THE SITUATION IN VIETNAM THE PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT TO THE NATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190004-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2003
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: July 28, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

July 28, 19ORproved For Red Mff~416/04 LCIA ORD BOSENATE 300190004-5
17811
years of age. But it was defeated, and The Senator from Louisiana was will- honor to work with them, especially with
instead we got the far more limited bene- ing to put aside his personal responsibili- the Senator from Indiana, who was a
fits of the Kerr Mills provisions. ties and his own personal feelings for the strong supporter of the bill. A number
The name of. the Senator from New larger benefit to be obtained. He took of important amendments were offered
Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON] appeared again the forward step in pointing to the 100- by him and his support made possible
In the 87th Congress linked with the day cases and then was willing to join their inclusion In the bill.
name of Congressman CECIL R. KING in others who believed that we must pro- I regret that it was not possible to
the King-Anderson bill of that year. ceed further. Prevail with more of the amendments
The outlines of what we now have were Improvements have been made by pro- of the Senator from Indiana, especially
beginning to appear more clearly, but in viding 30 additional days for hospital the amendment with respect to assist-
this and the succeeding King-Anderson care, to make the total 90 days, and also ante to the blind. The Senator knows
bills the proposals kept pushing further by including an amendment to provide that I did not support that amendment
toward the more comprehensive provi- for additional hospital care, amendments on the floor of the Senate; but when the
lions which we have today. Then, in the which I had the pleasure to offer in the Senate agreed to it, I supported it in
87th Congress, the proposal would have Committee on Finance. conference. I sought to bring back from
given 90 days of hospital care with a I am sorry that the Senator from Loui- conference as much of the amendment
minimum deductible of $20 and a maxi- siana did not vote for them. I am dis- as was possible. We brought back two
mum of $10 per day for the first 9 days. appointed that he did not accept the good amendments, which should be fore-
The nursing home care proposal was proposal for complete future care for the runners of better things to come, both
there, and the home health services. long-term illness cases, for the cata- for disabled persons generally and for
The outpatient diagnostic service was strophic illness cases, requiring long pe- the blind in particular.
there. The idea of a larger tax base was riods of recovery. The Senator from Indiana will find as
there, and the soundly managed increase However, I do not feel that any of us he presses for his amendment that, if he
in the payroll tax rate to give an actu- would want to forego the accomplish- does not get all of it, he will get more
ariaily responsible foundation for the ments which have been made, in the next session, and more in the ses-
benefits. Another disappointment is the failure sions following that. Eventually, he will
In the years since then, King-Ander- of the conferees to accept more of the have prevailed on most of the amend-
-son has been virtually synonymous with amendment relating to aid for the blind, ment, if not all of it.
the popular term "medicare." But not an amendment which was adopted by an I share the Senator's strong feeling
many will take the trouble to compare overwhelming vote in the Senate. In that persons suffering long illnesses-the
Senator ANDERSON'S original concept this, instance, it was the responsibility of catastrophic cases-should be protected.
with what we have obtained here and the Senator from Louisiana to take the It is an oversight that such is not the
see that the hospital, nursing home, floor in opposition to that amendment. case, but we did our best, both in the
home care, and diagnostic features-the In his heart-I know; I have talked Senate and in conference, to prevail in
basic.features of the hospital protection with him-he felt that it should be providing the longest term of protection
we are now giving-have been not at all adopted, but he believed he had a re- possible for the small percentage of peo-
in their major bulk and remarkably little sponsibility beyond that to the blind, and ple who need help the most. I look for-
in detail. As a supporter of the King- that was to protect the integrity of the ward to working with the Senator from
Anderson proposals at every stage of the bill and make it possible to have a bill Indiana in the years ahead to make cer-
way since my arrival in the Senate, I that could be adopted In conference. I tain that this group of persons is cared
want to say that Senator ANDERSON salute him and congratulate him upon for. I have no doubt that we shall make
deserves not only the greatest degree of that achievement.
recognition which can be afforded for his Of great assistance in the passage of tprogress, if not in ts Congress, then in
he next Congress in providing this im-
tireless and finally victorious fight, but the bill were the Senator from Florida portant relief,
that the elderly of this year of 1965 and [Mr. SMATHERS], who was a strong leader Mr. HARTKE. I thank the Senator
of the future decades will be everlastingly and should be complimented; the Sen- from Louisiana. We shall work together
in his debt. ator from Illinois [Mr. DOUGLAS], the for future improvements in the act. This
In the enactment of the present bill, Senator from Minnesota [Mr. Mc- is not the last day; it is the first day.
there are other Senators who have CARTHY], and other Senators who are Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
labored long and hard to achieve the members of the Committee on Finance, dent, I yield 2. minutes to the distin-
result now before us. Senator LONG, both all of whom were most constructive in guished Senator from Florida.
In the Finance Commitee and as floor working for the best bill that could be Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, first,
manager of the bill, has been another obtained. I pay my compliments to the the adoption of the conference report
ardent. champion of the cause. The staff of the committee for their diligent will mark a historic occasion in medi-
great concern of the Senator from work. care and an improved social security
Louisiana tMr. LONG] for the best pos- Senators outside the committee have law. I was privileged to serve as one of
sible benefits we could provide is well also taken a deep interest and have done the conferees of the Senate in the con-
known to all of us, and I am proud that all they were able to do in support of ference with the House, As is always the
I have.been able to work so closely with the improvement of the legislation. I case, it is necessary- to compromise the
him on some of the features which will know that they have shared my own con- differences between the bill the Senate
now, perhaps sometimes with modifica- tern, and it is a great source of pride to passes and the bill the House passes.
tion, be a part of the bill. me that my own efforts, coupled with The Senate did not get everything it
The provision about which I feel most and supported by those of others, have wanted, but we came out of conference
deeply relates to long-term illness and led to the inclusion of many desirable with a workable, practical, sensible, di-
was the concept or proposal sponsored changes in the conference report.
by the Senator from Louisiana [Mr. After the conference report has been th table type of bill. It is a measur-
LONG]. He fought for that, knowing full agreed to, I shall make further remarks cine and in no way chat preserves the free prarsice of
tor-pa-
well that he would ultimately have to concerning my apprehensions for the fu- tint relationships. In her years t ahead,
take the leadership of the bill. He un- ture; but in the interest of time now, I changes will understandably be needed.
derstood that the real danger in the fu- compliment the President, the Senate, When they become necessary, amend-
ture would ,not be the short-term illness and the Members of the House for this ments to the act will be proposed, and
but the long-term, terminal cases of can- forward step in the enactment of legis- will be made. But it is necessary to
cer and of stroke, and also the long-term lation that has been so long awaited. walk before one can run. That was the
accident cases, such as broken hips. Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- general attitude of most of the confer-
Cases which last for 3 months or 100 days dent, I deeply appreciate the kind words ees, certainly the conferees on the part
In a nursing home are covered in the bill; of the Senator from Indiana. He is quite of the Senate, on both sides of the aisle,
but It was the cases lasting 6 months or a correct in paying tribute to our colleagues Republicans and Democrats alike as it
year, or 5 years or 10 years, that were of who have made so vast a contribution to was also the attitude of the conferees
real concern. the legislation, it has been a great on the part of the House.
No. 137-2
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17812 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE ~u~y 28, 1965
Probably this bill might be compared,
in its long-range effects, with the orig-
inal social security Act of 1935. All who
have had a part In drafting the legisla-
tion and in supporting it-certainly
those who took part in the conference-
deserve special credit and may well be
-proud that they were able to play so im-
portant a part in what all of us have
described as historic legislation. The
measure as it goes to the President for
signature provides for an effective and
adequate medical care program for our
senior citizens. I urge the adoption of
the conference report.
APPOINTMENT OF ABE FORTAS TO
BE AN ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT TO THE not calling up the reserves and in having
UNITED STATES NATION a moderately low increase of our troop
Mr. GORE. Mr. President- Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I have strength. We must not expect that to
Mr. BASS. The time is under control. just heard the statement of the President be the order of magnitude for the future.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- explaining the policies and plans of the It is for those reasons that I continue
dent, I yield 3 minutes to the Senator United States with respect to the situa- to urge the President to seek a new con-
from Tennessee. tion in Vietnam. gressional resolution of support.
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, it was with All of us are conscious of the heavy The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
both pride and personal pleasure that I burden the President bears, and I want time of the Senator has expired.
listened to the announcement by Presi- to speak with understanding and help- Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent Johnson that he was sending to the fulness. dent, I yield 30 seconds to the senator
Senate today the nomination of Abe For- Without retreating from the commit- from New York.
tas to be a Justice of the Supreme Court ment of the United States, he spoke with The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
of the United States. restraint. Senator from New York is recognized for
A Tennesseean, Mr. Fortas has climbed The statement of the President that he 30 seconds.
the ladder with diligence, ability, and in- was not declaring a national emergency Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, a con-
tegrity. He is renowned as a lawyer; he and that he would not call up the Re- gressional resolution of support would be
is a known as a patriot; he is recognized serves indicates that the President wants the best way in which to consolidate the
as unselfish in his willingness to con- the world to know that the United States Nation in its resoluteness on Vietnam
tribute of his substance to the public does not intend that our troops shall un- and give the Nation reassurance as to
good. He will bring to the Court an dertake the primary responsibility of the size and nature of our likely commit-
ability, a compassion, an understanding, South Vietnam to defend itself, and that ment there.
and a wisdom possessed by only a small our country win continue to exercise re- Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
minority of men. straint against the expansion of action dent, I yield 2 minutes to the Senator
I am particularly elated in a personal into a major war. from Montana.
way because Abe Fortas and I have been The PRESIDING OFFICER. The The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
personal friends for a quarter of a cen- time of the Senator has expired. Senator from Montana is recognized for
tury. I am delighted with this appoint- Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, I yield 2 minutes.
ment. I applaud President Johnson in 1 additional minute to the Senator from Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
join in the comments that have been
the choice. Kentucky.
made
Mr. BASS. Mr. President, will the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The President the speech just delivered the
the
aSenator yield? Senator from Kentucky is recognized for ideent of the conference United States which and
followee
d
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. 1 additional minute. press
MANSFIELD in the chair). Does the thereafter.
senior Senator from Tennessee yield? Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I hope In my opinion the speech was delivered
Mr. GORE. I yield. the statement of the President will mark in low key, in a calm and in a deliberately
Mr. BARE yield. President, I join my a turn for good in Vietnam. measured manner, in so doing, the Presi-
Mr.
senior colleague in the view that he has I hope very much that, recognizing dent tendered both the arrow and the
just expressed on the appointment by that the present situation holds the pos- olive branch.
President Johnson of a distinguished sibility of a major war, the President will, So far as consultation with Congress is
Tennessean, an able lawyer, and an at the appropriate time, submit the ques- concerned, I know of no President who
outstanding American to the Supreme tion of Vietnam to the United Nations to has ever consulted more with Congress
Court of the United States. ascertain if the U.N. will undertake to than has Lyndon B. Johnson. So far as
I feel quite certain that in time Mr. bring about a settlement, and avoid a I am concerned, speaking personally, I
Fortas will prove to the Nation and to great war with all its awesome possi- was one of a group which met with the
the World what an important, right bilities. President three times within the past 24
decision the President made in this par- Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I, too, hours. I mention this only to emphasize
ticular case. I commend President have had a desire to make a statement the amount of time he spends with the
Johnson for his choice of this distin- with regard to the message of the Presi- Congress for counsel and advice. May I
guished American and Tennessean. dent. say that these discussions are on a give
Mr. GORE. I thank the Senator. I am honored to have been preceded and take basis and everyone is free to
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the by so distinguished a colleague as the express his opinions, whatever they mat'
Senator from Kansas yield time to me? Senator from Kentucky [Mr. COOPER]. be.
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, I yield In my judgment, the President made a Yesterday morning the question of
5 minutes to the Senator from New York.. restrained and considered, while resolute, Vietnam policy was discussed with the
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President I join my address to the Nation. Democratic leadership. Last evening for
colleagues in expressing great apprecia- The idea of again seeking to invoke 2 hours and 10 minutes It was discussed
tion for the President's appointment of the good offices and the assistance of the with the bipartisan leadership of both
Mr. Fortas. United Nations in this matter through Houses. For more than an hour and a
I know him very well. He is one of the our new Ambassador to the United Na- half this morning the situation was dis-
most distinguished lawyers in the Nation. tions is most admirable. It should be cussed with members of the appropriate
He will, in a very admirable way, fill approved and applauded by the entire
the big shoes of those who preceded him, Nation and the world.
including Mr. Justice Goldberg, now our The President has made it clear that
Ambassador, to the United Nations. the two principal Cabinet officers will
I shall have the privilege of consider- be available for consultation with con-
ing the nomination of Mr. Fortas to be gressional committees and Members of
a member of the U.S. Supreme Court Congress. This is also an excellent idea.
when the Committee on the Judiciary I believe that it is advisable to pur-
considers his nomination. sue such a course of action. However,
It gives me great satisfaction to learn the President has made it very clear that
he has been nominated for this high we are in South Vietnam to stay; and the
post. erosion not of the will, but of the ability
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BASS of the South Vietnamese themselves to
in the chair). Who yields time? resist has caused an important accretion
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, I yield to the troop strength and may cause
1 minute to the Senator from Kentucky. even further accretion of troop strength
AM-6HE we are exercising much restraint now in
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committees from both Houses of Con-
gress-the Committees on Appropria-
tions, the Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, the Committee on Foreign Affairs,
and the Committees on Armed Services.
. The President is to be commended for
the speech he made. I know of no one
who is more interested personally in what
is happening in Vietnam,,noone who is
more desirous of seeking an honorable
settlement to a situation which is, fraught
with difficulties and imponderables.
The President has endeavored, as he
has indicated, time and time again, to go
down any path, anywhere, any place,
including the United Nations which
might lead to peace. His latest instruc-
tions to, Ambassador Arthur Goldberg
have been to contact all sources within,
without, and around the United Nations
to the end that, this dispute, if at all
possible, can be brought to an honorable
conclusion.
I commend the President. I , know how
much he is immersed in this matter
personally. I know of the hours that he
spends on the problem. I know how it
preys on his thinking. I know it is up-
permost in his mind. He is open to sug-
gestions from all sources. He is doing his
very best; and that is all that. any one
man can do.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. P'resi-
dent' I yield 1minute to the Senator from
Connecticut.
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, President
Johnson's message to the Nation con-
cerning the situation in, Vietnam and its
implications for America, will, I am cer-
tain, be remembered by history as one
of the truly great speeches made by an
American President.
Ratherthan attempting to allay pop-
ular fears by minimizing the situation in
Vietnam, the President dealt in a com-
pletely forthright manner with its
dangers and its difficulties.
Instead of despair, over the repeated
demonstrations of intransigence by
Hanoi and Peiping, the President again
reiterated our willingness to.meet with
any government, at any time. or to take
advantage of the initiative of any na-
tion or of the United Nations, in seeking
.a. Peaceful and honorable settlement
of the conflict in Vietnam.
But perhaps above everything else,
the Presdent's statement will. be recalled
for the remarkable clarity and logic with
which, he, restated the reasons for our
presence in Vietnam and for our. deter-
mination not to yield to Communist ag-
gression,
President Johnson spoke for America.
And I am.certain that his speech will en-
joy the support and the applause of the
overwhelming majority of the American
people.
SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS OF
1965-CONFERENCE REPORT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the report of the committee of con-
ference on the disagreeing votes of the
two Houses on the amendments of the
Senate to; the,bill (H.R. 6675) to provide
a hospital Insurance program for the
aged under the Social Security Act with
a supplementary health benefits program
and an expanded program of medical as-
sistance, to increase benefits under the.
old-age, survivors, and disability insur-
ance system, to Improve the Federal-
State public assistance programs, and
for other purposes.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, I yield 15 minutes 'to the Senator
from Hawaii.
Mr. FONG. Mr. President, H.R. 6675
is a monumental measure of far-reach-
ing consequences.
It deals with fundamental human
needs of millions of Americans.
It extends a helping hand not only to
our senior citizens, but also to children,
blind, and disabled persons, and needy
individuals.
There is general _.agreement on the
humanitarian objectives of this bill al-
though many differ regarding the meth-
ods of achieving these objectives, partic-
ularly in the field of medical care for,the
aged.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIQN5 OF FRQVI$IONS
H.R. 6675 has four main parts.
First. In the area of medical care, it
provides as follows:
. (a) A compulsory hospital-nursing
home plan for most persons past 65
financed by, first, higher social security
taxes on workers, their employers, and
the self-employed and by, second, pay-
ments elderly patients must make toward
their care-deductibles and daily charges.
(b) A voluntary supplementary plan
covering physicians' services and certain
other health costs financed by first,
monthly premiums paid by those past
65, by second, matching premiums paid
by the Federal Government out of gen-
eral revenues, and by third, fees patients
must pay for care-deductibles plus 20
percent of remaining costs.
(c) An expanded Kerr-Mills medical
assistance program for the needy and
medically needy. aged, blind, disabled,
and families with dependent children.
This combines five existing medical as-
sistance programs into a single program.
Second. H.R. 6675 provides expanded
services for maternal and child health,
crippled children, child welfare, and the
mentally retarded and establishes a 5-
year program of special project grants
for comprehensive health care and serv-
ices for needy children-including those
emotionally disturbed of school age or
preschool age.
Third. H.R. 6675 provides greater
benefits and coverage under social secu-
rity old-age, survivors, and disability
programs, including a 7-percent increase
in monthly benefits for social security
recipients with a $4 minimum increase
for an individual and a. $6 minimum
increase for a couple.
Fourth. H,R.6675 improves and en-
larges public assistance programs.
From this brief description, the scope
and breadth of this. legislation are merely
indicated. I shall not attempt at this
point to describe the bill in full, for it is
a very comprehensive, very technical bill
totaling 387 pages. More details can be
found elsewhere in my statement.
SOCIAL SECURITY BILL WILL BECOME LAW
It is very apparent that H.R. 6675 will
become the law of the land-and .most
17813
of the .programs, including the new basic
hospital insurance plan and the supple-
mentary Insurance plan for medical care
of Americans past 65, will become per-
manent programs.
In a far-reaching bill of this complex-
ity and nature, no one is completely satis-
fied with every provision. I have con-
sistently fought for comprehensive medi-
cal care for any aged person who needs
assistance in paying his medical bills,
With such a program to be financed out
of general revenues. Although this bill
in part relies on general revenues, the
basic hospital-nursing home plan relies
on social security taxes and makes lim-
ited benefits available to everyone re-
gardless of need.
This legislation has been developed
according to established congressional
procedure, with all Americans allowed
an opportunity to present their views.
In particular, the subject of medical care
for the aged has been investigated,
studied, and debated for a number of
years,' quite intensively during the past
5 years.
Now the majority in Congress has
worked its will and, in the American way,
everyone accepts that.
It now behooves all of us to do our best
to make these programs as workable and
as effective as possible.
Let us put acrimony behind us. Let us
bind up our wounds and with malice
toward none let us get on with the
enormous job of implementing this meas-
ure.
LANDMARK LEGISLATION
The inauguration of the basic hospital
insurance program and the supplemen-
tary insurance program will be hailed as
landmark legislation, as indeed it is.
It will unquestionably be important in
helping our senior citizens meet their
hospital, doctor, and certain other medi-
cal expenses.
It is estimated the basic and supple-
mentary plan together will cover just
under 50 percent of the average medical
costs of those past 65.
Nevertheless, we all have a duty not to
oversell these programs. We should not
lead those past 65 to believe more is pro-
vided than actually is provided.
BILL DOES NOT COVER ALL MEDICAL NEEDS
For example, H.R. 6675 does not pro-
vide aid for every kind of medical care
an individual past 65 may need.
The basic plan for instance does not
pay for private rooms, private nurses,
long-term stays in psychiatric hospitals
or drugs outside a hospital; nor does it
cover very long catastrophic illness.
The supplemental plan does not cover
routine physicals, extensive psychiatric
care, routine dental work, drugs, den-
tures, orthopedic shoes, eyeglasses, or
hearing aids.
BILL DOES NOT COVER ALL MEDICAL COSTS
It is important for Americans to un-
derstand that H.R. 6675 is not a free
medical care bill. The hospital and other
medical services covered by the two plans
are not paid in full under these plans.
