefinitely the
$5 million a month Government deficit,
and deficiencies in foreign trade because
of inflation at home and continued defi-
cits caused by excessive imports com-
pared to exports.
My other point is this: I propa:,e to
offer an amendment to cut the Presi-
dent's contingency fund for from $150
mullion, which it would be if Congress
adds $100 million more under this bill,
to $100 million total for the 3-month
period to the end of the current fiscal
year or June 30, 1964. As has been
pointed out, this contingency fund will
be spent over a 3-month period-over
April, May, and June of this year-so
that if the President has $50 million
added on by this bill as :I propose he
will be getting undesignated contingency
funds at the rate of $200 million a year.
This is in addition to the $89 million
special contingency fund for southeast
Asia we in Congress have given the Presi-
dent for use in this current fiscal year,
which is all the President asked.
In the current fiscal year we have in
the contingency fund $50 million cur-
rently authorized and appropriated, and
allocated but not yet obaigated. In this
fiscal year 1966 we have also $4.1 in Ilion
of contingency funds carried over from
1965. That means a total of $54.1 mil-
lion presidential contingency funds on
hand now, of which about $37 million
has been allocated to the Dominican Re-
public and the rest to other places, which
I should not give specifically.
My amendment will give the President
$50 million more for the remaining 3
months of this fiscal year, until June 30,
and I believe that is enough. If it is any
larger, if the crisis anywhere abroad is
any larger, I believe the President should
come to Congress and get an authoriza-
tion.
So I would say to this House of Rep-
resentatives that we should hold the
purse strings and watch expenditures
closely. We should not move this con-
tingency fund back up to the $200 mil-
lion contingency fund annually as it
had been some time previously, several
years ago, when the amount authorized
any appropriated was not fully used.
The reason I say that is as follows:
In fiscal year 1965, $150 million was au-
thorized for the President's, contingency
fund; $99.2 million was appropriated
and, as a matter of fact, the obligations
were only $57 million. In 1966 there was
$50 million authorized and appropriated,
which appears to have carried the con-
tingency fund for 9 months. So I believe
$100 million extra added on for a 3-
month period is at too great a rate for
the President's contingency fund. I
therefore recommend by my amendment
that $50 million now be added by the
Congress to the President's contingency
fund for the remaining 3 months after
enactment until June 30, 1966. This will
result by my amendment in a bud?c,t
saving of $50 million.
I do not favor Congress blindly auth-
orizing and appropriating large sums of
undesignated, unallocated, and unpro-
gramed funds.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
5 minutes to our distinguished majority
leader, the gentleman from Oklahoma
LMr. ALBERT].
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Chairman, the dis-
tinguished chairman of this committee,
with his typically accurate and effec-
tive argument, has stated the basic :rea-
sons for this legislation. Most of the
money in this bill is for the economic
support of South Vietnam. This little
country is wartorn and threatened with
runaway inflation. She has committed
thousands and tens of thousands of her
sons to battle, and all reports that have
come to my attention have indicated
that her men are fighting with ever-in-
creasing effectiveness, and that they are
giving magnificent accounts of them-
selves in the field.
But this bill is also a part of a wider
effort about which our President spoke
in his great address in New York City
last night. He said:
The strength of America can never be
sapped by discussion-we are united in our
commitment to free discussion. So also we
are united in our determination that no foe
anywhere should mistake our arguments for
indecision--or our debates for weakness..
As this House acts on supplemental
legislation for supporting our civilian
and military men in Vietnam, I have no
doubt that there will be vigorous debate.
But let there be no mistake about our
determination to resist Communist ag-
gression in Vietnam. We have not sacri-
ficed in Western Europe, in Berlin, in
Greece and Turkey, in Korea, in the
China Straits, in the missile crisis in
Cuba, and now in Vietnam in vain. We
are going to be true to our great prin-
ciples of freedom, and to our commit-
ments to help others preserve their in-
dependence.
I have heard it said that this is not a
popular war, as if any war were popular.
Some say the public does not under-
stand why we are fighting-why we have
such a vital interest in southeast Asia.
And I say, as the President said last
night-if you do not know, if you are
not sure, ask the men who are there.
They know.
Or ask the South Vietnamese, who
have fought so valiantly to defend them-
selves. Ask the widows of the village
chiefs who have been murdered by the
Communists. Ask their sons and
daughters. And they will tell you what
Communist terror really means.
Or go through southeast Asia and ask
leaders of Thailand, Malaya, the Philip-
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pines, Japan, why the war in Vietnam
is important, and they will tell you.
Or, if you still do not believe, ask the
Communists. They know what they
are doing. They are not just fighting to
win in Vietnam. They are fighting a
so-called war of liberation which is a
prelude to similar wars in every other
underdeveloped country in the world.
As the commanding general of North
Vietnam said recently:
If the special warfare that the U.S. im-
perialists are testing in South Vietnam is
overcome, then it can be defeated everywhere
in the world.
Let us be clear on this point-we are
not fighting against a Democratic rev-
olution within South Vietnam. We are
not even fighting just the Vietcong. We
are fighting Communist aggression. It
is a different form of aggression than we
faced in Berlin or Korea, or Cuba, but
for that reason it is even more dan-
gerous. Earlier forms of Communist ag-
gression were easier to combat. Peo-
ple's emotions are more readily aroused
in a war of invasion than they are in a
war of infiltration. The Communists
know that, and they are counting on us
not to have the will to fight.
By passing this legislation by an over-
whelming vote the House will demon-
strate once again to the entire world,
and especially to the Communists, the
resolve of our country to stand firm
against communism.
As the most powerful democratic na-
tion on earth, we must bear the heavy
responsibilities and burdens of leader-
ship. Th'e price of leadership is sacri-
flee-of men, of resources, of the normal
pursuits of life. But these are small com-
pared to the costs of failure. We have
shouldered burdens before, and there is a
long, hard road ahead.
But there is a human greatness in the
democratic spirit, and in the soul of
America, which will sustain us now as
it has in the past. Without heroics, but
with quiet courage and determination,
Vietnamese and American men and
women are proving once more the
strength of free societies.
Sergeant Walling, U.S. Army, was such
a man. You may remember what the
President said about him:
On the 19th day of June, this year, a young
and brave American set out into the jungles
of a distant land-half a world away. He
walked at the side of a patrol of young and
brave Vietnamese.
Their purpose-and his-was to defend
freedom against its aggressors.
The nameof that American was Harry A.
Walling.
He was a sergeant of the U.S. Army-and a
proud member of the proud Special Forces
who wear the green beret.
When the Vietnamese patrol came under
attack, the only thought of Sergeant Walling
was for the patrol-and its success. He gave
no thought to safety or to self. Those who
recovered his body found that, before he
died, Sergeant Walling had fired his every
round of ammunition.
We have come today to bestow upon Ser-
geant Walling one of our country's highest
honors. No medal, no words, no eulogies of
ours can honor him so highly as he has hon-
ored our country and our cause.
But we can-and we must always-honor
ourselves by working everywhere we can, in
every way we can, for a world of peace in
which the young and the brave need not die
in war.
When Sergeant Walling fell, he left behind
his young widow and three young children-
the oldest age 3, the youngest now 4 months.
Mrs. Walling's bravery is no less than her
husband's.
Two nights after she learned her husband
would never return, Mrs. Walling wrote out
a message to the other wives of her hus-
band's unit. That remarkable letter has
deeply touched all who have read it-includ-
ing the Commander in Chief. I would like
to read these lines from it:
"I know you are all afraid for your. hus-
bands and love them as much as I loved my
husband. He loved me just as your husbands
do you, and he didn't want to die. He had so
much to live for. But he was a brave man
and a fighting man. My husband died for
what he believed in, and if he had a choice
of where and how he would die, he would
choose the same place-fighting for a decent
world for his children to grow up in.
"So don't let the world, the loneliness, the
despair, and the fear get you down. Stand
as tall as that man of yours who wears the
beret and thank God you got him * * * my
prayers are that all of your husbands come
home to you safe and well."
I am proud now on behalf of the Nation
to bestow the Silver Star posthumonsly upon
Sgt. Harry A. Walling.
Mr. Chairman, Sergeant Walling knew
why he was in Vietnam. Now is the time
for this House to show, once again, that
it does too.
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Chair-
man, will the distinguished majority
leader yield?
Mr. ALBERT. I gladly yield to the
distinguished minority leader of the
House.
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Chair-
man, I appreciate the distinguished ma-
jority, leader's yielding to me at this
point. I subscribe almost entirely to
what the gentleman from Oklahoma has
just said. I want to emphasize that we
on our side of the aisle strongly favor a
position of strength against Communist
aggression in South Vietnam, southeast
Asia, Berlin, or anywhere else through-
out the world. We have in the past and
will in the future.
I am proud of the fact that the House
of Representatives is taking up this im-
portant legislation today, acting upon it,
I believe, constructively, acting upon it
promptly, with a minimum of contro-
versy and, I trust, with a minimum of
opposition.
It does deeply disturb me, however,
that some Senators at the other end of
the Capitol-I do not question their mo-
tives-are delaying the consideration of
and the approval of legislation that is
important to the execution of a policy
of strength in Southeast Asia. The en-
actment of this legislation will have an
important impact, a favorable one, on
the morale of our troops and our South
Vietnam allies. Prompt action in the
Congress will demonstrate to our en-
emies that the elected representatives
of the American people can act affirma-
tively and constructively with the back-
ing of a majority of the citizens in this
great country.
and by the expeditious manner in which
it acts, how it stands on this matter.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
10 minutes to the gentleman from Illinois
[Mr. DERWINSKI].
(Mr. DERWINSKI asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Chairman, it
is my intention to direct constructive
criticism toward this bill and the gen-
eral problem which we face. I first wish
to compliment the chairman of our com-
mittee for the very scholarly, the very
distinguished, and the very statesmanlike
manner in which he has conducted the
operations on this side of the Congress.
I would think the very least I could say
about this bill as we process it this after-
noon is that we are proceeding in a more
practical way than our counterpart com-
mittee on the other side of the Congress
and in a more practicable and reasonable
fashion. I do commend the chairman,
therefore, for his leadership and his sob-
erness, even though I may not always
agree with where he is leading us.
I should like to point out that there
is really no argument for the passage of
this bill. It is a $415 million blank check
for 4 months; that is, for the remaining
4 months of this fiscal year. If we had
assurance that this money was intended
entirely for South Vietnam in direct and
practical support of our efforts there,
I would have no criticism of it, but the
fact of the matter is, as it was brought
out in the discussion earlier by the gen-
tleman from Louisiana [Mr. PASSMAN]
and the gentleman from Indiana [Mr.
ADAIR], that there is not a single dollar
of this that must reach Vietnam. It
could be diverted to any place in the
world.
For the Congress to hand the AID
agency or the State Department a blank
check for $415 million is, in my opinion,
an abdication of legislative responsibil-
ity. If we were to pin this money down
without any doubt and were in effect to
say to the American public the situation
in Vietnam is so complicated and so dan-
gerous in all its ramifications that we ab-
solutely need $415 million for that world
trouble spot, then I would not object.
But that is not what we are saying here
this afternoon. I suppose it would be
asking too much for the Members to have
their attention directed to the supple-
mental views. However, if you will note,
this report was written because we
wanted to provide some constructive sug-
gestions and voice some practical ideas
on how this bill should be analyzed by the
Members. I should like to reemphasize
a number of points. For example, the
question of AID borrowing millions of
dollars from other sources supposedly to
assist programs in Vietnam; the com-
pletely loose bookkeeping procedures fol-
lowed in the various agencies with which
we are working. None of these charges
in the supplemental views have been an-
swered because they cannot be answered.
At the same time I am sure the Members
are not really asking for an answer
.
Mr. ALBERT. I thank the distin- From what I have gathered, the deter-
guished gentleman for what he has said. mination of the President-and I am
Certainly the House can demonstrate commending him in it-has been greatly
this afternoon, by the size of its vote fortified by the return of the Vice Presi-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -I [OUSE February 24., 1966
dent from a recent trip to eight capitals States. When the shocked members money to finance the war effort. AID re-
where he was received enthusiastically wanted to know why, he explained it quires that these imports be American
and some degree of at least verbal, if not thusly: That their government was bank- made and that the American supplier be
actual, support was given to our efforts. rupt, their people were grumbling at the paid in dollars by AID when he ships his
I would certainly hope that any vote here lack of progress arid comfort, and he felt merchandise to 'Vietnam. Thus, AID is
this afternoon would be interpreted as that by declaring war on the United not providing dollars to Vietnam that
support of the basic position of our coun- States and immediately losing the war, can feed a black market in currency.
try as outlined by the President and not the country would then qualify for mas- There is a black market in Vietnam,
the unfortunate and headline-hunting sive rehabilitation at U.S. expense. but it is not being fed by our aid. U.S.
type of procedure followed by the other Mr. Chairman, it appears that this personnel in Vietnam, both civilian and
body. But I do not think it is at all prat- resolution was going to pass in this par- military, are paid in script to avoid cur-
tical or wise for the House of Representa- liarnentary body and that they would rency inflation. But in any country
Lives to have its action interpreted as have declared war on the United States, where foreign exchange is rationed for
handing the All) agency $415 million to so as to reap the benefits which they essential purposes, there are those who
spend as they please. In the atmosphere hoped would follow. At that point a seek to obtain hard currencies for their
of the crisis in Vietnam, we are giving very astute member of that body rose personal use and. are willing to pay high
this agency, which probably has the poor- and raised one question. This question prices for dollars or pounds or francs.
est overall record for efficiency and ef- was: What will we do if we win the war? American officials and the South Viet-
fectiveness, this huge sum without any Mr. Chairman, what will it take to put namese Government are attacking these
practice conditions attached. I do not South Vietnam back into its normal, problems at their source, and the im-
believe any sober reflection could sus- quiet, sleepy, traditional basis? I do not provement of the Vietnamese adminis-
tain this. I do hope when we finally get believe it is at all realistic for the United trative ability and strengthening of con-
to the bill for fiscal 1967, there we em- States to be pumping these millions of trots will tend to dry up black market
phasize the fact that we ought to keep dollars into dubious domestic programs operations.
stringent congressional control of these in South Vietnam, when their economy, But the surest way to eliminate such
funds. Secondly, we ought to study operations is to bring supply more nearly
their traditions, and everything else in- in balance with demand-and this is
these funds in the light of their practical volved in the history of that country, will
use and not the blind support which is show that they are not equipped to ab- what the commodity import program is
demanded by the executive branch. sorb it. designed to do. It may seem a small
We could do a far more reasonable task part, but let me assure you it is an ex-
of supporting the President If we would To sum it up, logical support of the tremely important part-of the total ef-
connstructivetive and necessary President is an act. of statesmanship. fort to help repel Communist aggression
aask sk m moror,e not the it of unnecessary Tlris blank check is irresponsibility. and to help the Government of Vietnam
criticism but in the spirit of helpful criti- Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield develop a society resistant to subversion
cism, which he sorely needs. 5 minutes to the gentleman from Ten- and capable of independent progress.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, nessee [M:r. Gr:mcnl. AID's commodity import program for
will the gentleman yield? (Mr. GRIDER. asked and was given Vietnam may be as important to our
Mr. DERWINSKI. Yes, I yield to the permission to revise and extend his ultimate success as any of our military
gentleman from New Jersey. remarks.) weaponry. I fully support the supple-
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, COMMODITY IMPORTS mental request to carry this program
not to invoke an unharmonious note into Mr. GR.IDER. Mr. Chairman, the forward.
this discussion, I do not want the RECORD Congress has before it an urgent sup- Mr. MAcGREGOR. Mr. Chairman,
to state, as indicated, that the majority plemental. request from the Agency for will the gentleman yield?
view was less than sober, as the gentle- International Development for $275 mil- Mr. GRIDER. I yield to the gentle-
man has said, and to reflect here and lion in order to carry on its program of man.
there upon the sobriety of the decision of supporting assistance in Vietnam. Mr. MAcGREGOR. In light of the
the majority members of the committee. 'rho bulk of this appropr]ation will be statement that the gentleman has made
So, Mr. Chairman, I would like to cor- used to finance imports of essential about the commodity import program
rect that impression. No agency in the commodities. strengthening the Cao Ky government, I
history of our Government has been more wonder if the gentleman would comment
closely scrutinized, down through the During 1966 it will be critically im- on the testimony of Mr. Bell, the AID
portant to step up the export of Amer- administrator, which is found on page 8
years, than has the AID agency. To say ican steel, oil, medicine, building of the hearings where Mr. Bell stated:
it has the poorest record in efficiency is supplies, and machinery to support; the
not quite accurate. All of us look it over economy and avoid disastrous But I would not argue the slightest there
general ' is not some diversion both in the he sense e of
very carefully. The gentleman from inflation in South Vietnam. people putting money outside the country
Louisiana [Mr. PASSMANI, looks at it very Inflationary pressures will mount in in Hong Kong and Switzerland, and in the
thoroughly. this House trecord e cit of very 1966 unless Vietnam can import roughly sense of significant amounts of resources
thoroughly.
of the high-water ]D agency believe the one of double its 1965 imports and unless other being obtained by the Vietcong from Saigon
ciency tks of is really al stabilization measures are taken. If not and the import system.
the hc , es er marks checked, runaway inflation in Vietnam I assume he was referring to the fact
tionc
reection of Mr. Dr... , Davunder Bell. the able d di- - could cancel many of our most important that we are not dealing here in the com-
Mr. DERW'INSKI. Mr. Chairman, gains. modity import program with the South
may I say when I used the term "sober," We must see to it that the shoe is; not Vietnamese Government but rather with
it is to compare our actions with those lost for want of a nail. private importers who may in many cases
of the committee of the other body. That With a, war-disrupted economy, South misuse the privilege they have of ex-
is the context in which it is used. V;:etnaxn has been unable to earn the for- changing piasters for military pay certif-
However, Mr. Chairman, when we eign exchange needed to pay for these icates at very profitable rates.
think of this $415 million blank check irrrports. Without them, the economy Mr. GRIDER, I will say to the gentle-
arid the fact that it is being requested to cannot function. Without enough of man, this of course is a possibility. I
support a war effort in South Vietnam, them, the already serious burden of in- mentioned in my remarks that this con-
it raises many other additional questions, flation would become backbreaking dition was being improved. I would not
I relate an incident which supposedly Most of the commodity imports fl- suggest, and I do not think the gentle-
occurred in a parliament of a so-called Danced by AID move through rc iular man would suggest that the whole import
friendly country. commercial channels-meaning .,bout program be turned over to the Govern-
Mr. Chairman. it seems that during 2,000 licensed importers in Vietnam. ment. We are trying to stimulate pri-
debate in this parliamentary body, one These merchants pay for aid-fine.nced vate enterprise in South Vietnam.
of the parliamentarians rose with a reso- imports with their own currency, the Mr. MACGREGOR. I am glad to hear
lution asking or demanding that Its piaster, The payment goes to the Viet- the gentleman say that. The gentleman
government declare war on the United n,a,mese Government which uses the indicated in his statement that the
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February 21 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
recipient of this aid is the Government
of South Vietnam. It is my understand-
ing that the direct recipient, and prop-
erly so if we are going to recognize the
value of the profit motive, is the private
business sector in South Vietnam. That
sector, of course, pays taxes on many of
these commodities-rice is not one of
them-but on many of these items in-
cluded in the commodity import pro-
gram. Is that not a correct statement
of how the commodity import program
works?
Mr. GRIDER. That is not to say that
we should abandon the program because
some of the people importing have been
guilty of misfeasance; no.
Mr. MACGREGOR. And that the gen-
tleman from Minnesota did not say or
suggest.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
5 minutes to the gentleman from New
York [Mr.REID].
Mr. REID of New York. Mr. Chair-
man, I rise in support of H.R. 12169, the
supplemental foreign assistance au-
thorization for fiscal year 1966.
Having just returned from an official
but brief trip to South Vietnam for the
Committee on Government Operations
of the House of Representatives, I believe
it is important to report briefly on a few
of the matters before the House today.
It is correct that this overall author-
ization of $415 million is essential to the
success of our joint efforts in South Viet-
nam-for financing the import of essen-
tial commodities, for rural construction,
for port expansion, for refugee relief, and
for general development.
The conflict in Vietnam cannot be won
by military means alone because the mil-
itary operations there are important
largely as they allow the country to pro-
ceed with its social and economic recon-
struction programs. Given the . defeat of
the Vietcong and North Vietnamese main
force units, the civil actions programs in
the villages and hamlets may have the
security with which to proceed.
I would like to stress to my colleagues,
Mr. Chairman, the seriousness and the
magnitude of the problem-and the
major job that has to be done.
First, a word about the general logistic
situation and the port of Saigon. We
are some 3 to 4 months behind
in catching up with our supply effort and
our logistic needs. This has not been
clearly stated, and I think it should be.
The administration did not anticipate-
even though this may have been difficult
to foresee-the magnitude of the supply
buildup. They did not get on top of it
fast enough nor establish clear priorities.
Moreover, the Government in Saigon
has been very slow to organize and direct
the actual port operations. For many
years there have been six or more differ-
ent agencies involved-a system that is
inefficient if not worse. At last I think
we have had some serious discussions
with the Government in Saigon on the
need for single port management, and we
are now starting to take corrective and
vigorous measures to catch up. The new
port at Cam Ranh Bay is encouraging,
and new port and airfield facilities now
under construction will markedly help.
However, it is still a major problem.
Second, the question of inflation is
real. During the past year the price of
rice to the consumer in Saigon has gone
up about 40 percent. Hopefully Prime
Minister Ky, with a budget of 55 billion
piasters, will try to keep expenses in line.
It is something of a commentary on the
conflict in South Vietnam, and also an
element in this import financing pro-
gram, to note that a few years ago South
Vietnam exported about 300,000 tons of
rice. It was a significant part of the rice
bowl in southeast Asia.
Today, because of Vietcong terrorism
and the actions of main force units, Sai-
gon has to import about 400,000 tons of
rice. This is a measure of the problem.
The real job ahead, however, lies in the
rural areas; in the villages and hamlets
of South Vietnam representing about 80
percent of the people. We should recog-
nize in this House that this is very nearly
a lost revolution. For almost 20 years or
more, very little has been done by the
Government in Saigon to meet the revo-
lution of rising expectations, to reach
and work with the people in the villages,
to offer them genuine participation in
their Government and their future.
