FOR BOMBING RESUMPTION THE NEED WAS OBVIOUS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 60
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 27, 2005
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: February 3, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

Apps elease 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
For Bombing Resumption the Need Was
Obvious
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. RICHARD FULTON
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, the recent resumption of
bombing of North Vietnamese person-
nel and installations came after a
concerted effort over many weeks by
President Johnson to seek a means
whereby this tragic conflict could
be removed from the fields of battle
and be pursued at the conference table in
the hopes of a peaceful settlement.
It was with great regret that President
Johnson ordered the resumption of the
bombings. Nonetheless the decision was
his to make and it was made, doubtlessly
with reluctance and heavy heart.
Mr. Speaker, the President's decision
has drawn significant approval. Among
those who have joined in approval is the
Nashville Banner. The views of this
paper were published in an editorial
dated February 1, 1966, and entitled
"Right, Mr. President: For Bombing Re-
sumption, the Need Was Obvious."
I would like to insert this editorial in
the RECORD and commend it to the at-
tention of my colleagues.
RIGHT, MR. PRESIDENT-FOR BOMBING RESUMP-
TION, THE NEED WAS OBVIOUS
It was not an impromptu decision, con-
trived in the dark and spurred by impulse,
that sent U.S. bombers back into action over
North Vietnam yesterday-ending in its 38th
day the bombing suspension that began on
Christmas eve. It was a military necessity;
the logical and only effective answer to that
enemy's contemptuous disregard of America's
sustained effort for peaceful settlement at
a conference table.
President Johnson spelled it out clearly
in his calm mesage of formal announcement
and reasoned explanation. He assuredly has
the majority of America with him in that
decision; for to the bulk of this constituency
it was-and is-obvious that the avenue to
peace does not lie in the direction of over-
tures to Hanoi. These have failed; construed
by that enemy as a sign of weakness and in-
decision.
It now is clear that the Vietcong wants
no peace, save on its own terms, amounting
to total conquest. That would be U.S. sur-
render-a repudiation of its commitments,
and the turning over, ultimately, of all Asia
to Communist aggression.
There was no timidity and indecision in
the President's statement. He laid it on the
line, exercising again a prerogative given in
the congressional resolution of August
1964-and with the action recommended by
competent advisers including, notably, the
Joint Chiefs of Staff.
With that decision there can be no quarrel
on the part of any security-minded Ameri-
can, sensitive to the facts in the case as
restated. One paragraph stands out by way
of solemn warning:
"If continued immunity is given to all
that supports North Vietnam aggression, the
cost in lives-Vietnamese lives and Ameri-
can lives and allied lives-will be greatly
increased."
That has been true throughout the one-
sided 37-day cease-fire; it would be equally
true of any settlement that installed a Viet-
cong Government over that land, to break
out afresh across Asia when it had consol-
idated its strength with that of its Com-
munist partners to push for wider conquest.
The Banner opposed that U.S. commitment
from the outsets-objecting to an adventure
obviously not thought through at the time.
But once involved in it, and engaged in the
war that followed, this newspaper has em-
phasized that we must win it. Nothing less
than victory will justify the, sacrifice that
already has been made.
President Johnson was not repudiating the
concept of honorable peace-arrived at by
any avenue of reason. He went to great
length to assure contemporary powers of
America's willingness to present the Viet-
namese issue to world judgment. He author-
ized Ambassador Arthur Goldberg to submit
it to a review by the U.N. Security Council.
He gave respectful acknowledgment to Pope
Paul's urgent suggestion for arbitration by
neutral powers. As reiterated in the course
of his text, top U.S. diplomats have made the
rounds of the world in these Christmas and
post-Christmas weeks, expressing America's
willingness to negotiate.
America wants an honorable peace, with
guarantees of freedom as the only objective
that can make it that. That is the U.S. pur-
pose; it wants not a square inch of real es-
tate, or captive status for any people on
earth.
The whole world knows that, and charges
to the contrary are infamous.
The United States suspended those bomb-
ings in the hope that-sparing North Viet-
nam the punishment that was occurring-
the enemy would come to the conference
table. The hope was in vain.
That is why the bombings have resumed-
a foretaste of the power this Nation has to
crush that enemy on whom peace overtures
have been wasted.
The President has made his decision, and
it was the right one. He presented the case
with courage and candor; with due respect
for the opinions of mankind, but with a pri-
mary concern where it belongs, on the in-
terest of the United States. With any failure
to meet this challenge, that very default
would compound the ultimate sacrifice.
America has the resources to win this
war, and must use them to that end.
It is a time-honored maxim, now under-
stood surely by thinking men everywhere,
that once you are engaged in war there is no
substitute for victory.
A529
LAWS RELATIVE TO THE PRINTING OF
DOCUMENTS
Either House may order the printing of a
document not already provided for by law,
but only when the same shall be accompa-
nied by an estimate from the Public Printer
as to the probable cost thereof. Any execu-
tive department, bureau, board or independ-
ent office of the Government submitting re-
ports or documents in response to inquiries
from Congress shall submit therewith an
estimate of the probable cost of printing the
usual number. Nothing in this section re-
lating to estimates shall apply to reports or
documents not exceeding 50 pages (U.S.
Code, title 44, sec. 140, p. 1938).
Resolutions for printing extra copies, when
presented to either House, shall be referred
immediately to the Committee on House
Administration of the House of Representa-
tives or the Committee on Rules and Admin-
istration of the Senate, who, in making their
report, shall give the probable cost of the
proposed printing upon the estimate of the
Public Printer, and no extra copies shall be
printed before such committee has reported
(U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 133, p. 1937).
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE
Additional copies of Government publica-
tions are offered for sale to the public by the
Superintendent of Documents, Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C., at cost
thereof as determined by the Public Printer
plus 50 percent: Provided, That a discount of
not to exceed 25 percent may be allowed to
authorized bookdealers and quantity pur-
chasers, but such printing shall not inter-
fere with the prompt execution of work for
the Government. The Superintendent of
Documents shall prescribe the terms and
conditions under which he may authorize
the resale of Government publications by
bookdealers, and he may designate any Gov-
ernment officer his agent for the sale of Gov-
ernment publications under such regulations
as shall be agreed upon by the Superintend-
ent of Documents and the head of the re-
spective department or establishment of the
Government (U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 72a,
Supp. 2).
RECORD OFFICE AT THE CAPITOL
An office for the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,
with Mr. Raymond F. Noyes in charge, is lo-
cated in room H-112, House wing, where or-
ders will be received for subscriptions to the
RECORD at $1.50 per month or for single
copies at 1 cent for eight pages (minimum
charge of 3 cents). Also, orders from Mem-
bers of Congress to purchase reprints from
the RECORD should be processed through this
office.
CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY
The Public Printer, under the direction of
the Joint Committee on Printing, may print
for sale, at a price sufficient to reimburse the
expenses of such printing, the current Con-
gressional Directory. No sale shall be made
on credit (U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 150, p.
1939).
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - APPENDIX
Army Doctors in Hawaii Make Notable
Advance in Malaria Fight
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA
OF HAWAII
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker there
are few news stories that can sur-
pass the excitement evoked by reading
an article on a breakthrough in the
treatment of a disease. Such a break-
through was reported in the treatment
of the dreaded malaria on Tuesday, Jan-
uary 18, 1966. The news is especially
timely since an estimated 1 out of
3 GI's in Vietnam has been contract-
ing this dreaded disease. There is no
question about the morale boosting effect
the news of this breakthrough has had
on our troops in Vietnam.
The heroes who discovered the com-
bination of, drugs that could break the
relapse cycle of the recurring type of
malaria are Col. Frank L. Miller and
Col. James A. OrbIson, medical officers
who are assigned to U.S. Army, Tripler
General Hospital in Hawaii. They have
by their tireless efforts to discover this
"wonder mix," proven again that the
war can be fought just as heroically in
the laboratories on the homefront as in
the swamps of Vietnam.
I ,commend to the readers of the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD the article written by
Lyle Nelson on the breakthrough in the
treatment of malaria which appeared In
the Thursday, January 20, 1966, issue of
.the Honolulu Star-Bulletin:
TWO AT TRIPLER HAILED FOR BREAKTHROUGH
IN MALARIA FIGHT
(By Lyle Nelson)
Back in the days of World War II, GI's
took so many atabrin pills to avoid malaria
they turned yellow.
And if they threw the pills away they often
came down with malaria, which causes chills,
a fever, a headache, and a rotten feeling in
general.
Then came the Vietnam war and a tougher
strain of malaria popped up. It resisted the
medicine that seemed to work at Guadal-
canal and other tropical battlegrounds.
Now this type of malaria appears to be
licked, thanks to the men at Tripler Hospital.
Finding a cure for anything in the field
of medicine is part luck and part attention.
to the smallest detail in analyzing research
and laboratory data.
CREDIT TWO COLONELS
Special credit at Tripler for finding a possi-
ble way to solve the malaria problem in Viet-
nam goes to Col. Frank L. Miller, chief of
pulmonary and infectious diseases, and the
man he works for and with, Col. James A.
Orbison, chief of the department of medi-
cine at Tripler.
Malaria has become a big problem in Viet-
nam. In some areas 1 out of 3 GI's got the
bug.
Tripler took in 285 victims last year.
Miller started watching how often they
suffered relapses and what drugs or combi-
nation of drugs they were taking, in Viet-
nam and after they arrived at Tripler.
He discovered that malaria attacks reoc-
curred among men who had taken different
combinations of drugs with one exception.
WONDER MIX
The wonder mix appeared to be pyrimetha-
mine (a sulfone) and quinine.
Miller and Orbison found they could break
this relapse cycle with this combination.
Hints of this finding came from similar
malaria research being conducted among
volunteer prisoners at the Illinois State
Prison in Joliet.
The word on pyrimethamine and quinine
is now being passed along to hospitals be-
tween Washington and Saigon.
Army officials in the Pentagon discussed
the breakthrough Tuesday.
Miller and Orbison will discuss the mat-
ter before Honolulu's civilian doctors at the
regular meeting of the American College of
Physicians at the Mabel L. Smyth Auditorium
February 23.
THE CAUSE
Malaria is caused by a parasite which works
its way into the red blood cells after a victim
is bitten by a mosquito bearing the disease.
Victims are treated in two ways.
First, doctors administer drugs that will
help prevent malaria "bugs" from growing
and developing.
In cases, like those at Tripler, where it is
too late to do this, they try to break the
relapse cycle.
It is in this cycle, between the active and
dormant stages, that they achieved what
appears to be a cure.
Not only will the finding be good news for
servicemen in tropical areas but for dis-
charged Vietnam veterans who are having
relapses of malaria.
One such case in Colorado recently proved
fatal. He apparently was no longer taking
pills.
It's almost a case of better yellow than
dead.
Challenge to the U.N.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 12, 1966
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the
Chicago Sun Times carried an excellent
editorial in its February 2 edition deal-
ing with our efforts to bring the whole
Vietnam issue before the United Nations.
I fully agree with the Sun Times edi-
torial that the United States has handed.
the United Nations a problem that will
be harder to solve than any that body
has undertaken in the past. But I also
agree that if the U.N. can indeed resolve
the Vietnam conflict, it will attain a new
scope of respect and dignity not only
in the United States but throughout the
entire world.
Mr. Speaker, the Sun Times editorial
follows:
CHALLENGE TO THE U.N.
The U.S. resolution to the U.N. Security
Council on Vietnam was brief and to the
point. It recommended that "appropriate
interested governments" arrange a confer-
ence "looking toward the application of the
Geneva accords of 1954 and 1962 and the
establishment of a durable peace in south-
east Asia." The first order of business of
the conference would be to arrange an end
to the fighting in Vietnam.
If the Security Council does take on the
task its members will undoubtedly discover-
and hopefully appreciate-some of the dif-
A527
ficulties the United States has struggled with
In its efforts to stop Communist aggression
in southeast Asia.
It is doubtful that the U.N. Security Coun-
cil can come to any solution of the Vietnam
conflict without consultation with either
Red China or North Vietnam or both. The
wording of the U.S. resolution is such that
room has been left for the Security Council
to invite these nations to the conference.
Whether they would accept such an invita-
tion is another matter. Hanoi has refused,
in the past, to accept a similar invitation
made by the U.N. on the grounds that it
did not recognize that international body.
The United States has handed the U.N.
a problem that will be harder to solve than
any that body has undertaken in the past.
If the U.N. does make the effort to solve the
crisis in Vietnam and it is rebuffed by the
aggressor nations it then faces an even
greater problem-a direct and open challenge
to every member U.N. nation of the right of
the nations of the world to live in peace.
Drummond Defends U.S. Deci-
sion on Bombing
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. ED EDMONDSON
OF OKLAHOMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 13, 1966
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker,
there are conclusive reasons why the
bombing pause in North Vietnam could
not be continued indefinitely without
some constructive response from Hanoi.
In pinpointing these reasons, no one,
It seems to me, has done a better job
than Columnist Roscoe Drummond.
In a February 2 column in the Wash-
ington Post, entitled "The Lull Ends-
The United States Shows Its Mettle," Mr.
Drummond stated that the decision will
effectively unify the country behind the
President. "It was a painful decision,"
he wrote. One reason for its necessity,
he said, was the fact that "Ho Chi Minh
confirmed publicly that he would not ne-
gotiate until after unconditional sur-
render by South Vietnam and removal
of all U.S. forces."
A second reason, he said, was because
"North Vietnam used the bombing pause
of 37 days to increase the flow of North
Vietnamese troops across the border"
into South Vietnam. "Obviously," Mr.
Drummond adds, "the diplomatic rea-
sons for continuing the pause were ex-
hausted."
While believing that to resume the
bombing was not a "welcome or agree-
able choice," he stated that the alter-
native "of yielding South Vietnam and
southeast Asia to the aggressor-would
be far worse for the United States and
the whole free world."
The column Is one which many of my
colleagues will want to ponder and I in-
clude it in the Appendix of the RECORD:
THE LULL ENDS-THE UNITED STATES SHOWS
ITS METTLE
(By Roscoe Drummond)
The instant results of President Johnson's
resumption of bombing North Vietnam-be-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
A528 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 3, 1966
cause Hanoi rejected all U.S. and all other
efforts, to negotiate-will be these:
It will effectively unify the Congress be..
hind whatever is needed to defend South.
Vietnam.
it will effectively unify the country behind
the hard decisions the President will have to
make in the near future.
It will mean that the United States will in-
crease its military actions at every level in
order to remove Hanoi's belief it can win
because we will become hopelessly divided,
grow weary, and don't really mean to stick
it out.
It will leave open the door to peace talks
anytime Hanoi so chooses-as the action in
taking the issue to the U.N. Security Council
allows.
There are conclusive reasons why the
bombing pause could not be continued in-
definitely without some constructive re-
sponse from Hanoi. The decision was never
in doubt. It was a painful decision but not
a. difficult one because it rested on two facts:
The fact that Ho Chi Minh confirmed
publicly that he would not negotiate until
after unconditional surrender by South Viet-
nam and removal of all U.S. forces.
The fact that North Vietnam used the
bombing pause of 37 days to increase the
flow of North Vietnamese troops across the
border and to increase the level of Vietcong
attacks and terror in South Vietnam to a
point greater in number than ever.
Obviously, the diplomatic reasons for con-
tinuing the pause were exhausted.
'T'here wil- of course be some dissident and.
fear-laden voices in Congress. A democracy
is never unanimous. Only 3 months before
Pearl Harbor, Congress came within one vote
of killing the draft. But now the leading
advocates of continuing the bombing pause---
Senate Majority Leader MIKE MANSFIELD and
the chairman of the Senate Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, WILLIAM FuLnRIGHT-affirm
their support of the President.
And how will the American people re-
spond? Here, too, there will be honest dif-
Ierences which the Communists see, not as a
source of a democracy's strength, but as it
weakness on which they continue to count.
But just before the President announced his
decision, Louis Harris sampled public opin-
ion and found that if Hanoi refused to talk
peace, the American people would support
the resumption of bombing by more than
2 to 1. His survey showed that 60 percent of
the country would back a U.S. force of 500.-
has paid off not only in turning them I want to make It clear that our Youth
away from lives of bleak despair and Corps program was not started to provide
crime and toward education and profita- permanent employment for any youngster.
On the contrary, these youngsters must reg-
ble endeavor, it has also provided serv- ister with the Bureau of Employment Secu-
ices to the entire city and its population rity for placement in regular jobs in private
that would not otherwise have been industry or for placement in manpower re-
available. training programs.
I fervently hope that this pro?::ram can In the meantime, however, Youth Corps
continue another year in Pittsburgh and boys and girls are carrying out a wide va-
in other cities where it is a similar riety of meaningful projects for the city.
These projects include the following:
proven success. 1. Youth Corps boys, working under su-
LTnder leave to extend my ri marks I pervision of the department of lands and
include a progress report by Pittsburgh buildings, have cleared refuse from more
Mayor, Joseph M. Barr, at this point in than 30 lots in the Hill District. Their
the RECORD: work has enabled the city to earmark some
PITTSBURGH NEIGHBORHOOD Yo UT Ill CORPS of these lots for eventual improvement as
PROGRESS REPORT small neighborhood parklets.
2. Youngsters assigned to the department
(By Mayor Joseph M. Barri of public works have cleared old growth
Since its inception August 16, 1965, the from hillsides throughout the city, and have
Neighborhood Youth Corps has been a two- cleaned bridge foundations, rain gutters and
way lboon to Pittsburgh. Youngsters, who catch basins wherever this work was needed.
otherwise may not have been employed, have A total of 28 boys have worked on the city':,
benefited from new-found work experience asphalt repaving program. All in all, Youth
and on-the-job training. At the same time, Corps boys have made minor improvements
the city and its residents have benefited from to more than 500 city streets.
new projects and increased services which 3. During the winter months, Youth Corp!;
could. not have been done without Youth boys will be at work cleaning the interiors
Corps personnel. of all city buildings. Some boys will also
The success of the program is pointed up assist in minor but necessary snow removal
by the many requests from city departments work, particularly on bridges and cross-
and Federal agencies for additional Youth walks.
Corp. workers. 4. About 60 youngsters are working a:s
In reporting on the Youth Corps, I would aids in recreation centers throughout the
be remiss if I did not commend the program city. Boys working with the bureau of parks
coordinator, Mrs. Marion Finkeltior. The have undertaken an extensive park-improve-
program's success is largely a resalt of her ment program, including the clearing oC
ability to work with young people and to walks and trails, a tree maintenance pro-
understand their problems. Under her skill- gram, and the cleaning of park buildings.
ful direction, the City's Youth Corps has Other boys are assigned to duties in the zoc,
gained recognition as one of the best in the the Aviary, and Phipps Conservatory.
Nation. 5. Youngsters assigned to the bureau of
Youngsters enrolling in the Youth Corps traffic planning have been responsible for the
have received the following services: painting of more than 200 crosswalks, a 20-
1. intensive job and personal counselling. percent increase in sign installations, and
2. Comprehensive medical examinations greater efficiency in the repair of parking
by the Allegheny County Health Department. meters. Other Youth Corps projects in this
3. Aptitude testing by the Bureau of Em- bureau have included 71 traffic counts, 56
ployment Security. pedestrian counts, and an Intensive traffic
4. Work-training courses in various city study of the Brookline area.
departments. 6. Eight youngsters are working on highly
5. Special services by the Bureau of Reha- skilled jobs in the department of city plan-
bilitation and medical clinics. ping. One boy of potential college caliber
6. Job placement services by the Bureau of has worked closely with the department S
Employment Security. architect on drafting and planning.
7. Educational assistance through pro- 7. Youngsters with clerical skills are work-
grams by the Pittsburgh Board of Education. Ing in various city offices and have helped
000 troops in South Vietnam. Through the counseling service, young- reduce or eliminate filing backlogs, thereby
TO have to resume the bombing is not a sters who have not finished high school are enabling these offices to operate with greater
welcome nor agreeable choice. But the alter- encouraged to return. to school in the eve- efficiency.
native-of yielding South Vietnam and ning and earn their diploma. 8. Since the contract with the Federal
southeast Asia to the aggressor-would be We are particularly heartened by the re- Government permits assignment of Youth
far worse for the United States and the suits of this counseling effort so far. Of Corps youngsters to Federal offices, about 20
whole free world. the 639 youngsters working with the city, young people are now working with the
more than 125 of them have been persuaded Bureau of :Internal Revenue to help process
to return to night school to expand their the seasonal load of income tax. returns.
education. This is an encouraging example 9. Arrangements have been made with the
Pittsburgh Youth Corps Fights
and Crime
Despair of what can happen when youngsters re- Leech Farm Veterans Hospital for an inten-
d h 1
t
t
t
t
l
PX'1'ENSION OF REMARKS
OF
ZION. WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD
celve some a
ten
cn
ra
o.,-
ion an a p. srve work-training program for po
Youth Corps workers have also benefited pital personnel. This program will provide
from our initial medical examinations, opportunities for girls who do not have the
which disclosed previously undetected med- necessary skills for clerical work.
icil problems among one-half of the young- To sum up, the city's Neighborhood Youth
:ters. The Allegheny County Health De- Corps program has provided hundreds of
partment referred these people to neighbor- young adults, whose futures seemed blighted
hood clinics for treatment. and bleak, with new hope for a chance to
OF PENNSYLVANIA Most importantly, the Youth Corps has
hold a job and to further their education.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES brought new hope and new opportunity to
youngsters whose prospects, until now, were By taking these youngsters off the streets,
Thursday, January 13, 1966 dimmed by economic, social and educational we are also reducing the likelihood of their
Mr. MOORHEAD. Mr. Speaker, hun. disadvantages. lapsing into the delinquency that idleness
dreds of young people in my home city They are doing useful work that other- can bring.
of Pittsburgh have found a bright new wise would not be done and at, the same We are encouraged by the response of these
through their time gaining the experience and dignity of youngsters to the program, and by the tan-
hope for their futures working for a living. For most of them, gible results of their work.
work since last August in the Neighbor- this is their first job, their first paycheck, I, for one, am convinced that the Neigh-
hood Youth Corps. and the first time that anyone has paid at- borhood Youth Corps has proven itself to be
The attention and help given them temtion to them and tried to help them. a vital link in Pittsburgh's antipoverty effort.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 rA526
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- APPENDIX February
he said, and the number will be increased
now by those examined by Federal officials.
But there appears to be no basic conflict
between the two offices over who qualifies to
vote and who doesn't.-James E. Jacobson.
Mr. Speaker, I commend to our col-
leagues JIM MARTIN, and JOHN BUCHANAN,
of Alabama a reading of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act
of 1965, and some of the testimony given
at the hearings before the Judiciary
Committee of the House of Representa-
tives.
Birmingham Area Chamber of Commerce
Protests Attorney General's Decision
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN BUCHANAN
Your decision as to Federal examiners
must, therefore, have been based upon a find-
ing that the appointment of examiners was
otherwise necessary to enforce the guarantees
of the 15th amendment. In making that
finding, the act required that you consider
what bona fide efforts were being made in
the Birmingham area to comply with the
15th amendment. There can be no doubt
that such bona fide efforts have been made.
The Jefferson County Board of Registrars
has, since' January 1 of this year, more than
tripled the number of registration clerks, in-
cluding the addition of Negro clerks. They
have extended their registration days from
3 days per week to 5 days per week, one of
which is all day Saturday. The capacity of
the facilities of the board of registrars to
register voters has been far greater than re-
quired by the number of applicants for reg-
istration. Even on the Saturday preceding
your action, applicants for registration were
fewer than could have been registered by
the board. Those truly desirous of register-
ing have had ample opportunity to do so.
We cannot escape the conclusion that the
only basis for appointment of Federal exam-
iners was to make registration more conven-
ient. Considering the gravity of sending
Federal examiners to take over a function of
P. State, a function which is guaranteed to
that State by the Constitution of the United
States; considering that this action, in addi-
tion to affecting the integrity of constitu-
tional government with all the harmful con-
sequences inherent in such an action, was
an encouragement of demonstrations such
as those which preceded your action, demon-
strations which invloved so many unlawful
acts that injunctions against them have been
issued by the Federal court of this district,
the mere increase in the convenience of
voter registration is, in our judgment, a
basis so inadequate for your action as to
justify our protest and to require your re-
consideration.
Sincerely,
WALTER BOULDIN,
President.
CRAWFORD JOHNSON III,
Chairman of the Board.
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 10, 1966
Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, on
Thursday, January 20, from the well of
this House, I made a report on the excel-
lent work of the Jefferson County Board
of Registrars in attempting to facilitate
the registration of all persons in Jeffer-
son County who had a minimal interest
in registering and voting.
On that same day we received word
that Attorney General Katzenbach had
decided to send Federal registrars into
our county. Typical of the reaction of
the leadership of our city to this regret-
table decision is the letter from Mr. Wal-
ter Bouldin, president of the Birmingham
Area Chamber of Commerce, and Mr.
Crawford Johnson III, chairman of the
board, written at the direction of the
board of directors of this body.
As a member of the Birmingham
Chamber of Commerce, I endorse this ex-
cellent statement and am confident that
it expresses the feeling of the entire
membership and the overwhelming ma-
jority of the citizens of Birmingham:
BIRMINGHAM AREA CHAMBER OF
COMMERCE, INC.,
Birmingham, Ala., January 28, 1966.
Hon. NICHOLAS DEB. KATZENBACH,
Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR GENERAL KATZENBACH: As representa-
tives of the major portion of the business and
professional community of the Birmingham
area, we have been instructed by our board
of directors to convey to you our deeply felt
protest against your action in sending Fed-
eral examiners to the Birmingham area under
the Voting Rights Act.
Under that act, your action 'required you
to find that you have received complaints
you believed meritorious that persons had
been denied the right to vote on account of
their race or color, or to find the appoint-
ment of examiners otherwise necessary to en-
force the guarantees of the 15th amendment.
There is no merit in any complaint that
nied the right to vote on
d
e
persons are being
account of their race or color in the Birming- to the Government's own costs of aiding
ham area, as the Jefferson County Board of people under the programs of the Great
Registrars had, long before the appointment Society. Under unanimous consent, I in-
of Federal examiners, been registering ap-
plicants, white and Negro, freely and prompt- RECORD.
ly without impeding registration by any test HAL CHASE & SONS,
or device. There has been, so far as we are
able to ascertain, no Substantial claim that Batesland, S. Dak., November 11, 1965.
oare in our one of our lawmakers na Ia would dlso
any registrant was discriminated against in a Avital s you
that process.
Tax Exemptions
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
to ask you how much you figlr.
to rear a child?
You allow us taxpaying parents o:,
a year to feed, clothe, house, and -
youngster.
Yet to feed, clothe, house, and tra:
youngster in your Federal Government .,
Corps you spend $4,536 per year.
You allow taxpaying parents $600 deduc-
tion for the care and feeding of each child.
Yet under the Cuban refugee program, you
assume minimal upkeep requires $1,200 a
year, and if the Cuban boy or girl is attend-
ing school, an extra $1,000 a year. How
come you shortchange us homefolks?
In the austere environs of a Federal
prison, you have discovered that it costs-to
maintain one person-with no frills, no lux-
uries, and no borrowing dad's car-$2,300 per
year.
Under social security, you will pay $168
a month to maintain the elderly. What
makes you think we can maintain our
young'uns on $50 a month?
And the VISTA program (Volunteers in
Service to America) spent $3.1 million this
last fiscal year to turn out only 202 trainees.
That indicates that the cost of maintaining
and training one youth for 1 year is more
than $15,000.
Or how much. do you spend upkeeping
one youngster in military uniform? I'll
tell you in case you don't have the figures
handy, housing, $55.20 a month; food, $30.27
a month; clothing upkeep, $4.20 a month,
that comes to $1,076.04 a year. How in the
world do you expect parents to provide all
these things, plus clothes, recreation, books,
medicine, for $600 a year? With the above
figures you will have to admit the Govern-
ment admits it can't be done.
Yours truly,
HAL CHASE, Jr.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 2, 1966
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
according to press reports, certain indi-
viduals who call themselves the Medical
Aid Committee for Vietnam have sent a
check for $500 to a representative of the
Vietcong.
According to preliminary information
I have received the law does not prohibit
this action and if further research does
not disclose any provision of statute un-
der which such individuals can be prose-
cuted, it is my intention to introduce a
bill to provide criminal penalties for such
action.
Included at the conclusion of my re-
marks is a news item published in the
Washington News on January 25, 1966:
STUDENTS AID VC
BERKELEY, CALIF., January 25.-The Medi-
cal Aid Committee for Vietnam announced
yesterday it had sent a check for $500 to a
representative of the Vietcong in Prague,
Czechoslovakia, "for medical supplies for the
victims of U.S. aggression in Vietnam."
The committee stirred up a controversy on
the University of California campus in No-
vember when it began soliciting blood dona-
tions for "all victims" of the Vietnam war.
When the International Red Cross said it
could not deliver blood to North Vietnam,
the organization raised medical funds.
HON. E. Y. BERRY
OF SOUTH DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 10, 1966 .
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, if there is
one task which this session of the 89th
Congress must undertake this year, it is
the job of reappraising last year's work.
It behooves each Member to deliberate
carefully on the programs of the first
session and to examine some of the in-
equities of its legislative products.
I have received a letter from Hal Chase,
Jr., which documents very clearly many
of these inequities. It compares the
Government's traditional allowance of
$600 per child from total personal income
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
I j, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
AX25
Graveled throughout the coun-
-bie has made a name for herself
ly for her poise and beauty but
is an outstanding example of the
in American youth.
,t is my pleasure to offer a sincere wel-
some to such it fine young woman.
Representative Tenzer Rebuts "Dear Col-
league" Letter
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. HERBERT TENZER
OI' NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 12, 1966
Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, our col-
league JIM MARTIN, of Alabama, circu-
lated a "Dear Colleague" letter dated
January 26, 1966, which appears in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of January 25,
1966, at page 993, In his letter he refers
to the "bill of particulars" inserted in the
i1ECORD of January 20, 1966, by another
colleague, JOHN BUCHANAN of Alabama
which appears beginning at page 811.
Mr. Speaker, to clarify the subject
raised by our colleagues JIM MARTIN, and
JOHN BUCHANAN, of Alabama, I call to
the attention of my colleagues an article
which appears in the Birmingham News
of January 23, 1966 which follows:
J 1"rom the Birmingham (Ala.) News, Jan.
19661
REASON FOR FEDERALS: DIDN'T REGISTER
E NouGH VOTERS, KATZENBACH SAYS
(By James Free)
WASHINGTON, Jan nary 22.-Street demon-
strations in Birmingham had no influence on
the Justice Department decision to send Fed-
eral voting examiners to Birmingham and
Jefferson County, according to the man who
node that decision,
lie is Nicholas Katzenbach, Attorney Gen-
eral of the United (States.
"It ought to be plain from the record
"
,
?
Natzenbach said in an interview. "Neither
the presence of the recent street demonstra- Communications at the official level be- Most of the challenges of those certified by
Lions nor the absence of demonstrations tween Alabama and Washington, D.C., are Federal examiners in Montgomery County,
aarlier played any part in the decision. The better than they were a year or two ago. But where een have been working for some iinr,e,
issue was availability of the chance to regis- there still seems to be plenty of room for have been based on alleged illiteracy, accord-
ter. There simply was not enough avail- improvement. ing to Mullis. He said that such challenges
bility or access to the registrars-consider- have been summarily denied (that is, no
aug the large numbers of both Negroes and Mi,.% Speaker, 2 days later the Birming- hearing is scheduled as is provided for bar-
whites of voting age who are not registered ham News in an editorial explains why cause the Voting Rights Act does not recog-
oters.
w hates" the conclusions reached by our col- raze literacy tests, challenges on such basis
Justice Department officials explained the leagues, JIM MARTIN and JOHN BUCHANAN, as criminal record, etc.). An appeal i:ouk of access this way. Jefferson county, do not appear to be in harmony with the heard by a Federal appellate will be
t:wcy said, did little or nothing to expand facts. The editorial in the Birmingham sonville
fern Flaon next card of he Registrars in Jaer-
r 'gistration opportunities for Negroes after News of January 25, 1966, follows: an W.M. County Board of is Chaim
tile Voting Rights Act went into effect last man W. M. Gwin's the only criticism tici the form
August, when only 26,255 of the county's es- IFronl the Birmingham
196 (Ala.1 News, being used on the Federal officials roas that
timated. 116,160 Negroes of voting age were Jan. 25, 1966) required only that an acise a t state hi:;
ra gistered voters. "WHO's QUALI> IED" Is No IssuE age rather than list :his precise date of birth.
lists than t Negroes were registered in Fears have been expressed by some that Gwin said the birth date is needed to estab-,000 IJecember and the rate so far in January has Federal voting examiners who began oper- fish epoll tax ay ene (at 21) and exemption
b..ucn about 2,000 a week. More than 74,000 sting; in Jefferson County from poll tax payment yesterday t although egroes and over 100,000 whites of voting ister numbers of persons whohwill re- erwise Mr, Mullis said that alththe feral
age are still unregistered in the county, the would. not be qualified to vote. only requires the listing of age, the F Federal
department estimated. Such feeling appears to result mostly from examiners in practice are now including date
Only 10 more weeks of registration by local misunderstanding of the examiners' proce- of birth.
boards will be offered, since the lists close 2 dures and of the qualifications which must Gwin inners that as ing that the Fe of
weeks before the State Democratic primary be met before an applicant will be certified eral no m tioers are furnishing that item of
on May 3. At the present 2,000 a week rate, by the Federal officials as a qualified voter, information y those they certify, he sees
only 20,000 of the remaining 74,000 voting A check at both offices shows that a pro- Gwin said
"no reason why that it can't get might abe necessary acs, Negroes would be put on the rolls before spective voter must meet basically the same put on additional help to heck to
,lie election. requirements whether he applies to county possible additial records ht peck for
't'he Department considered this access to registrars or Federal examiners. Heavy registration ods of voter applicants.
registration to be Inadequate, especially in Part II of the ".Application for Registra- recent wek1 eadyyhad causedyabbacklo~
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
view of its reports indicating that Jefferson tion, Questionnaire and Oaths" form used by
County registrars had for some years deliber- county registrars in Alabama-the section of
ately tried to slow down registration of the State voter registration form dealing with
Negroes. personal information about the applicant-
On several occasions, in writing and ver- contains some 40 questions.
bally, high Justice Department officials had CSC Form 805-A, "Application To Be Listed
suggested that night registration and neigh- Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965," the
borhood registration be offered in Jefferson form used by Federal examiners, contains
County. And when more than 800 Negroes only 11 questions.
were registered in Birmingham on Saturday, But there is no reason to assume that the
January 15, the Department figures that this shorter Federal form opens the door to regis-
definitely proved that large numbers of Ne- tration of people who could not qualify to
groes could not get to the courthouse d urin.g vote if th
ey applied to county registrars.
regular business hours. From this, they con- The Federal form requires an applicant
eluded that night registration would go it under oath to state length of residency in the
long way toward solving the problem. State and at his present address, and to de-
A department spokesman. said the Jeffer- Clare whether he is a citizen of the United
son County board never responded to the States, whether he has ever been convicted
several proposals for night registration. In of a crime other than a traffic violation, and
fact, the board's latest letter to the Justice whether he has ever been declared legally in.
Department did not even mention the pro- sane by a court.
posal, according to an official here. The Federal examiners disqualify prospec-
In weighing the significance of this, the tive voters on the same grounds as county
Department took into account reports in its registrars-age, residency, citizenship, insan-
files showing that Jefferson County had ity, or conviction of a disqualifying crime.
Offered night registration in October 1964, The Federal officials use the same Alabama
during drives conducted mainly by white list of disqualifying crimes used by county
civic organizations, registrars.
"We held off sending in the Federal exami- The Federal examiners do not actually reg-
ners as long as we could," explained a De- aster an applicant. That responsibility still
partment spokesman. "The 15 additional rests with the county board of registrars, who
clerks for registration helped out for those are furnished a list of names of Individuals
who could come in during the day. And who have been issued Federal certificates of
Saturday registration helped out for those eligibility (CSC form 807).
who could not come in during the week. And Upon receipt of the list, the county regis-
night registration opportunity, it seemed to trars have 10 days to challenge any name on
us, became a must, if there was to be a full it-if, for example, investigation shows that
compliance effort. But the county board's the individual does have a criminal record
attitude was that it had gone as far as it which would disqualify him. (Such an in-
intended to go." dividual also would. be subject to Federal pen-
Civil rights groups kept reminding the De- alty if he had given false information to .he
partment that Fulton County, Ga. (Atlanta), examiners.)
with roughly the same number of Negroes as Timothy Mullis of the U.S. Civil Service
Jefferson County. has 62,000 Negro voters to Commission, coordinator of Federal exal:ni-
Jefferson's present registration of 41,930 ners in this region, said that if such a dis-
Negroes; that New Orleans, with only a few qualification can be established even after
thousand more than Birmingham in Negro the 10-day challenge period expires, the name
population, has some 50,000 Negro voters. can and will be :removed administratively
But, more to the point, neither Atlanta nor from the list of those certified to be eligible
New Orleans has an election coming up soon, to vote.
and Birmingham does. Th F
e
There were, of course, political and public
opinion pressures on officials at both ends, in
Birmingham as well as in Washington. At
times these officials appeared to understand
the other fellow's problems, at other times
ederal examiners do not require in
applicant to establish literacy or to state his
educational level. The Jefferson County
Board of Registrars has not been administer-
ing literacy tests to applicants since passage
hr therVoting ^Rig:hts Act in August 1965,
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 3, 1966
F'ar East is Communist China and that
any steps we take which tend at drive an
unwilling and fearful North Vietnamese
Government irredeemably into the arms
of Peiping are destructive of our ultimate
objectives for the area.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
05' ILLINOIS
iN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday. January 12, 1966
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, tele-
vision station WBBM-TV in Chicago car-
ried an extremely interesting editorial on
January 26 which I would like to call to
the attention of my colleagues, partic-
ularly since proposals for establishment
of an ombudsman have been suggested
to the Congress.
I thoroughly agree with the editorial
that any citizen who needs assistance to-
day can get such assistance either from
his Congressman or other representa-
tives to various levels of government in
the community.
Mr. Carter Davidson, editorial director
of WBBM-TV, has performed a signifi-
cant public service and effectively shot
down trial balloons recently launched
around here for creation of an ombuds-
man position.
The editorial follows:
WHO NLHDS AN OMDUDSMAN?
If we are net careful, we are going to get
a new word in the language-and a new
[ace on the public payrolls. The word is
"ombudsman." It comes from Sweden, and
it means, literally, representative of the peo-
ple. As it works in practice, the ombudsman
;peaks up for ordinary citizens like us, who
get caught up in the tangles of governmental
redtape.
You, yourself, may have had some ex-
perience in the frustration of trying to get
something done, or a complaint heard, by
;ome office of government. Chances are you
ended up mumbling to yourself about "what
chance does a little guy have trying to fight
city hall?" In theory, an ombudsman, es-
pecially elected for the job, would fight your
light for you. And, In theory, it is a
good idea. So good, in :fact, that there have
been proposals for establishing the position
of ombudsman here in :Illinois.
A bill to create such a post was introduced
in. the last session of the State legislature but
got lost in the shuffle. The same was true
in California, where we are told the ombuds-
man bill came close to passage. Now there
is agitation in New York State to establish
nn ombudsman there.
We can be fairly sure the effort will be re-
newed in Illinois next year when the gen-
eral assembly meets again. We do not need
an ombudsman in Illinois, or in the city of
Chicago. We already have several. All you
have to do is use them. You have two U.S.
senators, your Representative in Congress,
an alderman in city hall and a whole galaxy
of State representatives and senators. They
occupy the offices they hold because they
promised you, at election time, they would
represent your interests.
Write to them, or call them on the tele-
phone. They are your ombudsman, your
representatives. At least that's what they
get paid for being, and the better ones earn
their pay.
In our view, we don't need to hire a n om-
budsman to get us out of any tangles of
governmental redtape. We need to use the
representatives we already have. That's why
we have them.
American Revolution Bicentennial
Commission
SPEECH
HON. CHARLES McC. MATHIAS, JR.
OF MARYLAND
IN'I'HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 1, 1966
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, a few
short years from now, between 1973 and
1983, we will be celebrating the 200th
anniversary of the American Revolution,
and the bicentennial of our national
commitment to the principles of liberty
and equality set forth in the Declaration
of Independence.
There is no question that this bicen-
tennial will be marked across the land
by countless local, State, National and
international activities, stretching
through a full decade, under the auspices
of innumerable public auth )rities,
learned societies, and historical, civic,
patriotic, philanthropic, and profession-
al organizations and groups.
There is no question that we will en-
Joy a great range of conferences and
convocations, scholarship and analysis,
and pomp and pageantry.
There is no question that this bicen-
tcnniai will be the greatest celebration
in the history of our Republic-but there
is no assurance that it will be as great,
as thoughtful, and as mature as the oc-
casion requires. I personally believe that
it is the ideals rather than the relics of
the Revolution that we should emphasize.
Given the magnitude of the bicenten-
nial, and the wealth of talents and re-
sources involved, careful planning and
comprehensive coordination are both dif-
ficult and essential. In my judgment, the
job can only be done by a blue-ribbon
national commission. with ample time
and authority, and with the confidence
and cooperation of the many groups and
agencies involved.
Last week the gentleman from Massa-
chusetts [Mr. MORSE] and I introduced
identical bills, H.R. 12252 and H.R. 12260,
to establish an American Revolution Bi-
centennial Commission as the best agency
for this tremendous task.
The Commission we propose would
have 31 members, including the Presi-
dent, Vice President, and Speaker of the
House; 4 Senators and 4 Representa-
tives; the Secretary of State, the Secre-
tary of the Interior, the Librarian of
Congress, the Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution, and the Chairman of
the Federal Council on the Arts and
Humanities; and 15 members from pri-
vate life, appointed by the President.
The President, Vice President, Speaker
of the House, and the five executive-
branch officials designated would be ex-
officio members of the Commission.
Because the full dimensions of the bi-
centennial cannot be determined at once,
the Commission would devote its first 2
years to comprehensive planning. Dur-
ing the first year of its existence, the
Commission is directed to convene a na-?
tional assembly of representatives from
the Federal Government, the States, and
all interested groups. This assembly
would discuss possible bicentennial ac-
tivities and make recommendations to
the Commission.
Based on the assembly's conclusions
and its own preliminary work, the Com-
mission would submit a full report to
Congress within the first 2 years of its
existence. As described in our bills, this
report would include discussion of a great
range of possible activities; recommen-
dations for the allocation of financial
and administrative responsibility among-
various public and private authorities
and groups; and such legislative enact-
ments and administrative actions as the
Commission considers necessary.
In fulfilling its broad responsibility to
plan, encourage, coordinate, and conduct
bicentennial activities, the Commission
would be authorized to consult, cooperate
with, and seek advice and assistance from
all appropriate Federal departments and
agencies, State and local public bodies,
learned societies, and historical, patriotic,
philanthropic, civic, professional, and re-
lated organizations. Conversely, all
Federal departments and agencies are
authorized and requested to cooperate
fully with the Commission, with more
specific directives being given to the Sec-
retary of the Interior, the Chairman of
the Federal Council on the Arts and
Humanities, and the Librarian of Con-
gress, the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution, and the Archivist of the
United States to develop appropriate ac-
tivities and projects in their respective
fields.
Mr. Speaker, I would emphasize that
the American Revolution Bicentennial
Commission is not designed nor intended
to preempt the field and preclude, or even
monitor, local and private efforts. Its
goal is just the opposite: To encourage
all interested. groups, to offer informa-
tion, to help provide advice and techni-
cal assistance, and to orchestrate a vast
collection of activities and projects into
a bicentennial of unprecedented scope,
depth, and quality.
Toward this goal, the planning proce-
dures established under this bill are es-
pecially important, for all posibilities
must be surveyed and studied before
final recommendations are made and
final arrangements begun. The cont:l-
nuity of leadership provided by this Com-
mission will be vital, too, for without
it, the most careful planning could be
for naught.
In developing this legislation, the gen-
tleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Monsl:i
and I have consulted with many inter-
ested individuals, and have studied the
experience of previous commemorative
commissions, particularly the Civil War
Centennial Commission. In the weeks
ahead, we will be seeking the advice and
counsel of many groups and individuals
throughout the Nation. We hope to ob-
tain the interest and support of many of
our colleagues in the House, so that an
early hearing on this bill can be obtained.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 A516
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 3, 1966
The absence of such laws not only protects
the corrupt or the incompetent, it contributes
to the ignorance that puts freedom in
jeopardy.
Ike ai Vietnail
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. JOHN A. RACE
OF WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. RACE. Mr. Speaker, it is indeed
gratifying to see the wide support the
President has received for his decision to
resume air strikes in North Vietnam. It
seems to me that of these, none is more
important than the forthright, strong
statement by President Eisenhower.
The former World War II supreme
commander believes that President
Johnson acted in the only way possible.
His support of renewed air action over
North Vietnam is without reservation.
General Eisenhower's outspoken en-
dorsement of the President's decision to
resume bombing in the north after the
37-day pause is both "timely and wel-
come," the Washington Star commented
in a February 2 editorial entitled "Ike
and Vietnam."
The Star reiterated General Eisen-
hower believes that President Johnson
"unquestionably has made the correct
decision in ordering resumption of the
bombing."
General Eisenhower has made it clear
that if we fail in Vietnam we would have
to face the aggressors on other battle-
fields in southeast Asia. And he added:
I'm for winning the battle here (in Viet-
nam) and not in some more remote place
not of our own choosing.
The words of this beloved former
President and wise commander will be
heard-and listened to. We are indeed
fortunate to have his advice and the
President to have his support. Because
my colleagues may want to peruse the
editorial to which I have referred, I
hereby submit it for publication in the
RECORD.
IKE AND VIETNAM
It is no secret that General Eisenhower in
the main has approved and supported the
policies which the Johnson administration
has been following in Vietnam.
Nevertheless, his outspoken endorsement
of the President's decision to resume bomb-
ing in the north after the 37-day pause is
both timely and welcome. It is timely be-
cause the President, during the. past' few
days, has been under heavy attack in the
Senate, primarily from a minority group of
liberal Democratic Senators. Despite the
fact that they are in the minority, however,
the continuing criticism in the Senate is
bound to contribute to confusion in the
country and in some degree to shake public
confidence in the soundness of Mr. Johnson's
decision.
So the vigorous statement from the form-
er President, in whose administration we
first began giving aid to Saigon, is welcome.
His two overwhelming Presidential victories
testify to the size of his following in the
United States. And most of the American
people, we believe, will prefer his judgment
to that of the Morses, the Fulbrights, and
the Gavins.
in an interview with the New York Times,
Mr. Eisenhower said the President "unques-
tionably has made the correct decision in or-
dering resumption of the bombing. An in-
definite pause, he added, would only give
"sanctuary to those responsible for sending
guerrilla forces and supplies into South Viet-
nam" in the effort to impose their will on
the Government and people of that country."
Mr. Eisenhower has no sympathy at all
with the comments from Senators to the ef-
fect that we are escalating the war while
"playing at brinkmanship with a nuclear
world war III." He also rejects General
Gavin's suggestion that we should lodge our
forces in coastal enclaves while pursuing
peace efforts. What, he asked, would the
Vietcong be doing throughout the rest of
South Vietnam while U.S. forces sat securely
in their enclaves?
If we fail in Vietnam, he continued, we
would have to face the aggressors on other
battlefields in southeast Asia. And the
World War II Supreme Commander conclud-
ed with this: "I'm for winning the battle
here (in Vietnam) and not in some more
remote place not of our own choosing."
A beleagured and harrassed President
needs the support of all Americans, es-
pecially those in a position to know what
they are talking about. For this reason if
for no other we are glad that General Eisen-
hower has seen fit to speak out forthrightly
at this critical time.
Mrs. Marcos, the First Lady of the
Philippines
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA
OF HAWAII
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, one
of the more charming advantages of our
democratic form of government is the
prominent role that is given to the First
Lady. Because we in America have been
blessed with a succession of outstanding
First Ladies and because we are cogni-
zant of the influence that a First Lady
can exert in a country, we look with great
respect and expectation to the new First
Lady of the Philippines-Mrs. Ferdinand
Marcos. -
Mrs. Marcos recently demonstrated a
keen awareness of the importance of her
role when she said in an interview with
Ligaya Fruto of the Honolulu Star-
Bulletin that her goal during her hus-
band's tenure is to work toward the
advancement of the arts. She is par-
ticularly interested in establishing a na-
tional theater and a national museum.
As a member of one of the oldest political
clans of the Philippines and as a grad-
uate of the St. Paul's College and the
Philippine Women's University College
of Music and Arts, she is unusually well
qualified for the task.
The people of the Philippines look to
Mrs. Marcos not only as a leader in the
arts, but also as a symbol of the good
that will come to them during the ad-
ministration of President Marcos. As a
person who has met Mrs: Marcos and
who has been completely charmed by her
beauty and personality, I believe thatthe
people of the Philippines will not be dis-
appointed. - -
I commend for your reading the in-
teresting article by Miss Fruto, about the
First Lady of the Philippines which ap-
peared in the January 18, 1966, issue of
the Honolulu Star-Bulletin:
MRS. MARCOS SEEKS PHILIPPINE -ISLANDS NA-
TIONAL THEATER, MUSEUM
(EDITOR'S NoTE.-Star-Bulletin staff writer
Ligaya Fruto left the Philippines yesterday
aboard the liner President Cleveland for her
return to Hawaii. She has been on an exten-
sive tour of the Far East. This latest article
is an exclusive interview with the new First
Lady of the Philippines, Mrs. Ferdinand
Marcos.)
(By Ligaya Fruto)
MANILA, PHILIPPINES.-"TO keep up with
Ferdinand (Marcos) you have to have some
kind of a mind," said Mrs. Marcos, First
Lady of the Philippines, who is noted for the
beauty of her face and form.
Filipinos torn by political strife, repeated
disillusionment, and the economic and moral
ills that threaten their survival are agreed
on one thing:
They believe they have one of the most
beautiful and capable First Ladies in the
world today.
Tall for a Filipino and with the serene,
honey-colored radiance of a true Malayan
beauty, Imelda Romualdez Marcos has the
warmth and charm which have swayed voters
and impressed diplomats and make her the
greatest asset to a man of Marcos' brilliance
and ambition.
That she has a mind, too, she demonstrated
during an interview in Malacanang Palace,
the White House of the Philippines.
In a simple linen dress, with gold-toned
pearl jewelry that were her husband's Christ-
mas gifts to her, she looked as calm and un-
ruffled at 11:30 a.m., as she must have looked
at 8:30, or some 20 visitors before.
"I seem to be busier than Ferdinand,"
she laughed. "He was through for the morn-
ing three visitors ago. But I don't mind.
It takes two to do a job like this.
"I have no illusions about the difficulty of
this position. But although I am young in
years (she's 33) and in experience, I know I
can seek the counsel of older and wiser
people.
"I have confidence that my husband and
I can do the job."
Mrs. Marcos' pet- project is the establish-
ment of a national theater and a national
museum.
"Filipinos by their heritage are musicians
and artists," she explained. "Everywhere
you go musicians are appreciated.
"Japan is now becoming the first nation in
musical development in Asia. Why not the
Philippines? We., have the best musicians-
everywhere-here.
"The same thing with culture. We've been
using fine porcelain and china even before
other peoples in the world. Yet our wonder-
ful artifacts are gathering dust in some
school warehouses, unseen and unappreci-
ated.
"I'd like to ask Ferdinand to work for
the passage of a bill to prevent artifacts from
leaving the country. We should have them
on display in a museum to show the rich-
ness of our culture."
A national theater and a museum are nec-
essary if Filipinos are to be made aware of
'this heritage.
"Awareness is half the battle," she said.
"I have to work to get these two essential
national institutions within the 4 years
of Ferdinand's administration. No matter
how much I might strive to get them done
after his term, I may not have the influence
to accomplish what I should. - .
"So I'll have to work hard in the next 4
years."
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
Ellison McKissick
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. W. J. BRYAN DORN
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
iN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, in the pass-
ing of Ellison McKissick, South Carolina,
the South, and the United States lost a
great humanitarian, a pioneer industrial-
ist, and a great American.
Mr. McKissick was president of the
Pmerican Textile Manufacturers Insti-
tute in 1950. Thus honored by those in
the textile industry, he very ably served
L iae entire industry and our country dur-
ing a critical period of world history.
The following splendid editorial, which
is a fitting eulogy to Mr. McKissick, ap-
peared in the Greenville News on Feb-
rila,ry 2, 1966:
1!iLLISON SHIYTII MCKi side
The story of the life of Ellison Smyth Mc-
l ssick, the manner in which he lived it,
t ie productive uses to which he put it, and
t..)e accomplishments which marked it,
a:'could be an inspiration to the builders of
the new South for generations.
An engineer by profession, it gentleman by
instinct, and a textile pioneer by circum-
sacnce and choice, Mr. McKissick made an
extraordinarily strong impression on his era.
Wherever the name was known, it was
highly respected among business and indus-
trial leaders. Wherever the man himself was
known, he was held in esteem and affection.
And nowhere was this more vividly illus-
trated than by the regard held for him by the
men and women who worked, not for him
but with him for that was his method of op-
e-ation, in the family enterprise he, his
father and sons acquired and developed in
part but mainly built from the ground up.
They have kept it a family enterprise by
daring to try the new and to be different in
this day of stock trades and mergers. Many
textile innovations started in McKissick-
owned and operated plants, for Mr. McKis-
sick had an affinity for new ideas. One of
the most recent rounds of wage increases
shouted in the Alice Manufacturing Co. of
Easley.
Mr. McKissick's relations with his em-
ployees, or coworkers, was highly personal.
lie knew hundreds of them by name and
many present employees are of the second
nod third generations to find careers in his
plants. In lean times, he helped to provide
schools, homes, and churches for his people.
In better times, he shared the profits of the
company with them.
Mr. McKissick was noted for a personal
diffidence unusual in a man of his accom-
p?ishments. Although a man of many
t?,lents, he abhorred the public spotlight.
ome years ago a reporter for the News
)proached Mr. McKissick with the idea of
(1:)ing a story on his ability as an architect-
engineer. At the time the textile executive
was busy drawing up the plans for a new
toil], something few if any of his contem-
p:araries could have done. Courteously but
firmly the reporter was rebuffed and told-
without a trace of sarcasm but with simple
honesty-that in Mr. Kissick's opinion there
were any number of things more interesting
to report.
Ile was literally and figuratively a builder
of the southern textile industry. He headed
same of its organizations and liaison com-
tniitees and led it into new and better paths.
When he decided to expand, or build a new
plant, the result was invariably something
d_l1erent and more modern.
Personally, he was strikingly handsome
and
courtly in manner, treating all men,
great or humble, as equals. His quiet man-
ner never quite hid the spring steel of the
war hero he was in 1917-18 or the compas-
sionate but firmly competent industrialist
he became.
We extend to his family, to whom he in-
parted so many of hia fine qualities, our
deepest sympathy. We and thousands of
others share their loss and their grief.
H.R? 12456 and H.R. 12478-Horton
Bills To Attack Water Pollution
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. FRANK HORTON
OF NEW YORK
IN HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, I am
pieased to announce my introduction of
two new legislative measures, :H.R. 12456
and H.R. 12478, to focus an increasing
Federal attack on the Nation's leading
natural resources problem, water pollu-
tion.
One of the lessons of living is that
we do not always see everything we are
paying for and sometimes we do not
even realize how high these costs are.
Water pollution is a prime example.
This contamination of streams, rivers,
and lakes is expensive for every one of its.
Po:aution increases the cost to munic-
ipalities and industries of obtaining
fresh water,, it impairs recreational re-
sources making them more costly to
maintain, and poisons in the water
around us destroy useful aquatic life.
I have developed a special interest in
water pollution because of my service on
the Natural Resources and Power Sub-
committee of the House Committee on
Government Operations. Among our
accomplishments so far was persuading
the President to issue an Executive order
directing all Federal agencies in the Na-
tion to clean up their own facilities.
A .second attack came with the passage
by Congress last year of the Water
Quality Act. This legislation provides
for the establishment and enforcement
of antipollution standards in interstate
streams. It also increases Federal finan-
cial assistance for construction of corn-
m.unity sewage plants.
However, I feel there is much more to
be done to control water pollution, and
with that in mind I introduced this new
legislation to cope with the ever-increas-
ing problem..
One bill, H.R. 12478, gives a tax incen-
tive to industries that build waste treat-
ment works.
The second bill, H.R. 12456, amends
present Federal law to further help cities,
towns, and villages improve their sewage
facilities.
These legislative proposals are in-
tended to make an effective end to water
pollution a national priority by e11-
couraging local governments to match
greater Federal assistance and by stimu-
lating businesses to spend the money
necessary to control pollution-causing
conditions from their factories.
A515
Mr. Speaker, I ask the attention of my
colleagues to these measures and urge
their prompt and positive consideration.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT F. ELLSWORTH
OF KANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I
would like to draw the attention of my
colleagues to a recent editorial in the
Keene, N.H., Evening Sentinel, reprinted
from the Newport, N.H., Argus-Cham-
pion. It refers to a bill which Congress-
man JAMES C. CLEVELAND, of New Hamp-
shire, and I introduced along with eight
of our colleagues. I am pleased to in-
clude the editorial at this point:
IGNORANCE DANGEROUS
The antics of scoop-happy, irresponsible
news hawks in the coverage of the Lindbergh
kidnaping trial constitute one of the most
disgraceful chapters in the history of Amer-
ican journalism.
Worst than that, the public reacted to
them in a series of Government edicts re-
stricting the use of microphone and camera.
edicts that today are helping to produce an
ignorant electorate.
Because of the excesses that made a circus
of what should have been a most serious trial
of an accused man who eventually went to
the electric chair, the courts of the United
States wrote canon 35, which holdsthat the
use of a microphone or camera in the court-
room "is calculated" to destroy the dignity
of the court.
In the 31 years since that trial, however,
cameras and microphones have been im-
proved so that their presence would not even
be noticed in a courtroom and most news-
men have developed a realistic sense of re-
sponsibility.
So the rule that prevents the use of
camera or microphone to help the public
understand the conduct of our courts, is as
obsolete as the star chamber proceeding that
the open trial is supposed to prevent.
In the interest of freedom, of intelligent
self-government, we need more of the real-
istic reporting of public affairs that can be
reinforced by the use of microphone and
camera
New Hampshire ought to be proud that
Second District Congressman JAMES C. CLEVE-
LAND is taking the lead in trying to give the
people of America the right to know what
their House of Representatives is doing.
He has introduced bills that would permit.
the use of microphone and camera in the
House of Representatives. Presidents of the
United States, he notes, can cause electronic
reporting from the House, but when they
leave the Hall the microphones and cameras
go too.
"In my opinion, this is wrong," he says.
"The electronic media, in the interests of
elementary democracy, should be permitted
to bring the public to the floor of the House
to hear the debates which will decide their
future."
Mr. CLEVELAND'S bill ought to have the sup-
port of every Congressman who does not fear
that it will expose his incompetence as cu-
pidity.