Under the basic hospital plan, a pa-
tient must pay the first $40 of cost
during the first 60 days, plus $10 a day
for each day ,after that during the next
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CONGRESSIONAL RECOR
30 days. The plan does not pay any hos-
pital costs after these 90 days during one
spell of illness. So the patient has to
find some means of paying hospital care
after 90 days.
A patient sent to a nursing home after
receiving hospital care would pay $5 a
day beginning with the 21st day through
the 100th day in the nursing home.
After 100 days of a single spell of illness,
the plan pays nothing more toward nurs-
ing home care.
Furthermore, if costs of hospital and
nursing home services go up, patients
may have to pay greater amounts begin-
ning in 1969. Hospital costs have been
rising about 7 percent a year over the
past few years.
'Under the supplementary insurance
plan, those past 65 wishing this insurance
must pay $3 per month. The Federal
Government also pays $3 per month.
Under H.R. 6675, these premiums could
be increased every 2 years. If costs of
the services covered go up sufficiently,
those past 65 can look forward to fur-
ther increases in their monthly premium.
In addition, under the supplementary
plan, patients must pay a $50 deductible,
which means they must pay the first $50
of expenses incurred for physicians'
services and other health items covered
by this insurance. In addition, patients
must pay 20 percent of costs above the
first $50.
OLDER AMERICANS NEED MORE PROTECTION
I mention these matters so that Amer-
icans past 65 will be aware that the two
medical plans contained in this bill will
not pay all of their health and medical
bills.
It is only fair to caution our senior
citizens that they should protect them-
selves against medical expenses not
taken care of by the basic plan or the
supplementary plan through additional
insurance. Otherwise, they may face
some costly bills to pay out of savings.
EFFECTrVE DATE OF TWO NEW MEDICAL PLANS
ing the next year and a half before bene-
fits are available to you. under H.R. 6675.
If you do not now have health insur-
ance that will help pay hospital, doctor,
and medical bills, I would urge you to
obtain such insurance. No one knows
when illness may strike. It might be
before benefits under either plan in H.R.
6675 will be available to you. So take
the sensible precaution of protecting
yourself against costly illness.
Here I would like to urge private health
insurance companies to do their very
best to provide reasonable-cost and ef-
fective policies to protect older persons
against medical costs not covered in the
two plans of this bill.
BASIC HOSPITAL-NURSING HOME PLAN
As I have already stated, the basic plan
for hospital, nursing home, and related
care would be financed through an in-
crease in the social security tax on wages
of workers, their employers, and self-
employed persons; by higher railroad re-
tirement taxes, and by charges levied on
elderly patients.
The tax increase would go into effect
January 1, 1966. But benefits for pa-
tients would not be offered until July 1,
1966, except that care in nursing homes
and other posthospital extended care
facilities would not be available until
January 1, 1967.
About 17 million persons insured under
social security and railroad retirement
and 2 million uninsured persons past age
65 would qualify at that time.
Costs of the program for uninsured
persons would come out of general rev-
enues of the U.S. Treasury.
After 1967, anyone wishing to qualify
must have sufficient social security or
railroad retirement coverage.
Benefits under this compulsory plan
are as follows:
First. Up to 90 days in a hospital in
each spell of illness. Sixty days must
elapse between each spell of illness. Pa- same amount of tax as a $66,000 execu-
tient pays $40 deductible, plus $10 a day tive.
.. ._ __ _._ __ -..,. - M .i...... ir, t..nn..94a1 __ t_ ............1.. ,.,.fni..
Another very ImPorTaliT, rtU these medi- after first 6D days. No doctors' nor pri- Last year Congress enacted an anti-
for these vate duty nursing services paid by this poverty program designed to help those
cal p programs: benefits ill be efieligible under er
basic a both h the e plan- in low-income brackets, roughly those
will bnot plan ptan be and the available supplementary until July 1, 1966. plan Second. After 3 days or more of hos- with $3,000 or less income a year.
y
Benefits in nursery homes and other ex- pitalization, up to 100 days in a nursing Congress also reduced income taxes
tended care facilities will not he avail- home or other facility having an ar- last year to relieve lower income persons
able until January 1, 1967. rangement with the hospital from which of this burden. More than 11/z million
So, I say to our older Americans, when the patient is transferred. After the low-income persons were relieved entirely
this bill passes, do not cancel your pres- first 20 days, the patient pays $5 a day of paying Federal income taxes.
ent health insurance policies. Do not up to 80 days toward his care. Yet H.R. 6675 proposes higher social
let your health insurance lapse between Third. Outpatient hospital diagnostic security taxes, which hit lower Income
now and the date when these plans be- dservice , wi the eductible amount and 20 percent of he This hardest.
inconsistent to say the
come effective.
Your present insurance company will cost above that for diagnostic studies by least.
probably revise its policies so that they the same hospital during a 20-day period. But it is plain that a move for general
will not overlap the benefits of the health Fourth. After hospitalization, home revenue financing of the entire hospital
insurance plans of this bill. They will, health services for up to 100 visits after insurance program would be overwhelm-
I am confident, devise ;policies offering discharge from the hospital or nursing ingly defeated in the Senate today. Too
coverage and benefits not provided under home and before the beginning of a new many are committed to the social secu-
the two plans of this bill. spell of illness. These services would in- rity approach in support of the adminis-
Also, most businesses with health in- clude intermittent nursing care, therapy, tration.
surance programs for their employees and the part-time services of a home OONCERN FOR WAGE EARNERS
will revise these policies to be effective health aid. Nevertheless, I must express my con-
after the basic Government insurance COST OF BASIC HOSPITAL-NURSING HOME PLAN eern for
this he wage p program is bound to
and supplementary insurance plans go The first full year this plan is in effect
into effect. would cost $2,210 million out of the expand and the burden on wage earners
URGES HEALTH INSURANCE FOR ELDERLY health insurance trust fund and $290 to increase.
I say again to our older Americans: million out of the U.S. Treasury. In time Those who pay the hospital insurance
Do not leave yourself unprotected dur- the bill provides that all costs would be tax will be men and women workers un-
paid out of the health insurance trust
fund.
TAXES FOR HOSPITAL-NURSING HOME PLAN
The social security tax rate would be
0.35 percent on earnings up to $6,600,
starting next January 1. The tax rate
would rise from time to time to 0.80 per-
cent starting in 1987.
A worker or a self-employed person
earning $6,600 would pay $23.10 for hos-
pital insurance in calendar year 1966.
His employer would match the tax each
of his workers pays.
In 1967, the tax on $6,600 on the work-
er would total $33, and it would go up
until it reached $52.80 a year in 1987 and
thereafter.
PREFERS GENERAL REVENUE FINANCING OF
HOSPITAL PLAN
As I have already stated, I believe gen-
eral revenue financing should be used for
the hospital-nursing home program,
which is a service program, not a wage-
related cash benefit program, as existing
social security is.
Certainly, this would be a much fairer
way to distribute the cost burden. Then
each person under 65 would pay taxes
according to his income, in other words,
according to his ability to pay.
Moreover, before income taxes are
levied, a taxpayer is allowed to exempt
$600 for himself and $600 for his spouse
and $600 for each dependent. He also is
permitted to subtract either the stand-
ard or itemized deduction from his gross
income before the income tax applies.
Not so with social security taxes.
Social security taxes apply to the first
dollar of wages earned and to every dol-
lar earned up to the maximum taxable,
$6,600 under H.R. 6675. No exemptions
and no deductions from gross income are
allowed before social security taxes are
applied.
Social security taxes are not based on
ability to pay. A $6,600 worker pays the
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July 28, 195 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA E
duced to 1 year without dependents, and
there is no reason why our military per-
sonnel should live like squawmen with
their wives and children when serving
overseas in Western Europe or in the Far
East. By cutting down the length of
the tour of duty and eliminating depend-
ents we would save billions of dollars of
taxpayers' money and at the same time
greatly reduce the outflow of gold.
Furthermore, our military posture and
combat readiness would be enhanced in
Western Europe.
We should no longer permit American
military personnel and their dependents
to pour billions of dollars into the Ger-
man, Spanish, and French economies
each year. The French people, in a
crude imitation of their leader, have
come to despise Americans. Our soldiers,
their wives, and their children living off
base in Prance pay exorbitant rents and
taxes to De Gaulle's France. They not
only pay exorbitant rent for unsatisfac-
tory apartments and houses, but they
also pay high taxes on their utility bills.
The dislike of the French for. us is evi-
denced also by the separate pricing of
goods sold to Americans and goods sold
to their own nationals.
I have been in France recently and
have witnessed ,for myself the fact that
the French people have a great dislike
for us.
Simultaneously with removing most of
our Armed Forces from France,. with the
exception of the Air Force units stationed
over there, which, after all, are _the only
real deterrent against Soviet aggression-
remote as Is the possibility of that aggres-
sion-It would be in order to demand
some substantial repayment of the bil-
lions of dollars loaned to France on which
that nation has defaulted.
We saved France by our dollars and by
our men. Of course, there are many
thousands of Americans in France who
will be there forever. They will not be
returned to this country. However, we
should demand a return of some of the
billions of dollars loaned to France.
If President de Gaulle Continues to in-
sist on payments of gold from our Nation,
it would, be in_order for us to take other
measures to provide against the import
of Renault automobiles and other French
products. This would be in retaliation
for the heavy taxes which American GI's,
living off base with their dependents,
must continually pay to the French Gov-
ernment when they pay for rent, utilities,
and the purchase of articles.
The danger of aggression from the
Soviet Union in Western Europe has
greatly diminished. It is practically non-
existent at the present time. The Soviet
Union is now a have nation and is defi-
nitely veering away from Red China,
which is a have not nation. Former Sen-
ator.Barry Goldwater may have been cor-
rect in his prediction that 10 years hence
Russia would be our ally in any conflict
with Red China.
Today our first line of defense against
Colrimupiist aggression and infiltration is
in soutlieast,ASta, according to the state-
merit n de to the American people today
by our President. That is where the bulk
of our troops should be stationed--not in
No. 13-7-7
Western Europe, where the need for them
in large numbers no longer exists, and
where their presence adds to our coun-
try's balance-of-payments problem. It
is ridiculous to think of maintaining, 20
years after the close of World War H,
340,000 American servicemen and officers
in Western Europe-in West Germany,
France, and Belgium.
It is high time that those countries,
prosperous as never before, should cease
to depend on us to conscript our teenage
youngsters when they do not make those
same sacrifices themselves.
Mr. President, our Nation does not
have a mandate from Almighty God to
police the entire world. Sometimes peo-
ple seem to forget that when talking
about Asia and Africa. We must utilize
our military personnel to the best extent
possible.
An important step toward doing so
would be to withdraw thousands of our
troops now stationed unnecessarily in
the countries of Western Europe, which
are prospering as never before. Those
countries can today provide the neces-
sary troops to defend themselves if that
need should ever occur.
Those countries should do this for
themselves instead of continuing to de-
pend on us. Let their young men be
conscripted and drafted into their own
armed services. Why should the lives
and aspirations of our teenage young
men be disrupted to form the first line
of defense for the German and French
Governments, whose officials and na-
tionals have come to despise us? The
feelings of Western Europeans are mani-
fest to us on every possible occasion.
It is nitpicking to advocate that
American tourists, men and women
schoolteachers, and husbands and wives
who save money for a vacation to Europe
should forgo their trip to reduce the
outflow of gold when we have 340,000
men of- our Armed Forces in Western
Europe, plus wives, dependents, and
American civilians employed by the
17851
pie that, unless government by execu-
tive supremacy is checked in the United
States, our constitutional system of three
coordinate and coequal branches of gov-
ernment -ill become more and more
jeopardized.
The President of the United States
should be required to either conduct a
war in Asia in accordance with the terms
and conditions of a declaration of war,
or he should be prevented by the Con-
gress from making war.
If neither Congress nor the President
are willing to act within the framework
of the Constitution,. the people of the
United States should make clear to both
the Congress and the President and de-
mand that procedures provided for in the
Constitution remain inviolate.
On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow
Wilson underscored the duty of a Presi-
dent when he addressed the Congress in
a joint session: and I quote that great
Democratic President when he spoke
these historic words. They ought to be
seared into the present President of the
United States in these tragic hours. For
Woodrow Wilson said at the night joint
session of the Congress of the United
States on April 2, 1917:
I have called the Congress into extra-
ordinary session because there are serious,
very serious, choices of policy to be made,
and made immediately, which it was neither
right nor constitutionally permissible that
I should assume the responsibility of mak-
ing.
For the historic record, may I reread
that great statement of Woodrow Wilson
for the benefit of the present President
of the United States and the Members
of the 89th Congress. President Wilson
said at the night joint session of Congress
on April 2, 1917:
I have called the Congress into extra-
ordinary session because there are serious,
very serious, choices of policy to be made,
and made immediately, which It was neither
right nor constitutionally permissible that
I should assume the responsibility of mak-
ing.
livuio iii wuil:n unpperaonansy muss pre-
--a-' ail-that the incumbent President has
ON THE VIETNAMESE SITUATION Asia in the absence of a declaration of
war. As Woodrow Wilson cited in a joint
ident in his statement today nt, the Pres- first session of the Congress on the night of
time ime admitted that the by a a reporter, Unid fdr the States s is April 2, 1917, it was not within the con-
at, When asked b t stitutional permissive power to make war "What are the borders of your authori against Germany in the absence of a
ty declaration of war. He did what any
to conduct a war without a declaration President ought to do and what is the
of war?" the President
sad t is the side- clear constitutional responsibility of any
Presiddet the to do before he sends American
President is is issue.
involving The e sad fa the United States boys to slaughter in an undeclared war.
toowin lowing his undee responsibilities without first - He owes a responsibility to the people of
l under, the Con- the United States to come before a joint
stitution, session of Congress and make a recom-
Anrt permitting sad the fact President thatesident to to send it in- mendation for a declaration of war.
c asing numbers to The Congress has a coordinate respon-
their death in Asia of thout facing to sibility to decide, under article I, section
duty without faccing declaring to 8 of the Constitution, whether American
wwa, r dennyinng the uty either er fissin boys are going to be killed in a war, for
to send y American President permission if they are killed in an undeclared war,
It is diffi boys o their slaudhtw it is murder. I use that term advisedly.
both the President Gild the Congress can If American boys are killed in an unde-
flout the Constitution of the United Glared war, it is murder. That is a con-
States. Again, I warn the American peo- stitutional reality.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 28, 1965
Mr. President, I have never taken, and
will never take a position that, in my
judgment, violates my trust in regard to
living up to this constitutional system.
I say again today, as I have said for the
past 2 years from this desk in the Sen-
ate, that the President has a clear re-
sponsibility under the Constitution to
give the elected officials of the people
of this country in the Congress an op-
portunity to pass on the recommenda-
tion he may wish to make for war. But
if the President of the United States is
allowed to continue to make war without
a declaration of war, Congress will be
jeopardizing our system of constitutional
government based upon three coordinate
and coequal branches of government.
l: warn the American people again to-
day that if they continue to let this
President, or any President, take execu-
tive powers free from the checks of. the
Constitution of the United States, they
are on the way to losing their freedoms
and liberties. History teaches that as a
government of executive supremacy Is
built up-I do not care what label one
attaches to that government-the peo-
ple cannot remain free, because under a
government of executive supremacy the
people will be victimized by the arbitrary
discretion of a one-man rule.
So again I call my President's atten-
tion to the great lesson of President Wil-
son on the night of April 2, 1917, and I
call attention to the great lesson of
President Franklin Roosevelt when, be-
fore a joint session of the Congress of
the United States, he made his statement
for a declaration of war following Pearl
Harbor.
President Wilson went on in that his-
toric speech in these almost sacred halls
of Congress onthe night ofApril 2, 1917,
to say:
With a profound sense of the solemn and
even tragical character of the step I am tak-
ing and of the grave responsibilities which
it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to
what I deem my constitutional duty, I ad-
vise that the Congress declare the recent
course of the Imperial German Government
to be in fact nothing less than war against
the Government and people of the United
States; that it formally accept the status of
belligerent which has thus been thrust upon
it; and that it take immediate steps not only
to put the country in a more thorough state
of defense but also to exert all its power
and employ all its resources to bring the
Government of the German Empire to terms
and end the war.
The Congress took the bill of particu-
lars President Woodrow Wilson set out
in his historic address, and, on the basis
of that bill of particulars, decided It
agreed with the President of the United
States, and it passed the declaration of
war.
In the President's statement today I
followed very closelyany allusion as to
what countries we might declare war
against on the basis of the President's
rationalization and alibiing for killing
American boys in Asia. I note that he
made reference to North Vietnam and
Red China.
The American people should say to the
President now, "Do you believe that the
facts warrant a declaration of war
against North Vietnam and Red China?
If you do, make your recommendation in
accordance with your responsibilities
under the Constitution for such a decla-
ration of war, and let Congress decide
whether or not it wants to declare war."
Mr. President, I shall not avoid, as I
have never avoided, any hot issue. On
the basis of what the President said to-
day, on the basis of what he has said in
the past 2 years, on the basis of anything
the Secretary of Defense or the Secre-
tary of State have said before the For-
eign Relations Committee, of which I am
a member, if the President should rec-
ommend a declaration of war against
North Vietnam and Red China, the sen-
ior Senator from Oregon would vote
against it.
Mr. President, in my judgment, the
President cannot make a case for a dec-
laration of war against either North Viet-
nam or Red China-and-I hate and de-
spise the regimes of both North Vietnam
and Red China.
Let me warn Congress that during
these dark hours it is making history
which will live for centuries to come;
that is, if there is a United States left
for a U.S. history to survive.
These are tragic hours, in which not
only Congress, but also the American
people, must rededicate themselves to the
ideals which we profess. I say most sol-
emnly that we had better rededicate our-
selves to our sense of spiritual values,
for I continue to ask myself: What has
happened to morality in the United
States? What has happened to our pro-
fessings about being a spiritual Nation
and believing In a Divine Being?
As a Christian, I keep saying to my-
self, "What has happened to the practice
of the teachings of the Master in Amer-
ican foreign policy?" In my judgment,
American foreign policy is characterized
today by many bad things, but the worst
is its emptiness of spiritual and moral
values.
It is time for ui to bow our heads and
fall to our knees as a nation and pray
as we have never prayed before for that
strength of character, that rededication
to spiritual values, that will cause us to
turn away from being a shocking, war-
making nation to a nation which will
rededicate itself to the rule of law
In my speech I have sought, thus far,
to outline my deep conviction as to what
I consider to be the constitutional duty
of the President of the United States. It
is his constitutional duty. In my judg-
ment, either to recommend a declaration
of war or to stop being primarily re-
sponsible for the killing of American
boys in Asia.
The decision of war is not entrusted
to the President of the United States. It
is entrusted to Congress. The Constitu-
tion so provides, and it will be abandoned
only at great risk. For, when the people
allow the head of State to conduct war
without any check upon his decision,
they have lost control of their national
affairs.
The President spoke of war, but it can
only be an illegal war until It is declared
by Congress.
The President spoke of the commit-
ments of past Presidents to Vietnam, and
of our national good word. But he ut-
tered no mention of the national word
entered into by solemn treaty when we
signed the United Nations Charter. The
President wishes the world to have con-
fidence in the pledge of a previous Presi-
dent, but does he have no concern with
what the world thinks of our failure to
honor our own treaty obligations?
It is a sad day in history when the
President of the United States dismisses
our obligations to the United Nations
Charter with reference to a letter he has
sent to U Thant, asking that he do what
he can to help us "fry our fish" in
Vietnam.
The press conference today produced
nothing but an evasion by the President
of both the Constitution of the United
States and the Charter of the United
Nations.
I also regret that the President did not
take the American people into his con-
fidence by explaining to them the re-
sponses from other governments to the
war in Vietnam.
I believe that the obvious conclusion
to be drawn from his reluctance to dis-
cuss that subject is that the support is
,so thin, and the offers of help so non-
existent, that it was better to avoid that
issue, too.
