U.S. POLICY IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 21, 2005
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: January 18, 1966
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 18, 1966
HIS TROOPS ENTER GERMANY
The next stage of the offensive came in
October with the capture of Aachen and the
bloody battle of the Hilrtgen Forest in No-
vember. The forest, a major element in
Hitler's Siegfried line defense, was one point
where the German Army turned and fought
after the headlong retreat that followed the
Normandy breakout.
From November 1944 to February 1945,
General Hodges' 1st Army struggled to break
the stubborn Wehrmacht resistance in the
rugged, snow-covered forest. Seventeen
American divisions were committed against
a Wehrmacht force nearly as large. Seventy
thousand German and American soldiers
died in the woods.
"It was one of the most bitterly contested
areas in the European theater," Gen. Dwight
D. Eisenhower wrote in his memoirs.
Meanwhile, in mid-December 1944, Field
Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt breached the
Allied positions in what became known as
the Battle of the Bulge. After 2 weeks of
bitter fighting in the Ardennes in freezing
weather, the Germans' last-ditch offensive
was thrown back and the 1st Army resumed
Its offensive.
On March 7, the let Army reached the
Rhine through the ruins of Cologne. Then
elements of the 9th Armored Division cap-
tured, intact, the Remagen Bridge over the
Rhine, thus giving General Hodges a firm
bridgehead on the east bank of the Rhine,
without a bloody, contested crossing.
The 1st Army then moved east and north
with a circling movement, and after joining
forces with the 9th Army, captured 300,000
prisoners in the Ruhr. The 1st Army then
drove to the Elbe, where it made the first con-
tact with Soviet troops, at Torgau.
Born in Perry, Ga., on January 5, 1887,
Courtney Hodges always wanted to be a mili-
tary man. He was elated, after finishing high
school, to get an appointment to West Point,
the U.S. Military Academy. However, he had
troubles with geometry and had to leave.
After a year of clerking in a Georgia grocery
store, he joined the Army in 1906 as a private.
Three years later, now a sergeant, he en-
tered a competitive examination and was
commissioned a second lieutenant. He served
with General Pershing in Mexico from March
1916 to February 1917. In World War(I, he
served as regimental commander with the 6th
Infantry Regiment and fought in the St.
Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives.
One source of great satisfaction to him was
the fact that he returned to West Point as
an instructor in the department of tactics in
1920. He was the first nongraduate to serve
as an instructor.
SERVED IN PHILIPPINES
Between the wars he made several tours of
duty at the Army's schools, including the
War College in Washington. A short while
later he was assigned to the 7th Infantry at
Vancouver Barracks in the State of Washing-
ton. He next served in the Philippines and
returned to the United States in 1938 to be-
come assistant commandant and later coin-
mandant at the Infantry School, Fort Ben-
ning, Ga.
In 1941, then a brigadier general, he was as-
signed to the office of the chief of infantry
in Washington. He became acting chief, then
chief of infantry. In 1942 General Hodges
activated the X Corps as a part of the 3d
Army and later became 3d Army commander
at Fort Sam Houston, Tex. A year later he
was ordered abroad as deputy commander to
Gen. Omar N. Bradley, who was then com-
mander of the lst Army. On August 1, 1944,
the general took over 1st Army as General
Bradley was. put In command of the 12th
Army group. General Hodges became a full
general on April 15, 1945.
After World War IT, General Hodges came
with the 1st Army headquarters to Governors
Island. He retired here January 31, 1949, and
moved to San Antonio.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that I may have 2
additional minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
VIETNAM
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, on the
subject of Vietnam, yesterday I had oc-
casion to question whether the news
story in the New York Times suggesting
that the President was going to impose
a deadline on his peace drive was accu-
rate. I am glad to see today that Presi-
dential Press Secretary Bill Moyers has
dential
IN SCHOOL MILK PROGRAM
denied this story, which was given cur-
HAMPERS, ONE OF GREAT SOCI- rency by the faceless and anonymous
ETY'S NEW PROGRAMS sources at the intermediate levels of the
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, to- Pentagon and the State Department who
day in discussing the Bureau of the leak stories of this kind. This morning
e
t ? th f th
d th
Budget's recent phony economy move
cutting back funds for the special milk
program for schoolchildren-funds ap-
propriated by Congress-I would like to
examine the cutback's impact on one
very important new society program.
This Congress passed a revolutionary
education bill last year-the Elementary
and Secondary Education Act of 1965.
The purpose of the act, and I quote, is to
"provide financial assistance to local edu-
cational agencies serving areas with con-
centrations of children from low-income
families to expand and improve their
educational programs which contribute
particularly to meeting the special educa-
tional needs of educationally deprived
children."
Mr. President, this purpose is ill served
by cutting back Federal funds for the
special milk program. Studies show that
when the price of milk to schoolchildren
is increased by even 1 cent, and such
an increase will occur in some areas be-
cause of the Federal cutback, it is the
children of the poor who go without first.
These are the very children which this
Congress has done so much to help
through the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act of 1965.
Some of my colleagues may say:. "What
does drinking 1 or 2 half pints of
milk a day have to do with good grades"?
Not much, is my answer, when the child
eats well at home. But when the big
meal of the day is eaten at school, when
parents are too poor to afford milk for
their children, then that extra half pint
or two can make all the difference in the
world in a child's ability to concentrate
and learn.
In the words of Earl Langkop, director
of the Legislative Committee of the
American School Food Service Associa-
tion :
e 1u o
Mr. Moyers denie
story. The White House said that no
deadline had been set for ending Presi-
dent Johnson's peace offensive.
One gentleman representing the ad-
ministration who does not seek anonym-
ity and does not object to being quoted is
Mr. Arthur Goldberg, U.S. Ambassador
to the United Nations, who is quoted in
today's New York Times as saying that
the peace drive will reach fruition. Our
Ambassador to the United Nations, for
whom I have almost unbounded admira-
tion, is quoted in this article as saying
the U.S. offensive for peace in Vietnam is
"bound to reach fruition:" He said that
the U.S. peace offensive begun by Presi-
dent Johnson late last month had already
succeeded in convincing the world that
America wants peace. He said:
I am convinced that it is bound to reach
fruition, if not now, then in time to come.
He said that with patience peace can
be attained if Americans endure the or-
deal of patience. The United States, he
said, has not yet received a response from
Hanoi on proposals to end the war in
Vietnam. In this respect, he said:
We can still not report success or failure.
I still believe that all efforts to reach
success must continue.
In this connection, James Reston;
well-known associate editor for the New
York Times, last night commented on
our policy in Vietnam. He asserted that
the war in Vietnam should be pursued as
one of limited objectives, and that the
correct way was the middle way-and I
think he is correct-which rules out in-
tensification of the war, or peace on
terms that would lose the country.
Mr. Reston points out, as I have be-
fore, that the United States can defend
the perimeter of Saigon and the coastal
areas where most of the people of South
"You can't teach a hungry child" is no
idle slogan. The furnishing of adequate Vietnam live. This is very different than
and proper nutrition to schoolchildren is a searching out the enemy through the
vital part of any school program. elephant grass.
Mr. President, I hope the Bureau c f the As I have said before, I am unalter-
Budget takes this fact into account and ably opposed to trading American coffins
frees the $3 million it has withheld from for useless jungle real estate in Vietnam.
funds appropriated for the school milk program. But until these funds are used .POLICY IN VIETNAM
deprived, this Senator will continue to to our policy in Vietnam. I have noted
daily discuss the foolishness of the Bu- the remarks of praise which the Senator
reau's action. from Pennsylvania [Mr. CLARK] has just
And once again, Mr. President, do not expressed concerning Ambassador Gold-
forget that this cutback in funds does not berg. Suffice it to say that I shall be filled
save the taxpayer a penny. Money not with the same enthusiasm about the
spent to buy milk for schoolchildren will work of our Ambassador to the United
be spent to put the same milk in storage Nations, Ambassador Goldberg, when he
under price support laws. makes it perfectly clear that our policy
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January 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
appropriations should be made im-
mediately.
It is not my intention to substitute the
direct loan program for the disaster loan
program of section 7(b) of the Small
Business Act. In fact, section 7(b) can-
not apply to a situation such as existed
in New York City, for it does not satisfy
the disaster requirements of that section.
However, it is generally agreed that sec-
tion 7(a) is properly suited to meet the
economic situation which existed in New
York City.
On January 5, 1966, I wrote to Mr.
I )avis urging him to take immediate ac-
tion to make direct loans under section
7(a) available to the people of New York
City out of any fund the agency might
have or to seek additional appropriations
when Congress reconvened. The Admin-
istration 2 days later made available the
%;20 million previously mentioned.
The SBA cannot be allowed to sit idly
by and wait for these economic disas-
ters to arise elsewhere. The agency
must be prepared to meet any future
contingency. Yet, I am aware of no ac-
Lion on the part of the SBA to seek
,supplemental appropriations at this
time. According, as another step in the
continuing effort to strengthen the small
business loan program, I have advised
(lie President of the seriousness of the sit-
uation and have asked his heln in the
matter.
I ask my colleagues to join with me
in seeking prompt action by the Admin-
istration in order to place the small busi-
ness direct loan aarogram on its feet.
;5ARGENT SHRIVER'S IMPERISH-
ABLE CONTRIBUTION TO THE
PEACE CORPS
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
departure of Sargent Shriver from the
Peace Corps is an appropriate time to re-
mind the Senate of the remarkable con-
tribution of this unusual man.
If any American program has clearly
planted the taproots of peace in the
world, it is the Peace Corps. Through-
out the world and throughout America
the Peace Corps is cheered as a happy
combination of idealistic dedication and
practical good sense.
It has not only been established on the
basic principle of winning peace by help-
hlg people help themselves to a better
life, but it has also been initiated and
administered in a brilliant manner.
This is where Sargent Shriver comes
in. How many beautiful and idealistic
plans have foundered because of incom-
petent, feeble, and uninspired adminis-
tration.
In an international world of jealous
oompetition, featured by militant mili-
tsrry competition, the Peace Corps might
easily have become another casualty of
the cold war and the cold heart.
But under Sare':ent Shriver's policies of
discriminating and enthusiastic recruit-
ment, his determination not to let his
men become involved in diplomatic or
intelligence activities overseas-their
only job being to help people help them-
^crives-the Peace Corps has become our
r. at international asset.
As the Foreign Minister of Thailand
said:
This important idea, the most powerful
idea in recent times, of a Peace Corp,,,. of
youth mingling, living, working with youth--
and that it should come from the mightiest
Nation on earth, the United States. Many of
us who did not :snow about the United St.; tes
thought of this great Nation, endowed with
great material strength and many powerful
weapons. But :')ow many of us know that in
the United States ideas and ideals are also
powerful?
Sargent Shriver has served his na-
tion-and, indced, all mankind-well in
the Peace Corps. As he departs it, he
richly deserves his nation's grateful
thanks.
DEATH OF GEN. COURTNEY HODGES
Mr. PROXMIRE, Mr. President, Gon.
Courtney Hodges died on Sunday I
happen to have followed closely Gen-
eral Hodges' brilliant military career be-
cause he was the cousin of my wife, the
former Ellen Hodges.
General Hodges, like so many of his
close relatives, was a quiet, gentle person
of strong character. As the New York
Times said in its obituary', he was a
southern gentleman.
General Hod:tes' career should insnire
many Americans who encounter disap-
pointments and setbacks in their lives.
His dearest ambition was for a military
career, and he enthusiastically accepted
an appointment to West Point, but was
forced to :Leave after a year, because of
difficulties with the mysteries of geam-
r,try.
Lut Courtney Hodges refused to quit.
Ile entered the Army as a private, and
worked his way through the ranks to he-
eome a general and commanding officer
of the 1st Army in World War H. He
directed the brilliant campaign of that
army from August 1, 1944, through some
of the toughest fighting in World War
If, juggling corps and divisions as he
chased the enemy.. Paris fell to the 1st
.Army, then it went across the Aisne and
the Marne through Belgium. Hodges'
army was the first U.S. troops to enter
Germany. It captured Aachen, won the
bloody battle of the Hurt?,en Forest,
marched through the ruins of Cologne,
across the Rhine over the famous
1Zenlagen Bridge, and then joined the tth
Army, capturing 300,000 prisoners.
General Hodr;'es retired as a full gen-
eral in 1949. He has left his family and
his Nation a proud legacy.
I ask unanimous consent that an edi-
toral on Courtney Hodges' career pub-
lished in todays Washington Post, and
an article from this morning's New York
'.1`irnes be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
and article were ordered to be prinked
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington Post,
Jan. .18, 19661
COURTNEY HICKS HODGES
G-en Courtney H. Hodges, who died )n
Sunday at 79, will always occupy a pl:i.ce
of high honor in the ranks of his countr.`s
military heroes. Re assumed command of
the :;cat 1st Army in August 1944, shoe Jy
after the Normandy invasion, and led it to
a, series of dazzling victories. It was the
first American force to enter Paris, the first
to march on German soil, the first to cross
the Rhine, and the first to make a juncture
with the Russians at the Elbe.
At the age of 18 General Hodges was
dropped from West Point because of dif-
ficulty with mathematics and told that he
was not meant to be a soldier. Had he not
ignored that judgment and enlisted in the
Army as a private, the Nation would have
lost one of its greatest infantry generals.
Perhaps the most fitting tribute to Court-
ney Hodges was paid by his wartime com-
mander, Gen. Omar N. Bradley.
In "A Soldier's Story," Bradley writes of
General Hodges as a "spare, soft-voiced
Georgian without temper, drama. or visible
emotion" who tended to be "left behind in
the European headline sweepstakes." Yet
he emerges as "a general's general." "Tor
Hodges," Bradley concludes, "successfully
blended dexterity and commonsense in such
equal portions as to produce a magnificently
balanced command. I had implicit faith in
his judgment, in his skill and restraint."
[From the New York Times, Jan. 18, 19661
GEN. COURTNEY HODGES, 79, DIES--LED FIRST
ARMY IN WORLD WAR II-HEADED DRIVE
FROM NORMANDY THAT REACHED THE ELBE--
WEST POINT DROPOUT
SAN ANTONIO, TEx., January 16.-Gen.
Courtney H. Hodges, commander of the 1st
Army in its victorious drive through France
and Germany in World War II, died today
at Brooke General Hospital, He was 79
years old.
A hospital spokesman said the retired gen-
eral, who had lived here since 1949, died of a
heart attack.
He is survived by his widow, Mrs. Mildred
Lee Hodges; two brothers and five sisters, all
of Georgia.
A SOUTHERN GENTLEMAN
Courtney Hicks Hodges rose from a private
to general, after dropping out of the U.S.
Military Academy in 1905 because he had
difficulty with geometry. In more than 40
years of military duty that included service
with Gen. John J. Pershing in Mexico and
as commander of the 1st Army in Europe in
1944, General Hodges carved a distinguished
career.
He was a small, spry, quiet Southern gen-
tleman who called his officers by their first
names, but still remained rather distant.
"He isn't the kind of fellow who has a nick-
name," a longtime associate once said. "No-
body ever calls him anything but Courtney."
General Hodges was neither a back-
slapper nor a seeker of publicity. As a re-
sult, he usually came off second best in
headlines, overshadowed by such colorful
generals as George S. Patton, Jr., and Brit-
ain's Bernard Law Montgomery.
"Georgie and I were old friends," General
Hodges once said. "He had one job with his
army; the lst had another. We were a zonal
army. We just slugged. Publicity? Some
people just naturally attract attention-- and
all my friends tell. me I look more like a
schoolteacher than a general."
It was on August 1. 1944, 2 months after
participating in the D-day landings in Eu-
rope, that General Hodges took over the 1st
Army. His drive into Germany was one of
the most dramatic campaigns of the war and
an example of unorthodox leadership, as the
general juggled ccrps and divisions while
chasing the enemy.
Paris fell to the Ist Army on August 2',5,
1944. Passing through and around the city,
General Hodges' forces moved across the
Aisne and the Marne and reached the Bel-
gian frontier on September 2. They lib-
erated Liege on the 8th, crossed Luxembourg
and reached the German border on the
11th-the first U.S. troops to enter Germany.
nAL~~`'itminmxamn~. mnmmr ,,ml,,
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January 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
is going to be one of seeking negotiations
for peace in Vietnam not on a bilateral
arrangement between the United States
and our enemies in this uncontitutional
war, but on the basis of sitting down at
a negotiating table with representatives
of noncombatants at the head of that
table representing the United Nations.
Until that is done, I say to the Ambas-
sador of the United States in the United
Nations that I am not at all impressed
by the discussion taking place behind the
scenes in the United Nations. It is about
time that we go to the United Nations
directly on the issue of peace in Asia in
accordance with the procedures set out
in the charter.
NATIONAL WILD RIVERS SYSTEM
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I an-
nounce at this point that in respect to
the debate which is to take place this
afternoon in regard to the wild rivers
bill, the Senator from Idaho and I have
tentatively agreed to go along with a
series of proposed amendments that will
protect the objectives of the wild rivers
bill and at the same time give my State
the protection to which I think it is
clearly entitled in respect to the matter
of condemnation and exchange powers
granted to the Secretaries. Also as to
the matter of encouraging the counties
to develop a county zoning program we
will suggest a proposed amendment. I
believe these amendments are vitally nec-
essary to protect Federal interests as well
as the interests of the people of Oregon
in connection with sound public land
policies in my State of Oregon.
I hope that before the afternoon is
over our proposed amendments will be
approved by the Senate.
I wish at this time to express my very
deep appreciation to the Senator from
Idaho for his fairness and willingness
to accept amendments that will iron out
in a fair and satisfactory manner the
major objections I raised yesterday.
I believe that the last thing that the
Senator from Idaho said in debate last
night, as the RECORD will show, was that
he hoped that the Senator from Oregon
and he could reach a conscionable com-
promise. I believe we have one to offer
this afternoon.
OUR COMMITMENT IN VIETNAM
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I notice in today's press that it is
the intention of the' President and the
Secretary of Defense to strengthen
American forces in Vietnam.
It seems to me-and I believe the ma-
jority of Senators believe-that a part
of a continuing struggle has been in
existence for 20 years, and perhaps
longer, if one considers it in a broader
sense.
We propose to see that those who do
not want to be enslaved by Communist
aggression or any other kind of aggres-
sion are helped and supported when they
seek to resist that type of aggression. It
is our feeling that to permit aggression
to succeed in a place of this sort is to
set the stage for a bigger fight some-
where -else.
Accordingly, when people seek to resist
aggression and we give our commitment
to help them, it seems important that
the aggression should not be permitted
to succeed, because to do so would mean
an expansion, and in this case it would
mean eventually the loss of southeast
Asia, and eventually all of Asia, and
eventually perhaps the loss of more than
that.