Hopefully, and at last, a program has
been started that will give the people of
South Vietnam some hope that the Gov-
ernment cares about their concerns,
is going to work with them, and is going
to meet the problem. During my recent
trip I visited a village where the civil
action program is in operation and a
camp where political 'action workers are
being trained. In the camp there are
3,000 students enrolled. The women are
being trained in first aid, teaching, and
health education; and the men are be-
ing taught construction and trade skills,
the elements of rebuilding hamlet gov-
ernment, and necessary paramilitary
skills.
Once trained, the students are divided
into teams of approximately 40 members
and sent back into the province from
where they were recruited by the South
Vietnamese province chief. They will
work, live, and sleep in their villages.
All too often in the past because of the
Vietcong terror, village and hamlet
chiefs left their village in time of peril
to seek sanctuary in the district of pro-,
vincial capital. Needless to say, this did
not always enhance respect for them
in their own villages. By the end of 1966
it is expected that civil action teams will
be in 1,000 of the country's 12,000 vil-
lages and hamlets in four areas.
But I do not think we should kid our-
selves about the nature, the character,
or the extent of this commitment. We
are dealing with a situation that is politi-
cal and military-unless there is real
security in the villages and hamlets, the
pacification program will not really get
off the ground. Over 20,000 village and
hamlet chiefs have been assassinated in
the last 3 years-one of the most recent
wasthe tragic assassination of the popu-
lar mayor of Ap Quang Nam, a quiet,
peaceful village which appeared to be
on the road to pacification.
Equally the civil action program and
rural reconstruction are long range and
will take at least 5 years-possibly 10 or
more.
3857
Furthermore, Mr. Chairman, I would
state that unless the central government
in Saigon initiates genuine and far-
reaching reforms in education, in land
reform, in opening opportunities to the
refugees, and in creating a sense and a
conviction as to opportunity and partici-
pation for all people in South Vietnam.,
the work in the villages will not be sup-
ported and hope will be dashed.
We and our allies are committed in
South Vietnam. We must fully back our
men in the field-whose morale is mag-
nificent-and we must do all we can to
encourage South Vietnamese efforts at
reform and reconstruction. Hence the
need for this authorization which I sup-
port today.
And at all times we must utilize every
resource of diplomacy-including the
United Nations-to reach the conference
table and an honorable peace.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
5 minutes to the gentleman from Florida
[Mr. FASCELL].
(Mr. FASCELL asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Chairman, if I
have been surprised by anything in this
discussion today, I must confess that
what surprises me most is the unanimity
of opinion that seems to be apparent. If
I had a hat, I think I would take it off
in salute to those gentlemen who have
joined in a bipartisan foreign policy ef-
fort which is so vital to the security of
the United States and to the free world.
I would trust that we would have more
of this kind of support of our effort on
the part of both sides of the aisle.
I am a strong one for dissent, and I
am a firm believer in discussion. I
think the discussion here today, how-
ever, has made it extremely clear-at
least to me-that everyone recognizes
full well the depth of the crisis. We
might have doubts; we might have res-
ervations; we might have wishes; we
might have our "druthers"; but it looks
like what we are going to 'do is to sup-
port this authorization as a matter of
correct policy for the United States of
America just as we supported the res-
olution giving the President the full au-
thority in 1964 to use armed force in
Vietnam. And we ought to support this
authorization because it is the right
thing to do.
I do not know what is going to happen
in the other body or what kind of debate
will take place in the other body from
this time forward. But for me here to-
day I am perfectly satisfied with the dis-
cussion and the debate which has trans-
pired in behalf of the American people.
We have been holding hearings in the
Foreign Affairs Committee almost daily
since we reconvened this year. We have
had full debate and discussion either in
the full committee on the authorization
or in one subcommittee or another on
this entire subject of southeast Asia, in-
cluding Vietnam. Everyone has had
ample opportunity to get their viewpoint
across, to be heard, to criticize, to delve,
to contradict, to distract, or to do any-
thing they want to do.
All members certainly have ample op-
portunity here on the floor, to say any-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 24., 1966
thing they wanted to about the policy of
this country. But we are at the crux of
C oited States-Vietnam policy today with
the vote on this particular authorization.
With the transpiring of the events since
we last convened here in this body, we
know a major change has taken place
not only in Vietnam and around the
world but also in the thinking of the
American people. 't'hat is why this vote
important.
When we vote today we give a re-
;;funding vote of support to the Presi-
dent, and we are giving a resounding
vote of support to the policy of this
'5ountry.
1. Shall support, this authorization and
the necessary appropriation and the sub-
sequent defense supplemental authoriza-
i,ion and appropriation, because, as far
os I am concerned, the military effort
and the economic effort in Vietnam are
inseparable in the policy of the United
,.;testes in dealing with the problem of
Vietnam. southeast Asia, the free world,
and the security of the United States.
t am delighted at the courageous
;t;atement on the part of the gentleman
from Indiana IMr. ADAIR], who says he
will support, if I understood him cor-
rectly, this authorization for those very
swine reasons.
We all have recognized the tremen-
dous cost of doing a job that needs to
he done and that has never been done
before in the history of the world, in
waging the kind of fight we are fighting
in Vietnam and at the same time trying
to lie:lp in maintaining a government and
reconstruct the country while the war-
fare is going on. 'I'h:is only points out
what we should have recognized and do
now recognize, that we-the United
:3tates and the free world-must have a
nonmilitary answer to the subversive
thrusts of communism anywhere in the
world.
I disagree with those who say that we
ought to always support the status quo,
or that we should let people stew in their
own juice, or that we should let the rest
+rf the people of the world wallow in the
depths of their own misery. This indi-
cates to me a kind of blindspot, that
we in the United States can live in some-
way apart from the rest of the world,
and that we can bulldoze our allies into
doing what we want to do when we want
to do it, as if they have no sovereign
rights, no right to independent thought,
no right to independent action.
Certainly I get aggravated because
other countries on not agree with me
and my country at a time when I think
rirey ought to. But is this not the very
strength of our free and democratic sys-
tem? The United States makes no claim
of having a totalitarian hold on the rest
of the free world. We act in concert but
do so voluntarily. Is not this the kind of
Freedom we fight for? We are trying
now to help the people of South Vietnam,
who have fought for 100 years to throw
off the yoke of oppression. Is this not
what we are trying to do? Of course
it is. We know it-the whole world
knows it.
States, but also to assure that freedom
as such-the concepts that we hold so
dear and that we have fought for and
that we are fighting for right now-have
a chance to live. Because without that,
then the money does not have any
meaning.
So I want to join all of you today on
the floor of this House who say: "We
trust our President, our military and
political leaders who support this re-
quest pending here." I believe that we
.have to do what is necessary, in what
is a. war zone, not only in the military
sense but in the political sense.
k 1r. Chairman, I have one concluding
thought, I trust this authorization will
be overwhelmingly approved. It should
be.
Airs. :BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I am
very happy to yield 2 minutes to the dis-
tinguished gentleman from New Jersey
11Vlr. CAIIILL 1.
(Mr. CAHILI., asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
ins rks. )
.Mr. CAHILJ- Mr. Chairman, my
participation in this debate, completely
unexpected, was prompted by the re-
marks of the gentleman from Iowa
I Mr. Gaoss], NN 110 made a disclosure on
the floor of this House which, to say the
least, surprised if not amazed me, when
he recited the participation of other na-
tions to the w~,r in Vietnam.
Now let it be known, I have supported
the administrrtion completely in its
views on Vietnam because I believe if
Vietnam falls, s,o does all of Asia fall. I
also believe that our Nation should Jeep
its word. We were a signator to the
Southeast Asia Collective Defense
Treaty. I quote from that treaty.
Article IV reads:
Each party recognizes that aggression by
means of armed attack in the treaty area
;;g;;.inst any of She parties or against any
^tste or territ :?ry which the parties by
unanimous, agreement may hereafter dcsfg-
nate, would endanger its own peace and
safety, and agrees that it will in that event
act to meet the common danger, etc.
This document is one of the legal
and moral basis for our involvement.
We are keeping our pledge. But what
about the other signatory to the treaty?
What about the other nations in Asia
who are so vitally affected?
I would, like to propound three ques-
tions either to the Chairman or to any
member of they Committee. In vies; of
the reasons advanced as to why we are
in Vietnam I would like to know, first,
what are the Asian countries doing to
protect Asia? It seems to me that if
there were a Itoc:d in Pennsylvania and
I were asked to come over and hell' the
people of Pennsylvania to still the flood-
waters, I would expect every Pemisyl-
vanian to be there helping me. Our
people want to know why Asia is not
helping Asia.
The second iluestion is this: What, are
the other signatories to this treaty do-
ing to help implement the treaty and to
carry out their word of honor that they
would participate and oppose aggres;ion?
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
Most of the American people care, gentleman has again expired.
support this principle, and the price not Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
only to assure the security of the United the gentleman. 2 additional minutes.
Mr. CAHILL. Third, and I guess the
most important question, because I think
the first two questions are already an-
swered by the disclosures of the gentle-
man from Iowa-the most important
question is this, in my judgment, and. I
believe it is in the judgment of the Amer-
ican people: What is the administration
doing to-and for want of a better word
I say-to persuade the Asian countries
and the signatories under this treaty to
make a comparable-if not an equal at,
least a comparable-contribution to the
one which we are making by giving each
day that goes by our men in order to
save southeast Asia for the Asian coun-
tries and for the world and to carry out
our pledge?
I yield to the gentleman from New
Jersey [Mr. GALLAGHER] for an answer
to those questions.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Chairman, I
would like to point out that there is a
considerable effort being made on the
part of our allies to bring stability and
peace to southeast Asia. While one of
the gentlemen on the other side has
derided the efforts of some of these na-
tions, nevertheless Australia is making
a substantial contribution. Australia
has sustained casualties and men have
been killed. South Korea is making a
substantial contribution. They have
20,000 troops there and there is an addi-
tional troop contingent earmarked for
Vietnam. The British, as signatories to
the treaty, have 50,040 troops in Ma-
laysia fighting the same kind of problem
which we have. We have significant
forces in Japan. The Philippines are
our great friend and ally. They are
sending troops.
I am sure history will record that
Thailand is making one of the great and
valiant contributions to the activities in
Vietnam. New Zealand has troops
there. India and Pakistan, of course,
we recognize have problems of their own,
but by and large there is a great conh;;ri-
bution being made by our allies there.
I think our Secretary of State and our
Vice President, on the recent trip he
made, have had some encouraging re-
ports on the contribution which is going
to be made on the part of our allies. I
think we should start to focus on what is
being done instead of what is not being
done.
Mr. CAHILL. If I may, Mr. Chair-
man, I would just like to finish the :cast
minute by making this observation. I
have particular reference to the signa-
tories to the treaty. The United King-
dom, New Zealand, France, Australia,
Pakistan, and, of course, what the gen-
tleman from Iowa put into the RECnr:,D
which is represented by him at least to
have come from the State Department
delineating what their contributions are.
My only point is this, Mr. GALLAOITEC.
I, of course, as I say, have supported the
administration but I think there o '-`A
to be a greater effort made on the part
of the administration to bring to the
attention of these countries in southeast
Asia the great danger which is facing
them. They should be urged, if not
persuaded, to :make a contribution of
military forces. I think the signatories
to this treaty also ought to be urged to
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February 24, 1966. CONGRESSIONAL R - ffffli
do likewise, because until they do that
our people at home do not realize and
do not appreciate that they are making
what should be one of the real contri-
butions to this overall effort.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
5 minutes to the gentleman from New
York [Mr. RYAN].
(Mr. RYAN asked and was given per-
mission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Chairman, today, as
we all know, some 200,000 American men
are engaged in a war on the mainland of
Asia, some 10,000 miles from our shores.
Last night the President of the United
States said he could not predict how
long we would bear this burden. There
is mounting evidence that the more men
we involve in the jungles of Vietnam,
the more men North Vietnam and the
Vietcong are committing.
The escalation continues.
Mr. Chairman, it is reliably reported
that the United States may have to
double its manpower in Vietnam to 400,-
000 men, or even 600,000 men, in order
to stabilize the situation and to bring
under control any significant part of the
territory of South Vietnam.
The callup of Reserves appears to be
imminent.
Mr. Chairman, on past occasions on
the floor of this House I have expressed
my reservations and my misgivings
about our policy in southeast Asia. I
have proposed alternatives. On June 10,
1964, during debate on the Foreign As-
sistance Act of 1964, I urged a negotiated
settlement and spelled out specific pro-
posals. I pointed out then that any sblu-
tion must be accompanied by genuine
economic and political reform. Now we
are engaged in a land war in Asia, a war
that prominent U.S. military experts
have advised us against. Since May 5
of last year when I opposed the $700
million supplemental appropriation for
military activities in Vietnam, a war in
which we were supposedly performing
an advisory capacity under the military
assistance program, has been converted
to an American war which we are in fact
waging on a much larger scale.
Mr. Chairman, I believe it has been a
fundamental error to rely, as we have,
upon a military solution and to have
underestimated the economic aspects,
the social aspects, and the political
aspects of this struggle.
We are today considering a bill which
Is concerned with the economic aspects,
concerned with the social aspects, and
concerned with the political aspects of
this struggle. It provides $175 million
for the commercial import assistance
program, which in effect Is a program to
support the war-torn economy. it pro-
vides $100 million for what is called
rural construction.
In the past our 'AID programs have
not put sufficient emphasis on this rural
construction effort. They have not given
enough attention to the need to reach
the people out in the countryside.
Mr. Chairman, I support this bill. I
do so even though much of the money
and effort will be drained off by the
growing conflict.
I hope we will be able to see some day-
light in reaching into the hearts and
the minds of the people in South Viet-
nam.
This is a struggle which, if it is going
to be won, is going to have to be won
politically; it is going to have to be won
diplomatically, and in terms which the
people themselves will be able to under-
stand.
However, as long as the war escalates,
our economic assistance program tends
to become an extension of the military
program since it is used to meet the
effects of the war, not to develop a future
peacetime economy.
U.S. military expenses in Vietnam are
running at about $10 billion a year, while
economic aid for Vietnam is costing
about half a billion dollars a year.
In yesterday's New York Times, Sey-
mour Topping, respected southeast Asia
correspondent, writes:
The South Vietnamese population is, ac-
cording to all accounts, suffering more from
military operations, terrorism, economic
dislocation and corrputfon than at any
other time during more than two decades
of intermittent war.
He goes on to say that the social fabric
of the country "seems to be unraveling."
We should recognize that the $275
million increase in AID funds are un-
likely to bring about significant changes
in the dreary and frustrating picture de=
scribed by the New York Times corre-
spondent as long as the war continues to
expand.
The American people should not be
misled into thinking that our AID dollars
will build a Great Society in South Viet-
nam. The fact is that, of necessity,
more, and more AID money is going into
the support of the war economy and not
on economic development that will have
long-range benefits for the Vietnamese
people.
Eighty percent of the population lives
in rural villages, but AID, because of the
war, can take only token steps to im-
prove the lot of the peasants.
In appearing before the House Foreign
Affairs Committee on January 26, Secre-
tary of State Dean Rusk said:
The free Vietnam we seek to preserve
through military efforts and sacrifices must
not be undermined by economic and social
chaos and despair. The expanding scale of
Communist aggression and military response
Lave added new dimensions to the task of
AID.
He added that he regarded economic
assistance programs in Vietnam as of
equal importance with military assist-
ance efforts.
An increasingly larger share of, AID
funds will have to be directed to the task
of keeping the Vietnam economy from
collapsing under the inflationary pres-
sures produced by the war. Rural con-
struction programs in the villages and
rural areas to develop school systems,
water supplies, health stations, and agri-
cultural know-how will be affected by
the need to use funds to check the run-
away inflation and by the realities of
the military situation. Vietcong terror
and destruction will prevent their im-
plementation in 75 percent of the coun-
try.
3859
David E. Bell, Administrator of AID,
in appearing before the House Foreign
Affairs Committee, stated that our sup-
porting assistance obligations had
reached $235 million by the end of 1965.
This is almost the entire amount-$255
million-appropriated for fiscal 1966.
To cope with rampant inflation, AID
has expanded the financing of commer-
cial imports. Of the additional $275
million that is sought, a total of $175
million will be allocated to this import
program. And Mr. Bell states that he
expects these inflationary pressures to be
far more severe in 1966.
Assuming the supplemental funds au-
thorized by the bill before us are appro-
priated, it is estimated that some $370
million of the total $530 million AID
funds for Vietnam for fiscal year 1966
will be used for this import program.
For fiscal 1967 this figure is expected to
increase to $420 million.
This program finances the import of
both consumer goods and industrial ma-
terials to keep manufacturing and con-
struction going, and to absorb the
increased purchasing power. The dis-
ruption of the economy by the war ne-
cessitates this expanded assistance.
In addition to the $175 million to fi-
nance an expanded import program, a
total of $100 million is asked for an ex-
pansion of counterinsurgency efforts
or for "logistics, construction, welfare,
and development projects." Here again,
it is clear that these efforts for the most
part are related to the military situation
in the country and are war-support
measures, involving construction proj-
ects to ease critical problems caused by
damaged bridges, highways, clogged
ports and warehouses. Also some $20
million is needed to operate the growing
refugee program, again a war-related
project.
Only about $50 million of the total
$530 million available is intended for
the rural pacification or rural construc-
tion programs that attempt to satisfy
some of the basis needs of the 13 million
Vietnamese peasants.
It has been reliably estimated that at
least $390 million of the total $530 mil-
lion will be spent on programs and proj-
ects that can be attributed to the de-
terioration of the Vietnam economy
because of the war. Therefore, only
some $140 million is to be used for eco-
nomic development programs, either
of the rural variety or of the type involv-
ing the construction of highways or the
training of teachers.
While I support this supplementary
authorization, we should not be deluded
into believing that these funds will
somehow open up a new era in the eco-
nomic development of Vietnam and that
this will turn the military tide.
Can war be waged and meaningful,
grassroot economic development of a
peasant economy be carried out con-
currently? More than $2.7 billion has
been poured into economic assistance
programs in Vietnam in the last decade.
Because it has mainly been used to sup-
port the savage war, there are precious
few results to show for our munificence.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 24, 1966
Let us not expect any dramatic results
from the $275 million that we are asked
to approve for Vietnam today- Let us
be frank with ourselves and with our
fellow Americans.
The war in Vietnam has claimed many
victims, including Great Society pro-
g;rams at home. The long-range pur-
pose of the AID program is one of the
casualties. I fear that this will continue
to be the case until there is peace in that
war-torn country or at the very least
until there is a cessation of hostilities.
The goals outlined by the President at
the Honolulu conference are both admir-
eble and praiseworthy. Plans were ar-
ticulated for more intensive efforts to
pacify the countryside by economic and
political means so that a government
apparatus can be set up that might be
responsive to the needs of the vast ma-
jority of the population.
President Johnson has said:
The war we are helping them fight must
Kre won on two fronts- One is military. The
other front is the struggle against social
injustice; against hunger, disease, and ig-
,torance; against political apathy and indif-
zerence.
Of course, we ought to direct our en-
ergies and efforts to the second front
that the President talks about.
However, it is going to be almost im-
possible to succeed against political
apathy and indifference while the Viet-
namese peasant is trapped and buffeted
by this war. One day the Vietcong at-
tack his village and destroy his home;
the next day American bombers wreak
havoc in his hamlet, in quest of the Viet-
cong.
'].'lie limited rural pacification program
that AID is undertaking may be about all
that can be don.. in the incredibly dif-
ficult circumstances of a full-scale land
war. if the Vietnamese peasant is to be
persuaded, if imaginative programs con-
cerned with the welfare of the Viet-
namese people are to be set up in the
provinces, then first a way to end the
fighting will have to be found. Only
then can meaningful economic develop-
ment of the country be carried out.
If the Saigon Government hopes to be
successful when free elections are finally
held, it must forge firm political, eco-
ifomic, and social links with the people.
Mr. Chairman, the United States is
turw encouraging the central government
1.o adopt a program which will build
hospitals, and health stations and
schools, and help with the development
of the agricultural economy. This, the
I. resident talked about at Honolulu as
the second front in this war. But let us
face the fact that we are really not going
Igo be able to succeed with this second
front so long as it is operated concur-
ccntly with an enlarged and escalated
military effort.
The second front to gain the support
cP the people, the war to conquer disease
tnd hunger in South Vietnam, is ham-
:,1,rung by this total involvement in mili-
I,:o,ry operations. As long as the South
Vietnamese peasant is caught between
the Vietcong on the one hand and the
U.S. military forces on the other, he sim-
i,ly is not going to have an opportunity
And we have heard of the many hun-
dreds of thousands of refugees who are
presently in South Vietnam-
provision of medical teams and individual
doctors and :nurses; building or repairing of
hospitals and veterans' rehabilitation cen-
ters; leasing; of ships for coastal and ocean
supply operations; expanding civil airlift ca-
pacity; building of warehouses, bridges,
roads; repair of war-damaged rail and other
facilities; installation of temporary and per-
manent electric power services; construction
of workers' housing and training centers;
police equipment and training-
Quite obviously, the list is long. The
needs of South Vietnam are tremendous.
It is quite evident that if we do authorize
the money, it will be spent in that coun-
try and, of course, in the countries
around Vietnam in the amounts which
have been requested.
I myself believe that an argument can
be made to support earmarking funds in
a foreign aid bill. In this case, however,
it is unrealistic for us to argue that there
is any need to earmark these particular
funds. It is quite obvious that the basic
necessity is there. The necessity is obvi-
ous from the fact that we have already
borrowed almost $64 million from other
funds within the foreign aid program.
From the amount being requested, that
sum must be reimbursed. So the basic
issue should be, not how much might be
diverted to areas not of primary concern
such as Vietnam, but how much more will
be needed in that country.
Whether or not language is put in the
bill to require earmarking, it is quite
clear the administration will do as it
has indicated. We have every reason to
trust them.
One final point, Mr. Chairman. There
has been some indication of dissatisfac-
tion with the contributions of our allies
to the effort we are making in Vietnam.
Of course, our effort is tremendous. Of
course, every effort should be made to
have that burden shared with our friends
and allies and others who have an inter-
est in southeast Asia. Yet we do our-
selves no good and we surely are not
recognizing the contributions that our
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to develop the relationship which is
needed with his own government.
So, Mr. Chairman, while it is necessary
to expand and extend our economic as-
sistance, nevertheless, we should not be-
lieve that this will open up any Great
Society for the people of South Vietnam.