And its principles ought to be written Into
law not only in Washington, but in New
Hampshire, to insure the right of every citi-
zen to witness Government agencies at their
work, and to look at every public record
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 A512 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX February 3, 1966
stepped up war on poverty, indeed, endorses
a commitment deeper than any mere request
for heavier poverty program funding.
The earlier success of Mr. Shriver as crea-
tor, nourisher, and deeply sensitive adminis-
trator of the Peace Corps from infancy to
international recognition made him a logical
choice to lead on the battle front against
poverty.
Mr. Shriver will now have the challenging
task, of testing of possible weapons for a
home front war on poverty, then marshaling
of the most suitable brains, stratagems, and
agencies into a full scale task force capable
of achieving victory.
It is a tribute to the toughness of a man
that Mr. Shriver was able .to stretch himself
so thin for so long at both the Peace Corps
job and the poverty war assignment. This
toughness seemed at odds with the high de-
gree of sensitivity with which he met every
driving inquiry of every American youth
seeking fresh challenge, and new Idealism
in the Peace Corps.
Those who have observed and admired the
work of Mr. Shriver under two Presidents
have no doubt that he will breathe into his
new full time job the same dedication and
inspiration that made the Peace Corps ac-
cepted around the world-and at home as
well. .
President Johnson has made a good selec-
tion and the Nation should benefit from .it.
Australia Supports Decision To Resume
Bombing
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI
or WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, reac-
tions to President Johnson's recent deci-
sion to resume bombing of military tar-
gets in North Vietnam have come from
nations around the world. Undoubtedly
one of the most significant of these, how-
ever, has been the expression of support
and endorsement registered by the Aus-
tralian Government through the coun-
try's Prime Minister, the Right Honor-
able Harold Holt.
The fact that the Australian Govern-
ment speaks here as a participant in and
not a mere observer of the defense of
South Vietnam from Communist aggres-
sion gives this statement validity and
importance. As one of the countries who
share our commitment to uphold the
rights and dignity of the people of South
Vietnam, Australia stands firm in recog-
nizing this decision as "realistic and nec-
essary."
Prime Minister Holt fully points out
the true significance of the sincere and
genuine efforts of the United States to-
ward peaceful negotiations. Regret-
ably, in Peiping and Hanoi those efforts
were met by repeated accusations of in-
sincerity. Further demonstrating its
contempt for those efforts, North Viet-
nam used the bombing lull to rebuild
its own war machine.
Prime Minister Holt puts the vital is-
sues relating to the resumption Of bomb-
ing into perspective. I, therefore, rec-
ommend his statement to my colleagues.
TEXT OF STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE PRIME
MINISTER OF AUSTRALIA, THE RIGHT HON-
ORABLE HAROLD HOLT, ON FEBRIIARY 1, 1956
President Johnson has made a statement
about the resumption of bombing in North
Vietnam directed against installations and
transport routes used for the conduct of
warfare in South Vietnam,
The bombing was suspended in December,
even though an earlier pause in bombing
last May had evoked no positive response,
and even though there were strong military
reasons for the continuance of bombing.
The North Vietnamese authorities had, for
a period of months, increased the rate of
infiltration of armed men to South Vietnam.
In the last 6 months of 1965, many thou-
sands of North Vietnamese soldiers entered
South Vietsiam as units and equipped for
open warfare.
The purpose of the bombing has been not
to destroy the regime in Hanoi or break the
economy of North Vietnam, or to shatter
the basis of the people's livelihood, but to
damage or destroy those military instal-
lations and facilities which enable Hanoi to
supply and support its own forces in the
support the American decision as realistic
and necessary. It remains our hope, how
ever, that the North Vietnamese and those
associated with them will recognize that
their aggression will not be allowed to suc-
ceed. We must hope that the time is not
distant when they will join in finding a just
and peaceful solution. While the aggression
continues, it will be met firmly by resistance
in which Australia will play its part. We
know that the United States will remain
alert and ready to explore any indication of
willingness on the other side to move to-
wards a settlement on just terms.
The U.S. readiness in this respect is indi-
cated by the request of the U.S. Government
for an urgent meeting of the Security Coun-
cil. to consider the situation in Vietnam.
Letter to United Nations Special Commit.
tee on Granting Independence to Colo-
nial Countries and People
south and those of the Vietcong. EXTENSION OF REMARKS
The suspension of the bombing was of a OF
very substantial military and political sig- [r
nificance. It meant a self-imposed denial HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
by the United States of the use of a valuable
military weapon. It was part of a program of NEW YORK
of action designed to encourage North Viet- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
nam to turn back from its course of in- Thursday, February 3, 1966
creasingly open military intervention in
South Vietnam. Having suspended the Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, under
bombing, the United States undertook ac- leave to extend my remarks, I wish to
tive diplomatic efforts to make known its include a copy of a letter I have received,
genuine wish for an end to the warfare and dated January 24, 1966, and addressed to
for discussion leading to a just solution by
Com- the United Nations Special Committee on
peaceful means. Governments of
_
munist countries and of nonalined coun- the situation with regard to the imple-
tries which might possess some influence mentation of the declaration on the
in Peiping and Hanoi were approached. granting of independence to Colonial
Direct contacts were made in some capitals countries and peoples. I am sure the
where the United States and North Vietnam Contents of this letter will be of great
were both represented. interest to all my colleagues:
From Washington and Saigon, the Austra- +
lian Government was kept fully informed To CONSIDER SoVIET RUSSIAN COLONIALISM IN
of these developments. Mr. Averell Harriman UKRAINE
visited Canberra for discussions with us. JANUARY 24, 1966.
The approaches made by the United States To the United Nations Special Committee on
were widely welcomed throughout the world. the Situation With Regard to the Imple-
But regrettably, brought no sign of any mentation of the Declaration on the
disposition on the part of the other side to Granting of independence to Colonial
modify its determination to continue the Countries and Peoples
war. On the contrary, the North Vietnamese DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Since I have as yet
took advantage of the respite from bombing received no answer to my charge against the
to repair and improve their system of in- Soviet Government of May 6, 1963, on the
filtration. A considerable volume of traffic matter of an investigation into Russian co-
has passed through this system into South lonlalism in Ukraine, I beg, apropros of the
Vietnam; certainly in larger volume and at murder of Stefan Bandera, leader of the
a faster rate than would have been possible Ukrainian anticolonial liberation movement,
if bombing had been continued to impede it. who, on the instructions of the Government
Private contacts brought forth no positive of the U.S.S.R., was on October 15, 1959, mur-
responses. Peiping, Hanoi and the Libera- dered on the soil of a foreign, sovereign state,
tion Front have denounced the U.S. efforts, the Federal Republic of Germany, to renew
describing them as a maneuver to cover up today in my capacity as head of the last in-
an intensification and expansion of aggres- dependent Ukrainian government on Ukrain-
sive war in Vietnam. The Liberation Front ian soil my charge against the Soviet Gov-
pledges itself to make greater efforts to strike ernment and especially against Alexander
harder at the heads of the aggressors, deal Shelepin, as organizer of the murder.
them heavier punishments and make them On this occasion I also base my case on the
realize that their only honorable path at the investigation made by the Internal Security
present time is a quick withdrawal from Subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee
South Vietnam. The latest U.S. initiatives on the Judiciary under the leadership of
have thus been rejected as summarily and Senator JAMES O. EASTLAND, Senator THOMAS
emphatically as have other efforts made in J. DODD, Senator EVERETT M. DIRKSEN and
the past. others.
It has consistently been the view of the The U.S. Senate committee has investi-
Australian Government that North Vietnam gated the methods of the Government of the
must not be permitted to remain a haven U.S.S.R., employed; particularly on the cap-
immune ; from military risk, from which tive nations, and has reached the conclusion
military aggression against the south can that murder and kidnaping are instruments
be mounted with impunity. Because we of the official Soviet policy. The Govern-
believe North Vietnam cannot be left free to ment of the U.S.S.R. has used these methods
mount military operations against South in Ukraine in particular, as well as on free
Vietnam and against the American, Austra- dom leaders living abroad. The U.S. Senate
lian, New Zealand, and Korean soldiers who has published the sentence and oral opinion
are helping to defend the country, we firmly and written elaboration of the verdict of the
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1+1eb ruary 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A511
The mandate from Congress to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture is that it he responsive
to the wishes of the farmers concerned in
producing milk it is hardly doing that.
i .ecent hearings on the marketing order
clearly demonstrated that producers ship-
ping to the Philadelphia milkshed over-
whelmingly favor the present marketing
arrangement.
The dispute now raging does not affect
prices to the consumer. It does, though,
seriously affect dairy farmers, many of them
in Kent and Cecil Counties, where the an-
nual loss under the proposed change would
amount to almost a million dollars.
These farmers want violators punished.
it is to their interest to eliminate the chfsel-
Aug brokers and crooked middlemen who take
kickbacks from unscrupulous suppliers.
't'here is no reason why the USDA can't
change the present order to make it en-
lorcible.
While the price to the consumer may not
be affected, the loss to the economy right
here in Kent County would be seriously felt.
Tlms it behooves, not only the milk-pro-
ducing farmers but all of us to do something
al:'out it. Congressman Roesas C. B. MORTON, gave
great support to the milk producers during
the recent Federal hearings in Philadelphia.
We suggest you, all of us, write him in
support of our farmers.
Many of my colleagues here in Con-
gress who travel from Washington to
Chicago and then catch connecting
flights to their respective districts, I an
sure, will share my great pleasure in
learning that the efforts to improve traf-
fic service at O'Hare by reactivating
Midway continue to draw the attention
of our top public officials.
Mr. Speaker, the article follows:
[From the Chicago Sun-Times, Feb. 2.
1966]
O'IIARE-TO-MIDWAY CREWLESS SKYBIIS CALLED
POSSIBILITY
(By Fletcher Wilson, Sun-Times corre-
spondent)
PITTSBURGH.--George L. DeMent said hear
Tuesday, after riding an experimental sky-
bus, that such a vehicle might someday serve'
to connect Chicago's O'Hare and Midway Air-
ports.
The chairman of the Chicago Transit Au-
thorilT said the crewless, rubber-tired bus
run by computers on an elevated track would
be a "natural," for transporting passengers
between the two fields, if Midway become s
busy again.
DeNfent and Bernard L. Marsh, Skokie
Village manager, took. a ride on the light -
weigh t, automated mass transit system tha t.
travels in the air on a narrow stiltway.
Marsh and DeMent are among more than
dressed to CARLTON R. SICKLES, Maryland's 1,100 persons gathered for the first Inter-
at large, who has been most national Conference on Urban Transport,i-
rcceptive to appeals for support on Eastern tion. All the visitors have traffle troub't-s
8core matters. back home.
This possible loss to our economy should TOLDTO STAY AWAY
not. be taken without a fight. It is your So many more came than were expected
haLIle as well as that of the farmer-milk that interested Pittsburghers were told La
producers. Pitch in. stay away to make room.
3-day convention relined the Skybus con-
cept.
Leland Hazard, chairman of the Rapid
Transit Committee of the Allegheny Port:
Authority, spoke of a 10,000- to 12,000-pound
car running on a structure trim and small
enough to go anywhere in the city, even.
inside buildings.
Present transit cars range in weight from
45,000 pounds in Chicago to 80,000 in New
York City.
"Here is the challenge," Hazard said.
"Do we have the wit to get rapid transit
out of the ground? Do we have the engi-
neering imagination to translate lower-
weight cars into lower costs throughout the
whole system; to make bridges across river:;,
structures winding uphill, loops and loops
within loops?"
Hazard, professor of industrial adminis-
tration in the Graduate School of Carnegie
Institute of Technology, said the system he
envisions would bring a decline in the num-
her of autos and buses per thousand popula-
tion.
"No one
declared.
"But some three-car families will f.rll to
two. Some from two to one. And the per-
centage of no-car families will be larger
because a higher percentage of people will
live in high-rise apartments near the rapid
transit lines."
City officials, legislators and members of
civic organizations predominate among per-
sons attending the conference.
The skybus is a monorail built by tie
Westinghouse Corp. in a public park here it
a cost of nearly $3 mill.ion.,
O'Hare-to-Midway Crewless Skybus
Called Possibility
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OOF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA'T'IVES
Wednesday, January 12, 1966
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the Chi-
cago Sun-Times carried a most revealing
article by its distinguished writer,
Fletcher Wilson, on the possibility of
inking Chicago's Midway Airport with
O'Hare Field in Chicago through the use
of a new skybus service.
My colleagues are aware of my con-
tinuing effort to reactivate Midway so
that some of the congestion we now ex-
perience at O'Hare, and in particular,
the long delay in the holding pattern
before landing, can be alleviated by
transferring a greater degree of flight
operations from O'Hare to Midway.
I was very pleased to learn that Mr.
George L. DeMent, one of the most re-
s,pected constituents in my congressional
district, who serves as chairman of the
Chicago Transit Authority has indicated
that possibilities exist for linking Mid-
way with O'Hare through this new type
of transportation.
There is no question that one of the
main. deterrents for reactivating Midway
on the major scale has been a_ link of
rapid transit connection between the two
airports.
The project was sponsored. by the Pcrt
Authority of Allegheny Cou:u'y, operator of
the Greater Pittsburgh Transit System, which
still includes red streetcars.
Westinghouse subcontracted portions of
the nearly 2-mile-long skybus system to 30
other companies.
Tuesday, for the first time, three 18,0e!0-
pound cars seating 28 and holding 70 persons,
ran around the clock to show it could be done
at one push of a button.
The cars Operate at 50 miles per hour on
a looped track set up on an attractive con-
crete and steel structure supported by single
I-beam columns.
In addition to serving as a connection be-
tween airports, DeMent said, "the skyhus
would be right for carrying passengers from
the Loop to McCormick. Place if somebody
would subsidize the operatiorn."
"This is the most exciting transit de,: el-
opment I have seen," he asserted.
Marsh said steps are being taken to acquire
a strip of the old North Shore Line right-of-
way, from the end of the Skokie Swift at
Dempster in Skokie, 9,000 feet north to Old
Orchard Road. The Chicago & North West-
ern Railway now owns the land
"Skybus trains or conventional buses could
operate there," Marsh said. The project is
dependent: upon obtaining Federal or other
funds and consent of the CTA to operate the
line.
DeMent repeated to Marsh the CTA's 'ra-
ditional position:
'1lVe will take on any line guaranteed not
to show a loss."
AIRPORT CONTRACT
Westinghouse has signed a $3 million con-
tract to install a skyhus at a new airport in
Tampa, Fla., to carry passengers 1,000 feet
from the terminal to airplane boarding areas.
A college is inquiring about an installation.
The keynote speaker at the opening of the
HON. RICHARD FULTON
OF TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, this country has had the good
fortune of having top administrators at
the head of many' departments and bu-
reaus. Of these, none has worked harder
or been more effective than R. Sargent
Shriver.
Those of us who have had the oppor-
tunity to work with Mr. Shriver knew
that he has performed distinguished
service on two fronts-as the head of the
administration's war on poverty and as
Director of the Peace Corps.
As the Nashville Tennessean has ob-
served, the fact that Mr- Shriver will
now devote his full time to fighting
poverty demonstrates "the sincerity of
President Johnson's expressed intentions
to make certain that the poor shall riot
suffer fresh deprivations to finance an
escalation of the Nation's Vietnam
effort."
The Tennessean's editorial is a tribute
to both the President's good judgment
and Mr. Shriver's ability, and I ask per-
mission to have it inserted in the RECORD.
GOOD SELECTION IN MR. SHRIVER
The sincerity of President Johnson's ex-
pressed intentions to make certain that the
poor shall not suffer fresh deprivations to
finance and escalation of the Nation's V iet-
nam effort is demonstrated by his latest
action.
The Presidential decision to harness the
full energies to Mr. Sargent Shriver to a
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 A502
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX February 3, 1966
lion for the current. fiscal year. This ports to ships trading with North Viet-
included a direct appropriation of $305 nam.
million, a contingency reserve of $60 My purpose in introducing this legis-
million to be used if needed, plus the $37 lation is to serve notice on some of our
million carryover from the contingency allies that while we tolerate dissent from
reserve authorized by the Congress in our war aims, we do not tolerate trade
fiscal 1965 and released at the 11th hour with our enemies in war material that
by the Budget Bureau following repeated menaces our own American troops.
requests for such action from Members The British are the worst offenders.
of the House and Senate. By impound- The British Government will trade with
b ass farthing The
r
ministration is flouting the expressed will
of the Congress in regard to adequate
funding of the REA electric program.
In view of these facts, I have urged the
President to issue a directive to the Budg-
et Bureau and to REA to utilize the en-
tire $402 million authorized by the Con-
gress for fiscal 1966 to meet the loan
needs of the rural electric cooperatives.
in addition, I feel it is imperative that
an REA deficiency loan fund be author-
ized for the current fiscal year in order
to reduce the loan application backlog
to a manageable size.
Since the $270 million budget request
for the REA electric program is patently
inadequate to fill an 'expected $413 mil-
lion loan need in fiscal 1967, I urge my
colleagues in the House and Senate to
join me in supporting an increase in the
REA appropriation or the establishment
of an adequate contingency reserve. Use
of such a contingency reserve should be
based on the need for funds by the Na-
tion's 1,000 rural electric systems.
The Congress did not provide the fiscal
anybody for a
British Government is hypocritical talk-
Ing about the British Commonwealth
while shipping goods to North Vietnam
that support war against American and
British Commonwealth troops from New
Zealand and Australia.
The British have a history of mari-
time opportunism and self-serving.
Britain may no longer rule the waves,
but Britain still waives the rules. The
British can be made to comply with
honor only through hard words and
actions.
My bill will not affect many ships.
The ships that trade in southeast Asian
waters do not often call in American
ports. The real intent of my legislation
Is to serve notice on our opportunistic
allies that we had had enough of their
trade with North Vietnam in war goods.
I believe that adoption of my bill might
be just what we need to make our point
without harsher measures.
1965 and 1966 contingency -reserves for
the purpose of window dressing. The
Congress intended this money to be used
if and as needed. The need existed in
fiscal 1965 and continues to exist in fiscal
1966, but the Budget Bureau has chosen
to regard the contingency reserve as un-
touchable.
Mr. Speaker, the rural electric coopera-
tives of the Nation are developing a plan
designed to bring outside supplemental
capital into the program and thus to
minimize the need for direct appropria-
tions. In truly cooperative fashion, they
are working on a proposal which would
establish a cooperative bank for rural
electric systems, a credit institution
which the rural electrics would ulti-
mately own and operate.
It is commendable that our rural elec-
tric co-ops are taking steps to imple-
ment such a forward-looking proposal.
Congressional action will be necessary to
put this plan into effect, and it will have
my active support when it comes before
the Congress. Meanwhile, we must as-
sure that adequate funds are provided to
meet the current needs of the rural
clectrics.
Legislation To Close America
Ships Trading With Nor
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. H. ALLEN SMITH
the nature of war. The aim of war is to
kill and destroy the enemy in sufficient num-
ber so that the survivors may be told what
to do. It is not to force someone to a
bargaining table. This view is nonsense.
We must stop the useless sacrifice of our
men in an alien jungle to satisfy a useless
escalation to nowhere. War is the most
serious business in which men can engage.
It must either be conducted. with the sole
aim of victory, or it must be abandoned..
Please follow either course-abandon-
ment or victory-but do everything you can
to end our own Government's useless posi-
tion of fighting on the mainland of Asia
with weapons of the enemies' choosing.
The courtesy of a response is not
requested.
Sincerely,
Speaking in Unison
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JACK EDWARDS
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 19,66
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, there has been some talk about
"consensus" in recent months.
For most of the latter half of 1965 we
on our side of the aisle were talking of
the rising signs of inflation. But a con-
sensus was lacking, since the White
House insisted there was no problem of
inflation.
Now that has all changed. The change
is described well in the following edito-
rial from the Evening Star of Washing-
ton for February 2:
SPEAKING IN UNISON
William McChesney Martin, chairman of
the Federal Reserve Board, found himself a
rather lonely man as 1965 ended.
He had served notice back in August that
he was worried about the possibility of in-
flation. By November, when word got around
that the Federal Reserve was thinking of
tightening up money by increasing the dis-
count rate, the reaction from the adminis-
tration was not long in coming.
Treasury Secretary Fowler, following the
easy-money, expansionist philosophy of the
White House, declared that such an increase
to dampen inflation would be "premature
and unwise." Within the next (few days a
startling example of the Johnson treatment
ensued. Commerce Secretary Connor and
Laobr Secretary Wirtz in separate speeches
suggested there was still plenty of room in
the economy for expansion without inflation.
Then Joseph Laitin, a White House press
aid, told reporters the administration didn't
"consider inflation a major threat at this
time.
The climax to all this came December 2
when the President himself told the Business
Council in Washington that economic growth
in 1966 would not be accompanied by in-
flation. "We can produce the goods and
services we require," he declared, "without
overheating our economy."
The rest, of course, is history. Martin & Co.
ignored the drumfire of pronouncements and
announced a raise In the discount rate De-
cember 5. The President, obviously dis-
pleased, deplored the action and said it
should have been postponed until the Fed-
eral Reserve had the "full facts."
Well, a funny thing has happened at 1600
Pennsylvania Avenue. In his economic mes-
sage the other day, the President conceded
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr. Speak-
er, I would like to include in the Appen-
dix today for the benefit of my colleagues
a letter which I have received from a
constituent of mine, Mr. Volney F. Mor-
In, concerning the war in Vietnam. Mr.
Morin is a veteran of World War II and
the Korean war, and his letter is as
follows:
Representative H. ALLEN SMITH,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR REPRESENTATIVE SMITH: Permit me to
introduce myself as a voter in your district.
Further, to introduce myself as one who
volunteered for World War II on December
8, 1941, was honorably discharged on Decem-
ber 9, 1945 after 3 years of overseas duty,
3,000 flying hours, combat service in three
theaters of war, and a commission as a
lieutenant senior grade in the U.S. Navy.
as one who served in the Korean
Further
,
hostilities for a full 18 months in the thea-
as a judge advocate with the rank of
ter
,
Vietnam. major in the U.S. Air Force. From this
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL A. FINO
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, today I in-
troduced legislation to close American
a pacifist.
I find myself increasingly alarmed at the
impossible war situation in Vietnam.
This letter is written as the strongest pos-
sible form of missive request that you and
the recipients thereof do everything within
your power to withdraw U.S. troops, or take
the responsibility of declaring war under
article I, section 8, of the. Constitution and
thereafter obliterating North Vietnam. The
administration appears to be confused about
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February .7, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A501
and understanding on which to base their trend to Federal intervention in the life et for fiscal 1967, I was appalled to note
civic decisions, Here is a suggested general of Americans through the $112.8 billion that the loan level for the REA electric
framework on which many variations can budgetary program of the President. program has been slashed to $270 mil-
scheme and to provide the variety necessary This editorial might have been even lion. In addition, I understand that the
for preserving public appeal. stronger had the Watson report been administration has impounded $132 mil-
,,.z. Comparison
available at the time it was written, the lion of the $402 million authorized by
So that the candidates can be accurately report which proposes to guarantee to Congress for use in the electric loan. pro-
compared with each other-the essential ele- everyone in America a certain income, gram during fiscal 1966.
nient of the voter's decision-they should be regardless of their desire or ability to The catastrophic effect which these
presented together and engaged in addressing work, proposals would have on our rural elec-
themselves to the same matters. The editorial follows: trification program is apparent when you
If there are no more than three candidates WATER PROJECT RULES COULD BE Gums FOR consider the fact that over $675 million
and if they can and will join the issues, the ALL FEDERAI. SPENDING PROPOSALS in electric loan applications are either on
debate format provides both enlightenment
and drama. It should not be forgotten that Intensification of the trend to Federal in- hand at REA now or will be submitted by
understanding and amusement are not mu- f rventfon and control of many aspects of the close of the current fiscal year. If the
Americans life i
is a
ar
n
th
dull.
Another formals, and one of more general
application, is to have the candidates answer
the same questions. No rehearsal, no ad-
vance notice. Camera work should make the
person's appearance as realistic as possible-
to show the "real them." No teleprompter,
no reading of speeches prepared by someone
else. No cosmetics. except perhaps as a cor-
rective measure where a person looks worse
on TV than on the street.
1,'urther, candidates should be examined by
a single interrogator so that consecutive
thinking can be followed, and responsive
answers can be pressed for, while with several
questioners a question more easily can be
evaded.
To undertake this, a station must take the
initiative in providing a skilled and fair in-
terrogator and seeing that he is properly
prepared. The problem of fairness is a diffi-
cult one because a questioner can conceal a
bias far more easily than the witness, the
candidate, who must take positions, even if
they are blurred. The interrogator's responsi-
bility is a large one because although he
cannot misquote a candidate as a writing
reporter can, he can misrepresent him by
guiding the subject and influencing the tone
of the discussion
The questions should emphasize the im-
portant issues. In this way the general
neglect of them can be compensated, while
the responses cannot but help to disclose the
personality of the candidates.
This format Should be made an adversary
proceeding for the joint purposes of bringing
out the truth and dramatizing the spectacle.
Wigmore claimed that the practice of cross-
examination constituted the most powerful
engine for eliciting the truth. Cross-exami-
nation combined with television tends to
make a penetrating engine for the electoral
process.
IV. CONCLUSION
Our medium's nature, so aggressive in com-
parison to the passive book on the bookshelf,
makes it it fitting instrument to provide
members of the public with some of the
things which they ought to have in addition
to those for which they ask.
Water Project Rules Could Be Guide
All Federal Spending Proposals
i'XTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HHON. E. Y. BERRY
OF SOOTH DAKOTA
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday. February 3, 1966
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, I have
asked unanimous consent to insert in the
RECORD the editorial from the Huron, S.
Dak., Plainsman, under date of January
26, 1966, pointing out the intensified
pp
e
m
e $118 bil fil 19
2.-sca66 program is cut back to $270
ion budget sent; to Congress Monday by million, loan applications totaling better
,-'resident Johnson.
The budget, which advances the caxses of than $400 million cannot be considered
the Great Society, aid to education. slum because of a lack of funds.
eradication, and direct aid to the impov_ This staggering backlog of loan appli-
Inert control and massive Federal programs
in which administrators, not the local people
involved, will have the final datermination.
In education, for instance, the President
proposes Governn:ient subsidy of bank loans
to college students from low-income fami-
lies and Government guaran',ee of all other
loans. This would take the place of the
present plan where colleges lend Government
funds to qualified students and would elimi-
nate the local determination of a colle-;e ad-
rainistrator that an education loan is war-
ranted.
And in spite of the protests over the appli-
cation of Federal guidelines for spending of
Federal school aids approved in the lar.t ses-
sion, the. President: is seeking more money to
be spent on the children in the impov-
erished areas according to Federal rule.,,, not
as determined by the local administrators
who know better, perhaps, the needs of their
Own schools.
Big cities, long the beneficiaries of Govern-
ment aid in urban renewal and related proj-
ccts, now will be eligible for Federal purchase
of park land and open spaces and service
centers for the dense population :.yeas.
This is an open political grab for masses of
votes.
]Despite the allegation of politics and in-
elliciency in the poverty war and the ques-
tionable need for these programs with drop-
ping unemployment, the President asks for
another $390 million for an effort which has
accomplished very little.
Tucked away in the total request is a small
aniount. -$2 million-for the Garrison irri-
gation project construction. This project
was approved by Congress when the people
themselves in the area involved showed they
wanted irrigation and were willing to repay
the Federal investment. This is one Fed-
eral expenditure which was sought by the
people involved and which will be financed
cations will then have to be carried over
to f_scal 1967, where it will be added to
the $413 million in new applications
which the rural electric cooperatives
have indicated they will be submitting to
REA in fiscal 1.967. Obviously, the $270
million electric: loan program proposed
in the administration's fiscal 1967 budget
cannot begin to take care of the fiscal
1966 backlog, let alone the new applica-
tions.
Mr. Speaker, I am vitally concerned
with the economic and social well-being
of the rural area which I have been
privileged to represent in Congress for
the past 24 years. Because of this, I
have a deep and longstanding interest
in the operations of the numerous Fed-
eral programs which have been designed
to combat poverty and aid in the devel-
opment of rural America.
Unfortunately, many of these pro-
grams appear to be missing their
goal. This criticism cannot be made of
the REA electric and telephone program.
Like the Farmers Home Administration
and the Small Business Administration
programs, the REA program operates at
the grassroots level. Its accomplish-
ments are of direct, immediate, and last-
ing benefit to the rural areas served by
REA's electric and telephone borrowers.
The 10 rural electric cooperatives in
my home district in Wisconsin have done
much more than simply providing lights
to their 43,073 consumer-members and
their families. 'The power furnished by
these co-ops is making possible the re-
creational and industrial developments
which are so essential to the revitaliza-
tion of our depressed rural economy.
S
reilu isxte of local su
pport and repayment
ome of the Federal lending programs contracts, the budget might be lower and are of the type which can be deferred
the danger of Federal intervention and by- temporarily without lasting damage.
.
passing of local governmental units cert.. iuly However, this is not true of REA. .Ade-
would be greatly reduced. quate financing is the lifeblood of the
Budget Cuts for REA Would Be Ruinous
to Program
HON. ALVIN E. O'KONSKI
OP' WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE`,-
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. O'KONSKI. Mr. Speaker, in stitd-
yin; the administration's proposed budg-
rural electric systems. It is not enough
to string some electric lines in rural.
America and then consider that the job
of rural electrification has been coi:n-
pleted. Our rural electric cooperatives
must have access to adequate amounts
of growth capital if they are to be able
to furnish the increasing amounts of
electricity required by a growing rur.Il
economy. If a budgetary tourniquet is
applied to REA loan funds, the produc-
tive capacity of our rural areas will be
the real victim of the resulting anemia.
Mr. Speaker, the Congress recognized
this basic truth when it provided for an
REA electric loan program of $402 mil-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
a 10110
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
that avoiding inflation is "perhaps our most
serious economic challenge in 1966." He
spoke of a possible further tax increase and
even hinted that price controls may lie ahead
to cope with the problem.
It's nice to know that he and Mr. Martin
are now in accord on the inflation hazard.
But it does seem odd that the Federal Re-
serve arrived at this conclusion nearly 2
months ago. It suggests that Congress
showed extraordinary wisdom back in 1913
when it created the Federal Reserve as a body
independent of the Chief Executive and po-
litical pressures.
A503
ica we all know and love best is not one in, but there was no evidence of any con-
to back away." struction. It had gone into caves, tunnels,
It is important for people to understand and fortifications beneath the houses of
that while someone must spring to the im- some of the villagers.
mediate defense of the freedoms that we The once friendly and happy air of the
enjoy today, all of us have a stake in the village turned into one of suspicion and fear.
outcome. Thus, it becomes important for us The district or county chief appeared in
to be knowledgeable, and to keep a perspec- the village less frequently. The province
tive as well as a sense of proportion about or state chief never visited the village. Vil-
today's events and activities in Vietnam. lage officials, schoolteachers, and religious
TACTICAL CHANGES leaders who remained loyal to the govern-
d e mur-
r wer
During the past 2 years I have made four
trips to South Vietnam and returned from
my most recent one just 3 weeks ago today.
Two changes of major significance have oc-
curred during this 2-year period. Two years
ago, the Vietnamese Army, bolstered by a
Address of Gen. Harold K. Johnsop,Chi f limited American advisory effort plus sig-
of Staff, U.S. Army
nificant American materiel and hardware,
was battling small Vietcong units that would
concentrate periodically in battalion size of
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BEN REIFEL
OF SOUTH DAKOTA .
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. REIFEL. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I should like
to have included in the Appendix of the
RECORD the address of Gen. Harold K.
Johnson, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army,
at the 81st annual meeting of the Aber-
deen Chamber of Commerce, Aberdeen,
S. Dak., on Thursday, January 20, 1966,
in which he discussed the Vietnam situa-
tion.
General and Mrs. Johnson share a
warm place in the hearts of many South
Dakotans and, particularly, in Aberdeen.
Mrs. Johnson was born and reared in
Aberdeen and lived there while her hus-
band was serving in the Pacific during
World War II and during his ordeal as a
Japanese prisoner of war after Bataan.
General Johnson joined his wife in
Aberdeen at the end of the war. They
became well-known and respected citi-
zens in the community. The Johnsons
still cherish the many friendships found-
ed during the time they lived there.
General Johnson was the subject of the
cover story of the December 10, 1965, is-
sue of Time magazine.
The speech follows:
I am sure that you have heard many times
why we are in Vietnam, but it bears repeat
ing. I have found it difficult to find a better
expression of our obligation than one writ-
ten in a letter by a young Army captain to
his wife shortly before he was killed in ac-
tion. This letter was not written for pub-
lication although his wife subsequently per-
mitted it to be published. It was a private
communication between husband and wife,
where the husband was expressing better
than most of us can some of his innermost
thoughts and feelings. I quote:
"I feel that there is too much talk of
despair. * * * Above all, this is a war of
mind and spirit And it is a war which can
about 400 to 500 men for a specific engage-
ment and then disperse.
These enemy formations were receiving di-
rections on a weekly or sometimes more fre-
quent basis from Hanoi, and the South Viet-
namese Army was just barely holding its
own. Today, those same gallant Vietnamese
soldiers are battling battalions and regiments
of Vietcong who have now been reinforced
by major elements of at least three divisions
of North Vietnamese troops. They continue
to receive direction from Hanoi, but on a
daily and sometimes an hourly basis.
However, significant friendly support has
now come to the assistance of the Vietnamese.
Korea, with her intimate knowledge of the
terror, the humiliation, and the devastation
associated with Communist aggression, has
provided a combat division. Australia, an
ultimate objective of Communist expansion
in the Pacific, is providing an infantry bat-
talion, some airlift forces, advisers, and medi-
cal teams. This Australian battalion has
just completed an operation in the Iron
Triangle area north of Saigon, with elements
of our 1st Infantry Division. New Zealand
has sent both combat forces and civil assist-
ance teams. Altogether, 38 nations are pro-
viding assistance either of a military or of an
economic or civil support nature and, of
we have committed our blood and
course
,
our treasure. of our effort. Our commitment of combat
COMMUNISTS INFILTRATE troops began in March 1965 With the land-
How did all this come about? ing of elements of the 3d Marine Division.
Let's go out west to Bowdle. You are This was necessary because increasing acts
familiar with Bowdle and the way the peo- of terror and sabotage against installations
ple live in that community. Now in your where U.S. forces were located were endan-
imagination pick up Bowdle and set it down gering our assistance effort. In May, the
in the delta area of South Vietnam, about Army's 173d Airborne Brigade was landed to
40 miles south of Saigon. Picture a Viet- provide protection for other installations.
namese who unobtrusively returns to his Concurrently, we began to build a logistic
community after a lapse of some years. base to support the combat troops we had
Unknown to his neighbors, he was Com- committed. The adequacy of the logistic
munist oriented. In a very cunning way, he base is one of the items that tends to be
soon ingratiated himself with one of the somewhat puzzling to the general public
members of the town council and brought and, from what I gather in my discussions
that council member under his influence. with civilians, tends to be a cause of con-
Perhaps he loaned him money; perhaps there cern. Vietnam really had only one major
was something in this council members past port-the port of Saigon, which is located
of which he was ashamed and wanted to keep up a river that twists and turns and requires
hidden. time to navigate. Tht port is required to
The two of them then went to work on receive the supplies for the population,
other members of the town council so that supplies for an economic aid program and
the Communist, after a period of time, could military supplies.
grasp a position of minor authority in order With the growth of the military effort, it
to increase his influence. In 2 years, 3 years, is obvious that there is an equivalent growth
ears that town council became deeply in supplies required to sustain that effort.
or 5
y
be won no matter what present circum- influenced by the Communists, if it were not To meet the need, we are developing addi-
stances are. For us to despair would be a an outright Communist organization. tional ports, one of the largest being Cam
great victory for the enemy. We must stand At about the same period of time, unusual Ranh Bay. On December 26, I stood on it
strong and unafraid and give heart to an things began happening in that community. pier at Cam Ranh Bay that had been fabri-
embattled and confused people. This can- Strangers passed through who stayed only cated in Illinois, towed down the Mississippi
not be done if America loses heart. * * * a day or two. Levies were placed on the vil- River, across the Atlantic Ocean, through
Please don't let them back where you are sell lagers for a few pounds of food. Occasional- the Suez Canal and emplaced at Cam Ranh
me down the river with talk of despair and ly, a special, forced collection of money was Bay. A ship was unloading on each side
defeat. Talk instead of steadfastness, loyal- taken up. Now strangers moved in and of that pier. We also have offloading points
ty and of victory-for we must and we can stayed. Occasionally, a man who appeared up the coast from Cam Ranh Bay. While
win here. There is no backing out of Viet- to be seriously injured was carried in. on a - there is still a backlog of shipping waiting
nam, for it will follow us everywhere we go. stretcher and cared for by one of the vii- discharge, this backlog is dissipating rapidly
We have drawn the line here and the Amer- lagers. Structural materials were brought and I believe that we will catch up soon.
ment suddenly disappeare o
dered. Government tax collectors were driv-
en out and over a period of years, that vil-
lage became a Vietcong village.
This course of events has been followed
in many villages in South Vietnam. The
number is not known, but there are about
10,000 hamlets in Vietnam, and these ham-
lets are grouped together into about 2,560
villages. In addition, there are major metro-
politan areas such as Saigon, Da Nang, and
Hue. Cells of Communists exist in the larger
cities but the extent of their control is not
the same as in the rural areas.
OTHER WEAPONS USED
To accelerate this process of infiltration
and takeover, the Vietcong use the weapon
of intimidation and terror, going to any ex-
treme of brutality which they believe neces-
sary to destroy the fabric of society. As a
typical illustration, during the week of Jan-
uary 2-8, the Vietcong murdered 24 civilians,
wounded 73, and kidnaped 328. Many of the
civilians were province or hamlet officials,
schoolteachers, or Buddhist monks. To
portray the magnitude of these atrocities
in relation to U.S. population, which is more
than 12 times larger than the population of
South Vietnam, the figure would be over 5,000
U.S. civilians killed, wounded, and kidnaped
by the enemy during the week.
The takeover by infiltration of the politi-
cal structure and by intimidation and terror
apparently was too slow for the Communists,
for, in 1959, they greatly intensified their
efforts, and boosted them again in 1961.
It was at this stage that additional Ameri-
can advisory effort and materiel were
provided.
U.S. EFFORT BOOSTED
Today, you are aware of the growth
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX ?uarr/ 1, .1966
When ,you consider that Saigon is at the
end of a supply line nearly 10.000 miles long
and that it takes 19 days for it fast ship to
make the trip, it takes time to build up
stockpiles to sustain the military effort.
As an added complication, supplies that
were ordered a month ago may have a lower
priority for use by the time that they ar-
rive. A combat action in Vietnam may have
resulted in a heavier than planned consump-
tion of some other items of supply that are
on other ships. Moreover, many supplies
that. necessarily are shipped to Saigon have
to be reloaded on other ships and carried
up the coast. The Vietcong have cut a
number of roads throughout South Viet-
nam; hence, it is safer and less costly to
move supplies by sea to coastal ports and
then inland. Of course, we have an exten-
sive in-coup try air logistic system that also
helps the supply problem.
As to the impact of this logistic buildup,
many commanders volunteered the infor-
mation to me while I was in VietnaIn that
there had been no combat action undertaken
that was inhibited in any way by a lack of
supplies. However, it is natural that in the
early stages of a rapid buildup such as has
occurred in Vietnam, that our support will
be thin in places for varying periods of time.
Normally, we try to have supplies on hand
to support the troops for a considerable
period. It should be evident that these
supplies must be built up and at the pres-
ent time our stockpiles are growing at a
rapid rate. When I was there in December.
we had then built up to well over one-half
or what they ultimately will be. Thus,
the fact that a ship is not unloaded does
not mean that our soldiers are suffering for
the supplies that are aboard that ship. We
have a very solid foundation for a logistic
system that will support whatever level of
effort our President decides is necessary.
IS.SOOPS ARE CONFIDENT
How and what are our troops doing? I
spent about 8 days visiting just as many
units as I could cover in that period of
time, starting out early in the morning and
li.nishing up late at night. Everywhere that
I went our commanders and our soldiers
were simply filled with confidence. They -
have demonstrated an ability to lick this
treacherous, cunning enemy in direct com-
bat. 't'hey have demonstrated an ability to
dig him out of his tunnels and caves. They
have demonstrated an ability to avoid his
booby traps, his bear traps, his punji stakes.
and his mines. We are still taking casualties
every day from these devices, but our troops
have learned to cope with them and are
doing a simply magnificent job.
Our forces are confronted by two kind:; of
military action. First, because our hell-
copiers enable us to range far and wide,
we are searching out enemy formations so
that they can be taken under attack.
This is a :"eassuring capability because we
should be able to avoid being surprised by
enemy mass formations and defeat the parts
of the mass before they can assemble into
an overwhelming force. This was done by
the lit Cavalry Division in the In Dram,
Valley Battle in mid-November. Second, we
must contin-ie to search out long established
enemy hideout or safe haven areas. The
battles thai, have occurred last week and
going on into this week in places with.
strange names like Cu Chi, Lai Khe. and the
Michelin Plantation are examples of this kind
or action. Our forces have uncovered large
quantities of supplies.
Last week: for example, one unit discov-
ered enough rice to feed three Vietcong
regiments for about a year. Those regiments
trust now find another source of supply.
Some of this they will attempt to take from
the farmers and thus create an animosity
that serves to dry up the sea in which the
guerrilla fish swim, using Mao Tse-tung's
expression.
At the same time, our forces are engaged
in other kinds of constructive. country-
building endeavors. They do not fight all
the time. When they are not fighting, small
teams are out helping the villagers rebuild
schoolrooms, or building new ones, improv-
ings sanitation, providing fresh water, per-
haps helping a widow repair her house. A
most important activity is the valuable serv-
ice performed by our medical personnel.
Wherever our troops are located, (,o r doctors
and corpsmen are not only treating, the sick,
but are teaching the benefits of basic hygiene.
They are giving of themselves and are giving
heart, as Captain Spruill said, to an em-
battled people.
VTF.TNAMESE FIGHT WELT
Iii reporting the events in South Vietnam
today, our papers very naturally tend to
highlight the activities of the U.S. ;;)fees and
to a lesser degree the activities of the Aus-
tralians and the Koreans. U.S activities
are described quite fully, althou,,h the ac-
tions in which casualties occur s 'wally re-
ceive a special recognition. On the other
hand, the thousands of actions that are con-
ducted by the Vietnamese forces each day
are largely overlooked.
I want to assure you that the Vietnamese
are fighting and fighting well. They have
demonstrated a very remarkable resilience
and an amazing ability to absorb punish-
inent, when one thinks back upon the num-
ber of years that they have been fighting. Do
nut discount the Vietnamese effort and do
not get the impression or the idea that the
United States is taking over the war. This
is still a Vietnamese war, and white they are
pulling all that their capabilities enable
them to pull, they continue to need the
help of the United States and other allies.
From my visits to Vietnam, I seea country
in deep trouble. I see a country it need of
unwavering help. I see a people ravaged by
war because Hanoi and Peiping continue to
export the tools of violence and t , seek ab-
solute political domination over the helpless.
I see a, succession of brutalities, of innocents
murdered in the night, of kidnal`ings with
no return, of exploded mines maiming chil-
dren and parents in buses-all bees use Hanoi
controls and fuels the aggression in South
Vietnam. I see a determined people who
have been fighting communism since 1954,
bleeding in human lives on the average of
500 soldiers a week, desperately striving to
establish political order so that they can live,
prosper, and enjoy the blessings of freedom,
in peace.
Yet, I also see that rather than cease ag-
gression in the face of South Vietnamese
resiliency and determination to reset, Hanoi
has increased support of t:he Vietce ng by in-
filtrating more supplies and North Vietnam-
ese regular army combat forces. Thus, we
have had to respond with combat forces to
the South Vietnamese call for assistance, and
until Hanoi halts its aggression, we must
continue to defend freedom in So.ath Viet-
nam.
WIDOW'S REPLY
I receive many touching letters from some
of our soldiers and from the families of some
of our soldiers, who understand what they
are fighting for. They understand the im-
portance of today's task in Vietnam in re-
lation to America's continued freedom.
In closing, I would like to read a brief
quotation from a young mother. I had
lunch with her husband a year ago in Decem-
ber in Vietnam. He was a brilliant young
officer, among the top of his West Point class,
a Rhodes scholar, and one of the people that
we had looked to for leadership in tomorrow's
Army. He was killed by a sniper's bullet as
he was accompanying a Vietnamese patrol
in his area of responsibility. I wrote his
widow, as I do the families of all of our
people who die in Vietnam, and I received
a reply from her. In this reply, she ;:aid;
"I now realize that the cost of freedc-n is
truly a terrible "one, but I can assure you
that one of my deepest beliefs is that our
freedom must and shall prevail, whatever the
cost."
These words show that our Nation's
strength lies not in its things material. Our
strength lies instead in the enduring dedi-
cation of our people to America's heritage,
in our courage, in our willingness to sacrifice
leisure, comfort, talents, even life itself, for
the sake of our fellow men and our Nation's
high purpose in the unfolding fabric of his-
a,ul y. 1 R
Red's Long-Range Strategy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. BOB WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, one
of the most serious aspects of the South
Vietnamese war is the manner in which
Cambodia is assisting the Communist;
aggression in Vietnam. Cambodia, which
has received hundreds of millions of dol-
lars in taxpayers' money in the form of
aid, has betrayed our friendship and has
virtually joined the camp of the Com-
munist aggressors. For all too long there
has been a reluctance among too many
officials in this country to face up to the
Cambodian problem and take the steps
necessary to protect the lives of U.S.
fighting men and our allies engaged. in
the Vietnamese war, and whose efforts
are handicapped by Communist utiliza-
tion of Cambodia.
Consequently, it was with considerable
satisfaction. that we learned of the recent.
report that our military commanders in
South Vietnam have at least some lim-
ited authority to pursue Communist
forces from Vietnam across the Cam-
bodian border.
This situation is the subject of a very
informative, column by Brig. Geri. James
D. Hittle, USMC, retired, director of na-
tional security and foreign affairs for the
Veterans of Foreign Wars, appearing in
the South Bay Daily Breeze, Torrance,
Calif., and 'in other papers served by the
Copley News Service.
Because of the manner in which this
column by the VFW national security
director, General Hittle, explains the
seriousness of Cambodia's assistance to
Communist aggression, and specifically
its effect upon the war in South Viet-
nam, I include the column at the conclu-
sion of these remarks:
THE CHANGING SCENE: REDS' LONG-RANGE
STRATEGY
(By James D. Hittle, brigadier general. USMC,
retired)
WASHINGTON.-The decision to permit U.S.
troops to pursue Communist units across the
Cambodian border marks another critical step
in the ever-widening war.
It is about as close as one can come to a.
jungle version of the seagoing "hot pursuit"
doctrine. From now on when Communist
forces are getting pummeled on the South
Vietnamese side of the border, they won't
be able to drift back and thus escape com-
bat defeat.
But there is far more to the breaching of
the Cambodian border sanctuary than the
pursuit across it.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 19 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A505
What we are seeing is the continued ex- meanwhile mining companies which menced in 1958, when Delta Faucet Co. an-
panslon of the conflict. It is another exam- have always been good neighbors are pounced its decision to locate a plant here
been pee of for how us to try artificial, to and restrict hence the scope futile, it of the has continuing to provide forests, agricul- for manufacture of Delta patented single-
war to an area smaller than what is actually tural and grazing lands, and recreational lever faucets. Not only has this company
involved in the Communist offensive. areas In the regions which they mine. added to its fl three times but it
has just comple tted ed a ce a major expansion for use
Contrary to what the demonstrators and There is another phase of coal min- in plating, buffing, and polishing.
protesters are saying, this is not unilateral ing requiring particular attention for In 1959, the Randall Co., now a division of
escalation by the United States. We and the public welfare, and I am happy to Textron, Inc., selected Greensburg for its first
the South Vietnamese aren't turning a local- report that four operators in western plant in Indiana. This operation has become
ized conflict into a larger one.
The reason is that the South Vietnamese and Central Pennsylvania have been of economic importance to this community.
war never really was a local one, neatly con- complimented by Pennsylvania's Secre- that On May 15, 1962, of America was made
fined by issues and operations within the tart' of Mines for developing methods to Bearings Co. of America a division of
the con-
national borders. handle acid mine discharges. struct present Federal-Mogul Corp., would burg
The war in South Vietnam, as important Dr. H. Beecher Charmbury last week for the manufacture of facility
ball bearings. Greensburg
it is, is but a part of the overall Com- paid special tribute to the following claimed as the most modern bearings plant
munist war of aggression in southeast Asia. companies for their efforts in complying in America, BCA began operations here in the
We should have openly recognized long ago with the State's new clean Streams early summer of 1963. In 1965, the com an
that we were involved in a southeast Asian p y
war, not a South Vietnamese one. laws: Bethlehem Steel Corp.; Barnes installed new equipment and increased its
& Tucker, of Barnesboro; Rochester & employed personnel by a third.
Communism has marked all of the south- Providing diversification in industry have
east Asian peninsula as a target and the Reds Pittsburgh Coal Co., Indiana; and the been two new industries, which located in
have conducted their offensive with delibera- Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Greensburg in 1963 and 1964. The first of
tion. These companies are good citizens. these, Crown Zellerbach The strategic groundwork has been astutely Corp., produces
laid for the long-range offensive to seize the Other operators should make every effort plastic film bags for many uses. Crown
southeast Asian peninsula. A key aspect of to follow their example. Zellerbach is installing additional machinery,
which in the near future will mean expanded
the Red drive was the creation of the employment.
Laotian-Cambodian corridor. Red military Rafco Plastics Division of Gulf Oil Cor
action in Laos combined with Cambodian p.
located Prince Norodtm Sihanouk's betrayal of U.S. Vast Change in Greensburg in Decade of polyethylene ie film m late and began production
friendship to give the Communists a central rently, in that year. Cur-
zone extending down the length of the ntly, Rafco Plastics Division has started a
southeast Asian peninsula from the Red EXTENSION OF REMARKS new addition in order to gain more space for
Chinese border to the Gulf of Siam. OF its operations and for warehousing in serving
This Laotian-Cambodian corridor does HON. RALPH HARVEY Midwestern markets.
many things. It splits the peninsula; it out- Both Crown Zellerbach and Rafco Plastics
flanks Burma from the" northeast; it carries or INDIANA have considerably exceeded initial estimates
Red aggression to the borders of South Viet- I21 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of edlin Greensburg. the time their plants were
nam and Thailand. It provides the overland In addition, Greensburg has several smaller
supply route-the Ho Chi Minh Trail-for Thursday, February 3, 1966
carrying supplies southward from the Com-
munist bases in North Vietnam and Red
China,
Within the last few months the Commu-
nists have further disclosed their southeast
Asian plans by bluntly announcing Thailand
is next on their target list. Already Red
terrorism is on the increase in the frontier
areas of both Thailand and Malaysia.
All of this illustrates how the Communist
general staffs look on the southeast Asian
peninsula as a single arena. The current
phase of Red aggression requires the seizure
of South Vietnam and the expulsion of U.S.
power from it. The reason: to clear their
eastern flank. If they can do this, they can,
with greater freedom of action, then turn
southward against Thailand and Malaysia.
The decision to pursue across the Cambo-
dian frontier is a partial recognition that we
cannot restrict the conflict to the South Viet-
nam sector when the Reds are waging war
throughout the peninsula.
wu~i ?uu ~e w
Mr. HARVEY of Indiana. Mr. Speak- the economy of tries community.
er, under leave to extend my remarks in Circulation of the Greensburg Daily News
the RECORD, I include the following:
VAST CHANGE IN GREENSBURG IN DECADE
Greensburg is a different city than it was
10 years ago.
Residents of this community do not rec-
ognize how far reaching this transformation
has been as much as former residents upon
their return here.
The change has been gradual but sig-
nificant.
Advent of new schools and new public
works brought about the dawn of a new era
here and in Decatur County as well.
In 1956, the principal industries were:
Bohn Aluminum & Brass Corp., Consolidated
Veneer Corp., now Mitchell Industries, Inc.,
Cyclone Fence Co., and Dry Clime Lamp Co.
Bohn continues as one of this city's most
valued industries with a high record of stable
employment. Mitchell Industries, Inc., is
approaching its 20th year of production in
Greensburg, marked by steady employment
and expansion.
A decade ago, Cyclone Fence Co. was sing-
ing its swan song as a Greensburg industry.
has increased from 5,009 in 1956 to 5,775 in
1966. Now in its third year is WTRE-FM
,
which plans to buy property near Greensburg
for future expansion. Another operation,
Decatur County REMC, has acquired land
west of the city. Two new shopping centers
have been opened.
Various utilities have expanded their op-
erations during the past 10 years. Public
Telephone Corp. has installed a dial system,
provided for direct dialing and now uses
a microwave tower. The Decatur County
Rural Water Corp. was formed in 1965. The
Greensburg Municipal Water Works has ex-
panded its system.
In 1956, Edgewood Acres was the principal
subdivision, adjacent to Greensburg. Not
only has Edgewood Acres been expanded
but over a half dozen new subdivisions have
become the site of new homes.
. Development of Lake Santee is becoming
the equivalent in economic value to a new
industry in Decatur County.
Expansion in several Decatur County com-
munities has occurred in the past decade,
notably at Westport and St. Paul.
Development of industry has brought new
families to this community. Key figures in
the new industries have become active in the
life of this community.
The change in the past decade has brought
to this community a balance between agri-
culture and industry. In the field of agri-
culture, new peaks were registered in 1965
HUN. JOHN P. SAYLOR ploys more people than Cyclone in its heyday.
OF PENNSYLVANIA are now utilized by the Hanover Wire Cloth
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Division and Indiana Wire Products, both
Thursday, February 3, 1966 gaining in output.
A decade ago, Dry Clime was beginning to
Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, for many show its potential in its development as a
years I have complained of irresponsible leading firm in the infraray field. Its great-
coal operators who strip the country- est progress has been made in the past 10
side without properly replacing the soil. years
The objective of the Greensburg Chamber
I was author of the bill calling for a of Commerce and the city administration a
study of strip-mined lands by the See- decade ago was to provide facilities which
retary of the Interior, and I sponsored would make this city more attractive to
reclamation of mined areas on the pub- industry.
lie domain in the Appalachia bill. Meanwhile, completion of Interstate 74
e 1960's served as
near cit in other1 stimulating thearl
Both the study and the reclamation an
work are going forward as planned, but The parade of industrial progress com-
Livestock prices have turned upward, bene-
fiting the economy of Decatur County.
A decade ago, youths from farms had to
seek employment in larger centers. Now,
many of them are finding employment op-
portunity in their home community.
There have been many other evidences of
change: new rental establishments; remodel-
ing of store fronts and interiors; new street
illumination downtown; peak deposits in
banks and savings and loan associations; im-
provements by fraternal groups; expansion
of recreational facilities; improved munici-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 A506
pal facilities; and
of developments.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R0004000200 ~9-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIXe ruary 1l, 1966
The past decade in Greensburg and Deca-
tur County can be characterized as a period
of remarkable progress.
Subterfuge Spending
lXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
!PION. E. Y. BERRY
OF SOUTH DAKOTA
N TIE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, a very ir,-
teresting and illuminating editorial ap-
peared in last week's issue of the Sturgis
(S. Dak.) Tribune, entitled "Subterfuge
Spending," which certainly is food for
thought for every Member of Congress
who last year voted for the Elementary
arid Secondary Education Act, and who
must certainly be interested now in how
it is being administered.
Under unanimous consent I insert the
editorial in the RECORD and suggest. that
every Member read it. It follows:
student from the wealthiest family in our
public school system- The act was obviously
geared for urban centers where pockets of
poverty can be easily identified.
It became apparent some months ago that
a more liberal interpretation of the act's
provisions was necessary if South Dakota
and Other States like it are to share in this
massive federal aid to education program.
So the Federal funds were allocated to the
districts on the basis of the percentage of
students each of them are estimated to have
of the total number of families in the State
with incomes under $3,000 per year counted
in the last Federal census.
The fact that each district is assumed to
have some students from low-income fam-
ilies automatically qualifies it for a share
of the county's allocation. However, specific
projects not already in the school program
are required for release of the Federal funds.
A district may inaugurate more than one
new project, depending on its needs, but
each project is evaluated independently on
its merits.