But, if we are asked to embark on a
long, drawn-out struggle-and the Presi-
dent admits that it may be long-we
should know exactly how little help or
support we are to get from the other
major powers of Asia, and from the rest
of the world.
The net result of the President's re-
marks has been a repeat performance of
what we have been told month in and
month out concerning Vietnam; namely,
thatmore American soldiers will be sent.
Now the figure is to be increased to 125,-
000.
I have warned the American people
from this desk for many months past
that it will be 300,000. I warn the Ameri-
can people today that if the President's
announced program continues, it will go
far beyond the 300,000. And there will
be no peace at the end of the trail.
The President points out that a new ef-
fort will be made to bring some order
out of chaos in the South Vietnamese
Government and gain support for it in
the country. That will be quite a task.
Never has there been a free government
in South Vietnam since the United States
set up its first puppet government in
1954. Yet the American people have
been fed the false propaganda, ever since
we took over in South Vietnam, that we
are in there supporting freedom. What
we have supported is tyrannical, shock-
ing, police states by way of puppet re-
gimes financed, selected, and militarized
by the Government of the United States.
it is difficult for Americans to recog-
nize that we could be so wrong, but his-
tory will condemn America's aggressive
course of action in Asia over the years.
We have not been true to our ideals. We
have not been true to our treaty respon-
sibilities and obligations.
It is interesting that in the statement
made by the President today, he Indi-
cated there might be an ultimate deci-
sion which he would have made by the
people of Vietnam for a united Vietnam.
Few Americans realize that the
Geneva accord did not provide for two
governments in South Vietnam. Most
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people are unaware of the fact that the formal petition by the United States U.N. Assembly and use of the U.N. Se-
government that was set up in South calling upon the United Nations to carry curity Council are both blocked.
Vietnam was set up by the United States out its obligations under the provisions In this morning's Washington Post
in clear violation of the Geneva accords of the Charter is naught but an exercise a very perceptive editorial explains why.
,of 1954. The accords themselves pro- in semantics. - The editorial asks:
vided only for two zones for purposes of If my country wants the United Na- But how could any serious student of
terminating French control, the zones to tions to take jurisdiction, my President world affairs suppose that anything could be
be unified in elections to be held in 1956. knows how to bring it about. The pro- accomplished at this time by going to the
It was the United States more than any cedures are clear. The President knows U.N.?
other country that canceled those elec- them. I have seen to that. All my Presi- The Soviet Union stands over the Security
tions. How can a President who seeks dent has to do is to lay before the United council with its veto poised against any
to follow a policy of preserving South Nations the resolution. He can do that Vietnam from that might be taken save South
Vom being swept into the C en-
Vietnam at risk of world war, in pursuit through our Ambassador to the United munist orbit. The last session of the Gen-
of a promise he claims was made by two Nations. If he did that, the threat to the eral Assembly was so plagued by the con-
predecessors, declare at the same time peace of the world would be formally troversy over the financing of past U.N.
that we may want to go back to a unified and officially before the Security peacekeeping operations that it could act
Vietnam,? Which of these incompatible Council. Then we would find out who it only by unanimous consent. That issue has
purposes is our real purpose in Vietnam? is that wants peace. Then we would put not yet been resolved. However desirable
it would be to have the U.N. straightening
Most people do not know, either, as I
Red Russia on the snot. WP wnuld nilt.
have said so many times on the floor of
the Senate during the past 2 years, that
we have violated the Geneva accords
with every airplane we sent over, with
every soldier we sent over, with every
tank we sent over; and, of course, that
the International Control Commission
found us guilty, along with North Viet-
nam, and along with the South Viet-
namese.
Mr. President, there was no indication
in the President's statement today con-
cerning another sordid and ugly fact
which exists In South Vietnam, the very
moment I speak; namely, that the South
Vietnamese army has so deteriorated
.that we shall have to substitute Amer-
ican boys to do the dying for them.
"By what right?" the senior Senator
.from Oregon asks, and will continue to
ask. We have no constitutional right,
which has beeneffectuated to date, that
justifies the unconscionable slaughter of
American boys in-South Vietnam. It is
an elementary principle of criminal law
that when a life is taken in the commis-
sion of an illegal act it falls into the
category, of homicide. I have no inten-
tion of becoming an accomplice to hom-
icide in southeast Asia.
The_ President also made clear today
that any government beside our own that
Interferes in South Vietnam will meet the
full force of the American power,
-That is waving, the flag into tatters.
That is no way to pay respect to the
American flag.
We have reached the point where we
are beating our national chest, while say-
ing to the world that we are setting our-
selves up as the policeman and caretaker
for the running of the world in accord-
ancewith what we consider is best for
the world In accordance with American
judgments.
'That is why it will require many years
to do it. That is why I say we are start-
ing to dig our national grave, because
millions of people around the world will
continueLL to resist and revolt against a
police and caretaker role imposed upon
them by the United States.
Mr. President, instead of sending a
-letter to U Thant, the President of the
United States should have sent with Am-
`bassador,Gpldberg a resolution from the
United ;Sates, asking for an
extraordi-nary session of the Security Council, and
requesting the United Nations to take
jurisdiction of the conflict in Vietnam.
France on the spot, too, along with every
other nation that belongs to the Security
Council.
If the Soviet Union then throws a veto,
the President knows what the charter
provides by way of our right to have an
extraordinary session of the General As-
sembly of the United Nations called.
As a. former U.S. delegate to the Gen-
eral Assembly, it is my judgment that at
least 90 nations, and probably more, in
the General Assembly would rally behind
the leadership of the United States if It
proposed a United Nations takeover in
southeast Asia-not to make war, such
as my country is doing at the present
time, but to keep the peace.
There is all the difference in the world
between the President of the United
States directing a war and the President
of the United States talking peace.
We are hitching irreconciliables at
both ends of a line, while they pull in op-
posite directions. I would like to see a
better example of that type of meta-
phoric exercise than the President of the
United States making war in Asia and
at the same time talking about peace
through the United Nations, without for-
mally submitting to the United Nations
a U.S. resolution calling for the peace-
keeping services of the United Nations.
The President spoon fed the American
people today with the same Old prescrip-
tion which in the past 4 years has re-
sulted only in more war and more defeat.
I see no reason for any different outcome
this time.
It is with a heavy heart and a great
sadness that I say that in my judgment
the President's position is unsound and
against the best interest QL,peace and a
U.N. AND VIETNAM
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, a
great deal of criticism has been directed
at the administration's Vietnam policy,
on the ground that the whole tragic
business should be turned over to the
United Nations.
The administration has indicated that
U.N,_Director. General U Thant would be
welcome to use his U.N. offices to secure
negotiations or to do anything else that
might advance peace.
The Communists have rejected all of
For my President to talk about the these initiatives. We cannot turn to the
United Nations In the absence of filing a U.N. for practical reasons. Use of the
fering Vietnamese nor the cause of freedom
and independence in Asia can wait for a
miracle.
A few minutes ago the President of the
United States said that 15 efforts, with
the help of 40 nations, have been made to
persuade the Asian Communists to nego-
tiate.
The President also said that if the
United Nations can by deed or word
bring us nearer to an honorable peace,
It will have American support, and that
Ambassador Goldberg has been directed
to tell the United Nations that we want
all resources of the United Nations used
to achieve peace.
It seems to me that one of the most
unfortunate illusions on the part of lit-
erally millions of American people is
that the whole situation would be ended
if only we were to turn to the U.N. and
say, "Take over."
In the first place, there are reasons
why this cannot be done. In the second
place, if the U.N. were to come in, is
there any reason to deceive ourselves
that they could come in on any basis
other than that on which they came in
during the Korean conflict? If they
came in under those circumstances., we
would still have to fight, as we did in
Korea. It would still take years. It
would still involve the loss of American
blood. It would still mean American
caskets coming back. This would not
end it. Furthermore, if we can get the
United Nations to come in, fine, but there
is no indication that the United Nations,
under present circumstances, can do so.
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial from the Washington Post be
printed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ILLUSIONS AT MINNEAPOLIS
Against the background of mounting war-
fare in Veitnam and the grave discussions
that have been going on at the White House,
the dissenting notes coming out of the Gov-
ernors conference In Minneapolis sound very
remote and unreal. In Vietnam the Ameri-
can forces are having to cope with more
powerful attacks on the ground and with a
rising menace from surface-to-air missiles.
In Washington the whole baffling problem
of helping the South Vietnamese and other
peoples of southeast Asia protect their in-
dependence has been under review. But out
in Minneapolis the Governors are free to in-
dulge in fanciful illusions.
Gov. Mark O. Hatfield, of Oregon, ad-
vanced the idea that the United States
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 Approved FCONGRESSIONAL RECORDDP SENAT R00030019000c y 281 1965
should take the Vietnam problem to the
`United Nations. If this did not produce re-
sults and if the fighting should continue to
spread, he said, the President should ask
Congress for a declaration of war. It is easy
to understand a Republican Governor's im-
patience over the present gloomy trend of
events in Vietnam. But how could any se-
ricus student of world affairs suppose that
anything could be accomplished at this time
by going to the U.N.?
The Soviet Union stands over the Security
Council with its veto poised against any ac-
tion that might be taken to save South Viet-
nam from being swept into the Communist
orbit. The last session of the General As-
sembly was so plagued by the controversy
over the financing of past U.N. peacekeeping
operations that it could act only by unani-
mous consent. That issue has not yet been
resolved. However desirable it would be to
have the U.N. straightening out situations of
this kind, neither the suffering Vietnamese
nor the cause of freedom and independence
in Asia can wait for a miracle.
As for a declaration of war, what would it
accomplish? Would the declaration be di-
rected against- the Vietcong in South Viet-
nam, against the Hanoi government, Com-
munist China, or the Soviet Union? Or
would It be directed against all folir? The
disturbing thing about this comment is that
any conceivable declaration of war in the
present context of events would doubtlessly
lead to expansion of the war instead of nar-
rowing it as Governor Hatfield intends.
Critics are entitled to air their grave con-
cern over the dilemma in Vietnam, but when
they attempt to point the way out they
ought to have something more substantial
than midsummer night's dream.
AMENDMENTS TO BANKRUPTCY
ACT-BILLS REFERRED TO THE
COMMITTEE ON FINANCE WITH
INSTRUCTIONS
Mr. KUCHEL obtained the floor.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
the Senator from California yield, with
the understanding that he will not lose
his right to the floor?
Mr. KUCHEL. I shall yield to the
majority leader with that understanding.
The PRESIDING OFFICE?,. With-
out objection, it is so ordered. The Sen-
ator from Montana is recognized.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that Calendar
No. 109, a bill (S. 976) to amend the
Bankruptcy Act with respect to limiting
the priority and nondiscargeability of
taxes in bankruptcy and Calendar No.
265, a bill (S. 1912) to amend sections 1,
17a, 57g, 64a(5), 67(b), 67c, and 70c of
the Bankruptcy Act and for other pur-
poses, be taken off the calendar and
referred to the Committee on Finance
with instructions that they be reported
back within a period of 30 days.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, reserv-
ing the right to object-and I shall not
object-let the RECORD show that the
majority leader has informed the mi-
nority whip. The distinguished Senator
from Nebraska CMr. HRUSKA], a coauthor
of the bill, completely approves, as does
our able friend, the distinguished senior
Senator from North Carolina [Mr.
ERVINI, the other author of the bill. Is
that not correct?
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator is
correct.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from Montana? The Chair hears none,
and it is so ordered.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the Senate
go into executive session to consider a
nomination on the executive calendar.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the request of the Senator
from Montana?
There being no objection, the Senate
proceeded to the consideration of ex-
ecutive business.
EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMIT-
TEES
As In executive session,
The following favorable reports of
nominations were submitted:
By Mr. EASTLAND, from the Committee on
the Judiciary:
Hiram R. Cancio, of Puerto Rico, to be
U.S. district judge for the district of Puerto
Rico; and
Edmund A. Nix, of Wisconsin, to be U.S.
attorney for the western district of Wiscon-
sin.
By Mr. HILL. from the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare:
George C. Trevorrow, of, Maryland, to be
a member of the Federal Coal Mine Safety
Board of Review; and
Doctor Mary I. Bunting, of Massachusetts,
and Harvey Picker, of New York, to be mem-
bers of the National Science Board, National
Science Foundation.
By Mr. CLARK, from the Committee on
Labor and Public Welfare:
Thomas J. Watson, Jr., of New York, to
be a member of the National Commission on
Technology, Automation, and Economic
Progress.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there
be no further reports of committees, the
nomination on the Executive Calendar
-
D RA IM 1~ N4 6? STATE
of Henry Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts,
to be Ambassador Extraordinary and
Plenipotentiary of the United States of
America to the Republic of Vietnam.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the nomination is confirmed.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I de-
sire to take a moment of time in the
Senate to speak not merely as a member
of the Republican Party, but as an Amer-
ican to pay my respects for one who has
undertaken the most grueling type of
service to his country.
Henry Cabot Lodge sat as a distin-
guished U.S. Senator in days gone by.
He was recommended by his political
party as a candidate for Vice President
of this land.
He was an able advocate for the people
of the United States in the United Na-
tions, on one occasion serving under the
late President John F. Kennedy.
He represented our country in South
Vietnam with distinction and courage.
He now returns to that unhappy part
of this melancholy globe.
He takes with him the prayers of the
American people for success in that
tragic part of the world. We also pray
that his service may increase our chances
for peace with honor in South Vietnam.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. KUCHEL. I yield to the Senator
from New York.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I join the
Senator from California [Mr. KUCHELI
in.commending the President and Am-
bassador Lodge, who has had such a won-
derful career, and who now has every
right to say, "I have done my work; I
am entitled to enjoy the fruits of my
labors," for taking on this enormous and
historic assignment.
I know we have run our foreign affairs
in a completely bipartisan way. I have
been an advocate of a bipartisan foreign
policy.
I know that I shall be pardoned if I
say with some pride that it Is a matter
of great gratification to me that in a
historic moment the President found it
possible to appoint a great Republican
candidate for Vice President who made
a great record in the Senate, and who
has been proud of his progressive views
in my party. My last close personal con-
tact with him was in the work of bring-
ing those views to the attention of the
members of my party throughout the
country in the most effective way.
Henry Cabot Lodge is entitled to the
deep thanks of the Nation for having
deserved such a historic assignment
from the President. The Nation is for-
tunate to have raised such a son. We
have every reason for great pride in my
party and his lifelong devotion to prin-
ciples of that party, demonstrating
again the place of great Americans in
each of the great political parties and
their devotion to the principles which
they hold and respect.
These only equip him the better for
the Nation's service, rather than con-
stricting them in any narrow partisan
frame.
I thank my colleague.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the President
be immediately notified of the confirma-
tion of the nomination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, the President will be noti-
fied forthwith.
. LEGISLATIVE SESSION
On request of Mr. KUCHEL, and by
unanimous consent, the Senate resumed
the consideration of legislative business.
NATIONAL AMERICAN LEGION BASE-
BALL WEEK-LEGISLATIVE RE-
APPORTIONMENT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the joint resolution (S.J. Res. 66) to
provide for the designation of the period
from August 31 through September 6,
1965, as "National American Legion
Baseball Week."
LET THE PEOPLE DECIDE
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, in
speaking in support of the Republican
leader of the Senate, the distinguished
Senator from Illinois CMr. DIRKSENI, one
immediately senses a need for clarifying
the issue before the Senate. A highly
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July 28, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
He reported on the FBI's study, during 1963
and 1964, of the criminal records of nearly
93,000 offenders, of whom more than three-
fourths had been arrested at least twice.
The following table shows the rate of
serious crime per 100,000 of population in the
Nation's 12 largest metropolitan areas dur-
ing 1964:
Population
Murder
Rape
Robbery
Aggra-
vated
assault
Burglary
Theft
Auto
theft
Total
offenses
11, 362,000
6.1
4
8
10.1
29
1
76.1
171
2
139.9
230
7
540.1
400.8
1
725.6
838.7
348.9
587.7
1,846.7
3,263.0
Los Angeles -----
8,682, 000
6
531
000
.
7.2
.
21.1
.
273.9
.
202.6
,
658.9
513.5
582.3
2,259.5
]Philadelphia -----
,
,
4,565,000
5.4
14.1
75.2
2
5
121.5
143
3
615.7
757
0
224.5
461
8
235. 7
1-
387
1,192.2
1
927.0
Boston
3,891,000
213
000
3
5.0
2.6
20.5
6.0
.
15
41.3
.
42.2
.
530.2
.
321.4
.
578.8
,
1,522.4
----------
.
San Francisco_ _ _
,
,
2, 935, 000
4.3
13.1
8
7
116.9
57
4
117.1
2
41
1,067.9
440
5
606.0
232
1
502.0
319.0
2,317.3
1,101.6
Pittsbur9h______
Washington-
2,359,000
300
000
2
2.8
8.4
.
11.6
.
129.0
.
188.8
.
870.3
.
451.0
413.5
2,072.6
----
St.I.ouis--------
,
,
2,208,000
7.2
14.8
121.6
125.5
942.6
601
6
332.5
5
136
373.0
271
7
1,917.3
182
5
1
Cleveland-------
Baltimore--.----
1,997,000
1,858,000
6.4
9.0
6.6
11.6
92.7
84.1
67.0
161.2
.
492.5
.
516.5
.
314.9
.
,
1,589.8
FERENCE AS11tPS THE NEED
FOR, T1 COLD WAR GI BILL
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
the notice of increased military commit-
ment of this Nation in the Vietnam
crisis, and the President's order for in-
creasing the monthly draft quotas sub-
stantially, emphasizes the continuing and
deepening need for the enactment of the
cold war GI bill.
As more of our young men are called
upon to serve in uniform, the inequities
and the injustices that prevail upon the
cold war veterans of the United States
are proportionately increased. As more
men are activated, more lives are inter-
rupted, more educations are halted, and
more careers damaged by time in the
military service.
As long as these demands continue to
rise, and as long as the burden largely
falls on those young men who are not
able to afford education, the need for the
cold war GI bill will forever continue to
mount.
I hope that today's action will serve as
a rallying cry to gather the forces of
justice behind this bill and harry it
through all the legislative entanglements
to final enactment and to the White
House for signature.
INCREASE IN CRIME IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, last week, a
long-time and very good friend of mine
was walking her dogs in Montrose Park,
where she was raped by three assailants
between 8:45 and 10:15 in the morning.
I rise not only to express my horror
and shock at this occurrence, but also to
deplore the unequal and losing contest
between the forces of law and the forces
of crime in our Nation's Capital.
The index of District crime in the past
12 months has risen 28 percent. As a
result, every section of our police force
is overstrained, Including men and ma-
terial. Some 200,000 hours of uncom-
pensated, voluntary time was contrib-
uted by our police in this past year alone.
Nevertheless, there is an immense short-
age of police officers, vehicles, and re-
sources. The police are finding them-
selves virtually engulfed by the flood of
crime. Translated into my friend's
experience, this meant an unintentional
No. 137-10
swering questions and part in waiting
for the arrival of a second victim of a
similar crime.
This second victim was being inter-
viewed in her apartment, where she had
been raped some hours earlier. Turn
and turn about, the second "rapee" then
had to wait while the scene of my
friend's assault in Montrose Park was
revisited. Both victims were George-
town residents. The dictates of the Dis-
trict's economy were such that both
ladies had to travel together in the same
vehicle to the District of Columbia Gen-
eral Hospital, where they were to un-
dergo an examination in order to de-
termine the virulence of the assault.
This examination was necessary be-
cause the findings of these examinations
are used as evidence in the case of crim-
inal proceedings.
Although my friend had reached the
precinct police station at 10:25 a.m., it
was only at 1:15 p.m. that both victims
reached District of Columbia General
Hospital. And, then it was not until
2:55 p.m. that my friend was on the
examining table. By 5 minutes past 3,
the smears had been taken and the
forms of the report had been filled in.
The detectives on the case were prepar-
ing to take the two victims to the Cen-
tral Police Bureau, C and Third Streets
NW., for full depositions, which they told
my friend normally took up to 2 hours.
Though almost 5 hours had passed
since my friend first fled the scene of
her rape, no attention had yet been paid
to her own state of being or bringing
her into contact with her own doctor.