We believe that the best hope for an
honorable and lasting peace in the world
is the stopping of aggression in the areas
where it starts. That is what we are
doing.
It is important that in undertaking
that task we not encourage the'aggres-
sor by confronting him with less force
than is needed to stop his aggression and
throw it back. We are doing that. Per-
haps we are not doing enough of it.
I am pleased that the President is
determined to see that our efforts will
succeed. An honorable peace is what we
seek. But we do not seek any peace that
would permit enslavement of those who
would like to be on the side of the free
world, and we do not propose to nego-
tiate any sort of peace that would per-
mit those who fight for freedom on our
side to be hunted down and slaughtered,
as we have seen happen when commu-
nism has taken over in other areas of
the world.
TRIBUTE TO EVERARD H. SMITH
Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, I desire
to call the attention of the Senate to
an editorial which appeared in the
Hampton (N.H.) Union for January 13,
entitled "Two Trillion Dollars and Ever-
ard H. Smith."
I ask unanimous consent that the
editorial may be printed in the RECORD
at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Two TRILLION DOLLARS AND EVERARD H.
SMITH
Two trillion dollars is still beyond the
comprehension of most of us and there aren't
many people in these parts who ever heard
of Everard H. Smith.
Senators AIKEN and PROUTY could tell you
who Smith Is.
So could Senator NoRRIS COTTON.
The late Senator Styles Bridges could
have told you all about Smith just as he
told you when he was alive that billions add
up to trillions.
Smith retired from his job down in Wash-
ington the other day.
The Washington newspapers carried his
picture and a little story about him. It is
possible that some newspaper outside of
Washington may have mentioned that Smith
was getting through but we doubt it. They
wouldn't know Smith and neither would
they understand the importance of the work
he has been doing under the dome of our
National Capitol for 52 years.
This Mr. Smith went to Washington in
1913. That was before we were barn. He
went to work for the then U.S. Senator
Martin, of Virginia, who was chairman of
the Appropriations Committee. Martin hired
Smith "to do some little odds and ends
around the office for awhile." Smith stayed
on to become chief clerk to the committee
and in the course of 52 years handled ap-
propriation bills totaling $2 trillion.
Smith was one of the ablest public serv-
vants we have ever known. He occupied
his high place and did his important work
humbly. He was respected by Senators of
both political parties and it mattered not
whether the chairman of the committee
from time to time was Republican or Dem-
ocrat, the chairman leaned heavily upon
Smith and enjoyed Smith's allegiance.
We have a thought that Everard H. Smith
will find his way up Capitol Hill many times
in the future sort of by force of habit. We
hope this will be the case. But whether
he is at home with his slippers and pipe
or basking in the friendships of the Hill,
we send to Everard from the winter beauty
of New England our commendation and best
wishes.
Mr. COTTON. Mr. President, this is
a moving tribute to a loyal and dedicated
public servant who gave 52 years of his
life, as the writer suggests, in effective
and yet unsung labor. As a member of
the Senate Appropriations Committee, I
share fully in this fine expression of com-
mendation and good wishes.
INDIANA COLLEGE STUDENTS SUP-
PORT ADMINISTRATION'S POL-
ICY
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, college
students of Indiana in large numbers
recently have expressed strong approval
of the administration's policies in Viet-
nam. A list signed by over 16,000 stu-
dents certifying this support was pre-
sented to Governor Branigin late in De-
cember and a number of public rallies
for the same purpose have been held on
various campuses.
Typical of the latter was a gathering
at Purdue University just before the
Christmas holidays where more than 700
students and staff members assembled
outdoors in freezing temperatures for an
enthusiastic session. Professors Ken-
neth Kofmehl and James Dornan deliv-
ered well-received talks stressing the
soundness of present policy and the dan-
gers of appeasement. In order that
other Members of Congress may read the
descriptions of this important rally, I ask
unanimous consent that articles from
the Purdue Exponent, Lafayette Courier-
Journal, Indianapolis Star, Indianapolis
News, and the New York Times be
printed in the RECORD at this point in
my remarks.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
[From the Purdue Exponent, Dec. 17, 1965]
RALLY SUPPORTS U.S. VIETNAM STAND-
PROFESSORS DORNAN, - KOFMEIIL LECTURE
TORCHLIGHT GATHERING
(By Joe Bankoff and Peter Wellman)
A frostbitten crowd of an estimated 700
students and staff last night cheered their
approval of the U.S. policy in Vietnam at the
State's first torchlight rally for that pur-
pose. From a kerosene lighted stage just
north of the campus armory Profs. James
E. Doman and Kenneth Kofmehl delivered
proclamations of why the United States
must remain in. Vietnam.
VOLUNTEER BAND
A two-piece volunteer band played as the
crowd began to gather at about 6:30 p.m. in
spite of the freezing temperature and light
snow.
Alan Brubaker, president of the univer-
sity's Young Republican Club, opened the
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15() CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Jan'uar~y 18, 19t)(6
rally by informing the crowd that yester-
day morning he had personally presented
Indiana Gov. Roger Branigin with 16,000
signatures of Indiana college students who
:support the administration's current policy
in Vietnam.
1:11VERNOlt SUPPORTS
"'he Governor gave his complete support
to this rally and to other similar activities,"
.laic; Brubaker.
I", I. KeL wt Kofinehl told the crowd that
'or frecdorr, of speech to work there must
lie ;till expression of diverse points of view.
"We canno_. permit an articulate minority
Ln cenvey Inc impression that they repre-
;;cnl, I:he VIP WS of all."
I:n si tic rl iil, the administration's policy
in Vietnam, Professor Kofinehl noted that
the Chinese Conimu;rists are looking next
to '['bollard where they have announced
;upport for Thailand Patriotic Front's ef-
fbrt. to liberate Thailand.
"We do Trot have to speculate about the
plans of the Chinese Communists, they have
obligingly provided us with a clear state-
raeiit of their plans for world conquest.
After Thailand will come other countries
iii Asia, Africa, and Latin America until we
ire surrounded by Communist countries and
ripe for this treatment ourselves," exclaimed
1'rotessor Kolmehl.
i KIND PREMISES
'lie adnihiistration's policy in Vietnam
is based on sound premises- Appeasement
led to a world war in which 40 million people
died. In executing current strategy, our ad-
iidnutration has held out the carrot as well
>> i t:sed the ::tick.
""'here is no guarantee that our policy will
:succeed. It. r.oquires wit and will to suc-
ceed. However, appeasement and peace at
any price will surely fail and find us en-
crircied and helpless," Professor Kofinehl de-
ciarcd.
.,:'?ID1'NTS APPLAUD
Tai the enthusiastic applause of his stu-
den? audien"e he challenged, "Yours has been
characterized as the committed generation,
the generation seeking involvement. What
nobler cause is there fcr you to commit
yourselves to than freedom for ourselves
and other freedom loving peoples of the
world? Hence I urge you to support our ad-
niiniatration's wise and brave effort to do
this."
Professor Dornan opened by stating,
"meetings Of this kind constitute an im--
portarit part of the deoisionmaking process
of a tree society." He then switched to bit-
ing reprimands of such groups "of the far left
a:: 5 U.S., acid the Dubois, and the May ,t
n. tovernent."
'1"ion delving directly into the war in Viet-
ram, Professor L)ornan said, "since 1917 and
,enin's rise to power in the Soviet Union,
Communist nations have waged unremitting
wax against, freedom at home, and pursued
ri.nrelentlesslp policies of expansionism
abroad." Dorian continued, "the war in
Vietnam m ty well be the most decisive
.truo[gle of She entire cold war period."
Pi ui:easor ijornan concluded, "if we do not
now raise the costs of guerrilla war, subver-?
Sion, and indiroct aggression to such a level
i,itat the Chinese find such activities tin-
protitable, laten we can look for such con-
!fir
As to break nut."
g):;roan returned to the platform to State
we rmtst help the Vietnamese from "fearing
the midnigtt knock on the door and the
darkness at noon."
't'he rally was under the joint sponsorship,
of the Yount,, Republicans, the Young Demo-
crat,; and lb." Young Americans for Freedom.
I From the New York Times, Dec. 18, 19651
WAR ROLE 1;ACKFD AT PURDUE RALLY-STU-
iii.;NTs CIif' se PROFESSOR DEFENDING Ir.S,
].'oi.JCY
isle,, yr --E, Irmo? December 17-About 750
'urdue Unlvcrsity students gathered in freez-
ing temperatures and light snow at night
to back the U.S, policy in Vietnam
The torchlight rally on a campus parking
lot was sponsored by Yung Republicans,
Young Democrats and Young Americans for
Freedom. Signs that sprinkled the rally
read, "We Support the Policy in Vietnam"
and "Stop the Red Tide."
Students cheered when a politi: t] science
pro'essor, James E. Dorian, said:
"We hclieve our etfcrt in Vietn: ii is just,
right., and necessary," Professor Dornan,
faculty sponsor for the Young I epublican
chapter at Purdue, added:
"we will support the administr idion pol-
icy only as long as it remains I ithful to
our conmiitrnent in south,mast Asia.
P.RAVE: AND WISi. EFFORT
TT^nneth Kofmohl, Young Democrat faculty
sponsor, urge support of* "our a.'in.inistra-
tiori's brave and wise effort" in Vic Liam. He
said the lesson of the 1930's "prov1 we can-
not avoid war by appeasement."
Meanwhile, Gov- Roger D. Branigin
thanked the :Indiana representati''es of the
National Student Committee for tl.e Defense
of Vi,itnanr for the committee's e!lorts sup-
porting America's position in Vietnam,
-Voit deserve a lot of credit." he old lead-
ers in Indianapolis after they Is rd shown
him. sainnles of petitions that ab out 16,000
students on Indiana campuses had signed.
Similar petitions gathered throuhout the
country wial be sent to the Whitt House,
[)-'Tom the Lafayette (Ind.) Joirnal &
Courier, Dec. 17, 1965 ]
STUDENTS tiHEER U.S. AcTIoN IN V' iTNAM AT
TORCHLIGHT RALLY
A crowd of '750 Purdue lfniversitr students
cheered in support of U.S. action i! Vietnam
in a chilly, snow-flecked torch].lht rally
Thursday night.
""his is not adebate-;;his is to -.how how
American students feel," said Alan Brubaker,
Kokomo, president of the cosponsering Pur-
due chapter of Young Republican:.
Brubaker said the rally had the : .,pport of
Gov. Roger D. Branigin and Repr'sen'tative
JonN BRA'EMAS. Democrat, of Indiana, and
was the first such rally fit Indiana.
Banners raised at the half-hour rally on
a parking lot near the Purdue An Cory said,
"We Support the Policy in Viet: am" and
"Stop the Red Tide,"
Speaking from a torchlit platforms on the
parking lot, James E. Dorman, Pun cc politi-
cal science professor, said:
"We believe our effort in Victna a is just,
right, and necessary. But we wit; support
the administration policy only as long as it
remains faithful to our commi'ment in
southeast Asia."
Unless communism';: thrusts ar ' stopped
there, Dornan added, "wars could reak out
all over-wren in our own backyar,. in Latin
America."
Kenneth Kofmehl, another Purdue politi-
cal science professor, told the r illy that
events of the Il930's proved "we Carn.ot avoid
world war by appeasement." He u; god sup-
port of "our administration's brave and wise
efforts."
Dornan is faculty sponsor of t. e Young
Republicans. Kofinehl is sponsc?- of the
Young Democrats, another sponsor: ig group,
along with the Young Amer] :fns for
Freedom.
PETITION:.; PRESENTED
Meanwhile Thursday, Brubaker said he
and James D. Blythe, Indiana chr:irman of
the National Student Committee for the De-
fense of Vietnam, presented i_lovernor
Branigin with petition;; signed by 0,000 In-
diana college students supporting he Viet-
nam war.
Of this total, about 2,000 signat'res were
those of Purdue University Studer. ts.
F,?ur students met with Branigin for more
than an hour at the statel,.use at
Indianapolis.
The petition read:
"We believe that the war in Vietnam Is
part of a general Communist effort to domi.-
nate all of southeast Asia.
"We believe that the cause of the war rests
clearly with Communist leaders in Hanoi.
Peiping, and among the Vietcong.
"We believe that the so-called peace dem-
onstrators who are opposing our role in Viet-
nam are encouraging the Communists to
continue their aggressive actions :in South
Vietn::ra and, in turn, all of southeast Asia.
"We believe that the overwhelming ma-
jority of young Americans join us in sup-
porting the efforts of our Government to
oppose Communist aggression in Vietnam."
[Front the Indianapolis Star, :Dec. 17, 19651
PURDUE STUDENTS RALLY, SHIVER, BACK VIET
POLICY
WE,'r LAFAYETTE, IND.-Sonc 750 Purdue
University students held a torchlight rally
last right supporting U.S. involvement in
Vietnam.
The rally, on a parking lot near the ROTC
armory on campus, included studen.ls carry-
ing banners, "We Support the Policy In
Vietnam," "Stop the Red Tide," and others.
The students, shivering III the chilly
weather and light snow cheered Purdue po-
litical science Prof. James E. Dornan, who
said, "We believe our effort in Vietnam is
just, ; ight and necessary. We will. support
the administration policy only as long as it
remains faithful to our commitment in
southeast Asia."
Professor :Dorman is faculty sponsor for
the Young Republican chapter on campus,
one of the rally sponsors.
Kenneth Kofmehl, faculty sponsor for the
Young Democrats on campus, another spon-
sor of the rally, urged support of "our ad-
ministration's brave and wise effort" in V:ict-
nam and added the lesson of the 1930's
"proved we cannot avoid war by appe:a,se-
Inent."
Other sponsors of the rally were the Young
Americans for Freedom. Alan Brubaker of
Kokomo, president of the Young GOP
chapter, presided at the rally and introduced
speakers.
[From the Indianapolis News, Dec, 17, 19,551
SEVEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY BACK VIE'T POLICY
AT RALLY
WEST LAFAYETTE, IND.-About 750 Purdue
University students gathered in freezing tem--
peraturos and light snow last night to back
U.S. policy in Vietnam.
The torchlight rally on a campus parking
lot was sponsored by Young Republicans,
Young Democrats, and Young Americans for
Freedom.
Signs that sprinkled the rally read, "We
Support the Policy in Vietnam" and "Stop
the Red Tide,"
Students cheered when one of the speak-
ers, political science. Prof. James E. Dorman,
said:
"We believe our effort in Vietnam. Is just,
right, and necessary."
Dorman, faculty sponsor for the Young
GOP chapter at Purdue, added, "We will sup-
port the administration policy only as long
as it remains faithful to our commitment in
southeast Asia."
Kenneth Kofmohl, Young Democrats fac-
ulty sponsor, urged support of "bur admin-
istration's brave and wise effort" in Viet-
nam. He said the lesson of the 1930's
"proved we cannot avoid war by appease-
ment."
Meanwhile, Gov. Roger D. Branigan
thanked Hoosier representatives of the Na-
tional Student Committee for the Defense
of Vietnam for their efforts supporting
America's position in Vietnam.
"You deserve a lot of credit," he told lead-
ers in Indianapolis after they showed him
samples of petitions which about 16,000 stu-
dents on Indiana campuses have signed.
'.'fl&~MipMRM'RAMAk.bs9urr.rw .:o~^M'!m9M~~lQ11t9i:"YNClApYM~114~JYtlYt lMlOtlknNA1M;tMgWIM ^~&lA6!IMFDI~!@~~I Bilk.. +1"!~"T~^~^^^'+?0!AP41leAmJ+m'm+m:...._peem?-:..7
 Approved For Release 2006/10/19: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
January 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Such petitions gathe throughout the
country _will ,oysent the White House.
WALTER LIPPMANN'S ASTUTE
ANALYSIS OF THE U.S. DILEMMA
IN VIETNAM
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, in a
series of recent articles, Mr. Walter Lipp-
mann, in his usual astute manner, has
penetratingly analyzed the bases for
U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the fu-
ture ahead if escalation in our military
commitment takes place.
Pointing out the hard decisions facing
President Johnson, Mr. Lippmann stated
on January 17, 1966, in Newsweek:
A sine qua non for any possibility of
bringing the undeclared war in Vietnam to
the conference table is a continuation of
the policy of not bombing North Vietnam.
That policy should continue.
I ask unanimous consent that there be
printed at the conclusion of my remarks
the following articles by Walter Lipp-
mann: an article entitled "The Presi-
dent in the Morass" which appeared in
the Washington Post on January 4, 1966;
an article entitled "The Mansfield Re-
port" which apepared in the Washington
Post on January 11, 1966; and, an article
entitled "The Next Move," which ap-
peared in the Washington Post on Janu-
ary 6, 1966; and, an article entitled "The
President's Hard Decision," which ap-
peared in Newsweek on January 17, 1966,
and "The Guns-Versus-Butter Stereo-
type" which appeared in the Washington
Post on January 18, 1966.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington Post, Jan. 11, 19661
TODAY AND TOMORROW : THE MANSFIELD
REPORT
(By Walter Lippmanii)
The return of Congress marks the end of
the period in which the President has had
the unquestioning support of some 60 to
70 percent of the people. It has always
been remarkable, as in law and public mor-
als it has been unseemly, that this country
should be committed to a war which has
never been explained except in resounding
generalities, and has never been debated se-
riously. This surreptitious war has been
feasible because the people are disposed to
trust the President and to assume that in
a question of war and peace in a distant
continent he is in a position to know more
than they do.
But now there is a new element in the
situation. His conduct of the war has been
tested for a year on the battlefields of south-
east Asia. What the public has been told
about the strategy and the prospects of this
war is now being measured by the actual
results, which the people are beginning to
find out about. The crucial turning point
has come with the publication of the re-
port which contains the findings of five
Senators, led by Senator MANSFIELD and in-
cluding Senators AIKEN, MUSKIE, BOGGS, and
INOUYE. Here for the first time we have a
report on the war which is responsible, in-
formed, and trustworthy. Except for the
reports of a few enterprising and independ-
ent newspapermen, the American public has
had to depend on information made avail-
able in official briefings in Saigon and Wash-
ington.
The contradictions between the briefings
and the facts, as they. have gradually become
visible, has undermined public confidence.
The grim fact is that by conducting the war
furtively there has developed, as Ambassa-
dor Goldberg confessed only the other day,
a crisis of credibility. People do not know
what to believe about what they hear from
the White House, the State Department, the
Pentagon, and the public relations officers
in Saigon. The only way to restore con-
fidence in the truthfulness of officials is by
subjecting the exercise to a thorough public
debate. For such a debate the Mansfield
report-which ought to have very much
wider publication than it has yet had-
supplies the material for opening the de-
bate.