Under this formula, Sturgis Independent
School District No. 12 qualified for $27,000 of
the $72,000 allocated under the act to Meade
County. The Government, based on the last
census, estimates there are 335 "educationally
deprived" children in Meade County. The
Sturgis district is using most of its alloca-
tion for the new kindergarten project. It
plans to use the remainder on summer re-
medial projects. Now, of course, the kinder-
arten program here is open to ail youngsters
g
We listened to an explanation of the Lie- of the qualified age, regardless of the income
nientary ind Secondary Education Act en- status of their parents. The summer reme-
acted by Congress last year at the annual dial programs will be too.
s meeting came
nda
'
t M
y
o
l shocker a
Meade County school officers' meeting here The rea
the erieDay for its refusal to embrace
Monday, and left the meeting in a state of when the speaker explained the expanded
the peace overtures. But, Unfortunately,
shock. We suspect it lot of the school board definition of an ""educationally deprived" silent, as the
members did too. child as determined in conferences between they are rather strangely s
's'he speaker was a representative of the State and Federal officials. "Every school following: editorial from it the Deseret
State department of public instruction who has some children that aren't doing as well News of January 29, 19m, points ese
has been assigned the task of coordinating as other children," he commented, "and the
implementation of the Federal act in South Federal funds can be used on projects to The bid adds a rst hereomti ous dfmour
I Lakota. He disclosed that South Dakota, is help them." In other words, under this peace the belligerence her that the Red
eligible for a Federal grant of $7 million un- compromise definition, a poor student is also Sion to have lige ShOWi for many
der this act and he pointd out the funds "educationally deprived." This, apparently, Chinese been
at-
will be allocated in other States if not Litt- is justification for use of theFederal funds in years. It is reminiscent of Hitler's Iized here. financing summer school remedial programs, titude 30 years ago.
ac candidly reminded that, whether or not But a "poor student" is not necessarily a The defense of South Vietnamese peo-
~,he school board members approve of this student from a poor family.
new Federal program, the money is going to The speaker disclosed the Federal funds pie against the vastly superior aggressor grim he spent somewhere and South Dakota dts- can even be used to finance the training of ness, has become ta he pr and t sta`t s.. t eful bg i-
tricts might just as well take advantage of teachers for special remedial courses. He
the funds allocated to this State. It was not added that most applications for project ap- to Hitler in Czechoslovakia and Austria.
this "use it or lose it" attitude that shocked proval in the State so far have come from But history teaches that, from our fail-
r nl'e to face that challenge, far bloodier
iii;, however, as we have become conditioned the independent districts. But he reported
o this philosophy of public spending. We there are many possibilities for the common consequences followed.
are reluctant to accept the wisdom of this school districts to qualify for the funds al-
hilosopliy, but we think it must be con- lotted to them too. We certainly agree with The Deseret News editorial, "Where
sedd that the general public has accepted it. him there. And, like the man said, if these Are the the Now?" raises Vietnam
o, all Vietnam
What shocked us was his explanation of districts don't dream up qualified projects, tions that for that critics of our
the Intent of the act and how it is being the money will be shifted to districts in policy, and
asking themselves. I
interpreted to snake Federal funds available other States that do. ooaki mshould be colleagues ass study t ehe Ives.
to viroually every school district in the land, The new Elementary and Secondary Edu-editorial
wiietlier they need them or not. The act, he cation Act has been heralded Si a great boon asfUll:
csplainc 1.1, was designed to Hnance the school- to the educationally deprived. It is subter-
WHERE ARE THE PROTESTS Novi?
iug of educationally deprived children and fuge, however, to contend that the act is be-
lie lurch allocated under it cannot be used ing implemented only to help students from As President Johnson and his advisers
for gems! education purposes. . poverty-income families. It Is, actually, weigh the agonizing decision whether or not
lip pointed out the federal funds are being used to provide additional courses to resume noticed bombings in North siVietna lencem, has
:.available only for specific projects outside open to all students. It is merely assumed
the scope of general education that are that some of the students will he from pov- What has happened to the voices of the
oriented toward helping the educationally de- erty-income families or will be poor students professors and the artists and the students
prived child. These projects, he added, must in the academic sense. This is not to say and the draft card burners who were so
cost a minimum of $2,000 to even be consid- that these additional courses are not bene- loudly demanding peace?
erred. Flowever, he said two or more districts ficial or worthwhile. But it shows how the past month a more, thenergen
ma.y join together in providing these new a.ct has been interpreted to pump Federal
:;cliool I.rroieuts. funds into all school districts that enlarge campaign for peace. It has sent its repre-
their curriculums. sentatives to capitals throughout the world
Liu.*, what is an "educationally deprived
,:rind?" Under strict interpretation of the The speaker at Monday's meeting preferred where there has been any chance of meaning-uestion
ful
whether
peacieeat has
less than $3,000 dpecomin not o comment on the r year or not the Federal fundsgwill lead to Federal p o lainiedshis readiness to The
being .fruinlia plained, it means a
:ncornc. Now, public education in South control of the schools. He opined that it is time, without prior conditions or other
Dakota, and we assume elsewhere, Is not too early to tell and added that there are qualifications. Other world leaders hays the
for
voices
question
peace flip s on a financially a family He cone ded, however, thatithere is much ed ad No one an doubt the s ncerity of the ef-rnany differences of rhe student from the e poorest family gets
the same educational opportunities as, the tape connected with gaining approval of fort. It has been accompanied. by a morato-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
projects gdalifying for the Federal funds.
But there Is little doubt that the act has
been liberally interpreted to make it possible
for all districts to qualify for the Federal
money.
It would have been far better, in our opin-
ion, if the Government had turned the $7
million over to the South Dakota school dis-
tricts without any strings attached. We
have no doubt that the districts would have
put the money to good use. It would have
avoided the need for subterfuge and elimi-
nated a lot of unwieldy administrative
procedures.
Where Are the Protests Now?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DAVID S. KING
OF UTAH
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, the
voices of protest within our country
against the American position in Viet-
nam have been sobered and silenced, to
a large degree, by the ominous Commu-
nist rebuff to President Johnson's peace
overtures.
Those voices which earlier were lam-
basting the administration for what they
felt was its passive pursuit of peace
should now, in all fairness, be blasting
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
Appendix
Be Still and Know That I Am God
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MILWARD L. SIMPSON
OF WYOMING
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, February 3, 1966
Mr. SIMPSON. Mr. President, Sena-
tor Hucx SCOTT, of Pennsylvania, gave
the sermon at St. John's Church-Epis-
copal-in Georgetown at the Annual
Church and Government Sunday. He
spoke with eloquence and deep feeling
of need for people in today's world to
better understand their God. So that
more people will have an opportunity to
read these important remarks I ask
unanimous consent that they be printed
in the Appendix of the )RECORD.
There being no objection, the sermon
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ADDRESS BY U.S. SENATOR HUGH SCOTT, AN-
NUAL CHURCH AND GOVERNMENT SUNDAY,
JANUARY 9, 1966, AT THE ST. JOHN'S CHURCH
(EPISCOPAL), GEORGETOWN, WASHINGTON,
D.C.
"What is man, that Thou art mindful of
him?" Psalms 8, verse 4. "Thou makest him
to -have dominion of the works of Thy
hands." Verse 6.
Confronted by the incredible advances of
the modern world, has the inner nature of
man been affected, and if so, in what way?
The discoveries within a single century have
surely altered the course of man's progress
more than the sum total of all the term of
man's prior existence on this earth.
What of man against the machine? How
has he fared? The machine drastically alters
the course of man, speeds up his timetable a
hundredfold, even a thousandfold _and, in
space opens a new dimension to be conquered.
What of the effect upon man's relationship to
God?
Automation may be defined as the substi-
tution by machines for the physical strength
of man. Cybernetics may be described as the
substitution by machines for the mental op-
erations of man.
Some of you may have read recently the
somewhat irreverent story told by techni-
cians about computers. The story goes that
a huge computer was fed this question: "Is
there a God?" The computer whirred, buzzed
and finally read out: "Now there is."
Well, the most deeply thoughtful explorers
of the nature of the universe find, of course,
that the more they learn, the more there is to
learn. The deeper they probe, the more likely
they are to find that the acceptance of God,
the Creator, is essential to the verity of their
theorizing.
Einstein caused the world to know the
meaning of E equals MC2, but behind this
equation of destruction, beyond the dis-
covery of a key to unleash the powers of the
earth and the air, lies the creative, all-know-
ing force which is God.
Men have believed (as the ancients
thought) that Heaven is upon some moun-
tain top, or beyond the sky or at the far-
thest reaches of the stars. Though men
have dispatched their minds to search in tial, to use modern terms, of these two
the far places, the longest journey cannot thoughts which Goethe has left with us:
but bring one back to the simplest truth: "Nothing is more terrible than ignorance
that God is surely to be found within each in action," and
human hea
t
r
.
Let us return to man and the machine:
servant or master? It is true that automa-
tion and cybernetics bring with them
deprivations and dislocations. They may,
and do, reduce employment, especially In
the areas of their original impact. In time,
more employment is created, more leisure is
made possible for the employee. Leisure,
wisely used, can open new worlds, hereto-
fore unsavored.
Automation, the machine, is not superior
to man. It does not supplant man in the
scheme of nature any more than the secular
church can, in this aspect, supplant the
spiritual church. The good works of auto-
mation may serve to free the individual to
provide more time to adjust more agreeably
to a widened vista, perhaps even to give
more thought to his meaning as man. The
good works of the secular church brin
g
religion into involvement with the problems
of modern living. As we have just read in
Psalm 72: "He shall defend the children of
the poor." The spiritual commitment of
the church impels it still to minister to the
souls of men.
A more automated community need never
be a less spiritual community, as is well ex-
emplified in the computerized atomic energy
communities in New Mexico and Tennessee.
For it is eternally true that there is no ma-
chine to replace those inner fires of inspira-
tion, to create the indispensable ideas which
only men can feed to the machines.
No cybernetic formulas to simplify with
computers the intricate problems of men in
space can ever put men in orbit until after
other human beings have conceived within
themselves, and then pursued, the challenges
offered by the unexplored.
However much the Sunday supplement
"That which. we have inherited from our
forefathers, we must earn again, in order to
deserve."
So, imperishable ideas are flung, like
torches, to be retrieved and carried aloft by
others, from day to uncountable day.
How wise are they who know that these
things they have done are not of their own
human doing. There is the cry of one who
made possible our now commonplace tele-
phone, when he viewed its success: "What
hath God wrought."
No one will claim that any electronic device
has ever been sparked by the touch of God's
hand. But every single thing which goes
into that complicated engineering marvel has
been conceived by men who, without in-
spiration, which is the heritage of God's
challenge to man, would have been as power-
less to start themselves as are the machines.,
In all of our "still achieving, still pursu-
ing," amidst the tumult of this modern busy
world, let us never forget that there is a
voice to be heard, a voice which is not our
voice, yet mindful of us, informing us all,
commanding us all:
"Be still-and know that lam God."
IUE To Raise Dollars To Construct
Vietnam Refugee Resettleplent Vil-
HON. JOSEPH G. MINISH
writers may dwell on the so-called illimitable OF NEW JERSEY
potential of the machine, that power is al- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ways limited, always finite. For the machine
is, and must ever be, the servant of man, for Wednesday, February 2, 1966
good or Ill. The power for good Is illimitable Mr. MINISH. Mr. Speaker, it is with
if "the spirit of man that Is In him, to the a deep sense of pride that I call attention
light of the vision wakes." Not all of the to a project of my union, the Interna-
computers in the world, nor all of the mathe- tional Union of Electrical, Radio, and
matical equations of cybernetics can create Machine Works, AFL-CIO, to help the
that vision, nor can any manmade thing, innocent victims of the Vietnam conflict
without the guidance of man, bring an idea
to life. rebuild their lives. Under a resolution
From whence, then, comes "the light of adopted by the IUE Executive Board on
the vision"? This is no vision fabricated of December 8, 1965, a campaign has been
metals, plastics or elbctriolty. Nor is man launched to obtain a dollar from each
alone, within himself, capable of the Wonders member to construct a refugee resettle-
which man has wrought. Many of you are ment village in South Vietnam to assist
familiar with the glorious ceiling in the Sis- displaced families and orphans in shap-
surely illumined) with his own inner vision ing a better, more productive future.
There one sees-and feels-the hand of man Recognizing that peace with freedom is
reaching, straining to its uttermost, to touch impossible while people are hungry,
the hand of God, to receive from the Al- homeless, and jobless, the IUE has, in
mighty the gift of life.
h
c
aracteristic fashion, taken construc-
The light of the vision" is a gift from the tive, positive action to help win the peace
hand of God. and the people. Knowing my fellow IUE
Men today through prayer, communion, members' spirit of brotherhood and com-
dedication, zeal or devout determination,
summon up inner resources when they touch slaw I confident of the success of
the hand of God. Inner fires are set aflame, this laudable le people-to-people, union-to-
to conquer the mysteries of the unknown, to union program.
light the way of the future. In harmony The underlying hope of these good
with God's purpose, he may give life, as the Americans who are contributing their
poet Goethe did. Consider the power paten- dollars and good will to the victims of
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX February 3, 1966
war was summarized in an editorial in U.S. voluntary agencies, and U.S. military
the IUE News of December 23, 1965: materials and personnel."
A call for more voluntary agencies to join
And yet, if IUE succeeds in the village, and in "a great international effort to Help the
others can find their way of helping, and people of South Vietnam" In civic action
governments can tackle the big picture in programs was issued earlier this month by
time, perhaps we can prevent another Viet- Senator EDWARD M. KENNI:DS, Democrat, of
n:rm from plaguing the earth. Massachusetts, chairman of the Sen: to Judi-
Tl .^, details of the project are con- ciary Subcommittee on Refugees and Es-
Lained in the following articles that ap- capees.. He emphasized the great need for
"refugee aid programs."
News: 3 and January The resolution of the IUE executive board
l Cared in the December
6 issues of the IUE Newsexpressed the union's support "of the U.S.
[;From the IUE News, Dec. 23, 19651 commitment in Vietnam to establish peace
ICL TO RAI-.E llor,r AR ; TO CONSTRUCT VIE'r- with freedom."
NA,Vs REruca:E RESETTLEMENT VILLAGE It cited President Johnson's Apri4 7, 1965
To aid the innocent victims of the war in speech at Johns Hopkins University ill which
Vietnam, the IUE Executive Board, by unani- he offered to enter into "uncondit?,leal ne-
mous vote, has initiated a subscription cam- gotiations" and pledged to meet the basic
paign of $1 per member. The action stems problems of human suffering and impoverish-
meat by asking Congress for a $1 billion
from a resolution, adopted at the December 11. meeting 'iii San Francisco, expressing sop- investment to aid the economic development
of southeast Asia.
port of President Johnson's policy on Viet- "The P:osidont has clearly extended the
Ham. offer of peace and though rebuked many
Moving quicirly to implement the resolu- times his o'Ser remains the core of American
tifon--which was adopted after a long and
policy," the board resolution declared.
thorough discussion--IUE National and "Until Hanoi agrees to come t:.i a con-
teruational Affairs Director Al Loewenthal, ference and negotiate a settlement, there is
acting under the direction of President Jete no alternative other than that American dip-
rrings, met with representatives of the Stone lomacy and military involvement he carried
Y rd the U S Agency for Inter- t'nuouA to bring them
r
n , y
d
in the program, according to IUE Interna-
tional Affairs Director Al Loewenthal.
Why should, an IUE member give a dollar
to help build a village of homes and fauns
and jobs for Vietnamese refugees they have
never seen? For some it is because we must
win the people as well as the peace ill South
Vietnam to prevent the Communists from
controlling all. of southeast Asia. For others,
it is because children and women and old
folks are crying out for help so that they can
help themselves.
Whatever your reason, the need exists and
your dollar can help. Won't you ba one of
those who care enough to give? Checks
should be made payable to: IUE Refugee Re-
settlement Village in South Vietnam, and
sent to IUE National and International Af-
fairs Department, 1126 16th Street N00.,
Washington, D.C.
Custer County's Pioneer Dr. McArthur
Foresaw Future Greatness
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. ROMAN L. HRUSKA
co
Depai tmen , a
on vigorously an
national Development to ascertain needs fn OF NEBRASKA
to the bargaining table.
order to develop a meaningful program. "We must convince the Communists that IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Among those consulted were three Govern- their error is both military and pol.tical and February u, 196G
nient officials who also carry IUE member- Thursday,
fill) cards: Howard Robinson, State Depart- that their stubborn refusal to recognize real-
ity by the prolongation of hostilities, is inflict- Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, 60 ye.ar8
nxent labor adviser for Far Eastern affairs; ing isery beyond to'_eration upon she people ago this week, the Custer County Chief,
John Dillon, chief of program coordination. of Vietnam. We must make clear that their published in Broken Bow, Nebr., Con-
of AID's office of labor affairs; Emil king il resistance to unconditional negotiations
All-) labor technical officer, now worrking in strengthens each day our determ:liation to ducted a contest for the best article writ
Vic tnam. achieve a just and lastin6 =peace. ten on Custer County.
Others woo were consulted by Loewenthal. The IUE Board pledged "full i asking to The prize was aleather-bound edition
were Georg, Goss, AID Vietnam Relief East our fellow countrymen who are charged with of the collected works of Alexander Pope.
lab bor r advi advi tesernd for AID. Schuler, acting Far East the delicate and dangerous military tasks of It was won. by a young physician named
la carrying out American policy .n Vietnam" as Dr A. J. McArthur who, in a real sense,
.re a result of tires, consultations, IUE has well as to "the innocent victims o that con-
her t+o esta to raise refugee dollar from each village was a pioneer doctor on the Nebraska
her to establish
Vietnam ref wuog together resettlement with flict. In " addition to the $1 a prairie.
V ith the the refugee e rvsettLement The volume was inscribed to Dr. Mc-
Vi SouthetaramesVc saber movement (OwVT) and tion campaign member ! tlem subscrip- p
AID. the board endorsed campaigns for Arthur by the "Purcell Bros. Publisher S,
AI:D? CARE and USO "to express our regard for the the Chief." It is of interest, Mr. Pr C i-
rhe villl originally contemplated a thise military per--onnel on active duty there. " dent, that the Purcell family, representeddrebsrur 's villa leaders ge for and o AID orphans,
officials Vietnamese a now by Mr. Harry C. Purcell, is still edlt-
refs in Niema
mn nt vii the union that t it refugee resettle- [From the HJE News, Jan. 6, 19661 ing and publishing the Custer County
Mint villal;c would fill a greater need by To WiN THE PEACE AND THE PEOPt.E IN VIET- Chief.
bringing orphans together with families and NAM-THE IUE HELPS Dr. McArthur died in 1942, but on this
by helping all displaced civilians help them- Fleeing from the terrorism of the Vietcong 60th anniversary of his prize-winning
calvec r build new vets. and the increasing scale of military action, essay, it is appropriate to think back to dinq~ \son to venn-eysmain made Leann oI for
voluPresidentntary some 1 million persons have left i.heir homes that time and to consider his predictions,
Johnson by by it seven-main and sources of livelihood to seek refuge in
agency representatives last month. "TI-.e as controlled by United States and South hopes, and aspirations for the area he
number ol refugees in Vietnam will in all are loved so well.
probability Increase by the end of 1965 to Vietnamese forces. They are metfly women
something ill the magnitude of 1 million and children and old folks. After 25 years of Dr. McArthur graduated in lK41
war, they are it tired, d sillusionc l and skep- from the St. Louis School of Medicine,
persons. tical people. According to a team of U.S. vol- now the medical school of the Washin?;-
lti an ,:'tide, prepared kod the New York untary agency representatives w,io went to ton University in St. Louis, Afo. As a
lent Ili. Howaas asked usk declared, ate publicblic South Vietnam to look: at the p"oblem last
cleat 01 un has asIon greater public man, he came to Custer Ounty
support rt of our voluntary agencies in VieOctober, the refugees "will, have to be con- and settled on a farm outside the ci,Y
and mete :,s: ,(f participation by free world vinced over a period of time befar:; they gen- of Broken Bow. Tl_Cre he raised 12 chll-
in.tions. What is being done is being done uinely resettle in reasonably nonital pursuits of B and established his medical chil-dren b- but the needs are so rt. they cannot on their own."
'e met by our present effort. ort That effort Last month the IUE International Execu- floe, a practice that took him great, dis-
Itiu.3t be tremendously increased if we are tive Hi rncandso took a In ma at toreo sienam tances in this s county with its 2,61)0 voted
mi.
tc ,,vin flif~ react and will the people." - Of tWO Country ptl ySiicia
Vice P Pre esident T H. HUMPHRI?Y re- President Johnson's policy. At the same He was one = 1s
c?cntly sa a, "The opp oppoortunity is to trans- time, in recognition oi. the suffe ..ng inflicted who traveled the wide expanse of this
trr?rn the reiagces from it national liability upon the people of :;trictimist particu-
tn a national asset--to seize this opportunity lorry upon the innocent victims cif that con- sprawling countyin a horse and bu?,ry.
to help tl_e displaced people of Vietnam help filet," the WE Board decided to help. After As he traveled through CUSter County,
I. crnsetvts to a more secure and productive consulting with the Victnamea" Confedera- he grew familiar with the general topog-
11 k.^ throw=,b C:iovernment-sponsord programs ti on of Labor (CVT) and the United States raphy of the area which at that time was
c., rose r.t:",xient, vocatiomil training, agri- Agency for International Development . not completely cultivated or settled. Dr.
C.10aural tr:u,:fng, and technical assistance in (A:1D), President Jennings announced IUE's McArthur envisioned bountiful harve,}ts
and a long and productive future for the
t is fields of health, education, public works, help would be the raising of iuntary dol-
lage rollinggI'aSSlaridS, fine winter ranges for
awl public sefety. l.?rs to build a refuge:, resettle leiiient village
"The United States Is supporting these in South Vietnam, water.
)'-!I upee rc+iic?i and rehabilitation programs of Victe roles, labor le -dens sugg ;fed the vii- rattleIt, is and nd p plententy y of f note that the 1?"C-
the Government of Vietnam with -.in the lage based on knowlecl;,e of the heeds of the
applicable resources at its disposal-AID, refugees, and the CVT will be a. full partner dictions of this leading Citizen came to
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1`966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
Health and food services: Medical exami-
nations, dental checkups; eyeglasses for chil-
dren who can't afford them, nursing serv-
ices, school breakfasts, and lunches to sup-
plement inadequate diets.
Guidance and counseling services: Em-
ployment of guidance counselors, psychome-
trists, psychologists or psychiatrists (often
part-time or on a shared basis with neigh-
boring school districts), social workers,
home-school visitors; extension of guidance
and counseling services to the junior high,
or even elementary, level.
Teacher in-service training: Seminars on
teaching disadvantaged children, under-
standing their culture, dealing with their
parents; observation of master teachers or
remedial specialists in the laboratory situa-
tion; workshops, conducted by an institu-
tion of higher learning on Saturdays or dur-
ing the summer, in connection with a spe-
cific title I project.
Recreation: Perhaps an activity of low
priority, but in a balanced program, It could
have a place; such activities might consti-
tute a part of a summer educational camp
or might be combined with health services
in areas where physical needs have been
neglected.
Cooperative projects seem particularly de-
sirable for districts with small entitlements.
As one school official in the Southwest re-
marked: "What can we do with $237?" In
any such situation, joint ventures are vir-
tually necessary to achieve a program with
scope and substance-in short, to get the
most bang for the buck. Oklahomas is con-
sidering the approval of a rebuilt bus ($37,-
000) that would rotate among a number of
rural school districts to provide remedial
reading services. Similar mobile units could
be used to provide health, guidance, or li-
brary services,
Because of the late date of the appropria-
tion measure and subsequent delay of proj-
ect materials, we realize that many school
districts found it difficult to implement pro-
grams during the first half of the school
year. If, because of existing commitments,
adequate personnel are not available to staff
projects for the second term, summer pro-
grams might be ideal-remedial classes, en-
richment activities, preschool projects, day
camps, full-time summer school programs,
etc. Schools may wish to combine the ad-
vantages of an academic program with the
play aspects of a summer session, gearing
remedial classes to craft and creative activi-
ties.
An enrichment remedial recreation com-
bination is hard to beat. In fact, summer
school programs have the twin advantage of
using uncommitted resources and providing
opportunity to plan effective programs that
have special merit for children who would
otherwise lapse completely into a barren
home environment.
If a local district does not have sufficient
resources within the school system, it may
wish to draw on the resources of outside
groups-Federal Extension Service agents
and home economists of the Department of
Agriculture, OEO personnel, church volun-
teers, women's groups, civic organizations.
For instance, if a school district needs to
improve its library program but cannot
escure sufficient staff of supplies, it may con-
tract with the public library system to mobil-
ize the necessary resources.
The following projects have been initiated
by school districts in the past, not neces-
sarily under title I, and have been high-
lighted in "Education: An Answer to Pov-
erty, School Programs for the Disadvan-
taged" (a revision of Educational Research
Service Circular No. 2), or the December issue
of School Management.
A small Midwestern city has made a con-
centrated effort to encourage parental in-
terest in an enrichment program for the
primary grades. For its kindergarten pro-
gram it conducted extensive interviews with
parents to help form an approximate record
of the experience each child had gleaned from
his home and neighborhood environment,
Moreover, a community counseling program
has been instituted and social workers offer
to help with problems that might affect a
child's success in school-budget, nutrition,
atmosphere for study.
A Michigan preschool also cultivates pa-
rental interest. Teachers make home visits
every afternoon, ostensibly to report to par-
ents on a child's progress. But the visit is
mostly taken up with engaging the mother;
the preschool pupil, and other brothers and
sisters in games and storytelling, thus en-
couraging the delighted mother to become a
preschool teacher in her own home.
In an Ohio city an ingenious, "and extreme-
ly inexpensive, preschool kit is helping dis-
advantaged youngsters and their mothers
get ready for the first grade. Three hundred
women produced over 3,000 preschool kits at
a cost of 50 cents per child-plain denim bags
filled with 15-cent packages of clay, pipe
cleaners, crayons, paste, pads of paper, shoe-
laces, erasers, storybooks, coloring books,
homemade dolls, beanbags, pencils, paper
clips, shelf paper and other items.
In the summer, mothers were invited to
attend preschool demonstration meetings
where volunteers showed mothers how to
make a game out of teaching their children
how to brush their teeth, how to cut the
tops off an old pair of sneakers, staple them
to cardboard and teach children how to
play "ties your shoes." Mothers added items
to the bags themselves-thread, spoons, zip-
pers-anything their child's imagination
could pursue. The same city also instituted
a tutor corps of 1,600 outstanding high
school students who coach 4,000 elementary
students in 60 locations throughout the inner
city-in libraries, YMCA's, recreation centers,
churches, settlement houses, and schools.
A school in Maryland has instituted a pro-
gram to test newly enrolled first graders for
reading readiness. Children without ? ade-
quate preschool experience are now placed
in classes of no more than 20 pupils. Chil-
dren in one southern school who are behind
in auditory and language development-and
who without special help would remain be-
hind-are given special training in listening
and speech production by a speech therapist.
A_ California district designed a summer
program for migrant children involving field
trips, medical examinations, films on good
health habits, remedial instruction, and
group work in various subject areas.
Programed instruction on teaching ma-
chines-an ever-increasing practice-has
been found to be effective with disadvan-
taged children, perhaps because the pupil is
doing something to make the machine work
and the machine rapidly presents him with
something new to do-in short, he learns
how to learn. But no amount of "hardware"
can replace a competent instructor or a well-
designed curriculum.
One Maryland community has established
evening counseling services in the city library
for students over 16 years of age who have
dropped out of school. Paid community
service can also be a prime tool for influenc-
ing dropouts to resume school work. Some
localities have developed impressive pro-
grams of combining youth employment with
resumed schooling, future job training, and
counseling. To deter potential dropouts
from leaving school, a work-study project
might provide for jobs in hospitals, libraries
and day-care centersservices that would ac-
complish the triple purpose of vocational
training, community betterment, and aca-
demic incentive.
An Illinois county has tried to stem drop-
outs by creating part-time jobs-teacher aids,
playground attendants, office assistants,
2001
library helpers, landscape and laboratory as-
sistants.
One after-school study, center is run on
Saturday mornings by a minister's wife and
30 volunteers, mostly high school seniors. A
library is stocked by the pablic library sys-
tem. A similar project could be instituted
under title I, perhaps in cooperation with
title II library resources. Needy high school
students might be hired as homework help-
ers.. For that matter, pilot experiments in
Michigan and California have indicated a
noticeable rise in involvement and achieve-
ment of young. children who were tutored by
sixth-grade students-not to mention a
beneficial change in the achievement and at-
titude of the tutors themselves.
As part of a $320,000 approved title I
project from Texas, $12,000 is being set aside
for food services and $28,000 for clothing,
medical and dental help. The superintend-
ent remarked that the success of remedial
activities depends greatly on the effectiveness
of community-oriented activities.
One proposed project from Georgia calls
for a psychologist or psychiatrist to spend
24 days a year working in the district on a
consultant basis. (The nearest psychologist
is 50 miles away and funds do not permit a
full-time man.) In the same area, a quali-
fied reading consultant would be hired to
plan a developmental reading program for
disadvantaged students. Part of his duties
would include the development of an inserv-
ice training course for teachers to stress
diagnosing reading problems.and employing
effective classrooms techniques (the district
can't afford highly trained specialists and has
hired 13 extra teachers for remedial classes).
In California, Project TNT (training nat-
ural talent) would provide an invigorated
school program for academically able junior
high students handicapped by poor primary
backgrounds. This proposed extension of an
ongoing project would involve special group-
ing, intensive counseling, special individual-
ized projects, 24-hour-a-day access to library
materials, cultural activities, and special
summer sessions-all designed to encourage
college entrance, to win family conildence,
and, ultimately, to upgrade programs in all
deprived areas-and all costing $6,000.
Mentally retarded teenagers have been en-
couraged to become self-reliant in one Pa-
cific coast project costing only $10,000. They
have been taught some very fundamental,
but necessary, tasks: how to cash a check,
pay a bill, mail a package, apply for a job.
These interpersonal relationships are staged
in the classroom and then practiced in the
community.
In an upstate New York community, adult
volunteers act as classroom troubleshooters
to help teachers spot specific student prob-
lems-at a mere cost of $2,500.
As part of one great cities project, special
service schools in economically and educa-
tionally deprived areas are provided with
smaller classes than in regular schools, spe-
cialized programs in reading and mathemat-
ics, additional teaching personnel for correc-
tive reading or guidance, and larger-than-
average allotments for textbooks and sup-
plies.
To give a brief rundown of some, project
applications already received in the Division
of Program Operations that outline activities
and services involving relatively small costs:
New Mexico: Preschool English program
for 15 non-English-speaking children, $6,-
956.17.
Connecticut: Quality improvement in
math, reading, and English, $13,902.
Maine: Operation Cultural Uplift (teach-
er aid, record players, partitions), $3,799.
Minnesota: Speech therapy, $6,655.69.
Arkansas: Remedial reading and break-
fast supplement, $10,677.
Florida: After school study periods, $8,376.
Indiana: Teacher aids, $12,000.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7 '
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE February 3, 1966
Arizona: Special education for mentally
retarded, $31,692.
In your position at the State level, you oc-
cupy a pivotal role. Many local school dis-
tricts will need and seek your advice as to
the thrust of their title I program. You can
give them guidance, suggestions, and tech-
nical assistance as to project design. The
above activities and services by no means ex-
haust the list of possible title I projects. We
are sure that you can add case studies of
your own and. In so doing, perform a valu-
able service to your local school districts in
their task of meeting the special educational
needs of educationally deprived children.
LTtIVATE INITIATIVE AND THE RENT
3UPPI:,EMENT PROGRAM
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
ANNUNZIO) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
bbicoRD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, in his
housing message the President cited the
dramatic and positive response to the
rent supplement program from private
groups throughout the country. In the
short time since the last session of the
Congress adjourned, without acting on
the administration's request for funds
to implement the program, the Depart-
ment of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment has already received preliminary
proposals from sponsors to construct
nearly 70,000 low-income units under the
rent supplement program as soon as
funds become available.
The President reported to us that this
overwhelming expression of interest in
the program had come from nearly every
state in the Union and from 265 locali-
ties. He said about half of the requests
had come from charitable and nonprofit
groups.
While this is impressive, it comes as no
surprise to Inc. In my own State of New
York I have been gratified to observe in
recent years a great upsurge in the num-
ber of private groups sincerely concerned
with the plight of slum dwellers and
deeply committed and dedicated to in-
tense efforts to help these people improve
themselves socially and economically
and, at the same time, to help them bring
Up to decent standards the houses and
neighborhoods in which they live. This
great outpouring of social concern and
the desire to take action and to make
sacrifices in behalf of our less-privileged
fellow citizens is in the great tradition
of America. Just as we, as a nation,
have demonstrated our desire to help
the underprivileged in the less-developed
countries of the world, Americans every-
where are becoming concerned with the
underprivileged portion of our own great
society. For ironically, we do not have
to travel halfway around the world to
discover poverty, deprivation, and hu-
man despair. It is to be found in abun-
dance in the slums of most of our cities
and towns.
This concern for our less fortunate
neighbors is being manifested by minis-
ters, priests, and rabbis-by fraternal
organizations, by neighborhood improve-
ment associations, by nonprofit organi-
zations supported by civic and business
leaders, and by a host of other groups of
high motive and noble purpose.
Not only in my own State but in every
part of the country, there is a great and
swelling movement of private charity;
spontaneous, informal, intensely local.
It is a tribute to and a reflection of the
qualities which have made America
great;.
It is most. reassuring, that these groups
have responded so quickly to the prom-
ise of the rent supplement program.
This program is well designed to assist
them in carrying out the noble purposes
of human and neighborhood improve-
ment to which they are dedicating so
much of their effort. In a sense, the
rent supplement program was made to
order for their purposes--and they have
been quick to recognize it..
The rent supplement program will
make it possible for them to help poor
people in poor neighborhoods to bring
their living conditions up to a decent
standard. This, combined with the so-
cial services and human counseling
which they are so uniquely equipped to
provide, represents an Unparalleled op-
portunity for private groups to el minate
substandard living conditions, a social
inalad,justmen.t, lack of opportunity and
hope--which are the deepest causes of
the disease which threatens the very
fabric of our urban society.
I think we owe it to these many pri-
vate nonprofit groups to give them. the
tools they need to accomplish the inspir-
ing job of social reconstruction they are
so eager to undertake. They have made
it very clear that they Consider the rent
supplement program one of the tools
they need the most.
(Mr. MULTER (at the request. of Mr.
ANNUNZIO) was granted :permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the REC-
ORD and to include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. MULTER'S remarks will appear
THE PRESIDENT DECIDES
(Mr. McGRATH (at the request of
Mr. ANNUNZIO) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. McGRATH. Mr. Speaker, on Jan-
uary 29, the Philadelphia Inquirer car-
ried a thoroughly interesting editorial
discussion of the Pre:t,ident's role in
reaching decisions.
Beyond this theme, the Inquirer also
demonstrated great clarity of foresight
and accuracy of predictability.
On that day-2 days before President
Johnson announced our resumption of
bombing in North Vietnam-the In-
quirer declared:
President Johnson has sought and obtained
expert counsel on every facet of the issues
facing him in Vietnam. Be has analyzed the
results of the bombing lull and his peace
offensive. When he is as sure as any human
being can be that what ho intends to do is
the best interests of our country-he will do
it. And, when he does, he deserves. and we
are sure that he will receive, the whole-
hearted support of the overwhelming ma-
jority of the American people.
Since the appearance of that editorial,
the Communists of Hanoi and Peiping
have been shown in no uncertain terms
that we do not intend to lessen our re-
sistance to the beleaguered people of
South Vietnam. We do not intend to
pull back from our commitment to the
cause of freedom in that troubled. place.
And I believe that the Inquirer was
absolutely correct in its prediction that
the President will have the support of
the great majority of our people.
So that my colleagues may have the
opportunity to read this frank editorial,
I am submitting it for printing in the
RECORD at this point:
THE PRESIDENT DECIDES
"The buck," read a sign on President Tru-
man's desk in the White House, "stops here."
When the chips are down, when the final
judgment has to be made-whether the
issue is freedom for the slaves, the mis-
sile confrontation with Soviet Russia in Cuba,
or the resumption of bombing in. North Viet-
nam-it is the President who has the decisive
word.
The loneliness and the agonizing respon-
sibility that go with his office must have
been brought home to the present occu-
pant of the White House to an excruciating
degree as he has wrestled with the problems
wrapped up In the bombing of North Viet-
nam.
Whatever conclusion is reached, the re-
sponsibility will rest on Lyndon B.. John-
son-and not on a single one of the indi-
viduals who have been pressuring him, harn-
mering at him., and pulling and pushing him
in every direction since the bombing pause
began on Christmas Eve.
Very few of these self-appointed advisers
have more than second- or third-hand knowl-
edge of the issues. Most of them merely
parrot what someone else has said, on the
frailest authority. Yet they all but push
intimidating fingers into the President's face
to urge him to give up the bombing in-
definitely, to pulverize Hanoi, or to adopt
some other strategy.
It Is easy to be a Monday morning quarter-
back, when you're not held responsible for
mistakes. It is easy for Congressmen to
pose as cloakroom Napoleons, when they can
shift as the winds blow-belligerent yester-
day, pacifist tomorrow, and comatose in be-
tween.
Some of those who have been pressuring
the President the most are outright appeasers
who want the United States to run out of
Vietnam at once, and who will never be
satisfied with anything less.
President Johnson has sought and ob-
tained expert counsel on every facet of the
issues facing :him in Vietnam. He has ana-
lyzed the results of the bombing lull and
his peace offensive. When he is as sure as
any human being can be that what he in-
tends to do is in the best interests of our
country-he will do it. And, when he does,
he deserves, and we are sure that he will
receive, the wholehearted support of the
overwhelming majority of the American peo-
'~ 'VRONG QUESTIONS
(Mr. MURPHY of New York (at the
request of Mr. ANNUNZIO) was granted
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, in concise, clear language, the
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
t 1P
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2003
Wall Street Journal in a recent editorial Instead, their attack on Secretary of State again came to the Congress with a re-
carefully noted that the administration Rusk centered on whether the administration quest for $50,003 to investigate the Ku
weighed both military and diplomatic had a congressional mandate to wage the war Klux Klan. On both of these requests,
consideration before unleashing more at all. Now, there is a logitimate theoretical I voted against authorizing the expendi-
issue in the congressional prerogatives of tures and authorization of these funds.
airpower over North Vietnam. Congress to declare war and the President to
The military variable was, in President be Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. It has been my contention that this
Johnson's words, the "cost in lives-Viet- But a precedent was established in Korea, committee has, since its inception abused
namese, American and allied"-which where the President waged a conventional its powers and failed to justify its con-
would result from continued immunity war with no formal congressional declaration. tinued existence as a permanent investi-
for the Vietcong's logistical operation in' In addition, Congress has passed a resolu- gating committee in aiding Congress to
the north, tion unmistakably giving the President the legislate wisely.
The diplomatic question was whether widest discretion in Vietnam. When this The many committees of this House
resolution was being debated, Senator FUL- have been held in high regard by the vit-
a continued pause in air strikes might BRIGHT himself stated it was advance author-
bring negotiations; but again, as the ity for whatever the President deemed neces- izens of the United States. It is only the
President said, "it is plain that there is sary, not excluding the use of large land House Committee on Un-American Ac-
no readiness to talk-no readiness for armies. And, as Secretary Rusk observed of tivities that has created a doubt in the
peace-in that regime today." a related Senate action, there were "no res- minds of our Nation as to its worthiness
The Journal pointed out: evations that this doesn't apply if things as a function part of the legislative proc-
While nearly everyone dreads the prospect get tough." ess of our Government.
Some committee members also expressed
of a larger war, history gives scant support anxiety over the "open endedness" of the According to the report filed by the
to the notion that endlessly yielding a bit Vietnamese situation. That is, China can committee, published in the CONGRES-
to ambitious powers will prevent larger wars also escalate, and no one knows where this SIGNAL RECORD of January 20, 1966, page
by stilling their ambitions, might lead. Senator CLARK told Mr. Rusk, 838, the committee expenditures for the
This, in clear words, is what Ameri- "Personally, I'm scared to death that we are period of January 3 to December 31, 1965,
cans already know-and must never for- on the way to world war III." amounted to $350,758.49.
get. While nearly everyone dreads the prospect Mr. Speaker, I have advocated that
The continuing struggle to stop ag- of a larger war, history gives scant support to
gression and to prevent the Communists the notion that endlessly yielding a bit to this committee become a part of the
ambitious powers will prevent larger wars by Judiciary Committee, which has con-
from upseting the fragile balance of stilling their ambitions. General Gavin, for ducted its business with dignity and
power through force or the use of force one, has no illusion that pulling into coastal decorum. I still maintain that this com-
must-and will-go on. enclaves in Vietnam will remove the neces- mittee become a part of the Judiciary
As a clearly stated reminder of the sity to resist communist expansion elsewhere Committee.
and
Thailand
l
i
"
,
nsu
a,
The Kra Pen
path we are determinedly set to follow, in Asia:
this article from the Wall Street Journal the Philippines can all be secured, although
is offered for the RECORD at this point: we ultimately might have heavy fighting on
the northern frontiers of Thailand."
THE WRONG QUESTIONS Perhaps the general is right that we should
The resumption of U.S. bombings in North consider holding only enclaves in Vietnam;
Vietnam comes on the heels of an open- perhaps, on the other hand, retreat there
session bombardment of United States Asian would psychologically undermine resistance
policy by a faction of the Senate Foreign Re- elsewhere. Here is an issue which does need
lations Committee. The question of the clarification; Vietnam may be the worst pos-
bombings, indeed, illustrates a lot about the sible battlefield. Yet it seems clear that
larger issues the committee members somewhere we must accomplish the purpose
broached. we seek in Vietnam-checking Asian commu-
In deciding to unleash airpower over North nism to curb its appetite for expansion.
Vietnam, the administration was obviously There may be plenty of reason for wider
forced to weigh both military and diplomatic debate on Vietnam if it is the right debate.
considerations. As President Johnson's But so far at least, Senator FULBRIGHT and
speech to the Nation yesterday indicated, like-minded men are asking questions that
the military variable was the "cost in lives- do little to illuminate the real issues.
Vietnamese, American, and allied"-which
would result from continued immunity for
the Vietcong's logistical foundation in the
north.
The diplomatic question, of course, was
whether a continued pause might make North
Vietnam willing to negotiate something
other than an American capitulation. The
answer is now clearer than ever. As the
President said, "It is plain that there is no
readiness to talk-no readiness for peace-
in that regime today."
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. ANNUNZIO) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. GONZALEZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
Some, we suppose, will strongly object to APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE HOUSE
the President's decision. But any harsh COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN
protest will reveal a blindness-which the ACTIVITIES
man who bears responsibility for soldiers'
lives cannot afford-to the military side of (Mr. HELSTOSKI (at the request of
the equation. Similarly, in public discus- Mr. ANNUNZIO) was granted permission
sion during the pause, talk about diplomacy to extend his remarks at this point in the
nearly obscured the military issue. This was RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
true even though there was room for ques-
tioning military calculations of the bomb- Mr. HELSTOSKI. Mr. Speaker, once
ing's effectiveness.
For the most part, similar misdirection again this House was requested to appro-
has prevailed in public discussion of the war priate a sum of money to permit the
in general. A notable exception is General House Committee on Un-American Ac-
James Gavin's recent analysis. It would be tivities to continue its functions through-
truly illuminating to see debate joined on out the year.
the issues he raises about the potential and This time the committee has requested
t f ilitar effort there articularly
os o our m
f
The most recent abuse of its activities
occured last May in Chicago. The com-
mittee, according to its chairman, was
seeking factual information upon the
activities of the Communist Party.
What information was received still re-
mains a mystery, but to me it appears
that this was a propaganda excursion,
one which could again take on the aspect
of destroying the reputation and lives of
American citizens by publicly accusing
them of associations with elements which
the committee considers undesirable.
This year's request for funds is the
largest that the committee has requested
and the largest of any committee of the
House. I protest this authorization and
if illness had not confined me to my
apartment throughout all of last week, I
would have been here and voted against
this appropriation. For the money we
have spent on the activities of this com-
mittee we have not been given our
money's worth. Its record of legislative
accomplishment is so small that its posi-
tive actions could be enumerated on
about one-half page of a regular letter-
head. The principal activities, it appears
to me, is not aimed toward legislation but
rather in the investigating and exposing
individuals and organizations as anti-
American or un-American. An ap-
pearance before this committee brands
one as being against the United States.
I shall, as long as I remain in Congress,
refrain from authorizing any funds to
any committee which I feel is not per-
forming its proper functions as a com-
mittee to permit us to legislate properly
for the best interests of all of our citizens
and of the country.
c
y p a sum of $425,000 for the performance o
whether Vietnam is an acceptable drain on Its functions, an increase of $55,000 over DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME
our resources. So far as we can tell, how-
ever, that is not the debate Senator Fus.- the amount which this House authorized (Mr, GILLIGAN (at the request of. Mr
BRIGHT, the Foreign Relations Committee during the first session of this Congress. ANNtTNZIO) was granted permission to
chairman, and his allies are trying to start, Then, on April 14, 1965, the committee extend his remarks at this point in the
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7 1
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February 0, 1966
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. GILLIGAN. Mr. Speaker, I have
Introduced today a bill to untangle the
time mess that annually hits the Nation
during the summer months.
It is entitled the "Uniform Time Act of
1966." States or political subdivisions of
States and the District of Columbia, that
adopt daylight savings time must do so
during a specified period under provi-
sions of the bill. The period begins on
the last Sunday in April and ends the
last Sunday in October.
The purpose of the bill is to straighten
with one uniform law the tangle of dif-
ferent State laws on daylight savings
time.
Because of the tangle, businessmen are
frustrated in daily transactions, travelers
are confused, and millions of dollars are
lost needlessly.
My colleague, the gentleman from
Tennessee, the Honorable RICHARD H.
FULTON, in testifying before the House
Committee on Interstate and Foreign
Commerce, recently asserted that the
time mess costs the Nation's motorbus
operators $250,000 to reprint schedules;
the railroads an estimated $1 million for
reprinting schedules; and broadcasters
$1.6 million to tape shows.
The amount lost to businessmen just
trying to negotiate intrastate with one
another amidst this time crazy quilt
surely runs into the millions.
My bill also has an enforcement provi-
sion. It provides that the Interstate
Commerce Commission may apply to the
district court of the United States where
such violation occurs and seek court in-
junction or other process to enforce
obedience to the act.
't'he present hodgepodge of State laws
have given the United States the un-
happy title of "world's worst time keep-
er." The country would lose the title
under the Uniform Time Act of 1966.
I recommend the bill for your consid-
eration and approval.
NATIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY
AGENCY
(Mr. HANSEN of Iowa (at the request
of Mr. ANNUNZIO) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HANSEN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker,
today, along with Congressman Mackay
and several others of my colleagues, I
introduced a bill to establish a National
't'raffic Safety Agency. This is a step
that we have needed to take for some
time and to delay any longer would be
folly.
Last year 49,000 persons were killed in
the United States in traffic accidents.
'Phat is an avero'e of 130 every day. Any
other such scu,Arge would be attacked
with all the force of our local, State, and
National Governments. It is time for
us to move with dispatch to reduce the
in'rsonal and social tragedy in this area.
The State of Iowa has always had a
very effective highway safety program
directed through the office of the Com-
missioner of Public Safety. Having had
personal contact with the Commis- hower said, would have "given sanctuary to
sinner's office, I know there have been those responsible for sending guerrilla forces
many times when he would have wel- and supplies Into South Vietnam" for the
corned outside direction and asistance purpose of imposing their will on the Gov-
ernment and people of that country.
as is provided in this measure. Ths general expressed his views on the
Many of my colleagues have had the President's decision in a telephone conver-
same experience I have had whey travel- sation from his winter residence in Desert
ing from one State to another and have City, Calif. His response to a request for
been confused, and needlessly endangered comment was immediate and extempora-
when traffic signal :patterns have ab- neous.
I'uptty changed. With the advt nt of a In addition to providing safe-passage from
the north for the guerrilla
National Traffic Safety Agency u e could infiltrating forces and through
into South Vietnam through
achieve a uniformity In control measures Laos, he asserted, an indefinite suspension
that would make our highways safer, of bombing would "only make certain that
more easily traveled. he would have to face the Communist ag-
It is my sincere hope that my col- gressor on other battlefields elsewhere in
leagues will join in this move for traffic southeast Asia."
safety. j 1 BRINKMANSHIP DENIED
EISENHOWER SPEAKS
tion of that Government," he said, "and I'm
for winning the battle here and not in some
ANNUNZIO) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, I think
it is of tremendous significance that for-
mer President Dwight Eisenhower con-
curred completely in President Johnson's
decision to resume bombing in North
Vietnam.
The general's statement is a clear
indication of the unity which the coun-
try is giving the President in his de-
termination to give our fighting men in
Vietnam every support they need.
On this issue there niust be no north
or south, no east or west. On this issue
the country can agree and does agree.
We expect much from our soldiers.
We are proud of them. 'We call them
the finest men in all the world--brave
and courageous in every sense of the
word. The cream of the crop is over
there in the rice paddies and jus'.gles of
Vietnam. And while we expect much
from them, they expect a lot from us.
In giving his full support to the Presi-
dent's decision, General Eisenhower
maid to have done otherwise would have
"`given sanctuary to those responsible
for sending guerrilla forces and ,upplies
into South Vietnam" for the purpose of
imposing their will on the Government
and people of that country.
The former President declared that
"in the circumstances there was nothing
the President could do but order the
resumption of the bombing."
Americans in all parts of this land
agree with President Johnson and Pres-
iden Eisenhower on this score.
I am sure that any of my colleagues
who did not see the statement made by
General Eisenhower will find it of vital
concern, and for this reason I Wfer the
story from the New York Times for in-
sertion in the RECORD:
,EISENHOWER CALLS JOHNSON UNQUESSIONABLY
RIGHT-INDEFINITE LuLI, IN RAIDS WOULD
ONLY AID ENEMY, HE SAYS-HA,.*'7OI DE-
NOUNCED BY GENERAL FOR EstALATING
CONFLICT
(By Felix ]3elair)
WASHINGTON, January 3:1.--Former :Presi-
dent Dwight D. Eisenhower said today that
President Johnson "unquestionably has
made the correct decision" in ordering a
resumption of bombing in North Vietnam.
To have done otherwise, Genera. Eisen-
He had no sympathy at all, General
Eisenhower said, with some Members of the
Senate and others who maintained that a
bombing resumption in the north would be
escalating the war and playing at brink-
manship with a nuclear world war III.
He contended that it was Hanoi, working
through the National Liberation Front of
South Vietnam, the political affiliate of the
Vietcong, that had done the escalating. In
addition to a completely negative response
to President Johnson's peace overtures, he
said, North Vietnam's Communist regime had
used the period of suspended bombing to
strengthen their forces in the south and
send more equipment.
The Vietcong forces had expanded their
attacks on U.S. military installations and
barracks while continuing their bombing
of nonmilitary civilian targets such as buses
and other public facilities, the former Presi-
dent said.
All this required that American forces
react, and the bombing of North Vietnamese
targets was part of that reaction, he said.
He added that "in the circumstances there
was nothing the President could do but order
a resumption of the bombing."
General Eisenhower's voice was strong and
he was at no loss for words to express his
views on the President's decision. He said
he was feeling fine again and today had
played 9 holes of golf.
Although General Eisenhower did not say
so, his views on any U.S. military in-
volvement always are considered by the
Joint Chiefs of Staff and are sometimes
solicited by President Johnson.
Without going into the question of limited
warfare as opposed to an expansion of hos-
tilities in Vietnam, General Eisenhower re-
jected the recent proposal by Lt. Gen. James
M. Gavin (retired) that the U.S. forces with-
draw into several costal enclaves in South
Vietnam so as to limit the war while pursuing
peace efforts.
The general raised the question of what
the Vietcong would be doing throughout the
rest of South Vietnam while U.S. forces sat
securely in their enclaves.
Answering his own question, he said that
as in the case of an indefinite suspension of
bombings, such a course would only postpone
an inevitable decision to meet force with
force.
McNAMARA ADDS NEW ERROR TO
RECORD
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Louisiana I Mr. WAGCONNEIi I
is recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, the
faulty judgment of the Secretary of De-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
On this list are some of the largest and most
successful companies in the United States.
A new advantage to advertising has been
recently revealed, and since it affects a cor-
poration which is considering becoming part
of Lorain, the facts are worth noting.
United Artists was an advertiser who
placed a full page ad in the 1964 Democratic
National Convention program. The cost of
this ad was $15,000. The some corporation
also took a full page ad in the Democrats'
advertising book "Toward an Age of Great-
ness" published in December 1965. Again
the cost was $15,000. Both of these ads ap-
peared in spite of the fact that Federal law
makes it a crime for either corporations or
labor unions to make contributions or ex-
penditures "in connection with any election
to any political office, or in. connection with
any primary election or political convention
or caucus held to select candidates for any
political office." (Title 18, sec. 610.)
Could this advertising have resulted in
the fact that on January 6, 1966, a hearing
examiner from the Federal Communications
Commission recommended that United Art-
ists Broadcasting, Inc., be awarded a con-
struction permit for a new television broad-
cast station supposedly assigned to Lorain,
Ohio? The FCC conveniently ignored the
fact that the broadcast tower is to be located
in Cleveland. Also glossed over were certain
antitrust questions concerning United Art-
ists.
It is nice to know that large corporations
can benefit from the Great Society as well as
impoverished individuals, especially if the
large corporations know the value of adver-
tising in the political publications of the
Democratic Party.
The SPEAKEo tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Illinois [Mr. PUCINSxr] is
recognized for 30 minutes.
(Mr. PUCINSKI asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the
events of the last 24 hours would indicate
that there is a flicker of hope today that
the President will succeed in chartering
a course which could bring the conflict in
Vietnam to the negotating table. I say
advisedly and stress that it is only a
flicker, only a thin sliver of hope but I am
sure that to the millions of parents in
this country, fathers and mothers whose
youngsters are of draft age; to the tens of
thousands of parents in this country
whose boys are now in the service and
who are actually serving in Vietnam, and
to the millions of young men who are
most directly involved in these events,
even such a flicker can be a source of
cautious comfort.
The inspiring victory scored yesterday
by our Ambasador to the United Nations,
Ambassador Arthur Goldberg, in bring-
ing before the United Nations Security
Council a full-scale discussion of the
Vietnam conflict is the basis for this
flicker of hope.
Following closely behind Ambassador
Goldberg's success of yesterday, is the
statement made today by the South
Vietnam Ambassador, Vu Van Thai, who,
according to the Associated Press, said
that his government believes the Viet-
nam war could be halted on the basis
of the 1954 Geneva Agreement. The
Associated Press dispatch states that he
made a comment after a 1 hour and 10
minute meeting with U.S. Secretary of
State. Dean Rusk. Thai said he had
made a "complete tour of all the prob-
lems facing us at this stage. There is
an identity of views both in standing
against aggression and in the sincere de-
sire of both of our governments to con-
tinue the search for peace."
The Ambassador said the Saigon Gov-
ernment had been consulted and was in
full agreement with the United States
before President Johnson's move in tak-
ing the peace bid to the United Nations
Security Council.
Asked about the reconvening of the
1954 Geneva Conference, which would
include Communist China, North Viet-
nam, and the Soviet Union, as well as
Britain, France, and the United States,
Thai said:
Our Government has made clear that while
we were not a signatory to the Geneva
agreement, we feel that the war could be
stopped on the basis of the Geneva agree-
ment.
The main violation of that agreement has
been due to the aggression from the north.
Our Government has reiterated the princi-
ple of the right of the Vietnamese to choose
their own institutions through free and
democratic elections.
But he said that this could not be
carried out until the aggression has been
stopped.
I think the fact that nine nations
voted with us yesterday at the United
Nations to bring this whole Vietnam
conflict before the Security Council is a
great source of hope.
We can all recall that by using this
United Nations international forum in
1962, and exposing for the whole world
to see the full details of the Communist
conspiracy in Cuba, President Kennedy
was able to marshal world support and
indignation against the Soviet Union for
placing missiles in Cuba. It was this
world indignation that helped avoid a
major confrontation when the Soviets
withdrew. While I am mindful of those
who criticized the shortcomings of the
United Nations-and, on occasion, I, too,
have been impatient with it-it appears
to me that the record is clear that the
United Nations can become an instru-
ment for resolving disputes which could
lead to major world conflict.
The United Nations did p3ay a vital
role in 1962. But let us not forget also
that as a corollary to using the United
Nations as a forum to bring before the
world all of the facts on Cuba, we had a
President then, as we have a President
now, not afraid to stand up to aggression
during the discussions.
I firmly believe the wisdom of Presi-
dent Johnson's decision to renew bomb-
ing of North Vietnam is beginning to
demonstrate to the world the sincerity
of our purpose as Americans in defend-
ing South Vietnam during the agonizing
period while we search for other meth-
ods to end the war.
We want peace above everything.
That is a matter of indisputable record.
We have exerted and exhausted every
single one of our resources in the search
for that peace. But, at the same time,
we are not going to .let our allies down.
We are not going to see South Vietnam
abandoned because we know that to
abandon South Vietnam today would
merely whet the appetites of those who
would conquer freedom throughout the
world.
I warned 2 weeks ago of the Tri-Con-
tinental Communist Congress held in
Cuba during the first 2 weeks of Janu-
ary. For those people who cannot un-
derstand why Mr. Johnson has to follow
this parallel track-on the one hand,
using whatever resources are at our dis-
posal to bomb military installations in
Vietnam; and then, on the other hand,
looking for peace in the United Nations-
let them just read the record of that Tri-
Continental Congress and let them un-
derstand that the Communists have de-
vised a new technique of warfare.
Our Nation, by building up the huge
war machine that we have, has made
major war too expensive. I think it is
safe to presume that there will be no
major exchange of nuclear devices be-
tween the major powers because all par-
ties concerned realize what a costly ap-
proach that would be.
And so the Communists have now de-
vised a new technique of conquest by sub-
version, conquest by terrorism, and the
testing ground for this new technique
is South Vietnam.
The Tri-Continental Congress clearly
went on record to repeat this subversion
and terrorism to seize nation after na-
tion on the continents of Africa, Asia and
Latin America. It is important for those
who urge we abandon Vietnam to know
that much more than just a piece of real
estate in Vietnam is involved in this war.
For this country today to walk away
from South Vietnam without resolving
that problem and without guaranteeing
for those people the rigt to self-deter-
mination would be to give the green light
to Communist leaders on three conti-
nents, who brazenly and boldly spelled
out their plans in Havana for 15 days in
the first 2 weeks of January. They told
us openly how they plan to carry on the
same kind of subversion and terrorism
throughout the whole of Asia, throughout
the whole of Africa, and throughout the
whole of South America. This is the
new technique of the International
Comintern, which is being reestablished
throughout the world.
And so, for all of those well-meaning
Americans who would say that we ought
to leave Vietnam, that they do not like
Vietnam, I submit and suggest that they
look at the record of Havana during the
first 2 weeks of January.
I submit that the President is follow-
ing the course that is the only course
for Americans to follow.
I submit that there is a reason why
Hanoi and Peiping, and, yes, even Mos-
cow, do not want to see this conflict re-
solved. It is becoming crystal clear that
Hanoi and Peiping and Moscow would
just as soon have this conflict continued
in South Vietnam, because they feel
that they have all of our attention
centered there, all of our energies directed
there, while ? in the meantime, they are
free .to roans all over the world and en-
gage in their subversion.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --HOUSE February 1966
To those who cannot understand the
global aspect of the Vietnam conflict, let
ure remind them that in this last year,
lit governments of the African Continent
have gone down and have been wiped out
through subversion and conflict, very
much along the same lines that we now
ace in Vietnam.
I ,;a.y that President Johnson's policy
in Vietnam---carrying the olive branch
of peace in one hand and the arrows
of defense in the other, is the only policy.
11, is a policy aimed at preventing world
war ]-It.
I am pr;;ud that the overwhelming
majority of American people who are
deepiy concerned about Vietnam, who
want an honorable victory in Vietnam,
have shown it maturity never before
demonstrated in America in saying to
the President: "Mr. President, we are
with you. We trust your judgment. We
trust freedom's future in your hands. We
trust our survival to your guidance."
God grant that we could have had
this kind of understanding in 1935 and
1936 and 1937, when another great Presi-
dent stood in Chicago at the Outer Drive
Bridge and called for a quarantine of the
first aggressors of that era. He warned
in those days that if we did not stop a.g-
Fression at ghat point, it would spread
into a major conflict. And he was a
prophet to be dealt with, because indeed
the world sat back, and we saw the dev-
astation that followed in World War II.
I say to those who urge a policy of
withdrawal before the battle is ended
that they fail to look at history.
]:fight here on Pennsylvania Avenue,
clown the street from the Capitol, in
front of the National Archives Building,
there are two inscriptions: One says
"What Is Past Is Prolog," and the other
says "Study the Past." Now, if anybody
still wonders what we are doing in Viet-
nam, let them just study the past and
they will ser what we are doing in Viet-
riatn. We are defending freedom and
stopping aggression before it gets out of
hand.
We have said we will not be fooled
a!;ain. So we are trying to move for-
ward on two courses, one at the peace
table. while the other contains aggres-
sion.