This is doing nothing more than en-
abling them to keep their heads above
water economically. It should be rec-
ognized and supported for what it is.
It is imperative that we spare no effort
and leave no stone unturned to reach a
peaceful solution of this tragic conflict.
The CHAIRMAN. The time of the
gentleman from New York has expired.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
the gentleman 1. additional minute.
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Chairman, I thank
the distinguished chairman of the Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs for yielding, me
the additional time,
In summary, I believe the objectives of
this proposal, particularly of the rural
construction program, are meaningful
objectives, and I hope that from this
point on a great deal more effort will be
put into political and social programs
which should, if properly carried out,
reach the people. This is a struggle for
the hearts and minds of men. In the
long run it will be won by the power of
our ideals.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
10 minutes to the gentleman from New
Jersey [Mr. FRELCNGHUYSEN1.
(Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. F.R:ELINGHU:i'SEN. Mr. Chair-
man, the discussion today has indicated
quite clearly why we can be confident
that there will be virtual. unanimity in
favor of this bill. I surely hope that will
be the case because in my opinion, this
is a, most important bill. It is important
also that we move with reasonable spited.
There has been some indication dur-
ing the debate today about whether or
not we are wise in mounting the mili-
tary effort that we have been making in
Vietnam. However, there can be little
debate however on. the advisability of the
funds which are being sought in this bill.
These funds are not being requested to
prosecute a war, although they are, as
President Johnson indicated, of equal
basic importance to our military effort
there. Unquestionably, the aid which
will. be provided in this bill will be used
to :help provide a strong front against
aggression. As 'Vice President Hum-
rxaEY said at a 'briefing at the White
House today, we are concerned both with
a war against aggression and a war on
misery.
Quite briefly, these funds are to help
us in the latter struggle.
I should like very briefly to report
what the Secretary of State said before
the Committee on Foreign Affairs when
he ;justified the funds. I quote:
The free Vietnam we seek to preserve
through military efforts and sacrifices must
not be undermined by economic and social
chaos and despair. The expanding scale of
Communist aggression and our military re-
sponse have added new dimensions to the
task of AID. Without our AID programs we
could win the major military battles in Viet-
nam and still lose the war and the peace.
For this reason I regard our economic as-
sistance programs in Vietnam as equal in
importance, although not nearly so large In
scale, with our military assistance.
I should also like to give the two major
reasons why the Secretary of State ap-
pealed for these funds.
He says the first reason is to meet, and
I quote:
First, to meet the rising and severe threat
of inflationary pressures, additional funds are
needed to finance imported goods; $175 mil-
lion are now needed to finance importation
for commercial sale of goods such as ride,
construction materials, petroleum products,
fertilizer, drags, and many other commodi-
ties. In this way we contribute to economic
and political stability, by offsetting shortages
in local production and maintaining morale
essential to the entire effort.
Second, $100 million is needed to fund new
or expanded activities to strengthen the Gov-
ernment of Vietnam's work in contested rural
areas. These AID operations include refugee
relief-
 February , ppr966 ov d For Ret1KEE55i81~-AL%MRb7 0qf6 0400030002-3 3861
allies have made, or that they might cause I was an American and repre-
make, by in effect belittling and sneering sented that country which had helped
at what they have done. them to live the better life that they are
In many cases these countries are poor now enjoying.
and primarily concerned with their own Mr. Chairman, the people of Korea are
problems. In many cases there has been truly grateful for what we have done to
a substantial contribution already made, help them through our AID programs.
and more are evidently in the works. And so are the people of Japan, Oki-
Without any question the neighbors of nawa, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thai-
Vietnam realize the importance of what land, and South Vietnam. But there is
is going on there. There is an increasing much more that needs to be done and
awareness of the practical problem that must be done, if we are to win the peace,
we have faced up to so deliberately. especially in South Vietnam.
Quite practically, one of the reasons In South Vietnam the farmer culti-
why some of our small allies or our less vates a land capable of great produc-
wealthy allies have not done more may be tivity. Despite a primitive system of
because they are somewhat intimidated agriculture, inadequate tools, and lack of
by the nature and the size of the effort technical knowledge, South Vietnam used
of the United States. When we can to be the rice bowl of southeast Asia.
afford to pour the billions of dollars that The Vietcong with their acts of terrorism
we do into this effort of ours-and it is have changed it from a land of abun-
primarily our effort-it does make any dance to a land of hunger.
minor contribution from a small country Plagued by mass murders, fire, and de-
seem like very little. Yet the sacrifices struction, South Vietnam has become an
involved in order to make those small importer instead of an exporter of rice.
contributions should, I believe, not only With the assistance of American AID
be recognized but should be received with programs the people of South Vietnam
thankfulness. are striving to make the land productive
In conclusion I should simply like to once more in the midst of war. AID seeks
reiterate that the funds we are request- to give the Vietnamese farmer a stake
ing here today are a relatively small part in his country and a chance to live in
of the fight and the effort which We are peace and security. More than 1,000
making in southeast Asia. But these agricultural extension agents have been
funds are of equal importance and sig- trained with U.S. help since 1955. More
nificance to our military efforts in the than 800 of these are working in the
success of our efforts. I hope we are rural areas of the country. Three new
virtually unanimous in supporting the vocational agriculture schools have more
bill. than 1,500 students enrolled. And an in-
I yield back the balance of my time. creasing number of skilled specialists
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield have been graduated from agricultural
5 minutes to the gentleman from Hawaii colleges since 1962. Experimental sta-
[Mr. MATSUNACA]. tions in agriculture have been established
(Mr. MATSUNAGA asked and was with U.S. help in a nationwide network.
given permission to revise and extend A national seed board has been orga-
his remarks.) nized to plan and expedite the multipli-
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Chairman, I cation of superior seed varieties, tested
am not a member of the Foreign Affairs and produced by the experimental sta-
Committee, but I had the good fortune tions. Improved rice seed has been dis-
of going on a study mission to the Orient tributed to more than 50,000 families.
during the last congressional recess. Where fertilizer has been distributed,
Mr. Chairman, I rise in support of crop yields have increased by as much as
H.R. 12169. I do so because I have seen 40 percent; and these programs are con-
what our dedicated AID people have tinuing. Pesticides, too, are helping the
done and are continuing to do in our farmer increase his yields-he can take
friendly Asian countries. They have advantage of these benefits through lib-
performed and are continuing to per- eral credit programs-and he does.
form near miracles in helping our Asian He has been able to get breeder pigs,
friends to help themselves. corn to fatten them, and concrete to
In Taiwan, for example, our AID build sties. An AID-sponsored veteri-
people have helped to create such a vi- nary program has eliminated hog chol-
able agricultural economy that the farm- era-a serious killer disease, and the
er and the farmworker enjoy a higher farmer now has new income from the
income than the factory worker. sale of his pigs, and he can continue mov-
ing toward a better life.
In Korea, our AID program under
Public Law 480 has been 'so successful Until peace comes to the land, how- our explanation of it to our people at
that we have virtually wiped out hunger ever, its fullest productivity cannot be home, and of the use that is made of the
and so-called spring scarcity in Suwon relized. And so, we give to our allies in money-that we will be able to demon-
Valley and other once poverty stricken South Vietnam the benefits of crops strate more and more each day that we
areas. I was never so proud of being an grown in our own land. Through the are there because we were invited; that
American as I was last November, as food-for-peace program, in what must be we are still there because we cannot be-
I stood atop a knoll overlooking the the most graphic illustration of what the tray those people over there and leave
rice fields of Suwon Valley, and the program can mean, we are making a them to the Communists.
Governor of Kyonggi Province pinned a number of our products-such as sweet- It is my earnest hope, Mr. Chairman,
medal on my chest as he conferred an ened condensed milk, wheat flour, rice, that this bill may be passed practically,
honorary citizenship on me. I knew and vegetable oil-available to supple- if not entirely, unanimously.
then that I was being so honored, not ment the produce of South Vietnam. Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield
because I looked like one of them, or Progress has been made in the fishing 5 minutes to the gentleman from Con-
because I spoke their language, but be- industry, too. At least 14 major fish necticut [Mr. MONAGAN].
markets and wharves have been built and
put, into operation. More than 10,000
boats have been equipped with motors,
and all time highs are being reached in
the catches. Thus fishing is becoming a
major source of income and the increase
means that food is available at lower
cost to the Vietnamese consumer.
Mr. Chairman, through AID programs
we have been able to show the South
Vietnamese that he now has a stake in
the outcome of the war. By helping
himself and learning new and better
methods, the Vietnamese farmer realizes
now that he is building for a better fu-
ture for himself and his loved ones.
If we are to win the war in Vietnam we
must continue to expand our efforts to
improve Vietnamese agriculture and pro-
vide a solid basis of security for the
Vietnamese people. If we are to win the
peace we must increase our efforts to ex-
port our know-how and show-how to
those in need. This our dedicated AID
people have done most commendably,
and through the support of Congress
must continue to do.
Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. I wish
to congratulate the distinguished gentle-
man from Hawaii [Mr. MATSUNACA] for
his excellent statement. It is a pleasure
to report to the House on the great serv-
ice that he rendered our country on his
tour of the Far East during the congres-
sional recess. He was certainly a one-
man ambassador of good will for the
United States and the American people
in all the friendly Asian countries we on
the committee visited.
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
myself such time as I may require.
I have been deeply interested through
all of this debate, interested particularly
in the unanimity that seems to pervade
this Chamber. We do not agree on all of
this bill, and a good many of us would
like to see the contingency fund changed.
We will see what happens when the
amendments are suggested.
The war there is something that we are
quite unable to understand unless we
have been fortunate enough to have gone
over -there, as I was fortunate enough to
go to Europe during the war, and to have
seen the way things really happen.
You have seen what it does to our men.
I hope you saw what I have had told to
me so many times-the tremendous
courage of our soldiers and their cer-
tainty that they are fighting the fight for
right, for freedom, for everything that
matters in living, and that they propose
to win.
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(Mr. MONAGAN asked and was given allies and associates I should like to add
permission to revise and extend his to what the gentleman from New Jersey
remarks.) [Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN1, said about some
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Chairman, I am of them; namely that there are two
delighted to share in this rising tide other countries who have very sub-
of unanimity and to announce my sup- stantial problems of their own and are
port of this legislation that we are con- still dealing with them. One of these is
sidering here today. Malaysia where the British have contrib-
too, want to compliment those Mem- uted 50,000 troops, and the other is
bers on the other side of the aisle who Indonesia which is going through revo-
have recognized that support of our lutionary throes now because of the
country and support of the President in Communist aggression in that country.
these difficult days does require that we
join together at, times like this with the
objective of backing up our men in uni-
form and our civilian administrators
who are in the field in southeast Asia
and at the same time helping to
strengthen the social fabric of our
friends in South Vietnam.
It is particularly important in consid-
ering this legislation to see just what it
does in its significant sections.
Mention has already been made of the
$175 million that would go for the financ-
ing of additional imports, but it is in
the $100 million section, I think, that
most of the impact resides. This see-
Lion affects people. It involves refugee
relief. It involves activities to improve
conditions in rural areas. It involves
the provision of doctors and nurses and
medical teams. It involves the con-
struction or the repair of bridges, roads,
and rail facilities. It involves the con-
struction of hospitals and workers' hous-
ing. Finally, it involves training of
police and security forces who will help
to bring to the countryside and to the
people protection from the depredations
of the Vietcong which have terrorized
them for so long.
The gentleman from New York [Mr.
RYAN] said that we are not going to build
a great society with this program. That
Is true, but I am sure that no one con-
nected with this bill at any stage had any
idea that we would do such a thing. First
of all this is an emergency program and
is limited in scope. Second, the ele-
ment that has been preventing us from
moving into the field of assistance where
we could consider cooperation on a
peacetime program has not been any ac-
tivity of ours but the aggression of North
Vietnam and the terroristic activities of
the Vietcong. Certainly we could co-
operate in a peacetime constructive pro-
gram if these destructive activities were
curtailed or eliminated.
This then is foreign aid, but it is for-
eign aid that is specialized and limited.
I certainly have no doubt, even though
doubt has been expressed here today by
some people, as to what will be the des-
tination of the funds that are authorized
in this legislation. There is no ques-
tion in my mind. that not only these
funds but several times the amount of
he funds provided in this authorization
could be and will be probably used in a
relatively brief time in South Vietnam.
Of course, we are dealing through this
bill and through the defense appropria-
tion bill which will come to us very
shortly with the aggressive Communist
imperialism. Certainly we want to do
everything we can to repel this imperial-
ism.
Incidentally, in considering the activi-
Lies and contributions of some of our
So I think this legislation does say
that this program is important. It does
say that it is needed now. It does say
that it is so important that it cannot
wait for regular legislation to be taken
up in the normal process of things. It is
serving a vital program of our Nation.
It is backing up the 500,000 men of the
Republic of South Vietnam who are in
the field and are saying by their presence
there that they are worthy of our sup-
port. I am sure that the House will do
no less than give Its overwhelming and I
hope unanimous backing to this bill.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Chairman. I
yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from
Ohio [Mr. HAYSI.
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Chairman I, too,
want to say that I am pleased at the
unanimity that is shown here this after-
noon on this particular piece of legis-
lation. There may be disagreements on
some elements of it. I think the House
is aware of the fact that I have been as
much of a critic and watchdog of the AID
administration as most anybody in the
House. I asked the Secretary of State
when he was testifying before our com-
mittee on this bill. about the black mar-
keting in Saiegon. I pointed out that
when the staff director of our committee
and I were there we had been apprised of
one person who sent a substantial surn
of money back to the United States.
The Secretary assured us that day he
would have the matter looked into very
closely. I have learned only today that
one civilian employee of a contractor
out there has been ordered out of the
country and has had his passport invali-
dated because he sent back $30,000 to
the United. States and could not explain
how he got it.
This sort of thing is, unfortunately,
almost inevitable in a situation like this,
but I am delighted to be able to say that
the people responsible for the AID pro-
gram and for our conduct out there are
alert and that when these matters are
brought to their attention they do some-
thing about them. I believe that is a
helpful thing, as far as I am personally
concerned, and should be as far as the
House of Representatives is concerned.
Mr. Chairman, there is one other mat-
ter that I would like to mention. I would
like to sort of apologize to the House of
Representatives. There have been a lot
of remarks made on the other side of
this building which I believe have aided
our enemies out there, because I believe
they are hoping for us to get tired of
this war and quit. I further believe that
is the reason they think they are win-
ning.
Mr. Chairman, yesterday the junior
Senator from my State made a personal
attack upon the Secretary of State and
said that he ought to resign. On be-
half of the people of my district I want
to apologize, because I supported the
junior Senator a year ago last fall. He
ran 1,025,000 votes behind the President
in Ohio, the junior Senator's majority
in the entire State of Ohio was 16,000
votes. He received a larger majority
than that in my district.
So, Mr. Chairman, on behalf of my
constituents I want to apologize for his
intemperate attack upon the Secretary of
State, whom I think is doing a great job
under very difficult circumstances.
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Chairman, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I am delighted to yield to
my fine colleague from Ohio, the Con-
gressman at Large, and who represents
all of the State of Ohio.
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Chairman. I
want to commend the distinguished
gentleman from Ohio [Mr. HAYSI for
the courageous position he has taken
.here today in offering an apology to the
House of Representatives and to the
Nation for the quite intemperate re-
marks of the junior Senator from the
State of Ohio made in the other body
here yesterday.
Mr. Chairman, on behalf of the people
of the State of Ohio, I would like to join
with the gentleman from Ohio. I feel
we can be doves and hawks and of var-
ious opinions without resorting to such
disagreeable tones.
Mr. Chairman, as the distinguished
gentleman from the State of Florida
[Mr. FASCELL] said earlier this after-
noon, these are times when great una-
nimity must be displayed by those of us
on the side of freedom.
I feel that the intemperate personal
attack upon the most distinguished for-
eign minister this Republic has had in
many years is certainly out of order,
and I certainly offer an extreme apology
on the part of the people of the Buckeye
State.
Mr. HAYS. I thank the distinguished
and hard-working gentleman for his
contribution.
Mr. Chairman, I want to say that, I
support this legislation, and I support
the President's position. As I told a
member of the administration today,
the gentlemen on the other side of the
Capitol who are attacking us, who are
attacking our being in South Vietnam,
have nothing to lose politically, because
if we win this thing they have 4 or 5
years to go before they are up for elec-
tion, and everyone will forget their
position.
Mr. Chariman, if, God forbid, we
should lose it, they can say "I told you
so."
So, Mr. Chairman, they have nothing
to lose politically; they cannot lose.
In conclusion, I would like to allude
to one remark that our junior Senator
made. He said he would sleep better at
night if somebody else were Secretary of
State. Well, if he sleeps at the switch
much more than he does now, he will be
asleep 24 hours a day.
Mr. TUNNEY. Mr. Chairman, I would
like to make a statement on H.R. 12169, a
bill to authorize the appropriation of
supplemental funds for fiscal year 1966
AID economic assistance programs total-
ing $415 million.
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A significant portion of this supple-
mental request, $275 million, is designed
for use in South Vietnam. I traveled to
Vietnam after the 1st session of the
89th Congress adjourned last year be-
cause I wanted to see for myself the ex-
isting conditions in this distant land
where our servicemen are fighting to
preserve and protect the freedom of the
people of South Vietnam.
It is.apparent that the mood of good
will which prevailed when American
troops first landed is showing definite
signs of deterioration. There is a pos-
sibility that our relationship with the
South Vietnamese people could further
deteriorate as the full impact of Amer-
ican spending hits the economy and
more of the technically skilled South
Vietnamese move to cities adjacent to
U.S. military installations where huge
construction projects are being pushed
to provide logistical support for our com-
bat troops.. One Cabinet Minister in the
South Vietnam Government told me
with a trace of irony in his voice, "An
American staff sergeant earns more per
month than I do."
In my opinion, the only way the war
in South Vietnam can be won is to win
the battle for the hearts and the minds
of the people.
The past year has demonstrated that
a clear and unequivocal military policy
by the United States could produce a
rapport with the South Vietnamese Gov-
ernment for the benefit of the country.
If our policy is just as clear with respect
to the South Vietnamese Government
instituting social, political, and economic
reforms, can we not expect a greater
response in this direction than ever has
occurred in the past? I think that the
United States must not only implore,
but demand, that the Ky government
overhaul its policies anc: the apparatus
of its administration to guarantee a
maximum of public acceptance and
identification with the national govern-
ment in Saigon. We must insist on gen-
eral elections at the earliest possible
time. We should not be satisfied with
lip service being given to reform. We
should insist that positive steps be taken.
It is not an easy task to remake a poor
nation into a developed nation. Nor is
it easy for the government of a poor na-
tion to gain the confidence of its people.
I was told by U.S. officials in Vietnam
that 70 percent of the people are illiter-
ate. A majority of South Vietnam's 151/2
million population is tied to the land
in little better than subsistence agricul-
ture. Only 18 percent of the children
who complete primary school go on to
secondary school and a significant pro-
portion of the children never go to school
at all. There are over 1 million refugees
from the combat zones banded together
in numerous camps awaiting relocation
of the cessation of hostilities to return
to their own farms and villages. There
are few schools available for children of.
refugees and sanitation conditions in the
camps are primitive at best. Disease is
widespread throughout the country. One
Navy corpsman told me that if there
were enough soap available for the peo-
ple in the villages and if they would use
it, disease could be cut down 50 percent.
The people do not have a sense of
national identity the way Americans do.
The nation-state is for us the focal point
of political loyalty, economic strength,
social order, and defense against foreign
enemies. The Vietnamese have social
and cultural homogeneity; but never
having known true statehood, and after
being a colony of France from 1885 to
1954, they have but limited loyalty to
the National Government. An over-
whelming majority of village dwellers in
the countryside have never seen a high
National Government official, let alone
never having voted for one. Too often
the only contact the people have with
the Federal Government is the payment
of taxes, with no services or security
being provided in return. Living as many
of them do in wretched physical circum-
stances, they are relatively easy targets
for Communist propaganda and prom-
ises. There. is no way of avoiding the
fact that 22 percent of the population
and over 50 percent of the land in South
Vietnam would not be under the control
of the Vietcong if the people themselves
were not actively or tacitly accepting
the Communist presence. The problem
is intensified because of poor communi-
cations between villages. Roads are few
in number and travel is made hazard-
ous as a result of repeated Vietcong am-
bushes along the highways. Telephones
and telegraph are nonexistant in many
parts of the countryside. The fact that
the people have no national identity does
not mean this must always be so.
The United States has entered into a
substantial economic aid program for
Vietnam. In fiscal year 1965, we con-
tributed $283.2 million. We have already
obligated all of the $255.5 million appro-
priated for fiscal year 1966 and we are
asking for supplemental funds in the
amount of $275 million. The object of
our program is to develop the resources
of the country and to give the rural and
urban population, a feeling that there is
a better life obtainable in the future and
that their own government is better able
to provide it than the Communists.
Among other things, the United States
is supplying agriculture extension serv-
ices, fertilizers, pesticides, and medical
care; building roads, schools, and hos-
pitals, and helping develop local govern-
ment administration in rural areas.
In my opinion, we are not doing enough
for the approximately 800,000 refugees
that are currently in the South Vietnam
Government controlled areas. I visited
a number of camps where the conditions
were very poor. Sanitation facilities are
often nonexistant and educational oppor-
tunities for the children are totally un-
satisfactory. A small vocational training
course has been initiated to provide tech-
nical training for less than 1,500 persons.
This is insufficient to have any real im-
pact upon the refugee population. There
is no question that South Vietnam is
going to need an increasingly large num-
ber of trained technicians to support
industrial growth. An effort should be
made to train these refugees who sit in
their camps all day without work. By
doing so, many of these homeless people
could be kept temporarily occupied and
made productive members of the society,
rather than charity cases draining off an
inordinant amount of the nation's lim-
ited capital resources to keep them alive.
It is commonly pointed out by AID
officials that most of the refugees are
women and children who are waiting to
return to their villages and to their agri-
cultural way of life. This does not mean,
however, that many of these refugees
would not prefer an education and voca-
tional training so that they could take up
a new life in the urban areas.