The main proposition which needs to be
debated, and denied by the administration
if it can deny it, is the finding of the
Mansfield report that:
"The large-scale introduction of U.S. forces
and their entry into combat has blunted but
not turned back the drive of the Vietcong.
The latter have responded to the increased
American role with a further strengthening
of their forces by local recruitment in the
south and reinforcements from the north
and a general stepping up of military ac-
tivity. As a result the lines remain drawn
in South Vietnam in substantially the same
pattern as they were at the outset of the
increased U.S. commitment."
After a year of escalated war, the results
have brought the Senators to this reasser-
tion of the classical American doctrine about
Asian wars:
"If present trends continue, there is no
assurance as to what ultimate increase in
American military commitment will be re-
quired before the conflict is terminated.
For the fact is that under present terms of
reference and as the war has evolved, the
question is not one of applying increased
U.S. pressure to a defined military situation,
but rather of pressing against a military sit-
uation which is, in effect, open ended."
This is simply another statement, in the
concrete terms of the war in southeast Asia,
of the doctrine which has until recently been
American military doctrine-that the United
States should not engage in a land war on
the Asian continent because such a war
will be, as the Mansfield report calls it, open
ended. For there will always be more Asians
in Asia than there can be Americans.
Our people are coming to realize that the
war is open ended, that no matter how many
troops we put ashore there will always be
enough troops on the other side to keep the
war going.
Since this means that a negotiated peace
cannot be the kind of dictated peace which
Senator DuocsEN is still dreaming about, the
President is finding himself under heavy
pressure to bomb and blockade Hanoi and
Haiphong, and thus make a quick, clean end
of it. On the subject of victory through air
power, the American people have been dan-
gerously misinformed.
I say dangerously because the advocates
of bigger bombing do not seem to realize
how vulnerable are Saigon and the other
ports to reprisals. In the congested cities
and harbors which we hold there are the
makings of another Pearl Harbor, and none
of us should discount the danger. There
cannot be much doubt that this is one of
the subjects that Mr. Shelepin has been dis-
cussing in Hanoi.
[From the Washington Post, Jan. 6, 19661
TODAY AND TOMORROW: THE NEXT MOVE?
(By Walter Lippmann)
Through the fog of war which lies so heav-
ily upon the scene, there may be discernible
a certain amount of movement which holds
some promise. There is no certainty about
it. But, remembering Mr. Joseph Kraft's
well-informed observation that communica-
tions between Hanoi and Washington are
clogged and slow, I think that the public re-
action of Hanoi to the President's peace cam-
paign which is just beginning to show above
the surface, may at least indicate what the
President might do next.
There are no indications that Hanoi will
suddenly announce that it is ready for a
peace conference. Nor is there any indica-
tion that Hanoi will withdraw its troops in
the south or suspend the infiltration of more
troops. We must expect that the Vietcong
strength in the south will be maintained by
Hanoi in a ratio suitable to successful guer-
rilla warfare. There may be a certain reduc-
tion In the tempo of violence, at least while
the pause in the bombing continues. But
there is nothing in the public record to indi-
cate that a peace conference or a de facto
truce is in sight.
What seems to be in sight is a period of
diplomatic exchanges, carried on publicly at
arm's length, carried on privately through
intermediaries, and masked by bellicose
rhetoric to appease and put off the oppo-
nents of a negotiated truce. The most in-
teresting evidence here Is, on our side, the
letter from Ambassador Goldberg to the
Secretary General of the United Nations; on
the other side, there is the editorial which
was published on January 3 in the North
Vietnamese newspaper, Nhan Dan. This can
be taken as an official commentary on the
Johnson peace campaign.
The commentary is deliberately ambiguous,
as must be expected of a government which
has to, maneuver between Peiping, Moscow,
and Washington. But through the ambigu-
ity, the commentary can be read as a chal-
lenge to the President to prove that he does
not mean what Hanoi thinks he means on
two cardinal points. The commentary chal-
lenges him to disprove that he means to es-
tablish "a new type colony and military base
of the United States and perpetuating the
partition of Vietnam."
He is asked to prove, second, that he is
not asking "the Vietcong-South Vietnamese
liberation forces-to lay down their arms
* * * and be placed under the rule of the
Saigon regime."
The President has done well, I believe, to
look beyond the angry language of the past
and to proceed with the discussion of war
aims and peace terms, which he has been
offering since his Baltimore speech last April.
He can assume that what Mr. Goldberg de-
scribed as "discussions or negotiations with-
out any prior conditions whatsoever" have
actually started, not yet in the form of a
conference but at long distance and, in part
at least, publicly.
If that is where we are, then the time has
come to proceed from press conferences, brief-
ings, and informal speeches to formal dip?
lomatic notes. The cardinal issues, as de-
scribed by the Hanoi commentary, are, one,
the conditions under which we shall with-
draw our military forces from South Viet-
nam-and, two, the conditions, if any, under
which the Vietcong may participate In the
government of the country.
Because Ambassador Goldberg leaves our
position on these two basic issues uncertain,
further official definition of our war aims is
called for.
I do not know whether the administra-
tion can agree within itself on such a defini-
tion of its war aims. But I think I do know
that such a definition of our war aims on
the two cardinal points is now indispensable
to the maintenance of confidence at home
and abroad.
Whatever the first response in Hanoi, the
act of clarifying and defining our aims is
a necessary part of the effort to move the
war from the battlefield to the conference
table. Even if we assume, as we had better
do, that Hanoi will reply scornfully, the
nub of the matter is that it should reply
and thus find itself in a discussion about
the shape of things to come.
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 Approved For Release 2006/10/19: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
CONGR:ESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE January 18, 1966
It has often been said in Washington dur-
Ing the past year that we are listening, with
our antenna well polished, for some re-
sponse from. Hanoi, and that we have never
had any response. This official stance, that
it takes two to discuss anything, overlooks
the fact that a great power like the United
States with its worldwide connections can
i'orco discussions by beginning the discus-
sions and making it increasingly impossible
for the other party to break them off.
If the President wants seriously to have
discussions, he has made a good beginning
with the Goldberg letter. If he perseveres,
he will not go very long unanswered. In-
deed, judging by the first reactions of Hanoi
L,i the current peace campaign, there are
reasons for chinking that the public discus-
sions have begun and the task now is to con-
tinue them.
[From the A'ashington (D.C.) Post, Jan. 4..
19661
ii,DAY AND 'L0MORR0W: THE PRESIDENT
IN THE MORASS
(Hy Walter Lippmann)
There Is no reason to doubt that the Presi-
elent is sincere in proclaiming to the whole
world his desire to negotiate a peace in Viet-
n.asn. But sincerity is not the crux of the
ri_i, tier. The question is whether he recog-
nises the strategic realities of the military
situation and is prepared to negotiate a
truce which conforms with them. It cannot;
he it glorious truce.
Ti' the President is not prepared to make
his terms of peace consistent with the reality
in southeast Asia, he is likely to find that
our friends and our adversaries alike regard
the whole spectacular business not as the
action of a statesman but as the device of e.
showman.
heverthelcss. for the President the peace
oifensive is a critical turning point. It as
not true, as so many suppose. that, it Peiping
ad. Hanoi reject the offer to negotiate, the
way will there tore be cleared and open for a
;encral escaiai,ion of the war. The President
,,vill And that. while the planes will fly and
the troops will march and Congress will vote
the money. confidence in his leadership, both
at home and abroad, will be deeply weakened
unless he has defined his terms of peace.
As seen through the murk of Secretary
husk's on rind oil the record press confer-
ences, the Johnson administration has no
lirm and clear position on the central issues
of the war. I realize that industrious news-
papermen have been able to glean a copse,
Lion of remarks which relate to the central
1,sues-such as, whether we are prepared to
leave South Vietnam under any conditions
which are in fact realizable in the foresee-
able future, and whether we are in tact will-
ing to negotiate a truce with the main aclver-
:;ary in the field, the Vietcong. If these cen-
L;-a.1 points have been clarified by Mr. Harri-
man and tike other emissaries, a great deal
will have been accomplished. If they have
..ent been elarilied, the effort is not sufli-
atetltly serious to comport with the dignity
0f a great power. For a power like the United
;.;tastes cannot lose face by liquidating a
miserable war. But it can lose face by fool-
top:c.rnund with it.
Ti'. Johnson knows that he is in a very
;;rave crisis. For as he admitted in his year-
end remarks, his great domestic accomplish-
tn.ants are icopardized by his failure to
achieve peace in Vietnam. It is worse than
that. lie is on the verge of making the kind
cat rc.unous historical mistake which the Athe-
nians made when they attacked Syracuse,
which Napoleon and Hitler made when they
;iLLaaL=ed Russia. He is on the verge of en-
gaging this: cr,nnt:ry in a war which can grew
into a great war lasting for many years and
pior_iising no rational solution.
'l:'lie President is in this predicament mai:i-
ly because he has let himself be persuaded
by very had advice. The bad advice has been
the argument that the expansion of Chinese
communism will be halted or quickened by
the outcome of the fighting in South Viet-
nam. The notion that revolutionary wars
can be stopped by fighting it out in South
Vietnam has been the cherished illusion of
the President's two principal advisers. Both
Mr. Husk and Mr. McNamara hav' commit-
ted themselves to the fallacy that South
Vietnam is the Armageddon of the conflict
with communism.
This misconceived war has in 'tact boom-
eranged. Its effect has been quite the op-
posite from what it was. supposed t: be. The
country has been told that by Arriving our
determination and our v: illingnes ; to fight,
we are arousing resistance to the expansion
of Chinese communism.
But are we? If China is to be contained
it will have to be done not only by ne United
States but by the containing pow r of Asia;
namely. Pakistan, India, Japan, aiad the So-
viet Union. Yet not one of these .;rent pow-
ers of Asia is alined with us. Quite the con-
trary. Our Vietnamese :sections hive driven
the most powerful of all the c:ritaining
states. the Soviet Union., into open o, "Position
to or. and, if we escalate enough, will drive
it into some kind of military oppo; 1tion.
Certainly it is essential that (oinmunist
China be contained until its revolutionary
ardors have cooled and slie has se, Lied down
to peaceable coexistence. But a s, rious pol-
icy of containing China would be,-.in with a
realization that China is a contirr:satal land
power in Asia and if she is to be contained,
it will have to be done primarily b; the great
powers of Asia, not by the United States
alone.
What is more, serious policy for containing
China would respect the basic gc:)graphical
facts-that China is a land pow,:r and we
are a. sea power, that China is a, elephant
and we are a whale. Daring the past year
or so China has had many failur,' a and one
conspicuous success. Geography was the de-
termining factor in all of them. T'ce Chinese
failed in Africa, which is across I lie ocean
and too iar away. She outblut ed herself
ag =.. rst I?-.dia, which is also, in feet, too far
away. She had a humiliating .etback in
Indonesia. which is separated froru China by
blue water arid is not 'wi;hin her reach.
China's one great success has been that
the, greatest sea power has becu ine bogged
down In the morass of Indochina rnd would
now be put to it to mount a counterrevolu-
tionary effort anywhere else in this turbu-
lent world. It is no wonder then hat China
will do all that she can to prevent us from
extricating ourselves from the r',orass.
From Newsweek, Fan. 17, 11)66]
WALTER ss'PMANN ON' TEE PRESIDI NT'S HARD
,Li,c:[SX,N
After ins most recent trip to ::?nth Viet-
nam, Secretary McNamara ventured to say
that, as a result of our effort:, we have
stepped losing the war. Perhaps Ise was re-
ferring to the fact that at the bi?;ginning of
1965 not only had the thaigonese Army lost
control of the countryside with th, exception
of five or six cities, but the go's r iment in
Saigon was disintegrating and c:s on the
verge of making a deal with Hanoi
During the past year there his been no
sigm.ficant improvement in the nitary sit-
uation. once the American sole -ors retire,
the villages which are recovered from the
Vietcong are quickly lost again. '] hie balance
of military power has not been 'hanged in
our favor. For as we have increa: cd our own
arm's, the adversary has increased, his army,
both by stepping up the infiltration from
the north and by greater., recruiti;_ent in the
south. ''tie one real change has been that
the government in Saigon is now a dictator-
ship of four generals who are fully aware that
personally they have every reasc:i to avoid
a truce and to continue the war.
Sc, the President finds himself no nearer,
and almost certainly further away from, his
avowed objectives in Vietnam. He has been
confronted with what he now describes, quite
correctly, as "hard decisions." What are the
hard decisions? At bottom, the ]President
has to choose between a bigger war and an.
unattractive peace. He must decide either
to launch a big American war in Asia, a war
which could easily be bigger than the Korean
war because it could so quickly involve both
China and the Soviet Union, or to cut our
losses by reducing his political and military
objectives.
EXTEND THE WAR, OR SEITTLE FOR I E.SS?
This is indeed a hard choice. A long war
mean:: heavy casualties. It means the dis-
ruption of the lives of another generation
of young men. It means that the Nation will
be distracted from the attempt to solve it:;
own problems-such as the problems of the
cities and the problems of the Negroes and
the problems of industrial peace. It mean::
once again, :for the fourth time in this cen-
tury, that the Nation will turn its attention.
from its own urgent affairs to a war abroad.
It means also that this country will be di-
verted from the development of the Amer.
icas and from its vital national interests in
Europe and Australasia.
The other choice open to the President is
also a hard one, especially for a proud man
who wants to be universally popular. For
there is no disguising the fact that a nego.?
tiated truce can be had only by settling for
it good deal less than a victory, and this
means that the President must expect to be
denounced by many, and to have his pride
wounded. It takes great political strength
and a high degree of moral courage for the
head of a state to make the kind of peace
which may now be possible in the Vietnamese
mess. General Eisenhower, the victorious
commander of the Allied armies, was able to
make a settlement in Korea which Presiden.;
Truman would never have dared to make.
General Eisenhower had at that time an in-
vulnerable prestige.
An even more pertinent analogy is to be
found in the way General de Gaulle liqui-
dated the messy war in Algeria. The Presi-
dent would do well to study and ponder
what happened, how General de Gaulle extri-
cated France from a war which she had not
lost but could not win, how he negotiated
with his adversaries in the field, the Algerian
counterpart of the Vietcong, and made with
them a "peace of the brave," how he out-
witted and defied the extremists it the risk
of his life-and how, having devoted himself
unflinchingly to the true interest of France,
which was peace with Algeria., he won the
gratitude and esteem of his countrymen, in-
eluding almost all of those who voted against
him In the recent election.
PAYING TIIE PRICz
Tho hard decision the President has to
make is whether he can accept the political
and psychological risks of dealing with Viet-
nam as General Eisenhower dealt with Korea
and is General de Gaulle dealt with north
Africa. For President Johnson will have to
pay a heavy price for the historical mistaka
of involving, the United States in a land war
against Asians in Asia. The alternative to
paying a price for peace is to pay the enor-
mous price of a great war which threatens to
expand into a world war.
The President has made it quite clear that
he realizes the hard choice which is before
him. Naturally enough, he Is locking_ for
some easier way out of his dilemma_ If only
he could find one. But by his decisions in
1964, .he rejected the warning by men in a
position to know that there was lot mimes
time left to negotiate an arrangement. He
has come very near to locking and boltin
the door. He has raised the stakes so high
that easy solutions are most improbable and
only the hard choices remain.
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House of Representatives
The House met at 12 o'clock noon.
The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp,
D.D., used this verse of Scripture:
Isaiah 60: 12: For the nation and king-
dom that will not serve Thee shall perish.
Almighty God, as we again invoke
Thy blessing, grant that our faith may
be increased, our hope renewed, and our
wills strengthened toward goodness and
righteousness.
We know that Thou art waiting to
stir our dull hearts and to move us in
patient obedience to what Thou dost
command.
Help us to hasten the dawning of the
day when trouble and tragedy shall be
overcome and transformed into beauty
and truth and our human life shall be
better than it is.
May the cynicism of our time and the
clouds of bitterness, which it casts over
the earth, be dispelled.
Inspire us to believe that the liberty
and brotherhood we seek and we strive
for have a spiritual basis.
In Christ's name we pray. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The Journal of the proceedings of
yesterday was read and approved.
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
A message in writing from the Presi-
dent of the United States was communi-
cated to the House by Mr. Geisler, ope
LETTERS FOR VIETNAM PEACE
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr.
Speaker, during the month of December
1965, I received some 526 letters from all
over the Nation urging me to join with
the President and with Senator ROBERT
F. KENNEDY in a strong, continuing effort
to seek negotiations for peace in Viet-
nam.
Most of the letters requested an exten-
sion of the moratorium on the bombing
of North Vietnam until such time as
negotiations have actually begun-and,
then, for an end to all warfare. Many
of the letters I received were copies of
those sent to the President. Some of the
messages were on Christmas cards-sent
before the holidays-asking for a Christ-
mas cease-fire.
These messages are almost all couched
in a language of moderation and express
praise of the President's efforts for a
peaceful settlement. Many of them are
quite long and show the results of a great
deal of time and thoughtfulness that
went into well-planned suggestions.
TUESDAY, JANUARY 18, 1966
I am impressed, Mr. Speaker, with the
general tone of temperance and con-
structiveness embodied in this corre-
spondence, and I am further impressed
with the deep concern of many of our
citizens for human beings on the other
side of the world in Vietnam. I am also
personally grateful for the continuing
efforts being made by President Johnson
to effect a settlement of hostilities in
southeastern Asia.
CREATION OF A NUCLEAR NAVY
(Mr. MORRIS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his re-
marks, and to include an address by the
Honorable CHET HOLIFIELD and a tele-
gram from the President.)
Mr. MORRIS. Mr. Speaker, on Jan-
uary 17, it was my privilege to be pres-
ent at the keel-laying ceremony of our
newest attack submarine, the U.S.S.
Narwhal. This date also marked the 11th
anniversary of the sailing of the world's
first nuclear submarine, the U.S.S. Nauti-
lus.
On this occasion, my distinguished col-
league, CHET HOLIFIELD, chairman of the
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, was
the principal speaker. It is with a great
deal of pleasure that I rise to place in
the RECORD the remarks made by Con-
gressman HOLIFIELD, and have also re-
quested permission to place in the REC-
ORD a telegram from President Johnson-
a former member of the Joint Commit-
tee-which was sent to Congressman
HOLIFIELD praising the creation of a nu-
clear navy as an outstanding achieve-
ment.