I am confident that the breakthrough
Ambassador Goldberg scored in the
United Nations yesterday in winning
support for the President's request that
the Vietnam question be brought to the
United Nations Security Council, is the
lrst major breakthrough. Oh, I am
mindful of the veto and I a.nr mindful of
all the other things the Communists can
Flo to block us at the U.N. I know that
there will be a long, hard road to fol-
low at the United Nations before we can
oven hope to bring this thing to an hon-
orable conclusion and solution, but at
least we are moving forward.
As we look back in history again and
as we look at the role that the United
Nations has played in Cuba and in the
Congo and in the Gaza strip and as we
'-,D down the line and see the record of
the United Nations, we Americans today
can look at this little flicker of hope and
:see that maybe by the grace of God, we
can get out of Vietnam with honor and
still preserve the dignity and freedom of
those people we have vowed to protect.
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. PUCINSKI. Yes. I yield to the
gentleman from Utah.
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, I
should like to say that I have thrilled
at the words of the distinguished gentle-
man from Illinois. I agree with him, 100
percent. It was my privilege to be in
South Vietnam for a period of a week
about 2 months ago.. I was there the
day of the bombing of the Metropol Hotel
in Saigon. I was the first American
civilian to reach the site of that bombing.
I remember the sickening feeling which
came over me as I contemplated the
havoc, the carnage, the desolation caused
by that explosion in which some 133 per-
sons were seriously injured and 8 were
killed. I realized then that the tactics
of the Vietcong were absolutely devoid
of morality. I realized[ that they were
desperate and fanatical in the pursuit
of their objectives. I came aw r.v from
that country more determined than ever
to stand firm to resist this kind of ter-
rorisrn. I was told, for example, that
during 1965 the Vietcong averaged about
850 acts of terrorism every single week
for an entire year's period. The amount
of terrorisms has actually gone u`r rather
than down in the last 2: or 3 months. I
felt then and I feel now--and I believe
most of the American people feel strong-
ly-that this type of conduct cannot be
tolerated. It violates all of the rules of
decency and of acceptable conduct, yes,
even for warfare.
I heartily approve of the cours,~ of our
Nation in standing firm. I commend the
distinguished gentleman for what he
said.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr- Speaker, I thank
the gentleman from Utah for his con-
tribution. I would certainly like to asso-
ciate myself with his remarks. This is
the thing we have been trying to explain
to the American people. We are fighting
a war in Vietnam unlike anything that
civilization has ever fought before. In
the classical sense of warfare, there were
armies with uniforms and tanks and
there was some code of ethics toward
soldiers including a code of exchanging
prisoners of war which has been set up
over the years. Going back through the
whole history of civilization, man's in-
humanity toward his fellow man had
some sort of standards at least for the
military personnel. However, what we
are fighting in Vietnam today is a com-
pletely new concept of Communist war-
fare which can strike in. any country or
in. any section of the world. You are
fighting men that you cannot identify as
the enemy, men who work the fields dur-
ing the day and in the evening, w: ith the
very same clothes on, but heavily armed
by Hanoi and Peiping, go out and :ornmit
acts of violence, terrorism, and subver-
sion. These are terrorists who have not
stopped at murdering, executing 60,000
of South Vietnamese city, villar;e, and
municipal officials. They have destroyed
entire local governments. They are tak-
ing mayors and city councilmen and
police chiefs and all others responsible
for orderly government and putting them
up against the wall and destroying them.
That is the kind of war we are fighting in
Vietnam. For us to walk away from it
now would be an open invitation for this
kind of terrorism all over the world, and
I say, also, here in the United States.
Vietnam, Mr. Speaker, is the testing
ground for an entirely new method of
terrorism and subversion with which the
Communists hope to conquer the world
through so-called "small wars of libera-
tion."
Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker,
will the gentleman yield?
Mr. PUCINSKI. I yield to the gentle-
man from Alaska.
Mr. RIVERS of Alaska. Mr. Speaker,
I thank the gentleman for yielding and
compliment him on his constructive and
discerning analysis of this situation. I
subscribe to what you have said and
associate myself with your analysis of the
situation. I want to be counted among
those who are standing squarely behind
the President in handling this most diffi-
cult situation.
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr, Speaker, I thank
the gentleman very much for his state-
ment. I yield back the balance of my
time.
SUPPORTING PRESIpENT 3
SON'S POLICY VIETNAM
The SPEAKER pro t~mpora (Mr. Ros-
TErrKOwsKI).. Under previous order of
the House, the gentleman from Califor-
nia [Mr. HOLM uELDI is recognized. for 15
minutes.
Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Speaker, I have
supported the President's foreign policy
in Vietnam since its inception and I sup-
port it today.
I believe the principles contained in
the United Nations Charter comprise the
basic foundation for mediation and con-
ciliation between nations. Two of the
most important principles are:
First, condemnation of military ag-
gression by one nation against another
as a means of settling a dispute; and
Second, the right of self-determination
by the people of any nation in free and
uncoerced elections.
In Vietnam we have naked aggression
by the North Vietnamese hard core mili-
tary troops and covert infiltrators against
the people in the Republic of South Viet-
nam.
Since 1954-55 we have had a planned
North Vietnamese four-pronged program
of infiltration, subversion, terrorism, and
guerrilla military takeover of villages
and areas in South Vietnam.
Another principle of the United Na-
tions involves regional agreements be-
tween nations to come to each other's aid
at the request of the aggrieved nation.
These agreements to aid in the event of
aggression may be either bilateral, as
between two nations, or multilateral,
through regional organizations such as
NATO or SEATO.
In the instant case of Vietnam, it is
true we were not signatory to the Geneva
agreement of 1954, but we did take of-
ficial note of the agreement and issued
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1997
a statement saying we would view any to the utmost the possibility of peace. founders, are developed we must live in
renewal of aggression with grave con- No one can, say a cessation of air strikes a world torn between the high ideals of
tern and we, as a nation,: would refrain;. for 37 days, in the face of continuous at- the United Nations Charter and the stern
from the use of force to disturb the status tacks, was too short for conciliatory and ugly realities of national contro-
of those nations whose boundaries were action by the Vietcong. No one can say, versy. We must find accommodations
set in the Geneva agreement of 1954. In retrospect, the Vietcong buildup in for balancing military power, restrain-
Since 1950 we had helped Indochina- unopposed transportation of war sup- ing total commitment to war, protecting
which included Vietnam-with economic plies and unharassed infiltration of weak nations against aggression, and
and military assistance. We have con- manpower will not be reflected in the eliminating the causes of war.
tinued that help to Vietnam under bi- loss of additional American and_ South I was pleased at the President's deci-
lateral arrangements, at their request, Vietnamese lives. sion to take the Vietnam problem before
up to the present time. As the aggres- This was the chance we took in the the United Nations. Any crisis as
sion increased from North Vietnam, quest for peace. This is the further threatening to world peace as the one in
aided and abetted by Red China, we were burden we bear as a result of the Viet- Vietnam should be discussed in the
faced with renouncing our commitments cong's refusal to negotiate for peace at highest international forum which is
or continuing our economic and military the conference table. available. We realize the limitations of
aid on a larger scale. There are those who will continue to the United Nations mechanism. En-
Three administrations-Eisenhower, cry for peace at the price of honor, at the cumbered as it is with obstructive possi-
Kennedy, and Johnson-hayed deemed price of appeasement of tyranny and in bilities and deficient powers, it still has
it a commitment of honor to continue the face of military aggression on the great present and potential value.
our economic and military aid to Viet- territory of a legally established nation. The United Nations will never reach
nam. There will continue to be those who al- the goal of fulfillment planned by its
it has been considered important to low their desire for peace to becloud their originators unless it is given difficult
our Nation as well as the free world that evaluation of the realities of the Com- tasks to perform. The test of perform-
the new formula of Communist conquest munist planned formula for conquest of ance will disclose its weaknesses and
be checked. Failure to check this desperate people ruled by weak and un- defects. While I approve of President
planned formula of Communist conquest stable governments. Johnson's decision to refer the Vietnam
in Vietnam would be considered a be- I have no desire to silence dissent. I problem to the United Nations for de-
trayal of commitment by the Vietnamese have no desire to sit in judgment on my bate and full discussion, I realize such
Government and a reflection on the colleagues whose conclusions differ from referral does not guarantee an ideal solu-
Integrity of U.S. commitments to our mine. They, of course, must answer to tion nor does it, in itself, relieve the
other allies. It would also constitute an their consciences as I shall answer to United States Republic our commitment t
encouragement to further use of the four mine. honor pronged formula of Communist conquest I yield to no man a greater desire for does not remove the need for bilateral
in troubled spots throughout the world. peace. For 20 years I have studied the or regional defense group agreements to
I am deeply troubled and concerned perils of the atomic age. I know the protect the weak from predatory aggres-
because large scale military action in power of every type of atomic and sion until there is a United Nations peace
Vietnam is necessary. I have urged the atomic-hydrogen weapon. I have con- enforcement arm.
President to leave no stone unturned in ducted extensive hearings on the effects While the United Nations debates the
the quest for peace without sacrifice of an atomic war would have on man and Vietnam problem, and I welcome such
national honor. his environment. For 7 consecutive debate, we must answer the Vietcong
.I believe the President has made every years, my Subcommittee on Military aggression with the only method they
effort to achieve negotiations for peace. Operations studied the problem of civil apparently respect. That is overwhelm-
What else can he do while maintain- defense in the atomic age. Our reports ing military power. They have refused
ing our national honor? on civil defense, atomic radiation, and the olive branch and we are forced to
Of course, as Commander in Chief -he the effects of atomic weapons are the continue the use of the sword. This is
can order our military forces to retreat most comprehensive and reliable group not the first time, nor will it be the last,
from Vietnam. of reports on these closely related sub- time, the people of the United States
Is this what his critics want him to do? jects. have been asked to sacrifice in the cause
Is this what the American people want I an aware of the massive total explo- of freedom, in the cause of opposing ag-
him to do? sive power contained in our inventory of gression.
Let us be done with general criticism nuclear weapons and have been informed I support the President in the resump-
and ask those who -criticize to suggest of our intelligence estimates of the nu- tion of air strikes against the forces of
specific alternatives. clear power of other nations. I cite this aggression. I know he will keep the
I am confident the great majority of background of information and knowl- door open for peace negotiations. I
the American people are supporting the edge not in a spirit of braggadocio or know that door will swing wide when
President in his handling of the Vietnam arrogance. Such knowledge leaves little the aggressor realizes aggression cannot
problem. They believe he has indeed room for egotism. It does impose on this win. I know the road to'peace has to
walked "the long mile" in the pursuit of Member a soberness and a desire for be the road of honor and surrender to
peace. Certainly there has never been, peace based on the conviction that man aggression will but whet the appetite of
within my personal knowledge, as many cannot blunder into a nuclear war if the aggressor for larger and more dan-
offers to go from the battlefield to the civilization is to survive. Therefore, the gerous adventures.
conference table. These offers have been nations of the world must find the way This Nation seeks no conquest of ter-
made by the President and by the Secre- to peace. That way, however, will not ritory or people. We seek to live in peace
tary of State many, many times. The be found by surrender to the aggressor, with all men and we are willing to make
voluntary cessation of air strikes for 37 nor will it be found through the betrayal the necessary sacrifices to stop aggres-
days, accompanied by a worldwide series of honorable commitments to nations sion before it embroils the world in a
of personal appeals carried by a blue which are based on the principles set greater and more dangerous struggle.
ribbon panel of personal emissaries in- forth in the United Nations Charter.
cluding Vice President HuMPHREY, was Neither will it come, at this time, U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL RAISES
of no avail. through reliance on the defective peace HIGH THE HOPES OF THE WORLD
The cessation of air strikes was used enforcement provisions of the United Na- TOWARD ESTABLISHING DURA-
ESTABLISHING
of national controversy
ti
i
n cases
ons
. A,,~~TS,,~(,NOR
PEACE IN
by the Vietcong to strengthen their mils-
ressio The principles of the United Nations A AT J
t ,
_ f
f
or
g
The President's personal emissaries re- Lion of principles we, the member na- y_..SpEpi ER pro tempore. Under
turned without any concession on the tions, have not as yet perfected the func-
the aggressors. previous order of the House, the gentle-
part I of was in favor of the cessation of tions of adjudication and enforcement. man from New York [Mr. HALPERN] is
bombing in order that we could explore Until these functions, envisaged by its recognized for 5 minutes.
No. 18-14
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE February 2, 1966
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, the U.N. realistically, that the Congress, in view It seems, to me that in this situation
Security Council raised high the hopes of its past expressions and sentiments, we can do little else except insure that
of the world yesterday by voting to de- is sympathetic to this new direction. relative balance in the Middle East is
bate the U.S. resolution calling for im- For it raises serious questions regard- indeed secured. Our Government must
mediate discussions, without precondi- ing American intentions in the Middle now take all necessary steps to insure
tions, to establish a durable and honor- East; it undermines cur purpose of that Israel's deterrent force retains
able peace in Vietnam. Having accept-- stemming the wasteful commitment to credibility.
ed its rightful responsibility, and having armaments, a continuing source of ten-
elected to assume its role in man's end[-? sion, temptation, and unreasoned bellig-
less quest for peace, it is now incumbent erence. A. JOB WELL DONE
upon the Security Council to make a de-- The Soviet Union and other Commu- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
termined effort to meet its responsibility nist states have poured arms into the previous order of the House, the gentle-
and discharge its role, by marshaling area; this remains the most direct threat man from Ohio fMr. ASHBROOISI is roe-
every human and institutional resource to peace. The Arab arms buildup, which ognized for 15 minutes.
at its command, to bring peace to this the United States is now supporting, rep-
troubled world of ours. resents an immediate threat to the pros- spite some recent attempts to discredit
I commend. the President and Ambas- pests for peace in the Middle East. the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the
sador Goldberg for addressing this prob- I have been in communication with the overwhelming majority of the American
rem to the United Nations. In our era. Department of State on this matter, people have implicit faith in this most
the problem of war is the world's prob- amazing of Federal agencies. The 'FBI
rem. The task of concluding hostilities, Early in January, before the Congress annual report for 1965 proves beyond a
and confining the possibilities of escala- reconvened, I asked the Depa;tinent to doubt that this faith is justified:
lion, defy accomplishment by any one supply me with an official accounting of The FBI during the past year relayed
nation-no matter how honest its put, the military capability of the Arab States, approximately 180,000 items of criminal
as compared to the status of Israel's de-e its ose, cause tma ter hew truized is rcivings. ollec fenses. The Department. in explaining s urc satto~1nffrom informants and ormants anauthorities, tee-
the fresh arms shipments, cont.,nds that
Live responsibility for peace, it fashioned salting in over 7,500 arrests by Federal
~..~.._:.._,=-~ a military balance will he rPtn;-a q,,.a -
when collective action was required to
preserve its noblest ideals. Our presen-
tation of this issue to the United Nations
reflects our confidence in that institu-
tion. The extent to which this confi-
dence is well placed, will substantially
affect the course of history, and the fu-
ture ability of the United Nations to
guide that, course along the paths of
peace.
Since last July, I have been ardently
and continually advocating an effective
U.N. involvement in the southeast Asian
crisis. I am heartened that this call has
been answered, and I am confident that
appropriate machinery can be developed
for containing and concluding the hos-
Lilities in Vietnam. I am certain that
constructive proposals can be advanced
and adopted by the member states of the
United Nations. Whether such action.
will be taken will depend, in large meas-
ure, on their willingness to put aside
petty differences in the interest of world
peace. No greater task could be assigned
to the United Nations, no greater oppor-
tunity could be afforded it.
WESTERN
STATES :
WATERS
ARMS TO THE ARAB
FISHING IN TROUBLED
'Che SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from New York IMr, IIALPERNI is
recognized for 15 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, along
with many colleagues, I was shocked
and dismayed by the recent official
acknowledgment that the United States
is actively engaged in arranging fresh
arms shipments to Jordan and Saudi
Arabia. Tanks were supplied to Jordan
and a $400 million Anglo-American deal
has been negotiated with Saudi Arabia;
I: understand further that Jordan will
purchase an additional $80 million worth
of aircraft from Great Britain.
To my knowledge these policy deci-
sions were reached and pursued while
the Congress was in recess; I don't think,
I am awaiting a reply from the Depart- alle rnl. aecuaily made money for the
ment on this question. U.S. Government during 1965: 12,640
convictions in FBI cases resulted in well
I must say at this point, how,rver, that over $250 million in fines, savings, and
all estimates thus far lead me to the in- recoveries which far exceeded the funds
escapable conclusion that the planned spent to operate the Bureau last year.
arms commitments to Jordan amid Saudi In the area of civil rights, FBI investi-
Arabia will undoubtedly put Israel in an gations were responsible for the appre-
extremely precarious position; Commu- henson of a number of those involved in.
nist-bloc supplies have established a major violations of Federal civil rights
formidable aggressive arsenal. statutes.
Nor can one ignore the psycological During the year just ended the FBI
impact of spiraling arms purchases. continued to probe the activities of the
They radiate a momentum which seldom Communist Party, U.S.A., and Mr.
stays within the bounds of reason. Secu- Hoover again warned the American pub-
rity must be maximized. lie that the machinations Of the Com-
The United States has at length pro- munist Party, U.S.A., are to be un.deresti-
fessed its opposition to proliferation of mated and disparaged at our peril.
armaments. In the Middle Ea,t, where Once again all America was served notice
you have a situation of continuing change that the allegiance of our Nation's youth
and where one nation is encircled by is prized by the Communist Party, and
forces hostile to her, this Policy of limit- the use of Communist speakers on tam-
ing military capacity is especially valid. puses, Communist participation in dem-
There are constantly new vacuums and onstrations, and the expansion of the
incessant juggling for power. I can W. E. B. DuBois Clubs-a Communist
think of no greater source of danxe:r than Party front--are some of the vehicles de-
to inflate temper and ambition by dis- signed bf the Communist Party, U.S.A.
patch of new and modern weapons. By to trap unsuspecting American students.
facilitating further arms shipments to The accomplishments of the FBI dur-
the Middle East, the United States is ing the preceding year are too many and
promoting further proliferation of mili- varied to list. However, the public state-
Lary might which, in long-range terms, ment released by the Bureau on January
can only increase tension, divert re- 6, 1966, provides a brief but comprehcn-
sources and talent, and involve time great sive summation of the FBI's activities
powers to a more dangerous extent. during 1965.
This new direction in our policy is, I As in the case of every entity worthy
fear, fraught with the greatest peril. We of respect and emulation, to know is to
should rather steer our efforts toward appreciate. Accordingly, I include this
the possibilities of securing, step by step, account of the Bureau's 1965 achieve-
the annulment of suspicion, the recogni- ments in the CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD at
tion of basic realities, and the attain- this point, with appropriate subheadings
ment of an amicable settlement of out- added:
standing differences. REPORT nY THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF
I can only surmise that the American INVESTIGATION
arms initiative is motivated by naive ex- FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, in i state-
pedien.cy, by the false expectation of ten- ment to Attorney General Nicholas dell.
porary favor, all of which has proved elu- were were operations reached in today, almost all advised althat record es of
sive in the past. A great nation such FBI o d major phases of
during the 1905 calendar
as ours has a responsibility to uphold the year.
standards of peaceful behavior as long CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
as developments do not endanger the na- Mr. Hoover advised that alltime highs were
tional security. recorded by the location of nearly 14,000
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
is completely contrary to the proposal
of the President's Maritime Advisory
Committee that our merchant marine
fleet be expanded.
This budget reduction of funds for con-
struction subsidies to 13 ships for fiscal
1967 comes at a time when our replace-
ment program is already more than 90
vessels behind schedule, and this reduc-
tion will only compound an already ex-
isting deficiency in our replacement pro-
gram.
A strong merchant fleet is indispen-
sable to the commerce and security of
our country and the free world. Only
merchant ships can carry the needed
cargo and can handle the movement of
supplies and men in time of emergency.
Our foreign and domestic economy, and
the importance of balance of payments,
make expansion of the shipping industry
under the American flag absolutely nec-
essary.
I am at a loss to understand the budg-
et proposals for 1967 just as I could not
understand, and strongly opposed, the
cutbacks in recent years at our Nation's
shipyards. Shipbuilding and ship repair-
ing in this country have reached an all-
time low. The United States has dropped
to 12th place among the top shipbuild-
ing nations of the world. Even Poland
and Yugoslavia rank above us, and Ja-
pan's shipbuilding triples that of the
United States.
In my State of New York we are well
aware of the consequences of our ship-
building decline, both public and private.
Both Bethlehem and Todd have curtailed
their shipbuilding activities in the New
York area, and the closing of the Brook-
lyn Naval Shipyard, which I vigorously
opposed, has caused unemployment and
hardship for thousands. New York is
the largest port and trade center in the
world, and yet the 1967 budget allows
only $1 million for harbor improvement
projects-an extremely low figure in
comparison to the needs and the impor-
tance of the port of New York.
Mr. Speaker, shipbuilding in our own
shipyards should expand and increase,
providing employment and preserving
the needs of our American merchant
fleet. I am opposed, as is the chairman
of my Merchant Marine Committee, to
any plan for the foreign construction of
ships for subsidized operations under the
U.S. flag. Building abroad would fur-
ther debilitate our shipyards and thus
weaken our ability to meet unusual de-
mands on our fleet. We must expand our
merchant fleet through construction in
U.S. shipyards, and we should preserve
and maintain our repository of trained
manpower in our shipyard facilities. It
does not make sense to propose a "build-
ing abroad" program and cut back at
for our merchant seamen and our ship-
builders. We have slipped to the point
where we have a mere handful of only
900 ocean-going vessels. The budget
figure for 1967 for 13 merchant ships is
but a drop in the bucket compared to
Soviet Russia's over 400 merchant vessels
under construction or on order.
Between 1954 and 1960 the U.S. mer-
chant marine fleet decreased 310,000 tons
a year while the Soviet Union fleet in-
creased 450,000 tons annually. And in
1961-1962 and 1963 we dropped 400,000
tons annually. The Soviet Union is mov-
ing toward control of the oceans and
trade routes, and in the current Vietnam
situation; we have to turn to foreign-
flag ships for commercial commitments
and to carry military cargoes as well.
The percentage of our foreign commerce
which is moving on American-flag ships
is now less than 10 percent. We must
check this steady decline. Our success
in Vietnam depends on our ability to
transport men and materials. We should
not have to depend on others to carry
our foreign commerce.
A significant increase in construction
subsidies for our merchant fleet, which I
strongly urge, would produce a more effi-
cient and modern fleet. This, in time
and in turn, would reduce the amount of
operating subsidy needed. We must rec-
ognize the fact that our higher American
standard of living makes it highly un-
likely that we would ever be able to elimi-
nate these subsidies.
I am also concerned, Mr. Speaker,
about the failure on numerous occasions
of our Government to carry out the
policy of cargo preference of Public Law
664, enacted by the Congress in 1954,
which provided that at least 50 percent
of U.S. Government-generated cargo
should be carried in American-flag ves-
sels, if such vessels are available at fair
and reasonable rates. Congressional
supervision and action have made some
improvements in this situation, but there
are still many instances where the cargo
preference requirement is not being met.
Mr. Speaker, we must have a strong
U.S.-flag merchant marine, American
built and manned, adequate to meet
peacetime as well as wartime needs. Be-
cause I am deeply concerned about the
present plight of our merchant fleet, I
call this matter to the attention of the
Congress.
I am pleased that my Merchant Ma-
rine Committee, under the able chair-
manship of the gentleman from Mary-
land, Congressman EDWARD A. GARMATZ,
will soon hold hearings on the present
condition and future plans for the Amer-
ican merchant marine. I have urged the
following action: First, a study of the
actual readiness and capabilities of our
merchant marine; second, that the 1967
tended that the United States have an budget figures be sufficient to meet the
American-flag fleet capable of carrying needs of an adequate merchant marine
a substantial portion of our waterborne fleet; third, that our Government take
commerce and of serving as a naval or action to increase U.S. carriage of water-
military auxiliary in time of war or na- borne foreign commerce as recom-
tional emergency. Despite this, our mended by the President's Maritime Ad-
American-flag merchant marine has visory Committee and that action be
continued to decline in number of ships, taken to support and expand shipbuild-
,percentage of our cargoes carried in - ing in U.S. shipyards adequate to accom-
these vessels, and in job opportunities plish this; and fourth, that our Govern-
`989
ment more effectively administer the
50-50 cargo preference law.
NATIONAL CHILDREN'S DENTAL
HEALTH WEEK
(Mr. SAYLOR asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, once
again it is my pleasure to direct my col-
leagues' attention to National Children's
Dental Health Week. This event will be
celebrated during the week of February
6 and, as is traditional, special programs
of varying types will be held in commu-
nities across the Nation. National Chil-
dren's Dental Health Week is the one
time of the year when the Nation's den-
tists make a concerted effort to call at-
tention to the importance of oral health
and to the simple procedures that can be
followed in the home that, when coupled
with visits to the family dentist and
school dental health education pro-
grams, help insure a healthier citizenry.
National Children's Dental Health
Week takes on this year a special sig-
nificance because of another event that
will be taking place this month. On
February 27, the American Dental As-
sociation will be dedicating its new head-
quarters building in Chicago. The new
23-story building will house not only the
association but also a number of special
groups within the fields of dental re-
search, education, and care. It is in-
tended to be, and I am sure will soon be-
come, the national and international
headquarters of dentistry.
The traditional celebration of Na-
tional Children's Dental Health Week
symbolizes the remarkable strides taken
by dentistry over the past 20 years and
which has brought it to a new level of
maturity and accomplishment. The
American public of today understands
more clearly than ever before that there
is an intimate relationship between oral
health and general health. It under-
stands that the achievement of higher
national standards of oral health de-
pends not merely on the practicing den-
tist, the dental educator or the dental
research scientist, but on the individ-
ual citizen and parent as well. Oral dis-
ease is not dramatic, but it is insidious.
Tooth decay remains the most common
disease we know with periodontal or gum
disease continuing to be a most serious
affliction among our adult population.
Oral cancer continues to show a fright-
eningly high mortality rate, a rate worse
that most forms of cancer.
Much then remains to be done. But
the continuing improvement in public
understanding coupled with the clear in-
dications that the dental profession con-
tinues to move forward rapidly makes
this a time of greater promise for the
Nation's dental health than ever before
in historA. r'-
IN SUPPORT OF THEIR COUNTRY
(Mr. CALLAWAY asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks-
and and to include extraneous matter.)
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1.939?'"``' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- HOUSE February 3, 1966
Mr. CALLAWAY. Mr. Speaker, re-
cently I have brought to the attention
of the House the efforts of courageous
Americans in support of their country,
and particularly in support of our fight
for freedom in Vietnam. I tell these
stories, Mr. Speaker, because I fear that
in the outburst of public attention to the
anti-American demonstrations, these ef-
forts might go unnoticed.
Today I have asked consent to insert
in the RECORD the "Statement of the
American Student Position on Vietnam
and Communism," which came to me
from the Young Americans for Freedom
at Wesleyan College in Macon, Ga., and
which bore the signature of 600 students
and professors. They, like all Americans,
are proud to make known their support
of the brave people of South Vietnam,
and of the brave men that we have sent
to fight with them.
The statement referred to is as
follows:
STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN STUDENT POSH
'NON ON VIETNAM AND COMMUNISM
We young Americans-students and citi-?
zens-solemnly and in all sincerity declare:
That, since it Is contrary to our American
traditions that an unrepresentative and rad-?
ical leftist minority be permitted, without
dispute, to speak through our communica-
tions media as if representative of students
as it whole, we feel it our duty as a respon-?
aible majority to express what we consider
the firm convictions of the majority of
students on the following vital issues con--
ron-ing our Nation today:
I. We believe that it is the sovereign right
of any people to determine by free and..
Honorable means the form of government
under which they wish to live.
2. We believe that the people of Vietnam,
having so chosen, and having requested the
;aid of the United States of America to re-?
list a tyrannical aggressor, should be giver.;
all possible aid by the U.S. forces to bring
this conflict to a victorious conclusion for
the forces of freedom.
3. We believe that our forces overseas in
Vietnam and wherever similar Communist
aggressions have occurred and may occur
should be given our fullest support psycho.
logically, morally, and militarily.
4. We believe that commonsense and prat-.
t.icality dictate that violent Communist ag-
gression is best faced and overcome now
nn. foreign soil and that the American
soldier in Vietnam and elsewhere abroad is
n reality defending his own nation, state,
home, and family.
rte torch of freedom is ours. Let us take
if up and hold it high.
SPECIAL ORDER VACATED
Mr.. WILLIAMS. Mr. Speaker, I ask:
unanimous consent that the special or-
der previously granted me for today be
vacated.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without
abjection, it, is so ordered.
'i" iere was no objection.
CORRECTION OF ROLLCALL
Mr. ROONEY of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, on rollcall No. 9, I find that I
am not recorded. I was present and
voted "yea," and ask unanimous consent
that the RECORD and Journal be corrected
accordingly.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without;
objection, it is so ordered.
'1'liere was no objection.
(M:r. O'HARA of Illinois asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute and to revise and extend
his remarks.)
[M:r. O'HARA of Illinois addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Appendix. ]
SALES TAX
Q AX. HALLECK (at: the request of
Mr. HALL) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, if any-
body in either party had proposed an
11 percent sales tax he would have been
hounded out of public life. Yet that is
exactly what has happened under this
administration's inflationary policies
and the Great Society.
According to the Bureau of La, bor Sta-
tistics, in the 5 years. from December
1961 through December 1965, the cost
of tomatoes is up 50 percent, center-cut
pork chops are up 23 percent. Potatoes
rose 21 percent, coffee increased 15 per-
cent, and grade A egg,; are up 10 per-
cent. All of this is on a national aver-
age. In many cities the increases are
much higher.
The same sort of thing is true of
nearly every item that enters the cost-
of-living index prepared by the Depart-
ment of Labor, HEW, and other agencies.
If you do not believe the spiraling cost
figures, just ask your wife. The spiral
is moving upward at increasing speed.
She can give you a day-by-day count
on swift-rising costs.
HIGHER COST OF LIVING
(Mr. BRAY (at the request of Mr.
I'Hnl.l.) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, admininis-
tration spokesmen keep insisting that
prices have been kept stable under the
Great Society.
At the same time official /tatistics
show that meat prices went up 131/2
percent in 1965 to a record high. In the
past 5 years prices for food hrve risen
about 11 percent.
When the Great Society talks about
stable prices.. I guess we all know what
kind of stable they are talkin about.
Was not one of the famous labors of
Hercules to clean out the Augea n stable,
where all those bulls were kept':'
The only thing steady about prices
for Americans since Eisenhower is the
increasing speed of the spiral of costs
of living and the equally steady erosion
of the buying power of the dollar.
PRICE STABILITY
(Mr. ADAIR (at the request, of Mr.
HALL) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. ADAIR. Mr. Speaker, the admin-
istration keeps insisting that this coun-
try enjoys "price stability." Under the
Great Society prices are about as steady
as a drunken man on roller skates on an
icy sidewalk.
In just 5 years, almost everything that
people eat, wear, or use has gone up-
up-up-an.d the dollar has gone down-
down-down-in purchasing power.
On the basis of official Federal figures
from September 1961, to the latest avail-
able in 1965 men's shoes are up over 11
percent in cost, suit cleaning and press-
ing 8 percent, a private hospital room
17 percent, a physician's home visit 13
percent, a haircut 10 percent, a perma-
nent wave 10 percent, cigarettes 11 per-
cent, 8-hour domestic service 13 percent,
and movie tickets 17 percent.
And prices continue to spiral. If you
doubt this, ask your neighborhood grocer
who charges you at least 11 percent more
overall than he did 5 years ago.
INFLATION
(Mr. ROUDEBUSH (at the request of
Mr. HALL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. ROUDEBUSH. Mr. Speaker, in
5 years of freewheeling, high spending
razzle-dazzle under the Democrats, the
dollar--cut loose from the ballast of gold,
silver, and fiscal integrity-is leading us
into runaway price inflation.
The 1961 rent dollar is now worth only
95.6 cents, the apparel dollar is down to
96.4 cents, the medical dollar is down to
91 cents, transportation to 94.5 cents,
and the housing and rent dollar has
dropped over 4 cents in this 5-year
period.
Inflation is the cruelest and most
cowardly form of taxation ever devised,
falling with especially crushing force on
the poor and the old as well as the peo-
ple with small fixed incomes.
This is a tax, however, that falls on
everyone living in these United States.
It is a betrayal of the American people.
VIETNAM.
(Mr. EDW?RDS of Alabama (at the
request of 1VIr. -Hn) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. EDWARDS . of Alabama- Mr.
Speaker, according to news reports last
week, the Communists in North Vietnam
took good advantage of the pause in our
bombing there to construct several mis-
sile sites. They also rebuilt many
bridges, repaired damaged roads, and
generally strengthened their position as
the source of arms and supplies to the
guerrillas fighting our men and the
South Vietnamese people.
We can be very sure that the North
Vietnamese are not alone in their efforts.
They receive substantial and essential
help from outside in building missile in-
stallations and in acquiring equipment
needed to carry on their war, whether
they do it during a bombing pause or not.
Soviet Russia, as well as East European
Communist satellite nations, are engaged
in heavy supply operations to help North
Vietnam. East German and Polish cor-
respondents have written freely of
massed antiaircraft batteries and trucks
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
Feb44, rp' 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
which could come only from Soviet
Russia.
Most of these supplies move from Rus-
sia to Vietnam by sea. Radio Moscow it-
self announced on December 23, "A con-
stant caravan of merchant ships plies the
line from Odessa, the Soviet Union's big-
gest Black Sea port, to Haiphong, the
port of Hanoi."
The broadcast went on to say that
these ships are delivering goods which
North Vietnam sorely needs. Polish
ships also carry goods, including modern
equipment, to Vietnam.
In order to reach Haiphong all these
ships must pass through the Gulf of Ton-
kin, which is said to be controlled by
some of the largest and fastest American
naval units, including naval aircraft.
More and more these clays there is rea-
son to take action. To me it is incredible
that we sit by and do nothing about this
while our men are being shot at every
day in Vietnam.
The only explanation for our inaction
has been that we are not officially at
war. But this is not adequate. It infers
that if we take action to stop this ship-
ping we will be taking an act of war.
Actually, there are different types of
blockades, and some are clearly not clas-
sified as acts of war. In 1962 President
Kennedy threatened a partial blockade
of Cuba. It was not an act of war, and
it worked: or, it worked for the brief
time that it was enforced.
That action was taken against ma-
terials of war. Foods and medicines were
clearly exempted. This kind of action
could well be considered now again.
Or, there is another approach. Way
back in 1856 all major powers, including
Russia, signed the Declaration of Paris
which approved what was called a pacific
blockade. In this kind of blockade a
country announces that a certain coastal
area is closed until a limited objective is
attained. -
Even earlier, in 1827, Great Britain,
France, and Russia joined to use a pacific
blockade to induce Turkey to enter into
mediation to resolve a dispute. Since
that incident a pacific blockade has had
the sanction of international law.
I do not know if we could quickly or
easily win the war in Vietnam by prevent-
ing ships from carrying supplies to North
Vietnamese ports, but we could cer-
tainly make progress toward that goal,
perhaps a great deal of progress.
We must never forget that our boys'
lives are at stake, and weapons of war are
coming through Haiphong daily. There
is no excuse for this to continue.
I believe the American public deserves
to have a statement as to why the Gov-
ernment is not taking action.
ADM. RICHARD' H. JACKSON
(Mr. BOB WILSON (at the request of
Mr. HALL) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.}
Mr. BOB WILSON. Mr. Speaker, it is
my distinct pleasure to introduce today,
at the request of the American Battleship
Association, a bill to authorize the :Press-
dent to promote Adm. Richard H. Jack-
son to the honorary rank of fleet admiral.
My proposed legislation reads:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
President is authorized and requested to pro-
mote Admiral Richard H. Jackson, United
States Navy retired, to the honorary rank of
fleet admiral.
SEc. 2. No individual shall be entitled to
receive any bonus, gratuity, pay, or allow-
ances by reasons of this Act.
Mr'. Speaker, this most distinguished
and remarkable gentleman will be 100
years old on May 10 of this year. He is
the oldest living graduate of the U.S.
Naval Academy and he is surprisingly
active and alert, residing in Coronado,
Calif., in my congressional district.
Richard Harrison Jackson was born in
Tuscambia, Ala., on May 10, 1866, and en-
tered the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis,
Md., on appointment of the Honorable
Luke Prior, of the Eighth Alabama Dis-
trict, on June 4, 1883. Completing the
4-year course in June 1887, he went to sea
for the 2 years' service then required by
law before commissioning. He served on
the U.S.S. Boston and U.S.S. Trenton
and on June 30, 1889, was honorably dis-
charged from naval service. As a naval
cadet, he so distinguished himself dur-
ing the sinking of the Trenton when he
devised and, with the help of other mem-
bers of the crew, made a human sail that
he was restored to the service, with the
rank of ensign, to date from July 1, 1890,
by special act of Congress dated Septem-
ber 26, 1890.
Receiving progressive promotions he
attained the rank captain on July 11,
1915. Appointed rear admiral-tem-
porary-on June 30, 1919, he was com-
missioned in that rank on June 3, 1921.
He served in the rank of vice admiral
from October 5, 1925, to July 24, 1926, and
in that of admiral from from July 24,
1926, to July 9, 1927. Transferred to the
retired list of the Navy, in the rank of
rear admiral, upon reaching the statutory
retirement age of 64 on May 10, 1930, he
was advanced to the rank of admiral-
the highest rank in which he had
served-on the retired list, by congres-
sional legislation, on June 16, 1942.
In addition, to the Navy Cross and
French Legion of Honor, and the Order
of Avis by Portugal, Admiral Jackson has
the Spanish Campaign Medal, the
Philippine Campaign Medal, the China
Relief Expedition Medal, and the World
War I Victory Medal with Overseas Clasp.
This May 10 on Admiral Jackson's
100th birthday he will be honored at a
banquet attended by the U.S. Navy's lead-
ing admirals. I am hopeful my col-
leagues will move rapidly in favorably
acting. on the bill I have introduced to-
day to grant the honorary rank of fleet
admiral to this wonderful gentleman,
Adm. Richard H. Jackson.
CONGRESS SHOULD DEBATE
VIETNAM WAR
(Mrs. DWYER (at the request of Mr.
HALL) was granted permission to extend
her remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mrs. DWYER. Mr. Speaker, the
President's decision, to resume bombing
of North Vietnamese military targets, at
least on a limited basis, has stimulated
what may develop into a full-scale de-
bate in Congress on the conduct of this
complex and frustrating war.
Such a debate is long overdue, and I
welcome it. It would be especially
timely and desirable now that the United
Nations has agreed to debate the Viet-
nam issue.
Whether one supports fully the Presi-
dent's policies, or opposes them, or is
somewhat confused and doubtful about
them-which is the case with many of
us here-another congressional "great
debate" should be encouraged. As a
nation, we are confused about the issues
in Vietnam, ignorant of some of the es-
sential facts on which wise decisions must
be based, and uninformed about the
courses of action that are open to us.
In such a situation, a comprehensive
and candid congressional debate could do
much to help clarify the issues and con-
tribute toward an informed consensus, as
opposed to an unenthusiastic acceptance
of a policy we do not fully understand.
At any rate, debate could do no harm,
and it might develop in greater detail
the facts, alternatives, and consequences
we need to know. The administration
only increases the risks of an already
dangerous situation by relying for sup-
port on a confused and uninformed pub-
lic.
To a surprising extent, Congressmen
and Senators profess to feel confused and
uninformed themselves, and this fact
adds a. serious new dimension to our
dilemma when one considers that the
President specifically relies on a resolu-
tion approved by Congress for the au-
thority to conduct the war in Vietnam,
not to speak of the appropriations the
war requires. Congress, therefore, has a
heavy obligation to inform itself and to
enlighten the country.
Until more information is available,
until issues are clarified, Congress and
the people have little alternative but to
support the President's position in the
immediate circumstances. And this-
despite considerable doubt and some dis-
sent-is what most Congressmen and
Senators are doing now. But Congress-
men should go further and make certain
that we and the people we represent are
as fully informed as military security
permits. Only then can a policy consen-
sus have real meaning for a free people.
I believe that our uncertainty extends
to both the ends and the means of our
policy toward Vietnam. It is often as-
sumed that Americans are united on ob-
jectives even though we may differ on
the means of attaining those ends, but
I am afraid we should not take this as-
sumption for granted. It is true that
most Americans, including myself, hope
our policies will result in the contain-
ment of aggressive communism in south-
east Asia and .n the establishment of a
stable and freely chosen government in
Vietnam. As ideals, these goals are fine.
But what do they really mean, and what
do they require to be attained? Any
congressional review of our policy must
start here, with such fundamental ques-
tions as, How far are we prepared to go?
There is no doubt about our military
capacity to win an early and total vic-
tory over North Vietnam by bombing
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1992 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE February''t"?~w?966
that country virtually out of existence.
But would such a victory be worthwhile
if it should mean taking on the Soviet
Union in a nuclear war and engaging
millions of Communist Chinese troops on
the mainland and in Korea-a distinct
possibility raised recently by no less a
strategist than Gen. James Gavin?
It we are not prepared for all-out war,
can we realistically expect that our pres-
ent strategy of gradual escalation will
force the Communists to agree to negoti-
ate a. settlement?
If negotiations should take place,
could any workable settlement be
reached, given the totally opposite aims
of the Communists and ourselves? How
long could we expect any settlement to
be maintained without the continued
presence of large numbers of American
troops? Or would United Nations or
other international supervision be prac-
tical--or available?
If no settlement should be possible,
how long would we be prepared to fight
with no better prospect in view than
continued military stalemate? Would
anything worth saving be left of South
Vietnam if fighting should continue in-
definitely at the present scale?
Would General Gavin's suggestion of
taking a stand in the coastal cities of
South Vietnam provide a way to main-
tain American resistance while reducing
risks and casualties to a minimum?
Could there be a better place-as some
Have suggested-to defend freedom in
southeast Asia than Vietnam? Or
would American withdrawal there result
necessarily in further Communist suc-
cesses in Asia?
'T'hese and other fundamental ques-
tions must be considered out in the open.
Whether public debate results in added
support for the administration's present
position or in demands for some kind of
change, we should be a stronger, more
united people. While the President, of
course, is constitutionally responsible for
military and foreign policy decisions, it
is this supplementary leadership role
that Congress must now accept.
CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE
(Mr. TALCOTT (at the request of Mr.
[]ALL) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. TALCOTT. Mr. Speaker, the rec-
ord shows that Secretary of Labor Wirtz
has taken the position that California
agriculture did not sustain serious dislo-
cation, or severe losses, as the result of
his refusal to certify the need for sub-
stantial numbers of supplemental farm-
workers during 1965. I understand he
has indicated that no foreign agricul-
tural workers will be permitted to work
on California farms during 1966. Rath-
er, the Secretary proposes to continue
dependence upon a variety of sociologi-
arl experiments to induce domestic
workers to 1111 the gap. The facts of
the situation lead to different conclu-
sions than those the Secretary evidently
has reached, in my opinion.
Mr. Speaker, the able and distin-
uished Senator from California GEORGE
MuRpHY, has prepared a statement in
which he places the matter in a different
perspective. I am pleased to bring his
comments to the attention of my col-
leagues and other interested persons, and
include the statement of Senator
MUepisy, dated December 14, 1965, at
this point in my remarks:
STATEMENT BY SENATOR: MTJRI,riY
Recent statements of Secretary o)f Labor
W. Willard Wirtz concerning the California
farm labor picture serve only to compound
the already existing confusion which he has
created. In my judgment he has misrepre-
sented the facts and drawn misleading and
unwarranted conclusions.
It is natural that I should disagree with
Mr. Wirtz because he looks at, the question
from the standpoint of a commitment to
certain labor leaders interested in increas-
ing their ranks and in trying to justify his
sociological experiment. I, on the other
hand, am concerned only with the general
welfare of my State and its people, as well
as its largest industry, agriculture.
I am concerned with the thousands of jobs
supplied by agriculture which were lost last
year and which in the future may move into
Mexico. I am concerned with the cost of
living which continues to rise addiniT further
strain on the already overburdened family
budget.
In short, Mr. Wirtz is trying to prove a
theory while I am committed to the general
welfare of the people.
Since the adjournment of Congress last
month, I have toured California from one
end to the other meeting with farm,. rs, large
and small.
I think it is time Mr. Wirtz stopped talk-
ing theory and began talking to the farmers.
He would find, as I have, that farmers every-
where are in total disagreement with his po-
sitions, policies, and statements-all of which
ignore facts and dramatic evidence which is
available to prove the farmer's side of the
story.
If Mr. Wirtz' policies had brou rht em-
ployment to more American citizens and a
healthier climate to our farming ?ndustry
as he claims, 1: would indeed be delighted
and join in the praise of his efforts. Unfor-
tunately, this is not the case. Thy: results
confirm my predictions and those of leading
agriculture economists, farm leaders, and
even Governor Brown, who felt from the very
beginning that the Wirtz plan would not
work.
lissed on a thorough study of the oast his-
tory of California agriculture, it was ob-
vious that supplemental workers would be
needed to harvest many crops during the
peak periods since there never has been
enough qualified domestic worker:; avail-
able to do the job. Mr. Wirtz clammed he
could supply these workers from the ranks
of the domestic: unemployed and in spite of
millions of dollars spent; on an unsuccessful
national recruitment program, he has been
proved incorrect.
I have asked for the full cost of this ill-
advised recruitment program, but o far I
have been unable to get; any fip.ues re-
leased from the Department of Labor.
I predicted that the dictatorial nterfer-
once of the Secretary of Labor in agriculture
would lead only to increases in grocery prices
to the housewife. Here again we have un-
fortunately been proven correct.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistic: reports
that the retail price of fresh tomatoes in the
San Francisco area in October stood at 23.8
cents a, pound compared with 18.2 cents a
year before. This report was quoted in the
Los Angeles Herald 'Examiner on December
2, 1965, along with a long list of oth:'r prices
which are In complete disagreement with
Some quoted by Secretary Wirtz. As far as
I am concerned, I don't believe there is a
housewife anywhere in America WOO isn't
painfully aware that the cost of living is
up.
Mr. Wirtz' recent statements have coin-
pletely misrepresented what has happened
to agriculture this past year. He has pur-
posely overlooked the serious losses of crops
suffered by our farmers, the thousands of
acres of vegetables never planted, the in-
crease in production costs, the exodus of
many farmers seeking new locations in Mex-
ico, and the increase in wholesale and re-
tail prices. He also seems unaware of the
fact that a great deal of California crops
continue to be harvested by Mexican na-
tionals and that the number of wetbacks
in California appears to be double that of
last year.
I can understand Mr. Wirtz' reluctance to
point out these matters, as they completely
expose the failure of his policies this year.
A full examination would show that the
Secretary has substituted one plan already
proven unworkable for another all year long
without coming up with any new or prac-
tical approach to the problem.
Instead of putting California's unern-
ployed to war], on our farms, as he originally
intended, Mr.. Wirtz' program has simply
substituted -35,000 extra Mexican green-
card workers (recorded as domestics for sta-
tistical purposes) and Illegal entries (wet-
backs) for those who came to the United
States under the well-organized and prop-
erly supervised bracero program. Today, as
in the past, Mexican workers are supplying
California agriculture's supplemental man-
power needs.
When Mr. Wirtz asserted that domestic
farm employment was up 20,000 to 25,000
this year, he deliberately neglected to men-
tion reliable estimates that there have been
about 35,000 more green-card workers who
are considered domestics. Nor did h.e men-
tion that tens, of thousands of wetbacks are
known to have been on our farms this year.
I have also been told by responsible labor
leaders that Mr. Wirtz' mistakes have actu-
ally cost one union about 20,000 jobs.
A basic fact shatters all of Mr, Wirtz' con-
tentions that his experiment was successful.
The total agricultural employment in Cali-
fornia has throughout the year been sub-
stantially less than it was last year--41,000
less, for example the week after Labor Day in
spite of the 35,000 extra green-card Mexican
workers which. Mr. Wirtz insists on counting
as domestics.
Mr. Wirtz' fantastic schemes have not
provided our farmers with the workers they
needed nor our expanding population with
much-needed new jobs. In fact, in his at-
tempt to eliminate unemployment he has
actually eliminated jobs.
The same day Mr. Wirtz was trying: to tell
the housewives that he has not caused
higher food prices, newspapers throughout
the State were carrying a report from Sacra-
mento under the headlines: "Bracero Ban
Ups Grocery Prices." The story, dated De-
cember 2, 1965, disclosed that "California
agriculture's first year without access to a
large reservoir of bracero labor is nearing
an end with rising consumer prices on many
products already forcing housewives to
stretch food budget dollars."
Commonsense alone would tell anyone that
you cannot impose increased production
costs and inefficiency on the farmers and
lower the acreage planted without raising
prices everywhere down the line, from the
farm to the grocery shelves.
Mr. Wirtz admitted that the asparagus
growers had suffered losses, but he blamed
it on the weather "playing a trick." The fact
is that nature is always unpredictable and
that is exactly why we need a supplemental
farm labor force ready and able to pick the
crops when needed. If we had had the work-
ers when needed for the asparagus harvest,
the crop would not have been lost.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved r Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1973
MADAM CHIANG SELLS WAR At the Washington Wellesley Club last American officials concede that political
WITH RED CHINA Saturday, she told a Biblical story that progress has been slower than economic prog-
seemed to some listeners to be intended as ress. But they point out that Nationalist
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask a political allegory. She related that Joshua, China is at war and contend that, under
unanimous consent to have printed in who led the Jews in the wilderness, took the martial law, there can hardly be "unre-
the RECORD at this point an ably written last choice when the land was divided strained political progress."
among the different tribes. But the others Even restrained political progress is hardly
article-as his articles generally are;, in began serving other nations and other gods the description that would fit recent incidents
fact, I know of no exception-by Rich- and were plundered, whereas Joshua's poorer of political suppression cited by Kerr. He
tells how the secret police, under Chiang's
and Dudman, the Washington corre- land prospered.
spondent of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Her Embassy afterward expressed regret son and heir-apparent, Chiang Ching-kuo,
entitled "Madam Chiang Sells War With that Washington to read curentwspapffc nee rtersw ad harasse , beat, and executedents leaders of For-
Red China," which appeared in the Sun- was merely her recollection of an Old Tests- The regime on Formosa has shown great
day, January 30, 1966, issue. ment story. interest in the campaign to suppress the
There being no objection, the article Behind the soft-sell, it is known that she Vietcong and is understood to have offered
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, continues to preach her version of the repeatedly to send and the United
as follows: inevitable war with Communist China and Although South Vietnam
MADAM CHIANG SELLS WAR WITH RED CHINA to express her conviction that, since it must States co both s have felt the eneed foerrillar co _
(By Richard Dudman) be fought sooner or later, it had better come both have rejected the idea of bringing in
sooner.
WASHINGTON, January 29.-As the United The administration is represented as pay- Chinese Nationalists.
States moves toward a decision on a new ex- e Ing no attention to this irresponsible The reasons usually given are that any
po of the war sh Asia, en bravery, as one rather tolerant critic calls Chinese are unpopular in Vietnam and that
possi ssibit lity of war with h China na is t is little men- - this thesis. Chinese Nationalist troops would be a new
boned but much pondered. Mme. Chiang's visit is the latest in a provocation to Peiping.
Publicly, the official position can be long series. She has come to the United Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, we 'are
summed up as repeated assurance that China States for stays of from several months to
will stay out and warning that China would more than a year at critical times in the accustomed to the invasion of foreign
come in at its own peril affairs of the regime on Formosa. She was propagandists, from time to time, in our
Privately, the prospect of masses of Chinese in this country in 1942-1943, 1944, 1948-1950, country. As one reads Mr. Dudman's
troops pouring into South Vietnam is cause 1954, and 1958-1959. She has not said how account of the activities of Madam
for anxiety and some restraint; the bombers, long her present visit will last. Chia g she falls, in my judgment, under
for example, stay well back from the Chinese Her tactics of pressure and persuasion tjiait tegory and description.
-
border. Among specialists in Chinese Com
have made both friends and enemies. Mrs.
monist affairs, the odds on Chinese entry are Franklin D. Roosevelt once said of her that
There are a few war hawks in congress and democracy, its aims and ideals, but hasn't
in the executive branch who favor carrying any idea how to live it." President Harry S.. OR A FRONT FOR A WAR IN ASIA?
the war to China. They see the fighting in Truman refused to speak to her on an official Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, last Fri-
Vietnam as a steppingstone nuclear to an to
basis when she came to Washington to day, January 28, Secretary of State Rusk
knock out China's s nuclear installations be- - woo his administration after his surprise
fore they become fully operational. victory over the nationalists' favorite, appeared before the Foreign Relations
Amid the worry and anxiety and occasional Thomas E. Dewey. Committee. A good deal of the hearing
war cries, the voice of an important visitor This time, she has escaped criticism and was devoted to the question of our so-
from Formosa is so serene that it goes almost even much public notice. A possible reason called commitment to South Vietnam.
unnoticed. Mme. Chiang Kai-shek has been is her unusually quiet and indirect approach. I have spoken on this subject before,
in the United States since September 6, mak- Another could be deference to her advancing but I feel that I must do so again. And
ing an occasional bland speech, meeting in-
formally age. Although the China yearbook of 1935 I will continue to speak out as long as
minute with with President officials Lyndon on (including
B. John- 5s - said she was born in 1892, she is generally the administration continues to misrep-
son chat , and avoiding ng press thought to be about 88 years old. Her hus- resent and misstate the legalities, not to
White e House tea), , band is 78. Interviews. More important, Formosa's time is running mention the moralities, involved in our
"She has no mission here," said a spokes- out as the sole representative of China in the war in South Vietnam.
was ive United Nations. And there is an increasing In his opening statement to the Com-
mane t the at the WHouse China Embassy.
The t Johnson the White h Chin g 'f disposition by American officials to recognize mittee, Secretary Rusk said:
Mrs. The The following shortly after , Madam ec Secretary Chiang' s Peiping Government whenever the war The United States has a clear and direct
lg week,
arrival.
t Dean Rusk gave a tary of in Vietnam can be ended. commitment to the security of Vietnam
for in one Chiang's persuasive efforts may be against external attack.
of the Department's e dinner
o the of Defense Robert S. offset this time by the appearance of a new
rooms. Secretary Deputy Secretary ebook, "Formosa Betrayed" by George H. Kerr The Secretary was then asked what the
her Hou hton Miflln, 514 $6.95). tells a Origin and basis was for this
Namara and t Other officials have s have paid Vance
of tyranny p and corruption in herhus clear and
also there. calls at her er suite in the d Shoreham (Houghton
courtesy direct commitment. He began his reply
Hotel and at the house she has rented on band's regime. by referring to the Southeast Asia Collec-
Kalorama Road. Part of the story concerns Madame Chiang tive Defense Treaty. He was asked:
Officials give the impression that, Since her and her brother, T. V. Soong, Minister of "Does the treaty sty. t us to do what
visit is classed as unofficial, any talks with Foreign Affairs and later Premier. When the we are doing now in Vietnam? He re-
her are brief, informal and no more than United States prepared late in World War II
social chit-chat. to put $470 million into China aid through plied that he had "no doubt that it does,"
Last week she spoke at the National War the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation He went on to say that "a protocol state
College before an audience of students and Agency, they insisted that Chinese officials has a right to call on the members of the
their wives and a sprinkling of what came would be sole administrators of the relief pro- organization for assistance" and that
to be know as the China lobby. Guests in- gram, "there seems to be no doubt that we are
eluded Mrs. Claire Chennault, widow of the Kerr reports that Madame Chiang's family entitled to offer that assistance." Later,
founder of the Flying Tigers in World War dominated the warehousing and shipping in- he said that the policy of the treaty was
II and that line's successor, Chian Air Trans- terests that distributed the supplies. He. that we are opposed to aggression
port; Thomas Corcoran, who was counsel for says that China insisted on charging $190 against the countries of southeast Asia.
General Chennault when he was lobbying million in administrative costs for distribut-
for aid to Chiang in the late 1940's; and Adm. jug the donated goods. I said at this point in the hearing that
Arleigh Burke, former Chief of Naval Opera- American economic aid to Formosa has I disagreed with virtually every major
tions and now director of the conservative often been cited as an outstanding pro- premise in the Secretary's prepared
center for strategic studies of Georgetown gram. Some American officials who have statement and in the subsequent remarks
University. Mrs. Clare Booth Luce addressed seen Kerr's book complain that his firsthand of the Secretary that had taken place at
the same forum earlier this winter, observations there have not included a re- the hearing. I noted that I disagreed,
Mme. Chiang's speech was not for publica- cent look at Formosa's success story. in particular, with his interpretation of
tion. An officer who heard it described it His criticism of the regime is more polit- the Southeast Asia Collective Defense,
as inspirational rather than getting down ical than economic, however. He contends Treaty. I will, now turn W the reasons
to the brass tacks of strategy in the Far that economic progress is not enough and
East. He said that her approach could be that Formosans are restive under the dom- for my statement of disagreeelnent last
described as "soft-sell." ination of a regime of mainland' Chinese. Friday.
No. 18-11
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 1974
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- SENATE February 19(16'
TERMS OF SEATO TREATY Nor has this phrase, which is required that we maintain more American soldiers
I have been over this ground several to bring paragraph 1 into effect, ever there to protect South Korea against the
times before and will not impose on the appeared in it SEATO communique. The North Koreans than South Korea has
time of Senators by beginning again at communique issued on May 6, 1965, at sent to Vietnam.
the beginning. Suffice it to say that the the conclusion of the last SEATO Coun- In the second place, we should keep
heart of the treaty is article IV which cil meeting in London mentioned "Com- clearly in mind the fact that under para-
states the obligations of the parties when munist aggression" but not "aggression graph one we have no commitment to
direct or indirect aggression occurs. by means of armed attack." defend South Vietnam with our armed
Paragraph one of article IV states than;, If the United States considers that its forces. South Vietnam is a protocol
if there is "aggression by means of armed commitment to South Vietnam under the state but not a member of SEATO. An
attack" against any of the parties or the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty "attack by means of armed aggression"
protocol states-and South Vietnam is a arises from paragraph 1 of article IV, against its territory falls within the area
protocol state-each party will then "act I think that we and the rest of the .Amer- covered by the Southeast Asia Treaty.
to meet the common danger in accord.. ican people are entitled to know it. We If such an attack occurs, the parties
once with its constitutional processes." are entitled to be told in no uncertain have an obligation to act to meet the
This is the first sentence of paragraphs terms. We cannot be expected to divine common danger in accordance with their
No. 1. The second and final sentence of whether our legal commitment is only constitutional processes. The danger
paragraph :1 is also important. It states to consult or whether it is to take action involved, under paragraph one, is the
that "measures taken under this para in accordance with our constitutional danger to the "peace and safety" of each
graph shall be immediately reported to processes. It is incumbent on Secretary of the parties. This is quite a different
the Security Council of the United Na- Rusk to make an unequivocal statement thing from a commitment to defend by
Lions." on this point. And I ask for it tonight. armed force a protocol state against
Paragraph 2 of article IV refers to the It jr astonishing to me that the admin- aggression.
ease rag where 2 of opinion any of the istration is leading this country into full- CONFLICT WITH U.N. CHARTER
caseiw, the "in thabilit, or the i.ytf the scale war without ever identifying the Finally, I would point out that if we
pf the territ or the o or the sovereignty e po- nature and language of the commitment are currently acting under paragraph
they claim to be following.
one we both trety it-
litical independence of any party" or any Our commitment cannot be two dif- self andathevU N. Charter. the
We are viio-
rotocol state "is threatenekin any
by a
In way ferent things. If our present commit- lating the treaty itself because par?a-r
rmd pothe, tha
2 continues, "the partthis ies ment to South Vietnam is pursuant to graph one requires that "measures taken
shall consult immediately in order to paragraph 2, it is a commitment only to under this paragraph shall be irnmedi-
s alln the measures wshould be consult and the situation we are facing ately reported to the Security Council of
agree for the common d which
cse is not "aggression by means of armed the United Nations." We have not re-
r the
taken o
WHAT
LANGUAGE f DOES e. VIETNAM attack." If our commitment falls under ported our Vietnam war measures to the
Eparagraph 1 there must be "aggression Security Council. We have had various LL? Now when the treaty first came into bin t means of armed
and so st omeone communications with the President of
administration attack"
existence, the war going on in South Viet- NO UNILATERAL COMMITMENT UNDER u SEATO the tart' General, none with the mmu
nam was considered to be a threat by , but none of these co-
other than aimed attack. In other Even if Secretary Rusk had made such nications has been identified as a report
words, the war was considered to other statement, and had said that we were of measures taken under paragraph one
words described w s considered t be a acting under paragraph 1, was would of article IV of the Southeast Asia
situ Lion sc ib d me paragraph ha not have a unilateral commitment to Treaty.