It has also been suggested by AID
officials that if life is made too pleasant
in the refugee camps that the refugees
will not want to go back to their farms
and work for a living. No one is suggest-
ing that the refugees be made permanent
welfare cases. What I am saying is that
the refugee children should be able to
receive as good an education as other
children in the country. To date the
children of the refugees are offered a
substantially inferior education, with
many refugee camps not providing any
schools at all. Only an infinitesimal per-
centage go to secondary school upon the
completion of primary school. This sit-
uation must be corrected.
I am disappointed that of the $275 mil-
lion requested for supplemental economic
assistance to South Vietnam in a cur-
rent fiscal year, only $11.6 million is
allocated to refugee programs. What is
more, $10 million of the $11.6 million is
already obligated to pay past debts.
This leaves only $11/2 million in fiscal
year 1966 to finance programs designed
to aid approximately 800,000 refugees.
This is dangerously insufficient to ease
their condition and to promote their
allegiance to the Government of South
Vietnam.
It is significant that the refugees are
made homeless by terrorist activities of
the Vietcong, American and South Viet-
namese bombardment and combat in and
around their villages. The refugees have
made a positive commitment to come
over to the side of the South Vietnamese
Government. They did not go to the
Vietcong secured areas. We must not
allow this large population of tired,
frightened, and homeless people to be-
come so frustrated in their refugee camps
by lack of concern for their well-being
and inability to carry on productive lives
that they become a force for sedition
rather than a force in support of the
South Vietnamese Government. There
can be no excuse for failure to take posi-
tive action regarding the present condi-
tion and future destiny of the 800,000
refugees in South Vietnam today.
I am voting in favor of this supple-
mental appropriation bill because I feel
that it is needed. It is essential that an
economic and social revolution accom-
pany our military efforts- in Vietnam.
Our economic assistance is the critical
prerequisite to such a revolution taking
place. Although we know there is a cor-
ruption in South Vietnam and although
we know that much of our AID funds are
siphoned off to the personal advantage
of numerous corrupt officials, still the
program is necessary. We must work to
tighten up the administration of the pro-
gram, but we must not sacrifice the pro-
gram itself because of certain failures in
that administration. I would like to say
in conclusion that I think that David
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 2.?, 1966
I-ell, the Director of AID, has done a
magnificent job in bringing new imagi-
nation, talent, and leadership to our eco-
nomic assistance program. I am con-
lident that he has the ability, if any man
has it, to insure the success of the AID
program in South Vietnam.
Mr. McVICKER. Mr. Chairman, I
should like to join with my colleague in
urging favorable consideration of the
supplemental appropriation bill before
us. I should like to speak particularly
on behalf of the $25 million amount con-
tained in that bill for assistance to the
Dominican Republic.
It is worth noting, that the provisional
government of Hector Godoy operates
under the most severe handicaps. Thirty
years of dictatorship followed by politi-
cal instability and the destruction and
hatred of civil war have left the Domini-
can Republic ill prepared to create a
democratic society.
Yet, that is what the Organization of
American States, the United States and
Dominicans of mod faith are committed
to today. Elements of both left and right
would exploit the heritage of tyranny
and the present unrest to gain control
for themselves, but the provisional gov-
ernment is determined to steer a course
toward democracy, and it is in this, that
additional assistance is needed from the
United States.
Support of the provisional government
and of the Organization of American
States by the United States has helped
to prevent anarchy in the country.
Gradually, that assistance is being shift-
ed from emergency stopgap aid to devel-
opment assistance that will build a
foundation upon which the people of the
Dominican Republic can create a demo-
cratic society.
'fhe provisional government has had
the support of OAS troops from the
United States and Latin American coun-
tries. Technical and economic assist-
ance has been given to prevent economic
deterioration and to give the Domini-
cans themselves time to raise from the
ashes a new society.
The cost has been great. Yet, if dol-
lars, and technical assistance, and an
understanding heart can be substituted
for bloodshed and destruction, we must
be prepared to pay the price. A hemi-
sphere at peace, where men may lead
good lives and may know social justice
is our goal. It was the goal of the na-
tions that met at Punta del Este in 1961.
It is the goal of the Alliance for Progress.
It must remain our goal until every ves-
tige of hopelessness and violence born
of desperation is banished from our
hemisphere.
We are asked now to do that which is
deemed necessary to give the Domini-
cans time to conduct an orderly election
in June and to install a democratic gov-
ernment. For now, I am convinced that
the immediate task of supporting the
provisional government warrants our
making available the supplementary
amount requested by the President
I urge my colleagues to approve the
supplemental appropriation that is be-
fore us.
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Chairman, I support the administration's
request for a $25 million supplemental
appropriation for the Dominican
Republic.
The Dominican economy has been be-
set with a number of enormous problems
in, recent years. Following. the fall of
Trujillo, the Dominican people demanded
a better way of life and something more
than a subsistence wage. High wage
levels, however, created increased de-
mands for imports, the meeting of which
created balance-of-payments difficulties.
Spending for consumption of imported
goods left; little for capital investmr nts,
public or private.
In 1964, this situation was fin ther
complicated by a spectacular drop in
sugar prices, in which the economic
health of the country rests..
The civil war has severely dislocated
economic activity in the country. Total
production of goods and services has de-
clined and unemployment has increased.
Commercial activity in Santo Domingo
still suffers from the turmoil of last
April. Strikes and other disturbances
continue to plague the country.
The U.S. objective in assisting the Do-
minican Republic is twofold. On the. one
hand we are providing aid to relieve
immediate suffering, to build stable con-
ditions conducive to the holding of free
elections, and get a society moving wain.
One example is assistance to repair of
irrigation ditches which both liberates a
material resource and provides the op-
portunity to put human resources to
work again. To this effort other na':?ions
of the hemisphere have contrit uted
medical personnel and emergency food
supplies.
At the same time, we arc looking be-
yond immediate measures in an effort to
help the Dominicans start the task of
building for the long-term growth of
their country. The United States is pro-
viding technical cooperation to advise the
Dominican Government in long-range
problems of administrative, fiscal, and
monetary reform.. We are assistin;; the
stimulation and expansion of food crops
and the diversification of agriculture.
We are helping community developnent
projects including rural access roads, re-
forestration, and community centers, in
all of which the great part of the job is
borne by the local populace. Teacher
training and vocational education are
also being assisted in other efforts to
reach the people directly.
While today, the most immediate need
is for short-term assistance, assistance
which has to date directly affected more
than 200,000 people, this effort is a step
only in a. long-term drive to help a nation
help itself. I urge support of this appro-
priation as a measure vital not in putting
out a fire but as a link in a program to
build an environment in which fire. will
become less likely.
The threat of Communist subversion is
still very real in the Dominican Republic.
Cuba stands in the Caribbean as a con-
stant reminder of Communist ability to
seize power by force and fraud.
Economic stability in the Dominican
Republic and throughout Latin America
is the best possible insurance against
communism and that is the purpose of
this appropriation.
Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr. Chairman,
for the past several years I have voted
against foreign aid legislation. My rea-
son has had a single purpose; namely, to
'register a protest against a program
which in sum has been too often poorly
conceived and poorly administered. By
this I do not mean to say that there has
been no good in our foreign aid programs.
But I determined some time ago that the
only way to encourage the necessary re-
forms was to put the executive branch
on notice that there were those in Con-
gress who are dissatisfied enough with
its overall operation to give it a vote of
no confidence.
The bill before the House today is a
supplemental request to the bill which I
voted against last session. Its basic pur-
pose is to support our efforts in southeast
Asia and especially in South Vietnam.
While I am certain there are many as-
pects of this program that could and
should be improved, I do not believe that
this crucial hour with so many boys in
daily combat is the time to register a pro-
test which might in any way be construed
to indicate a lack of support on my part
for our overall effort in South Vietnam.
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Chairman,
because the attention of the American
people is generally focused on reports
from the war front in Vietnam, little is
known of our fight to provide a perma-
nent line of defense in the struggle for
men's minds in Vietnam.
With cement, roofing materials, and
technical assistance supplied by AID, the
people of Vietnam are building thousands
of classrooms throughout the country-
side. Of 9,000 classrooms constructed
in the last 5 years, 1,600 were put to-
gether by the villagers themselves---a
fact which has not been lost on the Viet-
cong. Knowing the value that the Viet-
namese people place on the education
of their children, the Communist guer-
rillas hesitate to destroy these new
schools.
The steady accumulation of teaching
facilities--made possible by the assist-
ance of U.S. aid-now embraces half of
all the primary school aged children of
the country. And AID is introducing
practical subjects into the public school
system to help the people solve their
immediate problems; to grow better
crops, improve their health, and raise
standards of nutrition.
More than 14 million textbooks have
been distributed by AID, and in the na-
tion's four normal schools and 21 indus-
trial schools, AID is helping to train
teachers in new techniques of practical
instruction. The normal schools are now
graduating more than 2,000 teachers a
year.
In addition to equipping and improv-
ing these permanent training institu-
tions, AID is helping to set up rural
training programs to meet the demand
for teachers in the villages. Local citi-
zens are being prepared to take over
classrooms after 3 months of intensive
instruction. In one region of the coun-
try, the emergency sessions have pro-
vided nearly 600 new teachers. By way
of incentive, the Vietnamese Government
has increased the monthly rate of pay
from $6 to $14-well above the average
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per capita income of the people as a
whole.
A U.S.-financed television network is
being set up to extend public education
to every hamlet in the country. "Air-
borne classrooms" will be broadcasting
courses to television receivers in commu-
nity centers around the country. This
new TV circuit represents an important
advance in the war on ignorance as well
as a way of answering the Communist
propaganda being circulated by the Viet-
cong.
These are additional reasons why we
must. support H.R. 12169-to win the
peace in southeast Asia.
Mr. PURCELL. Mr. Chairman, the
request for supplemental AID appropria-
tions which we are considering today will
make possible the expansion of certain
AID programs, particularly in the field
of agriculture.
As a result of the President's Honolulu
meeting with Premier Ky and the Vice
President's tour through southeast Asia,
the United States is planning to step up
its programs of assistance to the rural
areas of Vietnam.
In addition to the food-for-freedom
program, AID is already conducting
numerous other programs to help raise
the level of living of rural people in Viet-
nam. These existing programs will form
the basis of the expanded programs.
In Vietnam today, AID is conducting
programs in four agricultural subject-
matter areas as follows: First, agricul-
tural service and extension; second, crops
and livestock production; third, credit
and cooperatives; and fourth, agricul-
tural resources development.
Some accomplishments to date are:
First. Extension training: The 1,004
Vietnamese agricultural extension agents
have received valuable training from AID
specialists through a systematic in-serv-
ice training program. After having their
own skills upgraded, these Vietnamese
extension workers have assisted 1 million
farmers in increasing their agricultural
production and in raising their level of
living.
Second. Assistance to youth: During
1965, the number of 4-T club members
reached 46,454 in 1,200 clubs. These are
the equivalent of 4-H Clubs in this
country.
Third. Agricultural research: Since
1962, agricultural research stations re-
leased more than 20 high-yielding varie-
ties of field crops and vegetables.
Fourth. Participant training: Between
1951. and 1965, 611 Vietnamese received
special agricultural training in the
United States or in a third country under
the AID participant training program.
Fifth. Information program: In 1965,
AID assisted the GVN in producing over
3 million leaflets and booklets and over
230,000 posters and wall newspapers.
Also, AID helped to produce 45 radio
tapes, 514 radio broadcasts, and 22,000
technical magazines for use by profes-
sional agricultural workers.
Sixth. Sewing machines: in 1965, our
AID mission distributed 1,000 sewing
machines to needy rural families and
leaders.
Seventh. Fisheries: In the fisheries
program, AID assisted in establishing 79
fishing cooperatives with 17,000 mem-
bers. Also, fish production has increased
from 52,000 tons in 1955, valued at VN$3.3
billion, to 368,000 tons in 1965, valued at
VN$15 billion. Approximately 10,500
powered junks are now in operation, an
increase of 6,900 since 1962, and 50,000
sets of improved fishing gear have been
distributed. There are now 15 fish-
landing facilities to assist marine fisher-
men.
Eighth. Livestock: Swine production
increased from 1,694,000 head in 1955 to
3,600,000 in 1964. The chicken popula-
tion increased from 16,655,000 in 1960
to 22,401,000 in 1964. About 33,000 im-
proved chickens and 315,000 hatching
eggs were distributed or sold at nominal
prices from January 1964 to May 1965.
There are 27 commercial farms with an
average flock of 5,000 birds each.
Ninth. Fertilizer: Approximately 276,-
000 metric tons of fertilizer were im-
ported in fiscal year 1965 as compared
to 42,877 metric tons in 1955. This fer-
tilizer was used by 700,000 farmers on
about 2 million acres and provided ap-
proximately VN$1.5 million additional
farm income.
Tenth. Plant protection: For the pur-
pose of increasing agricultural produc-
tion, assistance was given in setting up
a plant protection service, training the
local staff, and providing necessary
equipment. Through this system, crop
losses from insects, diseases, and rats
were reduced by 50 percent between 1961
and 1965. About 360,000 farmers par-
ticipated in antirat campaigns in 1964
using 39,000 tons of rat poison. They
killed an estimated 38 million rats, sav-
ing about 95,000 tons of food. In 1964,
about 600 tons of insecticides were used
by 500,000 rice farmers and 2,000 vege-
table farmers. The program saved about
150,000 tons of rice.
Eleventh. Irrigation and water re-
sources: Since 1954, improved practices
in irrigation canals, flood protection, and
salt water control have been applied to
610,000 acres. In 1965, approximately
24 miles of new irrigation canals were
completed and 5 miles rehabilitated; 42
dams were built or restored which bene-
fited 27,740 acres of land.
These accomplishments under existing
AID agricultural programs should be a
source of pride and satisfaction to all of
us. Our affirmative vote on this request
for supplemental appropriations will
make possible the expansion of these
vital programs and bring new hope and
progress to the rural people of Vietnam.
Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Chairman, I rise in
support of the measure before the House
of Representatives, H.R. 12169 to au-
thorize appropriations of supplemental
funds of $415 million for fiscal year 1966
for economic assistance programs.
The funds previously appropriated to
AID for this fiscal year have not met the
needs in a few of the important danger
areas of the world, particularly Vietnam,
for which the bill now under considera-
tion provides $275 million in supporting
assistance funds.
We know that the problem in South
Vietnam is the determined effort of
North Vietnam to impose its will by force.
We know that Hanoi has sent arms, and
3865
tens of thousands of armed and trained
men-including units of the North Viet-
namese Regular Army-into South Viet-
nam. This is why U.S. forces are in that
country. We will continue to repel this
aggression while we persist in our efforts
toward a peaceful solution. These ef-
forts to date have been numerous, and in
the past months have been carried into
every major capital of the world. They
have brought no encouraging response
from Hanoi. Even while we halted our
bombing of North Vietnam, the military
operations of the north continued.
The expansion of Communist aggres-
sion has called for the increased military
response of the United States and, thus,
added to the task of AID. Our economic
assistance programs in South Vietnam
are as important as our military assist-
ance. We must, together with other free
nations of the world, reinforce economic
and social progress in that country, so
that a social revolution-as well as peace
and freedom-can be obtained in south-
east Asia.
I have said that the funds appropriated
by Congress have not met the needs of
AID; in fact, they do not cover even one-
half of the currently estimated require-
ments for fiscal year 1966. Two princi-
pal elements are involved in the request
for supplemental funds: First, to meet
the rising threat of inflation, $175 million
is needed to finance the importation of
food, drugs, and other commodities; and
second, $100 million is required for new
or enlarged Government activities in
rural areas.
I also support the request for the fol-
lowing additional funds included in H.R.
12169: First, $7.5 million each in sup-
porting assistance for Thailand and
Laos, to assist them in developing and
maintaining economic and political sta-
bility, and to withstand increasing Com-
munist 'pressures; Second, $25 million
for the Dominican Republic, where last
April's revolution resulted in economic
and political instability, and where we-
with the Organization of American
States-are determined to help the pro-
visional government reach a stable en-
vironment prior to the coming elections;
and third, $100 million to replenish the
now-exhausted AID contingency fund.
I urge my colleagues to support this
measure in its entirety.
Mr. BOGGS. Mr. Chairman, the Re-
public of Vietnam is presently engaged
in a courageous struggle for survival
against the threat of Communist sub-
version. Despite the long and difficult
war, the Vietnamese are determined to
create a new nation, and the institutions
essential to sustain that nation, during
the years ahead. Whether you talk to a
farmer working in the riceflelds or to a
high government official, you will quickly
learn that the people of Vietnam place'a
high value upon educational oppor-
tunity. Consequently, the war against
the Vietcong has not obliterated this
goal or weakened the resolve of the peo-
ple to improve educational opportunity.
Instead, it has created a strong sense of
urgency which is shared by both the
Vietnamese Ministry of Education and
the AID mission.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 24, 1966
The program of educational assist-
ance, which was conceived jointly by the
representatives of Vietnam and the
1 Juitcd States, has been characterized by
two approaches. First, a long-range
program was organized to develop it sys-
tenl of education which will produce the
trained manpower required for social
end economic progress. This -system is
p an red not only to facilitate the trans-
1cr of knowledge and the training of
=kills, but also to assist in creating a so-
ciety which will initiate and successfully
urselves in, that President Eisenhower
lid not promise, but merely offered eco-
tomic aid-and that with many condi-
ions, none of which were ever fulfilled-
,nd that President Kennedy merely
tdded to our advisory role by sending
tome 15,000 to 20,000 advisers. But it is
>nly in the last year or so that we have
sent our men into combat, that we have
made war without a declaration of war
voted by the Congress. The latest jus-
tification, now being refurbished, stems
back to the SEATO treaty, in which it is
alleged we made a commitment to do
what we are doing.
But when one examines the SEATO
treaty one finds that in the first place,
we are in violation of that treaty, be-
cause in article 1, the very first article,
It says:
The parties undertake, as set forth in the
;barter of the United Nations, to settle any
.nternational disputes in which they may be
.nvolved by peaceful means in such a man-
ier that international peace and security
snd justice are not endangered, and re-
rain in their international relations from
he threat or use of force in any manner
nconsistent with the purposes of the United
Tations.
Therefore, as we have gone to war, as
ve have used armed force, we are in vio-
ation of the very treaty which is now
nvoked as a justification for our actions.
No. 32-9
It is pleaded by those who use this
SEATO Treaty as a later justification for
action that article 4 says:
Each party recognizes that aggression by
means of armed attack in the treaty area
against any of the parties or against any
state or territory which the parties by unani-
mous agreement may hereafter designate,
would endanger its own peace and safety, and
agrees that it will in that event act to meet
the common danger in accordance with its
constitutional processes.
In other words, if we are to fulfill the
obligations such as they are now alleged
to be under the SEATO Treaty, we would
have had to go to Congress and ask for a
declaration of war, which we have not
done, for that way, and only that way
would we be acting "in accordance with"
our "constitutional processes."
Consequently, this later argument,
now dredged up, when the previous argu-
ments are shown to be mythical, also falls
to the ground.
It is a tragic situation for those of us
who deeply love our country, who have
been steeped in its ideals and traditions,
to have to stand by and see the course
we are following. That course can only
lead to disaster. It is already disaster.
It is time we confessed to error-the
greatest, most tragic error we have made
in our history-and use every decent
means to get out at the earliest possible
moment. Any withdrawal which will
stop the useless slaughter of American
boys and the killing of civilians would be
preferable to continuation of the course
in which we are now involved.
Mr. President, I yield the floor.
EXHIBIT 1
AUGUST 20, 1965.
Hon. LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
The White House,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: It was very good of
you to see me yesterday and to give me the
opportunity to present to you my views on
the present situation in Vietnam.
Enclosed is a copy of the speech I had on
my desk when I spoke to you yesterday.
This was prepared for delivery yesterday and
in it I offered an amendment to the defense
appropriation bill prohibiting the sending of
draftees, without their consent, to southeast
Asia. You will recall I spoke to you twice
about this,'and that at your earnest request
I agreed not to introduce this amendment.
In compliance with your wish, I shall not
introduce this amendment at this time, al-
though I feel deeply that at the very least
the Congress should pass on the sending of
our draftees into the war in southeast Asia.
However, as I suggested to you at our
meeting, I strongly urge you to announce
publicly that-at least until there has been
a review of the entire situation after the
Congress returns in January or unless a
grave national emergency develops-draftees
will not be sent to southeast Asia unless they
volunteer for such duty. Such a public an-
nouncement from you would do much to re-
assure the people of the United States.
I was pleased to hear from both you and
Ambassador Goldberg of the strenuous ef-
forts to secure peace in southeast Asia. As
I told you, I was particularly gratified to
notice your clarification of your position
since your Johns Hopkins speech. Your
announcement at your press conference on
July 28, 1965, that there would be no par-
ticular problem in bringing the Vietcong
and the National Liberation Front to the
conference table, as I had been urging for
some time, was most reassuring.
3813
I was also pleased to hear your changed
stand on the reunification of Vietnam
through internationally, supervised elections
as provided for in the Geneva Conventions
of 1954. Of course, as I said, it is difficult
to convince those with whom we are seeking
to arrange a cessation of hostilities of our
bona fides while we continue the bombing of
North Vietnam.
With best wishes, I am,
Cordially yours,
ERNEST GRUENING,
U.S. Senator.
ExHmrr 2
[Parade, the Washington Post, Jan. 30, 19661
Universal draft. Young men the world
over are facing the same problem: military
conscription. Britain (alone of the great
powers), India, and Pakistan are among the
few large countries relying solely upon vol-
untary enlistment in this deeply divided
world. Poverty is so rampant in India and
Pakistan that there are more volunteers than
military facilities to house, clothe, and feed
them.
Elsewhere the rule is conscription. In the
Soviet Union all youths 17 and 18 who have
completed secondary school are inducted.
Service ranges from 2 to 5 years with leave
only for emergency or outstanding service.
Pay is $3.30 per month. Israel, surrounded
by hostile Arab nations, requires military
training of all men and unmarried women,
18 to 26. Reserve duties are obligatory for
men until age 49, for childless women un-
til age 34. In Red China which has a vir-
tually bottomless pool of manpower, every
man according to Maoist theory, is con-
sidered a soldier. In South Vietnam all men,
18 to 35, face 3 years of military service. A
large percentage of South Vietnamese con-
scripts desert each year. South Vietnam
hires mercenaries to fight against the Viet-
cong. We support the South Vietnamese
economy. Without us that country would go
broke. Whether indirectly we are paying
the South Vietnamese mercenaries is a ques-
tion Washington declines to answer.