I believe our country owes a debt of
gratitude to the Congress and particu-
larly to the Joint Committee for the con-
sistent support the legislative branch
gave to the then Capt. H. G. Rickover in
his fight to keep our Navy second to
none. That fight is still going on and
I would like to associate myself with
the remarks made by CHET HOLIFIELD
yesterday-particularly when he said:
I hope the day will soon come when the
executive branch will accept the recom-
mendation of the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy "that the United States adopt
a policy of using nuclear propulsion in all
future major surface warships," thus forging
another link in the necessary chain from
sail to coal, from coal to oil, and from oil
to nuclear power. In future years, may it not
be said of our Nation's leaders that they
valued dollars more highly than the lives
of our fighting men and our national se-
curity itself.
I commend this speech to all of us as
an example of foresightedness and dedi-
cation to national security. The Con-
gress must continue the fight for a
nuclear-powered Navy.
The material referred to follows:
ADDRESS BY CONGRESSMAN CHET HOLIFIELD AT
KEEL LAYING CEREMONY FOR U.S.S.
"NARWIIAL," SSN671, GROTON, CONN., JAN-
UARY 17, 1966
Eleven -years ago today the world's first
nuclear powered ship, the attack submarine
U.S.S. Nautilus, SSN571, sent her famous
message, "Underway on nuclear power." To-
day we are here to lay the keel of our newest
nuclear attack submarine, the U.S.S. Narwhal,
SSN671. This submarine is designed to be
technically superior In military effectiveness
to all previous attack submarines.
I especially want to congratulate the em-
ployees and management of Electric Boat for
the prominent part they have played in our
Nation's attainment of a position of pre-
eminence in the nuclear submarine field.
Here the first one-the Nautilus-was laid
down. The first polaris submarine was also
built in your yard in addition to the first
ship of a number of new classes of nuclear
submarines which have or are joining our
nuclear fleet. Another major first assigned
to Electric Boat Is. the design and construc-
tion of the first nuclear propelled oceano-
graphic research submarine, called NR-I,
which we look to as the vanguard of our
advance into inner space. The primary mis-
sion of the NR-i vehicle is to determine as
quickly as possible the feasibility of nuclear
propulsion for this application. Because of
the vastly Increased endurance made pos-
sible by nuclear power, the capability of
NRrl will be an order of magnitude greater
than any other developed or planned to
date.
Including the Nautilus, Congress has au-
thorized 99 nuclear submarines. So you can
see we have been proceeding with a vigorous
development and construction program for
nuclear-powered submarines. But it should
be remembered that the necessary support
for the nuclear submarine program had to be
won by hard effort. The history of the early
years of the naval nuclear propulsion pro-
gram was marked by a reluctance within the
Defense Department to use nuclear power
for. the propulsion of submarines.
Now that we have 56 nuclear submarines
at sea;
Now that our Polaris-armed nuclear sub-
marines stand their watchful guard hidden
under the oceans of the world;
Now that our attack nuclear submarines
provide our Navy with an indispensable anti-
submarine warfare capability;
Now that our nuclear-powered surface
warships Enterprise and Bainbridge have
been committed to combat in Vietnam-few
remember that It was the Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy that arranged to buy the
nuclear power"plants for our first two nuclear
submarines, the Nautilus and Seawolf, with
Atomic Energy Commission funds, because
the then Capt. H. G. Rickover was not able
to get the necessary support in the Depart-
ment of Defense for his project in the early
1950's.
Let us beware that history does not repeat
itself.
We must be alert to assure that the reluc-
tance of the Department of Defense to invest
in surface warships does not let our Navy
lapse into obsolescence. We must build
modern warships for our future Navy-war-
ships with the proven advantages of nuclear
propulsion.
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 Approved For Release 2006/10/19: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD - HOUSE January 18, 1936
Those, of you who were here on that day in
1952 when President Harry S. Truman laid
the keel of the Nautilus will recall his warn-
ing, and .I. quote:
All national security programs are ex.
pensive and we might as well face up to it.
"I think lie efforts that are being made to
affil the American neople of the idea, that
ihere is come cutrate, bargain-counter route
to national security are very dangerous. The
people of this country lia'-e faith and cour-
:.r;e'and isai.riotism enough to do what is re-
quired for our national survival. They are
willing Lo do what is necessary even though
I fro way may he ]ring and hard.
'The diflf'ulty is that the American people
:ire gett.,ag all kinds of foolish advice from
persons who ought to know better.
"We may have to live in a half-peace, half-
?r con+lrtion for no long time to come. We
t iur:t Lay our plans accordingly. If we are
Ina ma.iui in peace we must be prepared to
etcat al?rression. And we must be prepared
t, make t 1w long-term investment in na-
tional security that this requires.-
F. believe in getting a dollar's worth of
value for every defence dollar we spend, but
tet its not be beguiled into believing twat
there is a new cutrate, bargain-counter
route to notional secur"~._ The factor; of
to+lftary effectiveness in the protection of
:air Nation's security must always be domi-
nant over the factors of cost. In southeast
Asia today the United States is once again
laoerl with the hitter reality that what
-)Lints in war is military effectiveness--not
ro;t effectiveness.
Cost ciiertiveness studies have been cited
by the Defense Department to support ';he
contention that the advantage of nuclear
L>'''Opulson are not particularly significant
for surf tole warships. These studies, how-
ever, contain a fundamental weakness that
makes their conclusions wrong-they ire
based on false assumptions and do not place
proper emphasis on military effectiveness.
These cost-effectiveness studies were based
011-
The ar;;u!nnt.ion that tankers and oilers
needed to supply propulsion fuel for oil-fired
warships. will operate unhampered by the
creamy and :-uffer no losses;
Cho assumption that the fuel oil nested
to run our conventional surface warships will
ise readily available wherever and whenever
needed; and
't'he assumption that no cost factor need
he included in their studies for losses--- or
protection of our propulsion fuel oil supply
lines.
'['best,. ire dangerous assumptions to use
iii evaluating the cost and effectiveness of
weapons of war. Most of you remember, as I
do, when the beaches along our Atlantic coast
were soaked with oil from sunken tankers
and our r.hility to provide fuel for our fight-
ing forces was seriously threatened. What
price would Americans be willing to pay for
nuclear Dowered warships under circurn-
sttnces bite those?
ilongres; has been told b'l the Department
o1 i)cfense that the choice we face is betwean
a criven somber of conventional ships and a
smaller number of nuclear ships for the same
Lnt:l cost. In other words. to improve a
weapon system, we are told that we mugrt re-
duce the number of weapons to p ? ; for it.
We in Congress do not accept this cutrate
bargain-counter reasoning. I might; a.dd
that the President In his message to the Con-
gress last Wednesday did not espouse such
ro:asoning when he said:
"We will give our fighting men what they
most have: Every gun and every dollar, and
every dec_-sion-whatever the cost or what-
ever the challenge."
Our potential enemies may not use the
same cost effectiveness criteria and thus
may oppose us with the best weapons tech-
nology can provide them. This could create
an intolerable peril to our nati, ;cal security.
Chairman L. MEN:DE_, R,rvERS, if the House
Aimed Services Committee, r-cently said,
and I quote:
"I am convinced, and I think it is fair to
ray that the Congress is a body is convinced,
that tin: Navy of the future mitt be nuclear
powered. There is :no reason wise our future
aircraft; carriers, cruisers, frig: gas, and de-
stroyer: cannot be )towered b; niuclear en-
ergy. It is clear that co itin ,ng to build
conventionally powered warshiI ; will, in the
long run, be econcnaic:,,lly wash) ilt; it would
be folio'ving a policy of built--iu obsoles-
cence."
I fully agree with this stab rnont of my
distinguished. colleague from ~aiuth Caro
lire c. I , is time to tale advani 'y' of one of
the fcww areas in technology w,aere we are
t i oificallntly ahead of our ant ::'ollists. We
should proceed with n. vigorot . orcgram to
braild nuclear powered warshina that can
give the United States an in sprccedented
naval force to maintain the freedom of the
seas and improve our ability try :survive the
half-peace, half-war condition a.:; President
Truman so aptly called it.
I have been privileged to be . member of
the Joint Congressional Committee on
Atomic Energy since its incepi'on 20 years
ago and have the honor of beinrr its current
Chairman. The Joint Committ.: o is charged,
by law, with the responsibility for making
continuing studies of problem:+ relating to
the development, use, and control of atomic
energy. The Committtee has historically
played a creative role in fulfil;ing the de-
clared statutory policy of the United States
that the development, use, and control of
atomic energy shall be directed so as to
snake the "maximum contsibi. lion to the
common defense arid security "
The Joint Committee, from its inception,
has been interested in and vig.,rously sup-
ported research and development in the
fic?d of naval nuclear propulsion: first, for
submarines and then for surface warships.
Two years ago, the Joint Committee on
Atomic Energy made an exhaustive study
of the subject of nuclear propulsion of sur-
face warships. We concluded that "each
new warship the United States decides to
build for our first-line naval striking force
should be the best that our technology will
allow and should therefore have nuclear
propulsion, even if a somewhat higher cost
is iincurred to pay for the increase in mili-
tary capability."
We printed for the public record a report
of these hearings in December 1263. In re-
leasing this report, Chairman J inN O. PAS-
TORE, the distinguished Senator from Rhode
Island, said., and I quote:
`"I'he Joint Committee believes that cost
cutting is important but it must eliminate
the fat and not cut to the marrow.
"It is my earnest hope that we will never
again be forced to go to war, but if we do,
I want our equipment to be second to none."
Nuclear propulsion has the fundamental
advantage of permitting our warships to go
anywhere in the world, to deliver their com-
bat load and to return-all without logistic
support.
Oil-fired warships must be refueled every
few days. This requires a vulnerable world-
wide distribution system to provide fuel oil
for conventional ships.
As the number of foreign nuclear subma-
rines increases and as the :air striking
capabilities of our potential enemies in-
crease, the difficulty of providing this logistic
support will surely increase. Thu basic rea-
son for developing nuclear power for surface
warships is to reduce this logistic support-
support which will be most difficult, if not
impossible under some circumstances, to
provide in wartime. Nuclear propulsion in
combat ships will free the striking forces of
our Navy from the obvious restrictions of
reliance on a worldwide propulsion fuel dis-
tribution system.
We must plan for times of crisis. It is
precisely in such situations that the superior
mobility, maneuverability, and reliability of
nit -lear warships will give the United St,'tcs
an unequaled naval striking force.
I s the 4 years, fiscal yer.rs 10E10 through
1It suhsequent to authorization of the
tl,r-^ nuclear powered surface ships now in
thr fleet, the aircraft carrier Eiilerprise, he
cruiser Long Beach, and the frigate B,an-
.ri,Igo, the Department of Defense obtained
authorization for 2 new aircraft carriers
arct 1.0 now frigates, all of which should have
b^r-i nu bear powered. If these 12 ships had
b:rrt provid^.d uncle rr propulsion, we wo)xld
unw have in being or under construct eta
three nuclear powe.rrd carrier t ck forces for
nor Navy in-teed of the one we have. How-
- ver, of these 12 ships, only one, the frigate
Tr; er,hjn to be completed this year will have
r1i bear power.
A-d the Truxtun will be nuclear powered
only because of the initiative taken by the
Congress ii years ago to authorize and app 'o-
o,I,Ao the extra funds to change the U.S.S.
Trr,.-tun from an oil-fired frigate to bo our
fourth nuclear powered surface warship.
Sat in the past 3 years, the :Department
of Defense has not requested authorization
for any surface warship of destroyer size
or t'rger--nuclear or conventional.. The sur
faco Navy is aging rapidly arid is even now
fn.e:d with wido?pread obsolescence. 1.n the
bats' 1950's and early 1960's there was a
vigorous warship construction program and
the introduction of nuclear propulsion in
501-iece warships. However, this has been
followed by a long period with no surface
war- Irin construction of any kind. IL is
clear that this cannot go on miich ioniser
wit:rout the capability of the U.S. Navy sink-
ing far below the needs of our national lie-
curity.
It:. was Congress who took the lead in forc-
ing the shift to nuclear power in submarines.
It was Congress who took the lead in dev^1-
opiug nuclear propulsion for surface war-
ships. It was Congress who strongly sup-
ported the building of the three nuclear
surface warships now in the fleet which. have
so ably demonstrated to the world the ob-
vious capabilities of nuclear propulsion in
war ;hips.
Congress again took the initiative last year
by authorizing construction of the fifth nu-
clear-powered surface warship-,a guided-
missile frigate. This ship was added to tine
Defense Department authorization even
though the Secretary of Defense had over-
ruled a Navy proposal to build it.
The members of our Committee were
pleased to see the strong endorsements for
building more nuclear-powered surface war-
ships, and specifically the new nuclear fri-
ate, given by the House and Senate Armed
Services and Appropriations Committees. It
is clear from the legislative history of ti-is
particular ship that it is the will of Con-
gress that the long-leadtime items needed
for construction of the nuclear frigate he
procured in this fiscal year and that funds
needed for its completion be included in the
fiscal year 1967 appropriation.
However, to date there have been no in-
dications that the Department of Defense in_
tends to pay any attention whatsoever to
this clear expression of the will of' Congress.
This, of course, will force us to consider what
additional steps can be taken to insure that
the Congress is not thwarted in its efforts to
carry out its constitutional responsibility to
the American People: "To provide and main-
tain a Navy." All thinking Americans know
that the checks and balances in our form of
government are intended to prevent the arbi-
trary exercise of power by anyone of the
three branches of Government.
; p'provecf'Ft 'T ? 'f " 5s ""2'x'0 i'" 'f 9 "?' iR"RDA7B'6 R0004~'~ '0~ 1'-4 -- ,
 Approved For Release 2006/10/19: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
Appendix
Four Chaplains Memorial Sunday
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MARGARET CHASE SMITH
OF MAINE
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that a communica-
tion of the director of public relations of
the department of Maine of the Amer-
ican Legion be placed in the RECORD be-
cause of its timely reminder of the Four
Chaplains Memorial Sunday on Feb-
ruary 6, 1966.
There being no objection, the com-
munication was ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
ORRINGTON, MAINE,
January 2, 1966.
FOUR CHAPLAINS MEMORIAL SUNDAY
My FELLOW AMERICANS: On Sunday, Feb-
ruary 6, 1966, the Department of Maine,
American Legion, will lead the statewide ob-
servance of the Four Chaplains Memorial
Sunday. We urge all Legion and auxiliary
groups and the churches of Maine to join
with us in this observance.
The heroic story of the four chaplains-
George L. Fox, Methodist; Alexander D.
Goode, Jewish; Johnny P. Washington,
Catholic; and Clark V. Poling, Reformed
Church, is a legend in our time. Four men
of God who gave their lives to save others
on the sinking troopship USS Dorchester
in the North Atlantic on that icy February
morning during World War II. The ship,
torpedoed by the enemy, was sinking when
the four. chaplains removed their lifejackets,
gave them to others, and then stood together
on the sinking ship praying for their ship-
mates.
We urge you to contact all churches in
your area requesting special observance dur-
ing the Four Chaplains Memorial Sunday.
Contact the clubs and organizations of your
community and give leadership to a special
effort to promote the observance of Four
Chaplains Memorial Sunday.
Legion post commanders and chaplains
assisted by public relations officers should
also contact local radio and television sta-
tions seeking to stimulate interest in this
observance.
All posts, county and district organiza-
tions are requested to hold a special Four
Chaplains Memorial program during the
month of February.
In a time of crisis for our Nation there
is a message of strength in. the story of the
four chaplains. There is the courage of
men of God and the living memorial of the
sacrifices of all chaplains in the service of
our Nation.
Maine and the Nation need to be re-
minded of the religious heritage and the
courage and devotion of all people of good
faith. We can tell this story by our observ-
ance of Four Chaplains Memorial Sunday
and by the retelling of the story of the four
men of God-Americans all-serving God
and country.
Let Sunday, February 6, 1966, be a banner
day in the history of the Maine American
Legion. Let it be a day of rededication to
the principles of "for God and country"
Let the message of the four chaplains be
told by all American Legion groups in Maine.
Many thanks,
DANIEL E. LAMBERT,
Director' of Public Relations, the
American Legion.
Approved: Sidney H. Schwartz, Depart-
ment Commander, the American Legion.
Subsidies,*by Any Other Name Are Still
Subsidies
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, at the
present time the maritime situation is
receiving widespread attention because
of the maritime task force report re-
cently released, the shortage of ships to
carry supplies to Vietnam, and the short-
age of licensed officers to man the ships.
The matter of subsidies for shipbuild-
ing and ship operations is a favorite sub-
ject for criticism. In this connection, I
believe several recent articles in the
Baltimore Sun by Mrs. Helen Delich
Bentley, the paper's very able maritime
editor, will be extremely helpful in shed-
ding some light on this matter and wish
to insert them in the Appendix:
[From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Nov. 1,
1965]
WATERFRONT SIDELIGHTS
(By Helen Delich Bentley, maritime editor of
the Sun)
NEW YORK, October 31.-A fellow maritime
newspaper editor the other day asked wheth-
er we had read "This Is Marad," a booklet
published earlier this year by the Maritime
Administration regarding its operations.
We replied affirmatively and thought noth-
ing more about it. But our colleague pur-
sued the matter with the comment, "Boy,
you'd never think that the same person who
put that out would put out the task force
report or make all of the speeches he is
making now."
His reference was to Nicholas Johnson, the
Maritime Administrator, whose photograph
appears on the page containing the foreword
to "This Is Marad."
TASK FORCE REPORT
The 31-year-old Administrator also is often
referred to as the one whose thinking pro-
duced most of the recently issued contro-
versial recommendations of the interagency
maritime task force as to how the American
merchant marine should be reconstructed
and operated in the future.'
The last two paragraphs of the foreword
read:
"In good times and in bad, in peace and in
war, the United States needs merchant ships
to carry its trade, to contribute to its econ-
omy, to protect its worldwide interests. It is
our job at the Maritime Administration to
sec that the American people have that kind
of merchant marine; but this responsibility
can be adequately discharged only if the
American people understand the role of the
merchant marine in our national life.
"I hope this booklet will help to promote
such understanding."
"FOR WAR AND PEACE"
Under this title "For War and Peace," it
states:
"],Merchant ships perform a dual service.
In peacetime they carry on the trade be-
tween nations; in war or national emer-
gencies they serve either as an integral part
or as an adjunct to the Armed Forces, carry-
ing military goods and personnel or mate-
rials essential to war production or to
sustain the civilian population.
"In peacetime American merchant ships
must compete in the open market against
foreign shipping for the world's trade; in
wartime they usually work directly for the
Government. To this dual role can be at-
tributed the concern of the Nation for the
adequacy of the merchant fleet."