Secretary treaty, State Duateh,is the o plain n e on defend South Vietnam. In the first Mr. President, I wish to take a moment
later several of thre mad before the place, paragraph 1 of article IV speaks to point out that my President and my
seveial occasions. s T Committee, Secretary e of a "common danger," which certainly Ambassador to the United Nations, and
Dulles summed up the meaning of implies collective judgment by those who the President and the Ambassador of 1130
Dulles "commitment" me i paragraph e ma in the these share the common danger and, second, million people, are not acting to meet
words: "That ii an 2 inr cone a common response to that danger, the requirements of this treaty. They
wordio a i i not ao ligati on for con- on- The most recent SEATO communique are not acting to meet the requirements
tion." does not state any finding of common of the United Nations Charter, by send-
danger. Could SEATO members meet ing Arthur Goldberg to New York City
Hence, under paragraph 2 there is no and ignore a common danger governed to carry on some conversations behind
commitment to take any action vis-a-vis by their treaty organization? Not if the scenes in. the United Nations, either
South Vietnam. There is an obligation this is really a collective defense orga- with U Thant, or with the President of
to consult the other parties to the treaty nization. the United Nations, or with various dele-
but, let me emphasize, South Vietnam is If the Secretary wants to argue that gates to the United Nations.
not a party to the treaty. There is SEATO is not a collective defense mech- That does not amount to taking the
clearly not a commitment to defend anism at all, but only a misrepresented issue of Vietnam to the United Nations.
South Vietnam with American Armed hook on which to hang American mili- Yet they have succeeded in some quar-
Forces_ tary intervention anywhere in southeast ters in giving the impression to the Amer-
Now, Secretary Rusk might want to Asia, let him proceed to make that case. than people that, prior to the action we
argue that it is not paragraph 2 but Certainly in terms of response, there took the other day in regard to Vietnam,
paragraph I that applies at present is no agreement in SEATO that there is we had taken our cause to the United
in South Vietnam. I say that he might a common danger governed by para- Nations.
so argue because I do not know whether graph 1 of article IV. There are eight We have been derelict in taking our
or not he would. To the best of my members of the SEATO. We, the Aus- cause to the United Nations.
knowledge, he has never stated publicly tralians, and the New Zealanders are the We have been in violation of the
whether he views our commitment to only members with forces in the field. United Nations Charter for the past sev-
South Vietnam to arise from paragraph We have huge forces, and they have, in eral years.
I or from paragraph 2. When this comparison, token forces. The most sig- I am glad that at long last my Gov-
question was discussed last Friday, he nificant military assistance we have re- ernment has finally sent a resolution to
referred to North Vietnam's moving the ceived has come from South Korea which the Security Council, asking the Security
325th North Vietnamese Division into is not even a member of SEATO and is, Council to proceed to assume its legal ob-
South Vietnam in late 1964 and early of course, an American military depend- ligations under the United Nations
1.965. He diet. not come right out and ency. The other five members have Charter.
say that this constituted "aggression by contributed only troops. One member, I regret, and am saddened, that my
means of armed attack." He has not France., has publicly criticized our ac- Government went to the United Nations
used this important phrase, so far as I Lions in South Vietnam. with an olive branch in one hand and
am aware. As to South Korea, let me point out bombs in the other.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
I1, ma. y:m.,~pwp,q~pp~+aq vry,,.,gq. .iIIIr14W M, II', R !5fl IIM ! 5Iw0 I W'I l 11 uw,I I~plpppllMYlp "141M0I W~ nay lIM IYfw INI ill nlWNl&IXiia4ll'NIRMIgp~pIpNNMMMWNMItlINII. nil1
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
By so doing we have greatly weakened
our cause In the United Nations; and we
ask for the international criticism that
we are getting because of our course of
conduct in Vietnam.
But let me tell the Senate of one chap-
ter in the history of illegal acts on the
part of the United States In southeast
Asia that we should have reported to the
Security Council but have not reported-
that is the building up of a privileged
U.S. military sanctuary in Thailand.
We are turning Thailand into a military
dependency of the United States. From
this sanctuary, in violation of our inter-
national obligations, we have been
bombing South Vietnam and Laos for
many months past.
Some of my colleagues in the Senate
and some members of the administra-
tion are not happy when I call my coun-
try an outlaw nation for its violations of
Internation law in southeast Asia, but we
have convicted ourselves by our own il-
legal acts. The building up of an Amer-
ican military sanctuary in Thailand is
no more justified than is the building up
of military sanctuaries by Communist
nations anywhere in Asia or elsewhere
in the world.
It is always interesting to me that so
many in our own country, who think so
much better of themselves than the rest
of the world thinks of us, are willing to
ignore our own transgressions and seek
to fix attention on the transgressions of
our enemies. We have not, under the
terms of the SEATO Treaty, lived up to
our obligations to report our activities
to the Security Council.
Therefore, we are violating the U.N.
Charter whether we are acting in South
Vietnam under paragraph 1 or under
paragraph 2. In either case, we are
violating article 2, paragraph 4, of the
charter which states that "all members
shall refrain in their international re-
lations from the threat or use of force."
We have violated article 33 of the char-
ter which requires that parties to a dis-
pute "shall, first of all, seek a solution
by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, con-
ciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement,
resort to regional agencies or arrange-
ments, or other peaceful means of their
our choice" and note that article 33 re-
quires that these steps be taken "first
of all."
I repeat it-article 33 requires that
these steps be taken "first of all."
Mr. President, I am saddened by the
fact that history will record that my
Government did not take those steps
first of all, and convicted herself of being
a violator of the United Nations Charter.
We have violated article 37, which
states that "should the parties to a dis-
pute of the nature referred to in article
33 fail to settle it by the means indi-
cated in that article, they shall refer it
to the Security Council." We have vio-
lated article 39, which states that "the
Security Council shall determine the
existence of any threat to the peace,
breach of the peace or act of aggression."
If we are invoking SEATO, we have and
are violating article 53 of the United
Nations Charter which states that "no
enforcement action shall be taken un-
der regional arrangements or by regional
agencies without the authorization of the
Security Council."
From the floor of the. Senate tonight,
Mr. President, I ask you: When did you,
as Commander in Chief, ask for Secu-
rity Council authorization for us to en-
gage in armed conflict in southeast Asia
under SEATO? Neither President John-
son nor Dean Rusk nor McNamara can
erase the indelible language of the
United Nations Charter, and that lan-
guage is binding On us as well as on
every other signatory to the charter.
Some of -my colleagues and some peo-
ple in the administration do not like it
because I point out that our hands are
not clean. Let me say that sometimes
the United Nations is referred to as a
tribunal of equity. I used to teach my
law students that old doctrine of equity
that one appears before a court of
equity, if one expects to have equity
done, only with clean hands.
The sad thing is that the United States
cannot appear before the United Nations
with clean hands, so far as our violations
of the charter are concerned. It is im-
portant that we wash them. That is
why I believe it is so laudable that at
long last we are before the United Na-
tions. We must accept a considerable
amount of criticism, because we have it
coming to us.
I would not have my ambassador hesi-
tate to see to it that others with unclean
hands have their records spread open in
the United Nations.
But this stage must be put behind us.
The record will have to be made against
us, against our enemies, and against our
potential enemies. Then the members
of the United Nations must settle down,
in my judgment, and reach an under-
standing as to how we can best bring an
end to a war in southeast Asia which.
by the day is increasing the threat of
a third world war.
For many months past I have urged
that the Security Council-or in the case
of a veto, the General Assembly-con-
sider a recommendation that the mem-
bers of the Geneva Conference of 1954
reconvene and seek to arrive at an ar-
rangement whereby they can implement
and effectuate the basic tenets of the
Geneva accords of 1954. At long last-
although for many months our admin-
istration would not hear of it-our Gov-
ernment now indicates that it would be
willing to consider these accords.
Arthur Goldberg is now saying that if
the United Nations would agree to do
that, we would be at Geneva tomorrow.
This means, of course, that we would
have to sit down with the Communists.
What a change. This means, of course,
that there would be a reconvening of the
Geneva Conference. This means that
there would have to be a recognition of
another basic truism of international
law, and that is that a Communist nation
has exactly the same sovereign rights un-
der international law as a free nation.
In spite of all the hysteria and war
propaganda that is stalking this country
and misleading many Americans, let us
face up to the fact that we cannot wish-
fully think Communists and their gov-
ernments off the face of the earth. Nor
can we bomb them off the face of the
1975
earth. We can win military victories
over them, but that will never give us
peace.
The objective should be to lead man-
kind toward peace and not toward war,
even though through war we might gain
some surrenders.
So I am again pleading tonight, Mr.
President, that my country recognize how
important it is that we do everything we
can to try to have the Geneva Conference
reconvened in order to carry out the
basic tenents of the 1954 accords.
When will my Government face up to
the fact that the Geneva accords of 1954
not only did not provide for two govern-
ments in Vietnam, but literally pro-
hibited it? It was pointed out in the
language of the accords that the 17th
parallel was only a demarcation between
two military zones; that the French mili-
tary were to repair to the south of the
17th parallel while the Viet Minh would
remain in the north; and that then, for
the next 2 years, under the direction of
the International Control Commission,
consultations would take place leading to
an application of the principle of self-
determination in July 1956, by way of a
free election supervised by the Interna-
tional Control Commission.
The sordid, black, unfortunate chapter
of American history that we wrote at that
time will plague future generations of
Americans because we stopped that elec-
tion. We not only stopped that election
but we, the United States, set up a puppet
government in South Vietnam and by so
doing we clearly voilated the Geneva
accords.
I have been reading with great in-
terest the discussions of our spokesmen
about our willingness now to see a recon-
vening of the Geneva Conference and the
implementation and the effectuation of
the agreements reached in 1954.
I wonder if they recognize the chal-
lenge that is going to be made to our
action in violating the Geneva accords
by taking Diem out of New York and
Washington, D.C., sending him to South
Vietnam, financing him, militarizing him,
and creating a government there to serve
our interests.
All they have to do is listen to the
criticisms of us in New York City these
days or go with me across Asia, and it
will soon be discovered that all of the rest
of the world seems to know this except
the American people. Then, there will
be the job of concealing from the Amer-
ican people the ugly facts about our un-
fortunate military policy in southeast
Asia.
In this stormy weather in Washington,
D.C., I can think of no more descriptive
term than to say once again that a
"snow job" has been done on the think-
ing of the American people.
No, Mr. President; we have violated
section after section of the United Na-
tions Charter in regard to our illegalities.
If we are invoking SEATO, we have
and are violating article 53 which states:
No enforcement action shall be taken un-
der regional arrangements or by regional
agencies without the authorization of the
Security Council.
And we are violating article 103 which
states:
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORL) - SENATE February 3, 190
BALL MISREPRESENTATIONS Or' SEATO
In a speech at Northwestern Univer-
sity last Sunday, Undersecretary George
Ball further obfuscated our position by
saying of the SEATO Treaty :
Under that treaty and its protocol, the
United States and other treaty p. rtners gave
their joint and several pledges to guarantee
existing boundaries-including the line of
demarcation between North and South Viet-
nam established when the Fv'nch relin-
quished their control over Indochina.
This is, too, a gross misstatement of
our commitment under the SEATO
Treaty. There is nothing in this treaty
which says that we or our treaty part-
ners pledged to '"guarantee existing
boundaries" anywhere-and George Ball
knows it. Contrary to Mr. Ball's dis-
torted interpretation, we certainly did
not commit ourselves to maintain a per-
manently divided Vietnam.
Once again, Mr. Ball has fallen into
the pit which the administration digs
for itself every time it tries to endorse
the 1954 Geneva agreement and an in-
dependent South Vietnam at one and
the same time. The two assertions are
totally contradictory.
Under the 1954 Geneva agreements
which ended the war in Indochina the
division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel
was a "provisional military demarcation"
line.
The final declaration of that confer-
ence states that this line "should not in
any way be interpreted as constituting
a political or territorial boundary." The
final declaration went on to spell out
that the "military demarcation line"
was to be obliterated through unification
elections to be held throughout Vietnam
in July 1956. We all know why these
elections were not held as promised: Be-
cause Diem and we knew that no non-
Communist leader could hope to equal
Ho Chi Minh at the ballot box.
To say that a divided Vietnam is guar-
anteed under SEATO will riot strike
Hanoi or Peiping as being unusual. It
only proves what the Communists have
been saying all along: that despite the
words of President Johnson that we sup-
port the 1954 agreement, rho United
States has no intention of carrying out
its principles and that our real objective
is to maintain a divided Vietnam with an
American puppet government in South
Vietnam. It is little wonder that the
Communists doubt our intentions.
When we use doubletalk in stating our
policies-as George Ball did when he
spoke at Northwestern University last
Sunday-that we support a n ?turn to the
1954 Geneva agreements and at the
same time say that under SEATO we are
committed to a divided Vietnam-there
is no question about which line they will
believe.
Either we support the 1954 agree-
ments-designed to create a unified Viet-
nam-or we do not. The State Depart-
ment's position on this point, like its
policies in Vietnam generally, are ambig-
uous, deceptive and, although calculated
to fool our own citizens, the free world,
and the other side, really fool no one.
But they destroy the credibility of this
Government. Until the State Depart-
ment and the President begin to be hon
est with themselves and the people then
is little hope for achieving peace througl
the United Nations or any other means
As a first step I suggest that they hire s
few people who can read the plain Eng-
lish in the 1954 agreements and the
SEATO treaty. It does not take a
Philadelphia lawyer to read them-but ii
does take more than the abilities of the
best international lawyer in Philadel-
phia to make legal sense out of the State
Department's position.
Undersecretary of State Ball has of ter
been described as the leading dove in the
Department of State. In the light of
what Mr. Ball said at Northwestern Uni-
versity last Sunday, he looks more to nie
like a dove in hawk's feathers, unless he
is a pigeon.
There was a sharp and militant edge to
Mr. Ball's remarks last Sunday. He
described the alliances and commitments
of this country as "a barrier around the
whole periphery of the Communist
world." He said that the battles our
soldiers and marines are fighting in
South Vietnam are "skirmishes in a con-
tinuing war to prevent one Communist
power after another from violating in-
ternationally recognized boundary lines
fixing the outer limits of Communist
dominion." He referred to the "cynical
and systematic aggression by the North
Vietnamese regime" and called it "one
further chapter of the long and brutal
chronicle of Communist efforts to extend
the periphery of Communist power by
force and terror." This is hardly the
language of temperance. It is the same
kind of name-calling that. we constantly
accuse our adversaries of adopting. It
is not the language of statesmanship. It
is evidence of emotionalism and subjec-
tivity when dispassion and reason are
needed.
I gather from Mr. Ball's remarks that
he feels that the United States has a
holy writ to fix the geographic :limits
beyond which communism will not be
permitted. Do we grant our adversaries
the same right? What if the course of
events had proceeded differently in In-
donesia and the Indonesian Communist
Party, which was the third largest Corn-
munisr, Party in the world, had succeeded
in establishing a Communist government
in that country? Would that have been
beyond the "outer limits" Secretary Ball
mentioned? What about the new na-
tions of Africa? Are they beyond the
outer limits, are they outside the "barrier
around the whole periphery of the Com-
munist world" to which Mr. Ball referred
last Sunday?
Simply stated, we are fighting a uni-
lateral. war in Vietnam that is militarily
impractical, politically foolish, and inor-
ally indefensible. It must be stopped
before the virulent language and the de-
ception practiced by both sides renders
all peaceful solutions impossible.
I know that there are those, even some
Members of this body, who take the.po-
sition that we who criticize the foreign
policy of our Government are in some
way letting down the boys who are fight-
ing in South Vietnam.
In the event of a conflict between the ob-
ligations of members of the United Nations
under the present charter and their obliga-
tions under any other international agree-
ment, their obligations under the present
charter shall prevail.
Inciden tally, this principle of the prim-
acy of the U.N. Charter is reiterated in
article VL. of the Southeast Asia Collec-
tive Defense Treaty. And article I of the
treaty states:
The panics undertake, as set forth in the
charter of the United Nations, to settle any
international disputes in which they may
be involved by peaceful means.
SSNERRAL TO U.N.
In his trews conference of January :31,
Secretary Rusk said that the time had
come to meet the requirements of "para-
graph 1 of article IV of the Southeast
Asia Treaty itself to report this present
situation to the Security Council." Here
for the first time, we find the Secretary
referring specifically to paragraph 1 of
article IV of the Southeast Asia Collec-
tive Defense Treaty. But he still does not
say that we are now fighting in South
Vietnam under paragraph 1, and not
paragraph 2, though that is the clear
implication. At any rate, we are obeying
the spirit if not the letter of the obliga-
tion in paragraph 1 to report the meas-
ures being taken to the Security Council
after fighting there for some 2 years
without doing it. I say that we are not
obeying the letter of the law in this case
because, as I have pointed out, paragraph
I requires that the measures being taken
under its authority shall be immediately
reported to the Security Council. We
have certainly not made this report im-
mediately and "better late than never" is
hardly a principle of international law.
Now that we have referred the situa-
tion in Vietnam to the Security Council,
our violations of articles 33 and 37 of
the U.N. Charter are no longer as blatant.
We are finally seeking a solution to the
dispute by mediation or arbitration, as
article 33 obliges us to. We have not done
this "first of all" as article 33 requires,
but at least we have made a gesture in
this direction. By referring the dispute
to the Security Council on January 31,
we are finally complying with our obliga-
tion under article 37 of the charter.
is am, of course, pleased to see this
matter referred to the United Nations.
I have been urging this course of action
since March of 1964, and I am distressed
that it has taken the administration so
long to realize what our obligations are
to the L.N. Charter.
Secretary's Rusk's assertions that we
have a "clear and direct commitment" to
South Vietnam under the Southeast Asia
Collective Defense Treaty are feeble,
v_r?Cue, and unconvincing. In fact, we
have no commitment to them for they
are not a party to the treaty. What
commitment we do have, is to the other
parties to the treaty. It is either to con-
sult with them, if we are acting under
paragraph 2 of article IV of the treaty,
or to act with them to meet the common
danger if paragraph 1 applies. What we
have done in South Vietnam is to inter-
vene unilaterally when we are by no
means committed to do so.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3,. 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Those of us who are trying to change
the foreign policy course of our Govern-
ment, in order to bring this Govern-
ment's policy back Into the framework
of the Constitution of the United States,
are seeking to bring an end to the kill-
ing of our boys in South Vietnam. We
are seeking to prevent the development
of a situation in which tens upon tens of
thousands, and perhaps millions, of our
boys will be sent into a massive war in
Asia, to die unjustifiably and unneces-
sarily.
Therefore, Mr. President, the issue is
being drawn as to whether the admin-
istration is to be continued to be sup-
ported in the conduct of this illegal and
unconstitutional war, or whether, at
long last, we shall adopt a foreign policy
that will amount, in fact, to the substi-
tution of the rule of law for America's
jungle law of military force in southeast
Asia.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous per-
mission to have printed in the RECORD
at this point the text of the SEATO
Treaty, and the text of the Geneva ac-
cords.
There being no objection the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
15. SOUTHEAST ASIA COLLECTIVE DEFENSE
TREATY AND PROTOCOL THERETO, SEPTEMBER
8, 19541
TEXT OF TREATY
The Parties to this Treaty,
Recognizing the sovereign equality of all
the Parties,
Reiterating their faith in the purposes and
principles set forth in the Charter of the
United Nations and their desire to live in
peace with all peoples and all governments,
Reaffirming that, in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations, they uphold
the principle of equal rights and self-deter-
mination of peoples, and declaring that they
will earnestly strive by every peaceful means
to promote self-government and to secure
the independence of all countries whose peo-
ples desire it and are able to undertake its
responsibilities,
Desiring to strengthen the fabric of peace
and freedom and to uphold the principles of
democracy, individual liberty and the rule of
law, and to promote the economic well-being
and development of all peoples in the treaty
area, -
Intending to declare publicly and formally
their sense of unity, so that any potential
aggressor will appreciate that the Parties
stand together in the area, and
Desiring further to coordinate their efforts
for collective defense for the preservation of
peace and security,
Therefore agree as follows:
Article I
The,Parties undertake, as set forth in the
Charter of the United Nations, to settle any
international disputes in which they may be
involved by peaceful means in such a man-
ner that international peace and security
and justice are not endangered, and to re-
frain in their international relations from
the threat or use of force in any manner in-
consistent with the purposes of the United
Nations.
Article 11
In order more effectively to achieve the
objectives of this Treaty the Parties, sepa-
rately and jointly, by means of continuous
and effective self-help and mutual aid will
maintain and develop their individual and
1 8 UST 81; Treaties and Other Internation-
al Acts Series 3170.
collective capacity to resist armed attack and
to prevent and counter subversive activities
directed from without against their territo-
rial integrity and political stability.
Article 11I
The Parties undertake to Strengthen their
free institutions and to cooperate with one
another in the further development of eco-
nomic measures, including technical assist-
ance, designed both to promote economic
progress and social well-being and to further
the individual and collective efforts of gov-
ernments toward these ends.
Article IV
1. Each Party recognizes that aggression
by means of armed attack in the treaty area
against any of the Parties or against any
State or territory which the Parties by unani-
mous agreement may hereafter designate,
would endanger its own peace and safety,
and agrees that it will in that event act
to meet the common danger in accordance
with its constitutional processes. Measures
taken under this paragraph shall be im-
mediately reported to the Security Council
of the United Nations.
2. If, in the opinion of any of the Parties,
the inviolability or the integrity of the ter-
ritory or the sovereignty or political inde-
pendence of any Party in the treaty area or
of any other State or territory to which the
provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article
from time to time apply is threatened in any
way other than by armed attack or is af-
fected or threatened by any fact or situation
which might endanger the peace of the area,
the Parties shall consult immediately in
order to agree on the measures which should
be taken for the common defense.
3. It is understood that no action on the
territory of any State designated by unani-
mous agreement under paragraph 1 of this
Article or on any territory so designated
shall be taken except at the invitation or
with the consent of the government
concerned.
Article V
The Parties hereby establish a Council, on
which each of them shall be represented, to
consider matters concerning the implemen.
tation of this Treaty. The Council shall
provide for consultation with regard to mili-
tary and any other planning as the situation
obtaining in the treaty area may from time
to time require. The Council shall be so
organized as to be able to meet at any time.
Article VI
This Treaty does not affect and shall not
be interpreted as affecting in any way the
rights and obligations of any of the Parties
under the Charter of the United Nations or
the responsibility of the United Nations for
the maintenance of international peace and
security. Each Party declares that none of
the international engagements now in force
between it any any other of the Parties or
any third party is in conflict with the pro-
visions of this Treaty, and undertakes not
to enter into any international engagements
in conflict with this Treaty.
Article VII
Any other State in a position to further
the objectives of this Treaty and to con-
tribute to the security of the area may, by
unanimous agreement of the Parties; be in-
vited to accede to this Treaty. Any State
so invited may become'a Party to the Treaty
by depositing its instrument of accession
with the Government of the Republic of the
Philippines. The Government of the Repub-
lic of the Philippines shall inform each of
the Parties of the deposit of each such in-
strument of accession.
Article VIII
As used in this Treaty, the "treaty area"
is the general area of Southeast Asia, includ-
ing also the entire territories of the Asian
Parties, and the general area of the South-
west Pacific -not. including the Pacific area
north of 21 degrees 30 minutes north lati-
tude. The Parties may, by unanimous agree-
ment, amend this Article to include within
the treaty area the territory of any State
acceding to this Treaty in accordance with
Article VII or otherwise to change the treaty
area.
Article IX
1. This Treaty shall be deposited in the
archives of the Government of the Republic
of the Philippines. Duly certified copies
thereof shall be transmitted by that govern-
ment to the other signatories.
2. The Treaty shall be ratified and its pro-
visions carried out by the Parties in accord-
ance with their respective constitutional
processes. The instruments of ratification
shall be deposited as soon as possible with
the Government of the Republic of the Phil-
ippines, which shall notify all of the other
signatories of such deposit.
3. The Treaty shall enter into force be-
tween the States which have ratified it as
soon as the instruments of ratification of a
majority of the signatories shall have been
deposited, and shall come into effect with
respect to each other State on the date of
the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
Article X -
This Treaty shall remain in force indefi-
nitely, but any Party may cease to be a Party
one year after its notice of denunciation has
been given to the Government of the Re-
public of the Philippines, which shall inform
the Governments of the other Parties of the
deposit of each notice of denunciation.
Article XI
The English text of this Treaty is binding
on the Parties, but when the Parties have
agreed to the French text thereof and have
so notified the Government of the Republic
of the Philippines, the French text shall be
equally authentic and binding on the
Parties. -
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNITED STATES OF.
AMERICA
The United States of America in executing
the present Treaty does so with the under-
standing that its recognition of the effect of
aggression and armed attack and its agree-
ment with reference thereto in Article IV,
paragraph 1, apply only to Communist ag-
gression but affirms that - in the event of
other aggression or armed attack it will con-
sult under the provisions of Article IV, para-
graph 2. -
In witness whereof, the undersigned Pleni-
potentiaries have signed this Treaty.
Done at Manila, this eighth day of Sep-
tember, 1954.
For Australia:
R. G. CASEY
For France:
0. LA CHAMBRE
For New Zealand:
CLIFTON WERB
For Pakistan:
Signed for transmission to my Gov-
ernment for its consideration and action
in accordance with the Constitution - of
Pakistan.
ZAFRULLA KHAN
For the Republic of the Philippines:
CARLOS P. GARCIA
FRANCISCO A. DELGADO
TOMAS L. CABILI
LORENZO M. TAfADA
CORNELIO T. VILLAREAL
For the Kingdom of Thailand:
WAN WAITHAYAKON KROMMUN NARAD-
HIP BONGSPRABANDH
For the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland:
READING
For the United States of America:
JOHN FOSTER DULLES
H. ALEXANDER SMITH -
MICHAEL J. MANSFIELD
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 01, 1966
I CERTIFY THAT the foregoing Is a true copy
of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense
Treaty concluded and signed in the English
language at Manila, on September 8, 1954,
the signed original of which is deposited in
the archives of the Government of the Re--
public of the Philippines.
i..v TESTIMONY WHEREOF, L. RAUL S. MANG-?
LAPirs, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs of
the Republic of the Philippines, have here-
unto set my hand and caused the seal of the
Department of Foreign Affairs to be affixed
at the City of Manila, this 14th day of Octo-
ber, 1954.
I SEAL I Raul S. Manglapus
LLAUL S. MANGLAPUS
I],r.der.secretary of Foreign Affairs
I''ROTOCOL TO THE SOUTHEAST ASIA COLLECTIVE
DEFENSE TREATY
Designation of states and territory as to
which provisions of article IV and article
III are to be applicable
The Parties to the Southeast Asia Collec-
tive Defense. Treaty unanimously designate
for the purposes of Article IV of the Treaty
the States of Cambodia and Laos and the
free territory under the jurisdiction of the
State of Vietnam.
The Parties further agree that the above
mentioned states and territory shall be elf.-
gible in respect of the economic measures
contemplated by Article III.
This Protocol shall enter into force simul-
taneously with the coming into force of the
Treaty.
1N WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned
Plenipotent.iaries have signed this Protocol
to tae Southeast Asia Collective Defense
Treaty.
Lone at Manila, this eighth day of Septem-
her.. 1954.
12. FINAL DEC T.ARATION OF GENEVA CONFER-
JULY 21, 1954 ~
h inal declaration, dated July 21, 1954, of
the Geneva Conference on the problem of re-
storing peace in Indo-China, in which the
representat.] ves of Cambodia, the Democratic
Republic of Viet-Nam, France, Laos, the Pee-
pie's Republic of China, the State of Viet-
nam, the Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics, the United Kingdom, and the
United States of America took part.
1. The Conference takes note of the agree-
ments ending hostilities in Cambodia, Laos
and Viet-Nam and organizing international
control and the supervision of the execution
of the provisions of these agreements.
2. The Conference expresses satisfaction
at the ending of hostilities in Cambodia.
Laos and Viet-Nam: the Conference ex-
presses its conviction that the execution of
the provisions set out in the present declara-
tioo and in the agreements on the cessation
of hostilities will permit Cambodia, Laos and
Vier,-Nam henceforth to play their part, in
full independence and sovereignty, in the
peaceful community of nations.
3. The Conference takes note of the dec-
la.ra.tions made by the Governments of Cam-
IC/ 43iri v. 2, 21 July 1954, Original:
I'r'cnch.
bodia and of Laos of their intention to adopt
measures permitting all citizens to take their
place in the national community, in particu-
lar by participating in the next general elec-
tions, which, in conformity with the consti-
tution of each of these countries, shall take
place in the course of the year 1955, by secret
ballot and in conditions of respei c for fun-
damental freedoms.
4. The Conference takes note of the clauses
In the agreement on the cessation of hostili-
ties in Viet-Nam prohibiting the introduc-
tion into Viet-Nam of foreign hoops and
military personnel as well as of all kinds of
arms and munitions. The Conference also
takes note of the declarations made by the
Governments of Cambodia and Laos of their
resolution not to request foreign aid, whether
in war material, in personnel or In instruc-
tors except for the purpose of the effective
defence of their territory and, in the case of
Laos, to the extent defined by the agree-
ments on the cessation of hostilities; in Laos.
5. The Conference takes note of the
clauses in the agreement on the cessation
of hostilities in Viet-Nam to the effect that
no military base under the control of a
foreign State may be established in the re-
grouping zones of the two parties, the lat-
ter having the obligation to see that the
zones allotted to them shall not constitute
part of any military alliance and shall not
be utilized for the resumption of hostilities
or in the service of an aggressive policy. The
Conference also takes note of the declarations
of the Governments of Cambodia and Laos
to the effect that they will not join in any
agreement with other States; if this agree-
ment includes the obligation to participate
in a military alliance not in conformity with
the principles of the Charter of the United
Nations or, in the case of Laos. with the
principles of the agreement on the cessa-
tion of hostilities in Laos, or so long as their
security is not threatened, the obligation to
establish bases on Cambodian or Laotian
territory for the military forces of foreign
Powers.
6. The Conference recognizes that, the es-
sential purpose of the agreement relating to
Viet-Nam is to settle military questions with
a view to ending hostilities and that the
military demarcation line is provisional and
should not in any way be interpreted as
constituting a political or territorial bound-
ary. The Conference expresses its convic-
tion that the execution of the provisions set
out in the present declaration and in the
agreement on the cessation of hostilities
creates the necessary ba:?is for the achieve-
ment in the near future of a political settle-
meat in Viet-Nam.
7. The Conference declares that, so far
as Viet-Nam IS concerned, the settlement of
political problems, effected on the basis of
respect for the principles of independence,
unity and territorial integrity, shall permit
the Viet-Namese people to enjoy the funda-
mental freedoms, guaranteed by democratic
institutions established as a. result of free
general elections by secret ballot. In order
to ensure that sufficient progress in the res-
toration of peace has been made, a:? id that all
the necessary conditions obtain for free ex-
pression of the national will, gei cral elec-
tions shall be held In July 1956, under the
supervision of an international commission
composed of representatives of the Member
States of the International Supervisory Coin-
mission, referred to in the agreement on the
cessation of hostilities. Consultations will
be held on this subject between the com-
petent representative authorities of the two
zones from 20 July 1955 onwards.
8. The lrovisions of the agreements on the
cessation of hostilities intended to ensure
the protection of individuals and of prop-
erty must be most strictly applied and must,
in particular, allow everyone in Viet-Nara to
decide freely in which zone he wishes to live.
9. The competent representative authori-
ties of the Northern and Southern zones of
Viet-Nam, as well as the authorities of Laos
and Cambodia, must not permit any indi-
vidual or collective reprisals against persons
who have collaborated in any way with one
of the parties during the war, or against
members of such persons' families.
10. The Conference takes note of the dec-
laration of the Government of the French
Republic to the effect that it is ready to
withdraw its troops from the territory of
Cambodia, Laos and Viet-Nam, at the re-
quest of the governments concerned and
within periods which shall be fixed by agree-
ment between the parties except in the cases
where, by agreement between the two par-
ties, a certain number of French troops shalt
remain at specified points and for a specified
time.
11. The Conference takes note of the dec
laration of the French Government to the
effect that for the settlement of all the prob-
lems connected with the re-establishmens
and consolidation of peace in Cambodia,
Laos and Viet-Nam, the French Government
will proceed from the principle of respect for
the independence and sovereignty, unity and
territorial integrity of Cambodia, Laos and
Viet-Nam.
12. In their relations with Cambodia, Lao:;
and Viet-Nam, each member of the Geneva
Conference undertakes to respect the sov-
ereignty, the independence, the unity and
the territorial integrity of the above-men.-
tioned states, and to refrain from any inter-
ference in their internal affairs.
13. The members of the Conference agree
to consult one another on any question
which may be referred to them by the In-
ternational Supervisory Commission in orde?
to study such measures as may prove neces-
sary to ensure that the agreements on the
cessation of hostilities in Cambodia, Laos
and Viet-Nair are respected.
RECESS UNTIL 10 A.M. TOMORROW
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, in ac
cordance with the order previously en-
tered, I move that the Senate stand in
recess until 10 o'clock tomorrow morn-
ing.
The motion was agreed to; and at i5
o'clock and 50 minutes p.m.) the Senate
took a recess, under the order previously
entered, until tomorrow, Friday, Feb-
ruary 4, 1966, at 10 o'clock a.m.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 1946
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 3, 1966
While we do not think right-to-work laws IN A DEAD-END STREET pose except in the vaguest, most ambiguous
are the final answer to the problems of em- (By Walter Lippmann) generalities about aggression and freedom.
ployers and employees, we believe it gives
workers some chance to regain control over In saying that under the joint resolution The country could be
be united-in the pre-
how their unions are to be run. of August 7, 1964, he has full authority from ponderate mass-on a policy which rested on
Congress "to take all necessary steps" in a limited strategy and on limited political
it is interesting to note some of the Vietnam, the President left himself in the objectives. It cannot be united on a policy
points which I discussed earlier. The position of a man relying on the letter of of trading American lives for Asian lives on
Senator from Idaho [Mr. JORDAN] has the bond, regardless of what it meant at the the mainland of Asia in order to make Gen-
been kind enough to remain in the Cham- time it was written. There is no doubt that eral Ky or his successor the ruler of all of
that language of the resolution gives him a South Vietnam. The division of the country
ber while I have been discussing this blank check. But there is no doubt also will simply grow worse as the casualties and
subject. I am certain the Senator re- that when the blank check was voted in the costs increase and the attainment of our
calls that I said a good number of union August 1964, it was voted to a man engaged aims and the end of the fighting continue to
members did not want section 14(b) re- in a campaign for the Presidency against elude us.
pealed because they felt that section 14 Senator Goldwater, who was advocating sub- The revision of our policy in Vietnam-the
(b) was of help to them in maintaining stantially the same military policy that Presi- revision of our strategy and our political pur-
COlltr0l over their own union officers. dent Johnson is now following. Therefore, poses and plans-is the indispensable condi-
if laws are to be interpreted in the light tion of a really united country and of an
I have a good many other editorials. of their legislative history, the President eventual truce abroad. Gestures, propa-
I have editorials from almost every sec- is without legal and moral authority to fill ganda, public relations, and bombing and
tion of the State. I am certain that if in the blank check of August 1964, with more bombing, will not work. Without a re-
we continue in this determined effort to whatever he thinks he ought to do in 1966. vision of the policy-of our war aims as
educate everyone on the real problems It is, of course, impossible to rescind the stated by Secretary Rusk, of our military
concerning this bill, I shall have an op- resolution of August 1964. But as a matter strategy as approved by Secretary McNa-
oncerny to speak in the Senate again of fact the actions of the administration go mara-the President will find that he is in
far beyond the original meaning of the res- a dead-end street.
and discuss some of the problems. olution of 1964. This is the positive reason
I do not wish to speak further at this why the objectives and the conduct of the Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, with re-
time because I believe that enough of greatly enlarged war should be examined spect to the struggle in Vietnam, I have
one voice in one day is probably advis- and debated before we are led into a still not always found myself to be of the
able. I shall have another opportunity. greater war. same view as Mr. Lippmann, I said on
I assure Sand anyone else who It ought not to be necessary to press this the floor of the Senate last Friday, and
reads the Senators nator that if we ever reach point in a country dedicated to government repeat now, that the allocation of re-
RECORD by due process law. A President who sources in the presently contemplated
the Pont where amendments are offered ands that t his powers are challenged by re-
to the bill, I shall be fighting for the sponsible leaders of his own party and of order of magnitude is well worth the
amendments which I discussed today. I the opposition would not refuse debate. He struggle in Vietnam, for, in Vietnam,
will be fighting to get a record vote on would not pretend that briefings are a sub- we have a real opportunity to save an-
it so that we can determine whether or stitute for debate. He would insist upon de- other place for self-determination and
not the Senate intends to protect the bate and welcome it. For only by refusing for freedom from Communist dictator-
labor leaders and also try to do some- to rely upon the letter of the law would he ship. It can be something of a demon-
thing for the workingman within the be acting according to its spirit. stration to Asia of the greater efficacy of
unions. ing It is wrong to keep using the blank check the ways of freedom, in the nature of
th
while many of those who voted for it in
Mr. President, I suggest the absence 1964 now say-and historically they are in- bringing about higher standards of liv-
of a quorum. dubitably right-that the resolution does ing.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The not mean what the President is making it But the important thing about Mr.
clerk will call the roll. mean in 1966. It is also unwise to stretch Lippmann's piece today, with which I
The legislative clerk proceeded to call the letter of the law this way. For the coun- thoroughly agree, is that he emphasizes,
try is deeply and dangerously divided about as I have emphasized, as one who has
the roll. the war in Vietnam, and in the trying days
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask to come this division will grow deeper if the supported the President's policy, that the
unanimous consent that the order for President rejects the only method by which President should seek congressional de-
the quorum call be rescinded. a free nation can heal such a division-re- bate by asking for a new resolution.
sponsible and informed debate. That we ought to have now. That goes
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without There are two principal difficulties in hold- for those who are supporting the Presi-
objection, it is so ordered. ilia such " r1 hAf Ah..,,4 --- 1 -_ __ . .. _
was tiaxe Heart from the speeches and news- b? L w= a" Wl11C is 411C
NEED FOR DEBATE O T VIETNA paper articles and be confirmed in his view thing to . do. Most of all, I urge the
WAR --?"' that the United States Will not stay the President to say that this is his course.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I intend course but will pack up and go home. Un- In my judgment, the administration
doubtedly the dissent here at home does is making a fundamental mistake in get-
to comment on two points, and then to give comfort to the enemy abroad. ting into a battle with Congress about
renew the suggestion of the absence of But the remedy for this disadvantage can- whether Congress should have a debate
a quorum, because the Senator from not be to silence dissent. For the dissent on the Vietnam war. The President has
Colorado [Mr. DOMiNICK] advises me cannot be silenced. It would be a delusion
that it was his intention to obtain a live to suppose that this dissent has its source taliza everything to gain in terms of the crys-
that
so Senators might be advised in in the minds of a few Senators and of some alization of the overwhelming sentiment
that regard. publicists. It has its source among a great of the country behind him, because he
mass of the American people who simply are intends only a limited strategy, limited
I ask the Senate to give its most se- not persuaded that the war in Vietnam is in political objective, and limited commit-
rious consideration to the question of fact the defense of a vital interest of the ments. I believe that is the consensus
whether there should be a debate in Con- United States. of the Nation.
gress on the purpose and policy of U.S. Nations do not fight indefinitely if they The only conceivable objection, if there
participation in the actions in Vietnam are not convinced that their own vital inter-
,
the so called Vietnam war. In m ests are at stake. Although the Korean war can be one, is that the debate will pro-
y judg- began under--much better legal and moral duce some contrary views. But contrary
ment, we have most intelligent light cast auspices than did our entanglement in Viet- views are being produced by the hour
on that subject by a column, written by nam, the American people came to hate the now. Hanoi, Peiping, and Moscow are
Mr. Walter Lippmann, one of the most Korean war. The reason for that was that using their propaganda to the full, and
respected commentators in this country, they did not believe that the interests of they do not compare with a decisive vote
from today's New York Herald Tribune. America erica in Korea on the Asian mainland in favor of American policy that the
I ask unanimous consent that it be print- great enough to justify the casualties
that Senate and House would debate to that
ed at this point in the RECORD. The were o principal being suffered. end. I am confident, and I believe the
There being no objection, the article the country behind a national purp sei in President has every reason to be con-
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Indochina is that the President's diplomatic fident, that such a debate would be fruit-
as follows: advisers have never defined our national pur- ful.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7'
I+'~,,bruarri1/ 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--St NATE
19.45
r1s we said earlier, Presidents-and Con- want this legislation. Many union mein- repeal of section 14(b) and additionally pro-
;:;resses-are paid to solve problems like this. berti do not want it, and perhaps union posed an amendment which would, in effect,
make the National Labor Relations Board
and they usually have to do it by working leaders do not want; it. and labor officials the overseers of some
=rt some aht suggist a I do not wish to alienate any portion worker's religious beliefs, while pretending
s Of ]Try State. to guarantee "freedom of conscience."
We at m Colorado's ight suggest compromisers Labor Peace Act. It take has
worked rather r wehate. It might Mr. President, I ask unanimous Con- To be exempt from joining and pa.yi::a~;
l well in this s : S
provide it way, short of outright repeal to sent at this point to have printed in the dus to a labor union, under the amendment,
;'tale the controversy over section 14(b). RECORD an editorial dated August 31, aa work ng ea by the would have Lto: abor) Obi arts
't' ',965, from the Denver Post. * * * (that y th Natio * * holds Relations
That is an interesting one, because, as There being no objection, the editorial Board
,itne went on, a.rsd as the debate con- entious objections to membership in any
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, labor organization based upon his religious
tiss c the Denver Post was s me and as follows: training and beliefs" and, (2) have "timely
which Certain not of that any this was somet thing WE CAN USE THE RUBLES paid, in lieu of periodic dues and initiation
n , but, twas ong in in president Johnson has announced. plan: to fees, sums equal to such dues and initiation
brings but. ut it up. that the timing was wrong allow American wheat to be shipped to Russia fees to a nonreligious charitable fund exempt
bringi and. other Communist nations in foreign vas- from taxation. * * * designated by the
C have here some of its other editorials. sels, thus opening up a new market for labor organization."
liere is one dated July 28, 1965, also from American grain. This amendment would make the National
the Denver Post, headed "Strange Bed- The Russians need the wheat, and we have Labor Relations Board the high priests of a
fellows in 14(b) 1. ,epeal." the grain--some 800 million bushels in :rut- workingman's exemption from joining a un-
It starts by saying: :alu:. W sell. The effect can only be g )od ion, while the union leaders would be the
ft; is too bad the old legislative device of business for the United States. high priests of his redemption for refusing
log-rolling has reare:i its head in the con- Wheat exports to Russia. haven't exactly to do so. The very fact that a Senator would
i. oversial House rote on repeal of section been forbidden. President John F. Kennedy propose or endorse such an amendment, ever.
I (bj of the Tai 1-Hartley Act. `Phis is a a?ut.horized such shipments in 1963, but pros- under the pretext of guaranteeing religious
proposal to nullity the right-to-work laws sure by American labor unions caused him to freedom, is evidence that he realizes the
modify the order to require half the slip- repeal of section 14(b) would deprive the
which, in 1.9 State=., bar the union shop. meats to be made in American vessels. workingman of freedom in the first place.
'I'llen it goes oli: '1'.ais was ridiculous, as most people knew. The editorial support that we have
The issue is so charged with emotion-not American vessels charge about twice as much
only by some employers but by people who to carry freight as do the shipping firm,; of witnessed in various places around the
believe they should not be forced to join a other nations. The result was curtailment State is of extraordinary significance to
union. under any circumstance-that repeal of the program; the United States sold only me. It is significant to me that news-
would be more palatable if it were considered half as much wheat to Russia as had i ccen paper editorials have been so nearly
planned. unanimous in saying that we should do
;ixictly on its merits. For various reasons-adverse shipping a r-
According to strange credible Washington something about these amendments i
,sources, it is a strange swap between Mid- rangements with foreign shipping cartels, something is to be done about section
western farm b"sane Congressmen and the but primarily the stranglehold unions t.ave 14(b). But they do not believe section
northeastern labor bloc which is bringing on U.S. shipping--American ship lines dust
14(h) repeal within sight of success. aren't competitive. Our merchant marine: is 14(b) should be changed.
` he administration's farm bill--attacked smaller than it was in 1939 when world trade I believe there are more editorials.
widely by baker;, unions, and consumer was much smaller in volume. Here is one from the Colorado Springs
none !n, popular because it is "- resident Johnson has thus recognized a Gazette-Telegraph, dated January 3,
groups-is reality in the shipping idustry. He has 1966 entitled "Union Seeks Voluntary-
sE!xpeeted to boost l.he price of bread to con- al&o made the obvious decision that the
uars.
M
Many big city iawniakers are thus cool to U.S. balance of payments can be helped im ism.
The American Brotherhood of Electrical
:;iris bread tax. But they also want to please measurably by allowing large quantities of
wheat to go abroad to Russia and Eae tern Workers is to be commended for its stand
their e fa c bloc's itch so or h g scratch m Europe. on voluntary unionism.
su the fa bun's rn, for higher far is Such sales of wheat will benefit U.S. Lam_ This new group of electricians is asking
support pwces. In turn, the farm bloc i5 err. The price received for suarh wheat may President Johnson to reverse his stand on
votes" efor the what or,e source called "a vital 25 not be affected much because the subsic;ized repealing section 14(b) of the Taft-Hart-
That, o repeal. of wheat is already higher than the ley Act which permits States to have so-
any as it monument t to o practiced. price
world level.. But greater use of U.S. wheat called right-to-work legislation. may result in greater volume. More than 500 members of the union have
But it That, is of not going t tcourse, to be politics
number eof union stn abuses that ere are a U.S. wheatgrowers, by Federal law, are per- signed the appeal, which said: rectio tus(; as badly union abuses
need rteed d milted to grow wheat on less than half Their "We as union members, believing in strong
unsneed feel ed c or
unions
the repeat of f 14(l)). as )One amendment to the potential acreage. Expanding the market unions and the freedoms guaranteed by the
1(b) repealer, for example, would have re- through sales to the Communists may mean Constitution, support voluntary unionism
ter planted acreage. and the right of every State to decide for
purposes. the use at union dues for political greater
That, as one might guess, got One thing President Johnson has injected itself whether it shall permit compulsory
nowhere. Into the natter--unnecessarily, we believe-- unionism."
As we have saki before, labor legislation is is the mention of repeal of section 14(b}) of This is a step in the right direction.
:Iii area where national uniformity is good. the Taft-Hartley Act as a condition for lift- Perhaps now the realization will come that
ltui; 14(b), in practice, has not worked any lag the shipping ban. the Government, at any level, has no buai-
1 reat hardship and has served as a valuable We think the President has broad support ness interfering in any way with worker
counterweight in the system of checks and for allowing greater shipments to Russia.. It and employer relations. States do not have
t)alances which keeps the relationship be- is, after all, a cash proposition. Polls have rights; only individuals do.
I,ween the unions and the public a healthy shown the American people favor such :ales. Chester E. Jensen, business agent, said. the
So why tie in 14(b)? The 14(b) repeal, ABEW recognize unions should exist for the
tte? which would vipe out so-called right-to- welfare of the union members rather than
As I say, that was in July; and the edi- work statutes in nearly 20 States, ought to be for the union officials, and that voluntary
tol'ials grow stronger and stronger as considered. on its merits. We think thole is unionism forces union officers and agents
time goes on. I have several more from strong opposition to it. Let it then be g;ven to consider and work for those things that
the Denver Post. frill debate. There is no need to [Hake it ap- the members feel are in their best in-
i"inally, I believe the attitude at the pear that a vital swap is involved when, in terests.
truth, the President is only paying off a He added that "there is a need for greater
present time, :although I do not know political debt to his labor supporters. and more sincere cooperation between labor
that wy be said had sd to exampbe, le in the past es Mr. I)OMINICK. I now wish to turn and management. One cannot prosper with-s, may not the Senate this matter "Why does o to articles from other areas. out the other, and we feel that with the ab-
they know c get tllit they r over going sence of blackjack methods, greater gains can
Here is an article from the Pueblo
they knout very well teare not going be made for the workers without at the
to pass this bill; why do they not get Chieftain dated. September 14, 1965, same time injuring the economy as a whole."
into other sub; sets which are so impor- Called "Freedom of Conscience?" This new union which is not affiliated with
Cant to the American people?" FREEBOM OF CoaescrnmCE9 the AFL-CIO certainly is to be commended
In other words, they are recognizing The Senate Labor Subcommittee, handed for standing up for the principle of volun-
that the country as a whole does not by Senator MORSE, of Oregon, has endorsed tary membership.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1947
I hope the President will not let his I have been concerned about what the the more we can dispose of with least effort
personal feeling that the point resolu- word "win" means, a word which has and therefore the faster we can convince
Hanoi aggression doesn't pay. Sounds almost
tion passed in 1964 should prevail over been used regularly in various types of convincing way A puts it, but if argument
the best statesmanlike judgment-that articles. I have been concerned because sound by harass Ho Chi Minh trail at all?
the thing to do now is to let Congress de- the President and his administration Maybe USOM [U.S. economic assistance or-
bate and vote on this issue. have not spelled out our objectives in ganizations] should set up joint project with
It is perfectly right that the joint reso- Vietnam. It is imperative that this be Hanoi to surface entire trail; that way they
lution of August 7, 1964, covers tech- done, if we are to learn what we are could deal even more PAVN's south for us
nically the authority which the Presi- doing and if we are to be united. A de- It a probably just as well that the rules
dent is exercising; but as a lawyer, I bate such as the Senator from New York governing such briefings-and most of the
know there are cases in which the intent is suggesting would be most helpful. talks that a correspondent has with Amer-
with which a particular authority was in that connection, I recently had the scan or other western officials in southeast
given may have changed by virtue of opportunity to read two articles pub- Asia-forbid any close identification of the
circumstances and thereby requires a lished in the magazine, the Reporter, source, even by function. The absurdities
change in the authority. The intent dated January 27, 1966. One article is that one hears are seldom a reliable index of
with which the authority'of August 1964 entitled "Back From Vietnam," and was the intellectual, caliber, professional com-
was given, as a reaction to the Gulf of written by Mr. Edmond Taylor. Mr. petence, or patriotic dedication of the official.
Some of the most distressing nonsense I lis-
Tonkin attack, is not the intent which Taylor points out the looking glass logic toned to, especially in Saigon and in Vien-
is being carried out by the President now that exists among many people in this tiane, came from Americans noted among
in view of the new responsibilities of U.S. connection. their colleagues around the world for cour-
forces in Vietnam now. The second article is entitled "The Ho age, integrity, and tough-mindedness. Not
The one thing about Vietnam that is Chi Minh Trail and Our Thai Buildup," infrequently the speaker does not himself
clear is that this is a new ball game. written by Mr. Denis Warner. Mr. War- believe what he is saying, but for reasons of
Again, this analysis by Mr. Lippmann, ner points out the threat to Thailand policy feels that it is his duty to mislead
the press while trying to avoid telling an
representing a position which feels less and the problems that we and South outright lie. I strongly suspect, for exam-
strongly that I do about supporting the Vietnam face from a possible resurgence ple, that A's singular approach to the prob-
President's policy in this situation, sup- of insurrection in Thailand. lem of the He Chi Minh trail, perhaps the
ports my contention that the administra- These are such interesting articles that key strategic issue of the war in Vietnam,
tion is making a serious mistake in re- I ask unanimous consent to have them was simply the result of an instruction from
sisting what seems to be a broad feeling printed at this point in the RECORD. some superior authority to try to discourage
in Congress that this issue ought to be There being no objection, the articles correspondents from playing it up at that
time, into by the committees, debated were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, me, the time being the eve of the Johnson
peace offensive and of the visit of Soviet De-
by Congress, and voted on. What is as follows: puty Premier Shelepin to Hanoi.
often overlooked is the fact that the [From the Reporter, Jan. 7, 1966] LOOKING-GLASS LOGIC
sporadic debate in this Chamber and on BACK FROM VncrwN The theory-or chimera-that if only we
the floor of the House will not lead to (By Edmond Taylor) display enough tact the Soviet Union can
a vote on the issue, a vote which is Looking back at the time I spent in South- be converted into a de facto ally of the Unit-
needed. east Asia, the remark of a highly qualified ed States in Asia, sharing the military bur-
The distinguished senior Senator from veteran of the struggle against Communist den of containing Chinese expansion, espe-
West Virginia [Mr. RANDOLPH] and I expansion keeps coming back to mind. "The cially in southeast Asia, has a strong hold
have introduced a joint resolution of an basic books for an understanding of the on the minds of a number of U.S. officials
affirmative nature which could be the conflict the United States is waging in Viet- in the area, especially among those with a
subject of such a vote. The Committee nam," he told me, "have been written by New Frontier background. Naturally, those
on Foreign Relations undoubtedly will Lewis Carroll and Kafka." I think an ade- who believe in the doctrine of the Soviet
do other things with the joint resolution. quate reference shelf should also include counterweight dread anintensification
Vietnam that
some works of history dealing with the fate extension the fighting
But the present policy, it seems to me, is of nations or governments-France's Fourth might embarrass the Soviet leaders vis-a-vis
the one error that is being made by the Republic, among others-that became in- the Communist world and thus make it more
administration concerning Vietnam. I volved in halfhearted wars against whole- difficult for them to cooperate with us in
strongly urge the President to correct hearted enemies, and possibly a volume or southeast Asia.
that mistake before there occurs a basic two of Gibbon on the hazards of trying to Any stepped-up U.S. military activity in
fissure within the country, which could achieve cutrate security by playing one bar- Laos to interdict the He Chi Minh trial is
develop in view of the fact that although barian power against another. particularly and explicitly disapproved of by
the consensus of Americans is to sup- My notebooks covering 2 months' travel the people belonging to this school of
and reporting in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand thought because, as one of them explained to
port the President, the majority have a are peppered with direct or indirect quota- me, the Soviet Union, as a signatory and guar-
deep disquiet in their hearts about what tions from U.S. military and civilian authori- antor of the 1962 Geneva accords for the
they are supporting. ties in the area reflecting, sometimes almost neutralization of Laos, might take umbrage
Finally, I urge the President not to in caricature, the through-the-looking-glass if we violated them.
try to resist the rising tide, but rather mentality that the war in Vietnam seems to So far Moscow has taken no umbrage over
to accord with it, as it is in his best in- develop among certain Americans in the em- the more than 1,500 violations of the accords
terest to do so. He will come out battled country itself no less than on cam- by North Vietnam as noted by the Interna-
stronger and better fortified, and the puses or in editorial offices at home. The tional Control Commission, and indeed has
country will become more united in this ultimate example, I suppose, is contained in preferred not to notice the present substan-
the notes I jotted down immediately after tial though decently camouflaged U.S. mil-
way. being subjected to a background briefing on itary activity in Laos. Consequently it is
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, will the Ho Chi Minh trail by an American ex- argued by some hard-minded American dip-
the Senator from New York yield? pert whom, before I talked to him, I had lomats in the theater that a sizable increase
Mr. JAVITS. I yield to the Senator assumed to have outstanding qualifications of U.S. military pressure against the trail,
from Colorado. for discussing the problem: "Amazing talk as desired by Gen. William C. Westmoreland,
Mr. DOMINICK. I appreciate the briefing followed by free-ranging exchange could be effected without major impact on
York with A this morning," my notes read. "Writ- our relations with Moscow, provided we con-
courtesy in yielding. of - I the have Senator been from New concerned over ing it up immediately because would begin tinue to pay lipservice to the fiction of
doubt own memory if I didn't. A's view Laotian neutrality. But the we-can-count-
the same things about which he is con- almost diametrically opposed to consensus on-Russia school seems reluctant to accept
cerned. I have been concerned over tale of Westmoreland's staff in Saigon; he agrees any risk, however slight, of offending Soviet
lack of a constructive debate in the Sen- we can and should do more to harass PAVN susceptibilities at this time. Hence the ten-
ate on the Vietnamese issue. I have been [North Vietnamese regular forces] moving dency to fall back on looking-glass logic in
concerned about the possible abrogation along trail through Laos and Cambodia to assessing the strategic role of the trail. (Ho
of power by Congress, and I am con- South Vietnam but thinks would not be to Chi Minh's own assessment of it is indicated
our military interest to block flow completely. by the 10,000 or more crack PAVN troops, not
cerned about the question of whether we Better to fight PAVN's in South Vietnam at to mention the 30,000 to 40,000 Pathet Lao
are engaging in a war in South Vietnam end of their communication lines than up guerrillas, permanently stationed on Laotian
even though it is sometimes referred to north at the country's border, he argues. soil to protect the flow of reinforcements for
by other words. We all know it is war. More PAVN's who arrive in South Vietnam, the Vietcong in South Vietnam from ground
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE February `/, 1966
lt:tira:;srnent by United States or Royal Liao
l,'r'.cs. )
sine of the reasons why proponents of close
cooperation with Soviet Russia. in Asia often
sound like Slice-or like a, mixture of Alice
hell Walter I ippmann-is that there is it
f raring disp a-'ty between the avowed vague-
s of tbeo' olijoctives and the sacrifices, in
terms of American prestige or even of Ante;---
l an lives, they appear wiling to make in
ord..t to pri mote them. "R.ussia is coopera.-
ft~=; with. t.,s in. India to help India resist
Chinese e~:passion," one well-informed
po-cesman w(t to roe, "but of course we
c in t, expo c tae Soviets to go as far as thal
in lfanoi: it they counterbalance Chinese in.-
ittt,'tt c. them;: to some degree it is probably a
l;o::1. thing from our viewpoint, evi.n if it ir-
*, awes int. tisined Soviet military aid to Nortl`t
Vietnam- 'nrely it would lie to our long-.
trot intere.,t I an innxease;l Soviet pree.'nre
ill :,uutheS: iaia led to slime reduction it,
1?ot11 the, i.ht teen and the United Stoat,.,
-.r,:e noes their,,1'w theshi that an increased Soviet pres-
erve, anywfi.'re in Asia is advantageous to
IT.S; national interests seems highly de-
hatable., especially to someone who, like my-
self, has hod the opportunity to see what
the supposed united States-Soviet coopera-
tion in India, really implies. ';'here may be
a macabre login in tolerating increased So-
viet, military :resistance to North Vietnam.,
but it seems stretching rea;On beyond the
ire::.king point to accept paralyzing rest:ric-
ti.ons on oil- conduct of the war in Vietnam
sim;rly to ci jiv,: the privilege of seeing Rus-
::i:at: rather ib:rn Chinese bnltets kill Ameri-
r.:rn soldier. Vet to date that is the only
Lin?gible bcuotii; n.nyone con promise from
tfie enhancement of Soviet influence in
e;oulhonst to in we seem so anxious to
en- 1; ill Is tree, as some say, that
Morrow h i hoe n it jng Hanoi to adopt a
tuore flexiti o attitude toward peace nego-
t tiions, no one as yet dares to claim he has
cic-tected .env reliable signs that Hanoi is
responsive i i Soviet advice. Some of the
best qualified U.S. Asian. experts doubt seri-
ously that the North Vietnamese leaders
could break 1cnnse from China and modify
their pre cat unconditional-victory policy
even :f the v wanted to.
e c:!sion illy a reporter who listens Care.-
Ittll's will plc's up from certain diplomatic
:;,,or ces both in the southeast Asian capitals
and in New I)"lhi what appears to be dis--
'reet hints of taeit Soviet -Ifnited States tin.-
d .r t.:,ndin . on some subjects dating back
to the lie reedy-Khrusbebov meetings in
Vienna. in 19,1-understandings that go
:mbst'i,ntially beyond such public agree--
monte as th test ban treaty banning above
?rround nurtcnr tests or the 1982 Laos ac-
cords. It is just barely conceivable, there..
lore, that tic trop-secret files of the State
Ilepartment arid the White House contain,
evidence that if it could be revealed might;
citable American representatives in Asia to
justify: the hopes some of them seem to place
i,i cooperation with Moscow as the key to
peace in Vietnam-and throul;hout this vast
continent-without sounding like the Mad
]latter. A reporter lacking access to such
evidence, if f: exists, can only view with dis-
may what it, best appears to be an example
of diplomatic professionalism breaking free
frcim the gr:'vttationa] field of 20th century
political reality and orbiting in a 'universe of
pure fancy_
Some Americans one encounters, notably
In So.igon, sc"mingly go out of their way to
inv^nt new and totally unnecessary taboos:
and purely theoretical dilemmas for them-
selves. One such was the official who, ac-
cording to ray notes, was already worrying
list November --somewhat prematurely, It
r;ccmed to rre-about the possibility of our
inf-iir.ting such a crushing defeat on Ho Chi
^4inh that 1.' would sweep away his regime
and cause North Vietnam itself to be swal-
lowed up by China, thereby "bringing Chi-
nese power down to the 17th parallel, which
clearly would not be to our lone-term in-
terests in Asia," Then there was the senior
official who has demonstrated his personal
courage and patriotism. by voluntarily re-
maining in South Vietnam far linger than
the normal call of duty, but, who argued ve-
hernently against bom ;ing Hanoi on the
grounds that if we adopted such a course the
Vietcong would no lorigs'r feel inhibited in
unleashing all-out terrorism age list Amer-
ican installations in Stilt on. (W''i. tever in-
hibitions the Vietcong cm v have had, they
bombed the Metropole Ii >tcl only ,i few days
later.)