Certainly we have fought side by side with
mercenaries, employed their aid and infor-
mation. France, Germany, and Italy all use
conscription to supplement their regular
forces. In West Germany every youth at
18 is liable for 18 months of service. In
France boys are drafted at age 19 for 18
months active duty, 40 months availability,
12 years of reserve duty.
On the U.S. borders things are not so
stringent. Canada has no conscription. In
Mexico the young man chooses a white ball
or a black ball. The white ball permits him
to perform his military service by march-
ing each Sunday for a year. The black ball
puts him in the barracks and regular army
duty for 1 year. Argentina uses a lottery
system to select the unlucky few.
EXHIBIT 3
TOTAL IS PUT ABOVE 96,000-U.S. AIDS CON-
CERNED: 1965 DESERTIONS UP IN SAIGON
FORCES
(By Neil Sheehan)
SAIGON, February 23.-About 96,000 men
deserted from the South Vietnamese armed
forces last year, a total equivalent to nearly
half of the American force that has been
committed to the defense of this country.
Actually the figure reported by the South
Vietnamese Government was higher, but in-
formed sources said it did not take into ac-
count the fact that some of the deserters had
later reenlisted. In addition, the figures are
considered less than completely accurate be-
cause of the crude administrative procedures
of the Armed Forces.
Nevertheless, the sources said, U.S. military
officials consider the desertion rate very high
and are deeply concerned about it.
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Total desertions for 1965 were put at 113,-
000. Of these, 47,000 were from the regular
Armed Forces-Army, Navy, and Air Force-
and 17.000 were from the Regional Forces,
equivalent of the U.S. National Guard; 49,-
000 were from the Popular Forces, or local
militia.
't.'he sources could offer no specific reasons
for the high rate of Government desertions
other than the intensification of the fight-
ing and a general war weariness that has
overtaken the country.
Most of the men who desert, the sources
said, do so either while still in training
camps or while moving to their first assign-
ments.
Figures were not available for desertions
during 1964, but it was understood that they
had been substantially below the 1965
figures.
Desertions from the regular Armed Forces
nearly doubled (luring the last year, reaching
about 1.4 percent of their total strength.
Desertions from the 270,000-man army,
which forms the great bulk of the regular
Armed Forces, showed it gradual increase
during the year. They ran near 18 percent
of total strength in December.
The Armed Forces discharged 48,000 men
for various reasons in 1965 and suffered 13,-
000 killed, 23,000 wounded, and 6,000 missing
in action or captured.
OVERALL FORCE INCREASES
Despite the high desertions and other
losses, the Government relied on intensive
recruiting, more stringent conscription
methods, and the return of wounded to duty
to increase the overall strength of the
Armed forces from 510,000 men in December
1964, to 571,000 in December 1965.
The regular armed forces, for example, in-
ducted 114,000 inen during the year---77,000
volunteers and :37,000 conscripts.
Most of the deserters were men who had
originally volunteered for service. The
Regional Forces and Popular Forces-two
militia units heavily affected---are composed
entirely of volunteers. A majority of men
in the regular armed forces also enlisted.
Most deserters, qualified sources suggest,
do not defect to the Vietcong, but return to
their homes in the villages, go into hiding
or drift into the cities to look for civilian
jobs.
Vietcong defections to the Government
during 1965 totaled about 11,000. No esti-
mates are available for guerrillas who de-
serted from Government units and did not
report to Government authorities, but the
number is believed to equal only it fraction
of the desertions from the Government armed
forces because the Vietcong usually exercise
tighter control over their areas.
FOE urn.L OUTNUMBERED
Although Government force:, still out-
number the enemy by more than 2 to 1, the
Vietcong have shown an ability to increase
their overall strength more quickly than the
Governin.ent. The total enemy force in-
creased in the last year from 103,000 at the
beginning of 1965 to 230,000 in December.
About 20,000 troops were North Vietnamese
regulars who had infiltrated the south since
last winter. A,out 40,000 more are political
and administr hive workers who do little
lighting.
In another report made available here to-
day, a U.S. military spokesman said that in
the week that ended Saturday, 83 American
servicemen were killed in South Vietnam, 354
wounded, and 4 reported missing in action.
't'welve South Koreans and Australians were
also killed, 17 wounded, and 1 reported
missing.
In the same period, 197 South Vietnamese
troops were kil Ied.
The Vietcong guerrillas suffered 1,357 dead
and 122 captured, according to the spokes-
Man.
EXHIBIT 4
[From the New York Times, Feb. 24, 1966]
MCNAMARA HINTS CALL-UP OF RESERVISTS FOR
VIETNAM
(By Jack Raymond)
WASHINGTON, February 23.-Secretary of
Defense Robert S. McNamara told Congress
today that partial mobilization and a Reserve
crdl-up would be necessary if the enemy in
South Vietnam widened the war. The i.hrust
Of his remarks indicated he thought these
actions would be required.
The Secretary pointed out, in a 221i-page
"posture" statement on U.S. global defenses,
that the administration had not waned to
call Reserves, preferring to rely on the draft.
But he also called attention to growing
strength of Vietcong and North Vietnamese
regular army forces in South Vietnam and
to what lie described as Communist China's
increasing militancy.
Mr. McNamara emphasized evidence that
the Peiping Government had undertaken
serious insurgency in Thailand, siml far to
that in Vietnam.
HEARING IN SENATE
Appearing before a joint session -,f the
Senate Armed Services Committee and the
Senate Subcommittee on Defense Appropria-
tions, he said:
"In view of the continued buildup o'. Viet-
cong and North Vietnamese forces in South
Vietnam, we now believe we should be pre-
pared to deploy promptly additional forces
to that area if required.
"President Johnson has stated categi rically
that we will give our commanders in Vietnam
all the resources they need to carry out their
mission. The deployment of additional
forces to southeast Asia would require' some
further increases in our force structure and
military strength."
After outlining impending increaser, most
of which had been previously anneinced,
secretary McNamara went on
"Although the President has repeatedly
stated that the United States has no desire
to widen the war in southeast Asia, vi' can-
o.ot precllude the possibility that our oppo-
c.ents will nevertheless choose to do ;o.
"Such a contingency would necessitate at
least a partial mobilization including the
callup of som.e or all our Reserve forces and
the extension of active duty tours."
Mr. McNamara spoke to the Senate panels
in closed'. session, but a censored transcript
cf his report was released. Annually it has
constituted the most comprehensive review
of U.S. foreign policies and military commit-
ments and plans by any Government friicial.
As Mr. McNamara testified, the Pentagon
announced a call to Selective Service head-
quarters for ,he drafting of 900 male nurses
beginning in April.
The Defense Department said th F con-
scription. of male nurses was necess; ry be-
cause of additional medical services seeded
for the treatment of casualties from Vietnam
and also because of the general increase in
the size of the Armed Forces.
Selective Service headquarters ann 'rnced
that the first deadline for student registra-
tion for planned draft deferment testi would
probably come in late April.
Selective Service said it expected i.o sign
within a, few days a contract with a resting
agency to prepare qualification tests amilar
to those used during the Korean war.
In these tests students seeking deferment,
who believe that their local draft board
aright regard. their standing in class as too
low to be considered "satisfactory" under
the draft law and thus not warranting defer-
Inent, may take a test. Their grades on the
test may be submitted as evidence c; satis-
factory educational progress.
L'SENIEB TIMES REPORT
Secretary McNamara, who was accompanied
to the Senate hearing by General Earle G.
Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, talked briefly to newsmen after a 2-
hour morning session in the committee
room.
He denied a report published in the New
York Times on Monday that the United
States had spread thin its trained military
manpower because of the demands of the
war in Vietnam and elsewhere. The defense
Secretary, when questioned about the article,
asked General Wheeler to comment first.
General Wheeler said he did not agree
with the article but acknowledged that
there had been what he called a "draw (town"
of some U.S. forces because of Vietnam.
Secretary McNamara then said: "It is ab-
solutely false to say that we are overextended
and that we cannot fulfill our military re-
quirements.
"We have never been better prepared."
In his formal statement to the Senate
committees, Mr. McNamara devoted a
lengthy section to rebutting allegations of
shortages of arms and other military
equipment
After reviewing his logistics policies and
reporting on experiences In the Vietnam
war, the Secretary went on:
"This is not to say that every one of the
tens of thousands of Defense Department
supply points is without it single inventory
shortage. Anyone who has had experience
with large supply systems knows that some-
where, sometime, something will be lack-
ing."
The question. of shortages "must be
viewed in perspective," he said.
"The acid test of our logistics system is
the ability of our forces to take the field and
engage in combat," he asserted.
"Never before has this country been able
to field and support in combat so large l
force in so short a time over so great a dis?
tance, without calling up reserves and with
out applying price, wage and material con
trols to our civilian economy."
In his assessment of the international sit
nation, Secretary McNamara noted that "th
focus of the U.S. defense problem has shifte
perceptibly toward the Far East."
He emphasized time and again the admir
istration's concern over Communist Chin
In his report he included an appendix cue
taming excerpts of a policy statement 1
the Communist Chinese Minister of the D
fense, Lin Piao, last September and quoti
Secretary of State Dean Rusk's characteriz
tion of it as being "as candid as Ilitles
'Mein Kamp.'"
The war in Vietnam is a test case in
Communist Chinese "version of the so-calls
wars of national liberation, one of a serf,
of conflicts the Chinese hope will sweep tl:
world," the Secretary told the Senators.
Were the effort to bring about Comniunis
takeover through "subversion, Political as
sassination, and other forms of terrorism
successful in Vietnam, Mr. McNamara safe
Peiping would "move forward with increase,
confidence and determination" elsewhere.
"Indeed," he said, "even without such
success, Communist hina already has name
Thailand as its next victim."
The Secretary described the insurgent
start in Thailand as follows:
"A Thailand Independence Movement an
Thailand Patriotic Front have already bee
established. The first is, apparently, it
tended to be the equivalent of the Vietcor
and the second of the National Libcratic
Front in. South Vietnam. Large sums
Thai currency have been purchased 1
Peiping in Hong Kong, and the study of tt
Thai language is now being emphasized
Communist China.
"In recent months a number of village of
cials and policemen have been assassinat,
in the northeastern areas of Thailan
Clashes have occurred with small bands
armed Communists, seemingly well equippi
and trained; and a Voice of Free Thailai
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radio station has apparently been established
in Communist China. Obviously the appa-
ratus for the war of liberation in Thailand is
being created."
Mr. McNamara said that the Soviet Union's
leaders "fully appreciate" the perils of local
wars that might escalate to nuclear war and
that he believed the Communist Chinese were
"reluctant to challenge the full weight of our
military power."
"But it is clear," he said, "that we have
yet to convince the Chinese Communists that
their new drive for world revolution, using
what they euphemistically call people's wars,
will not succeed. But convince them we
must."
He repeated his conviction that if Peiping's
"challenge in southeast Asia" were not met
the United States would be confronted with
it later "under even more disadvantageous
conditions."
He emphasized the administration's readi-
ness to "cope with any further escalation of
the conflict on their part" and at the same
time its readiness "for a just settlement"
"But we have no intention of negotiating
the surrender of South Vietnam," he said.
Mr. McNamara hinted that Communist
China's aggressive attitude and her develop-
ing nuclear capability might compel the
United States to develop and install an anti-
missile defense system geared to a nuclear
attack threat from Asia.
The Defense Secretary has been doubtful
in the past on proposals for establishing an
antimissile defense system against a Soviet
nuclear threat, on the ground that it would
prove prohibitively expensive for the defense
it would provide.
However, it has been indicated that he be-
lieves an antimissile system against Commu-
nist China might be feasible because of the
more rudimentary nature of the Peiping
government's nuclear arsenal,
Mr. McNamara in other portions of his
military planning treatise indicated he was
considering recommending three rather than
one more nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
He also disclosed plans for purchases for the
Air Force of the Navy's A-7 attack aircraft
s,s a weapon in Vietnam.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
lent, do I understand the burden of the
Senator's argument to be that we should
;end the Reserves before this Nation
;ends any more draftees, or is his argu-
nent that we should not send anybody?
Mr. GRUENING. My argument is
;hat we should not send the draftees
without the consent of Congress. That
is all my amendment does.
I think it is about time Congress took
a little responsibility for involvement
down there, and that is what my amend-
ment seeks to accomplish.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. My feeling
was that we gave the President the au-
thority when we authorized him, in Au-
gust of 1964, to take whatever steps he
found necessary to resist aggression in
that area of the world. That was cer-
tainly, in my judgment, broad enough to
,over putting troops in there, when the
[Vorth Vietnamese sent their troops in.
The Senator has dwelt at considerable
ength on the question of the Reserves,
lnd I just wondered if he is advocating
,hat the Reserves be sent; or is he ad-
'ocating that neither Reserves nor
lraftees should be sent?
Mr. GRUENING. I am not advocating
he method of fighting this war. See-
,etary McNamara, in the hearings before
he Armed Services Committee, stated-
nd I have read extracts from the hear-
ings-that there was very little likelihood
of their being sent.
That was only a few weeks ago, and
yet today a leading front page story in
the New York Times indicates that he
has changed his mind.
I am not prepared to argue that this
is desirable or undesirable. I am stick-
ing to the fact which is the basis of my
amendment, that I think that Congress
should take a position on the matter.
I think we should vote it up or down;
and that Members of Congress should
have a greater inclusion.
As the Senator from Louisiana knows,
I was one of two Senators who voted
against that resolution at the time of
the Tonkin Gulf incident. I have no
criticism of my fellow Senators who did
not agree with me, but I think there is
no question but that a great many Sen-
ators-and I think the Senator from
Louisiana will agree with me-who voted
for that resolution did not realize at
the time that it would involve such a
large escalation and increase of activ-
ities.
There are many Senators who would
like to have a reaffirmation of the power
of the President, or some variation to
bring that authorization up to date.
I do not know whether the Senator
from Louisiana anticipated such a large
involvement as a result of his support of
the resolution.
Maybe he did. Maybe he was more
foresighted than others, but I think the
issue now is that the draftees, at least
in my judgment, are in a somewhat dif-
ferent category from those who entered
the service voluntarily, have been paid
for it, and are now part of what we might
call the regular Military Establishment.
If Congress decided it wishes the draftees
to go, then it should vote accordingly.
If Congress does not decide it wishes the
draftees to go as volunteers, then it
should vote accordingly. My amend-
ment is an effort to get Congress to ex-
press itself and to participate in this
great and vital, major undertaking that
we have got into.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The Senator
has stated that this is an illegal war.
Is he familiar with article 51 of the
United Nations Charter, which explicitly
states that nothing in that charter denies
any nation the right of collective self-
defense until such time as the Security
Council of the United Nations has acted
and taken steps to relieve that necessity
of collective self-defense?
Mr. GRUENING. Before we get to
article 51, there are articles 1, 2, 33, and
38 which forbid the use of armed forces
in situations of this kind. I also wonder
whether the Senator means that this is
a war of self-defense for the United
States. I do not consider it so. I be-
lieve that we have intruded into an-
other country which is taking part in a
civil war and we are fighting their war
in a civil war. The question of self-
defense is not involved in the slightest
degree, in my judgment.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Article 4 of
the SEATO Treaty and the protocol to
the SEATO Treaty which refers to arti-
cle 4 are definitely collective defense ar-
rangements to which we are committed.
We are there in compliance not only with
that treaty but also in compliance with
a resolution which Congress passed last
year. The Senator from Alaska voted
against that resolution. That was his
privilege. Since that time, he has made
speeches against it about once a week.
Sometimes he has done so once a day
ever since he voted against it.
Mr. GRUENING. I believe that the
Senator from Louisiana overestimates
my capacities.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The vote on
the resolution was voted by 416 to 0 in
the House, and 88 to 2 in the Senate.
The Senator was one of the two who
voted against it, and has since spoken
against it. This vote represents 99 per-
cent of Congress, yet at least approxi-
mately once a week and sometimes once
a day, sometimes twice a day, the Sen-
ator from Alaska has spoken against it.
Mr. GRUENING. That is because
there were 504 votes on the other side.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The overall
vote exceeded 99 percent. Congress
passed its resolution in both Houses and
it was signed by the President. We said
that we feel the SEATO Treaty applies
here, that this is a collective defense
treaty, and that we are obligated to help
these people who are defending them-
selves. We also said that the President
should take whatever steps he deems to
be necessary to resist aggression in the
area.
When we said that, we gave the Presi-
dent a mandate to do whatever would be
necesary to resist aggression. When the
North Vietnamese troops marched down,
we felt-and I feel now and am ready
and prepared to say so-that the over-
whelming majority of Congress had ex-
actly that kind of mandate for the Presi-
dent in mind that when the North Viet-
namese marched in their troops, that the
President has the power-indeed, the
duty-to resist aggression and to send
in our troops if he thought it to be neces-
sary to meet that aggression.
The Senator from A::aska has declared
that this war is illegal. Is he familiar
with the fact that outstanding law pro-
fessors of international law, at Harvard,
Yale, and in schools all over the country,
signed a resolution some time ago de-
claring that in their minds there is no
doubt that not only is U.S. action in
compliance with the United Nations
Charter, but it is also in compliance with
our obligations under the SEATO agree-
ment, and in compliance with the resolu-
tion of Congress.
The President did not even really need
the resolution. He had the power any-
way as Commander in Chief of the Army
and Navy. Presidents have done that
more than 125 times in the history of
the country-even in the absence of a
congressional declaration, or a treaty
requiring us to do so.
Mr. GRUENING Lot me say, in re-
sponse to the Senator's comments, that
there are a great many lawyers in this
country who regard it as unconstitu-
tional and illegal. I placed a brief in
the RECORD a few days ago, signed by a
number of distinguished law school
deans, to which I invite the attention
of the Senator from Louisiana. But, let
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 24, 1966
us go back to the claim that the SEATO
Treaty justifies what we are doing.
Article 4 states in part:
1. Each Party recognizes that aggression
by means of armed attack in the treaty area
against any of tiie Parties or against any
uAate or territory which the Parties by unan-
imous agreement may hereafter designate,
would endanger its own peace and safety,
and agrees that it will in that event act to
meet the common danger in accordance with
its constitutional processes.
We are not meeting in accordance
with the constitutional process. Our
Constitution provides that only Congress
can declare war. That we have not done.
Another thing, this is supposed to be a
collective defense treaty, but where are
the cosigners? France is not there.
They are violently opposed to it.
Pakistan is not there.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. How about
the other five countries? They are there.
Mr. GRUEN[NG. They are there,
feebly and belatedly, after much prod-
ding on our part. They did not come in
jointly with us at the beginning. We did
not call any meeting of the seven nations
saying, "Come on, boys, let us go in to-
gether." We knew they would not go
along. It took us all these years to get
those few nations to make token con-
tributions.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Let us discuss
the legality of what we are doing in Viet-
nam. A few days ago the American Bar
Association considered the question. A
distinguished Member of this body sug-
gested on television that our conduct
was immoral, illegal, and that America
was an international outlaw.
The American Bar Association is sup-
posed to understand this sort of thing;
and after studying the problem they
voted 279 to 0. if I recall correctly that
what we were doing in Vietnam was en-
tirely legal, in line with precedents, in
line with International law, and in line
with the Charter of the United Nations.
They specifically referred to article 51,
which states that nothing whatever in
the U.N. Charter would deny the right of
self-defense, individually or collectively.
This is collective self-defense we are
talking about.
The Senator from Oregon h. s not seen
that resolution. I read somewhere in the
press, that the Senator from Oregon said
that the whole group which had agreed
unanimously should take a refresher
course in international law.
Well now, if they are going to have to
take a refresher course in international
law, where would they go to take it? I
hope they would go to an outstanding
university where they teach interna-
tional law.
Mr. GRUEN[NO. I will tell the Sena-
tor where they could go, to some of the
law schools whose deans have taken the
oiiposite posit) in.
M . LONG or Louisiana. The Senator
may state the.t there are deans of law
,schools who arc opposed to the U.S. po-
sition, but the Senator knows that there
are no many schools who teach inter-
national law. I happen to be a :raduate
of Louisiana State University. We do
not practice much international law
down there. At LSU we do not teach
it. 'T'hus, if you wish to study interna-
tional law, you have to go somewhere
else, or buy a law book and read about
it. If you want to study international
law, a good place would be Harvard.
They have been teaching it there for a
great many years.
Here is the professor of international
law at Harvard.-he teaches intcrna-
ti.onal law-and he wrote a second let-
ter to the President reaffirming his
position, that what we are doing is entire-
ly legal, and that the unanimous vote
of the American Bar Association, 279
to 0, is correct. Here is a man who
teaches international law at Yale Uni-
versity. That is a good law school. They
teach international law there. They
agree with us.
Here is a fellow who teaches tnt:'rna-
tiional law at the University of Michi-
gan. I know about that university. I
have read their Law Review many times.
Here is a professor who teaches in-
ternational law at the University of
Virginia, where they have taught inter-
national law for a considerable period
of time.
Thus, when we really get down to it,
if we are to take a refresher course in
international law as was suggested to
the entire American Bar Association-
I repeat, the entire Amercan Bar As-
sociation-we had better not go back
to law schools that have a longstand-
ing reputation in the field, or we will
have to be prepared to be in disagree-
ment with the Senator from Alaska and
the Senator from Oregon.
Mr. GRUENING. Let me ask the Sen-
ator from Louisiana, was it not the
American Bar Association from which
the Chief Justice resigned in disgust a
few years ago?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Let me say
to the Senator from Alaska, if he has any
doubts about the matter, I wish he would
make some effort to see what the Chief
Justice thinks about the issue hero, be-
cause he was on television last night ap-
plauding the President-I saw it wi, lh my
own eyes--when the President was mak-
ing his speech in support of this Nation's
position. Whom else is the Senator
from Alaska going to rely upon b 'sides
himself and one other Senator? There
Is hardly an international lawyer in
A.merica who agrees with him.
ivir. GRUENING. The Senator from
;Louisiana does not know many lawyers,
eaten. There are many who disagree.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I know a
great number of them. Let me ray to
the Senator that there are several right
here in the Senate. Two-thirds of Sen-
ators are lawyers. Sitting in the Cham-
ber at this moment is the distinguished
Senator from North Carolina [Mr.
E1avIN], a distinguished Senator and a
distinguished judge. He is sitting right
beside me.
I had occasion to be a delegate to the
United Nations to consider these m:i.tters.