"DEMONSTRATED MANY TIMES"
Under the heading of national security,
the booklet says:
"Since the founding of our Nation, the
importance of a strong American merchant
marine has been forcibly demonstrated
many times. * * * As in the preceding
centuries, the last 65 years have brought
many occasions when the security of the
Nation was dependent in large measure on
the availability of a strong and active U.S.
merchant marine."
It cites instances from World War I and
World War II when this country had to
provide the free world with most of its
merchant ships, from Korea, the Suez Canal,
and Lebanon.
"IN EVENT OF LIMITED WAR"
And then it adds, "Although war strategy
plans have changed with the introduction
of new weapons, present Department of De-
fense plans still call for the use of substan-
tial numbers of merchant ships for purely
military purposes in the event of a limited
war."
The last paragraph under that heading
states:
"There are separate but related needs for
sustaining America's defense and civilian
economies in time of war. The existence of
a substantial, fast modern merchant fleet
under the American flag is an essential ele-
ment in any plan to meet these vital needs.
"To deter aggression in threatened areas
throughout the world, we have positioned
men and equipment in many lands. In 1963,
1,340,000 tons of cargo to supply these forces
were carried by the U.S.-subsidized lines
alone."
Under the heading "Economic Strength,"
"This is Marad" says:
"Less dramatic but fully important today
is the contribution which a U.S. merchant
fleet makes to the economic welfare of the
country by assuring uninterrupted move-
ment of the agricultural, manufactured and
raw materials in the foreign commerce
which is necessary to the continued and
ever-increasing prosperity of the country.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - -APPENDIX January 18; o~V)G
"LARGEST TRADING NATION
"The United States is the world's largest
trading Nation, accounting for 15 percent of
all world trade. About 99 percent of th:s
trade move:; by sea.
"We depend upon a large variety of im1-?
ported foods. raw materials and other prod--
ucts to maintain our high standard of living,
and to supply necessary elements of many
of the manufactured exports which we in
turn ship to other nations.
"As American oceanborne foreign com--
merce increases during the next 20 years
from its present level of about $30 billion to
a projected level of nearly $60 billion, it is
essential that we maintain ellective control
over the rates and services of the shipping
lines which will carry our trade.
: ,OMESTT-C BENEFITS
"1'ina.lly, there are substantial domestic
economic benefits from the merchant marine.
The maritime industry, including the mer-
chant portion of the shipbuilding industry,
generates snout $L5 billion in gross national
product and pays about $75 million in Fed-
oral and loyal taxes. In addition, the 100,000
maritime employees pay about $80 million
in personal income taxes.
"The provision of shipping services by
U.S.-flag ships conserves about $800 million
of our dollar exchange each year, thus aiding
our balance-of-payments position.
"It has been demonstrated that we can-
not depend upon other countries to supply
at all times the ships needed for the defense
and trade of the United States.
:111.8 AND SHIPBUILDING
"We must, therefore, maintain enough
ships, shipbuilding capacity, experienced
shipping companies, and skilled workmen
and seamen of our own to provide a U.S.
merchant marine adequate to the demands
of both wax acid peace."
The above quotations-all from a booklet
published earlier this year by the Maritime
Administration-reflect the thinking of most
people about the American merchant marine.
As we noted earlier, these were made over
the signature of the Administrator.
The reason the President's Maritime Ad-
visory Committee took such a strong stand
against the task force report was its appar-
ent initial. aim-of providing a merchant
marine only adequate to take care al one
initial emergency needs of this Nation.
Tire justilication given in the task force
report is that that proposal will give the N:I-
Lion more ships than if the fleet continues
on its present course.
Neither of these two courses is the answer
to the problem. The answer should be :a
merchant marine strong and large enough to
take care (31 this country's military and coni-
mercial needs.
The situation right now is strong evidence
that, despite the large numbers of ships In
the reserve fleet, there is question whether
the merchant fleet is adequate to do both
even though Uncle Sam is involved in only
a "brush fire" in southeast Asia.
M:;TS DECLARES NEED
The Military Sea Transportation Service
let it be known last week that more ships
are needed on this run and has called all the
shipowners in for a conference Tuesday.
ts;ven before this, MSTS has had to use
foreign-flag ships to supplement the Aineri-
ca.n vessels to Vietnam. According to an af-
fidavit submitted by Vice Adm. Glynn R.
1),;naho, MS'I'S commander, 14 foreign ships
were chartered between June 10 and Septem-
ber8.
Hince that time, at least two foreign ships
have been chartered--with Maritime Admin-
istration approval-to supplement the com-
mercial operations of subsidized steamship
lines on essential trade routes because they
had so many bottoms serving Vietnam.
MORE CHARTERS LIKELY
And there have been indications that more
foreign vessels may be chartered for this pur-
pose--provided foreign ones can be obtained
in view of the worldwide demand for mov-
ing military supplies to southeast Asia, mov-
ing Canadian wheat to Russia and Red
China, as well as moving the regilar every-
day cargoes.
Certainly this would indicate that the U.S.
active fleet at this time is not adequate to
sustain America's defense and civilian econ-
omies in time of peace, let alone war-the
administration keeps emphasizing the Viet-
nam situation is not a war, bu;, a brush
fire and everything is being hat lied on a
business-as-usual basis.
CONDITION OF RESERVE FL ET
bere appears to be onsideral:);e specu-
lation about the condition of tie reserve
fleet, whetner the remaning yes: cis are in
condition to be broken out or w:;ether the
costs will justify breaking them nut.
An independent ship surveyor who has
visited most of the reserve fleets notes that
the Liberty ships which are behg sold for
scrap are in better condition than many of
the Victory type being reactivate:;.
He explained that the Liberty is a simple
ship and there is not too much electrical
and electronic work aboard "t1. go bad,"
which means a minimum expense for reacti-
vation, This is not true of the Victories and
C-2's.
WAR MIGHT ABSORB COST
Tf ships are as sorely needed as MSTS
would indicate, it seems the cost of breaking
them out would be meaningless, would just
be one of the items absorbed in the expendi-
ture of the "brush fire" in Vietnam.
Despite all the pronouncements out of
Washington that war strategy plans have
changed, only last week the Na?: y Depart-
ment said. 98 percent of the supp iLs moving
to Vietnam are going by sea.
This in itself should make seine of the
detractors of the merchant m .rive take
notice.
BOOKLET AND REPORT
How can one justify the book et's words
under the heading of "Economic Strength"
and then turn around and say we can de-
pend on foreign ships for these cargoes
cited?
That section emphasizes that merchant
shipbuilding along with the rest of the mar-
itime industry generates about tt1.5 billion
in the gross national product, and yet the
task force is calling for shipbuilding in for-
eign yards hereafter.
The booklet also states that i he Federal
Government receives at least $130 million in
taxes from the maritime industry and that
American-flag ships conserve abou L $800 mil-
lion of this country's dollar exchange, thus
contributing to the balance of payments.
FIGURES SEEM STILL VALe)
f)o these figures no longer meal:: anything?
is it no longer important to this country
to be able to control rates?
-'This is Marad" states that the high
standard of living in the United States-
"of which we are most proud"-makes it dif-
iicult to provide and maintain a merchant
heat competing in international trade with
other nations---and, therefore, C:avernment
assistance has been made available to offset
these cost differentials.
NOW CRITICAL OF HIGHER COSTS
And yet the tone of the maritime admin-
istrator hi recent statements has been criti-
cal of the higher costs in the United States
and anxious for the United States to have
"truly competitive shipbuilding and ship-
ping industries."
Maybe the independent unnamed econo-
mists who have persuaded Johnson that it
would be better to build in foreign yards
and lean toward foreign countries for this
form of transportation could explain it alt
better.
My colleague and I are still confused.
[From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Dec. 13,
19651
AROUND THE WATERFRONT: JOHNSON NOW
ELABORATE IN TASK FORCE ADVOCACY
(By Helen Delich Bentley, maritime editor
of the Sun)
SAN FRANCISCO, December 12. --Nicholas
Johnson, Maritime Administrator, has been
arguing for the position of the controversial
task force report.
Johnson was one of four high Government
officials who addressed the Maritime Trades
Department of the AFL--CIO during its 3-day
biennial convention here.
In terms of rank, the four could be listed
as follows:
John H. Henning, Under Secretary o,
Labor.
-
Alan S. Boyd, Under Secretary of Coin
merce for Transportation.
George H. Hearn, one of five Commissioners
on the Federal Maritime Commission.
Nicholas Johnson, Maritime Administra-
tor.
OTHERS UNACCOMPANIED
Henning made this trip unaccompanied by
any member of his staff and held no press
conference.
Boyd likewise traveled without any aids
and held no press conference although he
had a frank and open discussion with th s
press after his speech. Although Boyd is
chairman of the task force, he pulled: rio
behind-the-scenes punches.
Hearn also traveled alone without any aids
and held no press conference.
Nicholas Johnson had two men make the
trip from Washington with him. although
be has been loudly stressing Government
economy.
TWO JOHNSON AIDS
One of those with Johnson, although not
on the same plane, was Ivan Scott, who is
being characterized as the "personal public
relations" man for Johnson.
Soott was employed as of December 1 and
his first assignment was that of traveling t)
the west coast to set up press conferences
in each of the four areas visited by the Mari-
time Administrator. There already is a press
information. center in the Maritime Admiu-
istrat.ion.
The other was George R. Griffiths, some-
times described as the Maritime Administra-
tion's liaison man with the military Sea
Transportation Service and other times as a
special assistant to Johnson, of which there
are increasing numbers.
PRESS CONFERENCE OBJECTIONS
At the press conference in San Francisco---
the first of the four and the only one at-
tended by this reporter-it was difficult to
obtain direct answers from Johnson about
the task force recommendations as differing
from those of the President's Maritime Ad-
visory Committee.
Johnson also had several members Irons
the local staff of the Maritime .Administration
accompanying him a good part of the time he
was in San Francisco, Portland, Seattle, and
Los Angeles.
This array undoubtedly was impressive to
some persons.
SOME DISSENTING OWNERS
For example, when he tried to impress upoaa
the press that the Advisory Committee rec-
ommendations were not accepted by three
committee members, he failed to add, unto
questioned, that two of the objectors were
major foreign-flag shipowners.
Johnson failed to say that the third, a
banker, had. at first, refused to join the com-
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Jaxz#ary 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A167
mittee because he feared a conflict Of !n- industry moved "inland" when they sue- As a result of all this, there is more of a
terest in that his bank had foreign-flag cus- ceeded in getting it placed on the congres- furor in the Nation over the merchant ma-
tomers. Furthermore, this member has sional checklist of the AFL-CIO Committee rine than perhaps at any time since 1935
when the act was passed.
ti
on.
attended almost no meetings, including the on Political Educa
last one. That action at the recent AFL-CIO con- VIETNAM CALLS ATTENTION
by the
or cou
p
Paul Hall, president of the maritime trades vention is described as a maj
department, called Johnson "stupid," but was leaders of the seamen's unions because
glad that he was because he had openly hereafter it will mean that 12 million mem-
shown how the Government was going to bers of the AFL-CIO and their families will
sabotage the American merchant marine. be confronted with the fact that there is a
ti industr in the United States and
m
marl
e y
"GOING TO DO TO US" that apparently it is important to all orga-
Preceding maritime administrators had nized labor-which means it must be consid-
Hall said, "but never before one stood up
and said publicly what they are going to do
to us."
Hall also in public accused Johnson of
"deliberate misuse of statistics" and of jug-
gling figures "to justify this lie" of how much
the subsidy to individual seamen is in com-
parison with that to farmers.
Hall explained that when the Maritime
Administration calculated how much the
operating subsidy payments to seamen
amounted to, it divided only the number of
men actually going to sea aboard the subsi-
dized ships into the amount of the subsidy
rather than taking into consideration the
persons backing up that operation on shore,
such as the office staffs and shipyard workers.
MORE RECKONED FARMERS
On the other hand, to lessen the agricul-
ture amount, the Seafarers' official said, the
Maritime Administration adds up every
family member on any 10-acre plot that
produced $50 worth In a year, plus 1.5 million
retired farmers, several million farmers who
receive no subsidy, to those` who are sub-
sidized and actually earn their pay at farm-
ing.
Thus, the farm figure comes out to about
$1,100 per person, while the seaman subsidy
quoted by Johnson is $7,500 to $12,000 a man.
If the shipping industry was given the
same broad general description as that of
agriculture, Hall asserted the figures per
person would be identical because shipping
would then be $1,190 per person.
"SMALL-MINDED PEOPLE"
"These small-minded people are killing off
this industry," Hall declared.
The description of a sneaking stumping
tour applied to Johnson's trip did not come
MANAGEMENT'S CHANCE TO ADD
Now it will be interesting to see what
management does to match this performance
or to uphold its "share" of putting the mari-
time industry across to the general public.
Never has the American shipping industry
had the opportunity it now has nor is it
likely to have it again if it flubs this time as
it has done many times in the past.
The stage was set by Nicholas Johnson, the
youthful Maritime Administrator, in a speech
last February 9 when he first said publicly
that, as far as he was concerned, part of the
industry was to be scuttled and the rest of
it was to be revamped.
A climax was reached October 7 when the
contents of the Interagency maritime task
force report were formally made public and
found to be quite similar to the February 9
Curtain raiser.
Meanwhile, fortunately, functioning in an-
other theater was a three-part cast-com-
posed of public, labor and management
members-known as the President's Mari-
time Advisory Committee with the assign-
ment of developing a long-range program
to improve the U.S. merchant marine.
They did not like the contents of the task
force presentation and drew up their own.
- CONTRASTS SEE SAME GOAL
Each program now is being performed with
a different view in mind, because the basic
lines are so different-such as building
abroad, eliminating cargo preference and
American-flag passenger ships.
more critical and ships playing a large role
there, shipping once again has the value of
its contribution to defense being portrayed
daily before the Nation.
Thus the stage has been set so that the in-
dustry has an opportunity such as it has not
had for three decades.
With knowledge of all this background,
it was startling to hear that the west coast
president of a subsidized steamship company
remarked here Friday that, since his com-
pany's ships were sailing chock-a-block full,
he could not see any reason why his com-
pany should contribute money toward any
type of an advertising or promotion cam-
paign now.
It was particularly disheartening because
there had been a bit of a reason to believe
this man's eyes had been opened earlier in
the week to the fact that the industry's con-
tinued negligence of promotion, of better-un-
derstanding, has contributed to its rather
squeegy position today.
Such narrow points of view are exactly
what has been wrong with the American
maritime industry for scores of years and ap-
parently Is going to remain If his attitude
Is an indication.
When business has been at a peak, the
American shipping industry has shrugged its
shoulders and said it was pointless to put
on a program of any kind because there was
no need for it-business was good.
MONEY LAGS WITH BUSINESS
When business has slacked off and rides
along at a low ebb with bludgeoning from
every side, the industry declares it does not
have the money then to do anything to offset
It.
The shipowners' and shipyards' inconsist-
ency has helped box them into their present
undesirable position and sometimes it is
difficult to sympathize with them.
However, both claim to have the same it would not be surprising if other top
goal-that of improving the merchant industry officials feel somewhat like the west
marine. coast president.
from labor, but from one of the, country's conducting a tour to promote his curtain-
outstanding management spokesmen-Paul raiser thoughts.
St. Sure, chairman of the Pacific Maritime Not following precedent, labor and man-
Association and a member of the President's agement have engaged the same stage-the
Maritime Advisory Committee. National Shipping Conference-and the same
Other persons here feel Johnson is out to program as their theme to offset the task
prove that he has been able to hold down force.
the subsidy outlay to merchant shipping. BOYD OFFERS OLIVE BRANCH
CALLS RESEARCH BETTER DRAW Alan S. Boyd, the chairman of the task
St. Sure related that Johnson told 'ship- force and Under Secretary of Commerce for nized labor claims, and is getting more so
ping executives here that although he could Transportation, extended an olive branch every year now that it has the full support
do nothing about getting more subsidy to here ten days ago and said, "Let's stop shoot- of the AFL-CIO behind it.
build more than 15 to 17 ships a year in ing each other and reach a common ground." For a while the committee floundered be-
American yards, he could get $2 billion for Reportedly, the Defense Department has cause the top echelon of the AFL-CIO was
a research and development program. employed a "whiz kid" engineering outfit to not supporting it.
American shipyards have contended right put the two reports side by side, compare
them and come out with a middle-of-the- But it kept plugging along until finally
aloe g last they could get any the 1 5 to 17 assurance 7road program. There is confirmation of this, the executive council blessed it. The com-program ships a sh year i mean pbuilding Government t assistance And then, of course, there Is the com- mittee functions on a $1-a-year contribution
of a 0 analysis of the two which the task from each member of a union-or at least
force team made and which was not sup- the dollar per member is its goal.
modernizing rnizing would their be able facilities s parative
do f more about t toward
to reduce costs further. posed to be made public-as was determined All of that is a real achievement, but
This might be as good a place as any to by the Advisory Committee and John T. there is considerable work to be done be-
put some of those research and development Connor, Secretary of Commerce. However, tween now and the congressional elections
Johnson released most of its contents in his to put over a merchant marine program to
billions. fl t h of his recent campaign the Nation-to let them know why they need
r
s
eec
From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Dec. 20,
1965]
AROUND THE WATERFRONTS LABOR GAINS LIGHT
ON SHIPPING
(By Helen Delich Bentley, maritime editor
of the Sun)
SAN FRANCISCO, December 19.-The mari-
time unions performed a monumental job
toward getting the story of the mpxitime
Johnson, with an entourage of aids and
press conferences wherever he goes, has been
p
s
JOHNSON ROUSES INDUSTRY a fleet adequate both for defense and com-
mercial purposes. No more time should be
If Johnson has done nothing else, he has wasted while the industry sits around and
shocked most of the industry-labor and wonders, What do we do now?
management-into realization that some-
thing TO AID REPUTATION
thing has to be done and done soon if the
maritime industry of the United States, first, - Some definite strides toward a real im-
is to be saved and, second, is to expand. provement in public image must be made
His statements described by his oppo- immediately-and that can only be done
nents as inaccuracies and half-truths have through a well-financed public relations pro.
helped toward the alert. gram.
UNION PROPAGANDA ARM
As was noted, the labor unions have made
a major contribution toward getting the
word into Dubuque, Iowa; Denver, St. Louis,
and other places for next year's congres-
sional election and thereafter. From now
on there will be a space for each Congress-
man's name to show whether he voted the
The AFL-CIO Committee on Political Edu-
cation is powerful in swinging votes, orga-
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And while they are thinking along these
lines, both management and labor should
knock their heads together and be willing
to improve labor relations in the industry
so that part of the way the public thinks of
them will recover.