Moreover, my friend had asked, follow-
ing the hospital examination, to have a
basic prophylaxis, a cleansing, which
she was told was impossible, there being
no facilities for such in the Outpatients'
Department of the District of Columbia
General Hospital.
I believe that this kind of treatment or
absence of treatment could be construed
as inhuman negligence on the part of
our District police and medical authori-
ties, particularly as abortions can be per-
formed only under exceptional condi-
tions in the District of Columbia, except
for the fact that these authorities are so
overworked. Yet, neither negligence nor
strain can be further tolerated.
I was gratified to see in today's papers
17875
that my friend's complaint about the
treatment of rape cases had led the Dis-
trict of Columbia General Hospital to
change its procedures somewhat. The
medical legal lab tests will now be fol-
lowed by a cleansing with a germicidal
solution and a - blood test providing a
syphilis check.
This is a step in the right direction, but
in my opinion is only a beginning on the
part of hospital and police authorities.
My friend finally reached her private
physician seven hours after being raped
and only after refusing to return to police
headquarters for additional questioning.
Our hospitals and police authorities must
recognize that proper treatment of rape
involves much more than physical care-
the deep mental and emotional shock,
anguish and fear are equally important
and must receive medical and psycholo-
gical attention as well. I would hope that
the authorities would conduct a full re-
view of their procedures in this respect
and make an even further effort to hu-
manize them.
But there is still an immense need for
more support of our crime enforcement
authorities, more police, and more re-
sources.
I am sadly reminded that only a few
months ago, another old friend was
taking a walk along the canal and was
murdered. These crimes occurred in
daylight. These crimes have occurred
in the past and continue to occur all the
time.
Speaking not just as a U.S. Senator
but as a resident of the District because
of my job, and also as a husband and
father, I submit that the lawlessness in
our area has gone too far. I know that
now, in the part of Washington where
I live, it is not safe for my family to
walk our dogs in the morning in a neigh-
boring park.
What does it take to secure action
from the District of Columbia authori-
ties? How long do we continue to tol-
erate and to take half measures? Do we
rise up in anger only when our own wives
or daughters or friends are involved,
or when we ourselves are struck down or
yoked? Washington may not be any
worse and perhaps may be even better
than other cities, according to statistics.
All I know and believe is that the situa-
tion is utterly out of hand, and it is time
we acknowledged it and did something
about it.
I would hope that the whole question
of the handling of victims of rape would
be even more thoroughly reviewed by
the Board of Commissioners.
Finally, I would hope that the Presi-
dent's war on crime might start and be
waged wtih particular vigor right here
in our Capital City.
I am sending copies of this statement
to each member of the Senate and House
District of Columbia Committees, and to
each of the District Commissioners, to-
gether with a discerning article portray-
ing these horrible events.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
article which was published in the Wash-
ington Post of Sunday, July 25, 1965,
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 28, 1965
VICTIM OF RAPE SAYS MEDICAL SEARCH FOR
EVIDENCE COLDLY IGNORES PATIENT
(By Jean M. White)
A woman raped repeatedly in a George-
town park area last week has assailed medi-
cal procedures that she feels coldly ignore
the victim while collecting legal evidence.
"There was the examination for the Gov-
ernment to fill out forms. And that was
that. They should at least offer the victim
the decency of an opportunity for washing
and cleansing," she says.
The wife of a State Department official,
obviously a woman of strong fiber, has
reached the point where she now speaks with
righteous indignation beyond her own per-
sonal experience.
"I did finally get to my private physician,"
she explains. "But what about the impover-
ished patient? Does she have to go back to
the outpatient line and wait six or eight
hours for attention? 'What about the humil-
iated, upset girl who is afraid of pregnancy?"
Police and a spokesman for District of Co-
lumbia General Hospital emphasize that one
of the first steps in a rape case must be the
collection of "fresh, conclusive evidence"
that 'the cirme has been committed. This
involves a semen smear from the victim to
detect the presence of sperm.
The Georgetown wife, who went back to
the rape scene with police, agrees. But she
emphasizes that the routine examination
took only 10 minutes and she feels there
comes a time when some thought should be
given to the victim.
She tells what happened to her:
"When I asked for a simple thing like a
douche, I was told that there were no
facilities at District of Columbia General for
this. They did not even have the decency to
offer me a sponge or tissue for cleansing.
"Once the smear is taken, it seems to me
that any rape or sex victim should have access
to a prophylactic procedure because she is
worried about disease and infection. I still
had twigs on my hair and body when I
reached my private physician."
PASSED YOUTHS ON LANE
The victim saw her own private doctor
about 7 hours after she was raped. She in-
sisted on making an appointment with him
rather than going to central police head-
quarters for further statement taking.
Her harrowing day began a little after 8:30
R.M. Thursday. She was walking her two
dogs on the edge of Montrose Park when she
passed two youths on the lane. She heard
a whistle behind her. Then she was being
yoked, and two other youths appeared.
She was wrestled and half-carried up a
steep bank, where three of the four assaulted
her while the fourth held the dogs and served
as a lookout.
Finally left by the rapists, she called her
dogs and made her way to Massachusetts
Avenue and went by taxi to the seventh po-
lice precinct. She arrived thereat 10:25 a.m.;
Park Police were called in, and she was taken
to District General Hospital, where the lab-
oratory exam was made about 3 p.m. She
finally reached her private physician's office
close to 5 p.m.
HOSPITAL FUNCTION EXPLAINED
Dr. Gustava Nava, medical officer in charge
of the emergency services at District Gen-
eral, said that the hospital's function is to
examine the patient for "medical-legal evi-
dence" and not to treat her.
"We're not supposed to volunteer prophy-
lactic treatment for disease or pregnancy,"
he said. "Our part is the determination of
rape. Upon request from the patient, we
would answer questions. In 2y, years here,
I still have to see a request.,,
But would a distraught, humiliated victim
of rape have enough presence of mind to ask
for help? asks the State Department Official's
Wife.
Dr. Nava said the practice at District Gen-
eral is to take a semen smear and a smear to
determine whether there has been any gon-
orrhea contamination. Factors of the vic-
tim's menstrual cycle and fertile period are
considered in gathering the medical-legal in-
formation, he said.
PRIVATE DOCTORS GIVE VIEWS
Advice might be given on request, he said,
but "they are not brought to us for treat-
ment."
One private physician, asked to comment
on post-rape treatment, said he probably
would recommend a D and C (dilation and
curettage, which involves scraping of the
womb) if there was any danger of possible
pregnancy. This could come in a week or so,
he said, after infection has been ruled out.
It is a minor surgical procedure.
He said he also would take a smear to detect
gonorrhea and, if positive then would order
penicillin treatment. There would also be
blood tests to establish a "base line" for later
syphilis tests.
Another gynecologist indicated that he
would not automatically recommend a D and
C. If a rape-induced pregnancy occurred,
he said, then a therapeutic abortion could be
performed under Washington law as neces-
sary for the mental health of the patient.
Both agree that douching would have only
negligible effect on the prevention of venereal
disease.
"But you must also remember the victim's
mental state," the first physician noted.
"She certainly wants it performed as soon
as possible."
The wife of the State Department official
agrees with this as "something elemental,
humane" in treating rape victims. Her own
doctor, she said, was appalled that no provi-
sion had been made to do this.
When the park victim arrived at seventh
precinct headquarters on Thursday morn-
ing about 10:30, she was joined by a 30-year-
old unmarried woman who had been raped
the night before in her second-story George-
town apartment.
FEARED TO CALL POLICE
A Central Intelligence Agency employee,
the younger woman had feared to call police
after the rape. The next morning she went
to work and told a CIA personnel officer, who
called police.
The two rape victims waited together at
the police precinct where they were treated
more like "cold statistics than human be-
ings," the older woman said. She heard such
phrases as "we got another one like this."
But she emphasized her quarrel is not so
much with police procedure as with the med-
ical procedure at District of Columbia Gen-
eral.
Police say they first try to collect on-the-
spot evidence and get information for a look-
out on the offenders. Then the rape victim
is taken to District of Columbia General for
the lab tests for evidence.
If a victim asks to see her private physician
or to go to a private hospital, a police spokes-
man said, she is allowed to do this. But
police prefer to take the victim to the mu-
nicipal hospital, Where the doctors and
nurses know the need for witnesses and care-
ful recording of information for later police
evidence.
If the victim is then not too upset, she is
taken back to police headquarters to make
a statement.
"I agree that they must collect the evi-
dence first," the wife of the State Depart-
ment official said. "I willingly helped. But
there comes a time for some consideration
of the victim. I was not offered even the
most primary services.
"I had been yoked and my neck hurt. I
asked about this and was told a salt-water
gargle Would help. But no one offered me
any."
One of the private physicians observed that
procedures vary on the handling of rape
cases in different city hospitals. First, he
emphasized, is the need to collect evidence.
Then, he said, the usual procedure is to refer
the patient to her private physician.
"Often emergency rooms do not like to give
treatment without the consent of the pa-
tient's private physician," he said.
If the victim does not have her own doctor?
he added, some recommendations for treat-
ment should be made at that time.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Rhode Island yield?
Mr. PELL. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. I am glad that the
Senator from Rhode Island has made
this statement.
The Senator from New York [Mr.
KENNEDY] came to me this morning con-
cerning both the existing situation, and
the comments which the Senator from
Rhode Island intended to make this
afternoon.
The Senator from New York is a mem-
ber of my subcommittee on the District
of Columbia, which has jurisdiction over
law enforcement, the police, the welfare
agencies, and, including, of course, the
health programs in the District of
Columbia.
I wish the Senator from Rhode Island
to know that we plan to have a meeting
of the subcommittee as soon as possible
next week, the scheduling of the meeting
being such that it probably will not meet
until Thursday; but, in the meantime,
the staff of the committee will apprise
the District Commissioners, the Chief of
Police, and the health authorities of our
interest In the problem, and will see to
it that they receive copies of the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD containing the Sena-
tor's speech. At the committee meeting
next week, we shall ask them to come in
and discuss with us the many facets of
the problem.
I shall reserve final judgment until I
have heard the responsible officials of the
District of Columbia government who
have jurisdiction over this general prob-
lem.
However, I have no hesitancy in saying
at this time that I am at a loss to under-
stand the time schedule that has been
outlined by the Senator from Rhode
Island in the handling of these two rape
cases. I am at a loss to understand why
it would be 5 hours before the individual
concerned was given the health attention
that I think she should have received al-
most immediately, taking into considera-
tion the short period of time it would
take to collect the necessary medical evi-
dence in regard to her being raped.
To think that any woman should have
to wait for more than 5 hours before her
health needs were taken care of is as-
tonishing. I believe that is the proper
word for me to use at this time, although
it does not express my inner feelings.
I am also at a loss to understand the
procedure which is apparently being fol-
lowed in such cases. In this instance, a
highly intelligent woman obviously was
cooperative with the police and the health
authorities.
Let us not forget that in many in-
stances people can suffer great psycho-
logical harm from an experience such as
this. It is important that they receive
attention immediately in regard to their
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July 28 1965 CO?.
y , 1,16RESSIONAL RECORIS " - "SENATE
psychological While 'serving as Attorney Cxeneral and
health needs and their
needs, in order to prevent irreparable since coming to the Senate, I have seen
permanent damage being done to them many things that could be done in the
healthwise and psychologically. District of Columbia in connection with
I shall have a 'good many questions to crime and welfare and social services,
ask our authorities in the District of Co things which have not been done through
lumbia in regard to the procedures that lack of interest, incompetence, laziness,
followed in this case. or lack of attention to the problem.
Mr. PELL. I thank my friend from It is always easy, therefore, for them
Oregon. I spoke to this woman today, to say: We would do more. We would
and she took pains to emphasize her lack do more for education and for welfare
of hostility or lack of esteem for the and in connection with crime, but it is
police. She felt they were being over- the fault of Congress. A great deal of
whelmed by a mass of crime, by a mass the blame lies with Congress.
of rapes, by a mass of violence, and were It has been my experience, particularly
doing the very best they could, but that in the field of education and crime, that
they were being engulfed. the public officials who are charged with
One reason for her delay in receiving responsibility in the District have not
attention was that in the precinct In- met that responsibility. They have
volved there was only one vehicle avail- either been incompetent or lazy or care-
able with which to take both victims to less. Many of the public officials in the
the hospital, and that they had to wait in District are dedicated to the work they
order to go together and to stop by the are doing and are performing their work
place where the crime had taken place. with great competence. That cannot be
The woman emphasized, knowing that I said of others.
felt strongly on this subject, that she had They cannot be recalled, because there
no feeling that the police were not doing is no home rule in the District of Colum-
their best. There was just too much for bia. I hope that that law will go into
their ' present facilities and manpower effect, so that the people themselves will
level, be able to make the decision. We are
Mr. KENNEDY of New York. Mr. not trying to do it on the floor of the
President, will the Senator yield? Senate.
Mr. PELL. Iyield. I congratulate the Senator from
Mr. KENNEDY of New York. I join Rhode island for focusing attention on
the chairman in commending the Sena this subject. Otherwise, it would have
tor from Rhode Island for making his been a story for a day and then passed
statement. out of the picture without anything hav-
It should be remembered that not all ing been done about it.
persons who are victims of this kind of I congratulate the Senator from Ore-
attack. or other kinds of crime have, a got for what he has done. As I said to
friend in the U.P. Senate, and therefore the Senator from Nevada, those of us
these facts cannot be brought to the at- with less seniority and less service on
tention of Senators. As a result it is the committee, cannot help but be Im-
not possible to have the kind of action pressed by the attention and effort of
that really is necessary in such instances the Senator from Nevada and the Sena-
in the District of Columbia, if anything tor from Oregon who, hour after hour
Is to be done about this.problem. and day after day, without any atten-
Withthe distinguished Senator from tion, are trying to do something about
Oregon [Mr. MORSE] I have sat through the problems of the District. For those
hearings. We have been distressed to of us who are new to the Senate and to
hear of the mounting crime rate. Every- service on the committee to see that
one is'concerned about it. Speeches are kind of dedication is the most impres-
made about the mounting crime rate in sive thing that I have seen so far.
the District of Columbia. But really Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
very little is done about it. During our Senator yield?
hearings we urged that the District of Mr. PELL. I yield.
Columbia come forward with a compre- Mr. MORSE. I appreciate the kind
hensive plan to deal with crime; with a words of the . Senator from New York.
short-range program to deal with the im- No one in my experience, in serving on
mediate problem, and a long-term pro- the subcommittee, has done a more ef-
gram, extending over, possibly, the next fective job of cross-examining witnesses
10 years or so, to deal with the problem than has the Senator from New York,
in detail. the former Attorney General of the
It all comes down to the fact that we United States. f believe that the record
do have a responsibility in the Senate the Senator from New York made dur-
and in the House, and that we have not ing the hearings in connection with
completely fulfilled our obligation in that crime in the District of Columbia will
regard. At the hearings this has been have more to do with our making a rec-
used as. an excuse by those who have ord of accomplishment this year than
positions of responsibility within the anything that has transpired in my sub-
District of Columbia. They can always committee for a good many years.
come forward and state that the reason What he has, said is quite true. But we
the have not done something about the have the responsibility in Congress to
pro Tern is that Congress will not sup- come forward 'in support of any plan that
porgy them. 'I'iey can always say, We is submitted to us w 'ch is borne out by
cannot get any attention from the House the evidence. The Senator from New
of Representatives or the Senate, or the York is calling for the evidence and for
executive branch of the Government, and the plan. I shall continue to support
therefore we have not been able to do him in his drive for a cleanup of the
anything. situation in the District of Columbia.
17877
Mr. PELL .. 1 -thank the Senator from
Oregon and the Senator from New York
for their remarks. I am delighted to
hear the Senator from Oregon say that
he is calling a meeting of his subcom-
mittee next week, I trust that out of
these hearings there may come a plan
or pattern or procedure that will prevent,
if not a recurrence of these crimes, at
least a recurrence of the kind of treat-
ment that victims of these crimes have
been receiving.
I am glad that District of Columbia
General has changed their procedures
somewhat, but believe that there remains
much room for further improvement.
S
PRE
IDENT ~70$I~ .SON-S STATE-
MENT -IQ- VIETNAM
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, President
Johnson, in his remarks today, reaffirmed
and indicated the continuation of es-
sentially the same policy that has not
thus far worked well in any respect. The
policy pursued in Vietnam since 1954 has
been a succession of mistakes, each of
which has compounded the adverse con-
sequences of its predecessors.
Upon his return from his most recent
visit to Vietnam, the Secretary of De-
fense was quoted as saying that the situ-
ation there had deteriorated since his
last visit approximately a year ago.
In fact, Mr. President, the situation
in Vietnam is worse than it was 10 years
ago; It is worse than it was 1 year ago,
or 1 month ago. And it is worse today
than it was 1 week ago.
In 1954, at the time of Dienbienphu,
there were those who thought that the
United States should have taken a direct
and massive hand on behalf of the
French in an effort to stave off the mili-
tary and political defeat of France in
Indochina. I was not among them. Nor
was President Johnson.
It was my view, then, that such action
would have been regarded as U.3. inter-
vention in behalf of, and to preserve, the
French colonialist policy of exploitation
against which the people of southeast
Asia were rebelling.
That would have been the effect of
our intervention at that time.
Moreover, it seemed to me that our
intervention with military action at that
time would not be likely to change the
result.
After 7 years of war with hundreds
of thousands of French troops and mas-
sive U.S. economic and financial and log-
istic support, our allies, the French, suf-
fered a costly defeat.
They learned that massive military
operations conducted thousands of miles
from their logistic base in the jungles
and rice paddies of southeast Asia are
not the answer to a problem that is to a
large degree political, ideological, cul-
tural, economic, religious, and racial in
nature.
We now find ourselves involved in a
war that ` defies analysis in traditional
military terms; in a war that makes lit-
t13 sense as it is being waged; in a war
that we have scant hope of winning ex-
cept at a cost which far outweighs the
fruits of victory; in a war'fought on a
battlefield suitable to the enemy, in a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 28, 1965
place and under conditions that no mili-
tary man in his right mind would choose ;
in. a war which threatens to escalate into
a major power confrontation and which
could escalate into nuclear holocaust.
I state this as a candid appraisal, with
no intention to reflect upon those who
have had the unhappy task of devising
or implementing policy.
I fully sympathize with the President.
My lack of complete accord with his
policy and action does not lessen that
sympathy.
What has been done is done. We must
now face the situation as it is rather
than as we might wish it to be. A proper
appraisal of the current situation re-
quires a review of the major events over
the past 11 years, during which time the
nature and scope of our commitments to
Vietnam have been developed. Later I
shall undertake such a review.
For now, I wish to say that despite my
bleak appraisal of the present situation,
I took some heart and found some en-
couragement in President Johnson's
statement today for the following rea-
sons:
First, the President has apparently
resisted the far greater degree of escala-
tion that has been urged upon him.
Second, the President stopped short of
accepting, or treating this as a American
war. He showed an awareness of the
fact that our policy has been, and, I am
glad to say, still is, and I think shoula be,
to assist the Vietnamese to win their own
war. I believe the President showed a
keen awareness of the danger of per-
mitting the struggle to become an Amer-
lean war, a white man's war against
Asia.
Third, by his increased emphasis upon
the United Nations through his letter
delivered today by Ambassador Goldberg
to Mr. U Thant, the President demon-
strated, it seemed to me, an awareness
of the danger of isolating the United
States in a land war in Asia and the
danger of unifying the Communist world
Into monolithic unity by the landing of
a major American expeditionary force in
Asia.
Should this happen it might well be
that we would not be permitted the lux-
ury of concentrating most of our forces
in Vietnam.
Indeed, on the floor earlier today the
distinguished junior Senator from Ohio
[Mr. YOUNG] urged the transfer of troops
from western Europe.
I am sure, in his careful review during
the past several days, the President has
carefully contemplated the danger of
permitting the United States to be
bogged down in an endless war in Asia,
thus leaving the Soviets free to work
their machinations in Latin America, in
the Mediterranean Basin, in Europe, and
perhaps elsewhere.
Assuming that no dramatic decisions
have been reached which were not re-
vealed to the American people today, I
found encouragement and took heart at
the President's statement.