All the Senator has to do is to read arti-
cle 51 of the United Nations Charter, and
he will see very clearly that we have a
:right to engage in collective self-defense.
That is what the treaty permits, so far
as United Nations Charter is concerned.
Some have suggested that the issue be
taken to the United Nations. All right.
We knew that very little would be
achieved, but we did go up there.
What was achieved? That and zero
are the same thing. That being the case,
we have the responsibility to maintain
our position in Vietnam.
Does the Senator want to respond?
He had the floor. I will yield to him to
respond.
Mr. GRUENING. I shall be glad to re-
spond to anything the junior Senator
from Louisiana wishes to have me re-
spond. to.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Might I sug-
gest to the Senator that what the Sena-
tor from Alaska [Mr. GRUENINGI sug-
gests is what could properly be described
as a surrender at Washington resolution.
It is said that the French were not de-
feated at Dienbienphu but at Paris, be-
cause the French Government did not
have the courage to give their courageous
volunteer fighting men the help they
needed. They would not draft men to
send there. They had a number of cou-
rageous volunteers who were fighting
there for the honor and position of their
country. But when they were sur-
rounded, no one else came to help the
French troops who were already there.
We have sent to South Vietnam some
of the finest fighting men in the uniform
of the United States, some of which divi-
sions have fought for the United States
ever since its foundation, practically.
The 1st Division is as old as the coun-
try. The 1st Cavalry is practically as
old. The 1st Marine Division is an old
division. We have the 101st Airborne
Division there. We have some special
forces. The 25th Division is there.
These are among the best fighting mer
we have ever had.
I would be embarrassed to have Con-
gress vote that these divisions, whicl
have never been defeated, when the!
have been were confronted by an enem:
force, would have no help coming fo
them if help were needed. It would b
a great disservice to men in division
that marched behind George Washing
ton, to those whose division raised th
flag at Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima-;
monument commemorating that batth
is close by across the Potomac River-t(
say that no help would be sent them ii
they were confronted by an overwhelm-
ing force. That would not be in accord-
ance with American traditions, because
we do not run out on our allies, and cer-
tainly we do not run out on our own boys.
Mr. GRUENING. I think the sequel,
the subsequent remarks of the Senator
from Louisiana, are not particularly
pertinent to the subject we are discuss-
ing. We are discussing the issue of
whether draftees shall be sent to Souti
Vietnam without consent of Congress.
do not question the gallantry or, tin
courage, and all the rest of the superla
tive qualities, of our men who are there
That is admitted. Nobody question,
that.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. How abou
the draftees who are there now? Sup
pose they were confronted by over
whelming odds, by an overwhelmin;
number of men who came down iron
North Vietnam and surrounded them
as happened to the French at Dienbien
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Phu. This country is 190 million strong, they are to the man well able to take amendment that has been suggested by
Does the Senator propose to leave those care of themselves.
men there when they are faced with su- They are not timorous. They are Pemy friend Alaska [Mr. .
rson lly,f I can see no reason forrdraft-
perior numbers, and say we will not send satisfied they will be successful. ing men into the armed services if they
them any help? The only thing that would worry them are not to be sent to fight.
Mr. GRUENING. That is not the is- would be to have Congress adopt a law Mr. LONG of Louisiana. My reaction
sue. They should not have been sent that would result in leaving them there to this whole matter is shared by the
there. and having them decimated, as the
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. But they are French were in Dienbienphu, when the of tiemfareoconfused asttoihow we got
there. The Senator would not have sent French Chamber of Deputies did not there, but they say, "While I do not un-
them there. He voted against the reso- have the courage to draft men to send derstand how we came to be there, the
lution. But they are there. They are over there.
our own boys. Are we to leave them fact is we are there."
Mr. GRUENING. I would like merely M My people say that we should either
there to be surrounded by superior to reply that there would be no question go all out or get out. The people say
enemy forces? of the united, 100-percent support of they prefer to go all out. The men have
Mr. GRUENING. Nobody is going to any action necessary to defend our coun- not been defeated, and they say that if
leave them there. That is not a relevant try. We are not, in my judgment, de- our Nation's honor is committed, go
argument. fending our country. We have barged ahead and fight. They believe in fight-
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The Senator into a country which, we are told, has ing to win, not fighting to lose. Amer-
is saying, "We will send no more boys." had 96,000 desertions from their own icans do not surrender if they have not
If they are surrounded, what will we do? forces, and to defend that country we been defeated.
Mr. GR'_TENING. No; I say Congress are sending our own troops to take the Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, I have
ought to stand up and be on record, and place of the deserters from their own not supported many of the foreign aid
if they want to send more boys, vote country. That is all I am talking about. programs, which were passed on the
against the amendment. My idea is that Mr. President, I yield the floor. theory that someone else will fight for
Congress should be on record on an issue Mr. ERVIN. I rise to ask a question, us when the chips are down. I have not
of this importance. The only thing on The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does been in favor of the United States polic-
record is the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, the Senator from Alaska yield to the ing the entire universe.
which many Senators voted for not Senator from North Carolina?
knowing what it meant. The question before Congress now, as I
Mr. GRUENING. I have yielded the see it, is not whether we ought to be In
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Let us see floor. South Vietnam. As Grover
what the Senator's amendment provides. Mr. ERVIN. Well, then I shall ask would say, we are confronted by aecondi-
Am I to understand the Senator is say- my question of one and all. I had the tion, not a theory.
ing that no boys will go over there un- honor at one time of wearing the red "1" We are there. Our boys are there. As
less they volunteer? So if a wife or patch of the First Division on my left I see it; the American Government and
mother says, "Don't go, don't go, par- shoulder. The boys who belong to that the Congress should give them all of the
ticularly don't go, because if you do no- division now are fighting in Vietnam. support they need. When all is said,
body will help you," what do we do with They were sent there by the Government there is only one of three things we can
the boys who are left over there? Does of the United States. What I am inter- do. The first is to settle the controversy
the Senator want to get the boys out of ested in is giving those boys whatever in South Vietnam by negotiation. Ap-
there as fast as they can get out, turn help they need. What I want to know is parently the President has been willing
tail, or will they have to stay there with- when I am going to be given the oppor- to negotiate with anybody on the face
out help and die for their country which tunity to vote to aid them,
is capable of sending 100 times their of o e h nobody who can put an
If the Senator from Louisiana can end the
to th the fi fighti ting is is willing to negotiate.
number if need be? Are we going to say answer that question, I would certainly Hence, negotiation is out the window for
that we are not going to help men in the appreciate it, because I have two speak- the time being. We have only two al-
1st Division, the 1st Cavalry, the 1st Ma- ing engagements in North Carolina to- ternatives remaining: one is to fight and
rine, the Airborn troops, if they are faced morrow. I am supposed to attend a the other is to withdraw.
with an overwhelming force, and, if they Jackson Day dinner in North Carolina i believe that if we were to withdraw
),re surrounded, leave them, as the on Saturday also. I wonder whether from South Vietnam, all of Asia would
French left their troops at Dienbienphu, I should stay here in order to vote to fall into the hands of the Communists.
.)r would the Senator rather say that we aid those boys who wear the red "1" on We then would be confronted by the
are a nation of 190 million people, and an their left shoulder, or whether I can keep questions of whether we would stand and
enemy should not take us on unless he those speaking engagements, and attend fight in Japan, whether we would stand
realizes that we are strong and have the the Jackson Day dinner.
courage to stand behind our fighting and ould in the and Philippines, h in or whether
men? Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I wish I we would stand and fight in Malaysia or
Malaysia o
Mr. GRUENING. We have mare than could say to the Senator that we will in Australia, or whether we would ulti-
300,000 troops G. We
who are trained, vote tonight, or right now. However, mately have to fight, on the American in Eur many of whom havo enlisted, and they those who oppose the position of their mainland to defend our liberty.
could be sent. That is what an andl theNation do not appear to be willing to Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I agree with
could of this ew proposed That is amendment will vote. They want to make more speeches. the Senator.
showtion
Nobody wants to do what amendment able They certainly have that privilege, as Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Louisiana to d is wsuggesting. hat the able the Senator well knows. Senator
From a parliamentary standpoint, the yield?
Mr. LONG o. I .
Nobody wants to leave those boys there. amendment has not yet been offered. I Mr. MORSE. of IfoI may have thelatten-
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. :r was at Fort wish the amendment were offered, so tion of the Senator from Louisiana and
Polk a couple of weeks ago. I saw some that I could speak against it and vote the Senator from Illinois. The Senator
of these boys being trained. Many of against it. It is inappropriate to speak from Illinois stepped out. He may be
them were 20 years old. I felt a little against an amendment that has not been back shortly.
sorry for them, thinking how young they offered, and certainly one cannot vote I believe the Senator asked a proper
seemed. But then I did not feel so sorry against it until it has been offered. question to get_ an as to
when I remembered that my crew which One cannot even move to table the the Senator thinks the prospects are hso
volunteered to take the first boat of its amendment until it is offered. I hope far as the schedule of Senators is con-
kind to the beaches of south France in the Senator from Alaska will offer his cerned on this debate.
World War II, was about the same age amendment. He said he wants to go on The Senator from - Louisiana [Mr.
at the time. record on this subject. I want to go on Lorrol, the Senator from Illinois [Mr.
As a reservist myself, when I saw some record, too.
of these young men, sorry though I may Mr. GRUENING. It will be offered. morning, at their r questwas to what we
have felt, I would not want to take any of . Mr. ERVIN. I share the position of thought the prospects are of having a
them on in a free-for-all fight, because the Senator from Louisiana on the final vote on this matter.
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3818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SE
I am certain the senator from Louisi- proceed with whatever discussion there though a relatively small number of
:ana would not think it improper for me may be. I will have bespoken myself on Senators were in the Chamber.
to disclose that it was pointed out by the the amendment on Monday. It will take The debate on the pending bill has
minority leader---and that is why I wish me only 5 or 10 minutes to recapitulate. been going on for many days. The bill
he were here-that several Senators on Then, I assume the Senator from has been before the Senate for 2 weeks.
their side and several Senators on this Alaska will offer his amendment. There We have been debating it for 7 days on
side, whom we ail know about, are not may be other amendments. I do not the Senate floor. If Senators desire to
s;oing to be here tomorrow and Saturday. know. I cannot imagine not having this make speechesmaky should Tcome hey to the
T. had said yesterday, and I meant it disposed of by Tuesday. Chamb.
then and I mean it now, that if the bill Mr. ERVIN. I fully understand the to be willing to make them today or
went through its regular course of de-, position of the Senator from Oregon. I tomorrow.
bate, the probabilities were that we could believe that the safety of our Republic If a filibuster is not taking place, Sena-
vote by the end of this week. I thought is dependent upon Senators standing on tors should not insist that a quorum be
so then. I do wish to say that after the the floor of the Senate and expre?,sing present to hear their speeches on Satur-t the
aoiloquy on the door of the Senate yester- their honest convictions concerning mat- day. er nato make tt ospomheto The
clay I was quite surprised to learn that tern pending before the Senate. Chamb.
there are substantially a larger number For this reason, I do not advocate bill has been lbefore the Senate for 2
of speeches to be given on the bill than prematurely setting any time for voting. weeks. It was announced 3 days prior
1. was aware of yesterday, when I said I believe that so long as a Senator feels to its consideration that it would be the
to be taddit onal titmetoto
aken the regular course of this that we scio ussdisometng to say which c ate s, it is not only his rsr ht, should note
ill
could probably vote his week. compose their remarks; they ought to be
hut even taking those speeches into but his duty, to say it.
consideration, I wish to say to the Sen- In view of what the Senator has said, ready to come to the Chamber and speak
[anon from North Carolina, I am just as could we reach some agreement not to on behalf of their position. If they wish
certain as I can be of anything that has vote before Monday? Such an ree- to take a stand one way or the other,
uncertainty connected with it-and in nrent would not forestall. debate or inter- they ought to come to the Chamber and
debate on the floor of the Senate there Iere in any way with adequate pre. snta- take it, so that the Senate can reach a
is always some uncertainty as to the tion on both sides of Louisiana. matter? t'resi- vote.
bill was taken up following the
- cleat, the uggestion that the Senator conclusion of a successful filibuster.
length of d d y cannot the assump- beyond Tuesday night t on the assume-
lion that because of the absentees on from Louisiana urges most strongly is Now Senators are holding up the con-
Saturday there.` probably would not be a that if Senators wish to make speeches sideration of other important bills. An-
Saturday session. But that has not been Co please come to the Chamber and make otthethe r rgent bite eonsFore yn repil,i acid
decided yet, as the acting majority leader the speeches.
will probably tell us in a moment. The Senator from Oregon IMr.IlGRSEI The tax bill now in the Committee on
Inasmuch as 1 have been involved in has been most considerate on many oc- Finance will be reported next week. The
this debate as,, one who is considered to casions when he felt that he wans.;ed to Government loses $8 million every day
be among those opposed to the bill, the discuss something at considerable length that Congress fails to pass the tax bill.
senate is entitled. to know my plans. My and felt that it might inconvenience that will help to pay not only the cost
glans are to snake my major speech to- other Senators in getting on with bills of the war in Vietnam, but also the cost;
morrow. As soon as we call for a quorum that they were trying to have passed_ of the Government in general.
it will be a signal for the Senator from He would, en occasion, come to the So once again, I say that if Sena. tors , they ti'ennsylvania. I Mr. CLARK I to come to the Chamber on a Friday afternoon and talk cowish to me to thee'hpeeche and make ought to
C'hamber to make his major speech this at considerable length.
afternoon. I beiieve there are one or two I remember when the Senator from I hope the Senate will remain in session
other speehe today. .3r cgon was the lone spokesman for the until 7 o'clock tonight. I shall endeavor
Then, I intend to present my amend- Independent Party of the Senate. I vol- to be present. Senators who wish to
rnent on Monday because I have been as- unteered Lo sit in the Chamber on Friday make speeches should not continue to
cured Senators will be back on Monday. afternoons because I know a lot of people hold up authorizations and other rmeas-
T am willing; to have my amendment like to go away and have a long week- ures that are need to help our boys who
broug: t up on Monday. end--as part of the TGIF crowd "thank are fighting for our country today and
The difficult matter, the so-called God it's Friday"-and like to get. away our allies who. are seeking to come to our
delicate matter, is that some would like ahead of the, crowd to take a weekend air/Ir. ERVIN. Mr. President, I am not
it have a unanimous-consent agreement rest.
to fix he time to vote. I will not agree The Sen~Lor from Louisiana colon- in disagreement with anything the Sen-
to that. A matter of the historic im- tecred to preside and to listen to the Sen- ator from Louisiana has said. I do not;
oortance of t,lus bill should be handled ator's speeches. I thought they were desire to make a speech on the floor of
its regular debbate. I will be no party to good p c ;ices. I learned son mething the Senate, but I have assumed the ob-
dilatory tactics. If there ever is any in- from them. Even when I did not agree ligation of making two speeches in North
dication that anybody is engaging In with the Senator from Oregon, his Carolina tomorrow. All I ani trying to
filibuster tactics, I will sign a cloture speeches were still good speeches for his find out is whether I can go to North
r,etition. point of view. He made his record with- Carolina and make the speeches, or
After this matter is decided and Con- out impeding the conduct of the Nation's whether I should o I anc theSenat;or from
greys speaks, there is no question that we business.
have to proceed to see to it that our sup- It is not within the power of the ma- Louisiana a moment ago that as one who
Ov lines are maintained. jority leader or the minority leader to at one time had the honor of wearing
I believe the Senator from Louisiana compel a barge number of Sen.-,tors to the big red "1" on my left shoulder, I
will not think that I am in any way vi- be present to hear speeches. If Sena- am ready to vote at any time the cis -
olating any confidence when I say that tors become interested and their atten- cumstances permit to send aid to the
the information presented to us from the tion is attracted, perhaps they will stay; boys of my old division who are fighting
administration is that right now there but it is not in the province of the lead- in Vietnam.
is no shortaee of supplies. But one can- ers to com.p)el other Senators to come to I am also interested in getting some
riot go on indefinitely without having the Chamber to make speeches or to hear strength for the Democratic Party in
shortages of supplies, and no one could speeches made by other Senators. North Carolina. A Jackson Day dinner
. usti y that situation. The speeches appear in the RECORD. is scheduled in Raleigh on Saturday. I
Limiting myself to the matter of If a Senator makes a good speech, other am trying to find out from the Senator
schedule, it is my suggestion for what- Senators will read it. If it is not a good from Oregon whether, in his judgment,
ever it is worth, that we proceed with speech, they will make short shrift of there is any possibility of a vote being
debate today and tomorrow. I will offer it. if it it, an impressive speech, it will taken on this issue, or any amendment
my amendment on Monday, and we can attract the attention of the Nation, even to it, prior to Monday.
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I merely wondered whether the Sena-
tor from Louisiana, as the assistant ma-
jority leader, and also as acting majority
leader, would not reach a unanimous-
consent agreement that there would not
be a vote on this issue before Monday.
If he should do so, I could make some
speeches, not on the Senate floor, but
in the great State of North Carolina.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I cannot
give the Senator from North Carolina
any such assurance, but I can make a
pretty good prediction of what is likely
to happen in the next couple of days.
I cannot give the Senator any assurance
because, so far as I am concerned, we
ought to be voting on the measure. If
Senators will seek to press for a vote to
bring an end to talking, so that people
around the world will know where we
stand on this issue.
But it is not within my power to make
Senators stop talking. That being the
case, we are in for more conversation.
The Senator from Oregon has informed
us that he wishes to speak on this sub-
ject. I heard by the grapevine that he
is thinking about talking for 10 hours.
I am fully confident that he can talk
that long; I have heard him do so. If
the Senator from Oregon plans to make
a 10-hour speech tomorrow, my view is
that the Senator from North Carolina
can safely go home.
Mr. MORSE. That grapevine had no
grapes- on it. I have no idea where any-
one got the idea that I was planning to
speak for 10 hours.
Mr. ERVIN. Perhaps the Senator
from Louisiana can help me out of a
quandary.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that there be no vote on the pending
measure of any amendment to the pend-
ing measure prior to Monday of next
veek.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I object.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Objec-
ion is heard.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, will the
Senator from North Carolina yield?
Mr. ERVIN. I gladly yield.
Mr. DIRKSEN. We discussed the sub-
ject at great length this morning. The
distinguished Senator from Oregon was
as cooperative as I thought he could be
under the circumstances. I read into the
conversation an assurance that there
will certainly be no vote on the bill before
Monday.
I discussed the situation with the act-
ing majority leader at considerable
length not only today, but yesterday, as
well. On the basis of that conversation,
I am quite sure that there will be no
vote before Monday.
I have taken unto myself the liberty
to say to Senators on the minority side
that they are free to go home this week-
end to make speeches, to pursue their
;ampaigns, and to do what ever else is
necessary, with a free and easy con-
;cience, and with no apprehension that
;here will be a vote.
Mr. ERVIN. I have the assurance of
;he Senator from Illinois; but I find it
mpossible to get the assurance of the
Senator from Louisiana. Under these
;ircumstances, I intend to back up those
vho are fighting the war in Vietnam.
They are not forsaking their posts of
duty; I do not feel, under the circum-
stances, that I can forsake my post of
duty.
Mr. DIRKSEN. The distinguished
Senator from Louisiana and the distin-
guished Senator from Oregon were most
considerate of the dilemma that con-
fronts the minority leader. It is one of
those things that happen about once in
25 years. They have been most sympa-
thetic, almost to the point where they
wept over my difficulties. I am sure that
that weeping will endure for more than
a night, as the Scripture does not quite
say.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. The Senator
from North Carolina is one of the most
diligent attendants and most indefatig-
able Members of this body. I am sure
he realizes that we who wish to pass the
measure should try to bring it to a vote
as soon as we can. The Senator himself
has so indicated by saying that the boys
in Vietnam are not working bankers'
hours; they are not taking off weekends.
If they took off weekends, the Com-
munists would likely clobber them on
those weekends. The fact that Ameri-
can soldiers are fighting in Vietnam
means that we should try to back them
up; we should press as far as we can
with diligence toward the passage of the
bill.
If the Senator from North Carolina
feels that it is necessary for him to re-
turn to his State, I suggest that we will
try to obtain a pair for him, or that we
will try to have him return before the
vote, in the event that a vote appears to
be imminent. We shall cooperate with
him in every possible way that we can.
At the same time, I feel that we ought,
to the best of our ability, seek to bring
the discussion to an end without denying
any Senator his right to make a speech,
so that we may then move ahead with the
Nation's business.
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, I appre-
ciate what the Senator from Louisiana
has said. However, his statement. does
not give me any assurance that I shall
not miss a vote on a bill which I deem
to be a bill of major importance.
It seems to me, from what the Senator
from Illinois has said, that this is a situa-
tion in which the Senator from Louis-
iana might very well adopt the wise pol-
icy of cooperating with the inevitable
and agreeing that there will not be any
vote prior to Monday.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I have been
trying for the last 8 years to restore the
respectability of the live pair. Back in
the old days, Senators used to have
standing pairs. If a Senator found it
necessary to be absent for a week, he
would make arrangements with another
Senator. When a vote was had, a Sen-
ator from the other side of the aisle
would simply say: "I have a pair with
such and such a Senator. I do not know
how he would vote, but since we are
paired, I withhold my vote." The pair
would be so recorded. Neither side
would be recorded as to how they would
have voted. Neither of the Senators
voted-at all.
That would be taking it to the extreme,
but it would seem to me that, with the
telephone service being what it is today,
we should be able to say that if a Sen-
ator has commitments which would keep
him away, we could accord him a live
pair, and that pair could be recorded as
if he were present and voting.
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, I appreci-
ate that. However, those in Vietnam
cannot get a live pair. I cannot see any-
thing to do under the circumstances
other than to cancel out my plans. My
primary duty is to remain on the Senate
floor.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. My calcu-
lated guess would be that we shall not
vote. However, I hope that we shall.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the pros-
pect stares us in the face as clearly as
anything can that we shall not vote un-
til Monday. I have tried to cooperate.
I could bring up my amendment on Mon-
day and start on Monday.
The minority leader has already said
that he has advised people on that side
of the aisle that if they have engage-
ments over the weekend they should feel
free to keep the engagements, if I under-
stood him correctly. I believe that is the
meaning of what he has said.
As the Senator knows, several Sena-
tors on this side of the aisle have already
made it clear that they cannot be present
on Saturday. Some of these Senators
want to get away tomorrow. I am not so
sure that we can get a quorum on Sat-
urday.