There Is no doubt that the decrepit labor
relations in the maritime industry--anal
both sides are at fault-has been a major
assist to Johnson in selling his negative views
and criticisms of the industry.
LEADERS ON BOTH SIDES
The individual leaders on both sides of the
bargaining table should look in the mirror
and ask what is more important: personal
aggrandizement or the overall healthy in.-
dustry.
Yes, the stage has been set. The lines are
partially written. The cast is available.
Everything affirmative is there for the indus-
try. But only if the members of the cast
trust each other and cooperate with each
other-management within management,
labor within labor, as well as labor and
management and public parties-and only if
the lines are properly developed can a four-
star performance be the result. Such a per-
formance not only would be for the industry,
but for the Nation as a whole.
[From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Dec. 26,
1.965]
U.S. SUBSIDY PLANS COVER MANY AREAS-MER-
CHANT MARINE NOT ALONE IN FEDERAL Ass-
;;I.:;TANCE
(By Helen Delich Bentley. maritime editor
of the Sun)
bAN FRANCISCO, Dec. 23-The merchant
marine has been singled out for tremendous
criticism about its subsidy in recent years,
while the only other Government-assisted
program referred to constantly is the farm
subsidy.
However, a recently published report pre-
pared for the Joint Economic Committee of
Congress reveals nine pages of listings of
various grants made annually by Uncle Sam
to all elements of the Nation's business and
economic life.
The introduction to chapter II, entitled
"Scope of Studies,' begins" "A better under.,
standing and appreciation of the sweeping,
amorphous character of subsidy programs
may be gained by a mere listing of the vari-,
ous Federal programs, past and present..
which, by one criterion or another, might be
considered to partake of or involve an ele-
ment of subsidy regardless of original intent
of any particular program."
.ISTED AS GRANTS
Under the beading of "Grants to business
firms and corporations to carry out specific
objectives," it lists the following:
Shipbuilding differential subsidy-Mari-
time Administration; shipbuilding subsidy
for fishing vessels--Interior Department;
ship-operating differential subsidy; subsidies
to wartime producers of various raw mate-
rials and consumer items to stimulate pro-
duction without violating price ceilings; land
grants and cash contributions for railroad
construction; Government subscriptions to
railroad securities; subsidies for carrying
mail--ship and civil air carriers; partial 5-
nancing of plants to generate electricity from
atomic fuels.
In the chapter on transportation subsidies,
it, discusses the assistance that has been given
to the airliner, since 1925 and noted that
today the subsidy payouts in air transporta-
tion are devoted to the 14 local service car-
riers and carriers in Alaska and Hawaii.
These amount to about $85 million a, year.
"Aside from these direct subsidies, all,
carriers have also benefited from such varied
governmental assistance as airport and air-.
way facilities, other navigation aids, aero-?
nautical research and development con-
ducted under governmental auspices, the
safety regulations of the Civil Aeronautics
Administration and the sale of surplus air-
craft, available to both new and existing
companies engaged in civil transport," the
report said.
WIDELY DEBATED
On the matter of motor carriers, it noted
that whether the extensive expenditures on
highway and street improvement constituted
a direct subsidy to the motor carrier indus-
try has been widely debated.
Representatives of the motor carrier indus-
try have contended that through registra-
tion. fees, gasoline taxes, and other charges
which have gone into the construction of
public roads, the industry has met all the
costs properly attributable to it. This is
denied by railroad spokesmen."
And in regard to railroads, the report con-
tended that the total and net subsidies to
railroads by Federal and State government
are subject to some uncertainty.
[From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun, Jan.
10, 1966]
AROUND THE WATERFRONT: CONGR]:Ss HAS ITS
CHANCE FOR MAJOR MARITIME CURES
(By Helen Delich Bentley, maritme editor
of the Sun)
WASHINGTON, January 9.-Toda;'s opening
of the 2d session of the 89th Congress brings
with it a call for some major changes in the
Nation's maritime legislation-changes de-
pending, of course, on whether the adminis-
tration pursues the course promia,d by some
of its lesserlings.
Whether much is done remains uncertain
despite the two divergent reports on the
American merchant marine 1 hat have
aroused everyone in and around the mari-
time industry since last September.
This is the first time in recent maritime
history-the last 30 years-that there has
been so much turmoil over the industry in
the months preceding the opening of Con-
gress. It appears the path has been opened
for major action.
In addition to dependence upon the ad-
ministration's bidding, there will be the de-
sires of Congress itself-whether the com-
mittees responsible for the merchant marine
are prepared or are willing to take steps on
their own.
The House Merchant Marine an u Fisheries
Committee will be headed by a new chair-
man--EDWARD A. GARMATZ, a Mary; and Dem-
ocrat. Senator MA.GNUSON, Democrat, of
Washington, a former seaman, will continue
as chairman of the Senate Commerce Com-
Dlittee.
This could be the first time in the last few
years that these two committees work to-
gether, inasmuch as MAGNUSON anal the late
Representative Bonner, Democrat- of North
Carolina, whorl GARMATZ succeed, did not
get along well together. Joining o; hands in
this direction could be fruitful for lie indus-
try and the program as a whole.
GARMATZ walks in as chairman :at a time
which affords him the opportunity, is a whole
to do more for the industry than ::ny chair-
man has had since the 1936 act was passed.
He can also do his own constitu ents con-
siderable good since they are so closely linked
to the American maritime welfare-provided
overall welfare is properly handled and GAR-
MATZ has loyal persons working on it.
Since the 1936 act was passed, most of the
legislation has been geared toward the sub-
sidized end of the industry, which today is
the best part of the American merchant ma-
rine. The tramps and inriependencs did get
the Cargo Preference Act, the trade-in-and-
build program, and mortgage insurance when
the Republicans were in power.
It is the tramp or bulk-carrier segment of
the merchant marine that has been cited by
both reports as requiring improvement at
once. Although legislation was passed in
1952 enabling bulk carriers to be built with
subsidy assistance, the Maritime administra-
tion has not approved any of the applications
filed in recent years for the construction of
such sorely needed vessels,
Perhaps new legislation is not the complete
answer. Perhaps a thorough investigation
as to why the administration has not paid
any heed to congressional wishes concerning
the merchant fleet might be more in order.
The House Merchant Marine Committee
has never been considered a particularly
strong or important committee----primarily
because the industry has never made itself
recognized properly as a truly important in-
dustry to the United States.
Certainly over the years the industry has
shied away from making the committee
members feel as if they actually had done a
job and had more to do.
Contributions to political campaigns from
the shipping industry have always been con-
sidered in the "niggardly" class in congres-
sional circles.
And now it has all come home---and the
industry recognizes that, with the attitude
of many administration officials, its future
is dependent upon Congress.
Regardless of any of the past or any per-
sonal feelings, the congressional committees
have a responsibility to the people of the
United States to provide them with a strong
American-flag merchant marine and a
healthy maritime complex built around that
fleet.
It is on that premise they should act.
CHANCE FOR HOUSE GROUP
The House Merchant Marine Committee
can become a very important one on Capitol
Hill this year if the overall picture is prop-
erly encompassed and presented.
As the second session opens, there is not
only the question of a new policy for the
American merchant marine, with two diver-
gent reports serving as background, but there
also is the fact that this country has found
itself in rather a peculiar position in try-
ing to supply- ships to handle its own cargoes;
to Vietnam--although the reserve fleets are,
monumental in size.
And then there is the matter of the U.S.S.
Yarmouth Castle, the Panama-flag passenger
ship operating out of Miami on a regular
run to Nassau, which burned with 90 per-
sons--mostly Americans-losing their lives.
GOVERNMENT-AID CARGOES
Still undecided is whether U.S.-flag ships
are receiving: their share of Government-aid
cargoes and, if not, why not.
All of these and more are matters that
should be taken up by the congressional
committees primarily responsible for the
American merchant marine this year-first
determining the adequacy of that fleet and
how an adequate fleet can be maintained for
this country so that when Vietnams break
out there is no problem as to availability of
merchant ships for both military and com-
mercial use.
The committees might consider some way
of finding out what is going on within the
Maritime Administration. This might be
something to consider as a permanent part
of the committee staff work.
MAY NEED MORE STAFF
With the Yarmouth Castle disaster, the
task force-Maritime Advisory Committee re-
ports, and Vietnam, the House committee
naturally must expand its staff to be able
properly to handle all these matters.
Representative GARMATZ months ago asked
for an accounting of the ships in the reserve
fleet. As far as is known, he has never been
given that information. If the information
was kept on record as it should be and should
have been, the new chairman could have had
the proper answer to his request within a
matter of days.
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 Approved For Release 2006/10/19: CIA-RDP67B00446R000400010011-4
J%n fltry 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
Yes, there is plenty to be done this year-
and the merchant marine and maritime in-
dustry is looking to Congress to lead the way.
[From the Baltimore Sun, Jan. 12, 1986]
MERCHANT MARINE OF UNITED STATES
THREATENED WITH OBLIVION
(By Helen Delich Bentley, maritime editor
of the Sun)
WASHINGTON, January 11.-Commerce De-
partment officials, it was learned today, have
threatened subsidized shipowners that If they
did not accept the interagency maritime task
force report on a drastic new shipping policy,
the American merchant marine "will be
budgeted into oblivion."
This intimidation was made last month
after Alan S. Boyd, Under Secretary of Com-
merce for Transportation and task force
chairman, in San Francisco called for a "com-
promise" on the two contradictory reports-
that of the task force and the other of
the President's Maritime Advisory Commit-
tee-on how the American-flag fleet should
be rescued.
NEITHER SIDE GETTING ANYWHERE
Although Boyd was not present when the
threat was made, two officials from his De-
partment who presumably had authority to
speak conducted the conference. The gen-
eral tone of the session was that the ship
operators should go through the task force
report, find what "you can swallow," and
the rest "would be forced upon the industry."
At the time of his call for a compromise,
Boyd said before the maritime trades de-
partment of the AFL-CIO that neither side
was getting anywhere holding fast to its
views, that the United States had become
great because throughout history there had
been compromises, and he felt it was im-
portant for the future of the American
merchant marine that a compromise be
reached on the two policy reports.
It was when industry officials went to
the Commerce Department to find out what
was meant by the call to compromise that
the warning was given to them.
The Commerce Department holds the key
to the budget of, the subsidized segment of
the American merchant marine now because
the Maritime Administration is an agency
of that Department.
Therefore, whatever budget is sought by
the Maritime Administration must then be
fitted into the overall budget of the Com-
merce Department before it goes on to the
Bureau of the Budget.
INDEPENDENT AGENCY SOUGHT
It is because of this hold of the Commerce
Department over the merchant marine that
several bills were introduced in the 1st ses-
sion of the 89th Congress to have the Mari-
time Administration made an independent
agency. Those bills are expected to be acted
upon this session.
The Budget Bureau had representation on
the task force, as did several other Govern-
ment departments not considered friendly to
the American merchant marine. Among the
controversial recommendations in that report
are the building of American ships abroad;
phasing out of all American ships from the
passenger business; revamping the entire
system of subsidy payments; building new
bulk carriers, but only five a year; and hold-
ing down the amount of foreign commerce to
be transported on American-flag ships to less
than the present 9 percent.
It also would have this country depend on
foreign-flag ships for commercial purposes
should all of the U.S.-flag vessels be used
for military transportation.
ELEVEN SHIPS RECOMMENDED
Whether the reported cutback in new ship-
building to be presented to Congress in the
new budget is part of that threat cannot
be determined yet.
According to information available, the
Budget Bureau is recommending that only 11
new ships be built in fiscal 1967. This is
the lowest number since the replacement
program got fully underway in fiscal 1958.
It is said to be 4 less than what the
Commerce Department called for and about
10 or so less than what the Maritime Admin-
istration called for.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. J. ARTHUR YOUNGER
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mr. YOUNGER. Mr. Speaker, in the
Sunday edition of the Washington Star
of January 16, an article appeared which
I am sure will be of interest to the read-
ers of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. Mary
McGrory's column "Yellow Rose Calls
White House" is an excellent piece of
satire on the White House order to report
the comings and goings and phone calls
of White House employees. Her column
follows :
YELLOW ROSE CALLS WHITE HOUSE
(By Mary McGrory)
Mr. MARVIN WATSON,
Special Assistant to the President,
The White House.
DEAR MR. WATSON: You know, of course,
that Press Secretary Bill Moyers has ex-
plained and defended your practice of keep-
ing a record of incoming telephone calls at
the White House on the grounds of "effi-
ciency, economy, and security."
Naturally all of us are for that, but as a
patriotic American citizen I think I should
tell you that you are barking up the wrong
tree.
Take my own case. I show up on your lists
as often as 20 times a day. But that's only
half the story. What you need is the outgo-
ing list. You'll never see me there.
No matter when I call or whom I call, he's
"at a meeting" or "with the President"' or
"has some people with him." He's not spill-
ing any state secrets to me, I can assure you.
Maybe we should all take the hint that the
President will tell us reporters anything he
thinks we ought to know, which you have
to admit is not much. But we hear that a
man's worth is gaged by the number of calls
he gets, and he could lose his third telephone
or even his job if he isn't in demand.
So we keep dialing, and I personally have
had many pleasant conversations with the
secretaries over there. I have learned that
one of them is looking for an apartment on
Connecticut Avenue and another is having
trouble with her mother-in-law. I don't
think these constitute breaches of the na-
tional security, and I hope you will agree.
Incidentally, would you consider giving us
reporters code names or numbers? I have
to spell my last name every time I call and it
eats into my efficiency and also my morale.
Could I be "Yellow Rose" or maybe 007? Or
are you saving that for Walter Lippmann?
I want you to know that I have never
descended to giving a fictitious name. A col-
league of mine, whom I shall not name, on
his sixth try for McGeorge Bundy, said he
was Alexel Kosygin, and had to spell it.
Next week he plans to be "Alexander
Kerensky," and the week after "Leon Trot-
sky." I think I have talked him out of using
"Ho Chi Minh" on the grounds that it will
start up a new flurry about "direct contact
A169.
.between Hanoi and Washington," which,
could cause a jamming of the White House
switchboard. I have pointed out to him
that you people have enough to do checking
up on each other, and he has promised to
think it over.
But to get back to my point of the incom-
ing list not giving the big picture. A week
ago Tuesday, for instance, I show up as call-
ing Joe Califano 10 times between 11 a.m.
and 7 p.m. I forget what I wanted to ask
him, but the thing is he should not be
credited-nor should I be charged-with the
last two. I was merely trying to tell the
secretary that my deadline had passed and
that he should not bother to call back. The
first time, all his lines were busy, and the
second time, I got through.
The secretary promised to take my name
off the list and she was as good as her word.
I have not heard from him to this day.
Also you should not be misled by those
six calls I put in to Bill Moyers on Thursday.
He does not spend his day on the horn chin-
ning With me. Actually, when I finally got
him and asked him about the future of a
prominent government official, he advised me
not to write anything because the President
will make a statement about it in a few days.
I'm still waiting.
Knowing Washington, you are naturally
concerned that some people might just be
calling up their White House acquaintance
to scrounge some juicy morsel to drop into
the conversation over a Georgetown dinner
party. Some of us, Mr. Watson, never get
to Georgetown dinner parties. We are sit-
ting in our offices waiting for the White
House to call back.
A friend of mine went out recently and
sat next to a White House aid who sees the
President all day. His conversation was con-
fined to the adorable thing his 2 year old
had said that morning. His wife, during the
ladies' hour, confided that she was going to
name her next child Little Boy.
So, Mr. Watson, I can tell you there's no
need to worry. ? Indiscretion has been prac-
tlcally wiped out in the executive branch.
And your log of incoming calls would be out
right down to a splinter if you could persuade
your boss to hold regular press conferences.
Sincerely yours,
.As the Twig Is Bent-Safeguarding the
Spiritual-Moral Well-being of Young
Americans in Uniform
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. KARL E. MUNDT
OF SOUTH DAKOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, the Feb-
ruary issue of Together, the magazine
for Methodist families, carries an arti-
cle by Col. Harry M. Archer which high-
lights the provisions being made by our
military services for safeguarding the
spirtual-moral well-being of young
Americans in uniform.
Colonel Archer, a 20-year Army vet-
eran, outlines clearly the factors in a
young man's life which provide the keys
to what kind of soldier and later, what
kind of civilian, he will become.
Because of the importance of this arti-
cle to those thousands of families who
have sons in uniform I ask unanimous
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 A170
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX January i8,`1-9(t'6-
consent that the article be prili'd in the
Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
As THE TWIG IS BENT
(By Harry C. Archer, colonel, U.S. Army)
Strange names Once ag.hin are spreading
across American headlines and creeping into
the American vocabulary: Da Nang, Viet-
cong, and the Ho Chi Mirilh Trail. They are
familiar because tens of thousands of our
soldiers, airmen, and marines are pouring
into beleagured Vietnam. The buildup of
combat forces there has brought increased
draft: call and may lead to the mobilization
of Reserve and National Guard unit;.
'the demands of national security made
upon the young men of our Nation are of
obvious and direct concern to parents,
clergymen, civic leaders-indeed to all Amer-
icans.
The first though, of course, is for the physi-
cal safety and well-being of these lads. No
less important is the concern over the effects
of military service upon their moral fiber.
Will they be coarsened and corrupted? Or
will they emerge as self-reliant, better citi-
zens?
Asa soldier, a Regular Army officer, I have
nay own views. To illustrate, lot me present
an imagined but not unbelievable case:
The young soldier was not particularly
drunk when he left the cafe. Just happy.
fie had had only a few beers. The girl
lounging outside strolled up to him and
struck a provocative pose. They chatted a
few moments and then, with it shru.7, -the
boy nodded and together they set off down
the dimly lit street. '1'cn minutes later he
was dead. they had not meant to kill him,
just rob Jilin. But there had baen a scuffle,
and now the soldier was very, very dead,
lying in a foul-smelling alley thousands of
reviles from home and family.
Would such an incident have happened if
the boy had not been drafted into military
.ervice? Of course that particular incident
would not have occurred, but what about
one like it? Would he have been as likely
to drift off in an alcoholic haze with some
other such girl? Was there, perhaps, some
flaw in his character from earlier days, or
did the Army cause him to follow this path?
After all. everyone who has read "From
ll:ere to Eternity" knows what the military
services are like-sex-crazed, hard-drinking,
profane, and completely controlled by sadis-
tic sergeants and incompetent officers. Such
an environment is bound to corrupt.
Balderdash. Let me lay it on the line for
you. parents of America. With but a :few
exceptions, the boy coming out of the mili-
tary is the same basic product that you
created. So you want it good, clean kid to
conic home from the Army? It is easy. Just
put a good, clean kid into the Army.