Tne PROBLEM OF T73r TRA 1.
Perhaps it is impossib e to will he strug-
gle in Vietnam--or even 'a avoid a humiliat-
ing defeat; -unless we r!bandon the whole
concept of limited war is nd cast 11 all the
sell'-imposed restrictions on its prosecution,
regardless of the consequences. S,'rne of the
rare arid generally rattier subdt,"d hawks
favor such a course. Others, by no means
dovelike in their opposiion. to C muriunist
cxpansionism, fear that. tiaroug?t reckless
cscnlatfon of the Vieth ,m war ,.re might
blundera- at a time and place of tie enemy's
choosing--into a major conflict w th. China.
Moreover, these Atneric?nit say, unlimited
expansion of the war in Vietnam-:,r a policy
of uninhibited frightfulness in x,,ging it-
is riot nec"sorry to achie,e our es.cntial ob-
jects :s tlnric Some hard decisions may yet
hale to be token, they adinit, and : ome care-
fully calculated risks accepted; t,il that is
needed is for the military lio displa'; l;ome ini-
tiative and imagination in applying the di-
realivc they have a.lreacty been Iiven and
in ut;lizing the resources now at their
command.
Wttc] t r it is :;ltogethcr ft.rr to ;.ame the
M,lit, u r Eetublishmont 1' it what ?trikes an
impart,al observer as the undeni al).y brass-
bound conduct of the war is hail to say.
It v.ould ccrtainl:y be unf.air to pin the blame
per cea..ll,' on General We stmorela.td., one of
the roost hobbled and politically harassed
grand captains in the history of warfare,
Who roust shoulder the e. sential responsibil-
ities of a theater commander without hav-
hip the traditional authority of one. The
problem of the Ho Chi Minh trail 01.ustrates
some of the deficiencies of our ; pproach.
Westmoreland and his s aff are s,,id to be
convinced that rriore effective measures than
the bombing attacks we were making regu-
larly before the Johnson aerial truce are
needed to choke off the flow of Vietcong re-
inforcements from North Vietnam ; now esti-
mated at more than 2,500 month) The ob-
vious place to cut the trail (actually a com-
plex of roads, trails, and waterways! is where
it runs through Laos, through soma! U.S. ex-
perts in Saigon attach almost as n, i tch stra-
tegic importance to the Communist bases
and supply line in eastern Cambodia.
To seal the route totally and It relative
safety by conventional. creams would imply
planting several U.S. divisions in Otte of the
wildest jtntgles of Asia. The logi:::tic prob-
lem of maintaining so c'.nsiderable a force
would itself be t:remendo-Is. It is therefore
understandable, if not quite excus.,lale, that
military spokesmen in Saigon somei tines pre-
fer to lead correspondents on conducted
tours through the lookir:g glass l;y simul-
taneously boasting to them about the effec-
tiveness of our air attac:':s on the Ho Chi
Minh trail (which actually seem to have had
very little effect) and wringing th,>ir hands
over the steady increase in military traffic
along the trail since the attacks be- can.
Yet there are various less conventional
solutions to the problem of the tr;: i1 which,
though neither completely effective nor
wholly without risk, might: be worth consid-
ering: hit and run commando raids on de-
pots and staging areas, intermittent harass-
ment from secure jungle bases, and air
cavalry sweeps, to mention it few. By the
imaginative use of the fantastic detection
devices of various sorts available to our
Armed Forces, which, thanks to the tech-
nique., of air-ground cooperation, have bees
raised to a new pitch of efficiency during the
Vietnam war, it i possible today to conceive
of long-range opcl^tton,s behind the enemy
lines in jungle country whose audacity would
have left a Wingate breathless. But au-
dacity implies risk, and the boldest American
commander, given the present confused state
of American opinion and the irrc iponsible
attitude of part of the Anicric.tn press, would
scarcely dare to risk even a U.S. battalion
on an operation, however attractive strate-
gically, that with bad luck might turn int,)
what some headline writers would be likely
to call an American Dienbicnphu.
BATTLING THE CLOCK
Our reluctance no far to mcve against th
privileged Vietcong sanctuary in Cambodia
is less; excusable, for neither the logistic no:
the political. difficulties to be overcome are
really serious. The recent public announce-
ment here that a so-called free Cambodian
maqu is was beginning to operate in Cam-
bodia may indicate that at long last the
problem is lbeing dealt with. It should be
no great problem to discover In South Viet-
nam it sufficient number of free Cambodian
volunteers to clean out the North Vietnan:iese
occupation force that has established itself
in eastern Cambodia (whether with or with
out the explicit permission of Prince
Sihanouk is not quite clear) - Covertly ar-
ranging maritime and fluvial mishaps of
various kinds for the ostensibly neutral ves-
sels that have been smuggling arms into both.
Cambodia and South Vietnam should be
even easier. (And while we are at it, it
might be useful if the Saigon government.
would give dispensation to some freedom-
loving Montagnard rebels in the remoter
fastnerses of North Vietnam who would claim
the same recognition at an eventual peace
conference that Hanoi demands for the Viet-
cong rebels in South Vietnam.)
Both our military and political authorities
in Vietnam--and to some extent throughout
southeast Asia---often give the Impression of
lacking political realism through failure to
take time into account as it key psychological
factor in our strategy for the war. U.S. civil-
ian experts talk glibly about the need for the
American people to face a generation of con-
flict in southeast Asia, and the military ex-
perts give one the impression that no decisive
operations can be launched before the end
of the present U.S. troop builclup----.assum-
ing that it continues as planned--Snore time
next winter. By then it seems only too likely
that the enemy will he more numerous and
better :armed than he is today, and the Amer-
ican people more war weary than they are
now-unless someone in the rnean:ime :has
been able to offer them a realistic and there-
fore convincing program for ending the
struggle honorably, at an acceptable cost
and within a reasonable span.
The one task we cannot shirk in Vietnam
is finishing the job we committed ourselves
to in the eyes of Asia to complete: that of
effectively putting a stop to all North Viet-
namese military intervention in South Viet-
nam's civil war. Any betrayal of this self-
imposed mission, however camouflaged by
worthless international guaranties, illusory
controls, and. fallacious free determination,
would irretrievably damage our prestige, our
honor, and even our national integrity. If
we abandon our Vietnamese allies--for they
are that, whatever their faults, and they have
been faithful In their fashion-while they
are the victims of outside aggression, we shall
never find any others in Asia, or probably
anywhere else.
To avert such a consequence, we should
mobilize all the power necessary to crush the
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1949
snemy's resistance and achieve a rapid, clear- Along with these urgent road-construction tary power on the scale of the Ban Sattahip-
eut victory. The longer the present looking- projects, which by unofficial estimate will Korat preparations would be appropriate or
glass war in southeast Asia goes on, the cost more than $100 million this year, the even useful for those purposes.
greater the likelihood that it will lead either 379th U.S. Signal Battalion, with headquar- Any meaningful U.S. contingency planning
to a catastrophic and dishonorable peace or ters in Karat, is erecting communications would, of course, have to take into account
to a general conflagration. equipment to link northeast Thailand with the possibility, however remote, of a Chinese
Vietminh diversionary attack against
r
P
[From the Reporter, Jan. 7, 19661
THE Ho CHI MINH TRAIL AND OUR THAI
BUILDUP
(By Denis Warner)
BANGKOK.-"Within 3 hours of their arrival
here by air we could have the troops an the
road with everything they need in the way
of equipment." The briefing officer from the
7th U.S. Maintenance Battalion spoke with
pride as he showed me around the supply
depot in Korat, Thailand. With a minimum
of publicity and what appears to be maxi-
mum efficiency, this little-known, and de-
pressed economic and political center of the
15 backward northeastern Thai provinces has
become a military base with impressive of-
fensive and defensive potentials.
The tanks, the amphibious carriers, the
trucks, and jeeps are loaded and ready to
go. The guns are hitched to their carriages.
Under a huge tent inflated by compressed air
I counted more than a hundred jeeps. They
occupied only a small part of the 176,000
square feet of covered space available. There
are another 144,000 square feet of semiper-
manent installations providing controlled-
humidity storage space. There are miles of
water and oil pipelines, and immense stacks
of barbed wire. Complete bridge units are
loaded on trucks. There are railway ties and
rails, ammunition, guns-the lot.
The amount of supplies is secret, but there
is enough to keep the 7th Maintenance Bat-
talion busy full time. "You can say that we
have more than 41,000 tons of equipment
valued at $50 million if you like," the briefing
officer told me. "Or you might say that we
have more than enough for a battalion and
less than enough for a division." An edu-
cated guess suggests that the higher estimate
may well be conservative, but in any event
the materiel now available is primarily of
symbolic importance. Impressive as the
buildup is, it is overshadowed by the emer-
gency program now underway that within
a few months will multiply Korat's military
potential and, if need be, permit expansion
of the already established control unit, the
9th U.S. Logistical Command "B," to its full
capacity of between 35,000 and 65,000 support
troops and a field force of 100,000 combat
troops.
As a base, Korat still suffers from many
handicaps. Improved rail communications
and the construction of the Friendship High-
way in 1958 halved the travel time to and
from Bangkok. But Bangkok is itself a
bottleneck. Four-fifths of Thailand's ex-
panding foreign trade passes through its
inadequate port facilities, and it cannot cope
with the operational needs of a "B"-category
U.S. logistical command.
To meet the situation, the United States
is building a new military airfield, port, and
over-the-beaches landing zone at Ban Sat-
tahip, about a hundred miles south-south-
east of Bangkok. Existing roads and rail
lines between Ban Sattahip and Korat are
being improved and the 538th Engineer Bat-
talion is completing a 163-mile direct all-
weather route between the two bases through
the rugged limestone hills that skirt the
southern rim of the Karat plateau. The
road is scheduled to be fully operational in
March. "If you think Camranh Bay is im-
pressive, go to Sattahip about the middle of
the year and see what is doing there," one
American officer told me. "There has never
been another military pipeline quite like
this."
eiman.e o
Vientiane, Bangkok, and Saigon.
long-range installations have already been Thailand. As a base for meeting such an
built at Korat and Ubon, a U.S. Air Force attack, Korat has many disadvantages.
fighter-bomber and Australian fighter base. Though the town itself is often called the
Elsewhere, scatter-radio sets that provide gateway to the northeast, it is both remote
24 channels and 16 teletype circuits are being and geographically isolated from the north,
replaced by improved heavy-duty units, able the one part of Thailand in which Chinese
to operate over as many as 60 channels and action might be expected or is even possible.
at a much greater range. For several years Chinese roadbuilders have
Though none of this information is re- been active in Yunnan Province and beyond.
garded as sensitive, United States and That Chinese military engineers b}uxilt a road from
authorities are much more touchy on the Yunnan into the Laotian province of Phong
question of the development and use of air- Saly, where Gen. Khammouane Bhoupa, the
fields in the northeast. As everyone in the local military commander, has long acted in-
area is well aware, however, airfield develop- dependently of both the Pathet Lao and
ment has not lagged; the bomb-laden planes Royal Lao elements and in close collabora-
constantly taking off from Korat and Ubon tion with the Chinese. Another Chinese road
for Laos and Vietnam are not engaged in runs from Yunnan to Nam Tha. As the
routine training missions. The runway at rightist Gen. Phoumi Nosavan discovered in
Korat is more than 2 miles long, and even 1982, the road from Nam Tha to Ban Houei
bigger ones are planned for the new airfield Sat on the Mekong River border is quite
at Ban Sattahip. All three will be able to suitable for the rapid movement of troops.
handle the largest U.S. bombers and trans- But to counter such a threat on the ground,
port planes. Korat is located in the wrong place, both
A HANDFUL or DISSIDENTS tactically and on the basis of existing lines
Thanks to the Rusk-Thanat agreement of of communication.
1962 on U.S. bilateral (as well as collective) It is much better sited as a shield for de-
responsibilities under SEATO, and to Wash- fensive operations against a Pathet Lao-Viet-
ington's demonstrable determination to hon- mink incursion through the northeast. Of
or its pledges in southeast Asia, Thailand all contingencies, however, this is least likely.
has become a highly cooperative ally. It Is A second front in. northeastern Thailand
also a threatened one. Though Marshal Chen would be useful to the Vietminh, but not if
Yi's promise that 1965 would see the out- it involved a diversion of their own resources
break of revolutionary war in the country and brought Thailand directly into the war.
went unfulfilled, there is no doubt that the Even so, the big U.S. buildup at Korat repre-
creation of an' insurgency situation in the sents an important psychological reassurance
northeast is a matter of priority for Hanoi to the Thais. Over the longer term it could
and Peiping. A Thai Government report on also serve as a major supply base for U.S.
November 26 that 24 police agents had been forces in southeast Asia, ready to back up
murdered in an upsurge of Communist ter- the function of Camranh in an emergency.
rorism was followed on December 15 by the ROAD MAP TO VICTORY
announcement in Peiping of the merger of It is difficult to escape the thought that
the Thailand Independence Movement and the Korat base and its enormously costly
the Thailand Patriotic Front, both Peiping link to Ban Sattahip could also provide a
creations and both pledged to the "patriotic potential jumpingoff point to counter Viet-
struggle" against the Thai Government and minh use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos.
the United States. This possibility has certainly not escaped the
It has been 12 months since Peiping first attention of Russian, North Vietnamese, and
announced the existence of the front and other diplomats in Vientiane.
the movement, and so far neither appears Air action against North Vietnam and the
to have made significant progress. Their Ho Chi Minh Trail during the past 12 months
leadership is confined to a handful of That has had the contradictory effect of both exac-
left-wing dissidents living in Peiping. Two erbating the problems facing the Vietminh
of the best known are Mongkon Nanakorn, cadres and main-force units moving south
who was imprisoned in Thailand for Com- and at the same time stimulating this flow.
munist activities in 1953 and released 2 years Now, more than ever before, the trail is n
later, and Phayom Chulanont, a former mem- significant factor in the war. The movement
ber of Parliament, who left the country in of supplies along its maze of bridle paths,
1963. Phayom went as the "Thai delegate" tracks, and roads is probably small enough
to the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Con- to be relatively unimportant; but the volume
ference in Ghana last May, and Monkgon led of manpower (even if Saigon's estimates of
a "Thai trade-union delegation" to the In- the increased dry-season flow are exagger-
ternational Trade Union Solidarity Confer- ated) is such that it threatens to nullify the
ence at Hanoi in June. But speculation con- best of efforts in South Vietnam.
tinues in Bagkok that the merger may mean The Increasing U.S. air capability in Thai-
that Peiping has given orders for an advance land and Vietnam and the recent use of
in Communist timetables in the northeast, Guam-based B-52's points to heavier bomb-
and especially in the heavily Infiltrated pro- ing of the trail. Yet experience here and in
vince of Nakhon Phanom, which is conven- Korea suggests that interdiction from the air
lently close to Communist Pathet Lao cen- is simply not possible. The ingrained Viet-
ters of activity around Thakhek across the tong fear of defoliation by chemical spray
Mekong in Laos. could conceivably be exploited to add to the
Still, the size and form of the American fears and the perils of the route, but at best
buildup at Korat suggests that it is not only this would be no more than a harassment.
intended for use against the sort of incur- Small-scale commando actions would have
gency situation that might conceivably de the same effect, and would inevitably prove
velop. To fight such a war of national costly. The regions through which the trail
liberation successfully, Thailand must cope passes in Laos are sparsely populated, but, to
with the problems of administration, police the Vietcong's enormous advantage, the lo-
intelligence, and, in the longer haul, social cal tribesmen's loyalty to them is complete,
and economic programs. It is difficult to especially in the wilderness of southeastern
see how the commitment of American mill- Laos.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 3, 1966
Despite seemingly effective landslide bomb-
ing missiions, the Vietcong have continued
to use two main entry routes into Laos from
North Vietnam, the Mu Gia and Nape Passes.
Two roads, including one newly built, run
south to the main staging post of Tchepcne
on Route 9. A third access route crosses
the demilitarized zone in the Vietcong-domi-
nated northwestern region of South Vietnam
and picks lip Route 9.
bouts it is critical. Deny it to the Vietcong
and the trail is out. But this is neither
tactically nor logistically feasible in an op-
eration mounted exclusively in South Viet-
nam. The 1st ARVN Division in Quang Tri
Province, at the eastern end of Route 9, is
experienced and effective. While its sc.c-
cie;oes in recent months have been outstand-
ing, it cannot by itself consolidate its gains
in the immensely difficult terrain where Route
9 crosses the Laotian border. To perform
tl;it limited task, which would at most deny
the Vietcong only one of the three main lines
of communication from North Vietnam into
Laos, would not only require substantial re-
L:ifurcemerit but would tax the logistical
o pabilities of the American and Vietnamese
forces at :Hue and Danang. But to attempt a
more substantial operation from bases on
the coast would be next to impossible.
A more obvious threat to the He Chi Minh
Trail could be directed through Pakse and
Stvannaklict in western Laos, where the going
is much easier. Provided that northeastern
'I:'harland sloes not erupt into full-scale in-
surgency, the lines of communication would
be secure. Moreover, the new supply route
[rem Ban Sattahip through Korat would re-
lieve South Vietnam of the major logistical
strain of an operation that could eventually
require three or more divisions.
It, may he argued that such an operation
would destroy all that remains of the 1962
Geneva Agreement on Laos. The political
issues involved the reaction of both Vientiane
and the Soviet Union and could present
problems. It has, however, long been ap-
parent that North Vietnam signed that agree-
ment only to safeguard its own unlawful and
via-al corridor to South Vietnam. So far, the
preservation of the fiction of Laotian ne'a-
tra ity and noninvolvement has been useful
in maints.;ning relative tranquillity in Vie;a-
tian.e. But to those in the field who favor
such an operation, this consideration is
hardly a match for the issues at stake in
Vietnam a. rid the frustration of the American
effort threatened by the continued and ex-
panding use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. To
these men, the questions that matter are
whether there is demonstrable evidence that
the North Vietnamese have abrogated the
Geneva Agreement by their use of the Ho
Clii Minh 'mail, whether the reinforcements
osing the trail are of major significance in
the Vietcong war effort, and finally, whether
ground action against the trail would prove
effective.
'there can be no doubt about the answer
to the first two questions. As for the third,
many responsible military men believe that
the difficulties to be overcome would be re-
warded by the results. It is, therefore, not
inconceivable that Korat, already a psycho-
logleal threat to the Vietminh, may even-
tually be ;invested with a major role in future
U.S. offensive plans in South Vietnam,
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, after
we have had an opportunity to review
these articles, I think a debate on the
resolution of the Senator would be very
helpful.
Mr. JAVI'I'S. Mr. President, I am very
grateful to the Senator for his interces-
sion and for the very interesting articles
from the Reporter magazine which I
know will be helpful to our review.
Mr. President, it requires time and
atrition sometimes to have light break
through to the real point. The point that
I am pressing upon the President of the
United States is-arid this is the light
that I hope will break through to his con-
sciousness-the fact, that this will help
and not hurt. It is not in derogation of
the authority that he has been exercis-
ing. It. is no reflection on his authority
to conduct foreign affairs.
The President himself demonstrated
that he wanted and needed to have the
partnership of Congress by asking for
the resolution of August, 1964, Now that
there is a new ball game, why does he not
ask again and get the same fortification,
the same strength, and the same sub-
stantiality so that he cannot be chal-
longed on the ground of illegality, as has
been done, or challenged on the ground
that he is using authority for a purpose
which was never :intended, for a new pur-
pose, for a new escalation of the struggle.
l[ believe that e,-erythin; is to be
gained and nothing is to be lost, beyond
what has been already lost by furnishing
food for the propaganda mills in Hanoi.
The strength that can be afforded to
our freedom and its decision far out-
weighs any minor disadvantage of any
character.
As one who has supported the Presi-
dent, I hope that before it is too late, in
terms of graver disquiet than presently
exists, we can have a congressional
debate.
1: can understand why the congres-
sional committees, representing the ma-
jority, have been unwilling to have this
debate so far unless the President should
asia: for it. Would it not be better for
the President to ask for this resolution,
as lie did in August of 1964, than to be
forced to it? The committees would
take the ball and run with it. That is
what can result in view of the gathering
storm in Congress, not because of the
war in Vietnam, but because of the ap-
parent feeling of the President that Con-
gress should not have an opportunity to
debate and vote on the issue.
I urge the President to seek the benefit
of this debate.
1!rlr. President, to intellectual men-
and the President is an intelligent
man-the proudest words in the English
language are: "I am persuaded."
I hope very much that the President
may invite debate in this matter in view
of the feelings of so many who thor-
oughly support him in terms of what he
is trying to do and in terms of the free-
dom and safety of our Nation and of the
world.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
will the Senator yield?
Mr. JAVITS. I yield.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
while I have not heard everything that
the Senator has said, I believe that he is
proposing a discussion on the floor of the
Senate in regard to the Vietnamese
situation.
Mr. JAVITS. l[ say that thr' President
should come to us again, as he did in
August 1964, for a resolution on Vietnam.
I say that as a supporter of the President.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
asa member of the Comrnittet? on Armed
Services, and as a, member of the Appro-
priations Subcommittee, I point out that
the authorization and appropriation
bills must come before us within the next
2 or 3 weeks.
It would seem to me that there would
be a very full discussion not only of the
subject matter of the bills, but also of
the entire problem that faces the Presi-
dent and ourselves.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, the Sen-
ator knows that there is no one whom I
respect more than I do the senior Sen-
ator from Massachusetts. Yet, I do not
believe that the discussion and debate
which will be engendered, as it will be, by
the authorization and appropriation
bills, will. be quite opposite to what the
Senator from Colorado F. Mr. DOMINICK I
and other Senators, myself included, are
talking about.
The authorization and appropriation
bills represent a different issue. The
issue would be whether we were going to
support the men in the field.
This is not something that I imagine.
We had this issue in connection with
the appropriation last year of the $.'00
million.
The entire debate was stultified by the
fact that no one would ever desire to
stop the appropriation of money for men
who are fighting. We have been there
ourselves. Many of us have been in the
armed services.
The only thing that is germane is that
the policy is up for determination in a
sense resolution.
The President has done it before., in
my judgment, a little arbitrarily. Speak-
ing as one who supports the President
in his policy, I am asking him to do it
again when the situation is so changed
and when there is a gathering sto:rm of
feeling that it should be done.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
I do not believe the Senator from Now
York and the Senator from Massachu-
setts are very far apart in their points
of view.
My point is simply that in our herr-
ings, which extended over a period of
3 days, there was testimony from the
Secretary of Defense and from General
Wheeler and others. The entire prob-
lem was discussed.
I agree that there was no discussion as
to whether a new resolution was needed.
However, the entire general principle as
to why we were there and what we were
doing was discussed.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, "[ am
grateful to my colleague.
REPORT OF SPECIAL COMMISSION
ON AUTOMATION
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I cal.. at-
tention to the report of the Special Com-
mission on Automation. This report has
just been handed to the President. As
one of the authors of the legislation
which created the Commission, I have
great interest in the results of the Corn-
mission's work.
Automation is a very critical problem
for the United States. It affects the work
of the committee on which I am a rank-
ing minority member, the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare.
It is recommended in the report of
the Commission that $2 billion be pro-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 3, 1966
is in fact the defense of a vital Interest of
the United States.
Nations do not fight Indefinitely if they
are not convinced that their own vital inter-
ests are at stake. Although the Korean war
began under much better legal and moral
auspices than did our entanglement in Viet-
nam, the American people came to hate the
Korean war. The reason for that was that
they did not believe that the interests of
America In Korea on the Asian mainland
were great enough to justify the casualties
that were being suffered.
The other principal difficulty in uniting
the country behind a national purpose in
Indochina is that the President's diplomatic
advisors have never defined our national
purpose except in the vaguest, most ambig-
uous generalities about aggression and free-
dom. The country could be united-in
the preponderant mass-on a policy which
rested on a limited strategy and on limited
political objectives. It cannot be united on
a policy of trading American lives for Asian
lives on the mainland of Asia in order to
make General Ky or his successor the ruler
of all of South Vietnam. The division of
the country will simply grow worse as the
casualties and the costs increase and the
attainment of our aims and the end of the
fighting continue to elude us.
The revision of our policy in Vietnam-
the revision of our strategy and our political
purposes and plans-is the indispensable
condition of a really united country and of
an eventual truce abroad. Gestures, prop-
aganda, public relations, and bombing and
more bombing will not work. Without a
revision of the policy-of our war aims as
stated by Secretary Rusk of our military
strategy as approved by Secretary Mc-
Narnara-the President will find that he is
in a dead end street.
He added that Bloomberg's initiation of
the post oRice's impact training program was
the factor most responsible for the assistant
postmaster being selected for the honor.
"The impact program," Clemens explained,
"is Intended to inject a human relations at-
titude into labor-management discussions
and is a landmark in labor-management
dealings within the post office system."
Other training awards presented last night
went to Dwight P. Jacobus, supervisor of
education service to industry, State Depart-
ment of Education, and to Clyde S. Hartlove,
vice president of public relations and em-
ployee development, Esskay Quality Moat
Co.
Clemens noted that although the M.TSTD's
three-man awards committee was composed
of members of industry, two of the three
awards were presented to Government em-
ployees-one Federal and one State.
If a certain clement. of pride can be de-
tected there, it's probably pardonable.
Clemens himself Is a Government man, as-
sistant training officer at the post office here,
Awards committee members were John
Ennis, of Proctor & Gamble Co.: Gustave
Scmesky, FMC Corp.: and Mrs. Mildred Bax-
ter of the C. & P. Telephone Co.
Sixty percent of the persons in the Mary-
land Society of Training Directors represent
industry, Clemons said, while 20 percent come
from service Industries. The remaining 20
percent represent various levels of govern-
ment.
The post office here will accept applica-
tions for garageman, PFS L-3, .52.37 an hour,
until February 28.
Residents of Baltimore City, Anne Arundel,
Baltimore, Carroll, Hartford, and Howard
counties are eligible to apply.
Because existing registers for the job will
be superseded by results of the new examina-
tion, all persons with eligibility on present
registers should reapply.
WARREN M. BLOOMBERG, MAN OF Full 'information and application forms
THE YEAR may be obtained from the Post Office Board,
U.S. Civil Service Examiners, Room 601, Mc-
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, or- Cawley Building, 37 Commerce Street., Balti-
ganizations throughout the 50 States more 21202 or from first-, second-, and third-
have named outstanding men for their class post offices in the counties affected.
deeds and dedication during the year
1965, as "Man of the Year."
Assistant Postmaster Warren M.
Bloomberg, of Baltimore, received such
an award from the Maryland Society of
Training Directors at their first annual
awards dinner last week. Mr. Bloomberg
has not only labored tirelessly to get the
mail through, but has also logged many
hours to improve labor-management
relations in the post office system. His
initiation of the impact training program
has added a human relations attitude to
labor-management discussions.
Mr. Warren M. Bloomberg, a respected
Marylander, a responsible public servant,
and a resourceful leader is truly a "Man
of the Year."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this article from the Baltimore
News-American be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
POSTAL ASSISTANT "MAN OF YEAR"
(By Janelee Keidel)
Baltimore Assistant Postmaster Warren M.
Bloomberg was named "Man of the Year" at
the Maryland Society of Training Directors'
first annual awards night last evening at the
Stafford Hotel.
Bloomberg was chosen for the award be-
cause he most exemplified "outstanding
leadership and support of training while not
being primarily engaged in the training
field," explained MSTD President Lou Clem-
ens before the meeting.
Mr. McGOVERN. Mr. President, one
of the most thoughtful articles that has
come to my attention on the Vietnam
issue is one writen by Dr. Georgia Hark-
ness, entitled "The Churches and Viet-
Bain," which was published in the Janu-
ary 26, 1966, issue of the Christian Cen-
tury.
Dr. IJar'kness is one of the Nation's
most respected theologians. For many
years she has inspired seminary students
with her lectures and her probing mind.
I had the privilege of studying with her
briefly in 1946, At the present time, she
is professor emeritus of applied theology
at the Pacific School of Religion in
Berkeley, Calif.
I ask unanimous consent to have her
article printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TIIE CIIURCUES AND VIETNAM-NO MATTEa
How AMDIGUOUS ARE TIM IssuES INVOLVED
IN TIIE CONFLICT, TIIE CHRISTIAN GOSPEL
MAKES CERTAIN ATTITUDES TOWARD THEM
CLEAR
(By Georgia Harkness)
In the face of the escalating war in Viet-
nam the churches have been conspicuously
failing to direct the thinking of their mem-
bers on the portentous issues involved. At its
meeting in December the National Council
of Churches' General Board adopted an ad-
mirable policy statement and message, but
so far as local congregations are concerned a
question uppermost in the minds and hearts
of millions of Americans is being bypassed
in American Protestantism.
There is no denying the complexity of the
situation, a complexity that leaves one un-
certain what to say unless he accepts or
rejects outright the administration's posi-
tion. Yet our first obligation as Christians
is clear: to maintain our ethical sensitivity
to the demands of the Gospel. Obviously, the
Gospel gives us no blueprint for the precise
forms of action to be taken amid the com-
plexities of the modern world: that is why
Christian pacifists and nonpacifists can sin-
cerely differ. Yet we have firm common
ground on which to stand In the Gospel's im-
peratives on love and reconciliation, on re-
spect for human life, and the need to relieve
suffering wherever it is found, on the recog-
nition that every person, whatever his race,
nation, social status, or political coloration,
is of Infinite worth to God and should be
viewed as bound to us by ties of brother-
hood. These imperatives have been affirmed
again and again by great representative
bodies of churchmen. Whether we are paci-
fists or nonpacifists, supporters of the ad-
ministration's foreign policy or dissenters,
we ought to take them seriously.
UNWARRANTED INSENSITIVITY
Yet what is happening to our inner atti-
tudes? The Vietcong are human beings,
made in God's image like ourselves, perhaps
less culturally advanced but as precious in
God's sight as any American. When we hear
a news report of 240 American boys killed
in I week, we rightly wince. When we hear
In the same report of 2.400 Vietcong killed,
are we not inclined to rejoice as if something
good had happened? Do we think God re-
joices?
Insensitivity to the taking of human life
when it is on the other side creeps up on
us in every war. We rationalize by saying
that thus the end of the war is brought
nearer. Perhaps, and perhaps not. In the
present conflict the escalation of the war
seems to have stiffened Hanoi's opposition
to negotiation, as is likely to be, the case in
any conflict when resources with which to go
on fighting remain. Be that as it may, for
the Christian to view with composure and
even with rejoicing the large-scale death of
other human beings is an indication that
somewhere along the way our Christian sen-
sitivity has slipped.
Another angle of insensitivity appears in
the dulling of our reaction to the :;htiu{thl.ar
of innocent noncombatants-old men and
women, mothers and their babies, terrified
villagers who may have been warned but who
have no place to go when the napalm begins
to fall. It is to the credit of our soldiers
that many of them, though trained in the
stern realities of war, shrink from such
slaughter. If we have let our sensibilities
be lulled to sleep, a look at such photo-
graphs as those of "the blunt reality of war
in Vietnam" in Life's November 26, 1965,
issue should help to awaken us.
Though new in form, this is the old ques-
tion of the legitimacy of obliteration bomb-
ing. Those whose memories reach back to
World War II may recall that the protest
against the wholesale bombing of civilian
populations issued by a small group of reli-
gious leaders-there were only 28 of us-
was generally greeted with opposition and
derision. But after the war was over the
report of the commission appointed by the
Federal Council of Churches on "The Rela-
tion of the Church to the War in the Light
of the Christian Faith" (often called the Cal-
houn Commission) almost unanimously
condemned the practice of obliteration
bombing. What the judgment of history will
be on the conduct of the war in Vietnam
remains an open question.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
'ebruary 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE
A closely related issue for which the
hurches must be concerned if they are
i remain Christian is the need for a vastly
'celerated program of relief. The efforts
our Government to care for refugees and
)unded villagers are commendable. Yet
ii view of the enormity of the problem and
the continuing destruction they are inade-
quate. The longer the war continues the
greater the need will become. Here is clearly
something the churches can support-a sere-
ice to which the Christian conscience can
respond.
More than 600,000 persons in South Viet-
nam have fled from their homes to escape
he violence from both sides. And in the
,orth there are unknown numbers of vic-
tims of our bombing, for while an attempt
has been made to limit that bombing to
military and other strategic targets, persons
are inevitably caught in the destruction.
To minister to the suffering, whether in
the south or north, both Church World Serv-
ice and the American Friends Service Com-
mittee are appealing for funds to carry on
a greatly increased program of relief.
Though many of us feel helpless in this
crisis, helping relieve desperate human need
is certainly one thing we can do.
Let us look ahead a little. We should wel-
come our Government's offer to give economic
aid to Vietnam and other countries of south-
east Asia. Will we be as willing when the
war finally terminates with all Vietnam
such a shambles that nothing but a long
and very expensive program will rebuild it?
National honor will hardly let us leave the
area in that condition, yet one can anticipate
the outcries at the expense involved, at its
impingement on the cost of domestic pro-
grams. Christians must then Insist that
if we can pour out vast sums of money
as well as human life to win the war in
Vietnam, we must be as willing to ex-
pend our tax funds to create conditions
for decent human living in the shattered
area.
THE RIGHT AND DUTY TO PROTEST
'I Inust speak now of a more disputed issue.
What about the demonstrations, marches,
and other forms of protest against Govern-
ment policy? Shall we defend them, or shall
we oppose them as unpatriotic and as a
means of giving aid and comfort to the
enemy while other young Americans suffer
and die for us in Vietnam? There is clearly
no justification for dishonesty or for draft
dodging. The burning of a draft card is
both a defiant and a futile form of protest.
And though we may sympathize with the
deep concern that has prompted self-immo-
lation, we must agree that suicide is not the
Christian answer.
When conducted in an orderly manner
demonstrations are within the American
tradition of the right to free expression of
opinion. To forbid them is to stifle democ-
racy at home under the guise of preserving
it abroad. Certainly they should be per-
mitted when the safety and welfare of the
public are not infringed upon. Yet in most
cases, certainly in the much publicized
Berkeley demonstrations, it is a very diverse
group that marches. There are probably
some Communists; there are committed paci-
fists; there are many who for various reasons
do not approve the Government's policy in
Vietnam. Some of these reasons are care-
fully thought out and held with deep convic-
tion; others appear to be less laudably
grounded. It is impossible to form one com-
mon judgment about all who participate.
At present it is only those clergymen and
pacifists who ask for exemption on religious
grounds who are legally excused from mili-
tary service. Of late the question has arisen
as to whether this provision should be ex-
tended to cover those who conscientiously
believe that all war-or one particular war-
is unjust. Again, some past history may
help to answer the question.
At the Oxford Conference on Life and
Work in 1937 there was a clear condemna-
tion of war as "a particular demonstration
of the power of sin in this world and a defi-
ance of the righteousness of God as revealed
in Jesus Christ and him crucified." Yet
three positions were stated as conscien-
tiously held by Christians: absolute pac-
ifism, the support of "just wars," and re-
sponse to the call of the state unless one is
absolutely certain that his country is fight-
ing for a wrong cause (report, sec. V, 7). By
the time of the Amsterdam Conference of
1948 the atomic age had intervened and the
position had shifted somewhat to another
triad: denial that modern war can be an act
of justice, the duty of citizens to defend the
law by force if necessary, and the Christian
'pacifist position (report, sec. IV, 1). In later
assemblies of the World Council of Churches
the matter was approached from other angles
with less specific statements.
In view of such affirmations by representa-
tives of the world Christian community it
would seem that there ought to be standing
ground both in the law and in the attitudes
of the local community for the person who
protests against participation in a war which
he conscientiously believes to be unjust,
Such a provision if enacted into law would
doubtless impose problems for draft boards,
but perhaps not more than in the case of
Christian pacifists. Judgments would need
to be made on the basis of the individual's
wider spectrum of life and thought; min-
isters might be called on to defend deserving
persons and refuse support to others. Yet I
do not see on what other basis genuine free-
dom of conscience can be preserved.
A further service the churches can render
is to educate their members, as objectively
as possible, on the background of the pres-
ent war. The best brief statement in re-
sponse to this obligation that I have seen
was that in the Church Woman for Novem-
ber 1965. It is true, of course, that there are
ambiguous elements in the background
which, because they are ambiguous, can be
cited on either side of the issue. For exam-
ple, are all of the Vietcong Communists, as
is commonly assumed? The original Viet-
minh, which became the Vietcong, was anti-
French rather than pro-Communist. Most
of those now fighting against the South Viet-
nam Government are peasant Lads innocent
of ideology, yet there seems little doubt that
their leaders are Communist-trained, - re-
sponsive to the bidding of Hanoi.
Are we in Vietnam to honor the commit-
ments of three Presidents? There is no doubt
about the Johnson commitment, but the
original Eisenhower offer of aid was condi-
tional upon needed reforms and the estab-
lishment of a strong government responsive
to the people. (President Eisenhower's let-
ter of Oct. 23, 1954, to Ngo Dinh Diem,
printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Of July
27, 1965, merits perusal (vol. III, No. 136).)
Is our presence in Vietnam a violation of
the Geneva accords of 1954? By these agree-
ments the Communists were to withdraw to
the north and the French and non-Commu-
nists to the south; both sides were to end
hostilities and neither zone was to be used
as a base for military activities; elections
were to be held within 2 years under an
international control commission to deter-
mine the nation's political future. It is clear
that North Vietnam has violated this agree-
ment. It is less well understood that the
Geneva accords were mainly between the
French and the Vietminh and that both the
non-Communist Vietnamese representatives
at the conference and the United States re-
fused to sign them.
Such items do not per se settle the right-
ness or wrongness of the present conflict.
They do indicate that we ought to know the
facts, including such nuances as these, and
state them with as much light and as little
heat as possible.
I certainly claim no superior wisdom as to
what should now be done, but the reader is
entitled to know my position. -I do not ad-
vocate immediate withdrawal, but neither
do I think we should continue the present
bombing and jungle warfare. The most sen-
sible solution I have seen is that advanced
by Senator GEORGE MCGOVERN in an address
to the Senate which appears in the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD previously mentioned.
The gist of his suggestions is that we should
continue to hold the cities and coast, which
can be done without great destruction of life
or property, stop the bombing and sit it out
until an honorable peace can be negotiated.
In the meantime effort should be made
through the United Nations or other agencies
to bring about a ceasefire. Negotiations
which our Government has proposed, how-
ever unconditional, are not likely to come
about so long as bombing of North Vietnam
continues-hence the hope inspired by the
cessation at the beginning of the new year.
The United States has sufficiently demon-
strated that it is not a "paper tiger" and need
not fear loss of prestige should the cessa-
tion continue. Negotiations when entered
into should certainly include participation
by representatives of the National Liberation
Front in Vietnam. Eventually there should
be a phased withdrawal of all foreign troops
except a United Nations or other interna-
tional peacekeeping force. And free elec-
tions by which the people may determine
their own political future should be pro-
vided for.
A further requirement, as suggested above,
is that until economic self-subsistence and
rebuilding are attained there must be both
the promise and the actuality of massive eco-
nomic aid, with the provision of hospitals,
orphanages, schools, and varied forms of
technical assistance. If we make all this
possible we will validate our claim that we
are in South Vietnam to protect the people
from aggression. At the same time such
response to human need will form the best
insurance against the spread of communism.
Finally, we should be praying for those
who suffer in this deeply troubled land,
whether friend or enemy, whether Chris-
tian, Buddhist, atheist-men, women, and
children with stricken bodies and souls,
caught in the grip of forces they did not
create and do not understand. That, at
least, any Christian can do if he shares some-
what the love of God for every suffering one
among his human children.
TRIBUTE TO OREN HARRIS, A
FORMER REPRESENTATIVE FROM
ARKANSAS, NOW A FEDERAL
JUDGE
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, few
Americans have the opportunity to serve
their country in both the legislative and
judicial branches of the Government.
Few men have the chance to bring to the
judiciary a quarter century of lawmak-
ing experience, but such a man is Oren
Harris, a close, personal friend of mine
and the former Representative of the
Fourth Congressional District of
Arkansas. He has been sworn in earlier
today at El Dorado, Ark., as Federal
judge for both the eastern and western
districts of Arkansas, after having been
nominated by President Johnson last
year.
Judge Harris resigned his seat in the
House of Representatives effective
February 2, 1966, after 25 years' service
in that body and after 9 years as chair-
man of the House Interstate and Foreign
Commerce Committee.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-70
1924 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE Febri r?y
Oren Harris was in Congress when I
came as the Representative of the Third
Congressional District of Arkansas in
1942. His service to Arkansas has been
exceptional, his fairness as a committee
chairman irreproachable, and his judg-
ment wise and mature. I have a very
deep admiration for him and have en-
joyed working in the Congress with hint
these many years. Arkansas will miss
his services as a legislator, but his in-
timate knowledge of the law will serve
him in good stead and I am thankful
that the new judgeship position. in
Arkansas has been filled by a man of his
caliber.
i,7r. President, I join the rest of the
Arkansas delegation and his colleagues in
the House in paying tribute to one of
Arkansas' outstanding Representatives.
My best wishes to both Judge Harris and
his wife, Ruth, in their new life.
ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC ELEMEN.-
TARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, because
I know the basic statistics covering en-
rollment, teachers and high school grad'-
uatcs in full time public elementary and
secondary day schools are of continuing
interest to my colleagues and because
these are the basic statistics which will
be cited time and a@:ain in connection
with education legislation in the second
session, I feel it appropriate to set them
forth at this point in my remarks for the
reference of my colleagues.
Mr. President, I as:i unaniltlous con-
sent to have a news release dated Jan-
uary 16, 1966, from the Office of Educa-
tion of the U.S. Department of Health,
Education and WeI:fcre, together with
the accompanying tables, printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the, news re-
lease was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
U.S. I)EPARTMEN'r OF HEALTH, I eU-
CAT.ON, AND WELFARE, OF'rI(9 OF
EDL CAUTON,
Washington D.C., Januar; 16, 1966.
Enrollments in public elementary and sec-
ondary schools this fall rose to 4'.1 million,
an increase of 721,0037 or 1.8 percent over last
yo"r, the U.S. Office of Education announced
today.
The 12th annual fall survey, conducted in
cooperation with State eepartmelas of edu-
cation, also shows:
Lnrollrncis s are coal inuing to increase
mare rapidly in secondary schools than in
elementary schools. The elementary school
enrollment of 26.4 million is up 194,000, or
0.7 percent above a year ago. Secondary
school enrollments rose 533.000 to 15.7 mil-
lion, a gain of 3.5 percent.
The estimated average annual expenditc_
per pupil in average daily attendance is
1965- 66 is $532. Based on average daily men,
bership-counting students both present alt
absent-the estimated average annual
penditure is $503.
The survey also :.bowed:
Approximately 1,716,000 full-time and
part-time public schoolteachers, an increase
of 68,100, or 4.1 percent over 1964.
The estimated average annual salary of all
instructional personnel, including principal,,
teachers, librarians, and others is $6,700 in
1965-66. The average annual salary foi
classroom teachers Is $6,500.
About 81,700 full-time public schoolteach
ers-4.8 percent of the total-{lo not mor,
State certification standards. The propor-
tion of teachers with less than standard cer-
tificates has been declining slowly in recent
years.
Total expenditures for public, schools in
the current school year will amount to allot t
$25.8 billion.
In the 1964-65 school year, 16,400 class-
rooms were abandoned because of school or
school district consolidations, populatioa
shifts, destruction of buildings. and other
factors. The completion of 65,200 classrooms
during the same period brought the number
of classrooms currently in use to 1,595,000.
(NOTE To EDITORS.-Further details, giving
current year figures by region and State s
well as national totals for a 5-year period are
contained in the attached tables.)
TA 01.E 1. - Fall 19665 statistics on local school districts, ce rollntent, tea 'hers, anJ high school graduates in full-)i)ne public elementary and
ee(?-(ndary day schools, by ,dale
(Init si lt:(trs
6I ryLuld ... _-_--__-_-_-__I
SI: lsslo'lll i I Is New Il:iu)[lshire_ .. --- - ------- -
N .,w .lersry ___ -------
:New Yoe 1. - ..
Prnnsyl vu uin
V lode Island ',__..,
V, rmoni
District of Colombia________
Ni niber of
11,1111) hnsir,
ail ninis-
trative
nulls
school
districts)
(1)
4,006
178
59
3!17
24
392
15)9
594
997
8(13
4()
262
1
14, 744
1, 354
442
9`,4
11.1100
11 ,0
1:4 9
1028
2,.11(1
E ):3
38
2, 188
572
Tdn oilier of Iingil:= strolled
To al I
(2)
42, 143, 504
9, 867, 110
.i 74, 798
108,357
222, 506
7112, (147
1, 020, 500
128, 857
1, 21(8, 000
3, 100, 845
2,159, 839
1114, 501
134:, 254
144,016 I
11, 856, 748
Nu:rnbrr of fit! [-time and part-time
classr',um teachers
Number of fill-time classroom
teacliers with less Lhan sta Bard
certificates 1
Ili1eh
sollool
eradli tos,
I,lemen- Second-
1,: dry 2
(3l (4)
lomon-
tury 2
(6)
Second-
ary 2
Elemen-
tary 2
1064 l5!
26, 415, 8:31 15, 727, 670
1 716,285
967,635
748,650
81, 7,48
51,1332 I
30, 116 2, 31)2_, 1110
5,86;1,535 4, 003, 575
430,764
201,431
31, #362
17, 993 1
13,869 584, (1116
367, 801
206, 997
24, 970
14, 575
10, 395
1, 600
900
700
31, 739
62, 183
46, 175
4, S02
2, 434
2, 368
241
159
fit
5, 11(117
148, )13)
73
877
9,133
5
717
3,416
314
197
117
12, (Si)
411, 625
,
320, (322
4 31,094
,
4 16, 1342
4 14, 752
7,070
4,814
2,256
41,4)1.5!
(316, 000
404,50(
45,004
24, 550
20, 454
1,472
708
764
63, 3614
83, 007
45, 850
5, 529
3,239
2,290
244
147
97
5
847, 000
430, 00(-
59,009
35,000
24,000
7,300
5, 660
1,700
'is, ()I X)
1 833 1144
11M71 661
146, 083
74, 885
71, 198
9, 604
3,47:1
6,211
182,
1, 226 , 421
963. 400.
489,009
443,716
4 45,29:3
802
268
534
143, '110
81), 980
65 521
,
6,630
3,374
3, 256
421
25(1
165
1), 11,7
55, 6311
28
, 615
3, 88:3
2, 278
1, 605
189
71
118
4,41,2
9 ,3602
fir, 3.11
5.617
3,213
2,404
2, '.'125
1,400
1, 175
4,709
7 506, 85.1
4,347, 894
492,418
278,986
1, 36E 223
721.46C
e
89,470
53, 753
35,717
3,531
2, 456
675
1I 1013
(1)3 101)
431,624
45,084
24, 541
20,54:3
770
6'7
145
66, 23 It
445,41)1)
179,8w
29,082
16, 254
12,828
857
683
174
tit, 560
511(
3)15
141
457
26
719
14
802
11
917
-------
--
18, 1)110
,
1, 165, 001)
,
810, 000
.
72,782
,
39, 541
,
33, 241
4,000
2, (i00
1,400
103 1.5
4 )' 353
355,841-
34,605
117,248
17,357
450
,3)8
iL
,3
7013 13.1
260, 711.
37,640
24,668
12, 372
977
Ilia
111
I Y I
101,841
123,
15.431
8.790
6, 1141.
1.30
80
5(1
11.1, 1:I
9 7, Ci 7, '
51, 203
7,275
4,174
3,101
-------
n S:IIi
1 -9 l_I
874,62',
88,9:17
49,440
38,547
8,000
5, )1(10
3,000
1;12, 1 3
10 -7. 17 7
57, 655
8.426
5,318
3, 103
50
50
5,9!18
519, 1)02 339,40:.
38.483
20, 457
18:021;
369
324
45
fill, 0 1)
6, 07 1, 61 7 :1, 642, 407
366, 296
14, 1153
151, 633 I
11, 1)16
4431 1', 3M. 3 )
29, 575
15,15137
13,978
1, 910
1,3)0
510
I 1'4
250. 883 100, 315
17,200
8,714
8,480
260
161
09
,( 1
f ti SO-i .132, n?
47.1 0
25,382
22,468
276
2014
I 11111
(;t)3, 17t 161 35
37,973
23, 791
14,182
32
1)8
](4
5 1 311
43(1, 501) 228, 117
26, 1161
16, 293
9,'708
1, Ii9
880
259
33, 2:;3
51),''., 11.1 297.4
75,
31. 388
18, 252
13, 1:36
1,812
1,155
657
39, 7)19
3513, (l l 228, b
51
20, 375
11,288
9, (187
853
493
360
3 i, )1110
859, 98.1 330, 571.
44_9W
30, 959
13, 8100
1, 534
1, :' 13
331
17, 5C))
38)), 1149 2.511, 311
24, 116
13,446
10,670
48
21
27
:I3, lIr2
5611, 9!I ~ 305, 0111
31, 200
19.500
11,700
900
125
4)1, 5, 1
Ir20, 510) 366, 020
:39, 464
22, 6136
16, 798
1, 703
1,418
21, 5
49,4'8
231), 50:) 188, 680
N. 265
8,765
7,500
1,149
874
275
26,9.4
AI,I u11i
A ) t 15.6,.
1, 1 nr1 Ih
1 ar is x
n Lurk,'
1dnlisiu.n:1 _..---- ________.1
9lssissiplli _
---------------
~nulh (luralur,t_
' I', -n nr?ssrr
I, ir:'inin.._ - _-----------
2,08 (89
1,57s, 724
6. u, 3.18
5011, 958
1, W1.11 000 I
808 _07
9l' S51
311)1, 746
1118.1
2,270108
l ii,, 635 I
859, lot
1, 52'1 11, 717, 078 1
119 I 83 701
419 9 1 ,31
1, 220. 5s1
195 1, 0 1186
200 ' 6e11, 040 ~
67 8)113, 59'3
149 589, 020
1139 1, '181, 558
108 632, 990
152 8'71, 998
130 90)), 123
55 428, 543
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 3, 1966
$43 million. Even in the Portland,
Maine, area, the cost has been estimated
at more than $20 million.
For the last decade, Federal construc-
tion grants have stimulated local abate-
ment and control projects. Municipal
response to the grants was immediate
and encouraging even at its initial
modest and totally inadequate level.
However, Lecause of the grant limits,
the resulting activity has barely kept
pace with the needs of growing popula-
tions and urbanization. The tremendous
backlog of needed facilities, now totaling
at least $20 billion, remains unmet. The
lifting of ceilings and the stepping up
of authorizations, as recommended by
the subcommittee, would permit and
stimulate the necessary attack on the
backlog.
Since the national pollution abatement
program began in 1948, the basic legisla-
tive policy has been that the control of
pollution is a State responsibility. Re-
grettably, most States have failed to help
communities meet the costs of abatement
and control. Presently, only six States
have authority to apply State funds for
this purpose.
Our job, then, is to provide more In-
centive to the States. A 10 percent Fed-
eral bonus for State matching funds, and
the opportunity for doubled Federal ap-
propriations for program support will
stimulate State participation.
A challenge to our technology is the
development of efficient methods of
treating combined municipal and indus-
trial effluent. An appropriation of $125
million over 5 years would foster the
depth of research needed to find and
demonstrate the answers. In the long
run, these answers would save countless
dollars and help us achieve the water
quality we will need.
Industry, like municipalities, will in-
creasingly feel the financial burden of
treatment. In many instances, this bur-
den can adversely affect an industry's
growth and prosperity. Many companies
already face this problem.. It calls for
a reevaluation of our policy on financial
assistance to industry for treatment
works.
Summing up, there are three basic ele-
ments in the Federal Government's
water pollution control effort: treat-
ment, enforcement, and research.
The Water Quality Act of 1965 gave us
the means for developing and establish-
ing meaningful water quality standards.
But if communities do not have the
resources to achieve adequate treatment,
standards and enforcement will mean
little.
And without research to find more
efficient methods of treatment, the costs
could overwhelm us in the decades
ahead.
Our next legislative attack on dirty
water should begin where the Water
Quality Act left off. The subcommittee's
recommendations are guidelines for our
work in the months ahead.
I urge my colleagues to read the sub-
committee's report.
JOB CORPS GIRLS START TO WORK
Mr. MONTOYA. Mr. President, I am
pleased to bring to the attention of the
Senate an article about a young lady
from my State who is a recent graduate
of the Los Angeles Women's Job Corps
Training Center.
The story was written by Mrs. Eliza-
beth Shelton, staff writer for the Wash-
ington Post. The story is about Juana
Marie Waquiu of Jemez Pueblo, N. Mex.
It is of paramount importance that in-
dustry scrutinize the graduates of the
Job Corps for potential job placement.
This point of view i well expressed by
W. C. Hobbs, senioi vice-president of
Consolidated American Services, Inc.,
and chief executive of its Management
and Engineering Services Division. This
company was the first to hire male Job
Corps graduates and now blazes a new
trail by being the first in private industry
to hire female graduates of the Job
Corps.
Mr. Hobbs feels certain of the abilities
of the Job Corps graduates. His quota-
tion is worth repeating:
I feel very strongly that In the Job Corps,
industry has a natural young mine of flex-
ibility and a pool of labor. Just because
these are poor kids who have dropped out
of school doesn't mean they are not good
workers. Once industry realizes they have
a pool, and can direct the skills and techni-
cal training they need, they are going to
come to Job Corps and say, "I need so many
of this type of skill."
This is an inspiring and impressive
story. It should be of interest-of great
interest--to all Americans.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article, written by Elizabeth
Shelton, be printed in the RECORD at this
point of my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Nov. 30,
1965]
JOBS CORPS GIRLS START TO WORK
(By Elizabeth Shelton)
The first two career girls to come to the
Capital with Job Corps diplomas as their
credentials are happly at work in the down-
town office of a management consultant
firm.
Juana Marie Waquiu, a 21-year-old from
Jemez Pueblo, N. Mex., arrived here yester-
day to double as a PBX switchboard opera-
tor and receptionist with the Management
and Engineering Services Division of Con-
solidated American Services, Inc. She was
the first graduate of the Los Angeles
Women's Job Corps Training Center.
The second graduate, Willye L. Evans, 20,
of Oklahoma City, Okla., has been on duty
in the same office for a week as a, clerk-
typist. "It's just like home," Willye says.
"Everybody is so friendly."
Both live on Buchanan Street NE., with
the family of a member of the MES staff.
Neither has had a chance yet to sightsee
around the city, but Willye went on a motor
trip in Maryland on Sunday and thought it
"very nice."
Her mother is a domestib worker in Idabel,
Okla. Willye tried working her way through
Langston University in Oklahoma but had
to leave in her second year because her sal-
ary as an assistant to the adviser of the New
Homemakers of America was applied only to
tuition and left her no money for expenses
or to send home.