I believe that we shall save more time
in the long run if we go through with
our regular schedule on tomorrow and
adjourn or recess until Monday. We
could find out when the Senators will
get back. I believe that most of them
will be back by Monday morning. We
could go ahead on Monday or Tuesday
and get this out of the way.
It is for the Senator from Louisiana
to decide. However, in my judgment,
under these circumstances, there will
be other Senators who will want to be
present. I do not believe that we would
profit by holding those Senators here
who have other engagements.
I believe that we should go over to
Monday.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I appreciate
the view of the Senator from Oregon.
However, I have noted that when an
announcement has been made in the
past that there would not be a vote or
that nothing would happen, Senators
who had intended to make a speech
would tend to postpone their speeches
until the Senate reconvened. They did
this because they felt there would not
be the proper atmosphere when many
Senators were at home, and people
could not care less about what was said
on the Senate floor.
If we proceed on the basis that a vote
is not likely but might happen, the in-
terest in the debate will be greater.
There would be a better chance of per-
suading Senators to go ahead and make
their speeches.
I know that we shall not vote right
now. I cherish that hope, but I know
that it will not happen.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 24, 1966
T should prefer for Senators to make
their speeches. I should hope that we
might vote tonight. If we do not do so,
[ shall accept that result. However, if I
were to announce that there would not
be a vote, Senators would go home say-
ing: "I shall wait until we are ready to
vote, and then I. shall make my speech."
That being the case, I hope that we
shall persevere in the matter and come
to a vote.
Senators can trod out what will hap-
pen in the next day or so. The prospects
or voting soon do not appear to be very
mood.
I do not want to make a commitment
l.hat we will not vote at this time be-
cause Senators would put off their
speeches. I hope that Senators will
make their speeches, and, I am not try-
ing to cut off any Senator from making
speeches, but the Nation cannot wait
on them indefinitely.
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I yield.
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I un-
derstand the situation of the distin-
guished Senator from North Carolina.
However, I also understand the situa-
tion of the acting majority leader. Is
the acting majority leader able to give
the Senator from North Carolina and
other Senators assurance as to whether
it is his intention to attempt to call the
Cenate into session on Saturday? It
;.ems to me that would clear the matter
top.
If I were acting in the position of the
distinguished Senator from Louisiana,
I should not make an agreement either.
This is too vital a matter. As has been
staled, the boys out there do not have
any pairs.
I am sure that it would be of assist-
ance to the Senator from North Carolina
if it were known that we would not have
a Saturday session.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I have sometimes given assurance
t.o Senators on my own, not as the major-
11,y whip or a acting majority leader. I
n,call one occasion when I was making
, . i :other lengthy speech on the floor of
the Senate at a time when I was out-
raged about what was being passed
through this body. Some Senators said
Lucy had engagements. They asked me
whether they could leave. I told them :
"Go right ahead. I will give you my
firm assurance that nothing will happen
before midnight tonight."
Senators can assure one another that
before a vote is had on Monday, they
will make a speech and hold the floor
[or such a length of time that no vote
will occur.
I do not want to take the responsibil-
, ty of making such a commitment at
this time. This is an important measure.
Those who say that we must not vote
may go ahead and make their speeches.
is hope that no one will tell us that we
;,hould not vote because they have other
r;ommitments that we should hold up
an important measure such as this until
they can make a speech somewhere or
leave for the week end and then come
back.
I shall cooperate in every way that I
can and try to give the necessary notice
for Senators to return.
Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. Mr. Pres-
ident, will the Senator yield?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I yield.
Mr. RUSSEhL of Georgia. Mr. Pres-
ident, I have listened with interest to the
remarks of the distinguished acting ma-
jority leader. I do not know what the
prospects are of a vote on the bill. I
hope that we might have a vote at least
on some of the amendments to the bill
this afternoon or this evening.
What are the plans of the Senator as
to the length of the session today?
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent. I hope that we shall be in session
until 7 o'clock tonight. We could at least
get some more speeches out of the way.
I hope that Senators will make their
plans, in the event we have a quorum
coa1 as late as 6 o'clock, to he available.
Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia. Mr. Pres-
ident, no one is more dedicated to the
right of full and free debate in the Sen-
ate than. is the Senator from Georgia.
However, I hope that the Senator will
give us an opportunity to have ample,
full, and free debate. I hope, if we are
not going to vote this week, that we will
have lengthy sessions next week and that
we will get away from this rather des-
ultory system that we have employed
until now of addressing ourselves to this
bill, and will actually get down to offer-
ing some amendments and bringing them
to a vote.
This is a very important measure. It
does not loom large in the fiscal sense
when compared with some others that
we see. However, some items invoh-
owitz, to be captain, and ending Charles
it. Polly, to be chief warrant officer, W-:3,
which nominations were received by the Sen-
ate and appeared in the CONGRESSIONAL R:EC-
ORn on February 18, 1966.
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are of the community facility type, and the
program is administered by the Community
Facilities Administration, a constituent
agency of HHFA (HUD).
Action taken: On January 7, 1965, the State
of Alaska accepted the offer of the U.S. Gov-
ernment to purchase $25 million worth of
bonds, at 3% percent interest, as authorized
under this section. This would include $19.5
million in series B bonds, with maturity be-
tween 1970-94 and $5.5 million of series
A bonds with maturity between 1955-2004.
This guarantee has made it possible for the
State to sell temporary notes at a reason-
able rate of interest, and funds obtained from
these sales have financed recovery programs
in Anchorage, Valdez, Cordova, Kodiak, Sel-
dovia, and Seward.
The following describes the status of these
two separate issues:
Nineteen and one-half million dollars in
series B bonds: There have been no further
developments with respect to these bonds
since February 3, 1965, when the State of
Alaska sold bond anticipation notes totaling
$19,104,100 at 2.29 percent. The supporting
bond issue must be delivered to the ultimate
purchasers not later than October 1, 1968.
Five and one-half million dollars, series
A bonds: As indicated in the report for the
previous period, judicial determinations were
required before this part of the loan could
be finalized. We are advised by bond coun-
sel engaged by the State-Hawkins, Delafield
& Wood-that action to secure determina-
tion as ,to the validity of the sale of these
bonds Was filed in the Superior Court of
Alaska in September 1965. Briefs have been
filed by both appellants and appellees in the
Supreme Court of the State of Alaska. Bond
counsel reports that notice was received on
November 26, 1965, that the case is scheduled
for oral argument on February 1 and 2, 1966,
in the Supreme Court of Alaska.
Section 57. This section provides Federal
financial assistance to the State of Alaska to
support a mortgage indemnification program
to retire or adjust outstanding home mort-
gage obligations upon one- to four-family
homes that were severely damaged or
destroyed by the 1964 earthquake or
subsequent seismic wave. Authorization
for a $5.5 million grant by the Federal
Government is established, to be matched
by an equal amount to be contributed
by the State of Alaska. Federal responsi-
bilities under this program have been
delegated to the Federal National Mortgage
Association, a constituent agency of HHFA
(HUD).
Action taken: As of June 30, 1965, it was
reported that the formal Alaska mortgage
adjustment plan was in the course of being
amended to change the date before which
all claims must be filed from July 1, 1965,
to July 1, 1966. On July 6, 1965, the executed
amendment was received by Federal National
Mortgage Association, the agency represent-
ing the HHFA Administrator in the per-
formance of duties delegated to him by the
President in Executive Orders 11184 and
11196. The amendment had been executed
by the HHFA Administrator on June 24, 1965,
and by the Governor of Alaska on June 29,
1965.
The suit in the State courts of Alaska test-
ing the constitutional validity of the State's
prospective issue of series C bonds for financ-
ing the State's contribution to the Alaska
mortgage adjustment fund has proceeded to
final decree in the trial court. The decree
affirmed that the Alaska mortgage adjust-
ment plan, the amendment thereto, the spe-
cial session laws of Alaska implementing the
plan; and the program of borrowing and ex-
pending money of the State, authorized pur-
suant to said plan and said statutes, are legal,
constitutional and valid in every respect. The
decree was entered on July 13, 1965.
An appeal to the Supreme Court of Alaska
has been perfected and it is now expected
that the matter will be considered and ad-
judicated by the supreme court in early 1966.
Regulations of the Alaska Mortgage Adjust-
ment Agency, with amendments as required
by the HHFA Administrator, are to be ap-
proved and issued when the plan is put into
operation. Two things remain as prereq-
uisites before the plan can be put into
operation. They are (1) an appropriation
by Congress and (2) a favorable ruling by
HE AMERICAN CONSCIENCE AND
VIETNAM
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, the
Reverend Duncan Howlett, minister of
the All Souls Unitarian Church of Wash-
ington, recently preached an able ser-
mon on the American conscience and
Vietnam. Mr. Howlett is in no sense a
war hawk. He appreciates the feelings
of many conscientious Americans that
we should withdraw in order to reduce
immediate bloodshed. But he correctly
points out that if North Vietnam were
permitted to take over South Vietnam by
force, a reign of terror would follow.
Santayana once observed that those who
refused to learn from history were con-
demned to repeat it. This, in my judg-
ment, applies to the present situation.
To allow the police state of communism
to sweep on unchecked is to reenact a
second Munich and to assist in a cumu-
lative ascent to power of tyrannical
forces.
Dr. Howlett is to be commended for his
vigorous and brave defense of freedom.
I believe that as the issues become more
clearly understood, the liberal and re-
ligious forces of the Nation will more
and more agree with President Johnson's
program for South Vietnam:
First. To resist and root out Commu-
nist attempts to take over South Viet-
nam by force and terror.
Second. To resist efforts to widen and
deepen the war and to bomb the city of
Hanoi. This would kill tens of thou-
sands of innocent men, women, and chil-
dren, set the public opinion of the world
against us, and run the danger of bring-
ing first China and then Russia into the
war. If this last development were to
happen, a nuclear war would almost in-
evitably result.
Third. As fast as territory is cleared
from the Communists, to introduce land
reform, the furnishing of seed and work
animals.
In any event, Dr. Howlett's sermon is
worthy of careful reading. I ask unan-
imous consent that it be printed in the
RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the sermon
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE AMERICAN CONSCIENCE AND VIETNAM
There are two sermons I have owed you
for a long time, one on the sex revolution,
which comes next week: the other on Viet-
nam, to which we come today. Few ques-
tions have troubled me as much during my
years in the ministry and none any more
than these two. There is no unanimity in
the congregation on either issue. On both,
feelings run high and convictions lie very
3781
deep. According to our tradition I shall not
attempt to resolve either question on your
behalf, Having thought each through as
far as I can, I set the result before you in
the hope that it may be of some use to you
as the many people with whom I have talked
and the many things I have read have helped
.me.
Perhaps never in our history have we, the
people of the United States, wrestled with
our conscience as people as we are doing
today over the war in Vietnam. To begin
with, it is not even a war in the technical
sense that it has never been declared. Yet,
because of the size of our military commit-
ment, everybody, with full justification,
speaks of the struggle as a war. Moreover,
we are a peace-loving people and we always
have been. We have our hawks and doves,
to be sure, but as in the kingdom of birds,
the doves far, far outnumber the hawks.
Our blood curdles at pictures of wounded
and dead Americans, wounded and dead
Vietnamese, North, South and the Vietcong.
We cannot bear to look at the pictures of
wounded children, helpless victims of a con-
flict of which they know nothing.
As civilians, safely at home, comfortably
housed, secure from ambush and terror, we
nevertheless cannot quite escape the war,
among other reasons just because it is not a
war, officially speaking. With no censorship
as in wartime, the news media, in particular
the TV cameras, constantly thrust the hor-
rors of the conflict before us. The Second
World War, infinitely worse, at least in mag-
nitude, was carefully screened from us at the
time, except insofar as the suffering it caused
could be used to inflame our passions against
the enemy. But now for the first time we
are permitted to see what war is like while it
is going on, to know what American soldiers
look like when they have been hit by enemy
fire, and to see pictures. of little children
maimed for life by our machines of destruc-
tion. We see, and we turn away, our con-
science as a people seared by the wrong that
we do.
"In God's name stop it," cried a group of
clergymen and others in a New York Times
ad 2 years ago, after seeing some of these
pictures. "Get out of Vietnam," cried an-
other group unable to tolerate any longer for
any reason American bombing of Vietnam
villages and American killing, even of Viet-
cong soldiers. Since American soldiers first
moved from advising to fighting, the call for
a ceasefire has mounted steadily. Now we
hear it in Congress as well as in teach-ins
and peace marches across the land. "Nego-
tiate. To the peace table. Now." And this
cry, echoing up and down the United States,
echoes and reechoes around the world.
Except for a few hawks who would like to
tackle China before she becomes a full-
fledged nuclear power, most of the American
people agree with these sentiments. We want
a world as peaceful and as prosperous as our
own country. We believe such a world is
possible. But we believe that it can come
only as the democratic ideal itself is made
real among the nations of the earth. As
Clarence Streit reminded us before the Sec-
ond World War, democracy has brought peace
wherever it has gone. Wars of aggression
always come from tyranny and dictatorship.
The people, given the chance to make their
views known, demand peace. The truth of
Streit's observation has been demonstrated
over and over since he first made it 30 years
ago.
But the two ideals, democracy and peace,
are not necessarily consistent. They were not
when we entered World War I: they were not
when we entered World War II, or the
Korean war, and they are not now. Other-
wise we should have no problem in Vietnam.
If peace and democracy required the same
course of action, we should call an immediate
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CONGRESS][ONAL RECORD - SENATE February Id, 1966
ceasofire and go forthwith to the conference
table. But this is not the case in Vietnam.
Neither the Vietcong nor North Vietnam ac-
cept the democratic ideal. South Vietnam
(toes, although even there it is an ideal far
from being fully realized. If the Vietcong
and North Vietnam took over South Vietnam,
as they would cto if American forces were
withdrawn, world democracy would shrink
and world dictatorship would advance by
that much. This is the American dilemma.
In Vietnam today the two ideals of peace and
freedom dictate two quite different courses
of action.
Most of the argument raging about the
Vietnam war has to do with detail: to bomb
or not to bomb? the effect bombing has for
and against our cause; when, where, how
often to bomb, with what kind, and so on.
Should we return to the Geneva accord of
1954? Should there be a new Geneva con-
ference? or soma other kind of peace talks
with Hanoi? or the National Liberation
Eront? with whom, on what, when, where,
ander what conditions, if any, and so on.
The proposals can be numbered by the dozen.
Should our policy be one of containment?
or enclaves? or all-out attack with inva-
sion of North Vietnam? Shall we use nu-
clear weapons? What about the U.N.? the
elforts of the Pope and other intermediaries?
I would not minimize the importance of
any of these considerations. Decisions of
many kinds must be made and in great
detail. But if the average citizen like you
and me is to talk intelligently on these
questions, he has first to make up his mind
on the central issues. Having done so, he
earl then more profitably move to the debate
on the specifics. Do we choose peace or do
we choose freedom? Here the battle on
the facts begins and the basic issue is soon
forgotten. Those who choose peace say that
it will eventually lead to freedom, and those
who choose freedom say it can only be estab-
lished by driving out the Vietcong and the
North Vietnamese. What is the truth?
'['be administration has chosen freedom
and has been pursuing it by military in-
tervention of ever increasing size, scope, and
cost in human lives on both sides. If you
project where we are to be 5 years hence
lcom the distance we have come in. the last
5 years, you might find us at war with
China. Is this the intent of the Govern-
ment? The American people want to know.
We are aware that there is a political and
social revolution in process in Vietnam to-
da.y and that this revolution is but an aspect
of the movement; of peoples everywhere from
traditional cultures, centuries old, into the
commercial, industrial, technological civ-
ilization of the 20th century. In Vietnam and
everywhere, this movement is accompanied
by an equally basic political turnover-the
emergence of millions from colonialism to
self-government, whether by democracy or
dictatorship. We are aware, too, that our
involvement in Vietnam has no meaning
apart from our involvement in the world
struggle for power.
The President has seemed to say on more
than one occasion that because of this,
he and the military had a virtual blank
check to do what they thought necessary in
Vietnam. He rig's steadfastly refused to say
how far he wetcld go. But the clamor of
public opinion in the teach-ins, peace
orarches, and public statements, backed up
by the Senate hearings, demanded that the
President more sharply define his objectives
and. the method:; he will use to achieve them.
it is all to the good. The American peo-
ple on the whole want to get off the war
escalator. It has, they feel, gone far enough.
Only the war hawks, of whom there are at-
ways some around, want to go to Peiping.
But our military presence in Vietnam
raises a deeper question. Even though we
escalate the war no further: even though
we adopt General Gavin's and Ambassador
Kennan's enclave formula, have we any
right to be in Vietnam at all? Can we sup-
port this war in any moral sense? What is
the national conscience on the more basic
issue of war itself? We can answer this ques-
tion, like the others, only by arguing ilt out
with each other as we are now doing. In
my mind the debate that has been going
on. for several years, now mounting to a
climax through the nationally televised hear-
ings of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, is a great thing. For in this debate,
as in all things, we are, united as a people,
not because we agree as to the course we
should follow. but because we agree on the
ideals in accordance with which we shall
decide what to do.
One of the favorite ways of attempti ug to
solve the problem is by historical analogy, in
psxticular with the thirties, when Hitler
was rapidly gaining strength, and E grope
had to decide whether to let him go of gob-
bling up territory or to risk war in au at-
tempt to stop him. From the second alterna-
tive Europe turned away. for the suffering,
death and destruction of the First World
War were still too vivid in the minds of
everyone. There was much talk even then
that another war would bring an end to
civilization. Almost any alternative seemed
better than to resort 'to arms.
Most observers quite properly dismiss this
analogy as too facile. But to reject. the
Munich accord analogy is not to dismiss all
history as worthless in this instance or any
other. Surely history can help us to profit
by our mistakes. And certainly it car: help
v to understand current thought treeds by
tracing them back to their roots. In my
mind, the present torrent of declarations by
churchmen, educators, and others on tie war
in Vietnam is understandable only in terms
of the background out of which they come.
The most immediate and therefore the most
obvious of these origins is the civil rights
movement.
The remarkable involvement of the -?lergy,
rod to a lesser degree students, educators,
and others, in the civil rights movement in
the last 3 or 4 years did two things. It gave
thousands of individuals a chance to par-
ticipate actively in social change, when here-
tofore they had been, at best, commen tators
upon it. Secondly, it gave them a sense of
power. No one doubts that the physical
participation in freedom marches by men
and women from all walks of life had much
to do with the progress we have made in
civil rights legislation and practice. The
peace-now people who were active in the civil
rights movement naturally feel that their
views on Vietnam might be as succeeslully
advanced by peace marches as their views
on race were advanced by freedom marches.
There is, however, it profound difference
beneath the superficial similarity betwe.,n the
two movements. The civil rights protests
were directed against an intransigent gov-
ernment by an oppressed segment of our
people. When the protests failed, as they did
at first, citizens who were not oppressed be-
gan to join in the demonstrations. They
reined in ever greater numbers until et last
the government began to mend its was. By
lust year, solid citizens were march.i ug in
America's streets for freedom for the Negro,
who would have been appalled at such e n idea
not long before.
The Vietnam protests are different. To say
this is not to deny the right to stage peace
protest demonstrations. But it is to em-
phasize the fact that these are not protests
made in the streets, because they can be
heard nowhere else. The demand fcr civil
rights want almost unheeded unt.il the
American people took to the streets in great
numbers. This is not true of American for-
eign policy in Vietnam. Protests against it
have constantly been heard, weighed, and
considered in high places. The organized de-
mand that we get out of Vietnam goes back
far beyond the civil rights movement. It has
its roots in the peace movement itself as it
emerged among clergyman and others in this
country during the latter part of the 19th
and early 20th centuries. This was the pe-
riod of the establishment of the Hague Peace
Conferences, and the International Court of
Justice. At that time many ministers took
the position publicly that all war was wrong.
Many held to that position when war broke
out in Europe in 1914. But when the United
States became one of the belligerents in 1.917,
almost to a man the clergy repudiated their
former position and led the call for the rais-
ing of arms and men to defeat "the Beaus of
Berlin," in that instance Kaiser Wilhelm II.
When the war was over and the world
had been made "safe for democracy," in
Woodrow Wilson's words, the denouement
came, and it was shattering. The war to end
war had not brought war to an end, for fight-
ing continued in various parts of the world.
Neither was the world safe for democracy,
for communism and dictatorship was now on
the march. Nor was it any longer so clear
that the Kaiser alone had brought on the
war. Historians began to point out that the
economic and political rivalry of France,
Germany and England, and to a lesser degree
Italy, Austria and Russia, had been basic
factors in bringing the nations to a test of
arms. Many of the atrocity stories that had
aroused the ire of the Americans were shown
to have been pure propaganda. The com-
plete turnaround of the clergy was then
documented in it biting volume, "Preachers
Present Arms" by Ray Abrams. Many a
minister was truly ashamed to think that he
had been so easily led to abandon his prin-
ciples. In a wave of repentance, many signed
peace pledges renouncing all war as an evil in
and of itself. As a result, during the years
when Hitler strode to power in Europe, the
American Protestant clergy, to a marked de-
gree, took the high-principled but simplistic
position that all war is wrong. They called,
not for resistance to nazism, but for negotia-
tion looking toward keeping the peace.
The revelations following the Second World
War were opposite to those that followed the
first. We learned in the late forties that
the worst atrocity stories we had heard about
nazism were not half as bad as the truth.
Far from being the victims of propaganda
as we had been in World War I, during World
War II we had neither known nor believed
when we heard the depths of bestiality to
which the Nazis had sunk.
These revelations had a profound effect
upon the group we used to call the absolute
pacifists. And again there was a change of
heart. There were few now to say that war
against another Hitler might not he justi-
fied. It is one of the dogmas of our age-
one to which I fully subscribe-that the Nazi
regime was the personification of evil, and
that since it employed force to seek its ends,
only force could have deposed it. There-
fore such a war is justified. In this I wholly
concur. As a result we are more sophisti-
cated today, and there are few to say that
they would never fight a war under any cir-
cumstances. What the Nazis actually did
virtually destroyed the power of the pacifist
arguments of the 1930's.
Nevertheless we hear today the same sim-
plistic approach to the problem of peace we
heard before the First and Second World
Wars. Today again we hear the demand for
peace on the part of high-minded people who
find it intolerable to be citizens of a nation
that visits the horrors of war upon another
people. There might be war that could be
justified, they say, but this is not one of
them.