1: n n not, being flippant. I have been in
lie Arniv more than 20 years, and I have
a;een the American serviceman at work and
at play in the United St'ites and in nearly
:30 foreign lands. Some of them started us-
ing narcotics while others started building
in orphanage. One mail dealt in stolen
black-market goods, and the Army dealt him
:l di.shonora.file discharge. Another from the
rime platoon attended night school, receiv-
ing a high school diploma with his hon.or-
iblo discharge.
What made the difference? They were in
,be same army. Could the difference lie in
the moral training they received before they
stile into the service? If it were not so
trite, I would answer my own question with
,teat old chestnut about "As the twig is
aeni,." 'oil second thought, I'll say it any-
way. As the twig is bent, so grows the tree,
aid you had better believe it.
FOUR KEY FACTORS
In the military, there appear to be four
main factors that determine whether a twig
will bend or grow straight-factors that de-
termine how each young man will respond
to the challenges of military life. It should
come as no surprise that all four are directly.
connected with the home and community
from which he calve. The things which
shape a lad's early life also tend to shape
his career in uniform.
Here are the four factors:
Religion: The truly devout soldier is rarely
in trouble. Even those who have relaxed
somewhat in their church attendance are
good risks if they have a background of
sound Christian or Jewish training. Respect
for the laws of God and man, as taught by
the religious faiths, is the firmest founda-
tion upon which to build a good :soldier and a
good citizen. The boys who take part in
church activities and who have learned to
seek their chaplain's guidance seldom see
the inside of a military police .;tation.
Family: The products of unhappy or
broken homes have some tendency to have
unhappy, broken military careers. I do not
mean that such a boy is an odds-on favorite
to be a troublemaker. The vast: majority of
all soldiers serve honorably and well. Only
a small handful is given dishonorable dis-
charges. I simply mean that a boy who grew
up with the love and guidance of two well-
adjusted parents has a better chance of a
satisfying Career.
.Education: The better the education, the
better the soldier. There is a direct, almost
invariable connection. The reasons are eas-
ily understood.
First, the well-educated soldier is assigned
to better, more interesting duties. Often he
is selected to attend highly technical schools
which not only, qualify him Ice promotion
and better assignments but also, prepare him
for good jobs in civilian life. The educated
soldier knows that receiving such oppor-
tunities depends in part upon his personal
conduct.
Second, the better-schooled soldier has a
clearer understanding of why he is in the
Army, why there must be a draft. If he is
stationed in Europe, for example, he has
some knowledge of American f'-reign policy
and of why our Government believes that
U.S. forces must be maintained there. Know-
ing these things, he has a sense of purpose
and accomplishment that is not fully shared
by less fortunate fellows.
Last, lie tends to associate with other well-
educated soldiers. As a group, they are the
ones most frequently seen in the post library,
the chapel, the education center, and the
craft shop-and more rarely seen in the
nightclubs and bars that spawn disciplinary
problems.
The girl friend: If a boy has won the love
or affection of a girl back home, he is more
likely to be it good soldier. If they are en-
gaged, this influence is even :stronger. A
picture in the wallet, letters ending with little
X's and O's-these are forces which never
should be underestimated. The boy who
wants a particular girl to be proud of him
knows she will not be proud if his service is
dishonorable. The lad in love is more apt
to be economy minded. He sacs his money
for their future home, for gifts. or to squire
the girl around when he returns home on
leave. Such a soldier will spend less money,
hence less time, in the cabarets that fre-
quently cluster about military installations.
The letters from this all-ir,,portant girl
are a factor in themselves. If they are af-
fectionate and chatty, speaking of familiar
nieces and people, they are a strong link
with all the more wholesome, desirable things
in his life.
This matter of love is a double-edged
sword, however. If the girl spurns him or
turns to another, strange force's are some-
times loosened. While one boy might sit
in his barracks to brood over his fate, an-
other may embark upon a wave of rashness,
turning to the consolation of alcohol or the
arms of some other, too readily available
girl. Which course he follows is determined
by other factors of religious training, home
life, and education.
Note that I have not mentioned such things
as the soldier's race, social, or economic posi-
tion, his national origin, or rural versus
urban background. Perhaps statistical study
would reveal that some of these are im-
portant, but in my experience they are not,
Give me a religious, educated boy from a
happy home with a wholesome girl in his
heart, and I have a good soldier. I do not
care if he is black, white, or purple, rich or
poor; he will serve honorably and well and
will return to his community as it good man
and a good citizen.
FEAR OF CORRUPT INFLUENCES
Why do so many people fear the effects
of military service on their sons cir relatives?
To my mind, the reasons are clear. In the
first place, there are the newspaper head-
lines: "Soldier Rapes Teenager"; "Five Ma-
rines Killed in 100-m.p.h. Police Chase."
How often do you see headlines blaring,
"Salesman Robs Bank" or "Bus Driver Slays
Rival"? Rarely. And it is not because all
salesmen and all bus drivers are above re-
proach.
Exceptions are made, of course, when. a
civilian's crime is completely inconsistent
with his occupation: "Choir Director Arrested
in Opium Den" or "Bank President Charged
With Shoplifting." As a rule, however, civil
occupations are not headlined.
Why the difference? I believe it is because
of the uniform. It provides a visible identity
found in few other occupations. Policemen
also wear uniforms, and I can well picture a
headline proclaiming, "Policeman Slays
Wife," but I cannot imagine one announc-
ing, "Grocer Killed in Three-Car Accident."
In short, I believe the headlines give a
grossly distorted picture of the serviceman's
standard of conduct.
There is a second, more concrete reason
for parents to fear the corrupting influence
of military life. After all, Jimmy dad not
smoke or use swear words before he went
into the Army, and now he does both. Proof
positive. Well, what would have happened
to Jimmy if, instead of entering the Army,
he had left home for the first time to attend
some large university or to work for a con-
struction company? Would he then have
been less likely to smoke and say dammit?
No matter where he goes, a lad will pick up
superficial signs of toughness when he goes
out into the world of men. I do not believe
military life is any worse or any better in
this regard than a thousand other
occupations.
OBLIGATIONS OF THE MILITARY
It may appear that I wish to absolve
the military services of any responsibility
for the conduct of our citizen-soldiers. That
is not my desire nor is it the desire of ,,fly
officer I know. The service branches have
a deep feeling of obligation to do their
share in preserving and further developing
the moral stamina of their men. The rea-
sons are both idealistic and practical.
On the idealistic side, we in the services
do not regard ourselves as being basicr,lly
separate or different from the rest of the
American community. As children, we, too,
played marbles, went fishing, came home
with bloody noses, and loved the smell of
burning leaves. Putting on a uniform did
not mean that we suddenly became indiller-
enb to all but the military aspects of Ameri-
can life. We are citizens as well as soldiers,
and we feel civic as well as military obliga-
tions.
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 A192
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX January 18, , 1966
Standard errors of estimated percentages (68 chances out of 100)
2 or 98-
-?
-
-
-
-
-
-
---
3
4
b or 95------- -----------------
---?---?----?---?---------
-
-
-
?
-
-
?
.
b. 1
10 or 90-----------------?---------?----------------?-----
6.7
15 or 86----------------------------?---?------------------
8.3
20 or 80- ----??--?-?--------------------?---?--------
9.3
25 or 7b---------??--?-----------------?------??-----
10.0
35 or 65----------------------------------?----------------
11
1
60
------------?--------?-------------- -----
.
11.8
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
mend to the attention of our colleagues
the following article concerning the
value of travel by the Members of the
Congress.
The article was written by the Hon-
orable Douglas MacArthur II, the As-
sistant Secretary of State for Congres-
sional Relations and one of the most
able men serving our Nation.
The article appeared in the November
1965 Department of State Newsletter and
follows:
MACARTHUR: ON CONGRESSIONAL TRAVEL
(By Douglas MacArthur II)
I have long believed, and my present as-
signment has confirmed me in that belief,
that there are few areas in which the Depart-
ment and the Foreign Service have greater
opportunities for constructive accomplish-
ment than in dealing with the Congress.
During the postwar era, it has become in-
creasingly apparent: that our foreign policy
cannot be successfully executed without full
congressional support; that the congressional
role in foreign policy is growing in scope
and complexity; that this is a legitimate
and necessary development in the conduct
of a leadership foreign policy by a democ-
racy; -and that the demands which this
growth makes on the Department are
matched only by the demands it places on
the Members of Congress themselves.
Our function, of course, is not-and in-
deed never was-to resist congressional par-
ticipation in the policymaking process, but
rather to welcome it and to help make it an
efficient and mutually profitable one-for the
Department and the Service, the Congress,
and above all, for the American people whose
interests we all serve.
There are countless ways in which this
is being done here in Washington, such as:
increased briefings of Members and commit-
tee staffs; greater contact by Members of
Congress with the Diplomatic Corps and
foreign visitors; assigning junior and mid-
dle grade FSO's to brief tours of duty in
congressional offices; and the heightened and
encouraging departmental effectiveness in
the handling of congressional correspond-
ence.
A major area of Immediate opportunity
for increased understanding is the field of
congressional travel. The misguided tend-
ency to regard congressional travel duties
as an annoying chore is, happily, a disappear-
ing one. Those of us who have had repeated
opportunities to deal with traveling Members
of Congress and their principal staff assist-
ants have learned that congressional travel,
if handled properly and with imagination,
can be a great source of benefit to the De-
partment as well as to the Congress.
Perhaps even more important for our FSO's
in the field, it presents a unique opportunity
to acquaint Members in detail with the prob-
lems we are facing abroad and thus engage
their understanding and support. At the
same time it gives those in the field a new
insight Into the concerns and worries of the
American people and their elected Repre-
sentatives in the field of foreign affairs.
It is difficult to imagine people who have
heavier demands on their time and energies
than Members of our Congress. They have
their subcommittee work, their committee
work, quorum calls, rollcalls, national prob-
lems, the problems of their constituencies,
and a seemingly never-ending stream of
visitors from their home district or State.
Many, of them simply do not have as much
time as they would like when they are in
Washington to devote to foreign affairs.
When they travel abroad, on the other hand,
they are free of many of these pressures and
do have the time to focus on Important for-
eign policy problems.
Contrary to the impression given in some
irresponsible quarters, congressional travel
abroad is neither frivolous nor insignificant,
and I for one would recommend that every
Member travel as much as his schedule will
permit. It is a serious responsibility of their
office enabling them to gather important ma-
terial for further legislative work as well as
deeper understanding of the great Issues of
war and peace in a troubled world. It is the
occasion for them to observe at first hand
how the Foreign Service functions and how,
and why, our various programs overseas are
working. My experience, and I am sure
yours, has been that they are, almost with-
out exception, eager to take advantage of
this opportunity.
It is thus vitally important that our of-
ficers make the most of this chance to show
the Service at its best as an effective and
efficient instrument. We can give Members
first-hand experiences that they can draw
upon in responding to their constituents'
questions or criticisms about the Service as
well as about programs and policies.
The proper care and handling of congres-
sional visitors is a task that demands the
priority attention and best performance of
everyone In the Service from the Chief of
Mission right on down. Nothing less than
this will do.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. CLAIR CALLAN
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 18, 1966
Mr. CALLAN. Mr. Speaker, it is not
often a Member of Congress has the
opportunity and pleasure to discuss a
concrete action program instituted by in-
terested citizens because they saw a need
and decided to meet it. I have that dis-
tinct pleasure today, Mr. Speaker.
A group of interested citizens of Lin-
coln, Nebr., have for some time been con-
cerned with the phenomenal increase in
crime in the United States and have de-
cided that citizen action is one of the
few really long-term, effective methods
available to counteract this national
disease.
Mr. Speaker, Lincoln, Nebr., is not
faced with the massive increase in crime
that has plagued other areas of the coun-
try. But any crime is too much and
Lincoln is a growing city and planning
for the future has always been one of its
trademarks.
The Lincoln Junior Chamber of Com-
merce, led by a member of my human
iresources committee, Mr. Ben Goble,
has devised PAL which stands for people
and law. An individual citizen may be-
come a member for a small membership
fee and participate in the activities of
the organization-all of which are sup-
ported by the dues and other donations.
PAL will publish periodic bulletins on
law enforcement, crime statistics, how
the individual citizen may aid law en-
forcement officials, and training pro-
grams. In addition, PAL will sponsor a
monthly award to a local law enforce-
ment official who has distinguished him-
self as an officer and a citizen, sponsor
a scholarship fund to be used by a stu-
dent in the field of law, criminology or
other related fields, and act as a resource
group to promote the coordination and
dissemination of information pertaining
to law enforcement activities to schools,
civic, service, and religious groups.
I commend the idea to those in other
areas who face far greater problems in
the area of rising crime rates.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF. REPRESENTATIVES
,Monday, January 17, 1966
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, following the adjournment of
Congress it was my privilege to make a
study tour of southeast Asia, including
Vietnam. This trip was not made as a
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January 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
TABLE 3.--Money income in 196/ of noninstitutional male war veterans in the United States, who worked at part-year, part-time jobs, by age
Age in March 1961
_ -
h- I
-----~ 65 years and over
2.5 to 34
years
45 to 54
35 to 44
years years
55 to 64
years
65 to 69
years
70to74
years
75 years
and over
544
1,49:
286
489
00.0
100. 0
100.0
100.'0
:3
8
4
3
3. )
8.7
1.0
(2)
2.4
.
4
8
.
5
1
5.1
5. 9
(3.8
3.9
2.8
4.9
.
5
8
.
0
8
3..,
6. 1
10.7
6.7
7.3
5.7
.
2
5
.
2.8
4.1
3.8
6.3
11. 5
11.9
10.6
.
1
7
f3.8
7.)
5. 3
13.5
11.3
18. 7
.
4
6
3.7
4.0
6. 3
15.3
15.8
13.8
.
7
0
4.6
8.7
5.8
8.8
13.0
3.2
.
2
6
6.7
7.
4.5
:3. 9
7.8
4. 5
11. 4
.
6
7
0
8
6. '
7.3
(i. 8
13.1
9. 1
2.4
.
5
5
.
4
6
5.1
7.0
13.8
2.9
4.0
1.6
.
4
7
.
10.4
7.
7. 5
5.9
4.3
2.8
5.7
.
4
0
4.9
4.
4. 0
2.0
3. 5
5. 1
1.6
.
5
9
15
3
11.
9. 4
2.4
3. 1
1.7
4. 1
.
4
6
.
5.8
8.:3
6.1
6.8
1.2
1. 1
1.6
.
2
5
4
9
5.1
5.2
7.8
1.8
1. 1
3.3
.
2
7
.
3.7
3.2
2. 5
1.0
1.8
1.1
3.3
.
4
0
4
0
&S
4.2
3.9
4. 5
5.1
4. 1
.
2.0
.
(2)
2.1
1.9
2.9
2.3
2.3
1.6
.3
(2)
.0
(2)
$4,710 2 $4, 410
$3,540
$2,9410
$3, 042
$2, 740
Number (thousands)------------ -----._--
l'ercent, by iucome-------- ----
.9;500 to $9N!).. _
:$100(1 to $1,499---.. --------._----
$2,500 to $2,999--_..
$3,000 to $3,409___..--
$4,000 to $4,409
$4,500 to $4,999
$6,000 to $8,999 --- _._
$9,000 to $9,999_----
$10,()00 to $14,099-
$15,000 to $24,999___.
$25,000 and over__.-
Distribution and median not shown when base is less than. 100,000.
I Rounds to zero.
'L Anal) 4. --Money income in 1964 of noninstitutionat male war veterans in he United States who did not work, by age
Ttiamber (thousand,:)------ ---------- ------- - -------------------
I IcTeent, by ineomo------ ----------------------------- _-_------
:35 to 41
year,
100.0
Under $500
------------------
7.4
16
---
$513) to $090
--------------------------------- ------
8.5
16 0
-------- -------
499
$1
050 to $1
---------------------------------------------------- ...----
15.4
18. 0
,
,
----- ..
999
5(H) to $1
$1
-_.---..-------------..- --------------- ------ ------- -_
_.
15.1
7 7
,
,
-----
--
000 to $2
499
$2
_--------------- ---- ..--------
21. 1
2 f,
,
,
---_.._--
5(10 to $2
$2
009----------------------_.---------------- ---------------
7.8
(3 4
2
,
,
499
000 to $3
6:3
----- ---- --------------- -..---
6. 3
(
)
,
__.... -_
,
:$79
500 to $3
999
-- --------- -------------------'--
3.0
2.6
,
,
--.--. _-- -----------
499____-___.-------------------------------- ____.___--___. _-
000 to $4
$4
3.3
11 C
2
,
,
091) .. ---- -- - ----------------
500 to $4
$4
1.8
(
)
V
,
,
$r),()00 to $5,499_ ---------------------------------------
2.4
.5
)
1.9
:i 8
.9
5
.6
2 ti
.0
1
9
(2)
2 5
$01,0)5) $14,999_-.. --------------
to
.
8
(2)
$15,000 to $24,099 ------- --
.
(z)
A I )istribution and uredian riot, shown when base is less than 100,00.
1 Rounds to zoro.
SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF THE ESrIMATEs
aourcc of data
information about the 1964 income of male
civilian noninstitutional war veterans in the
United States was derived from the Bureau
of the Census' March 1965 Current Popula-
tion Survey sample of approximately 25,000
households. The income distributions by
.ige were applied to the independent VA esti-
mates by age of the male civilian noninsti-
tutional war veteran population in the Unit-
ed States to develop the income data pre-
sented in this report. Although income data
are for the year 1964, the age refers to March
1965. (For details of the survey see "Con-
sumer Income, Current Population Reports."
series P-60, INTO. 47, Sept. 24, 1965, U.S.
Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.)
War veterans are men who served in the
Armed Forces during a war period (Spanish-
25 to 34
years
$1, 030 $2, 010 $2, 161) $2, 180
$1,41f)
.3 (2oniputed from unrounded data and rounded to the nearest $10.
American. War, World War I, World War II,
J6.orean conflict), have been separated from
active duty and are now in the civilian non-
institutional population. The civilian non-
institutional population excludes all mem-
bers of the Armed Forces, and inme..tes of
penal institutions, chronic disease hoF,pitals,
nursing homes, and the like.
Reliability of the estimates
Since the estimates are based on a sample,
they may differ somewhat from the figures
that would have been obtained if a complete
census had been taken using the same sched-
ules, instructions, and enumerators. As in
any survey work, the results are sub;(eot to
errors of response and of reporting, as well
as being subject to sampling variability.