She plans to go to business college at night
with an eventual goal of teaching business
subjects. She attended the Metropolitan
Junior College in Los Angeles and graduated
in 5 months.
Juana, daughter of a carpenter, attended
Albuquerque Business College, in New Mex-
ico, for a year, but couldn't find a job in that
city. She learned switchboard operation at
the Los Angeles Trade Technical College
while enrolled at the Los Angeles Job Corps
Center.
Back at home are five brothers and two
sisters. The older sister is married and the
oldest of her brothers helps his father, but
the others are still of school age and Juana
helps to support them.
The brand new white-collar girls make $2
an hour at their new jobs. They will re-
ceive in-grade promotions and the chance
to rise, through training, to new grades.
W. C. Hobbs, senior vice president of Con-
Am and executive chief of its MES division,
Is confident the Job Corps is producing a
competent employment pool for industry.
The organization was the first to hire
male Job Corps graduates as employees and
found their work so satisfactory that two are
being given additional pay and responsibili-
ties. The third was assisted to return to
high school so he will have a base for higher
education.
One of the reasons that Hobbs feels so
assured is that the 24-hour-a-day living
experience at a Job Corps center gets every-
thing about the enrollee's abilities and
habits down on the record.
"This provides a great deal more Informa-
tion than a series of interviews, or even a
job trial," he said.
"I feel very strongly that in the Job
Corps, industry has a natural young mine
of flexibility and a pool of labor," he said.
"Just because these are poor kids who have
dropped out of school doesn't mean they are
not good workers.
"Once industry realizes they have a pool
and can direct the skills and technical train-
ing they need, they are going to come to
Job Corps, and say, 'I need so many of this
type of skill.'
"This is one place where the Government
Is spending money that is an investment.
The VLds ill put money back into the
cou>~tl-I
AMERICAN PEOPLE SUPPORT RE-
SUMPTION OF BOMBING OF
NORTH VIETNAM
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, in this
mornings New York Times there are two
items which, on the surface, appear to
contradict each other.
On page 16 of the New York Times
there is an article headed "Senate Mail
Hits War Escalation." According to this
article, the mail in most Senate offices
is running 2 or 3 to 1 against escalation
or a resumption of bombing, and in some
Senate offices the ratio is running as high
as 100 to 1.
On the other hand, an article on page
1 of the New York Times reported that
there is wide national support for the
President's decision to resume bombing
of North Vietnam. The article, which
ran more than 1 page in length, was
based on the reports of 10 staff corre-
spondents who interviewed State and
local officials, professional and business
men, editors, students, and others.
The remarkable discrepancy between
the true state of American public opinion
and the heavily weighted public opinion
estimates gleaned from congressional
correspondence can, I believe, be ex-
plained in very simple terms.
The great majority of the American
public who support the President's policy
are unorganized and do not consider it
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
ithrfary 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
dumber of banks have made such adjust-
meats, and there have been numerous re-
posts of rates on certificates of 5 percent,
;tad, in a few instances, as high as 51 per-
cent. This has renewed concern that the
;enrarnble for deposits might carry the going
r:itr, among the large as well as the small
banks to the regulatory ceiling, despite the
attempts to avoid making this ceiling into a
niagnet for going rates.
't new rash of savings instruments based
in certificates of deposit has developed
amotig many banks. These are being called
savings certificates, savings bonds, invest-
ment deposits, or ot'kcr special names and
an being offered at rates as high as 5 per-
and guaranteed for periods as long as
tin-ee years. The minimum amounts being
accepted are often $1,000 and, in some cases,
as low as $25. The common denominator
on many of these new instruments is the
":act; that they provide for many depositors
a :-eac?y alternative to passbook savings on
which a maximum 4-percent rate has been
retained under regulation Q. There have
been reports of unsettling and disruptive
:;hefts of funds among banks, and from
:savings and loan associations to banks.
Whether such shifts are indeed taking place
in large amounts is of critical significance
to the financial system and of great impor-
tance to the economy. The Federal Reserve
=snthorities looked into this matter a few
weeks ago and concluded that reports of
eli:auptive shifts were somewhat exaggerated,
;et least at that time.
Gat this is not the complete story. Even
lbaugh a rate war among banks and other
liranciai institutions, may not yet have de-
veloped, the pressure resulting from the
rising demand for credit is tempting some
bankers--including a few in the large money
market banks-to oiler unrealistically gen-
erous terms on CDs. There is a clear and
present danger that such actions could lead
l,o highly destructive and undesirable com-
petition from which no one-banks, savers,
other financial institutions, or the American
ec nnomy-could gain.
tuck a fierce competitive race for savings
7.m1 time money could he particularly harm-
iIul. to the small banks of the Nation and the
regional and local economies which they
r;e ve. Healthy competition among banks
and other lenders is highly desirable. How-
ever, competition that entices large and dis-
rnpt.ive flows of funds from country to city.
arum small banks to large banks, and from
the specialized financial industries into the
;ranking system can be harmful.
I therefore urge the Nation's commercial
bankers to exercise the prudence and re-
;porisibilit:y that will be absolutely necessary
in the days and months ahead. There is no
:nrgic. formula. Nor will the pressures be
cuitiorin throughout; the banking system.
rut it is appropriate that we remind our-
that the most successful banks, over
extended periods of time, have been those
i:,nks that have been able to strike a healthy
b;.lance between the need for stability and
%.1 aced for growth.
In reviewing bank policies, several ques-
,inus should be answered objectively. Does
I,ho local demand for credit warrant the com-
peGitive quest for deposits? Is the bank
;eitempting to grow just for the sake of
growth? Will credit standards have to be
iewered to put the expensive money to work
ii. raises that will be profitable? How stable
no the deposits? Will these shift quickly
wi.i,.h any rate change by competitors? How
long will the bank be able to sustain the
h glier rates?
'['hiis we must understand: a significant
recur; of the Federal Reserve action has
been to grant; new freedom to the banking
With the prime rate at 41,, percent,
franks had become a "bargain basement" for
b ,rrowers in relation to prevailing rates in
the bond market. The effect was to maintain
an unrealistic prime rate level which gave
a subsidy to bank borrowers and threatened
to exhaust bank lending capacity . The
increase in the discount rate, ar.d related
rise in the prime rate, has giver.- banks a
new freedom to charge rates on loans tha
are more in line with the open market.
In a full employment economy, demand;
for credit can become almost insatiable. The
problem for many credit institutions is to
control the integrity of their own portfolios
through the selection or rejection o;: the loan,;
offered. Thus the Federal Reserve action on
the rate front dramatized the credit situa-
tion that had been developing and help to
improve our ability to build heathy loaf.
portfolios.
The matter now rests essenotalhr with the
bankers in their response to this rapidlee
changing environment. We cannot expect:
to be monitored daily by the Federal Re-
serve :Board. We have been told plaint,.,
that credit must be restrained. We have
been told plainly that banks must not in-
dulge in competitive rate wars for time
money.
If the Federal Reserve policy is to be effec-
tive, self-discipline on the part of banks
now absolutely required. Any other course.
of action would be unthinkable simply be-
cause the national interest demands it. Fail-
ure to exercise voluntary but prudent re-
straint, now can only lead to stricter regula
tory controls later.
Indeed, the very manner in 'athich the
Federal Reserve has raised the 11 eg of cau-
tion is indicative of its confidence in the
integrity and responsibility of the American
banking system, and this we must honor.
STEPS TOWARD CLEAN WATER
Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, the
Water Quality Act of 1965 is a meaning-
ful document. But it does not complete
the responsibility of Congress in the
critical area of water polluticii control
and abatement.
The Water Quality Act gave the Na-
tion the basic tools to enhance the
quality of our water resources. To put
those tools to work, we need the musce
of greatly increased Federal, State, and
local money behind them.
The Senate Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution has recently published
a report which documents this need.
The report is entitled "Steps Toward
Clean. Water," and is based on 12 days
of hearings last year. More than 900
pages of testimony and supporting evi-
dence were recorded,
The findings and recommendations of
the l'eport are a sobering evaluation of
the problem and the need to solve it.
The subcommittee estimate:, that the
national cost of meeting our treatment
plant construction needs by 1972 is tiL
least $20 billion. The present Feder.il
effort is only $150 million a year. The
subcommittee reports this "is entirely
inadequate even to keep pace with ti e
problem."
Furthermore, present restrictions on
individual grants gravely limit the prix
grans, especially in large coranrunities.
While these may be the most obvious
deficiencies in our program, they are not
the only ones.
For instance, the overwhelming ma-
jority of States does not assist cornmun i-
ties with matching grants tinder the
sewage treatment construct:on grant
program.
Except in isolated cases, we do not have
a coordinated program for handling
effluent from industrial and municipal
sources in river basins. The increased
cost of waste treatment for industries is
a threat to their economic vitality.
Finally, present waste treatment sys-
tems too frequently are based on con-
cepts developed 40 years ago.
Because of the interrelationship of
these needs, no one part can be ignored
without jeopardizing our success with the
others.
During the coast-to-coast hearings last
year, the subcommittee learned firsthand
of the nature and scope of these inade-
quacies. To succeed, the subcommttee
has made six recommendations. We
should consider them carefully.
First. Do away with the dollar ceiling
limits on treatment construction grants,
and instead provide a 30-percent grant
for each project, regardless of its cost.
Second. Provide a bonus of 10 per-
cent of the Fcderal grant when the State
matches at least 30 :percent of the project
cost. In addition, cities should be au-
thorized to apply directly for Federal.
grants when States fail to match the
Federal grant. A revolving fund should.
be established for long-term, low-interest;
loans to help cities meet local matching
requirements when the State fails to
match the Federal share.
Third. Authorize $6 billion for Fed-
eral treatment construction grants
through fiscal year 1972.
Fourth. Double the authorization for
grants to States and interstate agencies
for program support to $10 million a year
for 5 years, providing the States increase
their share.
Fifth. Authorize $25 million annually
for 5 years for research, development and
demonstration of advanced waste treat-
ment and purification methods, and for
development and demonstration of new
or improved methods for treating com-?
patible municipal and industrial wastes.
Sixth. Provide for collection and pub.-
l.ication of information on treatment
practices in industrial, manufacturing
and processing establishments. Use the
contract authority more extensively in
the conduct of research, training and
demonstrations. In connection with
such authority, start a program of train-
ing operators of municipal and indus-
trial or other private treatment plants.
These six recommendations are a, bold
but necessary program to meet the reali-
ties of the water pollution crisis.
By eliminating the dollar ceiling on
individual project grants, we could brine;
meaningful support and encouragement
to the Nation's cities. Their problems
are at the heart of the national problem.
Presently, the maximum Federal grant
to a single project is $1.2 million and the
maximum for a joint project undertaken
by two or more communities is $4.8 mil-
lion.
For major cities, these amounts are
woefully inadequate. New York City
alone faces the expenditure of $780 mil-
lion for needed facilities.
In Atlanta, the price tag is $100 mil-
lion. In Los Angeles, it is $75 million.
In Detroit, it is $1.51 million. In Pitts-
burgh, it is $32 million. In Houston, it is
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
necessary to manifest their support by
repeated letters and telegrams addressed
to the President and to their Congress-
men.
But the relatively small minority who
are opposed to the President's policy are
highly organized, and the several major
organizations which have been playing a
leading role in the anti-Vietnam agita-
tion repeatedly remind their followers
and correspondents of their duty to write
and to wire-not once, but repeatedly-
to the President and to Congressmen.
For example, yesterday a constituent
sent me a printed card which he had
received from the National Committee
for a Sane Nuclear Policy. The card
urged the recipient to wire the President
and wire his Senator and Congressman
protesting against the resumed bombing
of the North-and if he had already done
so once, the card urged the recipient to
3o so again.
I have been advised that similar com-
munications have been sent out by the
Students for a Democratic Society, by
the National Emergency Committee To
End the War in Vietnam and by other
organizations involved in the anti-Viet-
nam agitation.
I would -therefore urge my colleagues
to take these facts into consideration in
evaluating the correspondence they re-
ceive on the Vietnam war.
A much surer gage of the state of
public opinion than the highly organized
correspondence which has been deluging
our offices is the repeated public opinion
polls demonstrating overwhelming sup-
port for the President's policy.
For example, the same New York Times
from which I have quoted points out
that:
A nationwide poll by Louis Harris before
the end of the pause reported that 61 percent
favored and 17 percent opposed all-out bomb-
ing of every part of North Vietnam if the
Communists refused to sit down and talk
peace.
Remarkably enough, there was very
little difference in opinion on this point
between those who had voted the Gold-
water ticket in 1964 and those who had
voted the Democratic ticket.
Of those who had supported Goldwater,
65 percent favored all-out U.S. bombing
if the Communists refused to talk peace,
and 14 percent were opposed.
Of those who had voted Democratic, 59
percent supported all-out bombing and
only 17 percent were opposed.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to insert into the CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD at this point the following three
items:
First. The article, captioned "Senate
Mail Hits War Escalation," which ap-
peared on page 16 of the New York
Times, today, Thursday, February 3.
Second. The article, captioned "Wide
Support Found in Nation for Renewed
Vietnam Bombing," which appeared on
page 1 of the New York Times for the
same date.
Third. The Harris survey, captioned
"Public Would Back More Troops, Bomb-
ing if Negotiation Move Fails," the full
text of which appeared on page 2 of the
Washington Post on Monday, January 31.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SENATE MAIL HITS WAR ESCALATION-OPPOSI-
TION LED BY MIDWEST AND MOUNTAIN STATES
(By E. W. Kenworthy)
WASHINGTON, February 2.-Many Senators
reported today that their mail was heavily
against escalation of the war in Vietnam.
A sampling of Senate offices indicated that
the strongest opposition, as reflected in mail
and telegrams, was in the Midwest and
Mountain States.
However, Senators from the eastern sea-
board reported that their mail also was "sub-
stantially" or "predominantly" against esca-
lation.
In the House, most Members interviewed
said their mail on Vietnam was light. The
reason, they believed, is that constituents are
more likely to write their Senators on foreign
affairs issues. The Senate alone has the con-
stitutional authority to advise and consent
on treaties and has therefore become the
dominant legislative body on foreign policy
questions.
A White House spokesman said no tabula-
tion was being made on its mail concerning
Vietnam.
Most of the Senators interviewed said the
mail gave little appearance of being orga-
nized.
As might be expected, those Senators who
have been critical of the administration's
policy for some time or who were among the
15 that wrote to the President last week
urging a continuation of the pause in the
bombing of North Vietnam reported the
largest percentage of mail against escalation.
For example, Senator MIKE MANSFIELD, of
Montana, the Democratic leader, is receiving
mail and telegrams from all over the country
that is more than '100 to 1 against escalation.
EDWARD KENNEDY REPORTS
Senator GAYLORD NELSON, Democrat, of
Wisconsin, who signed the letter to the
President, said his mail had been 10 to 1
against stepping up the war.
But the office of Senator EDWARD M. KEN-
NEDY, Democrat, of Massachusetts, who did
not sign the letter, said he had been receiving
80 to 100 letters a day and that the trend
was "substantially" in opposition to escala-
tion.
Several Senators said the heavy mail began
during the last 2 weeks of the bombing pause,
a large proportion of which urged a continua-
tion of the lull, The Senators said, however,
that there had been no decline since the
President's decision last Monday to resume
bombing.
In fact, some Senators have experienced
an increase. Senator EUGENE J. MCCARTHY,
Democrat, of Minnesota, who made a speech
Monday urging the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee to undertake a critical review of
Vietnam policy, received 450 telegrams yes-
terday supporting his position and one dis-
senting phone call.
However, Senator WALTER F. MONDALE,
Democrat, of Minnesota, who, unlike Mr.
MCCARTHY, did not sign the letter to the
President or speak out against resumption of
the bombing, reported that he was getting
about 150 letters and telegrams a week. He
said the telegrams were running 6 or 7 to 1
and the letters 2 or 3 to 1 against escalation.
In a private poll taken for the adminis-
tration in Minnesota just before Christmas
and the beginning of the bombing pause,
21 percent of those asked wanted "the United
States to go all out for victory in Vietnam
even it It means war with the Chinese";
29 percent believed "the United States should
bomb Hanoi and any other targets that will
increase U.S. effectiveness," and 27 percent
thought "the United States should continue
the present policy" of limited bombing.
Only 9 perecn.t thought "the United States
should stop bombing North Vietnam, even
if it decreases U.S. effectiveness."
POLLS FAVOR BOMBING
A nationwide poll by Louis Harris before
the end of the pause reported that 61 per-
cent favored and 17 percent opposed all-out
bombing of every part of North Vietnam "if
the Communists refused to sit down and
talk peace."
The Minnesota and Harris polls would
seem to indicate that a large majority of
those who do not write letters to their
Senators are "hard-liners."
The White House places much more reli-
ance on polls than on mail. Shortly before
he ordered the pause, the President was
impressed by a poll showing 73 percent of
the country in favor of the pause.
WIDE SUPPORT FOUND IN NATION FOR
RENEWED VIETNAM BOMBING
A spot check of the New York Times indi-
cates widespread support in the nation for
President Johnson's decision to resume the
bombing of North Vietnam.
Mixed with this support, however, is fear
of a possible nuclear conflict and confusion
over U.S. strategy.
Opinion across the nation appeared to be
in general agreement, with the exception of
the South. There the view that the United
States should press the war harder seemed
to predominate.
The prevailing national mood was sum-
med up by a Methodist minister in Madison,
Wis.
"I think the people as a whole support
the resumption of bombing, but with a
troubled conscience," he said. "Most of the
people feel a loyalty to the Government and
support for the elected officials that require
them to rely on their judgments. But I
feel more people are sicker of war now than
at any time in our history."
Ten staff correspondents interviewed
state and local officials, professional and
business men, editors, students and others
on opinion in their communities. The re-
sults reflect a broad trend, though they do
not purport to be scientific.
Many of those questioned seemed to feel
that while the President had all the facts
and probably knew what was best, there still
was the "nagging possibility," as one Cali-
fornian put it, "that perhaps, just perhaps,
the minority is correct after all."
"It's hard to fit all these different ele-
ments together so they make sense," a Michi-
gan university president said. "The loyal
citizen has a little sense of distress and un-
easiness because it doesn't quite come
clear cut."
For some, anxiety over nuclear war has
become intense. The wife of a New Mexico
scientist called for disengagement in Viet-
nam no matter what the cost. "I'd rather
be Red than dead," she said.
The feeling of militancy in the South was
generally attributed to the region's long-
standing tradition of military distinction,
as well as to the large number of troops
stationed there.
But one Mississippian explained it in part
as a reaction to frustration over civil rights
advances. "They don't see much that they
can do to stop civil rights activity," he said,
"so this seems to make them want to stop
the Communists just that much more."
An indication that some segments of the
public may be poorly informed on Viet-
nam emerged from a recent poll of under-
graduates at a college in Pittsburgh. Half
of the students, many of whom may soon be
drafted, could not answer such basic ques-
tions as "who is Ho Chi Minh" and "where
is Dienbienphu."
One Texas news dealer found, however,
that interest in the war had picked up late-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1918 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 1966
ly. In the last week, he said, he has sold
a number of maps of Vietnam.
PACIFIC MOUNTAIN STATES
11,!rplexity in California
( i-y Gladwin Hill)
I.,irs ANGELES, February 2.-"Confusion"
and "perplexity" are two word:; that crop ma
repeatedly in any sounding of public senti-
ment on the Vietnam situation in this area.
There is no doubt among well placed oh-
s, rvers of collective opinion--political lead-
er:;, busineocmen, professional people, educa-
tors, clergymen, editors-about why people
are confused.
"It's because they sense that the admin-
istration is confused," one said. "President
.iohnson and Secretary Rusk have kept re-
iterating the ultimate goal of our Vietnam
involvement,: to stop communism. No bod?
can challei -,e that. But there's a vast gap
between that goal and the inconclusive mili-
tnry operations we see from clay to day. The
necessary connection between the two is
obscure, questionable. That gap is where
people are tioundering-along with the ad-
in i ni- tration."
"if President Johnson had said we'll es-
calate and smash through to victory at what-
ever cost, it would have been accepted by the
average citizen," said Julius Leetha.m, who
as county chairman heads the largest bloc
of Republicans in California.
"The fact that there have been apparent
misgivings in the Democratic leadership
about whether we should be in there at all
has pushed the average citizen into intellec-
tual perplexity."
Poll of Students
A recent poll of students at the University
of California, Los Angeles, on proper course
in Vietnam yielded these responses:
for pursuance of present operations, 2,164.
For "escalation," even into Communist
China, 498.
For immediate withdrawal, 553.
For stopping bombing In hopes of peace,
763,
For withdrawal to a "neutral" position,
690.
While most of the respondants in this poll
presumably were not of voting age, the shad-
ing of sentiment encountered in a canvass
of adult opinion leaders suggested that feel..
logs generally In the Pacific Southwest might
divide in about the same ratio.
Opinion nas not yet generally crystalized
into aggressive points of view. But incfica-
Lions are that it would not take many radical
developments, either favorable or adverse, to
polarize it.
"People are supporting the President on
Vietnam--and at this juncture they'd sup-
port him if he chose to withdraw," said Philip
Kerby, editor of the liberal magazine Frontier.
"Opinion Is becoming more definite on both
sides of the question-mostly, I think, be.-
cause of the growing intensity of public dis-
cussion," commented Leonard Mandel, a shoe
manufacturer.
The Surface Facts
The consensus is that the public is well in-
-formed about the surface facts of the Viet-
nam situation, but hazy about the rationale
and the administration's approach to it.
"People generally just don't know the rea. ?
son for our Vietnam involvement," said D:r.
Neil Jacoby, dean of the UCLA Business
School.
"1 think there is understanding that our
aim is to prevent the spread of communism,"
said Dr. Robert G. Neumann, UCLA political
science professor. "But things come out, like
the Fanfanl peace overture that give even. the
President's strong supporters the feeling that
things are not being told."
The persistance of uncertainty about the
Nation's course seems to be bringing closer a,
critical juncture In public opinion.
"It's now become a question of get out or
get; tougher," comnien.t-d Conrad Jamison,
a vice president of one California"s largest
banks. "We're doing nothing decisive. If
nothing decisive continues to be done, dis-
satisfaction will grow."
Reflecting this trend, a. prominent; Beverly
Hills dentist, Dr. Fern Petty, the normally
jovial former president cf Optimis.ts Interna-
tional declared impatiently: "I"rrt sick and
tired of our kissing everybody's foot. We
ought to go in there as d blast the hell out
of Hanoi. We're seeking peace, and that's
the quickest way to ge, it. Were actually
impairing our position internatio:u. ally. Peo-
ple abroad say: 'rhino's that great big
power-and it can't, even hold 1-outh Viet-
nam.' "
Heads a Larf;e Temple
More mildly, but no less pointedly, Rabbi
Edgar Magnin of the Wilshire Boulevard
Temple, one of the world's largest Jewish con-
gregations, commented:
"I get around a lot anJ I havent met any-
body who liked this venture-Jew. Christian,
Chinaman or atheist. I don't think anybody
with half a brain wants to be in this thing,
because it can't solve anything. If we did
will militarily, 6 months later there'd be an-
other government in there. But 4f its going
to be a war, it should be an all-cut war. If
it Isn't, we ought to get out."
Simon Cassidy, a newspaper publisher and
president of the California Democratic Coun-
cil, a. liberal rank-and file party organization,
commented:
"The kind of people I talk to-mostly peo-
ple in the CDC-are disappointed to see
the bombing resume. Right now they're
willing to take the President's appraisal as
long as they don't see it lot of coffins coming
back, or it isn't costing too much money, or
there isn't any rationing, But an the going
gets tougher, people's questions Will get
tougher. They're going to ask: 'What the
hell are we doing over there?-What can
bloodying up some junk le do to defend our
freedom?'"
-here is little evidence that opinion on
Vietnam follows economic or class lines. The
dominant considerations, cross-sectional in
nature, are such things as the draft and,
subtly, the national economy.
Mrs. Robert Neumann, a member of the
McCone Commission that investigated the
Watts riots, said, "I have gotten a feeling
that really disadvantaged people don't think
much about internatio:Ial affairs-but that's
just an impression. But you do get other
divisions of opinion. In my United Nations
group, which is principally middle class,
there are idealists who believe the war Is
dreadful and should be stoppers immedi-
ately-but there are those who think It's
necessary."
Resignation in North.we!.t
(By Lawrence It. Davies;
SAN Fxsnossco, February 2.--Iteep-seated
regret that bombing of North Vietnam was
renewed has gripped the Pacific and border-
ing States. But the mcod of a substantial
majority, as suggested by inquiries in a cross-
section of opinion leaders, is one of resigna-
tion to the belief that perhaps there was no
practicable alternative.
Even among the clergy where the bombing
renewal was widely dep.ored, some in high
places subscribed to this belief. And some
of the "noisy minority" of opponents of
bombing, on and off college campuses, ac-
knowledged that they were outnumbered by
supporters of President Johnson's action.
Repeatedly, in northern California, the
Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and neighboring
States, questioners met substantially with
this :reply:
"I find a lot of people, :probably a majority,
saying the President ana his advisers have
the information and we have to trust them
to make the decisions."
Coupled with this were similar predictions
from a prominent San Francisco business-
man and civic leader, a Democrat:
"As surtaxes and other taxes are added to
support the war In Vietnam there will be
an increasing demand from voters that we
pull out. People are selfish; when their oan
pocketbooks are affected it makes a differ-
ence."
A California State senator, also a Democrat,
saw a change in mood as already taking
place, away from one guided partly by eco-
nomic status. The country club set he sail,
originally demanded, "Go in and knock hell
out of them (the North Vietnamese)."
"Now," he said, "as their kids in college
are being reclassified, they are beginning to
say, 'maybe we ought to try harder to got
to the negotiating table.' But what do you
do if the other side vron't negotiate?"
In Alaska where the general re.ction was
"the President had no choice," and where
Gov. William A. Egan, a Democrat, said "if
principles mean anything, then we must fol-
low through," Robert J. McNealy, senate pres-
ident, a Democrat, thought that, President
Johnson should "order nuclear bombs
dropped on both Hanoi and Peiping."
"By such. action," he said, "the lives of
many thousands of American boys could be
saved and this country entrenched as a
world power for peace during the next f-0
years."
And illustrating a point widely made th,.t
personal involvement often dictates the at-
titude toward bombing renewal, a Portland
newspaper advertising executive commented:
"The idea of using the bomb again is
horrible. But I wouldn't be here today if
they hadn't used the bomb in Japan." Be
was in the South Pacific during World War It.
Demonstrations in several States by college
students against renewal of the bombing
against North Vietnam drew relatively sunail
numbers of participants.
Students Support United States
Jerry Baker, president of his fraternity at
Montana State University, reported that his
house members were "definitely in favor (if
the bombing policy."
One, Tim Babcock of Montana, a Republi-
can, thought "we may have waited too long."
And the Right Reverend Chandler W. Ster-
ling, Episcopal Bishop of Montana, said that
he was saddened by the step but added, "I
don't see where we have any alternative o t
the moment;."
There was conflicting opinion on whether
voters were well informed on issues. Ross
Cunningham, political editor of the Seattle
Times, doubted "if the average guy in the
street worries about any misinformation."
Joe Frisno, executive news editor of the
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, said everybody he
talked with "has a good idea what is going
on and they believe either we should be there
or not be there."
Nevadans had mixed reactions on the re-
sumption of bombing and Idahoan.,;. Includ-
ing Gov. Robert E. Smylie, were described
by opinion leaders as generally believing
that "the Nation was obliged to support the
President's decision."
Whereas many felt the public was getting
all the information it needed, Governor
Smylie, a Republican, called for "a good deal
more candor on the part of the administra-
tion." And Gov. Mark O. Hatfield of Oregon,
a candidate for the Senate, voiced "deep
regrets" over the resumption of bombing.
THE MIDDLE WEST
Upper Midwest puzzled
(By Austin C. Wehrwein)
CHICAGO, February 2.-Acceptance without
enthusiasm is the general attitude toward
the Vietnam. war in the upper eastern Middle
West despite President Johnson's quest for .i
United Nations peacemaking role.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
The mood seems to be weighted on the side think it is quite ineffective and diluted by "The majority of people that I've talked to
of frustration, puzzlement, and an absence of the African nations." support Johnson," Mr. Ferency said. "But
martial fervor except among some ultracon- Gov. Warren P. Knowles of Wisconsin. a they're uneasy about where it might lead us.
servatives. The basic reason appears to be Republican said: - Their main concern is a worsening of the
that it is difficult to understand how the "I understand the President's predicament. military situation."
United States got into the Vietnam war and He's the Commander in Chief and he has the People "aren't sure that they're acquainted
even more difficult to understand how the facts at his command. We do not have. I enough with the issue," the Democratic
United States can get out, an assessment of am inclined to rely on his judgment on the leader said. "And they're afraid that talking
leading opinion indicated. resumption of bombing. I only hope we can about it in critical terms might be un-
Nevertheless, a survey of opinion leaders get out of this mess with our skins. People patriotic."
in Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and In- feel far away from Washington and farther Administration handling of the war is a
diana found almost universal backing for away from Vietnam. potential that could hurt the Democrats,
Mr. Johnson. "I think most of the mothers and fathers Mr. Ferency said. "It's one of those issues
"We support him completely in Vietnam," I have talked to have grave doubts about the that could turn as late as election day."
said Ruben Sonderstrom, president of the conditions in Vietnam. Parents are appre- Support in farm belt
Illinois Federation of Labor. hensive that their sons will be called up. (By Donald Janson)
The hard core of "get out now" advocates Students are concerned that their educations KANSAS CITY, Mo., February 2.-The Na-
appeared to be a small minority-not even will be interrupted. There is a gbneral air resident 1 in 10, a South Bend, Ind., editor specu- of real concern on the part of most of the JoMon's hnson'sir midsection i has ofaccepted Pn North
lated. But support for the President often citizens of Wisconsin." Vietnam as logical, expected, and proper.
seemed forced by absence of any popularly Michigan apprehensive A sampling of views from Dubuque to
acceptable substitute, or explained with, "I (By Walter Rugaber) Denver and Fargo to Wichita makes it clear
don't know what to think," as in the words
of the Springfield, Ill., Chamber of Commerce DETROIT, Feb. 2.-Public figures in Michi- that the Farm Belt is solidly behind the
president. gan and Ohio feel a vague, nagging appre- President's decision.
Mood of Confusion hension over the American commitment in This does not mean that anybody in the
Charles H. McLau hlin, chairman of the Vietnam but generally believe that it should region is happy about United States involve-
g be honored, nonetheless. ment in Vietnam. The consensus is that the
University of Minnesota political science de- A series of interviews this week turned up situation is a "mess" that cries out for an
partment, said: all shades of opinion on the United States in- "honorable" exit before American casualties
"The current mood is one of confusion volvement. But virtually everyone said that mount much further.
and frustration. I think people are very un- the public lacked information on which to The principal basis for support for the
certain that the Government has worked out base a really firm view. President's move is not an overriding desire
a policy that holds any promise of settling The average man, it was agreed, is even to halt communism in a remote corner of
the affair. On the other hand, I suppose the more in the dark. "The typical person is the world but to save American servicemen
majority do feel that we have some obliga- more interested in baseball than what's go- ordered to Vietnam and end the entire un-
tions in that area and that it would be a ing on in Vietnam." One source said. wanted involvement.
mistake to abandon them." Harlan Hatcher, president of the University A feeling that cuts across all economic and
In Milwaukee, Robert Dineen, president of of Michigan, voiced the frustration of an in- political lines is that more aggressive mili-
the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., formed observer. He said he has "tremend- tary action is the quickest way to win the
said: that ous faith" in the administration, war and halt the need of risking more and
"I think there are quite a few people But "it's hard to fit all these different ele- more American lives.
are concerned about it but are supporting ments together so that they make sense," he The mood is to accept any Presidential de-
the President because he does not have any complained. "The loyal citizen has a little cision on Vietnam so long as it gives promise
alternative. I am surprised at how many sense of distress and uneasiness because it of eliminating the "mess.,'
people have misgivings. If there is an in, doesn't quite come clear-cut." Few voices are being raised against the
crease in casualties the concern will grow." Most people see "no alternative" to the President's course, though there are indica-
State and local oftlcials, businessmen, present course, Dr. Hatcher continued. "A tions that more might have been had the
clergymen, editors, civic-minded women, kind of reluctant going along is about where resumption of 'bombing not been accom-
farm leaders, and civil rights workers were we are. Also, he said, there is a feeling of panied by efforts to move toward peace
interviewed and generally agreed that people responsibility "for the men we have ferried through the United Nations.
were informed on the issue, but often these out there to fight. Should the latest efforts continue to leave
opinion leaders doubted that the people had A Hawk Speaks Out American troops mired in a frustrating and
all the facts. unpopular war, the President could find him-
Economic stratification appeared to have Willis H. Hall, president of the Greater self with plenty of voter trouble in the Cen-
tral influence on the range of opinion, and Detroit Board of Commerce, said he takes the tral States.
there was no single overriding chief concern "hawk" position on Vietnam and urged the The electorate has set no deadline, but
other than fear of a larger war and "how it administration to "get in and get it over
will affect me and m famil with." murmurings indicate that it could be 1968
y y ? "It's pretty difficult to carry an olive if the change in the situation most notice-
How Can We Get Out branch in one hand and a hatchet in the able on the home front by then is simply a
Said Mrs. William Whiting, president of other," Mr. Hall said. "If we pull out, all mounting toll of American casualties.
the Minnesota League of Women Voters: the Far East is gone." Politics Not Stressed
"I think you have this feeling when you Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer of the The survey showed considerably more con-
talk with people of not really understanding United Automobile Workers, expressed a dif- cern about "getting the boys back" than in
how we got into this and how we can get out ferent view. The resumption in bombing in the political considerations behind the war.
of it." North Vietnam was "a mistake" the union
Opinion, it appears in the Middle West, leader said. The majority feeling throughout the re-
would harden in favor of a tougher "get it The president should have attempted to gion seems to be that a much stronger mtli-
over with" policy if casualties rose and draft bring about peace negotiations through the terry effort is justified to see whether this
calls increased. United Nations before resuming the attacks, will do the job.
At the same time politicians look for anger Mr. Mazey suggested. If it does not, the mood could change
about "taking our boys." This is not to say, The officers of both local and State politi- radically in favor of a negotiated settlement.
however, that opinion leaders look for a "quit cal leaders said there had been a minimum War-front pictures showing injured Amer-
the war" wave. of mail on the war. John M. McElroy, an ican soldiers trapped by enemy fire and-
In Indianapolis, a top Indiana Democrat assistant to Gov. James A. Rhodes, of Ohio, awaiting helicopter rescue have alarmed Mid-
said that if Johnson "goes sour" politically it a Republican, said 20 of the men in Vietnam westerners already concerned about casual-
will be because of mothers rather than draft ties.
card burners. have requested State flags.
An aid to Gov. George Romney of Michi- "We are asking our boys to fight with one
In Duluth, Minn., the Rev. Frederick Fowl- gan, a Republican, said that telephoned hand tied behind their backs if we don't
er of the First Presbyterian Church, who is questions on Vietnam led all others during bomb the enemy's sources of supply," said
chairman of the national right-to-work a mid-December telethon broadcast on a De- Clarence Rupp, of the Kansas Farm Bureau.
committee, said that the Republican caI"n- troit television station. His comment was typical. But also typical
paign in 1966 must demand total victory, not There is respect for the war as a political was his comment that he finds "growing
stalemate, issue, William L. Coleman, the Democratic wonderment about just what we are involved
Charles B. Schuman, president of the chairman in Ohio, said that American in- in there and why."
American Farm Bureau Federation, said volvement should "definitely" have a damag- MIDDLE ATLANTIC
farmers were "strong behind" administration ing political effect in his State this fall. Little anxiety in area
moves to act with determination. But he A substantial number of the leaders ques-
added: tioned would agree with Zolton A. Ferency, (By Ben A. Franklin)
"Out in the country there is not much en- the Democratic State chairman in Michigan PITTSBURGH, February 2.-Evidence of pub-
thusiasm for the United Nations. They and an unannounced candidate for Governor. lic concern about the course of the war and
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
the resumption of American bombing in
Vietnam all but vanished in the Middle
Atlantic States this week under a record
snowfall-
However, indications that the heavy wea-
ther had significantly distracted public at-
tention from the war were scant; there
apparently had been little anxiety about the
fighting before the weekend storm brought
unusual local hardships to the area.
Observers in five States---Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, and Ken-
tucky-said today that there was "more con-
cern about interrupted deliveries of fuel
oil for furnaces and of milk for children"
than about the resumed deliveries of Ameri-
can bombs on the other side of the world.
The prevailing mood was said to be one
of quiet support for the President as the
Commander in Chief.
A dearth of public comment about Viet-
nam-or even of private conversation at
office coffee breaks and at home gatherings--
was widely interpreted by observers in all
live States as constituting "strong but pas-
sive support" for President Johnson's de-
cision, announced Monday, to resume the
bombing of North Vietnam after a 37-day
pause.
They Can Turn It Off
Here in Pittsburgh, one ardent critic of
that decision. Richard A. Rieker, managing
editor of the Carnegie Review at Carnegie
Institute of Technology, described the pre-
vailing attitude of "many if not most" of
the scores of persons he said he had talked
to in recent days as "about equal to their
interest in the Sunday pro football game---
they can turn it on or they can turn it off
about Vietnam and it is all right because
the President. who has the facts, is expertly
calling the plays whether they pay attention
or not."
"I guess you have to call that public sup-
port," Mr. Ricker said. "But the war is not
touching the country, in my opinion."
"People are saying, 'What do I know about
it? What is it to me? The people in Wash-
ington have the facts,'" the 38-year-old
editor said.
Mr. Ricker is chairman of an informal
group here called the Pittsburgh Committee
Against the War in Vietnam. He said there
were 25 persons at the last meeting in De-
ceniber.
(hev. William W. Scranton, in a monthly
televised news conference that was broad..
cast statewide last Sunday, appeared to have
expressed a broadly held consensus about the
resumption of bombing by observing, just
before the decision was announced in Wash.?
ington on Monday, that "in the very near
future we are going to have to fish or cut
bait, as we did in Korea."
"If you can't come to some peaceful so-
lution," the Governor said, "you apparently
are going to have to start it (bombing) again
in order to stop the North Vietnamese effort;
from being successful in South Vietnam."
Students Poorly Informed
A poll on Vietnam among 188 undergradu.-
ates at Carnegie Tech, published 2 weeks
sego in the 'T'artan, the student newspaper,
disclosed that half the students queried were
unable to answer correctly even one of nine
rudimentary questions about the war, such
as: "Identify Dienblenphu, Ho Chi Minh,
Daring, Diem, and Pleime." Only six of the
students correctly identified all mine.
Those who (lid well on the identifications
held "widely divergent opinions" on the war,
the Tartan reported. "On the other hand.
80 percent of those who knew virtually noth-
ing about Vietnam disagreed with protest
demonstrations and supported the Govern--
ment. Most students fall in this category"
In Kentucky, Wilson W. Wyatt, a former
mayor of Louisville, former Federal Housing
Administrator, and manager of Adlai B.
1tevenson's 1952 presidential campaign, dur-
ing the height of the Korean war, c0111-
merited that "the Commander in Chief has
made a difficult decision and the only thing
to do now is to support him fully. But I
have not heard any exultation over the
bombing,"
Mr. Wyatt said that "in the present mood
of national uncertainty" about Vietnam, a
sharp rise in American casualties and draft
call would be received "with a good deal of
anguish" and with "the probability of a
strong Republican attempt to exploit the
issue."
Should the war lead to a direct military
confrontation with Communist China, he
said, "as much as I would regret such a de-
velopment there would be total unity in the
country to win."
THE SOUTH:BI;N STATES
No critics in 1,fississipp;
(By Gene I'oberts)
GREENVILLE, Miss., February 2-After
working hours in Raleigh, N.C., State
Treasurer Edwin Gill p'ops himself into an
easy chair in the Sir Walter Hotel, where he
lives, and "feels the pu;.se" of the public as
it strides from the hotel entrances to the
elevators.
This week, the talk ha. turned i o President
Johnson's decision to resume the bombing
of North Vietnam, and Mr. Gill is yet to find
anyone who criticizes the President for his
action.
"The general feeling get," said Mr. Gill,
who at 66 has survived nearly foul decades of
political activity in the State, "is that he
knows it great deal we do not know. We are
all trusting him to do what he thinks best."
Across the South, pulse samplers were
reading it much the same as Mr. (;ill, except
for Mississippi and Alabama where there are
rumblings that the war should be escalated
still further, and at the Atlanta he adquarters
of the Student Nonv:eolent Coordinating
Committee and the Sou t-fern Christian Lead-
ers', ip Conference where the general view is
that the Nation should withdraw its troops
from. Vietnarn.
In Birmingham, Ala., more than 80 social,
business, and labor organizations have
adopted an entire divsion-the Big Red
One---and are peppering the i.roops and
friendly Vietnamese with mail and gifts.
Quietly Accepted
Al Stanton, city editor of the Birmingham
News, believes that the city had accepted the
President's decision quietly, as ono, that was
inevitable. Had he riot taken it. Mr. Stan-
ton said, the criticism would probably have
been widespread.
A week age, before President Johnson an-
nounced his decision to resume he bomb-
ings, Senator JOHN STEIN NIS apps : red before
the legislature and produced raf.er-ringing
applause by calling for intensified efforts in
Vietnam even if this were to lead to full
scale Red Chinese Involvement In this
event, Senator STENNIS favored stopping the
hordes of Red Chinese coolies with every
weapon we have.
"One reason the legislators applauded
Senator STENNIS' speed: was that they do
not see much that they can do to stop civil
rights activity," said a veteran Mississippi
reporter today. "So this seems to make
them want to stop the Communist s just that
much more."
While there is disenchantment with the
war among student committee acid leader-
ship conference workers, Negroes in general
appear to share the prevailing white view. A
Little Rock dentist, Dr. Garmar: Freeman,
said he thought that most Negroes;--whether
middle class or poor--were not ^reatly in-
formed on Vietnam issues, but were sup-
porting the war because "it is something
Uncle Sam is doing."
Tendency Toward Suspicion
In Columbia, S.C., Jim McAden, executive
director of the South Carolina Tex Ale Manu-
February d, 1966
facturers Association, said that although the
State "tends to be suspicious of anything
Lyndon Johnson does," it is accepting his
judgment on Vietnam because it has a "pa-
triotic heritage and will fight over something
and is glad. to do it,"
The general view appears to bear out a
recent study of old public opinion polls by
Alfred O. Hero, Jr., in a recent book, "The
Southerner in World Affairs."
Mr. Hera said that in the period before
World War II and in periods of tension with
Communist countries since then, Southern-
ers were quicker to give their support to
military objectives that were residents of
other regions.
They were less likely, too, than residents
of other regions to withdraw their support
because of increased drafting and taxation.
"To be perfectly frank, the average per-
son is not real informed on the issues," said
Barney Weeks, president of the Alabama
Labor Council, "but he is for winning the
doggone thing."
Bombing is backed
(By Martin Waldron)
HousTON, Feb. 2.-President Johnson's
decision to resume bombing of North Vie t-
nam has the overwhelming approval of resi-
dents of Texas and Oklahoma. But the war
itself has much less support.
Opinion leaders in the two States agree
that the average citizen believes that bomb-
ing of military targets in North Vietnam. will
bring the war to an end sooner, and this is
what they want, but if the war intensifies,
residents of both States will give full backing
to it.
Both Texas and Oklahoma have strong
military traditions and regularly furnish
large numbers of volunteers for the armed
services.
"The whole Southwest is somewhat mili-
tarily oriented," said Charles L. Bennett,
managing editor of the Daily Oklahoman in
Oklahoma City. "Military service to many
people still is the most honorable profession."
Mr. Bennett said that Oklahomans had
been showing "a growing impatience at the
lull in the bombing" when peace moves by
this country were frustrated.
Community leaders in a dozen cities in the
two States agreed that the Vietnam war is
the most misunderstood war in the Nation's
history. Julius Carter, editor of a Houston
weekly newspaper, the Forward Tinies, which
says it is the "key to Houston's; Negro market,
said: "Not only do not the average citizens
not understand this war, a lot of Ph. D. s
don't. I don't myself. Most people don t
even know where the front is."
Pickets in Houston
A group of students picketed in down-
town Houston yesterday in protest of the
resumption of bombing. They carried signs
outside the Tenneco Building for several
hours, and took a lot of verbal abuse from
passersby, some of them stopped automobiles
to curse them. The pickets said they chose
the Tenneco Building because two subsidi-
aries of the company which owns the build-
ing manufacture napalm.
This was the only organized protest against
the resumption of bombing in the two States.
The Texas and Oklahoma daily newspapers
had generally called for a resumption of
bombing, and labeled it afterward as the
only choice President Johnsen had. Sonic
editorials have said that the United States
had not gone far enough. The Daily Okla-
homan called for bombing of Hanoi.
In Austin., a leader of the Texas liberal
community, Ronnie Dugger, said he frankly
did not know what the majority of people
in his; area thought. "Among those I know.
there is a sense of melancholy."
In central[ Texas, and in the area around
El Paso, both of which are centers of retired
military personnel, the support of the re-
sumption. of bombing is very strong Where
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Senator JOHN G. TOWER made a speech in
Braunfels calling for even more widespread
bombing that President Johnson had ordered,
he received a standing ovation.
Most of those who were themselves against
the resumption of bombing said they did not
discuss it with persons outside their own
circles.
"I don't know what the people think about
the bombing," said the Reverend James Mc-
Namee, a Roman Catholic priest in Tulsa.
"I know I think we should settle this war, and
some people tell me they agree with me. But
others tell me they are for intensifying the
war."
The editorial page editor of the Tulsa Daily
World, Walter Biscup, said, "Everybody I
have talked to privately, publicly, officially,
unofficially, on and off theecord, has been
overwhelmingly in favor of the resumption
of bombing. It is the only way or shortening
the war."
NEW ENGLAND STATES
Grudging response
(By John H. Fenton)
BOSTON, February 2.-President Johnson
has stirred firm but grudging response in
New England to his decision to resume bomb-
ing of North Vietnam.
The support has many facets. Among
them are the normal chins-up response to
the Commander in Chief and a reflection of
integrity in a matter of national commit-
ment. But they also include a growing dis-
illusionment with the entire military op-
eration and a gnawing concern or the pos-
sibility of escalation into a general war with
Communist China.
One editor in Maine said that he was
chiefly concerned with the shaky condition
of the Government of South Vietnam.
Those in higher income and educational
levels appear to be better informed about
developments and aims, though they shared
with the out-and-out hawks a confusion
over the moral aspects of the situation. One
man said, "Just because we don't like the war
doesn't mean we aren't concerned about our
boys over there fighting."
Those are some of the conclusions of con-
versations with a representative cross-section
of leaders in positions dealing with public
opinion in communications, religion and
business. And they include inferences made
from the disinclination of some persons rep-
resenting education, religion and business to
discuss the situation even off the record.
Little Visual Protest
So far, there has been little visual pro-
test. A thin line of pickets ringed the Fed-
eral Building here yesterday. The group was
organized by the Committee for Nonviolent
Action which is based in Connecticut. But
some of the marchers came from local groups
that had been opposed to the Vietnam con-
flict from the outset.
On Boston Common students handing out
leaflets to passers-by reported half of those
who accepted them kept them or at least
put them in the pockets. They said the
others tossed them aside.
Jerome Grossman, chairman of the Massa-
chusetts Political Action for Peace, or PAX,
said that the picketing gesture was intended
to be a 24-hour vigil. He expressed doubt
that it was worth the effort and that the
energy could have been spent in other ways.
Mr. Grossman is a Boston businessman.
[From the Washington Post]
TIIE HARRIS SURVEY-PUBLIC WOULD BACK
MORE TROOPS, BOMBING IF NEGOTIATION
MOVE FAILS
(By Louis Harris)
If the efforts of President Johnson and his
emissaries fail to get the Communists to the
negotiation table in Vietnam, the vast major-
ity of Americans would support an imme-
diate escalation of the war-including all-
out bombings of North Vietnam and increas-
ing U.S. troop commitments to 500,000 men.
The temper of American public opinion
might be described as hesitantly but deter-
minedly militant if an acceptable peace can-
not be negotiated.
Before the pause, 39 percent of the public
said it thought air raids on North Vietnam
ought to be intensified. But when asked
what their-reaction would be if the Com-
munists fail to respond to recent peace over-
tures, the number who would support all-out
bombings rose to 61 percent. -
A carefully drawn cross section of the
public asked:
"Despite the pause in bombings of North
Vietnam and the ceasefire, suppose the Com-
munists refuse to sit down and talk peace.
Would you then favor or oppose all-out U.S.
bombings of every part of North Vietnam?"
[In percent]
Nationwide__________________
By politics:
Voted Goldwater in 1964__
Voted Johnson in 1964.___
By region:
East ----------------------
Midwest-----------------
South . -----------------
West_ _ _________________
Not
sure
The question on increased U.S. troops was
put this way: "We now have 250,000 U.S.
troops in Vietnam, and about 100 Americans
are now being killed here every week. Would
you favor our increasing the number of U.S.
troops to 500,000-with higher losses of life-
if that meant the war might be shortened
or would you be against such a pig increase
in U.S. troops?"
[In percent]
Nationwide__________________
By politics:
Voted Goldwater in 1964__
Voted Johnson in 1964____
By region:
East - - --------- ---------
Midwest-----------------
South - - -------- ---------
West------ ------
Not
sure
Thus a clear majority of the American
public is prepared to accept either all-out
bombings of North Vietnam or a doubling of
U.S. troops in Vietnam or both if there ap-
pears to be no other alternative to a Commu-
nist takeover. As previously reported, the
U.S. public is deeply committed to the search
for peace in Vietnam-but not for peace at
any price.
IN A DEAD-END STREET
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, as the
dean of American political columnists,
Walter Lippmann, always speaks out of
long experience and with the kind of
wisdom which has recently, following
Senator AIKEN's use of the term here in
the Senate, given rise to the characteri-
zation "owl" in contrast to the other
birds of frequent mention, the hawks and
the doves..
In today's column, which appeared in
the Washington Post this morning, the
judicious and well-phrased comment of
Mr. Lippmann is turned toward the Ton-
kin Bay resolution and its use as a
"blank check," and toward the vital
question of public debate on the ques-
tions surrounding our action in Vietnam.
As Mr. Lippmann points out, there are
difficulties in holding a debate on this
question, since expressions of dissent
undoubtedly give comfort to the enemy.
But, as he notes, "the remedy for this
disadvantage cannot be to silence dis-
sent. For the dissent cannot be silenced."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the Lippmann column, "In a
Dead-End Street," be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
IN A DEAD-END STREET
(By Walter Lippmann)
In saying that under the joint resolution
of August 7, 1964, he has full authority from
Congress "to take all necessary steps" in
Vietnam, the President left himself in the
position of a man relying on the letter of the
bond, regardless of what it meant at the time
it was written. There is no doubt that the
language of the resolution gives him a blank
check. But there is no doubt also that when
the blank check was voted in August 1964,
it was voted to a man engaged in a campaign
for the Presidency against Senator Gold-
water, who was advocating substantially the
same military policy that President Johnson
is now following. Therefore if laws are to be
interpreted in the light of their legislative
history, the President is without legal and
moral authority to fill in the blank check of
August 1964 with whatever he thinks he
ought to do in 1968.
It' is, of course, impossible to rescind the
resolution of August 1964. But as a matter
of fact the actions of the administration go
far beyond the original meaning of the
resolution of 1964. This is the positive rea-
son why the objections and the conduct of
the greatly enlarged war should be examined
and debated before we are led into a still
greater war.
It ought not to be necessary to press this
point in a country dedicated to government
by due process of law. A President who finds
that his powers are challenged by respon-
sible leaders of his own party and of the
opposition would not refuse debate. He
would not pretend that briefings are a sub-
stitute for debate. He would insist upon de-
bate and welcome it. For only by refusing to
rely upon the letter of the law would he be
acting according to its spirit.
It is wrong to keep using the blank check
while many of those who voted for it in 1964
now say-and historically they are indubit-
ably right-that the resolution does not
mean what the President is making it mean
in 1966. It is also unwise to stretch the
letter of the law this way. For the country
is deeply and dangerously divided about the
war in Vietnam, and in the trying days to
come this division will grow deeper if the
President rejects the only method by which
a free nation can heal such a division-
responsible and informed debate.
There are two principal difficulties in hold-
ing such a debate. About one of these we
hear a great deal, namely, that our adver-
sary will take heart from the speeches and
newspaper articles and be confirmed in his
view that the United States will not stay
the course but will pack up and go home.
Undoubtedly the dissent here at home does
give comfort to the enemy abroad.
But the remedy for this disadvantage can-
not be to silence dissent. For the dissent
cannot be silenced. It would be a delusion
to suppose that this dissent has its source in
the minds of a few Senators and of some
publicists. It has it source among a great
mass of the American people who simply
are not persuaded that the war in Vietnam
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1' .rzz CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February
is in fact; the defense of a vital interest of
tin United States.
Nations do not fight indefinitely if they
are not convinced that their own vital inter-
ests are at stake. Although the Korean war
began under much better legal and mcral
auspices than did our entanglement in Viet-
anni, the American. people came to hate the
Korean war. The reason for that was that
they did not believe that the Interests of
America in Korea on the Asian mainland
were great enough to justify the casualties
tlla.t were being suffered.
he oUier principal difficulty in uniting
the country behind a national purpose in
Inclochina is that the President's diplomatic
advisers have never defined our national
purpose except in the vaguest, most ambig-
uous generalities about aggression and free-
dom. The country could be united---in
the preponderant mass-on a policy which
rested on a. limited strategy and on limited
political objectives. It cannot be united on
a policy ooi' trading American lives for Asian
lives on 'lee mainland of Asia in order to
make General Ky or his successor the ruler
of all of South Vietnam. The division of
the country will simply grow worse as the
casualties a.nd the costs increase and the
attainment of our aims and the end of the
fighting continue to elude us.
'the recision of our policy in Vietnam-
the revision of our strategy and our political
purposes and plans-is the indispensable
condition of ;L really united country and of
an eventi;:il truce abroad. Gestures, prop-
aganda, public relations, and bombing and
more bombing will not work. Without a
revision of the policy--of our war aims as
stated by Secretary Rusk of our military
strategy as approved by Secretary Me-
Narnara--ilu, President will find that he is
in u dead cud street.
WARREN M. BLOOMBERG, MAN OF
THE YEAR
Mr. B1fEWSTER. Mr. President, o-
ganizatlo.rs throughout the 50 States
have named Outstanding men for their
deeds and dedication during the year
19(L3, as "Man of the Year."
Assistant Postmaster Warren M.
Bloomberg. of Baltimore, received such
an award from the Maryland Society of
Training Directors at their first annual
awards dinner last week. Mr. Bloomberg
has not only labored tirelessly to get the
mail through, but has also logged many
hours to improve labor-ma.nagemet-It
relations in the post office system. His
initiation of the impact training prog:Crarn
h'as added a human relations attitude to
labor-management discussions.
Mr. Warren M. Bloomberg, a respected
Marylander, a responsible public servant,
and a resourceful leader is truly a "Ma n
of the Year."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this article from the Baltimore
News-American be printed in the RECORD.
't'here being no objection, the article
was orders d to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
i'os'rAi, ASSISTANT "MAN OF YEAR"
(fay Janelee Keidel)
Baltimore Assistant Postmaster Warren M.
Bloomberg was named "Man of the Year" at
the Maryland Society of Training Directors'
first annual awards night last evening at the
Stafford Hotel.
liloomberg was chosen for the award be-
cause he most exemplified "outstanding
leadership and support of training while not
being primarily engaged In the training
field," explained MSTD President Lou Clem-
ens before the meeting.
. , 196i,
He added that Bloomberg's initiation of of Churches' General Board adopted an ad-
the post office's impact, training program was mirable policy statement and message, but
the factor most responsible for the assistant so fax as local congregations are concerned a
postmaster being selected for the honor. question uppermost In the minds and hearts
"The impact program," Clemens explained, of millions of Americans is being bypassed
"is intended to inject a human relations at- in American Protestantism.
titude into labor-management discussions There is no denying the complexity of the
and is a. landmark in labor. management situation, a complexity that leaves one un-
dealings within the post office system." certain what to sa.y unless he accepts ci
Other training awards presenled last night rejects outright the administration's posi-
went to Dwight P. Jacobus, supervisor of tion. Yet our first obligation as Christians
education service to industry, state Depart- is clear: to maintain our ethical sensitivity
merit of Education, and to Clyde S. Hartlove, to the demands of the Gospel. Obviously, the
vice president of public relatiiais and em- Gospel gives us no blueprint for the precise
ployee development, Esskay Quality Meat forms of action to be taken amid the com
Co. plexities of the modern world; that is who
fllemen.s noted that although the MSTD's Christian pacifists and nonpacifists can sin
three-man awards ccmmittee was composed cerely differ. Yet we have firm common
of members of industry, two if the three ground on. which to stand in the Gospel's im
awards were presented to Gov, rument em- peratives on love and reconciliation, on rc
pleyees-- -on.e Federal and one Slate. spent for human life, and the need to reliev)
If a certain element. of pride can be de- suffering wherever it is found, iii the recog
tested there, it's probably pardonable. nition that every person, whatever his race
Clemens himself is a Government man, as- nation, social status, or political coloration
sistant training officer It the pot office here. is of infinite worth to God and should b
Awards committee members were John viewed as bound tc us by ties of brother
F.:I:nis, of Proctor & Gamble Co.; Gustave hoed. These imperatives have been affirnie'
Sernesky, FMC Corp.; and Mrs. Mildred Bax- again and again by great representativ
ter, of the C. & P. Telephone Co. bodies of churchmen. Whether we are paci
Sixty percent of the persons in the Mary- fists or nonpacifists, supporters of the icl
land Society of Training Directors represent ministration's foreign policy or dissenters
industry. Clemens said, while 20 percent come we ought to take them seriously.
nom service induk tries. The r,,maining 20 UNWARRANTED INSENSITIVITY
percent represent various level;: of govern-
ment Yet what is happening to our inner :Il.ti
The post office here will accept; applied- tudes? The Vietcong are human beings
tions for garageman, ]?],IS L-3, $:'.37 an hour, less made in God's culturally image advanced like but as but ashes, precious in
February 28. precious n
Residents rf Baltimore City, Ar r:e Arundel, God's sight as any American. When we li,aai
Baltimore, Carroll, Hrrtford, and Howard a news report of 240 American boys killed
"audios are eligible to tpor in 1 week, we rightly wince. When we Naar
Because eligible the same report of 2,400 Vietcong killed,
be superseded existing registers the for ntw the h e job rni will are we not inclined to rejoice as if something
Lion, all persons with eligibility on present good had happened? Do we think God re-
registers should reapply. joiner?