I believe it indicates that he is ap-
proaching a most careful and pragmatic'
appraisal of the extremely dangerous
situation which we face.
NATIONAL AMERICAN LEGION BASE-
BALL WEEK-LEGISLATIVE REAP-
PORTIONMENT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the joint resolution (S.J. Res. 66) to
provide for the designation of the period
from August 31 through September 6,
1965, as "National American Legion
Baseball Week."
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
know the hour is late. Earlier today, in
the course of discussion between the
Senator from New Jersey [Mr. CASE],
and the Senator from California [Mr.
Kuc11E1.1, the issue of civil rights was
raised. The Senator from California
said that in his opinion the Dirksen
amendment did not involve a civil rights
situation.
One of the finest statements made in
this connection was made recently by
Mr. Burke Marshall, who is extremely
competent in this area. He was a top
adviser to President Kennedy on civil
rights.
He appeared before the subcommittee
In opposition to this constitutional
amendment a few weeks ago. I would
like to read one paragraph from his
statement :
These are some of the specific problems
which are clearly discernible in the pro-
posed amendments. But in conclusion, I
would like to point out that the question
goes far beyond mere technical underrepre-
sentation of this one segment of the popu-
lation. The question is whether or not the
States will have political systems capable
of action to meet the most urgent problems
of our society, of which the most pressing
and most difficult is that of low income
Negroes and other nonwhites living in the
blighted and congested parts of the urban
centers. However the language of these pro-
posed amendments is changed, they plainly
contemplate the possibility of a malappor-
tioned house in every State legislature which
will at the very least have veto power over
welfare, economic, educational, and civil
rights measures aimed at remedying urban
problems, and particularly the condition of
the urban Negro. And if our experience in
past years means anything, it is unrealistic
to expect responsiveness to these needs by a
legislative body whose members owe little or
no political allegiance to the people in need
of help.
In the course of the debate I asked
the Senator from California about the
situation in California and pointed out
there was a heavy concentration of
Negroes in every State who were terribly
unrepresented. I notice in the statistics
which Burke Marshall put in the record
that 92 percent of the nonwhites in
California live in cities. And it is an
established fact that big city residents
in California have a very feeble voice in
the State legislature, in some cases less
than 1 percent of the representation
rural people have. What can this mean
except that the Dirksen amendment is a
civil rights issue because its passage
would surely reduce the value of Negro
votes in California as well as Mississippi.
In New York, 95 percent of the non-
whites live in urban areas; in Illinois,
97.5 percent live In the cities. It is obvi-
ous that if there is to be geographic rep-
resentation in which small towns and
rural areas are overrepresented, the ml-
nority groups may be very badly under-
represented, and their cause will not
receive fair, just consideration.
I might also say that Mr. Marshall an-
swered one other issue raised by the
extremely able Senator from Nebraska
[Mr. HRUSKA], who I think has done an
excellent job for his side of the question
throughout the hearings. He said :
I would say that basically it is unwise and
undesirable to give themajority of the peo-
ple the choice of whether or not they can
deprive the minority of the people of some
right, of a basic right to vote, and have an
equal voice in their government.
This, of course, was the essence of the
dispute between the Senator from New
Jersey [Mr. CASE] and the Senator from
Nebraska [Mr. HRUSKA] earlier today.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD the testimony of Mr. Marshall,
appearing on pages 852 through 865 of
the hearings.
There being no objection, the testi-
mony was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT OF BURKE MARSHALL
I appreciate the opportunity to testify in
opposition the proposals to amend the Con-
stitution to permit the States to abandon the
principle of equality in selecting the mem-
bers of one house of their legislatures. I
shall try to be as brief as possible in stating
my reasons.
I am an attorney presently engaged in the
private practice of law. From February 1961
until January of this year, however, I was
Assistant Attorney General in charge of the
Civil Rights Division in the Department of
Justice. The briefs filed expressing the views
of the United States in the reapportionment
cases originated in that Division and accord-
ingly the position taken by the United States,
supporting the constitutional views later
adopted by the Supreme Court, was initially
my responsibility. In addition, the major
efforts of the Division during the past 4 years
have been directed at insuring the Negrociti-
zens of some of the States that they would
be given the right freely to register and vote
and accordingly to have a proportional voice
in their State and local governments. I be-
lieve that the proposed amendments to the
Constitution which are before this committee
would seriously undercut those efforts, and
it is to that aspect of this matter that I
would like primarily to direct the commit-
tee's attention.
It seems to me that the proposed amend-
ments carry a very heavy burden from the
outset because they are the first serious pro-
posals that I know of to amend the Consti-
tution to eliminate, rather than to enhance,
rights that are protected against State ac-
tion by the Constitution, particularly the
14th and 15th amendments, and are in that
sense guaranteed by the Constitution to the
people.
Only the most compelling reasons could
justify this kind of dilution of the right to
equal protection of the laws which is now a
right of all our citizens. What has happened
since the decisions of the Supreme Court in
Baker v. Carr, Reynolds v. Sims, and the other
reapportionment cases, certainly does not
furnish any such reasons. Those decisions
have not created any constitutional crisis.
Rather they have provided a stimulus for
long-overdue corrective action by the States
that at least moves in the direction of mak-
ing their legislative bodies working institu-
tions of government capable of dealing with
the problems of this century and the ur-
banization of our society.
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RD-- SENATE
getting away from the theory that the ulti- "'"' -~sicnibl;Y y19 V115-1-NAMi
mate political authority in this Nation Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, in
should be the people, are you not? his column published this morning in the
Mr. MARSHALL. Senator-no, Senator, I Washington Post, Mr. Joseph Alsop very
would not accept that. graphically pointed out one of the major
I think that the ides., the principle which shortcomings of U.S. strategy in Viet-
you are describing has as a premise that the Dam I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
people will have a decision to make: Are we
going to count everyone's vote equally or are Alsop's column, entitled "More Trumpets
we not going to count everyone's vote for Jericho," be printed in the RECORD at
equally? the conclusion of my remarks.
Now, if it were put that simply and that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
clearly, I would not have much doubt about objection, it is so ordered.
how the people would decide. The thing that (See exhibit 1.)
I think is impossible is to require the States, Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, Mr.
the State legislatures, who are going to have Alsop. points out that so far in Vietnam,
an interest, after all, in preserving their own
positions, to put the question that simply, our strategy has been like that of Joshua
or that easily. at Jericho, merely a parade of power
Now, as I say, the question of multiple without any effective use of it. He com-
representatives is one thing. Another thing, pares the targets struck by U.S. planes
there are undoubtedly other ways, other fac- in North Vietnam to strikes limited by an
tors, which could be brought into the choice, enemy to West Virginia in the United
which would distort the choice. States, where there are no strategic
So I think that you cannot really assume,
as a premise, when you are deciding whether targets.
or not you favor this constitutional amend- Events in the last few days have dem-
ment, Senator, that the choice put before onstrated that while the United States
the people will be as simple and as clearcut has been following the strategy of what
as the question suggests. Mr. Alsop appropriately calls "marching
Senator HRUSKA. Of course that same re- around the wall," the Communists have
sult is suffered by legislative bodies every been building up a sophisticated defense
year in the history of our Republic, and is
happening right now. with Russian-made weapons around the
How often does our Senate, for example, or real military targets inside the wall.
the House of Representatives get a clear Rather than the two or four surface-to-
choice of this or that? They don't get it. air missile sites in North Vietnam, which
All of us know that. the State and Defense Departments have
In our process of government, that can publicly acknowledged, it now appears
never be attained. I don't believe. You have that there are at least 12 such sites. Yes-
to approximate it. Certainly on the basis terday the Defense Department released
that you object to the voters acting on a showing the location of seven of
matter of this kind, it would seem that you a map
are denying the only avenue available for such missile sites. The map shows five
amending the Constitution. You see, with- sites ringed around Hanoi, and two sites
out the proposed amendment they will never west of Hanoi which our forces struck
have an opportunity to change the structure yesterday. As pointed out by the New
of their own State legislatures, York Times, the map does not show the
Mr. MARSHALL. But, Senator, I would not five sites reported around the port of
want to rest my position just on what I said Haiphong.
about the choice. That is a difficulty it seems
to me, even accepting your premises instead These missile sites could have been
of mine. bombed with very little risk to the at-
I would say that basically it is unwise and tacking aircraft before they became
undesirable to give the majority of the peo- operational, and such a course was urged
ple the choice of whether or not they can by many responsible officials, reportedly
deprive the minority of the people of some including the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
right, of a basic right to vote, and have an Now that a decision has belatedl been
equal voice in their government. Y
That seems to me to be wrong-to let the made to strike the missile sites, as would
majority have that kind of a choice, appear to be the case from yesterday's
Senator HausKA. Mr. Chairman, I had air strikes on two of the sites, the cost
other questions here. My respect for the in American lives and aircraft will be
witness is the highest. I have worked with multiplied many times. This is one cost
him over a long period of time in other of "marching around the wall."
fields, in this Senate. I would like to ex- It has become crystal clear not only
plore with him some of the other concepts that the Communists are not going to be
that are advanced in his statement. How- . impressed by bugle blowing, ever, adjourn theih getting , late. today's hear-
to that further persistence in suchstrategy
Senator TYDINCS, Thank you very much,
Mr. Marshall. We appreciate your being with
us.
We are very privileged to have the dis-
tinguished former Solicitor General of the
United States, the Honorable J. Lee Rankin,
native of Nebraska, practicing law in New
York, Chief Counsel of the Warren Com-
mission,
We appreciate your being with us very
much, Mr. Rankin. You may proceed.
Senator HRusKA. May I add my welcome to
the distinguished witness, as a fellow native
Nebraskan, Mr, Chairman. You have said
so many nice things about him. While I can
add to the list, I shan't do so at this time.
No. 137-11
17883
No one desires to bomb population
centers to destroy civilians. Our at-
tacks should be concentrated to the
maximum extent possible on military
targets, rather than population centers
as such. But we can 110 longer permit
the heartland of North Vietnam to har-
bor the warmaking potential which, if it
remains.free from attack, can and will
be used to inflict thousands of casualties
on American men and our allies in South
Vietnam.
EXHIBIT 1
[From the Washington Post, July 28, 19651
MORE TRUMPETS FOR JERICHO?
(By Joseph Alsop)
The big question about the next phase In
Vietnam is whether it is merely going to be
a blown-up version of the phase now coming
to a close.
Jericho is the only historical precedent for
the phase of the Vietnamese war that is now
ending. Joshua-Johnson has been marching
around the ramparts, blowing his trumpets
for might and main; but unfortunately he
has had no help from tunnel-digging engi-
neers, let alone a vengeful diety, to make the
walls fall down on schedule.
In other words, this phase that began with
the Pleiku incident has been marked by a
maximum parade of power, and a minimum
application of power. Huge enclaves of
American troops and equipment have been
built up along the coast of South Vietnam;
but these American troops in the south have
rarely been committed to any combat above
the level of a local skirmish.
This has done much psychological-political
harm, because of the stark contrast with the
South Vietnamese Army, which is daily being
heavily engaged and suffering really fearful
casualties. And one may be sure that the
mere parade of almost unused American
power has made exactly the same Impression
on the North Vietnamese and the Vietcong
as It has o,1 the soldiers of the South Viet-
namese army.
To be sure, Ambassador Maxwell Taylor
strongly recommended that the U.S. units in
South Vietnam be allowed at least 90 days
to familiarize themselves with the terrain
before being committed on a major scale.
This may be the explanation of the limited
use made of these units up to now. Hence,
the pattern of the bombing of North Vietnam
is much more instructive.
Concerning the trifling tit-for-tat after the
summer episode in the Gulf of Tonkin, the
President is widely quoted as boasting, in
effect, that he had made a eunuch of Ho Chi
Minh. Beginning with the Pleiku incident,
U.S. planes have now been bombing North
Vietnamese targets for nearly 6 months, and
the claims made for this bombing are about
on a par with the President's post-Tonkin
Gulf boast.
Here it is necessary to explain something
of the geography of North Vietnam. The
heart of the country is the rice-producing
And Ri
D
t_ .._ _ _
ver
el
U.S. power is used effectively against the border, there is " an n 11 underpopulated moun-
military targets in North Vietnam. We tainous area, where it is only possible to
have been told repeatedly by the admin- grow the poverty crops and opium. And
istratlon spokesmen that the men and south along the coast, to the demilitarized
r of yds another long, narrow
equipment for and the direction of the zone, tthere extr y without much
relevance
aggression in South Vietnam are com- to the rest of the country.
ing from North Vietnam, This war- The mountain region west of Hanoi and
making potential must be destroyed. It the southern coastal finger are both com-
can be destroyed it our air and sea power parable with West Virginia, if one wants to
are directed at the critical military tar- get the relationship right. We should be in-
gets in North Vietnam, most of which dignant, humiliated, what you will, if an
lie in the Red River Delta around Hanoi enemy bombed West Virginia's bridges, rail-
and the major North Vietnamese port roads, in the end, we would certainly not be
Qf Haiphong. alarmed-we might even begin to laugh in
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 28, 1965
our sleeves-if a powerful enemy made all
sorts of statements about his bloody boldness
and iron resolution, and then just went on
bombing West Virginia, day after day after
day.
Until very recently, that is what has been
happening. The attacks in February were
trifling. The tempo of attacks did not really
pick up until April and May. It was not
until June that the first, very tentative at-
tacks were made outside the West Virginia,
like area. It was not until July that the first
tentative missions were directed against
element of the major target systems in the
North Vietnamese heard nd. Even now, the
heartland has not really been penetrated.
We are being told by people who do not
know the geography and have not studied
the target-patterns that "bombing the North
is useless." The answer Is that the North
has not really been bombed as yet--not for
the purpose of destroying the population, but
simply to take out the significant military
target systems.
The air mission that evoked a missile-
response was one of the first dozen or so that
probed for anything really vital beyond the
West Virginia-like region.
In an interview given to "Newsweek," the
President recently said that the United
States needs "power on land, power in the
air, power wherever it's necessary.. We've got
to commit it, and this will convince them we
mean it." Unhappily, "they" were supposed
to be convinced by the show-bombings of the
North and the earlier movements of U.S.
droops into South Vietnam.
No one can tell, therefore, whether the
President now intends an even more showy
parade of power, with continued minimum
application of this power. This time, it
seems likely, Lyndon Johnson really means
business. If he does not however, the dark-
est news must be expected.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-EN-
ROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESO-
LUTION SIGNED
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the
Speaker had affixed his signature to the
following enrolled bills and joint resolu-
tion, and they were signed by the Vice
President:
H.R. 2984. An act to amend the Public
Health Service Act provisions for construc-
tion of health research facilities by extend-
ing the expiration date thereof and provid-
ing increased support for the program, to
authorize additional Assistant Secretaries in
the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, and for other purposes;
H.R.2985. An act to authorize assistance
in meeting the initial cost of professional
and technical personnel for comprehensive
community mental health centers, and for
other purposes;
H.R. 7984. An act to assist in the provision
of housing for low- and moderate-income
families, to promote orderly urban develop-
ment, to improve living environment in ur-
ban areas, and to extend and amend laws
relating to housing, urban renewal, and com-
munity facilities; and
H.J. Res. 591. Joint resolution making con-
tinuing appropirations for the fiscal year
1966, and for other purposes.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, if there
is no further business to come before the
Senate at this time, I move that the
Senate adjourn until 12 o'clock noon to-
morrow.
The motion was agreed to; and (at 5
o'clock and 46 minutes p.m.) the Senate
adjourned until tomorrow, Thursday,
July 29, 1965, at 12 o'clock meridian.
NOMINATIONS
Executive nominations received by the
Senate July 28 (legislative day of July
27), 1965:
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
The following candidates for personnel
action in the Regular Corps of the Public
Health Service subject to qualifications
therefor asprovided by law and regulations:
I. FOR APPOINTMENT
To be senior assistant veterinary officer
Stephen Potkay
It. FOR PERMANENT PROMOTION
To be senior assistant surgeon
Francisco Frias
To be senior assistant sanitary engineer
Paul D. Eckrich Kenneth J.
Alan C. Foose Kronovetor
Barry L. Johnson Russell S. Lo Galbo
To be senior assistant pharmacist
Elmer W. Akin Michael J. Kopcho
Robert Brotman Jeremiah R. Toomay
Jean P. Davignon
To be senior assistant scientist
John J. Bartko
To be senior assistant therapist
Dale E. Swett
To be health services officer
Clifton R. Gravelle
To be senior assistant health services officer
Gregory J. Barone Kenneth D. Howard
Wayne G. Brown Thomas J. Keast
To be assistant sanitary engineer
John F. Walsh
To be nurse director
Mary E. O'Connor
U.S. SUPREME COURT
Abe Foortas, of Tennessee, to be an As-
sociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the
United States, vice Arthur J. Goldberg.
CONFIRMATIONS
Executive nominations confirmed by
the Senate July 28 (legislative day of
July 27), 1965:
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Henry Cabot Lodge, of Massachusetts, to
be Ambassador Extraordinary and Pleni-
potentiary of the United States of America
to the Republic of Vietnam.
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17953
Mr. HOSM Mr. Speaker, will the Opponents of the project, chiefly in the
gentleman yield? Malibu area, have been articulate in. ex- the business an money n er Fed-
Mr. SMITH of California. I yield to pressing their views, their
res , ahat nd it that i Iss being Fedb done.