The standard error is primarily a measure
of sampling variability; that is, of the varia-
65 years and over
45 to 54
55 to 64
--..-- -----
years
years
Total
65 to 69
70 to 74
75 years
years
years
and over
171
157
1,231
519
572
190
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
'2'2.0
5. 9
3.8
4.9
2. 1
5. f3
16.1
15.1
5.8
3. G
5.8
11.7
8. 5
14.3
16.3
13.6
14 3
23.5
13. G
14.3
16.4
19.1
15.0
13. 0
13. (3
12.6
25.1
24.0
24. 5
29. Ii
4.2
10.9
8.3
6.7
10. ))
5.11
4.2
7.6
7.2
8.5
7.4
3.1
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.7
2. t)
l.8
6.8
4.2
2.0
1.b
2. (i
1.8
3.4
(2)
2t 1
1. b
2.4
2.5
2
)
3.4
2..3
2.1
2.9
1.2
(z
1.7
.`2
ti
2
fz
)
.7
1.7
(2)
1.6
2.7
1.1
2
('-)
1.7
1.7
.6
.6
.8
(2)
(2)
(2)
.6
.9
. 5
(5)
(2)
(
z)
1.2
.6
1. 8
1.4
(2)
3.3
2. 2
2.7
2.4
(z)
'
1. 7
2. 5
. fi
. 9
,r,
(
2)
(2)
(2)
.7
1.2
. a
3')
$'2, 'l20
$1, 87t
tions that occur by chance because a sample
rather than the whole of the population is
surveyed. As calculated for this report., the
standard error also partially measures the ef-
fects of response and enumeration errors but
does not measure any systematic biases in
the data. The chances are about 68 out of
100 that an estimate from the sample will
differ from a complete census figure by less
than one standard error. The chances are
about 95 out of 100 that the difference would
be less than twice the standard error. The
following table shows the approximate s t:Ind-
ard error of an estimated percentage com-
puted by using sample data for both the
numerator and denominator of the percent-
age. The size of the standard error depends
upon both the size of the percentage and
the size of the class upon which the per-
centage is based.
" bP67B00446R000
4aoa1ao11-4
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January 18, 1966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
part of any committee, but at my own
expense so that I could report to the peo-
ple of the Seventh District of Alabama,
the situation in Vietnam as I saw it from
firsthand inspection.
Upon my retur_, I issued a report to my
constituents on Vietnam and, under per-
mission to extend my remarks in the
RECORD I would like t., include that re-
port. Of course, there have been later
developments since my return from Viet-
nam, including the massive peace drive
launched by the President over the
Christmas period.
I believe we should do all possible to
seek a peaceful solution to the war in
Vietnam and I find no fault in the ef-
forts to do so. My concern is, that in our
i? er. 'e desire for peace that we may set-
tle for less than victory. I would hate to
think that Vietnam will become another
Korea and that 12 years from now we
will still have thou, ands of American
boys still stationed in those jungles to
maintain a peace that is not really a
peace, but rather : stalemate. I would
hate to think that we would get a peace
in Vietnam by giving in to the Commu-
nists as we did in Laos and permit a
Communist takeover under th3 guise of
a coalition go--ernment.
We should be prepared to negotiate,
but at the same time we should maintain
our strength, our capacity for victory and
make sure that the enemy knows we have
that capacity and will use it if forced
to d-) so by their failure to end their
aggression.
My report on Vietnam, which was re-
leased in December, follows:
SPECIAL REPORT ON VIETNAM
(By JIM MARTIN, Member of Congress)
The cold war between the Communist con-
spiracy and the free world has become a hot
and blazing war in Vietnam. Contrary to
the statements of the pacifist and pro-Com-
munist demonstrators, the war in South Viet-
nam is not a civil war against a tyrannical
government. It is naked aggression of South
Vietnam by Communist North Vietnam, en-
couraged and supported by Red China and
Soviet Russia. I have just traveled more
than 20,000 miles through all of Asia and
into the Middle East for a firsthand investi-
gation. This report is based on conditions as
I found them in my tours of the villages of
Korea, Taiwan, South Vietnam, Thailand,
and India; through briefings by our civilian
and military leaders and through lengthy
conversations with the businessmen, indus-
trialists, political leaders, and the people of
all the countries I visited.
Any study of the war in Vietnam must be-
gin with the stated creed of the communist
leaders of Red China. Mao Tse-tung, head
of the Communist Party in China, has
stated:
"Every Communist must grasp the truths.
Political power grows out of the barrel of a
gun. Whoever has an army has power, for
war settles everything. The theory of war
and strategy is the core of everything."
Every action of Red China has been based
on that creed. They have attempted to stir
up discontent and revolution in both Africa
and Asia and where subversion did not work,
they resorted to upright aggression as in
Korea and now in Vietnam. This is the
enemy we face, and the Communist goal of
world domination has never changed. Even
now the only differences between Red China
and Soviet Russia is on how to accomplish
the goal. The Russian leaders believe the
world can be subverted through subtle means
while the Chinese leaders believe in the hard
core Communist line of Lenin and Stalin,
that the world must be conquered through
war.
My first impression in my travel through
Asia was the lesson of Korea. We may be
making the same mistake in Vietnam.
Twelve years after the armistice in Korea,
the United States still has 50,000 American
soldiers there facing the Communist enemy
eyeball to eyeball across the 38th parallel.
Our military was prevented from winning the
war in Korea because of political decisions
which gave enemy forces a safe sanctuary in
Chinese territory across the Yalu River and
because they were prevented from bombing
the supply lines leading into North Korea
from Red China.
Today, in Vietnam our military forces are
facing many of the same restrictions. We
cannot win the war in Vietnam by sending
American boys into the gristmill formed by
the countless thousands of North Vietnamese
and Red Chinese which can be thrown
against them from safe sanctuaries in Red
China, Cambodia, and Laos. It is clear to
me, and I am convinced my views are shared
by our generals and commanding officers in
Vietnam, that we should win the war and
then negotiate the political problems.
We can win the war if we give the military
the authority to win it. First. We should
blockade the harbor at Hai Phong, mining it
if necessary and warning all nations that no
more material of war will be permitted.
Second. We should authorize the Air Force
to bomb strategic military targets such as
the two railroads and mountain passes in
North Vietnam which are direct routes for
shipping war supplies into North Vietnam
from China. We should also bomb military
airfields, actual missile sites wherever they
are located even within the safe sanctuary
around Hanoi. Bombing targets should also
include munitions factories as well as gaso-
line and fuel storage tanks, all of which are
now out of bounds for our Air Force within
certain restricted areas. Third. We should
make clear to any enemy troops threatening
the South Vietnamese that there will be no
sanctuary from which they may safely in-
vade. The United States has the potential
forces to smash the Communist enemy in
Vietnam, and we should assure our com-
manding general there that he will be given
whatever forces and supplies necessary to
win. The military is ready-the American
people are in support of a policy to win-it is
up to the administration to give the word.
CLEAR POLICY BACKED BY DEEDS IS NEEDED
While the hot war is in Vietnam, we can-
not isolate one single country in Asia. The
target of Red China is all of Asia, then Africa,
and finally, the world. Like it or not, the
United States is looked to for leadership by
those nations and those people who still hope
to remain free. From my conversations with
people in all walks of life in the countries I
visited, I find that the people of Asia are
concerned about our intentions and our will-
ingness to back our words with deeds. They
are not sure we will stick with them when the
chips are down. They are afraid of another
stalemate such as Korea. They are afraid we
may withdraw our troops before the victory
is won. The statement by the S?cretary of
Defense prior to the last election that "we
will bring the boys home from Vietnam by
Christmas," caused a shattering blow to the
morale of the South Vietnamese. Feeling
that we were getting ready to pull out, many
of the village chiefs and others in South
Vietnam prepared to make peace with the
Vietcong. Sharing the belief that we would
not stay, the Vietcong were able to consoli-
date their hold on nearly 80 percent of the
land and the people of South Vietnam. In
addition, American mothers were given the
false hope that their boys would not have to
fight. We are paying in blood for this mis-
take in judgment.
A193
. We must make it clear that the United
States stands with all those who want to
be free and are determined to fight for their
freedom. Then we must show by deed, that
is by force of arms and determination, that
we are prepared to win the war in Vietnam
and meet head on any future Communist
aggression.
TRIP NO EXPENSE TO GOVERNMENT
In the months ahead I will report to you
in greater detail on my tour of inspection.
I would like to make two things clear. This
trip was made at my expense. My adminis-
trative assistant accompanied me and he,
too, paid his own way-as did Mr. Wallace
Malone of Dothan. The trip was made with
the encouragement of the Department of
State and the commanding officers in the
field because they feel it is most important
that Members of Congress see at first hand
actual conditions in Vietnam, the need for
all-out effort, and the manner in which our
troops are meeting the challenge.
Job Corps Has Backer in Flint
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN C. MACKIE
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 13, 1966
Mr. MACKIE. Mr. Speaker, the Office
of Economic Opportunity's Job Corps
program is starting to pay dividends.
Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to
read the following excellent story on one
Job Corps graduate that appeared re-
cently in the Flint, Mich., Journal.
The tax dollars used to train Leonard
Hamilton will, I am sure, be repaid a hun-
dredfold in the years ahead. The money
being spent on the war on poverty is one
of the best investments America can
make in its future:
[From the Flint (Mich.) Journal, Dec. 26,
19651
JOB CORP HAS BACKER IN FLINT
(By Herschel P. Fink)
Six months ago Leonard Hamilton had
trouble finding a job.
He was 20 years old and had dropped out
of school after the 10th grade. For a while
he worked as a janitor. Then he found work
clearing construction sites of weeds and pop
bottles. Sometimes he couldn't find work.
Today, Hamilton sits at a draftsman's table
in a brightly lighted office at Consumers
Power Co. He has a trade that he hopes
will mean the start of a new life for him.
The Job Corps, part of President John-
son's war on poverty, gave Hamilton the
chance to do something for himself. He is
the first graduate of a Job Corps camp to
return to the Flint area.
Since last May, about 30 area men, aged
16 to 21, have gone to Job Corps camps
around the country for training. Many of
them, like Hamilton, were high school drop-
outs who found that thier lack of job skills
made them virtually unemployable or suited
only for menial labor.
Hamilton looked at the Job Corps as "my
last hope." He heard about it while watch-
ing television last April and applied at the
Michigan Employment Security Commission's
Flint office, 706 North Street.
In June, he was assigned to the Gary Job
Corps Center in San Marcos, Tex.
At the camp, Hamilton was allowed to
choose from a variety of skills being taught.
He picked a drafting course. Besides job
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX January 18, 19!x'6
training, corpsmen take remedial arithmetic U.S. forces in Vietnam could prompt Red
and English classes. China to send troops there and reopen
Pay in the Job corps is $80 a month. The the Korean war as well. He also em-
Government places $50 of that in a bank phasized:
accountfor the corpsman which can be col-
lected when he leaves the center. To increase the bombing and to bomb
r
il
dd t
o ou
l a
Although corpsmen are given 2 years to Hanoi--or even Peiping-w
complete their training, Hamilton wasted problems rather than detract from them,
t t th ? enetrrtions of
so
ll
no time. He completed the course last
rnon th.
Thomas J. Tomaskovich, employment
service supervisor for the Flint MESC office,
said that Hamilton completed the drafting
course "with honors."
I..-Utrailton's Job Corps report rated him
"excellent in connection with his potential
in the drafting field."
'romaskovich, also reported that Hamil-
ton's progress at the camp was so rapid he
was offered a job as an assistant instructor.
"But I was in a hurry to get back and.
get to work," Hamilton recalls.
On the strength of his Job Corps record.
Hamilton was offered a job by Consumers
as an engineering clerk. His department
lays out power and gas distribution lines.
In the job lie will use. his drafting skills to
make layouts.
"The job usually requires a high school
diploma and drafting experience," said Ware[
W. Bloxson, personnel and safety supervisor.
at Consumers. "We felt, however, that
based on his outstanding record in the Job
Corps-one of the highest there-he quali-
lied for a chance."
it imilton considers joining the Job Corps
"one of the best things a boy can do if he
wants to learn."
Life at the Job Corps camp wasn't easy,
he said, "but if you want to do something
bad enough, you learn to take the bad with
Lite good."
Re emphasizes that a youth "has to want
to learn, to profit from the Job Corps."
Ile is happy about his decision to join.
"When things get hard, you can't get un-
skilled work. But when you've got a trade,
you don't have much to worry about."
Hamilton doesn't plan to end his ediica-
Lion with his Job Corps graduation. He
hopes to take advantage of a Consumers'
program which will pay 75 percent of college
tuition costs. He wants to take classes at
Flint Junior College. Eventually, he would.
Ilke to earn a college degree.
ZION. RICHARD D. McCARTHY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 13, 1966
Vfr. MCCARTHY. Mr. Speaker, one
of America's great. soldier-statesmen is
Gen. James M. Gavin. A beribboned
World War II paratroop commander,
General Gavin was a strong exponent of
more aerial mobility for ground troops.
This sky cavalry concept is now being
used effectively by the United States in
Vietnam.
After distinguished service as our Am -
bassador to France, General Gavin re-
turned to the United States. He is now
president of that eminent research firm,
Arthur L). Little, Inc., of Cambridge,
Mass.
in a letter appearing in the February
1966 issue of Harper's magazine, the
p i, p
no
and It wi
North Vietnam. troops into the South.
I concur with the general's view of
this matter. Indeed, it was this convic-
tion that motivated me to join recently
with 16 of my House colleagues in writ-
ing the President to express our vigorous
opposition to those, including Richard
Nixon and Barry Goldwater, woo have
urged the United States to extend its
bombings to the Hanoi area.
General Gavin also makes tht: follow-
ing vital point. He said that the 190,000
U.S. troops already in the Vietnam the-
ater would suffice "if we should maintain
enclaves on the coast, desist in our bomb-
ing attacks on North Vietnam, lnd seek
to find a solution through the United
Nations or a conference in Geneva."
This proposal is similar to one made
some months ago and repeated since
then by the distinguished Columnist
Walter Lipprnann.
And the Washington Post, in an edi-
torial Sunday, January 16, took a similar
approach:
It is our purpose-
The Post declared--
to deny North Vietnam the fruits or it war of
national liberation, and we can do that by
successfully holding the areas now occupied
and slowly and persistently enlarging them
by territorial sweeps instead of jungle
pursuit.
Under leave to extend my remarks and
inclu.dc extraneous matter, I include here
an Associated Press report on General
Gavin's letter which appeared in the
Washington Post of January 17, and the
Post's editorial of January 16:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Jan. 17,
191361
GAVIN SAYS HANOI BOMBING Coin BRING
IN PEIi'ING UNITS
NEW YoRK., January 16.-Gen. James M.
Gavin declared today a massive buildup of
U.S. forces in Vietnam may prompt Red
China to send troops there and reopen the
Korean war as well.
The 58-year-old former chief of U.S. Army
research and development suggested that
America concentrate instead on holding
major bases along the South Vietnam coast
while diplomats seek an end to the fighting.
In a letter appearing in the February
issue of Harper's magazine, Gavin said:
"To increase the bombing and to bomb
Hanoi-or even Peiping-will add to our
problems rather than detract from them,
and it will not stop the penetrations of
North Vietnam troops into the south.
"Also, if we were to quadruple. for exam-
ple, our combat forces there, we should then
anticipate the intervention of Chinese 'vol-
unteers' and the reopening of the Korean
front.
ESCALATION SEEN LIKELI
"This seems to be the ultimate prospect
of the course that we are now e,n."
Gavin said the 190,000 U.S. troops already
In the Vietnam theater would suffice "if we
should maintain enclaves on the coast, de-
sist in our bombing attacks on North Viet-
nam, and seek to find a solution through
the United Nations or a conference in
He asserted that an attempt to make all
of South Vietnam secure from the Commu-
nists "would take many times as much force
as we now have in Vietnam"--and risk a
fresh outbreak of Red Chinese aggression in
the Korean pattern.
"I do not for a moment think that if we
should withdraw from Vietnam the next
stop would be Waikiki," Gavin said.. "The
Kra Peninsula, Thailand, and the Philip-
pines can all be secured, although we ulti-
mately might have heavy fighting on the
northern frontiers of Thailand."
Emphasizing that he spoke "solely from a
military- technical point of view," Gavin re-
called that he was Chief of U.S. Army plans
and operations at the time of the French
military disaster in Dicnbienphu.
He said Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway, then
Chief of Staff, "directed that we go into the
situation quite thoroughly in case a decision
should be made to send U.S. forces into the
Hanoi delta."
"The more we studied the situation,"
Gavin wrote, "the more we realized that we
were, in fact, considering going to war with
China, since she was supplying all the arms,
ammunition, medical, and other supplies to
Ho Chi Minh.
"If we would be, in fact, fighting China,
then we were fighting her in the wrong place
on terms entirely to her advantage."
Gavin said southeast Asia is no place to
take on Red China in military combat.
"Manchuria, with its vast industrial com-
plex, coal, and iron ore, is the Ruhr -of China
and the heart of its war-making capacity,"
he said. "There, rather than in southeast
Asia, is where China should be engaged, if at
ad!."
SHOWDOWN NOT YET DUE
Gavin added that if Red China continues
aggression and arms itself with nuclear
weapons "the time may come when China
will bring upon herself a nuclear war. But
that time is not here yet."
Gavin, a paratroop commander in World
War II, retired from the Army in 1958 be-
cause of differences with the Eisenhower ad-
ministration over modernizing the Armed
Forces. He was a particularly strong expo-
nent of more aerial mobility for ground
troops.
Gavin called this "the sky cavalry concept,
which we are now employing in South Viet-
nam" and commented:
"When I retired in 1958, I said that I would
be happy to serve as a private in the Army if
it were the kind of an Army that I wanted it,
to be.
"I think it is that kind of an Army
now. * * *"
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post,
Jan. 16, 19661
AFTER THE PAUSE
The President very wisely has put no ter-
minal date on his peace offensive or on the
pause in air operations against the North
while the peace efforts go forward. Since
there has been no known response from
Hanoi, either affirmative or :negative, it is
too early to say whether there will be any
results. Sooner or later, if there are no ne-
gotiations at all, consideration will have to
be given to the next military moves.
There is a powerful impulse in the Con-
gress, in the country, and in some places in
the executive department, for a resumption
of air activity and for an initiation of full-
scale warfare against the North to put it
speedy end to a disagreeable war. Powerful
as this impulse is, and strong as the support
may be for the use of more military muscle,
it is to be hoped that the President will
reject the counsels of those who wish to es-
calate the 'war. There is not much reason
to believe that an unlimited air war would
achieve decisive results. North Vietnam
does not present the kind of industrial tar-
pp vec r ee"ase 1~- 7B~-