Null information r,rd application forms Insensitivity to tl,e taking of human life
h
en is on the other side creeps up on
may be obtained fi om. .he Post + ),lice Board, w
usin every war. We rationalize by saying
U.S. Civil Service Examiners, Roern 601, Me- that: thus the end of the war Is brow?ilt
Cawley Building, 37 Commerce Street., Balti- nearer. Perha s, and
more 21202 or from first-, second and third- p perhaps not. ]it e r
present conflict the escalation of the waar
class post silence in i;he counties affected. seens t h
t
fl
o ave s
r
ened Hanel s opposition
to negotiation, as is likely to be the case in
THE CHURCHES AND VI^TNAM any conflict when resources with which to go
on fighting remain. Be that as it may, for
M_r. McGOVERN. Mr. President, one the Christian to view with composure and
Of t;he most thoughtful articles that has even with rejoicing the large-scale death of
other human beings is an indication t1:at
conic to my attent;.On on them Vietnam somewhere along the way our Christian sen-
issue is one writen by Dr. Georgia Hark- sitivity has slipped.
ness, entitled "The Churches and Viet- Another angle of insensitivity appears in
nace," which was published in the Janu- the dulling of our reaction t.o the slaughter
ary 26, 19613, issue. of the Christian Cen- of innocent noncombatants-old men. surd
tury. women, mothers and their babies, terrified
Dr. Harkness is o11e of the Nation's villagers who may have been wanted but who
Most respected theologians. For many have no place to go when the napalm begins
to fall. It is to the credit of our soldiers
years she has inspired seminal'v students that many of them, though trained in the
with her lectures and her probing mind. stern realities of war, shrin.k from such
I had the privilege of studying; with her slaughter. If we have let our sensibilities
briefly in 1946. At the present time, she be lulled to sleep, a look at such photo-
is professor emeritus 'of applied theology graphs as those of "the blunt reality of wear
at the Pacific School of Religion in in Vietnam" in Life's November 26, 1965,
Berkeley, Calif. issue should help to awaken us.
ing. Those whose memories reach back ';o
There being no obection, the article World War II may recall that the protest
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, against the wholesale bombing of civilian
as follows: populations issued by a small group of reli-
TI:IE CHURCHES AND VIETNAM-NO MATTER gious leaders-there were only 28 of Its--
How AMaIGUots ARE; ME ISSUr.s INVOLVED war generally greeted e w ith Oppt)sl tivn and
IN THE CONFLICT. THE CHRISTIAN GOSPELreportderision. of t the amm lthe w ear war; ovey the
MAKES CERTAIN ATTITUDES TOWARD THEM Federal Cou uncit l of of Chhrches on "Ts on "The 17 I la-
CLE;nR. urce
(Iiy Georgia ]larknessl tion of the Church to the War in the Light
of the Christian Faith" (often called the Cal-
In the face of the escalating war in Viet- houn Commission) almost unanimously
nam the churches have been conspicuously condemned the practice of obliteration
failing to direct the thinking of their mem- bombing. What the judgment of history wil
bers On the portentous :issues involved. At its be on the conduct of the war iII Vietnams
meeting in December the National Council remains an open question.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved
February 3, 1966
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
1
Because of the swift technical develop-
ment of communications, Mr. Wilson thinks
the world is at the dawn of becoming a
single cultural community. He says: "Com-
munications includes important elements of
education, and is close to being the essence
of humanism; our ability to draw upon the
information created by those who went be-
fore us is a uniquely human ability. It is
in the area of communications that Xerox
has its special interests and will make, I
trust, special contributions. Communica-
tions technology is undergoing a revolution
no less great than that experienced by
energy."
To respond to the coming changes Mr.
Wilson believes that people must receive
"purchasing power that is increasingly in-
dependent of the hours spent doing things
that have represented the great bulk of the
world's work up to now. We must, quite
simply, invent anew kind of money, a new
way of distributing the material wealth of
our society. How prepared are we to make
the social inventions, the practical non-
technical plans, for the changes in our in-
stitutions that these developments are forc-
ing upon us?"
It is the tremendous spectrum of change
that he sees coming that interests Mr. Wil-
son so keenly in education. He thinks of
the university as the bridge to these new
aspects of life, as a cluster of brains on
which business, government, scientists, and
other individuals must depend for the co-
hesive intelligence needed to meet the prob-
lems confronting the world. The university
will help preserve freedom, and Mr. Wilson
says of freedom that it may be clumsy but
it leads to greatness in any society or nation.
His faith in freedom was an integral part
of his work for equal rights for Negroes and
other minority groups in Rochester. Xerox
today, in association with other leading
Rochester institutions (especially Kodak,
of which. he is a great admirer), is working
carefully to open up job opportunities, to
give special training, to recruit talented
prospects from these groups. The serious
disturbances within Rochester's Negro com-
muntiy last year were a "surprise to most of
us here for we felt the city had really done
a conscientious, enlightened job in this area
of our relations with each other. Our dif-
ficulties were probably, a symptom of the
racial tinderbox here and everywhere."
With his wide reading and frequent travel
abroad, Mr. Wilson feels deeply involved
with the world around him as well as with
Xerox, but he recognizes that corporate suc-
cess powers his ability to render the quality
of public service that interests him in edu-
cation, in racial justice, and the reduction
of poverty, and in international relations.
Of this aspect of Xerox, he says, "To provide
leadership within business for the social
projects that interest us here we must be
terribly successful. If our business were
to falter it would harm our ideas. Xerox's
task is to remain incredible, but be credible.
We want to be an important major world
enterprise. And we want to render services
of real value to the world.
In a speech at the United Nations in
connection with the controversial television
programs Xerox sponsored, Mr. Wilson said,
"It is a part of our philosophy that the high-
est interests of a corporation are involved
in the health of the earth's society. How
ridiculous it is to build a showroom in New
York without simultaneously trying to help
build a peaceful world. Our objectives, like
yours, are to help men better communicate
with each other, and therefore it is all im-
portant for Xerox to be favorably known
throughout the world as an institution
willing to risk in order to improve under-
standing, which will innovate boldly, but
not recklessly, which will accept challenge
of its short-range position in order to but-
tress the long years ahead. It is our deeply
considered judgment, cold and calculated,
that this company will benefit by its asso-
ciation with the U.N. and with you * *
These men of the U.N., of all the earth's
people, are living soul-size lives. It is a joy
and a value to join with them."
A highly efficient, resourceful, imaginative
version of the businessman-citizen Saturday
Review regards as essential to the expan-
sion of our economic society and of the
quality of life in America, Mr. Wilson is
himself living a soul-size life at a time of
national urgency when our character and
our principles are being challenged as never
before.
WILLIAM D. PATTERSON.
THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND
EDUCATION
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
today the President sent to Congress a
special message on international health
and education.
Reading it, I remembered some in-
formal remarks which President Johnson
made last summer at the National Insti-
tutes of Health.
The occasion was the signing of the
Health Research Facilities Amendments
of 1965. Before putting his pen to that
historic act the President made a speech
which included these words:
I wake up in the morning * * * and the
one thing that sustains me is to see what we
are doing for the lame and the palsied, what
we are doing in adding knowledge in the field
of education, what we are doing * * * to
make this not just America the beautiful,
but the world the beautiful.
He spoke that day of "the goals that we
will set for happiness for all of the chil-
dren not only of our land," but of the
world.
I was struck then by the magnitude of
the President's hopes.
And I am glad today to see those hopes
being translated into a program of
mutual cooperation and mutual benefit
to the world's nations.
I believe this program will be remem-
bered as a remarkable achievement for
the Congress.
It emphasizes cooperation, not char-
ity.
It recognizes that our wealth and man-
power are not unlimited.
It gives us an opportunity to broaden
the concern we have already demon-
strated for better health.
It affirms Disraeli's famous observa-
tion:
The health of the people is really the foun-
dation upon which all their happiness and
all their powers as a state depend.
0
IETNAM
EMEMBER
Mr. RUSSELL of South Carolina. Mr.
President, while great and difficult deci-
sions are upon the President and the
Congress with respect to this Nation's
foreign policy in Vietnam, I think it fit-
ting that the observations of a soldier,
stationed in that faraway place, be
brought to the attention of us all. It is
his recollection of Christmas evening in
Vietnam, written by Capt. R. E. Ward
III, son of Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Ward, Jr.,
of Spartanburg, S.C.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
article from the Spartanburg Journal of
Spartanburg, S.C., printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A CHRISTMAS To REMEMBER
(NOTE.-Christmas has passed but the
memory and experience lingers with most.
Here is the story of a soldier in Vietnam in
his words:)
R. E. Ward III, son of Mr. and Mrs. R. If.
Ward, Jr., of 116 Pineville Road, is a captain
with the 1st Infantry Division on combat
duty in Vietnam.
Prior to his Vietnam assignment, Captain
Ward was aide-de-camp to Brig. Gen. Ran-
dolph C. Dickens. For his performance dur-
ing his service with Brigadier General
Dickens, Captain Ward received the Army
Commendation Medal.
Since he assumed his duties in Vietnam,
Captain Ward and Mrs. Ward, the former
Miss Beverly Riedel, have become parents of
a son, Robert Edwin Ward IV. He was born
on January 6.
From Vietnam, Captain Ward has written
his parents about his observance of Christ-
mas. No one can tell his story for him. It
follows in his own words:
"A Christmas to remember:
"Christmas Eve 1965, Republic of South
Vietnam. Tonight I experienced Christmas
as man was intended to. Unlike the typical
cold snowy Christmas Eves of my youth, this
was a warm tropical evening with a slight
breeze, very pleasant and mild. Also differ-
ent was my dress. On this night I, like most
of the other men, was in uniform. Not our
dress uniform or class A uniforms, but in the
dusty olive drab combat fatigues. Some of
the men even carried guns on their hips.
"We all arrived at 2000 hours for the Main
Post Chapel Christmas Eve communion serv-
ice. The tent was without lights due to a
generator failure and men were hastily put-
ting up gas lanterns. A wooden floor and
strong rough pews had been placed inside.
An altar table had been erected with the
chaplain's altar set open in readiness for the
service. The men of the 1st Infantry Divi-
sion band (used as guards of the division CP
and the commanding general when not play-
ing in the band) were seated inside the tent
dressed in starched dress uniform.
I endorse these imaginative propos- "The service began with a Christmas carol
als. And I submit that if we support played by this great band. We sang hymns
them, we will earn the verdict of time and carols of Christmas with one powerful
that we did the just and right thing at 100-man voice fortified by this band lifting
this moment in history. the top of the tent almost off. Never have
A large part of the President's mes- Christmas carols sounded so proud, yet so
sage dwelt upon international coopera- humble. So strong and mighty, yet so rev-
tion in education. The main thrust of erent and in praise of our Lord. Two Army
chaplains lead us in prayers, read the Christ-
the message was clear: increase under- mas Story, and served the Lord's Supper.
standing and we increase the chances for "The chapel was too small for the com-
a livable world. Increase our knowledge munion to be served at the altar, so we were
of the world beyond our shores and in- asked to come forward one after the other
crease the knowledge that those in other and receive a wafer, dip it in the wine and
lands have of us, and we will have taken return to our 'seats by moving outside the
a giant step toward peace. tent. Here were men from all walks of life,
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February. 3, /966
all denominations, all ranks and races com-
ing to receive the blessings of their God.
"On this night the fighting edge of the
1st Infantry Division gathered together, in-
fantrymen, artillerymen, engineers, quarter-
masters, signal, adjutant general, etc., cooks,
drivers, clerks, mechanics, gunners, medics,
riflemen, all coming to this tent in this
strange land to remember and pay their re-
spects to the day that Our Lord and Savior
was born. This was the day that God gave
His only Son for its and all mankind.
"This was truly a Christmas with Christ
no the central theme. It was a celebration
of His birthday. After the benediction we
went out refreshed and proud to be here
in this country doing a job for our God and
country. We went back to our tents and
fox-holes with a renewed spirit. ready to do
our jobs knowing that there is a cause, there
is a meaning to our life, there is a reason for
being in this land at this time. We knew
what Christmas was about and we were
happy.
"I wanted to pass this experience on to
you all so that you also might remember in.
'years to come that this was a Christmas to
remember.
"It was a difficult time for all of us with
this separation- And yet our cross is light,
our suffering slight in comparison to God
who so loved the world that He gave His only
begotten Son so that whosoever believeth
in Him should not perish but have everlast-
ing life. On this day the greatest man who
ever lived was born. Let us always take
time during this season to remember this
event and th:anit God for His love and under-
s landing.
"ROBERT E. WARD III."
EDUCATION AND LIBBY DAM
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, one of
the serious educational problems in vari-
ous parts of the country has been con-
struction of adequate school facilities, in
time for children to use them, in fed-
erally impacted areas.
Lincoln County, Mont., is an impacted
area which is due for a much greater
impact in the years ahead. Libby Dam in
Lincoln County is going into construc-
tion, by the Corps of Engineers, this year.
According to a survey furnished me by
the corps last year, the school population
of the town of Libby will increase by 180
this year, 1.1)60 next year. and 1,440 in
1968. In other words the school popula-
tion in 1967 will be about 800 above what
it was in 1966, and the Libby schools will
have to educate an additional 380 chil-
dren in 1963. The impact will stay at
approximately that high level, the corps
estimated, through 1971. The Libby
school system now has about 2,000 pupils,
thus the new impact will mean an in-
crease of about 70 percent.
't'here will also be an impact, although
a lesser one. on other school systems in
Lincoln County, because of construction
of Libby Darn.
On January 10 I asked the Corps of
Engineers and Office of Education to
advise me how plans were progressing on
extension of all possible assistance to the
Lincoln County school system in connec-
tion with Libby Dam construction.
Mr. President, I am amazed by the re-
sponse that I have received to that re-
quest. I find that the Corps of Engineers,
which last year forecast a tremendous
impact on the Lincoln County school sys-
tem, has advised the Office of Education
as follows:
Most of the work on Libby Dam will be
seasonal, due to winter weather conditions.
Representatives of the Corps of Engineers
have expressed their belief that, for this
reason, many of the construction workers
will riot move their families into the Libby
area, and that the workers will live there
only during the actual working season. If
such proves to be the case, the impact on
the Libby school system will not reach the
proportions apparently anticipated by the
officials of the school district.
That statement above, attributed to
the Corps of Engineers, contrast:i sharply
with the forecast by the Corp: of En-
gin(ers itself, in its estimates furnished
me last year.
Mr. President, I had) ::lot been aware of,
any plan to construct, Libby Dam on a
seasonal basis. The :Bureau of ICeclama-
tion constructed Hungry Horse Dam and
Yellowtail Dam, in similar latitudes, in
record time. Many construction work-
ers, despite the nature of their work and
the amount of travel and moving in-
volved, endeavor to taite their families
with them, particularly when, as in this
case, construction will extend over a 6-
year period.
Libby Dam's builders are not going to
be a bunch of hermits, working when the
sun shines. They are going to include
a good many family men, many of them
from other parts of Montana, who in-
tend to stay with the .lob, be a part of
the community, and educate their chil-
dren in Lincoln County.
I want to see adequate school facilities
for those children. I am not pleased
with the conflicting forecasts Of school
impact provided by the Corps of En-
gineers. It will be provided an oppor-
tunity to review and reconsider these
contradictions.
I know that the corps, the Office of
Education and the local school system
have extremely competent and conscien-
tious persons who want to provide ade-
quately for the children's education. I
believe it wise to get this matter of pro-
jected school population straightened out
as quickly as possible.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to insert at this point in the RECORD
the corps' March 1965 estimate of school
enrollment increase in Libby, my letter
of January 10 to Lt. Gen. William F.
Cassidy, Chief, Corps of Engineers, which
also went to Dr. B. Alden Lillywhite, As-
sistant Commissioner and Director, Diivi-
sion of School Assistance in Federally
Affected Area., Office of Education and
Dr. Lillywhite's January 19 reply. I also
include the January 28 letter to me from
Col. C. C. Holbrook, district engineer-
Seattle-of the Corps of Engineers,
which concerns not only school matters
incident to Libby Dam but also health,
highway safety and law enforcement in
the project area.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Libby 1)anl project- E'si't'uated iruv-ease in Libby, llfoni., school enrollment reselling frorn
eonstrcciion of Libby Dam project
[Based on n assumed construction start in 19661
Con-
tractor
workers
C ov-
c-nmeut
corkers
8rrvice
w(akers 1
Total
workers
1999___
275
1,595
1, Sfio
2,155
1,6(10
2
105
1, Soo
,
2, 105
1, 780
2
085
1972.-
1, 3350
,
1
595
1973_
250
,
310
30
70
20
50
Kindcr-
garlen
Grades I Grades I Grades
ito6 7to9 10to12
180
1.1x;1)
1.440
1.400
1? 400
1, 390
1, INN)
21)
s
1 10 percent of project workers.
2 Total enroil)seat is based on ratio of 1.5 workers per student. Dcpariment percent of total is: Ki edergarten,
9 percent, grades 1. to 6, 55 1 c c r. e; grades 7 11) 9, 23 percent; grades 10 to 12, 13 percent.
JANUARY 11), 1966.
Lt. Gen. Wn.LIAIVI F. CASSIDY,
Chief, Corps of Engineers, Department of the
Army, Washington, D.O.
DEAR GENERAL CASSIDY: In the enclosed
letter, Superintendent Carl R. Enle,bretson
of the Libby, Mont., public schools, shows
that close cooperation between the corps,
the U.S. Office of Education and local school
officials is essential in order to have ade-
quate school facilities available for the
thousands of students who will be added to
the Lincoln County school rolls alter con-
struction of Libby Dam begins.
I am most anxious to see that the Federal
Government extends all possible assistance
to the Lincoln County school system during
this difficult period.
I would like to know what the corps is
doing in this regard now, and what else needs
to be done.
I am sending a copy of this correspondence,
for comment, to Dr. B. Alden Lillywhite, As-
sistant Commissioner and Director. Division
of School Assistance in Federally Affected
Areas, Office of Education. I assume your
people are already in touch with the Office
of Education.
Very truly yours,
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION.
AND WELFARE, OFFICE OF EDUCATION.
Washington, D.C., January 19, 1966.
Hon. LEE METCALF,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR METCALF: This is in response
to the request in letter dated January 10,
1966, to Lt. Gen. William F. Cassidy, Chief,
Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,
for our comments concerning Federal aid
for school construction under Public Law
815 for the Libby Public Schools, Libby,
Mont.
Our field representative for the area which
includes Montana is keeping us currently
advised of developments pertaining to the
Libby Dam project and with the situation
in the Libby School District. His latest re-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1903
February 3, .1 966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
I have sought an answer from the De- fessionals such as Gallup, Harris, and in their communities. The results reflect a
broad trend, though they do not purport to
partment of Agriculture. The Depart- others serve a highly useful public font- be scientific.
ment of Agriculture was friendly and co- tion. But they can be deceptive if there Many of those questioned seemed to feel
operative, but not convincing in their is not an attempt to look behind these that while the President had all the facts
interpretation to me. Yesterday during polls in depth to find out what the an- wad pro a naggknew ing whatpossibilitywas eSt, then caul
his appearance before the Joint Economic swers really mean.
Committee, I sought some explanation The Vietnam situation is one in which tfornian minority pui It, "thatperhaps, just perhaps,
to fit all t after fferent elements
from Mr. Charles Schultze, Director of public opinion polls are especially un- "It's correct
the Bureau of the Budget. Mr. Schultze satisfactory. Today most Americans together h so they fit t make sense ff a Michigan
is a capable and articulate spokesman stand behind the administration on university president said. "The loyal citizen
for the Bureau which he directs. How- whatever it wishes to do in Vietnam, has a little sense of distress and uneasiness
ever, my questions remain unanswered. for the good and sensible reason that because it doesn't quite come clear cut."
No real explanation has been offered, no most Americans like and trust the Presi- For some, anxiety over nuclear war has
satisfactory reasons have been given. dent and recognize that he has far more become at incalled tense.
for disengagement of a Ne Vi tnam
This program of providing milk to information than they have, especially no matter what the cost. em just rather m "I'd be
American schoolchildren has earned and in the military and diplomatic aspects than de hat the said.
deserved to earn, both praise and appre- of the war. Red The an dea ," he aancy in the South was
uted to the region's long-
ciation from all our people. No charges At the same time an inquiry in depth generally attribof m
of waste or inefficiency have been made. shows that this support is troubled and standing tradition of military distinction, as
There has been not a whisper of mis- concerned. If the President decides well as to the large number of troops sta-
management, not a hint of abuse. we must bomb, most Americans accept tioned there.
Instead the States want the school that decision, but with the same kind of Bute onei n sto over issippian explained i it rig is
milk program, the newspapers laud the a troubled heart as the President him- as s a reaction "They do n't son much that they
school milk program, and most impor- self must. can n to s"T ey seaivch t at they
tantly the children of America need the They want us to meet and stop Com- "so thdo civil is seems to make them want to stop the
school milk program. monist aggression. Yet they want peace. Communists just that much more."
Unless the administration moves im- They want us to meet our commitments An indication that some segments of the
mediately to restore the cuts already made in honor as a nation, but they want public may be poorly informed on Vietnam
made in this year's school milk program a stop to the killing as soon as possible. emerged from a recent poll of undergraduates Pittsbu and rescinds its illogical plan for an 80- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The at a college inf whomrgh. Hoalf n of dthe rafted, ents,
any
may percent cut in next year's program, grim time of the Senator has expired. donld not answer such basic questions as
Who Is Ho Chi Minh?" and "Where is
alternatives face our schoolchildren and Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I 'c
our dedicated State school administra- ask unanimous consent that the Senator Dienbienphu?"
tors. from Wisconsin may have an additional One Texas newsdealer found, however, that
interest in the war had picked up lately. In
Only children who can be shown to 3 minutes.
be needy will receive assistance under The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- of mas of vi tnam~ he has sold a number
the new proposal. The meaning of this out objection, it is so ordered. Ps
directive is only too clear. A means test Mr. PROXMIRE. I thank the dis- PACIFIC MOUNTAIN STATES
will have to be employed-that affront tinguished majority leader. Perplexity in California
to a family's dignity. A child will have The New York Times has done great (By Gladwin Hill)
to swallow his and his family's pride in national service in trying to probe and Los ANGELES, February 2.-"Confusion"
order to swallow a glass of cold milk. develop these reflections in depth about and "perplexity" are two words that crop up
Is this just? Is this right-to subject a the Vietnam war. This study tells US repeatedly in any sounding of public senti-
child and his parents to a public far more about national attitudes than ment on the Vietnam situation in this area.
admission of need in order to receive the the bare poll results, which on the sur- There is no doubt among well-placed ob-
face can be highly deceptive. servers of collective opinion-political lead-
vitamins and nutrition his growing body I ask unanimous consent that the sur- ers, businessmen, professional people, educa-
needs? vey in depth on national attitudes to- tors, clergymen, editors about why people
Or are we to place this heavy burden are confused.
of selection and decision on the shoulders ward the Vietnam war in this morning's "It's because they sense that the admin-
of the State and local school adminstra- New York Times be printed at this point istration is confused," one said. "President
tors? This again is obviously unfair. in the RECORD. Johnson and Secretary Rusk have kept re-
The fact is that we have a surplus of There being no objection, the article iterating the ultimate goal of our Vietnam
milk. It makes no sense to me, through was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, involvement: to stop communism. Nobody
as follows: can challenge that. But there's a vast gap
will ac- a ally mean n a loss ss to to m which the New York Times, Feb. 3, 1966] between that goal and the inconclusive mili-
the Commodity emillions [From tai, operations we see from day to day. The
Credit Corporation, to deprive millions WIDE SUPPORT FOUND IN NATION FOR RE- necessary connection between the two is ob-
of schoolchildren of the milk they need. NEwED VIETNAM BOMBING scure, questionable. That gap is where peo-
Only a small percentage of the school- A spot check by the New York Times indi- pie are floundering-along with the admin-
children can qualify as actually needy, cates widespread support in the Nation for istration."
but most families with children in school President Johnson's decision to resume the "If President Johnson had said we'll esca-
bombing of North Vietnam. late and smash through to victory at what-
are likely to be on a s n the budget. mother Mixed with this support, however, is fear ever cost, it would have been accepted by
This is the t i me in life wh he n the a possible nuclear conflict and confusion the average citizen," said Julius Leetham,
cannot work. The children are an eco- over U.S. strategy. who as county chairman heads the largest
nomic burden, they cannot earn any- Opinion across the Nation appeared to be bloc of Republicans in California.
thing. This is the time when young in general agreement, with the exception of fthat there have been apparent
misgivings fact a in the Democratic leadership
families most need assistance. This is the South. There the view that the United "The
a program with virtually no waste in it, States should press the war harder seemed to about whether th De cr ti thereat a we should be in
and I do hope that the administration predominate. has pushed the average citizen into intel-
will reconsider. The prevailing national mood was summed lectual perplexity."
up by a Methodist minister in Madison, Wis. Poll of Students
The only answer is an immediate res- "I think the people as a whole support the
toration of the unfortunate and tragic resumption of bombing, but with a troubled A recent poll of students at the University
cuts in the school milk program.
yielded t ese espon es:
to the Government and support in Vietnama course
lt
il
s
y
oya
a
fe l
VV for the elected officials that require them to For pursuance of present operations, 2,164.
NEW YORK TIMES REPORTS NA- rely on their judgments. But I feel more For "escalation," even into Communist
time
n
t
y
a
China, 498.
TURE OF NATIONAL CONCERN people are sicker of war now than a
WITH VIETNAM in our history." For immediate withdrawal, 553.
Ten staff correspondents interviewed State bombing in hopes of peace,
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
mand local en, editors, officials, and others on opinion 763. For stopping g
public opinion polls of competent proo-
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 1904
For withdrawal to a "neutral" position,
690.
While most of the respondents in this poll
presumacly were not of voting age, the shad-
ing of sentiment encountered in a canvass of
adult opinion leaders suggested that feel-
ings generally in the Pacific Southwest might
divide in about the same ratio.
Opinion has not yet generally crystallized
into aggressive points of view. But indica-
tions are that it would not take many radical
developments, either favorable or adverse
to polarize it.
"People are supporting the President on
Vietnam--a.n.d at this juncture they'd sup-
port him if he chose to withdraw," said
Philip Kerhy, editor of the liberal magazine
Frontier.
"Opinion is becoming more definite on
both sides of the question-mostly, I think,
because of the growing intensity of pub'.ic
discussion," commented Lennard Mandel, a
shoe manufacturer.
.'tie Surface Facts
'T'he eon;ensus is that the public is well :in-
forrned about the surface facts of the Viet.
"all' sitin, ion, but hazy about the rationale
and the administration's approach to it.
"People generally just don't know the rea-
son for our Vietnam involvement," said Dr.
Neil .Jacoby, dean of the ITCLA Business
School.
"I i;hink there is understanding that cur
aim is to prevent the spread of communism"
said Dr. Robert G. Neumann, UCLA polit-
ical science professor. "But things come out,
like the Panfani peace overture that give
even the President's strong supporters the
feeling that things are not being told."
The persistence of uncertainty about the
Nation's course seems to be bringing clover a
critical juncture in public opinion,
' li,'s now become a question of get out or
get tougher," commented Conrad Jamison, a
vice president, of one of California's largest
banks. "We're doing nothing decisive, If
nothing decisive continues to be done, dis-
satisfactior will grow."
Reflecting this trend, a prominent Beverly
Halls dentist, Dr. Fern Petty, the normally
jovial former nresident of Optimists Interna-
tional declared impatiently: "I'm sick and
tired of nt.r kissing everybody's foot. We
ought to go in there and blast the hell out
of Hanoi We're seeking pease, and that's
the quickec:t. way to get It. We're actual" y
impairing our position internationally. Peo.
pie abroad :;ay: "There's that great big pow--
orand it can't even hold. South Vietnam."
ii.-:As it Large Temple
Mitre mildly. but no less pointedly, Rabbi
i')dg;ar M:it: On of the Wilshire Boulevard
'temple, one of the world's largest Jewish con-
gregations, commented:
"I get around a lot and I haven't met
anybody who likes this venture-Jew, Chris-
tian, Chinaman, or atheist. I don't think
anybody with half it brain wants to be in this
thing because it can't solve anything. If we.
did win m.ititarily, 6 months later there'd
'ie another government in there. But if it's
going to he it war, it should he an all-out,
war. If ii, isn't, we ought to get out."
Simon Cassidy, a newspaper publisher and
president of the California Democratic Coun-
cil, a. liberal rank-and-file party organization,
commented:
l'li= kind of people I talk to--mostly poe-.
file in the CDC-are disappointed to see the
bombing re;ame. Right now they're willing
to take the President's appraisal as long as
;hey don't see a. lot of coffins coming back.
or it isn't co'..ting too much money, or there
in't any rationing. But as the going gets
CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD -- SENATE February .1966
dominant considerations, crosssectional in Gov. Tim Babcock of Montana, a Republi-
nature, are such things as that draft and, can, thought "we may have waited too long."
subtly, the national economy. And the Right Reverend Chandler W. Sterl-
Mrs. Robert Neumann, a member of the ing, Epscopal Bishop of Montana, said that he
McCone Commission that investigated the was saddened by the step but added, "I don't
Watts riots, said, "I .nave gotten a feeling see where we have any alternative at the
that really disadvantaged people don't think moment."
much about international affairs-but that's There was conflicting opinion on whether
just an impression. But you eho get other voters were well informed on issues. Ross
divisions of opinion. In my United Nations Cunningham, political editor of the Seattle
group, which is principally rniddle-class, Times, doubted "if the average guy In she
there are idealists who believe the war is street worries about any misinformation."
dreadful and should be stopped immediate- Joe Frisino, executive news editor of the
ly---but there are those who think it's neces- Seattle Post-Intelligencer, said everybody he
sary." talked with "has a
either we idea what going
Resignation ia Northu'-.st on and they believe good
t should be there
(By Lawrence E. Davie;) or not be there."
SAN FRANCISCO, February 2.-Deep-seated Nevadans had mixed reactions on the re-
regret that bombing of North Vietnam was sumption of bombing and Idahoans, inChad-
renewed has gripped the Pacific an .d bordering ing Gov, Robert E. Smylie, were described by
States. But the mood of it sub::tantial ma- opinion leaders as generally believing that
jority, as suggested by inquiries, in a cross- "the Nation was obliged to support the Presi-
section of opinion lead~rs, is one of resigna- dent's decision."
tion to the belief that perhaps liters was no Whereas many felt the public was getting
practical alternative, all the information it needed Governor
Even among the clergy, where a.he bombing Smylie, a Republican, called for "a good dual
renewal was widely de )lored, some in high more candor on the 'art of the administia-
places subscribed to this belief. And some tion." And Gov, Mark O. Hatfield, of Oregon.
of the "noisy minority" of opponents of a candidate for the Senate, voiced "deep
bombing, on and off college campuses, ac- regrets" over the resumption of bombing.
knowledged that they were outn limbered by THE MIDDLE WEST
cific Northwest, Alaska, and neighboring (By Austin C. Wehrweiu)
States, questioners met; substantially with Ci
" lloAC?, February 2.-Acceptance without
this reply: enthusiasm is the general attitude toward
I find a lot of peo;de, prob:,bly a ma- the Vietnam war in the upper eastern Middle
jority, saying the President and his ad- West despite President Johnson's quest for a
vise.r have the information and we have to United Nations peacemaking role.
trust them to make the decision!;." The mood seems to be weighted can the side
Coupled with this were similar predictions of frustration, puzzlement and an absence
from a prominent San Francisco businessman of martial fervor except among some ultra-
and civic leader, a Democrat: conservatives. The basic reason appears to
"As surtaxes and other taxes are added to be that it is difficult to understand how the
support the war in Viet 'iam there will be an United States got into the Vietnam war and
increasing demand from, voters that we pull even more difficult to understand how the
out. People are selfisa; when their own United States can get out, an assessment of
pocketbooks are affected it makr-s a differ- leading opinion indicated.
ence." Nevertheless, a survey of opinion leaders in
A California State Senator, also it Demo- Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Indiana
crat, saw a change in mood as already taking found almost universal backing for Mr.
place, away from one guided partly by eco- Johnson.
nomic status. The country club set, he said, "We support him completely in Vietnam."
originally demanded, "go in and knock hell said Ruben Sonderstrom, president of the
out of then [the North Vietnamese]." Illinois Federation of Labor.
"Now," he said, "as their kids in college are The hard core of "get out now" advocates
being reclassified, they-are begini ing to say, appeared to be a small minority-not even
'maybe we ought to try harder to get to the 1 in 10, a South Bend, Ind., editor specu-
negotiating table.' But what do you do if the fated. But support for the President often
other side won't negotiate?" seemed forced by absence of any popularly
In Alaska. where the general re.ution was acceptable substitute, or explained with,
"the President had no choice," nd where words I don't the know what Springfieleldthis,Chati the
Gov. William A. Egan, a Democra t, said "if Commr, Ill., nber of
principles mean anything, then we must erce president.
follow through," Robert J. McNealy, senate Mood of Confusion
president, a Democrat, thought t'iat Presi- Charles H. McLaughlin, chairmaxt of thy,
dent Johnson should "order nuclear bombs University of Minnesota Political Science
dropped on both Hanoi and Pepiirg-" Department said:
"By such action," he said, "the lives of "The current mood is one of confusion and
many thousands of American boy.; could be frustration. I think people are very iiir-
Saved and this country entrenched 's a world certain that the Government has worked imt
power for peace during he next to years." a policy that holds any promise OF settling
And illustrating a point widely :Wade that the affair. On the other hand, I suppose that
personal involvement often dictate; the atti- majority do feel that we have some obliga-
tude toward bombing renewal, a Portland tions in that area and that it would be a
newspaper advertising executive commented: mistake to abandon them."
"The idea. of using the bomb again is In Milwaukee, Robert Dineen, president of
horrible. But I wouldn'' be here today if the Northwestern MutuaA Life Insurance Co.
they hadn't used the bomb in Japan." He said:
was in the South Pacific during World War II. "I think there are quite a few people that
Demonstrations in several States ity college are concerned about it but are supporting
the students against renews' of the bombing alternative. President I am because p lie does not have any
surprised at hew many
against North Vietnam drew relatively small
nic
S
r
e
(ioinl*, over there? What can bloodying up State and
"'" ir:essm
en,
Jerry Baker, president of his fraternity at local officials, bus clergymen, editors, civic minded women,
:acme jungle do to defend our freedom?" Montana State University reported that his ftsm leaders, and civil rights workers wen
There is little evidence tii-Lt opinion on house members were "definitely in favor of interviewed and generally agreed that people
Vietnam follows economic or class lines. The the bombing policyy,"
were informed on the issue, but often these.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
1905
opinion leaders doubted that the people had A Hawk Speaks Out unpopular war, the President could find him-
all the facts. Willis H. Hall, president of the Greater self with plenty of voter trouble in the Cen-
Economic stratification appeared to have Detroit Board of Commerce, said he takes the tral States.
little influence on the range of opinion, and 'hawk" position on Vietnam and urged the The electorate has set no deadline, but
there was no single overriding chief concern administration to "get in and get it over murmurings indicate that it could be 1968 if
the change in the situation most noticeable
other than fear of a my larger war and "how yyi"It" on the home front by then is simply a mount-
it will affect me and my family." "It's pretty difficult to carry an olive in toll of American casualties.
"How Can We Get Out" branch in one hand and a hatchet in the g politics as Shies.
Said Mrs. William Whiting, president of other," Mr. Hall said. "If we pull out, all
the Minnesota League of Women Voters: the Far East is gone." The survey showed considerably more con-
"I think you have this feeling when you Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer of the cern about "getting the boys back" than
talk with people of not really understanding United Automobile Workers, expressed a dif- in the political considerations behind the
how we got into this and how we can get ferent view. The resumption in bombing in war.
out of it." North Vietnam was "a mistake" the union The majority feeling throughout the re-
Opinion, it appears in the Middle West, leader said. gion seems to be that a much stronger mili-
would harden in favor of a tougher "get it The President should have attempted to tary effort is justified to see whether this will
over with" policy if casualties rose and draft bring about peace negotiations through the do the job.
calls increased. United Nations before resuming the attacks, If it does not, the mood could change rad-
At the same time politicians look for Mr. Mazey suggested. ically in favor of a negotiated settlement.
anger about "taking our boys." This is not The officers of both local and State political Warfront pictures showing injured Ameri-
to say, however, that opinion leaders look leaders said there had been a minimum of can soldiers trapped by enemy fire and await-
for a "quit the war" wave. mail on the war. John M. McElroy, an as- ing helicopter rescue have alarmed Midwest-
In Indianapolis, a top Indiana Democrat sistant to Gov. James A. Rhodes, of Ohio, a erners already concerned about casualties.
said that if Johnson "goes sour" politically Republican, said 20 of the men in Vietnam "We are asking our boys to fight with one
it will be because of mothers rather than have requested State flags. hand tied behind their backs if we don't
draft card burners. An aid to Gov. George Romney of Michi- bomb the enemy's sources of supply," said
In Duluth, Minn., the Reverend Frederick gan, a Republican, said that telephoned ques- Clarence Rupp of the Kansas Farm Bureau.
Fowler of the First Presbyterian Church, who tions on Vietnam led all others during a mid- His comment was typical. But also typi-
is chairman of the national Right-To-Work December telethon broadcast on a Detroit cal was his comment that he finds "growing
Committee, said that the Republican cam- television station. wonderment about just what we are involved
paign in 1966 must demand total victory, not There is respect for the war as a political in there and why."
stalemate. Issue. William L. Coleman, the Democratic MIDDLE ATLANTIC
Charles B. Schuman, president of the chairman in Ohio, said that American In- Little anxiety in area
American Farm Bureau Federation, said volvement should "definitely" have a damag-
farmers were "strong political effect in his State this fall. (By Ben A. Franklin)
deetermut A substantial number of the leaders ques- PITTSBURGH, February 2.-Evidence of pub-
determination. But Bu-
tion on moves to act with th behind"
he added: tioned would agree with Zolton A. Ferency, lie concern about the course of the war and
"Out in the country there is not much the Democratic State chairman in Michigan the resumption of American bombing in
enthusiasm for the United Nations. They and an unannounced candidate for Governor. Vietnam all but vanished in the Middle At-
think it is quite ineffective and diluted by "The majority of people that I've talked to lantic States this week under a record snow-
the African nations." support Johnson," Mr. Ferency said. "But fall.
Gov. Warren P. Knowles of Wisconsin, a they're uneasy about where it might lead us. However, indications that the heavy
Republican said: Their main concern is a worsening of the weather had significantly distracted public
"I understand the President's predicament. military situation." attention from the war were scant; there
He's the Commander in Chief and he has the People "aren't sure that they're acquainted apparently had been little anxiety about the
facts at his command. We do not have. i enough with the issue," the Democratic leader fighting before the weekend storm brought
am inclined to rely on his judgment on the said. "And they're afraid that talking about unusual local hardships to the area.
resumption of bombing. I only hope we can it in critical terms might be unpatriotic." Observers in five States-Pennsylvania,
get out of this mess with our skins. People Administration handling of the war is a Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia and Ken-
feel far away from Washington and farther potential that could hurt the Democrats, Mr. tucky-said today that there was "more con-
away from Vietnam. Ferency said. "It's one of those issues that cern about interrupted deliveries of fuel oil
"I think most of the mothers and fathers could turn as late as election day." for furnaces and of milk for children" than
I have talked to have grave doubts about the Support in, farm belt about the resumed deliveries of American
conditions in Vietnam. Parents are appre- (By Donald Janson) bombs on the other side of the world.
hensive that. their sons will be called up. The prevailing mood was said to be one of
Students are concerned that their educa- KANSAS CITY, Mo., February 2.-The Na- quiet support for the President as the Com-
tions will be interrupted. There is a gen- tion's midsection has accepted President mander in Chief.
eral air of real concern on the part of most Johnson's resumption of bombing in North A dearth of public comment about Viet-
of the citizens of Wisconsin." Vietnam as logical, expected, and proper. nam-or even of private conversation at of-
A sampling of views from Dubuque to fice coffee breaks and at home gratherings-
Michigan apprehensive Denver and Fargo to Wichita makes it clear was widely interpreted by observers in all five
(By Walter Rugaber) that the farm belt is solidly behind the States as constituting "strong but passive
DETROIT, February 2.-Public figures in President's decision. support" for President Johnson's decision,
Michigan and Ohio feel a vague, nagging ap- This does not mean that anybody in the announced Monday, to resume the bombing
prehension over the American commitment region is happy about U.S. Involvement in of North Vietnam after a 37-day pause.
in Vietnam but generally believe that it Vietnam. The consensus is that the situa- They Can Turn It Off
should be honored, nonetheless. tion is a mesa that cries out for an honorable Here in Pittsburgh, one ardent critic of
A series of interviews this week turned up exit before American casualties mount much Rieker, managing
tor decici tsionhe, Richard rd A. Review at Carnegie
all shades of opinion on the U.S. Involve- further. that
ment. But virtually everyone said that the The principal basis for support for the i
Institute r of t Tviewba Carnegie pre public lacked information on which to base Presidents move is not an overriding desire of Technology,
"many d not most" of the
a really firm view. to halt communism in a remote corner of vaili lin of psaid the had talked to
The average man, it was agreed, is even the world but to save American servicemen scores o o days persons "about gel to their talked to
more in the dark. "The typical person is ordered to Vietnam and end the entire un- in recent pro football t
gamrInt game-they
can In
tthe it on or Sunday pthey can turn it off about
more interested in baseball than what's going wanted involvement. est
on in Vietnam," one source said. A feeling that cuts across all economic and can turn ur and it is all ig turn because ode bout
Harlan Hatcher, president of the University political lines is that more aggressive military ident, Vietnam who has the ftis expertly caning
of Michigan, voiced the frustration of an in- action is the quickest way to win the war and the plays o whether r they facts, a pay is attention rtl c nog
formed observer. He said he has "tremen- halt the need of risking more and more "the
sup-
guess you have to call that or
But faith" in the administration. American lives.
But "it's hard to fit all these different ele- The mood is to accept any Presidential de- . port," Mr. Rieker said. "But the war is not
ments together so that they make sense," he cision on Vietnam so long as it gives promise touching the country, in my opinion."
complained. "The loyal citizen has a little of eliminating the mess. "People are saying, 'What do I know about
sense of distress and uneasiness because it Few voices are being raised against the it? What is it to me? The people in Wash-
doesn't quite come clear-cut." President's course, though there are indica- ington have the facts' " the 38-year-old edi-
Most people see "no alternative" to the tions that more might have been had the tor said.
present course, Dr. Hatcher continued. "A resumption of bombing not been accom- Mr. Rieker is chairman of an informal
kind of reluctant going along is about where panied by efforts to move toward peace group here called the Pittsburgh Committee
we are." Also, he said, there is a feeling of through the United Nations. Against the War in Vietnam. He said there
responsibility "for the men we have ferried Should the latest efforts continue to leave were 25 persons at the last meeting in-De-
out there" to fight. American troops mired in a frustrating and cember.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
1906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORT) - SENATE February ?3, 1966
Gov. William W. Scranton, in a month- Quietly Accepted Community leaders in a dozen cities in
1y televised news conference that was broad- Al Stanton, city editor of the Birmingham the two States agreed that the Vietnam war
cast statewide last Sunday, appeared to have News, believes that the city had accepted is the most misunderstood war in the Na-
expressed a broadly held consensus about the the President's decision quietly, as one that tion's history. Julius Carter, editor of a
resumption of bombing by observing, just
before t was inevitable. Had he not tafcen it, Mr. Houston weekly newspaper, The Foreard
i he. decision was announced in Wash- Stanton said, the criticism would probably Times, which says it is the "key to Houston's
nr;ton on Monday, that "in the very near lrave been widespread. Negro market," said: "Not only do the
to l ore we 'ire going to have to fih or cut A week ago, before President Johnson average citizens not understand this war, a
b a t. as we did in Korea." announced his decision to resume the bomb- lot of Ph. D.'s don't. I don't myself. Most
"Ii you e';n't come to some peaceful solo.- ings, Senator JOHN STENNIS appeared before people don't even know where the front; is."
lion," the c io 'ernor said, "yon apparently are the legislature and produced rafter-ringing
going to hete to start it (bombing( again in a
l Pickets in Houston
b
pp
ause
y calling for intensified efforts in
order to stop the North Vietnamese effort Vietnam even if this were to lead to full-
from being successful in South Vietnam,"
sa
R
d
it poll on Vietnam. among 188 undergrad-
uates at Carnegie Tech, published 2 weeks
ago in the Tartan, the student newspaper,
dis'rlosed that half the students queried were
unable to answer correctly even one of nine
rudimentary questions about the war, such
as "Identify Dienbienphn, He Chi Minh,
Danang, Diem and Pleime." Only six of the
students correctly identified all nine.
't'hose who did well on the identifications
held "widely divergent opinions" on the war,
the Tartan reported. "On the other hand.,
80 percent of those who knew virtually noth-
ing about Vietnam disagreed with protest
demonstrations and supported the Govern-
ment. Mott students fall in this category."
In Kentucky, Wilson W. Wyatt, a former
mayor of Louisville, former Federal Housing
Administrator and manager of Adlai It.
Stevenson's; 1952 presidential campaign, dur-
ing the height of the Korean war, corn.
mooted that "the Commander in Chief has
made a dillicult decision and the only thing
to do now is to support him fully. But 1:
have not heard any exultation over the
bombing. "
Mr. Wyatt said that "in the present mood.
of national uncertainty" about Vietnam, a
sharp rise in American casualties and draft
call would be received "with a good deal of
anguish" and with "the probability of a,
strong Republican attempt to exploit the
issue."
Should the war lead to a direct military
conirontation with Communist China, he
said, "as much as I would regret such a
development there would be total unity in
the country to win."
"'fl SOUTE[ERN STATES
MO critics in Mississippi
(I iy Gene Roberts)
GrtF.ENVILL.ES, MISS., February 2.-After
working hours in Raleigh, N.C., State Treas.
urer Edwin Gill plops himself. into an easy
chair in the Sir Walter Hotel, where he lives,
and "feels the pulse" of the public as fit
strides from the hotel entrances to the ele..
vators.
the .hordes of Red Chinese coolies with every
weapon we have.
"One reason the legislators applauded
Senator STENNIS' speech was that they do
not see much that they can do to stop civil
rights activity," said a veteran Mississippi
reporter today. "So this seems to make
them want to stop the Comm,mists just
that much more."
While there is disenchantment with the
war among student committee and leader-
ship conference workers, Negroes in general
appear to share the prevailing white view.
A Little Rock, dentist, Dr. Garman Freeman,
said he thought that :most Negroes---whether
middle class or poor----were not greatly
informed on Vietnam issues, but were sup-
porting the war because "it is something
Uncle Sara is doing."
Tendency Toward Suspicion
To Columbia, S.C., Jim McAden, executive
director of the South Carolina Textile Manu-
facturers Association, said that although
the State "tends to be suspicious of anything
Lyndon Johnson does," t is accepting his
judgment on Vietnam because it has a
"patriotic heritage and will fight over some-
thing and is glad to do it."
The general view appears to bear out a
recent study of old public opinion polls by
Alfred O. Hero Jr. in a recent book, "The
Southerner in World Affairs."
Mr. Hero said that in the period before
World War II and in periods of tension with
Communist countries since then, south-
erners were quicker to give their support to
military objectives than were residents of
other regions.
They were less likely, too, than residents
of other regions to withdraw their support
because of increased drafting and taxation,
"To be perfectly frank, the average per-
son is not real informed on the issues,"
said Barney Weeks, president of the Ala-
bania Labor Council, "but he is for winning
the doggone thing."
Bombing is backed
(By Martin Waldron)
Phis week, the talk has turned to President HOUSTON, February 2.-President Johnson's
Johnson's derision to resume the bombing; decision to resume bombing of North Viet-
of North V etnam, and Mr. Gill is yet to nain has the overwhelming approval of
find anyone who criticizes the President for war itself of Texas and Oklahoma. But the
his aci;ion. war itself has much less support.
Opinion leaders in the two States agree
?'T ha general feeling I get," said Mr. Gill, that the average citizen believes that bomb-
who at 66 his .survived nearly four decades ing of military targets in North Vietnam
of political activity in the State, "is that he will bring the war to an end sooner, and this
knows a great deal we do not know. We are is what they want, but if the war intensifies,
cell trusting hint to do what he thinks best." residents of both States will give i'iill back-
Across the South, pulse samplers were ing to it.
reading it much the same as Mr. Gill, except Both Texas and Oklahoma have strong
for Mississippi and Alabama where there are military traditions, and regularly furnish
rumblings that the war should be escalated large numbers of volunteers for the armed
still further, and at the headquarters and at services.
the Atlanta headquarters of the Student "The whole Southwest is somewhat mili-
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the tarily oriented," said Charles L. Bennett,
Southern ClLristian Leadership Conference managing editor of The Daily Oklahoman
where the general view is that the Nation in Oklahoma City. "Military service to
rhou!d withdraw its troops from Vietnam, many people still is the most honorable
to Birmin *ham, Ala., more than 80 social, profession."
busi ess, and labor organizations have Mr. Bennett said that Oklahomans had
adopted an entire division-The Big Red been showing "a growing impatience at the
One--and arc peppering the troops and lull in the bombing" when peace moves by
friendly Vietnamese with mail and gifts. this country were frustrated.
A group of students picketed in downtown
Houston yesterday in protest of the res.una-
tian of bobing. They carried sir-os ou.isicie
Lhe Tennecmo building for several hours, and
took a lot of verbal abuse from passersby;
some of them stopped automobiles to curie
them. The pickets said they chose the
Tenneco building because two snbsidi'.arits
of the company which owns the buildii g
manufacture napalm.
This was the only organized prote:;t
against the resumption of bombing in. the
two States.
The Texas and Oklahoma daily newspapers
had generally called for a resumption of
bombing, and labeled it afterwards as the
only choice President Johnson had. Some
editorials have said that the United States
had not gone far enough. The Daily Okla-
homan called for bombing of Hanoi.
In Austin, a leader of the Texas liberal
community, Ronnie Dogger, said he frankly
did not know what the majority of people
in his area thought. "Among those I know,
there is a sense of melancholy."
In central. Texas, and in the area around EI
Paso, both of which are centers of retired
military personnel, the support of the re-
sumption of bombing is very strong. Where
Senator JoNN G. TowER matte a speech in
Braunfels calling for even more widespread
bombing than President Johnson had or-
dered, he received a standing ovation.
Most of those who were themselves against
the resumption of bombing said they did
not discuss it with persons outside their own
circles,
"I don't know what the people think about
the bombing," said Rev. James McNamee,
a Roman Catholic priest in Tulsa. "I know
I think we should settle this war, and some
people tell me they agree with me. But
others tell me they are for intensifying the
war."
The editorial page editor of the Tulsa Daily
World, Walter Biscup, said, "Everybody I have
talked to privately, publicly, officially, un-
officially, on and off the record, has been over-
whelmingly in favor of the resumption. of
bombing, It Is the only way of shortening
the war."
NEW ENGLAND STATES
Grudging response
(By John H. Fenton)
BosToN, February 2.-President Johnson
has stirred firm but grudging response in New
England to his decision to resume bombing of
North Vietnam.
The support has many facets. Among
them are the normal chins-up response to
the Commander in Chief and a reflection of
integrity in a matter of national commit-
ment. But they also include a growing dis-
illusionment with the entire military opera-
tion and a gnawing concern for the possibility
of escalation into a general war with Com-
munist China.
One editor in Maine said that he was chiefly
concerned with the shaky condition of the
Government of South Vietnam,
Those in higher income and educational
levels appear to be better informed about de-
velopments and aims, though they shared
with the out-and-out hawks a confusion
over the moral aspects of the situation. One
man said, "Just because we don't like the
war doesn't mean we aren't concerned about
our boys over there fighting."
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
e
e
,.,hinese involvement- In this
uuesits Poorly Informed event, Senator STENNIS favored stopping
 Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7
February 3, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1907
Those are some of the conclusions of con- There being no objection, the article
versations with a representative cross section was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
of leaders in positions dealing with public as follows:
opinion in communications, religion and [From the Washington Post, Feb. 3, 19661
business. And they include inferences made
from the disinclination of some persons rep- INVESTMENT VIEw-L.B.J. ECONOMIC REPORT
resenting education, religion, and business to REASSURING
discuss the situation even off the record. (By Harold Dorsey)
Little Visual Protest The annual economic report which Presi-
So far, there has been little visual protest. dent Johnson submitted to Congress last
A thin line of pickets ringed the Federal week should be placed on the "required read-
building here yesterday. The group was or- Ing" list of everyone interested in the cur-
ganized by the Committee for Nonviolent rent position of the economy and its pros-
Action which is based in Connecticut. But pects. It contains facts and reasoning which
some of the marchers came from local groups validate the administration's fiscal and mon-
that had been opposed to the Vietnam con- etary policies.
filet from the outset. It portrays an adjustment in some of the
On Boston Common, students handing out policies which have been so effective in pro-
leaflets to passers-by reported half of those moting the excellent growth of the economy
who accepted them kept them or at least put in the past several years. Obviously, the
them in the pockets. They said the others shift is not designed to reverse the favorable
tossed them aside. trends. Quite to the contrary. Policies are
Jerome Grossman, chairman of the Massa- being adjusted for the purpose of protecting
chusetts Political Action for Peace, or PAX, a sustainable growth trend against inflation
said that the picketing gesture was intended pressures which would create serious mal-
to be a 24-hour vigil. He expressed doubt adjustments.
that it was worth the effort and that the The President bluntly recognizes the threat
energy could have been spent in other ways. of inflation. He states: "If the tax measures
Mr. Grossman Is a Boston businessman. I am now proposing, in conjunction with the
L.B.J. ECONOMIC POLICIES PASS
WITH COLORS FLYING
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, it is
about, time that someone gave frank
praise to the remarkable record this
Government has made in recent years to
the remarkable economic expansion and
growth of our Government.
Complaints about inflation, excessive
spending, and so forth come easily and
make headlines. But the biggest eco-
nomic fact today is the magnificent
showing of the American economy and
everyone with an eye to see and a brain
to think must concede that the policies
of the Johnson administration have had
a great deal to do with it.
Hearings this week before the Joint
Congressional Economic Committee has
reinforced these Johnson administration
achievements.
In today's Washington Post, Harold
Dorsey makes a welcome analysis of the
economic report. He shows that the re-
port is not simply a singing of hosannahs
to the past achievements but a realistic
program to meet the problems of pros-
perity and high employment.
He points out that the President stands
ready to recommend unpopular policies
if necessary, as the President says:
If the tax measures I am now proposing,
in conjunction with the moderating influ-
ence of monetary policy, do not hold total
demand within the bounds of the Nation's
productive capacity, I will not hesitate to ask
for further fiscal restraint on private spend-
ing.
Dorsey calls that statement by the
President "an impressive mouthful of
economic wisdom" and the answer to the
many economists who "have been doubt-
ing that the administration recognizes
the problem and who have been skepti-
cal of the President's willingness to
adopt corrective policies."
ng
e
ann
as
nomic p
I ask unanimous consent that the arts- monetary and fiscal policies can be tuned to
cle from today's Washington Post by the fine point that will-yield a growth trend
Harold Dorsey, entitled L.B.J. Eco- in the demand for goods and services that
nomic Report Reassuring" be printed in will aline with the growth trend of the
the RECORD at this point. economy's resources.
moderating influence of monetary policy, do
not hold total demand within the bounds of
the Nation's productive capacity, I will not
hesitate to ask for further fiscal restraints on
private spending."
That is an impressive mouthful of econom-
ic wisdom. Not only does it recognize the
condition, but it also expresses a determina-
tion to restrain demand to whatever degree is
necessary to equate it with supply. The
statement seems to me to be the answer to
the many economists who have been doubt-
ing that the administration recognizes the
problem and who have been skeptical of the
President's willingness to adopt corrective
policies.
Equally important in this quotation is the
implication of coordination in the use of
monetary policies and fiscal policies. This is
reassuring because it has appeared in the
past few months that there was friction,
rather than coordination, in the relations of
the Federal Reserve and the administration.
The economic message explains with un-
usual clarity the policies which led to the
'current condition of full utilization of the
economy's resources. It explains why the
problems and policies of a fully occupied
economy are different than those of the last
few years. It recognizes that the problems
ahead require an adjustment in policies if a
satisfactory solution is to be found.
I find it very difficult to criticize the policy
adjustments that have been recommended.
The acceleration of tax payments is likely to
slacken moderately the upward trend in the
spending of the private sector, but only
temporarily. It is one of the efforts to re-
strain demand a little while the growth in
capacity and supply catches up. Tighter
credit and higher interest rates are designed
to contribute to the same objective. The
temporary restraint on otherwise desirable
Government expenditures is a third contri-
bution to the same end. The timing and co-
ordination of all three of the policy decisions
Is a neat bit of planning.
The President's plea to business and labor
leaders for restraint is appropriate. The re-
port tried to explain to them why their indi-
vidual self interest would be damaged by In-
flation, which is the most unjust and capri-
cious form of taxation. The administration's
approach is one of education, not dictation.
Many economists doubt that the art of eco-
ached the state where
r
l
i
h
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection it is so ordered.
THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL
AMENDMENT TO EXTEND THE
TERMS OF MEMBERS OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO
4 YEARS
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, the
proposed constitutional amendment to
extend the term of Members of the
House of Representatives from 2 to 4
years makes good sense.
A hundred and seventy years ago, the
business of Congress was limited in
scope, modest in volume, and less com-
plicated in nature. With the growing
complexity of our modern society, the
march of technology and the rise of the
United States to a position of un-
paralleled world power, the business of
Congress has undergone radical change.
Our work is now-almost unlimited in
subject matter. Its volume is stagger-
ing. Its complexity is such that an en-
tire lifetime could profitably be spent
in trying to master it.
There are, in fact, venerable Members
who have acquired great expertise
through long experience in that body,
in one or another field of legislation.
Their judgment is profoundly respected.
Freshman Members should also have an
opportunity to acquire, through expe-
rience in office, at least the minimum of
knowledge and of skill that is necessary
today in order to discharge our collec-
tive duties effectively. The present 2-
year term practically precludes attain-
ment of that indispensable minimum.
Consider for a moment the workload
that confronts the Congress in this sec-
ond half of the 20th century. We must
come to grips with the strategy of nu-
clear defense, the exploration of outer
space, the use of natural resources. We
concern Ourselves with foreign military
economic aid, Federal aid to education,
social security, labor relations, highways
and housing, industrial health and safety.
In every one of these fields, a high de-
gree of expertise is required for the en-
lightened discharge of the legislative
function. That requirement cannot be
met in any field-let alone in more than
one-within the short space of a 2-year
term.
The problem is greatly intensified,
moreover, by the hundred-fold increase
since 1789 in the number of bills intro-
duced in the House of Representatives
during a typical session of Congress.
Legislation that is consistently high in
quality as well as adequate in quantity
to meet this Nation's growing needs
would be most likely to emerge from that
body if its Members could devote an un-
interrupted stretch of 4 years to the
problems involved.
Approved For Release 2005/06/29 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000400020009-7