.
the gentleman. el pressure ure that Mr.. H~SMEIty I txiank the But, under the amendment they will However, here we have a Federal agency
an I wSnt.ts2_ correct k gentle- have no power whatsoever to prevent the which goes into the territory of a com-
that . an impression AEC from establishing that facility in munity and violates an ordinance and
might have been left that the ad- their territory. violates the county restrictions, because
ministration, particularly through the I have here a letter from the National both the county, Menlo Park, and Wood-
White House Conference on Natural Association of Sanitarian. They point side have all passed resolutions against
Beauty, is favorable to placing these out the increase in the incidence of leu- this overhead line. I do not believe that
lines underground. The lines involved kemia and cancer, along the Columbia even if this amendment is passed it will
here are not distribution lines, which it River and in Portland due to the fact have anything whatsoever to do with the
would cost about $50,000 a mile to put that the radioisotopes from the Hanford Woodside location, but if you want to
underground, These are very-high- plant are seeping Into the Columbia vote against this, your vote may save
tension, 220-kilovolt lines that carry a River, They offer a protest to that. Your own district. I do not think that
tremendous Powerload. It is not feasible Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, will the this act can have anything to do with
to put them underground. gentleman yield? what the court already said. I am ad-
I might add that in the opinion of the Mr. YOUNGER. No, I do not yield at vised by the attorney who beat the AEC
court n,elltloned by the gentleman from this time. in the circuit court by a unanimous
California it places the Atomic Energy Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con- opinion that if they go back into court,
Commission in a very unenviable posi- sent that the "Oregon Malignancy Pat- they have to go back under the law that
tion, being the only department or tern Physiographically Related to Han- they went in on. If they want to start
agency of Government which could not ford, Wash., Radioisotope Stforage" be a new suit, then they can take advantage
build these lines despite a local ordinance printed in the RECORD at this point. of this law. However, that will take
simply because the Atomic Energy Act Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, I object. about 2 years. We will cover all of this
was written, we hope, at the time care- Mr. YOUNGER. That is exactly the tomorrow. I am just taking this time to
fully to male sure that the sale of power way the AEC is doing. give you a little bit of an idea so that
which comes out of a nuclear reactor The SPEAKER. The gentleman will you can study it tonight and ask for this
that the Commission licenses should be suspend.
under local ordinances and rules and report and study this amendmen g to
. Is there objection to the request of the see what the AEC is really attempti ng to
regulatiregulations. That clause was interpreted to mean gentleman from California? do to the States and local communities
that the I had,, to be Interpreted local laws Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, I object of this country.
and t?gillation as to b to the gentleman's request. Mr. SISK. Mr. Speaker, I yield one
eying power to The SPEAKER. Objection is heard. minute to the gentleman from Illinois
bring into its facilities, which was not Mr. YOUNGER. That is the way the [Mr. PupXNSxl].
intended by Congress. AEC has been operating, continuously (Mr. PUCINSKI asked and was given
The bill is designed for the purposes overriding anything that a local agency permission to proceed out of order.)
of placing the AEC on a par with all wants to do. They feel that the power Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, this
other agencies and departments of Gov- of the Federal Government is supreme afternoon the President made a historic
ernmezl,t` that the local agency has no power what- announcement which shows the enormity
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr. Speak- soever. They feel they can do anything of his compassion for peace. The Presi-
er, I yield .5 minutes to the gentleman in regard to the health of the people and dent had served notice on the Commu-
from California [Mr. YOUNGER]. not be accountable to any local agency at nists in Vietnam that we are not going
(Mr. YOUNGER asked and was given all. to be driven out of Vietnam. He has
permission to revise. and extend his re- I have another matter here, so far as fortified that decision by sending addi-
merks.) beautification is concerned. This is from tional troops there, but at the same time
Mr. YOUNGER.. Mr. Speaker, the the city of Claremont, in southern Cali- Mr. Johnson has asked the Security
House should understand thoroughly fornia. This is a letter they have writ- Council of the United Nations to explore
what this amendment would do. Before ten to the President: every single avenue and every single
section 271 provided: Your efforts to crystallize the awareness of possible way of resolving the conflict in
)Nothing in this act shall be construed to people throughout the Nation on the need Vietnam. I think that the President's
affect the authority or regulations of any for beautification is greatly appreciated by decision today should be a source of
Federal, State, or local agency with respect the city of Claremont. We agree that a larger great hope for all Americans, because
to the generation, sale, and transmission of portion of the country's national income can it shows while the President is not going
electric power. be channeled into eliminating manmade
Now they seek to amend the section, gliness-with noble purpose-to uplift the the he Yield to time the ism in Vietnam, at
and what would they do? spirit of man. ev sameerything time can the President doing
It reads: Perhaps the greatest .blight on today's ur- sible everything
way of f sari resolv viexplore every pas-
ban landscape is the 75-year accumulation ng the ore
in
Prove[ gd, That, this section shall not be of overhead electrical transmission and dis- Vietnam without any escalation.
deemed to confer upon any Federal, State, tribution lines. I think the action of Mr. Johnson to-
or local agency any authority to regulate,
control, or restrict any activities of the Com- Yet the city of Claremont, if this for day those should who also be have a vo voiced ced of great hope
mission. amendment passes, will have no author- that the b a great desire
ity whatsoever to interfere with anything this war not by escalated. I think
That goes far beyond the right of any that the AEC might do, because under is the road eace and I think
other Federal agency. They can go into this amendment for which they are ask- the road to victory for freedom in
a community and they can violate the
safety laws. They can viol the health ing there is no activity f the AEC that Vietnam. I congratulate ght sitio the President
laws, Twey can do anythng they want can be subject to any State, local, or city for his forthright position.
to under this amendment, and pay no ordinance of any kind. Mr. SISK. to
Mr. Speaker, I yield 5
respect whatsoever to any local agency. minutes the gentleman from Cali-
Recently there was a question of the forma [Mr. . HOLIFIELD].
Let me tell the Members something business people trying to beautify their Mr. HOLIF'IELD. Mr. Speaker, I do
about local agencies womb are ometsig localities. The local zoning ordinance not intend to take time now to argue
in this. under Federal pressure .will bear down the merits of this resolution. The gen-
southern California, there is the Nti- on unsightly and drab business. Sec- tleman from California [Mr. YOUNGER]
Clear Power for liProgress iaCitizens ers the Nu- ondly, which business will go along with is appallingly misinformed as to the
mince Power AEC te put a the idea to get Small Business Adminis- intent of the resolution. The provision
nuclear The Al i is Corral Can tration loans which they otherwise might he refers to merely is a statement that
rite Ivfalil,~u,.are yon in not get. . So the Federal Government, section 271 does not confer upon any
The letter says: in order to beautify independent busi- Federal, State, or local agency the right
ness locations, is now willing to lean to re ,,,
_ . -
t or
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE July 28, 1965
. Those rules and regulations which
exist now in other acts, of course, still
exist. But this particular section does
not confer any new or additional au-
thority. Of course, this has nothing to
do with health and the other matters
which the gentleman mentioned in his
statement, which was one of the most
misinformed statements on the intent of
the legislation that I have ever heard.
I do not intend to argue the case; we will
argue it tomorrow on the floor of the
House. Adequate time will be given to
both the proponents and opponents to
state their positions.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the resolution.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1965
Mr. SISK. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on Rules, I call up
House Resolution 486, and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:-
H. REs. 486
Resolved, That, upon the adoption of this
resolution, it shall be In order to move that
the House resolve itself Into the Committee
of the Whole House on the State of the
Union for the consideration of the bill (H.R.
8310) to amend the Vocational Rehabilita-
tion Act to assist in providing more flexi-
bility in the financing and administration
of State rehabilitation programs, and to as
sist In the expansion and improvement of
services and facilities provided under such
programs, particularly for the mentally re-
tarded and other groups presenting special
vocational rehabilitation problems, and for
other purposes. After general debate, which
shall be confined to the bill and shall con-
tinue not to exceed two hours, to be equally
divided and controlled by the chairman and
ranking minority member of the Committee
cn Education and Labor, the bill shall be
read for amendment under the five-minute
rule. At the conclusion of the considera-
tion of the bill for amendment, the Commit-
tee shall rise and report the bill to the
House with such amendments as may have
been adopted, and the previous question
shall be considered as ordered on the bill
and amendments thereto to final passage
without intervening motion except one
motion to recommit.'
Mr. SISK. Mr. Speaker, I yield 30
minutes to the gentleman from Cali-
fornia (Mr. Sistine]. Pending that, I
yield myself such time as I may consume.
Mr. Speaker, this resolution makes in
order the bill H.R. 8310, with 2 hours of
general debate. It is an open rule. It
has to do with amendments to the Voca-
tional Rehabilitation Act. I know of no
basic objections to the rule, and I urge
its adoption.
Mr. SMITH of California. Mr.
Speaker, I yield myself such time as I
may consume.
(Mr. SMITH of California asked and
was given permission to revise and ex-
tend his remarks.)
Mr. SMITft of California. Mr.
Speaker, I concur in the statements made
by the gentleman from California [Mr.
SIsK]. This Is an open rule for the
consideration of H.R. 8310, the exten-
sion of the Vocational Rehabilitation
Act. This is a 3-year extension, but only
a 1-year authorization. It is a little
difficult to follow the bill, from my stand-
point, to establish actually the exact
amount of money involved. If I have
added up my figures correctly, it looks
like $385 million for next year, about $461
million for the fiscal year 1967, and
approximately $526 million for the fiscal
year 1968 which, for the 3 years, makes a
total of $1.372 billion.
But, as I have arleady said, this is a
3-year extension of the act, but only a
1-year authorization of money.
Mr. Speaker, I think this is a fine
program. They expect to rehabilitate
some 200,000 people this year. I ap-
prove the program. I know of no ob-
jections to the rule, and I urge its
adoption.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the resolution.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
NONVIOLENT COORDINATING
COMMITTEE PLANS TO SEIZE
CHAMBER OF HOUSE OF REPRE-
SENTATIVES ON MONDAY, AUG-
UST 9, TO PROTEST THE PRESI-
DENT'S POSITION IN VIETNAM
(Mr. WAGGONNER asked and was
given permission to address the House
for 1 minute, to revise and extend his re-
marks, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker,
two nationally syndicated columns have
reported recently on the plans of the
Communist-backed Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee to seize this
Chamber Monday, August 9, to protest
the President's position in Vietnam.
If this disgrace is allowed to come about,
if this hallowed Chamber is turned into
a Roman arena for a sounding board for
the propaganda of this rabble group, the
dignity of this House will have sunk to a
nadir never before suffered and from
which it can never completely recover.
This so-called committee is not a com-
mittee, it is a mob. It contains no
students, only radical, Communist-In-
filtrated gangs of agitators. It is not
nonviolent, but dedicated to violence for
the sake of the party line.
it is well known that Snick gets its
funds from the Southern Conference
Education Fund, a cited Communist
front, operated by Anne and Carl
Braden, both of whom have been identi-
fied in sworn testimony as Communists.
Their plan to seize the floor of the
House on August 9 must be thwarted no
matter what the cost. I call upon the
Members of the House to protest this
plot and unite in whatever action Is
necessary to meet this threat to the
sanctity of this Chamber.
For the benefit of anyone who may
have missed these two columns when
they first appeared, I call attention to
the first, by Victor Riesel, of July 15, and
the second, by Evans and Novak, of
July 27.
[From the Shreveport Journal, July 15, 19651
LEs r'WING PLANS
(By Victor Riesel)
WASHINGTON.- Soon the August 9 move-
ment will smash its way into the Nation's
headlines. On that day it will attempt to
occupy the Chamber of Congress, House of
Representatives here.
On that day a coalition of leftwing union-
ists, young workers recruited from big fac-
tories, poverty actionists from the big cities,
students' leaders, pacifists, and the vaca-
tioning campus anti-Vietnam leaders will
move into the Capitol Building.
They will lead an attempt to walk around
the House Chamber, Then the action blue-
print calls for a sudden dive for empty seats
of Congressmen who are off the floor. Many
of them will be, since August 9 is a summer
Monday.
Realizing there will be police action,
leaders of the newly-coordinated movement
which will be known as WAP-Washington
Action Project-plan to it down wherever
they are stopped. There they Intend to re-
main until dragged out and arrested.
August 9, 1965, may yet be heralded in
some corners of the world as the day the
proletariat arose and attempted to seize the
American Congress.
lul-the House seats, convene a congress of
unrepresented people and call for "peace"
in Vietnam.
Previous to the planned invasion of Con-
gress-all of which is being carefully devel-
oped in an office on Rhode Island Avenue
here-there will be a day-long series of work-
shops.
What makes this operation a significant
development in the so-called peace move-
ment is the presence of a leftwing unionist
in the 30-man WAP coordinating commit-
tee. He's Russ Nixon, who has powerful
connections in a series of militant, independ-
ent labor unions. His contacts reach into
unions covering plants in the electronic,
electrical, and atomic equipment and com-
munication fields and on some waterfronts.
Nixon, an accomplished organizer and
strategist, is counted on to bring in the
manpower which the peace groups have
lacked. Apparently there are sufficient funds.
Staffs are maintained. Considerable lodging
is supplied.
But numbers are needed for the series of
picket lines and mass demonstrations now
planned on a front stretching from the
Pentagon on to the White House, then up
Pennsylvania Avenue Into the Congress itself..
The next step, It Is believed by security
people, will be attempts to move into arms
factories and industrial plants providing the
logistic support for the Vietnamese fighting.
If thousands of workers-especially young
people now entering the labor market--can
be convinced that it is wrong to produce
for war, there could be sizable demonstra-
tions in and outside the plant gates of key
mills and factories.
Plant security directors and industrial-
labor relations men, working closely with
non-left union chiefs, have observed the
spreading influence in labor of anti-Viet-
namists. Already a large Midwest local of
a huge national union has permitted Pas
publication to state that American generals
are gleefully permitting our troops to shoot
colored people in Asia by the thousands.
Such growing infiltration could have its
impact on America even if just a handful
of workers take the propaganda seriously,
That August 9 movement could really
touch things off that morning.
Just how, fax militant elements of the civil
rights movement have been sidetracked from
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July, 28, 1965 C~1V TIES Td AL 17055
their proper course soon will be seen In a Ins, Snick is the one civil rights organization this `field that I think you ought to know
l
th
d
civil disobedience rally against the war in that consistently has appeal for idealistic
Vietnam. youth.
Unpublicized so far, an "Assembly of Un- Furthermore, the lethargic civil rights
represented People to Declare Peace" is summer in the South can be attributed
planned for August 6-9 in Washington (co- partly to the deflection of Snick's militants
melding with the 20th anniversary of atomic by fringe civil rights issues (notably the
attacks on Japan.) quixotic effort to unseat Mississippi's Con-
A two-page flyer privately distributed to gressmen) and noncivil rights issues.
possible participants minces no words about Unhappily, with the civil rights movement
the true purpose of the assembly-to get an- in the doldrums in the Deep South, the main
tiwar protesters arrested at the door of the target for Bob Moses and his civil rights mili-
White House and the Capitol. tants is Lyndon Johnson's foreign policy.
But most. interesting about the flyer is
the identification of the assembly head-
quarters' as 107 Rhode Island Avenue NW., ATOMIC DIPLOMACY: HIROSHIMA
in Washington. For this is the office of the AND POTSDAM
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit-
tee (Snick), which is supposed to be con- (Mr. RYAN asked and was given per-
cerned almost wholly with' civil rights and mission to extend his remarks at this
not at all with foreign policy. point in the RECORD and to include ex-
Moreover, the flyer says correspondence traneous matter.)
should be directed to the Rhode Island Av-
enue address in care of Bob Parris. This is Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, recently a
none other than Robert Moses, who gained a new'book, entitled "Atomic Diplomacy:
nationwide reputation as the mystical and Hiroshima and Potsdam," was published
eloquent leader of Snick's Mississippi sum- by Simon & Schuster. The author is Gar
met' project of 1964 (then left Mississippi Alperovitz, .who formerly served as a leg-
and started using his middle name of "Par- islative assistant to a Member of the
ris" to prevent development of a personality House and is presently legislative direc-
cu,) tor under a Member of the Senate.
Though he now holds no Sriick office, Moses
remains its inspirational leader-embodying The book is an account of the influence
Snick's most disturbing tendencies. (For in- of the first atomic bomb upon American
stance, liberals remain dismayed by Moses' diplomacy in 1945. It also attempts to
collaboration with such tired old figure of examine available evidence on the deci-
the far left as Russ Nixon, general manager sion to use the bomb, but it reaches no
of the Communist National Guardian (who
has helped plan the Aug. 6-9 assembly).) final answers on this matter, concluding
Far more disturbing than Moses' alliances that further information is needed be-
is his view that couples white racism inMis- fore a firm conclusion can be reached.
sissippi with the campaign against Commu- . The book in its original form won the
nist terrorists in Vietnam. An admiring author his doctorate at the University
article in the Nation quotes Moses as con- of Cambridge in England. He is on the
tending that the 1964 murder of civil rights faculty of King's College, Cambridge, but
Workers in Mississippi "is related to napalm
bombing of objects in Vietnam." is on leave to work in the Senate. The
Moses' objectives are spelled out in the two- book is a serious study about an ex-
page flyer. tremely important matter, and I believe
On August 6 (anniversary of the Hiroshima other Members will be interested in an
bombing) protestors will gather at the White article based upon ' it, and in a number
House. It is added cryptically: "There may of early reviews it has received.
be nonviolent civil disobedience by a small
number of the signers who will seek to pre- The article and reviews follow:
sent the declaration (refusing to cooperate [From the Progressive, August 1965]
in carrying out the war in Vietnam) to the TWENTY YEARS AFTER HIROSHIMA: WHY WE
President." This is only a tame prelude to DROPPED THE BOMB
August 9 (the anniversary of the Nagasaki By Gar Alperovitz)
bombing). "Those members of the assembly (This article is adapted from Gar Alpero-
of arrest entea. people in a position vitz' "Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and
possible ible
,Selves to nonviolent and d willing behavior * pledge t * t will them- e Potsdam," just published by Simon & Schus-
semble and of walk toward lk convening the the the Capitol assembly with the ter. In the book the author uses some 1,400
Intention y in the citations to document the thesis emphasized
Chamber of the House Representatives in, the article below. Much of "Atomic Di-
and the plomacy" is based on previously unpublished
annd d thus deny that Congress s has righht 'portions of the diaries of the late Secretary
to declare Inevitable was our names." of War Henry L. Stimson, Acting Secretary
The
n of mst Ma rs Mass arrests,
(though of State Joseph C. Grew, and Adm. William
dragging haway demonstrators
and demonstra- (thnd (th police
this is not w the intention Leahy, who was Chief of Staff to President
of many
tors) fuel for the Communist propaganda Truman. Mr. Alperovitz is, an American
-ins Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Eng-
h
i
l
d
n l
l
isl ti
o
s now o
eav`
, w
The broader-range result is increased en-
an
eg
ve -
tanglement of Snick from civil rights mod- rector for Senator GAYLORD A. NELSON, of
erates, indeed, by its own radicalism, Snick Wisconsin. Mr. Alperovitz served as special
has so isolated itself that ft is starving to consultant in the preparation of the recent
death.' NBC white paper, "The Decision To Use the
Foundations, labor unions, and other Atomic Bomb."-The Editors.)
liberal organizations have quietly choked President TRUMAN:
off funds to Snick, which cannot now meet DEAR MR.'PRESIDENT: I think it is very im-
its meager payroll. Snick's remaining white portant that I should have a talk with you
liberal friends are finding it hard to raise as soon as possible on a highly secret mat-
,a few thousand dollars this summer, ter. I mentioned it tojou shortly aftei you
But this should be no cause for joy by took ofnce,-?but Tiave not urged it since on
respectable liberals. For Snick's steady account of the pressure you havebeen ua-
movement toward the far left and oblivion is der. It, however, has'such a bearing on our
a tragedy for the civil rights movement. present foreign relations and has` such an
Conceived spontaneously during the 1960 sit- important effect upon all my thinking in
No. 137-20
er
e
ay.
about it without much fur
HENRY L. STIMSON,
APRIL 24, 1945.
This note was written 12 days after Frank-
lin Delano Roosevelt's death and 2 weeks be-
fore World War II ended in Europe. The
following day Secretary Stimson advised
President Truman that the "highly secret
matter" would have a decisive effect upon
America's postwar foreign policy. Stimson
then outlined the role the atomic bomb
would play in America's relations with other
countries. In diplomacy, he confided to his
diary, the weapon would be a master card.
In the spring of 1945, postwar problems
unfolded as rapidly as the Allied armies con-
verged in central Europe. During the fight-
ing which preceded Nazi surrender the Red
army conquered a great belt of territory
bordering the Soviet Union. Debating the
consequences of this fact, American policy-
makers defined a series of interrelated prob-
lems: What political and economic pattern
was likely to emerge in eastern and central
Europe? Would Soviet influence predomi-
nate? Most important, what power-if
any-did the United States have to effect
the ultimate settlement on the very borders
of Russia?
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin had at-
tempted to resolve these issues of East-West
influence at the February 1945, Yalta Confer-
ence. With the Red army clearly in control
of Eastern Europe, the West was in a weak
bargaining position. It was important to
reach an understanding with Stalin before
American troops began their planned with-
drawal from the European Continent. Po-
land, the first major country intensely dis-
cussed by the Big Three, took on unusual
significance; the balance of influence struck
between Soviet-oriented and Western-
oriented politicians in the Government of
this one country could set a pattern for big-
power relationships in the rest of Eastern
Europe.
Although the Yalta Conference ended with
a signed accord covering Poland, within a
few weeks it was clear that allied under-
standing was more apparent than real. Nune
of the heads of government interpreted the
somewhat vague agreement in the same way.
Churchill began to press for more Western
influence; Stalin urged less. True to his
well-known policy of cooperation and con-
ciliation, Roosevelt attempted to achieve a
more definite understanding for Pofand and
a pattern for East-West relations in Europe.
Caught for much of the last of his life be-
tween the determination of Churchill and
the stubbornness of Stalin, Roosevelt at
times fired off angry cables to Moscow, and
at others warned London against an "at-
tempt. to evade the fact that we placed, as
clearly shown in the agreement, somewhat
more emphasis * * * [on Soviet-oriented
Polish politicians in the government]."
President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945,
only 2 months after Yalta. When President
Truman met with Secretary Stimson to dis-
cuss the "bearing" of the atomic bomb upon
foreign relations, the powers were deeply en-
snared in a_ tense public struggle over the
meaning of the Yalta agreement. Poland
had come to symbolize all East-West rela-
tions. Truman was forced to pick up the
tangled threads of policy with little knowl-
edge of the broader, more complex issues
involved.