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I share their sense of shame and guilt.
I face the fact, as we all must, that every
bomb that is dropped in Vietnam, I drop;
every child that is hurt, I hurt; every vil-
lage that is destroyed, i destroy. I settled
for that that back in the thirties, when in the
face of the rising Nazi menace, I parted com-
pany with the pacifists forever. I first faced
the fact then, and I hold to it today, that my
guilt is not lessened by becoming a conscien-
tious objector, and my hands are not kept
clean because I personally do not wield a
knife or discharge a gun against the enemy.
While I enjoy the peace and safety. of this
country, I kill and destroy with the Armed
Forces that keep this country safe from sub-
version at home and safe from invasion from
abroad.
Can I then assuage my guilt for the havoc
wrought by American arms in Vietnam by
seeking to force the administration to ter-
minate the war? Like everyone else, I de-
voutly desire peace, and think we should
pursue it by every means possible. But here,
it seems to me, history does have something
to say to us. It can remind us that the
simple way of peace was wrong in 1916. It
was wrong in 1939, and I would say that for
the same reason it is wrong In 1966. If
peace is right now, then we never had any
business in Vietnam in the first place. Some
say we didn't. How you resolve this ques-
tion depends upon your view of the role of
the United States in the contemporary world.
Are you one who thinks we should stay
home and mind our own business? Or
should we take a hand in the political af-
fairs of the world? Should we withdraw
from Germany? From our military bases
around the world? If not, then why from
Vietnam? The one question we must an-
swer is: Where shall we take our stand for
freedom, even if we have to fight? Where
shall we say to those who would subvert
a nation through terror: Beyond this point
you shall not go.
We would all say it, I suppose-or almost
all of us-should terrorists appear in the
United States, whose purpose was to claim
this country for the Communists, the Amer-
ica Firsters, or the Ku Klux Klan. We have
asserted the right to do this In Europe, and
there have been few to complain chiefly
perhaps because we have not had to fight
in order to do it. Do we draw the line there?
At the moment we are saying to the Viet-
cong in Vietnam, "This land you shall not
bend to your will by terrorizing its people."
The origin of the liberation front in the
revolt against the Diem regime does not alter
the situation that exists now. The justice
of the cause that brought the liberation
front into being does not justify eiher the
presence or the methods of the Vietcong and
the North Vietnamese in South Vietnam
now.
We have chosen freedom in Vietnam
rather than peace. But the trouble is, it
has never been really clear that our choice
was freedom for the Vietnamese. It has
never been clear that we were doing more
there than fending off the ultimate Commu-
nist threat to ourselves, with little or no
thought for the Vietnamese themselves. To.
many, it looked as though we were trying to
impose a new kind of colonialism on Viet-
nam as intolerable to most Americans as to
the Vietnamese. As the weeks and months
went by, as the war steadily escalated and
the bombing of North Vietnam increased,
stopped, and began again, the conscience of
the American people was increasingly
troubled.
as that declaration stated, the reconstruc- The cost of this program is not of such
tion of the economy of Vietnam is our aim, magnitude to forestall other major pro-
if a free and independent Vietnam is our grams of importance. The program, in
goal, then we have a role to play in that fact, is one expenditure where there is
unhappy country that we can defend on prin- definitely great value received for the
ciple and point to with pride. dollars spent.
The administration would have been in a
far stronger position if it had formulated
these policies and declared them definitively
long ago, rather than now, as it appears,
under the duress of an aroused public
opinion. But the administration has now
stated its objectives in Vietnam and now we
know what they are: (1) to drive out the
Vietcong and the North Vietnamese, and (2)
to help the South Vietnamese to live In free-
dom, in peace, and in prosperity. We have
long been engaged in both endeavors and our
growing success may be seen In the increas-
ing number of Vietcong defectors now com-
ing over to the South Vietnam side. These
defections show that the Vietnamese want
what we all want-a chance to live In peace
under a regime stable enough to maintain
it.
We have now to remain true to these two
specific goals, whatever the cost. While the
military are driving the North Vietnamese
and the Vietcong out, let us proceed with
our program of hospitals, schools, dams, and
factories. This program we can support with
all our moral conviction. For every soldier
we send to Vietnam, let us send a worker for
AID or one of the several voluntary agencies
now helping there. For every rifle, let us
send a plow, for every round of ammunition
a set of handtools. Let the buildup of
arms be matched by the buildup of econ-
omy. Let an ever-widening stable social
order be established In the wake of our
military successes. Let the world see by
what we do that we are in Vietnam, not for
our own good primarily, but for the good of
the free world as a whole.
If the Honolulu declaration is our blue-
print, then our conscience as a people Is set
free again. In the light of that statement,
amplified by testimony at the Senate hear-
ings last week, we can support administra-
tion policies, despite our abhorrence of war
and the suffering it brings. We can do so
because we have been offered a course of
action dictated by harsh reality, but guided
by the humanitarian ideals for which we, as
a people, have always stood. In Vietnam
today, as so often in the past, we have
chosen freedom, even in the face of war.
We have done it because we believe it to be
the only road to a final lasting peace.
Prayer: God of men and of nations, lead
us to the right whence both peace and
freedom flow. Amen.
PROPOSED REDUCTION IN THE
SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM
Mr. PEARSON. Mr. President, at this
time I wish to state my opposition to any
reduction in the school milk program.
I feel it is an efficient but effective way
of helping provide a soundly nourished
Youth in this country.
In the past decade attention has been
brought to the need for a healthy young
America. We have initiated all manner
of 'programs, on Capitol Hill and else-
where, aimed at improving the overall
physical condition of the Nation's young-
sters.
The school milk program has certainly
contributed to this.
For whether we like it or not, too often
youths not considered financially needy
are nevertheless nutritionally needy.
Cash in the pocket does not always mean
3783
According to the President's proposal,
the current appropriation of $103 mil-
lion for the school milk program across
the Nation would be reduced $21 mil-
lion-an 80-percent cutback.
The Department of Agriculture esti-
mates for this year indicate this program
will help provide 36.6 million half pints
of milk for Kansas schoolchildren. Un-
der next year's proposal this would be
reduced drastically-and thousands of
children would be excluded from it.
Looking at it financially, it would cost
Kansas taxpayers nearly $1 million in
additional revenue to maintain the pro-
gram as it now operates.
Here we have a program that is oper-
ating effectively and without problems,
and it should be retained.
REORGANIZATION OF GOVERN-
MENT EFFORTS: POLLUTION
Mr. MONTOYA. Mr. President, the
President yesterday called upon the
Congress to do something about restor-
ing the quality of the American environ-
ment. It was a strong message, but it
certainly did not exaggerate the urgency
of this need. It would be impossible for
that need to be overstated.
The deterioration of our environment
has become an extremely serious matter.
It is something we may have been able
to Ignore or overlook in the past, but it
is a problem we can ignore no longer.
For we now possess means to eliminate
the human race. We normally think of
this awesome possibility in terms of the
atomic bomb. Thousands of words have
been written and spoken about the
dangers inherent in our use of atomic
fission. But the poet who said that the
world will end, "not with a bang, but a
whimper," he may have been more
prophetic than he knew.
The simple fact Is that we now pos-
sess means more insidious than the
atomic bomb to eliminate ourselves from
the face of the earth. More Insidious be-
cause they are less dramatic, less ob-
vious, more pervasive, more subtle, more
a part of our daily existence. The auto-
mobile, the powerplant, the diesel en-
gine, and the rest of our industrial
complex, as it expands to meet the needs
of increased population, threatens our
very existence.
If it Is to be used wisely, and by the
very nature of water itself the attack
upon pollution must be carried on in the
context of a unified water conservation
program. The Department of the In-
terior has traditionally been concerned
with the wise conservation and develop-
ment of our water resources. Assigning
the war on pollution to the Department
will complete the gearing up process.
The full, comprehensive and concen-
trated fight to clean up our rivers can
now begin.
REPORT BY THE ADVISORY COM-
MISSION ON INTERGOVERN-
MENTAL RELATIONS
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, the re-
cently issued seventh annual report of
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 24, 1966
the Advisory Commission on Intergov- But there are sr, many fields in which all Bryant, Jack Jones, Peter Leeds, Kaye
the segments of government can play their Stevens, Carroll Baker, Joey Heatherton,
Crmnental Relations has been receiving roles in a cooperative manner for the bone- Dianna Lynn Batts, Fayard Antonio
considerable attention around the coup- fit; of the people. The Commission ills Nicholas, and Harold Lloyd Nicholas.
try. The Commission is a bipartisan sought above all else to promote these pro- This trip was a great success and I know
group charged with exploring problems grams in order to vitalize the federal system.
and relations among Federal, State, and Undoubtedly, the Commission will soon be it helped to convey to our fighting men
local governments. It has been my making inquiries into the three fields in the appreciation of the American people
pleasure to serve as one of the three Sell- which States Fedene Gover entrhas o us ed for Twe San they Diego are doing editorially com-
ate of twi the Commission since ene its intent of making sure that the States and mented on the Christmas 1965 trip and
Ii 0111 Maine elong wth the e senior the local units of government retain as much made particular note to Bob's closing
fen Mator 1 from Mr. M North thlE.l and the [seniMr? senior s, y as possible in them. words on the Chrysler television special,
Seno It does no good to moan that the e which highlighted the trip. Because I
SRHIN I . c overnment should not be in these three
One of the major dilemmas of our areas because the moves were made with- believe as did the editorial a Bob's s el d
Federal system as highlighted in the re- out ie great outcry from the States ant the queen concluding that Latelenet this counted tbemselveii. cent report O the Commission liis des-
ho i' The Commissicn, if it is to be effective in regarding the role of the United States
cubed in a recent article Mr. J the Idaho its avowed purpose of trying to strengthen in Vietnam, I requested a complete tran-
d:venin~ State _man by Mr. John Corlett. the Federal sy:..ein, must receive -Iii the script of his closing remarks so that my
[ic pleads for greater compassion by the moral support possible from the States, the colleagues and the Nation might benefit
Congress toward the States in the light counties, and the cities.
of the efforts they are making to meet Legislatures, county commissioners, and from them. counc their problems. I ask unanimous
ent nyof their owersband bui ting fneces- Mr. er editorial fromi the San
article con the
sent to place the text of f the article at t
this point in the RECORD. vary public support for themselves. Con- Diego Union together with the closing
There being no objection, the article press listens to strongly expressed public television remarks of Mr. Hope be printed.
opinion. at this point in the RECORD.
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, This doesn't mean that the States must There being no objection, the material
,as follows: take an "anti-.Federal" strand, but they must, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
IF'rom the Idaho Evening Statesman, Feb. 1, as the Commissions report pointed out, seek
19661 to be "real partners" in the Federal system." as follows: S.J. RES. 88
STATES MUST ? EEK To CE PARTNERS IN FED- More importantly, they can not look to the
ERAI.LY AIDED PROGRAMS Federal Government exclusively for funds Joint resolution authorizing the issuance of
or public programs, no matter what they a gold medal to Bob Hope
(?;y John Corlett) ac, but must share with the Federal Gov- Whereas monnents enriched by humor are
'I'lze Advisory Commission on In.tergovern- ernment in program costs. moments free from hate and conflict, and
,rental Relations was created 7 years ago by "If the Staters stand aside and do not therefore valued by mankind; and
Congress with the avowed purpose of creating participate in % massive financial way in Whereas Bob Hope has given to us and to
a climate of cooperation among National, these programs," the Commission said, "the the world many such treasured moment:,;
4tate, and local units of government. problems to which the funds are directed will and
It was hoped that the Commission would eventually come to be viewed as primarily a Whereas he has done so unstintingly and
:verve as the forum for strengthening the fed- Federal responstbility.? unselfishly, with heavy demands on his time,
oral system whereby there would be a balance The States have been assuming a greater talent, and energy; and
of power among tike Federal, State, and local responsibility in the solving of problems in Whereas his contributions over :h long
governments. this growing age of urbanization. Most period of years to the morale of millions of
he Commission has. moved strongly in States are taxing almost to their limit and members of the United States armed services,
this direction., but in its seventh annual re- are making far-reaching changes in their in addition to those of our friends and allies,
port, just off the press, it notes that the last governmentul form This Congress -lust be have been of immediate and enduring value;
eralism by which the National uoveruu,e'
assumed greater powers. This, of course,
serves to unbalance the federal system.
The report noted that the National Gov-
ernment, by congressional action, moved into
three fields in which the States heretofore
held nearly unlimited autonomy-voting
rights, financing, and administration of the
Inrblic schools, and law enforcement. In ad-
dition, a bill. has been Introduced which
would place tine Federal Government squarely
in the field of State taxation. This would be
done in the name of "interstate taxation."
but the States would lose many of the pow-
ers they now hold in assessing taxes within
their own borders.
The last Congress enacted some 25 grants-
in-aid programs or major expansions of ex-
isting programs, including the National Gov-
a~rnnient's advent into the three new fields
listed above.
It is no wonder that the Commission views
these steps with some alarm, particularly
since they all were consummated in such a
short period of time.
In the short time it has been in existence,
the Commission has sought to develop stud-
ics and programs in which roles of National
Government, the States, the counties, and the
municipalities are clearly outlin.ed. The
Commission., by its very makeup, is not anti.-
r'ederal or anti-State. Instead its research
programs are based on the assumption that
in governmental fields where the Federal
Government should be supreme, the States
have no pl..ce in them. And conversely, if
the States have unquestioned dominance in
other fields, the Federal Government ought
to stay out.
BOB HOPE
Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, for
many years, Bob Hope has been touring
areas all over the world bringing laugh-
ter, entertainment, and an all-too-brief
moment of pleasure to our men, who man
freedom's battle stations throughout the
world.
These trips have been conducted dur-
ing the Christmas season at a time when
all of us like to be at home with our
families. With the lovely family that he
has, I know it is not easy for Bob to be
away. Fortunately for our troops, his
wife and family are most understanding.
The Congress of the United States, of
course, is very much aware of Bob's
great contributions, and in 1962 enacted
Public Law 87-478, authorizing the is-
suance of a. golad medal to him in recog-
nition of his services to the country and
his work for peace. I would like to ask
unanimous consent that the law be
printed in full at the conclusion of my
remarks.
As all my colleagues know, Bob's most
recent trip was to southeast Asia where
he entertained our young men who are
doing such an outstanding job resisting
Communist aggression. Joining Bob
and also to be congratulated were Jerry
Colonna. Les Brown and his band, Anita
made during Christmas and at other times
by personal contact in countless miles of
travel around the globe, to the farthest out-
posts manned. by American youth, during
times of peace and war, often under danger-
ous conditions and at great personal risk;
and
Whereas while at home he has given firm
and imaginative support to humanitarian
causes of every description; and
Whereas in all this Bob Hope has ren-
dered an outstanding service to the cause
of democracy, as America's most prized "Am-
bassador of Good Will" throughout the
world: Therefore be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the President is
authorized to present in the name of the
people of the United States of America a gold
medal of appropriate design to Bob Hope in
recognition of his aforesaid services to his
country and to the cause of world peace.
The Secretary of the Treasury shall cause
such a medal to be struck and furnished to
the President. There is hereby authorized
to be appropriated the sum of $2,500 for this
purpose.
Approved June 8, 1962.
[From the San Diego (Calif.) Union, Jan. 24,
19661
THANKS FOR MEMORIES
About 30 years ago when Will Rogers, en-
tertainment's early-day Art Buohwald, died
in a plane crash, a fellow named. Bob Hope
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y , 966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
like MIKE MONRONEY, FRED HARRIS, and ED
EDMONDSON plying the skill and resource-
fulness and persuasion for which they are
known, I firmly predict that no amount of
obstruction will be able to hold back in-
definitely the coming reality of the central
Oklahoma project.
As one Congressman from a neighboring
State, I pledge to you that-as long as I
have the privilege to serve on the Public
Works Committee-this practical and neces-
sary development will have my hand and my
heart, my voice and my vote, and whatever
help that I can give.
The time is rapidly coming in the United
States when that area blessed with a maxi-
mum development of its water resources will
be better off by far than if it had oil or gold
or uranium, or any other resource of the
earth, but lacked water. I have never heard
a more ridiculous or more specious argument
than that forced upon the Corps of Engi-
neers by the Bureau of the Budget that a
better set of freight rates through other
modes of transportation, brought about by a
navigation project, should be considered as
a cost rather than a benefit factor.
It is obvious that the better rates will not
come unless the canal is built. And if they
should come as its competitive result, then
I can't count that as anything but an addi-
tional benefit to the people.
the first functions of government recognized vided the basis for billions of dollars of
by the Congress in the 1st decade of the new industry along these waterways.
19th century. But the history of their de- Mr. President, I join with others of this
velopment has been a history of thinking too body in resisting a policy that is a detri-
small and acting too slowly.
benefit by the central Oklahoma project.
The best homiletic I have ever read on the
subject was delivered on the floor of the U.S.
House of Representatives in 1848 by a young
Congressman named Abraham Lincoln. He
was speaking out against a Presidential veto
of an omnibus public works measure.
Lincoln demonstrated through the flawless
logic that came to be his hallmark that, be-
cause of an inland waterway in remote Illi-
nois, the sugar merchant in New Orleans sold
his wares a "little dearer" and the housewife
in Buffalo, N.Y., sugared her husband's coffee
a "little cheaper."
The history of that splendid professional
group known as the Corps of Army Engi-
neers has been a history of cautious calcula-
tions and conservative estimates to tonnages.
The Engineers' projection on the Missis-
sippi waterway was 9 million tons a year. in
1963, it carried almost 40 million tons-or
344 percent of the estimated volume.
The Engineers projected 9 million tons a
year for the Ohio waterway. In 1963, it was
carrying 88 million tons, or almost 9 times
the estimated amount, and the locks were
having to be rebuilt to accommodate the
burgeoning volume of usage.
The original estimate, just a very few years
ago, for the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway be-
tween New Orleans and Corpus Christi was
only 7 million tons a year, That canal last
year exceeded the official estimates by more
than 10 times.
Mr. President, the central Oklahoma
project, an extension of navigation from
the Arkansas River to the vicinity of
Oklahoma City, has recently undergone
emasculation due to the application of
this formula. Although the district en-
gineer and the division engineer recom-
mended to the chief of engineers the au-
thorization of the central Oklahoma
project, the Board of Engineers for Riv-
ers and Harbors, after reviewing the
project and applying the new formula,
recommended deferment of navigation
until a demonstration of its worth could
be made. We had been told repeatedly
that the central Oklahoma project was
one of the best, if not the best, of the
navigation projects the corps had before
it for consideration.
It is my understanding that this new
criteria will result in no more navigation
projects being built in the United States
until the Congress or the executive agen-
cies of this Government determine that
the developing of the water resources of
this country is of such importance to our
growth and economy that they will re-
turn to the criteria which built the in-
SPEECH OF LAST NIGHT AND VICE
PRESIDENT HUMPHREY'S RECENT
TRIP TO THE FAR EAST
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, it was my privilege to hear the
television broadcast of the President's
speech last night. He spoke the senti-
ments of the overwhelming majority of
the American people in support of our
Nation's position and in support of our
men who are fighting in Vietnam at this
very hour.
This morning it was my privilege,
along with other Senators, to hear the
Vice President speak about his trip to
the Far East-Vietnam and other nations
in that area-and his discussions with
heads of governments there. In my
opinion, that was one of the most
eloquent and impressive statements
which this Senator has had the privilege
of hearing in a great number of years.
It is my hope that in due course the
Vice President, while eliminating from
his statement items that are necessarily
confidential and secret, will make avail-
able to the American people information
But the value of water resource develop- about his experiences and his conclusions
ment cannot be written in tonnages alone. as the result of his trip to that area.
The great complex of industrial development Our Vice President exposed himself to
in the United States has grown up primarily considerable danger in order to visit our
along our inland waterways system, and from men on the battlefield, and in order to
this the Nation has benefited beyond discuss with many leaders of foreign na-
measure. tions the desirability of stepping up aid
Last year, some 300 new industries sprang they are giving this Nation, and also the
up along the banks of our Nation's navigable desirability of working together toward
streams. This development not only creates social and economic reforms.
a tax base for the local communities, it pro-
vides the payroll which generates other eco- It would be best for the Vice President
nomic activities ad infinitum. In context to speak for himself in these matters.
with all we have been discussing, this may be Any Senator did not hear the Vice Presi-
far more important for the future than we dent this morning would be well advised
realize. to seek the opinion of the Vice President
3771
and let him explain what were his ex-
periences and what his conclusions were.
Senators, of course, are privileged to
know a great deal of secret information
that the Vice President would not be
privileged to give to the Nation as a
whole.
One fortunate thing about our Vice
President is that he is not inarticulate.
He is very well able to explain his views
and get across his ideas, even though
some of the information _ he might like
to marshal on which his conclusions are
based might be of such secret or con-
fidential nature that it cannot be made
available generally.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator has expired.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I ask unani-
mous consent to proceed for 1 additional
minute.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I repeat, as
one who was fortunate enough to hear
the Vice President this n}orning, I was
extremely impressed. I hope all Sen-
ators who, for one reason or another, did
not have occasion to hear him will have
occasion to speak with him.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that the
Senate proceed to the consideration of
executive business and take up certain
nominations on the Executive Calendar.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Senate proceeded to consider executive
business.
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF
COMMITTEES
The following favorable reports of
nominations were submitted:
By Mr. BIBLE, from the Committee on the
District of Columbia:
George A. Avery, of the District of Colum-
bia, to be a member of the Public Service
Commission of the District of Columbia; and
Brig. Gen. Charles M. Duke, U.S. Army,
and Paul L. Sitton, of the District of Colum-
bia, to be members of the Advisory Board of
the National Capital Transportation Agency.
By Mr. RUSSELL of Georgia, from the
Committee on Armed Services:
Irma V. Bouton, and sundry other officers,
for promotion in the Regular Army of the
United States.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there
be no further reports of committees, the
nominations on the Executive Calendar
will be stated.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I ask unanimous consent that we
pass all matters on the Executive Calen-
dar and start with the nomination of
Lee C. White to be a member of the Fed-
eral Power Commission.
The PRESIDING OFFICER.
objection, it is so ordered.
FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION
The legislative clerk read the nomina-
tion of Lee C. White, of Nebraska, to be
a member of the Federal Power Commis-
sion.
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