Herbert Fels, a noted expert on the period,
has written that "Truman made up his mind
that he would not depart from Roosevelt's
course or renounce his ways." Others have
argued that "we tried to work out the prob-
lems of peace in cloose cooperation with the
Russians." It is often believed that Ameri-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE July 28,. 19'65
can policy followed a conciliatory course,
changing-In reaction to Soviet intransi-
gence-only In 1947 with the Truman doc-
trine and the Marshall plan. My own belief
is somewhat different. It derives from the
comment of Mr. Truman's Secretary of State,
James F. Byrnes, that by early autumn of
1945 it was "understandable" that Soviet
leaders should feel American policy had
shifted radically after Roosevelt's death; It
is now evident that, far from following his
predecessor's policy of cooperation, shortly
after taking office President Truman
launched a powerful foreign policy initiative
aimed at reducing or eliminating Soviet In-
fluence in Europe.
The ultimate point of this study is - not,
however, that America's approach to Russia
changed after Roosevelt. Rather it is that
the atomic bomb played a role in the formu-
lation of policy, particularly in connection
with President Truman's only meeting with
Stalin, the Potsdam Conference of late July
and early August 1945. Again, my judgment
differs from Fels' conclusion that "the light
of, the explosion 'brighter than a thousand
suns' filtered into the conference rooms at
Potsdam only as a distant gleam I believe
new evidence proves not only that the
atomic bomb influenced diplomacy, but that
It determined much of Mr. Truman's shift to
a tough policy aimed at forcing Soviet ac-
quiescence to American plans for Eastern
and central Europe.
The weapon gave him an entirely new
feeling of confidence, the President told his
Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson. By the
time of Potsdam, Mr. Truman had been ad-
vised.on the role of the atomic bomb by
both Secretary Stinson and Secretary of
State Byrnes. Though the two men differed
as to tactics, each urged a tough line. Part
of my study attempts to define how closely
Truman followed a subtle policy outlined by
Stimson, and to what extent he followed the
straightforward advice of Byrnes that the
bomb (in Mr. Truman's words) "put us in a
position to dictate our own terms at the end
of the war."
Stalin's approach seems to have been can-
tiously moderate during the brief few months
here described. It is perhaps symbolized by
the Soviet-sponsored free elections which
routed the Communist Party in Hungary in
the autumn of 1945. I do not attempt to
interpret this moderation, nor to explain
how or why Soviet policy changed to the
harsh totalitarian controls characteristic of
the period after 1946.
The judgment that Truman radically al-
tered Roosevelt's policy in mid-1945 never-
theless obviously suggests a new point of'de-
parture for interpretations of the cold war.
In late 1945, Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower ob-
served in Moscow that "before the atom
bomb was used, r would have said, yes, I was
sure we could keep the peace with Russia.
Now I don't know. * * * People are fright-
ened and disturbed all over. Everyone feels
insecure again." To what extent did post-
war Soviet policies derive from in security
based upon a fear of America's atom bomb
and changed policy? I stop short of this
fundamental question, concluding that fur-
ther research is needed to test Secretary Stim-
son's judgment that "the problem of our
satisfactory relations with Russia [was] not
merely connected with but [was] virtually
dominated by the problem of the atomic
bomb."
Similarly, I believe more research and more
information are needed to reach a conclusive
understanding of why the atomic bomb was
used. The common belief is that the ques-
laon is closed, and that President Truman's
explanation is correct: "The dropping of the
bombs stopped the war, saved millions of
lives." My own view is that available evi-
dence shows the atomic bomb was not needed
to end the war or to save lives--cud that
this was understood by American leaders at
the time.
General Eisenhower recently recalled that
in mid-1945 he expressed a similar opinion to
the Secretary of War: "I told him I was
against it on two counts. First, the Japa-
nese were ready to surrender and it wasn't
necessary to hit them with that awful thing.
Second, I hated to see our country be the
first to use such a weapon * * *" To go
beyond the limited conclusion that the bomb
was unnecessary is not possible at present.
Perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the
decision to use the atomic bomb is that the
President and his senior political advisers do
not seem ever to have shared Eisenhower's
"grave misgivings." They simply assumed
that they would use the bomb, never really
giving serious consideration to not using it.
Hence, to state in -a precise way the question,
"Why was the atomic bomb used?" is to ask
why senior political officials did not seriously
question its use, as General Eisenhower did.
The first point to note is that the decision
to use the weapon did not derive from over-
riding military considerations, Despite Mr.
Truman's subsequent statement that the
weapon "saved millions of lives," Eisenhow-
er's judgment that it was "completely un-
necessary" as a measure to save lives was-al-
most certainly correct. This is not a matter
of hindsight; before the atomic bomb was
dropped each of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ad-
vised that it was highly likely that Japan
could be forced to surrender "uncondition-
ally," without use of the bomb and without
an invasion. -Indeed, this characterization of
the position taken by the senior military ad-.
visers Is a conservative one.
Gen. George C. Marshall's June 18 appraisal
was the most cautiously phrased advice of-
fered by any of the Joint Chiefs: "The im-
pact of Russian entry on the already hopeless
Japanese may well be the decisive action
levering them into capitulation * * *"
Adm. William D. Leahy was absolutely cer-
tain there was no need for the bombing to
obviate the necessity of an invasion. His
judgment after the fact was the same as his
viewbefore the bombing: "It is my opinion
that the use of this barbarous weapon at
Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material
assistance in our war against Japan. The
Japanese were already defeated and ready to
surrender * * ? Similarly, through most
of 1945, Adm. Ernest J. King believed the
bomb unnecessary, and Gene. Henry H. Ar-
nold and Curtis E. LeMay defined the official
Air Force position in this way: Whether or
not the atomic bomb should be dropped was
not for the Air Force to decide, but explosion
of the bomb was not necessary to win the war
or make an invasion unnecessary.
Similar views prevailed in Britain long be-
fore the bombs were used. General Hastings
Ismay recalls that by the time of Potsdam,
"for some time past it had been firmly fixed
in my mind that the Japanese were totter-
ing." Ismay s reaction to the suggestion of
the bombing was, like Eisenhower's and
Leahy's, one of "revulsion." And Churchill,
who as early as September 1944, felt that
Russian entry into the war with Japan was
likely to force capitulation, had written: "It
would be a mistake to suppose that the fate
of Japan was settled by the atomic bomb.
Her defeat was certain before the first bomb
fell." -
The military appraisals made before the
weapons were used have been confirmed by
numerous postsurrender studies. The best
known is that of the U.S. strategic bombing
survey. The survey's conclusion is unequi-
vocal: "Japan would have surrendered even
if the atomic bombs had not been dropped,
even if Russia had not entered the war, and
even if no invasion had been planned or con-
templated.-That military considerations were not deci-
sive is confirmed-and illuminated-by the
fact that the President did not even ask the
opinion of the military adviser most directly
concerned. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Su-
preme Commander of Allied Forces In the
Pacific, was simply informed of the weapon
shortly before it was used at Hiroshima. Be-
fore his death he stated on numerous occa-
sions that, like Eisenhower, he believed the
atomic bomb was completely unnecessary
from a military point of view.
Although military considerations were not
primary, unquestionably political considera-
tions related to Russia played a major role
in the decision; from at least.mid-May in
1945, American policymakers hoped to end
the hostilities before the Red army entered
Manchuria. For this reason they had no
wish to test whether Russian entry Into the
war would force capitulation-as most
thought likely-long before the scheduled
November Allied invasion of Japan. Indeed,
they actively attempted to delay Stalin's
declaration of war.
Nevertheless, it would be wrong to con-
clude that the atomic bomb was used sim-
ply to keep the Red army out of Manchuria.
Given the desperate efforts of the Japanese
to surrender, and President Truman's will-
ingness to offer assurances to the Emperor,
it. is entirely possible that the war could
have been ended by negotiation before the
Red army had begun, its attack. But after
history's first atomic explosion at Alamo-
gordo neither the President nor his senior
political advisers were interested In explor-
ing this possibility.
One reason may have been their fear that
if time-consuming negotiations were once
initiated, the Red army might attack in
order to seize Manchurian objectives. But,
if this explanation is accepted, once more
one must conclude that the bomb was used
primarily because it. was felt to be politically
important to prevent Soviet domination of
the area.
Such a conclusion is difficult to accept, for
American interests in Manchuria, although
historically important to the State Depart-
ment, were not of great significance. The
further question, therefore, arises: Were there
other political reasons for using the atomic
bomb? In approaching this question, it is
important to note that most of the men
involved at the time who since have made
their views public always mention two con-
siderations which dominated discussions.
The first was the desire to end the Japa-
nese war quickly, which was not primarily
a military consideration, but a political one.
The second is always referred to indirectly.
In June, for example, a leading member
of President Truman's Advisory Interim
Committee's scientific panel, A. H. Compton,
advised against the Franck report's sugges-
tion of a technical demonstration of the new
weapon: Not only was there a possibility
that this might not end the war promptly,
but failure to make a combat demonstra-
tion would mean the "loss of the opportunity
to impress the world with the national sac-
rifices that enduring security demanded."
The general phrasing that the bomb was
needed "to impress the world" has been
made more specific by J. Robert Oppenhei-
mer. Testifying on this matter some years
later he stated that the second of the two
"overriding considerations" in discussions
regarding the bomb was "the effect of our
actions on the stability, on our strength,
and the stability of the postwar world." And
the problem of postwar stability was inevita-
bly the problem of Russia. Oppenheimer
has put it this way: "Much of the discus-
sion revolved around the question raised by
Secretary Stinson as to whether there was
any hope at all of using this development
to get less barbarous- relations with the
Russians."
Vannevar Bush, Stimson's chief aid for
atomic matters, has been quite explicit:
"That bomb was developed on time. * * * "
Not only did it mean a quick end to the
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~'i~~ x? Oust
standing public servant, who has served of President Johnson's news conference
the Congress and the Nation In the today.
highest traditions of the office which he The President opened his remarks
has held. I hope that he may enjoy with a restatement of the Nation's cam-
prosperity, success, and happiness for mitinent in Vietnam. The South Viet-
many years" to come. namese people have asked our assistance
Mr. PIItNIE, I thank the majority in resisting Communist domination. We
leader, have said to these.people, as we have
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the said to others, that we will do what is
gentleman yield? necessary to see that their struggle sue-
Mr. PIRNIE. I yield to the gentle- ceeds.
man from Iowa. It has become necessary to commit
Mr. GROSS. I desire to Join the U.S. forces to achieve this end. For us
gentleman from New York and all others to decline to make this commitment
who have spoken on the subject of the would be to abandon the South Viet-
retirement of Comptroller General, namese to Communist control. For us
Jos`eph Campbell. to fail to meet the commitment entirely
It has been my privilege to know Mr. would be to fail the 70,000 or 80,000
Campbell. He is a dedicated public American. boys who are already fighting
servant, a man of unquestioned integ- and assisting the South Vietnamese
rity. I deeply regret that he is leaving people. Such an abandonment would
Government service for there is no ques- say to other nations that our pledged
tion that he and the employees of his word in the face of Communist aggres-
agency have been instrumental In pre- sion is good-but only up to a point.
venting the waste of untold millions of Faith in the value of our word would be
dollars: seriously weakened, most immediately in
As the gentleman from California [Mr. southeast Asia but also in the rest of
YOVNrkERJ has so well said, and unlike Asia and throughout the world.
some other agencies and departments, Such an abandonment would say to
when communications are addressed to the other Communist nations that if the
him by Members of Congress they bring United States is pushed hard enough, it
an immediate response. This has . been will back off from its firm commitments.
my experience in writing to him to obtain It would give to those Communist lead-
information.. ers who are closely watching the Viet-
- My great hope is that the present nam conflict the green light to initiate
President of the United States will name subversive aggression against their
a successor of the character, integrity neighbors. We would then be faced with
and dedication of,Mr. Joseph Campbell. choosing to fight in a number of places
The citizens of this country have every or in choosing to accept a growing num-
right to expect that in the filling of this her of implacably hostile regimes much
vacancy, the President will lay aside closer to our shores.
political considerations and .select a Mr. Speaker, the President of the
Comptroller General who will administer
Unitd Stt h
eaesas considered every pos-
the General Accounting Office on the sible course of action In reaching the
same high standard as that set by Mr. concl
io
h
h ,_ _ ,_ -
us
ns w
ic
questioned record of honorable and com-
petent service to his Government.
Mr. PIRNIE., I. thank the gentleman
from Iowa. I am sure we.could pay-no
greater tribute to this man than .to ex-
(,press the hope that this position will con-
,tinue to be filled by men of his integrity
and ability.
GENERAI4 LEAVE
Mr. PIRNIE. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members
may have '6 legislative days in which to
extend their remarks commemorating
the serviee.of and paying tribute to the
character of this outstanding public
servant,
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection, to the request of the gentle-
ma from New York?
-
here was no
PRESIDENTIAW _ v - vwV
CONFERENCE
The SPEAKER pro tempore, Under
a previous 9rder of the House, the gen-
tleman from Oklahoma, the distin-
guished majority leader [Mr. ALBERT] is
recognized fir 30 minutes,
Mr.,Al4 ERT, Mr. Speaker, I am sure
that many Members of the House joined
millions, of Americans across the Nation
in witnessing the .televised proceedings
17965
"DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: In my humble way
I am writing to you about the crisis in
Vietnam * * ?. I have a son who is now
in Vietnam. My husband served ^ * * in
World War II * * *. Our country was at
war, but now this time it's something I don't
understand, why?"
I have tried to answer that question a
dozen times and more. I have discussed it
fully in Baltimore in April, in Washington
in May, and in San Francisco in June. Let
me, now discuss it again. Why must young
Americans-born into a land exultant with
hope and golden with promise-toil and suf-
fer and sometimes die in such a remote and
distant place.
The answer, like the war itself, is not easy.
But it echoes clearly from the painful lessons
of half a century. Three times in my life-
time-in two World Wars and In Korea-
Americans have gone to far lands to fight.
We have learned-at a terrible and brutal
cost-that retreat does not bring safety, or
weakness bring peace.
It is this lesson that has brought us to
Vietnam.
This is a different kind of war. There are
no marching armies or solemn declarations.
Some citizens of South Vietnam-at 'times
with understandable grievances-have joined
in the attack on their own government.
But we must not let this mask the central
fact: This is a war. It is guided by North
Vietnam and spurred by Communist China.
Its goal is to conquer the South, defeat
American power, and extend the Asiatic do-
minion of communism.
And there are great stakes in the balance.
Most of the non-Communist nations of
Asia cannot, by themselves, resist the grow-
ing might and grasping ambition of Asian
communism. Our power is a vital shield.
If we are driven from the field in Vietnam,
then no nation can ever again have the same
confidence in our promise or protection. In
each land the forces of Independence would
be weakened. And an Asia so threatened by
Communist domination would imperil the
security of the United States itself.
We did not choose to be the guardians at
th
e gate But there i
.s no one else.
the American people. He has sought, Nor would surrender in Vietnam bring
and he has had the advice of, many peace. we learned from Hitler at Munich
Americans in all walks of life-he has that success only feeds the appetite of ag-
consulted with former President Eisen- gression. The battle would be renewed in
hower, Members of Congress, and high one country and then another: bringing with diplomatic and military officials of the c it, perhaps, even larger and crueler
Government, conflict.
Mr. Speaker, there is nothing new in of th
Moreover, we are in e most solemn pledges of the A~mfiericaone
n
the course which the President has taken. Nation. Three Presidents, over 11 years, have
There is nothing inconsistent in. what Promised to help defend this small and vai-
the President has said. There is nothing mat nation. Strengthened by that promise
which changes our policy. The door to the people of South Vietnam have fought
discussions is still open. The door to for many years' Thousands have died, and
negotiations is still open. Peace is still thousands more have been
cowplis and arred our goal-honorable, lasting, and just our wordy band ne ca
commitment, and
peace. This Is our purpose, and the leave those who trusted us to terror and
President has made this abundantly repression and murder.
clear. .I am sure, Mr. Speaker, that an This then is why we are In Vietnam.
overwhelming majority of Americans What are our goals in that war-stained
support Presfdent Johnson in his conduct land?
of American forces and policies in visas First, that at we ca we Intend otbe de obe defefeated b ted bymmue
Vietnam. y force
Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent They are not easily convinced. In recent
that at this point in the RECORD I may months they have increased their fighting
include the text of the statements issued forces and their attacks. I have asked the
by the President today, commanding general--General Westmore-
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there land-what more he needs to meet amount-
Ing
objection to the request of the aggression. He has told me. And we
men from Oklahoma? gentle- will meet his needs.
There was no objection. mobile division, and certain other the
The statement referred to is as follows: which will raise our fighting strength from
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT 75,000 to 120,000 men. Additional forces will
Not long ago I received a letter from a willnma a it neecesssaly to Inicrease our active
woman, in th Midwest. i$he wrote: fighting forces by raising the monthly draft
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17966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - S y 28, 1965
call from 17,000-which it now ls-to 36,000; And as battle rages we will continue, as be dangerous and fraught with many
and stepping up our campaign for voluntary best we can, to help the people of South hazards. However, I want to join the
enlistments. Vietnam enrich the condition of their life- gentleman from Oklahoma in commend-
After this past week of deliberations, I to feed the hungry, tend the sick. teach the ing the President for his well-reasoned,
have concluded it is not essential to order young; shelter the homeless, help the farmer clear, and President or statement of
to-
reserve units into service. If that necessity to grow his crops and the worker to find a
should later be Indicated, I will give the mat- job. It is an ancient, but still terrible irony day which was designed, not to promote
ter careful consideration and I will give the that while many leaders of men create discord or increase the atmosphere of
country due and adequate notice 'before division in pursuit of grand ambitions, the tension in the world, but rather to show
acting. children of man are united in the simple, the whole world that we are seeking a
We have also discussed with the Govern- elusive desire for a life of fruitful and re- just and honorable peace. All objective
meat of South Vietnam the steps they will warding toll. As I said in Baltimore, I hope people everywhere cannot but conclude
take to substantially incerase their own one day we can help all the people of Asia today
efforts-on the battlefield and toward reform toward that desire: not at the price of that President, dealing in his with this actions nstploy
and progress in the villages. peace-for we are ready to bear a more pain- and i ifl to find peace not only
I have directed Secretary Rusk and Secre- ful cost-but as part of our obligations of loin, heretofore t hr he he sought tary McNamara to be available immediately justice toward our fellow man. for the welfare of the people of South
to review these moves with appropriate con- Let me also add a personal note. I do not Vietnam but also for the welfare of the
gressional committees. I have asked them find it easy to send young men into battle. people of the United States and for free
to be available to answer the questions of I have spoken to you today of divisions, and people everywhere.
any Member of Congress. And Secretary forces and units. Butz know them all, every I think the American people will be
McNamara in addition will ask the Senate one. I have seen them in every State of our heartened by his steadfast purpose
Appropriations Committee to add a limited Union working and laughing, building and
amount to present legislation to help meet filled with life. And I know, too, how their though somewhat sobered by the awe-
part of this new cost, until a supplemental mothers weep and their families sorrow. It some responsibilities which confront us
measure is ready, and hearings can be held, is the most agonizing and painful duty of at this time. When we Americans put
when the Congress assembles in January. my office. our hand to the plow, we do not turn
These steps, like our actions in the past, And there is something else. back. In my judgment, the Members of
are carefully measured to do what must be when 1 was young, poverty was so com- the Congress and the people of the Na-
done to bring about an end to aggression and mon we didn't know it had a name. An edu- lion support the President in the actions
a peaceful settlement. We do not want an cation was something you had to fight for. announced today. The American people
expanding struggle, with consequences no And water was life itself.
one can foresee. Nor will we bluster or bully I have now been in public life for more will not be turned aside but will find the
or flaunt our power. than three decades. In each of those 35 years road to enduring peace out of all the
But we will not surrender. And we will I have seen good men and wise men work conflict and unrest of the moment.
not retreat. to bring the blessings of our land to all our Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I thank
For behind our pledge lies the determina- People.
now I am the President of the United the gentleman for his statement.
tion and resources of the American Nation. Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, will the
Second, once the Communists know, as we States. gentleman yield?
know, that a violent solution is impossible, It is now my opportunity to help give every g Mr. ALBERT. I yield to the gentle-
We a peaceful solution will be inevitable, child an education-every Negro and every
We are ready now, as we have always been, other citizen an equal opportunity-every man from Florida.
to move from the battlefield to the confer- family a decent home---and to help bring Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, I am cer-
ence table. I have stated publicly, and many healing to the sick and dignity to the old. taro that the American people and the
times, our willingness to begin unconditional As I have said before, it is what I have people of the world applaud the firm,
discussions with any government at any wanted all my life. And I do not want to see forthright, fair and courageous manner
place. Fifteen- efforts have been made to all those hopes-the dreams of so many pea- in which the President addressed our
start, dlacussions. But there has been no Pie for so many years--drowned in the Nation today. He has been temperate
answer. wasteful ravages of war.
But we Will persist, if persist we must, I will do all I can so that never happens. in this problem. He has been completely
until death and desolation have led to the But I also know, as long as there are men honest with the American people.
same conference table where others could who hate and destroy we must have the Mr. Speaker, the only way to win a now join us at so much smaller cost. courage to resist or see it all-all we, have war is to take and hold the enemy's
I have spoken many times of our objectives built and all we hope to build-dreams, free- territory. That is the job that lies
In Vietnam. So has the Goverment of South Glom, all-all swept away on the flood of ahead. We are in a war. It is a bloody
Vietnam. Hanoi has se-~ forth its own pro- conquest. and it is a costly war. It is going to get
So this too shall not happen, we will stand
parole. We are ready to discuss their pro- bigger.
posals, and our proposals, and any proposal In Vietnam. The American people realize the prob-
of any government whose people may be Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, will the lem and know that we have to get on
affected. gentleman yield? with it. Whatever the mistakes have
For we fear the meetingroom no more Mr. ALBERT. I yield to the distin- been in the past, we now have before
than we fear the battlefield.
In this pursuit, we welcome, and ask for, guished chairman of the Committee on us only the choice of being pushed out
the concern and assistance of any nation. Appropriations. h c or taking whatever steps are necessary
if the United Nations, its officials, or any one Mr. MAHON. Mr. Speaker, I com.- to win in southeast Asia. If we fail to
of its 114 members can- by deed or word, mend the distinguished gentleman from win this conflict there will not be a na-
private initiative or public action bring us Oklahoma for his remarks in regard- to tion left west of Hawaii in 10 years
toward an honorable peace then they will the President and the Vietnam situation. which is friendly to the United States.
have the support of the United states of The President is weighted down with Everything out there will be Communist.
America. a very heavy burden as a result of Com- None of us likes this situation. We are
munist aggression in southeast Asia. He confronted with a terrible dilemma, but
to New New have York rk immediately Ambassador
ately and present am stg to to the e
Secretary General a letter from me request= is doing everything in his power to fol- we have to go ahead. The longer we
ink that all the resources, energy, and inr- low the safest course, the best course, for delay the more costly it will be. I know
mense prestige of the United Nations be em- the people of the United States and for that the American people realize, as the
played to' find ways to halt aggression and the people of the world. I think it is President has assured us time and again,
bring peace in Vietnam. wise that he has assumed a policy of that it is not decisiveness but indecisive-
For we do not seek the destruction of any firmness rather than a policy of vacilla- ness which encourages Communist ag-
government, nor do we covet a foot of terri- lion and appeasement. I think it is good gression.
tory. But we insist, and we will always in-
sist, that the people of South Vietnam shall that he has not been belligerent or over- Korea, Berlin, Cuba, should have
have the right to shape their own destiny in bearing in dealing with other nations of taught us that there is no substitute for
free elections-In the south or throughout the world on this matter. I think it determination to win. If I know the
all Vietnam under international super- speaks well of the President that he has American people they will want to get
vision-and they shall not have any govern- shared his concern, his & jet, and his on with whatever it is we have to do to
merit imposed upon them by force and ter- worry about this problem with the Mem- win this conflict. I think that is the
ror, This was the purpose of the 1054 agree- bers of the Congress and with others in attitude of every thinking person as a
meats which the Communists have cruelly seeking the best road to follow toward result of the President's message today.
urposes
its
e
t
t
p
ak,
s was
ragically w
agreemen
are still our own. Any policy we follow in Vietnam will the gentleman for his fine statement.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 17967
Mr.MApDEN. Mr, Speaker, will the terms the objectives oP our Nation in approaching this delicate issue. He has
gentleman yield?. Vietnam, and our determination to hold; also dejnonstrated that he can use the
Mr. ALBERT., I yield to . thQ, dig- the line for freedom in that distant land, right combinations of firmness and fiexi-
tinguished gentleman from Indiana. The President's firm. restatement to- bil'ty.
(Mr. MADDEN asked and eras, given day of our Government's willingness to Mr. Speaker, I believe that millions of
permission to revise .and extend his re- negotiate for an honorable peace "with Americans and peoples all over the world
marks.) any government" should silence unrea- will support the President in this action.
Mr. MADDEN. 'Mr. Speaker, today's soning critics who charge us with pursu- I thank the gentleman from Okla-
message by President Johnsonwas a ing too hard a line in Vietnam. homa_for, yielding.
frank and factual statement to_ the peo At the same time, the actions an- Mr..LBRT Mr. Speaker, the
ple_of our Nation and to the world. In ,pounced by the President to strengthen gentleman from West Virginia has made
simple and plain language he warned our forces overseas are solid evidence of a very execlient contribution to this dis-
the. Communist leaders that the free our determination to honor our commit- cussion and I appreciate what the gen-
world will stand firm and not retreat in ments to South Vietnam, and to do what- tleman has said.
the path of Communist aggression in ever is necessary to defeat the forces of Mr. FOLEY. Mr, Speaker, will the
South Vietnam. aggression there. gentleman yield?
The people of the free nations and I support the President's firm and bal- Mr, ALBERT. I yield to the dis-
some day the enslaved people now under ,anted policy and believe it is deserving tinguished gentleman from Washington
the heel of Communist tyrany will of- of the united support of all Americans. [Mr. FoLEY].
fer thanks to the United States for our Certainly history has convincingly (Mr. FOLEY asked and was given per-
sacrifice in saving humanity from total demonstrated, as the President eloquent- mission to revise and extend his re-
Communist world enslavement. ly said, that retreat Is seldom the road marks.)
President Eisenhower in 1951, before to either peace or freedom. Mr. FOLEY. Mr. Speaker, I join in
he was elected President testified as a Our best road to peace and freedom in the expressions of my colleagues and in
general and leader of the European pro- Asia is being followed resolutely by the particular with those of the distin-
gram to aid and restore the war stricken President, and his fellow Americans can guished majority leader of the House.
nations. He appeared before the House best advance the cause of peace and free- ' Mr. Speaker, the President is a man
Foreign Affairs Committee ai}d stated dom by giving our forces in Vietnam, of peace. But as he and we know so
that all Vurope would be Communist to- and their Commander In Chief in Wash- well, peace cannot be achieved by in-
day-1951-if it had not been for the ington, their resolute united support. action or mere disengagement. A peace
aid and sacrifice made by the United Mr. ALBERT. I thank my friend for of vacillation, of weakness, of retreat
States to restore helpless hations and his very excellent statement. before force is always a temporary res-
protect them from Communist aggres- Mr. HECHLER. Mr. Speaker, will the pite nothing more. The only hope for
sion. gentleman yield? peace in Asia and for the freedom of
Korea, 15 years ago, was a great victory Mr. ALBERT. I yield to the gentle- independent peoples and states lies with
for the free world when the Communists man from West Virginia [Mr. HECHLEa]. our ability and will to resist force and
were defeated in their mad program to (Mr. HECHLER asked and was given terror as instruments of aggression.
enslave the Pacific islands nations and permission to revise and extend his
Asia, tremrxks') Thousands of American fighting men
Vietnam is another brazen step in Mr, HECHLE$. Mr. Speaker, I am are in Vietnam today. Thousands more
will be in Vietnam in the coming months. -lives their program to enslave one small na- pleased to join with our eminent major- We know that many in the coming may
tion after another. If they succeed in ity leader and others who have spoken be last, but our commitment has been
Vietnam other nations will no doubt fold more eloquently than I can in support of given and it will be met. The President
to their threats and they will be set for the outstanding statement which the has again made that clear to friend and
further aggressions. President of the United States made at to foe alike.
No doubt , South American nations his news conference earlier this after- At the same time the President has
would be their next victims. noon.
If the United States, as the leader of Mr. Speaker, the President has made reiterated nue of negotiation, ation, desire to to come seek to every any con-
matter free world, retreats, it will be but a -an historic pronouncement and has nue table, and to cooperate with any
matter of time until the United States . taken actions in Vietnam which will
bitter ter con-
will be an island in an ocean of world further mark him as one of the truly natatiion n in Vietnam. He has the reemphasized
communism. great Chief Executives in America his- the importance that the United
United
If that program of Communist dicta- tory. again ins thto the efforts the
U
tors succeeds, our economy would col- President Johnson has indicated again States attaches s t seeking a peaceful
lapse, unemployment, discontent would that America is determined to stand firm United Led Nations Finally he has underscored
in
be rampant and our freedom would col- in Vietnam. He has defined the issue solution. lapse. Congratulations to. President clearly and he has left no doubt that the our determination not only to bring sta-
Johnson and his great speech to the primary purpose of our policy is peace bility and freedom to South Vietnam,
world today. He needs the support of with justice, but to supply massive aid and technical
all patriotic citizens in the United States With the overwhelming power of the assistance as soon as conditions permit
and throughout the globe. United States it would be possible to take to raise the conditions of life for all the
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I thank the easy-looking road, to try to eliminate people of that beleagured country.
the gentleman from Indiana for his fine our frustrations and ruthlessly throw all Mr. Speaker, the President and the
and accurate statement. of America's military might into this great majority of the Congress and the
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, will conflict. Such a course might attain country are of one mind, of one heart,
the gentleman yield? what would seem to be an easy solution. and of one will in these goals of our
Mr. ALBERT. I yield to my colleague, But the President has again stressed the policy and effort. The President has
the gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr., grave dangers implicit in this situation. shown the leadership. The country will
EDMONDSON]. He realizes full well the holocaust which respond. The support that every Amer-
(Mr. EDMONDSON asked and was would result from world war III. He ican President has received from a free
given permission to revise and extend his has reiterated that we will leave no stone people in times of difficulty and danger
remarks.) unturned to bring this cruel conflict to will be given to President Johnson. No
Mr., EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I the conference table. Only then will nation should doubt the strength or en-
thank our able majority leader who, as he the people of the world be able to get durance of that support; to do so would
so often does, has spoken eloquently on with the good old fight against pov- be the most serious of miscalculations.
what is in the hearts of many Americans erty, against ignorance, against intoler- Mr. ALBERT. I thank the gentleman
today in his comnlients upon the Presi- ante and disease at home and abroad. for his very fine statement.
dent's message of rlpon today. Mr. Speaker, President Johnson has Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous
Mr. Speaker, once again President shown that he knows the proper meas- consent to revise and extend my
Johnson has stated in clear and inspiring ure of power and .restraint; to use In remarks, and 'to include as part of
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 17968
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my remarks the statement made by the Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, I ap- does not lead to the destination desired.
President of the United States today. plaud President Johnson's clear and He has done what he thinks is best for
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there forceful restatement of our national pur- his country and the people of the world
objection to the request of the gentle- poses in South Vietnam. Those gen- who seek peace.
man from Oklahoma? uinely interested in justice for our fellow If future conditions demand that the
There was no objection. men must endorse the President's deter- present approach be abandoned or
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask mination to stand fast and fulfill our changed, he can do It with honor.-
unanimous consent that the following commitment in protecting the freedom In choosing the path which he has,
Members may extend their remarks in and dignity of the people of Vietnam. the President has given his fellow Ameri-
the RECORD at this point: Messrs. BOGGS, There should be no doubt that if we fail cans the time to pause and reflect on the
MoRcAN, RIVERS of South Carolina, to keep our word in Vietnam and permit, seriousness of the situation and the dan-
ZABLOCKI, HEBERT, MU'LTER, DENT, and that nation to fall to communism we gers which lie ahead if we forsake our
.MORRIS. will invite other and even more difficult commitments.
The SPEAKER pro teanpore. Is there problems in other areas of the entire He has given the world the opportunity
objection to the request of the gentle- world. to understand our dedication to the
man from Oklahoma? President Johnson has again revealed cause of peace and freedom.
There was no objection. to the Communist aggressors both the He has given time for our enemies to
[Mr. BOGGS addressed the House. arrows and the olive branches in the come to the realization that America
His remarks will appear hereafter in the eagle's claws. The choice is theirs to means business and will not be deterred
Appendix.] make. It is absolutely essential that we in its objective of peace for all peoples
stand firm in the face of counting ag- of the world.
Mr. MORGAN. Mr. Speaker, I stand gression. At the same time we, must Of course there will be those who will
'behind the President. There is only one make every effort to find a way to bring continue to disagree. There will be those
course for us to follow in Vietnam, that peace to a war-ravaged nation. who will be critical. My hope is that
is to protect the people of South Vietnam I firmly believe that each one of us those of us in responsible positions and
against Communist aggression. must continue to accept the President's privy to Information which guards the
Any alternative under present circum- call to support him in these efforts. security of our country shall be most
stances would involve surrender. Any Mr. HEBERT. Mr. Speaker, I was cautious in uttering or doing anything
backing down in Vietnam would shake privileged to be one of those invited to which might give comfort to the enemy.
the confidence of the entire world in the the White House this morning to hear At this time in our lives we should
United States and what the United the course of action which he planned stand solidly behind the President and
States stands for. Vietnam and which he broadcast to back him to the hilt. We should declare
We have to face the fact that the in the American people and to the world a to the world that our President speal's
United States is the keystone in the de- for all Americans In the Nation's dealing__
few hours later.
fence of the free world against Commis- with any nation.
nisi aggression. If we weaken, the de- I have a very good reason in rising to- We should stand united and deter-
fence structure which we and they de- day in support of the President of the mined behind the President at this cross-
peed on will collapse. United States. those who do not Agree with roads to the peace of the world, fully
We are in for a hard fight and we will There are the President on many of his domestic knowing and fully realizing that he acts
gain no glory from it. I do not regard policies, and it is no secret that included only In the best interest of the people
the situation as have the hopeless. I am determination confi- among them Is myself. Because of this who have placed their trust in him.
dent that we and difference of opinion I believe what I am I cannot add to what has been said
the ability to do the job. here today.
I am sure that the overwhelming ma- about to say becomes all the more sig- I can only repeat what I have said on
jority of the American people under- nificant. this floor and on many occasions, and
stand the issues and endorse the position There is no limitation or qualification that is what I so deeply believe.
the President has taken. to my support of President Johnson in As we repeat our prayers day after day,
Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina. Mr. this hour of crisis. He is the President
Speaker, the Nation and its chosen rep- of the American people and as an Amer- the same words, the same plea, the same
resentatives will rally behind the Presi- ican I support him. If he is to have the admonition, so can we repeat day after
dent in this period of crisis in South respect of the world, he must have our day, repeat and repeat the words of Ad-
dent plus our support. miral Decatur which never grow old but
Vietnam. It is a horrible thing to send men to gain in significance with the passing of
Stephen Decatur-one of America's die, and since beginning of time men each generation.
greatest heroes of another day-said that have died in order that more men might Yes, again I repeat the toast of Stephen
in her dealings with other nations: live. Decatur:
My country, may she always be in the Liberty has been bought with blood Gentlemen, our country. In her inter-
right, but right or wrong, my country. and has been preserved in blood. course with foreign nations, may she always
Mr. Speaker, our country Is right, and I wish it were otherwise, but the cold be in the right. But right or wrong-cur
this is not the time to debate the wis- facts of life are that this Is the price country.
do= of the President's most recent deci- which we must pay. I have walked
sion. This is the time for every Amer- among the crosses of Flanders, Anzio,
ican to give him his sympathy, under- and the islands of the Pacific. They are
standing and support. all reminders that beneath them rest
Mr. Speaker, every American wants men who have died in order that those
victory in Vietnam. And I know, Mr. of us who now live could walk as freemen.
Speaker, that the President wants victory The President has discharged his re-
in Vietnam. But, Mr. Speaker, all of us sponsibility and has made what he con-
join the President in wishing for victory siders the right decision in a moderate
at the lowest possible cost In human life, approach at the moment to the escala-
We must back him in every endeavor to tion of the war in Vietnam.
bring victory and the termination of There were other avenues open. Some
hostilities in the most honorable man- of there avenues are more flambouyantly
ner. It is imperative that we back him lighted and others decorated in dazzling
in this endeavor. I, for one, will give colors of defiance. The avenue he chose
him every ounce of my energy both per- to walk is one Paved with solid stones of`
sonally and as the Chairman of the Coin- determination and flanked with signs of
mittee on Armed Services of this body direction to peace for the world,
and this undertaking so vital to this I approve his approach.
Nation and her brave fighting men every- He has not forsaken or eliminated
where on earth. other avenues of approach if this one
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, it is a
privilege indeed to follow the leadership
of our great President, Lyndon B. John-
son.
Once again he has spoken out in no
uncertain terms.
The peace-loving people of our country
and of the world know that our President
wants nothing more than peace for us
and for all mankind.
At the same time, aggressors who
would destroy our liberties and enslave
us are again put on notice that we prac-
tice what we preach.
We will use none of our power for ag-
grandizement but will use every last bit
of it, if necessary, to prevent aggrandize-
ment, oppression, and suppression, wher-
ever the ugly head of terroristic might is
raised.
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it is good to know that we have a Com-
mander in Chief who does not panic, who
moves deliberately but surely, using only
as much force as Is needed, with due re-
gard to all the important factors in-
volved.
We are iii good hands.
Well clone and well said, Mr. President.
Mr. DENT. Mr. Speaker, I take great
pride in joining our distinguished floor
leader, the gentleman from Oklahoma,
the Honorable CARL ALBERT, in his very
profound statement, reflecting the wis-
dom of our President's position as given
to the American people in his noonday
talk on the problems on Vietnam.
History will record the fact that in all
of the trying situations that have arisen
during , the President's regime he has
leaned over backwards in his attempts
to bring this conflict to an honorable
History must also record the titanic
struggle between free men and the vic-
tims of Communist enslavement that are
the real issues in the jungles and villages
of this disturbed Nation.
His reassurance to the American peo-
ple of his determination to use all our
resources.with the utmost discretion and
only after all avenues have been explored
and all hope has been lost that reason-
able persons can get together on a
solution.
The use of our troops when absolutely
required is promised but any hope of the
Communists propagandists that our
President would be stampeded into any
decision in the area of action has been
completely dissipated by the cool, calm,
and logical report to all the American
people.
Never,in our history have the Ameri-
can people, been given a ,complete and
candid report in a matter of this sari-
ousness,
Those oj' us in Congress who know the
President's resourcefulness and personal
integrity have always been confident that
he would measure up to the judgment
of the American people,, a judgment
passed upgn his qualifications in a free
and Open election,
Our. President, never fear, is still in
command and with this we , know our
future is in the hands of a man. ded-
icated to freedom and to the integrity
of our eommitments,
His determination to both protect our
people and our Nation as well as keeping
our comnlitrnent5 Is the strength that
dismays our enemies even more so than
our military hardware.
The people of Vietnam, all the people
both in the North and the South, will
eventually see that the true believer and
'true defender of their personal and na-
tional rights, privileges, and integrity, is
the President and the people of the
United States.
Mr. MORRIS. Mr. Speaker, I want to
avail myself of this-opportunity to as-
soeiate myself with the remarks of the
gentleman from Pennsylvania, Dr.
THOMAS Z MORGAN, the distinguished
Chairman of the House Committee on
Foreign Affairs.
I know it was a painful duty for the
17969
HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that when the House
adjourns today, it adjourn to meet at
11 o'clock tomorrow.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
There was no objection.
President of the United States to commit
additional American manpower and ma-
terials to southeast Asia but the only
alternative was to ruin the risk of per-
mitting the forces of aggression to 'con-
tinue unchecked to' enslave the freedom
loving people of` South Vietnam. After
South Vietnam, what would be the next
target? No one really knows-but his-
tory has taught us that the fuel that
feeds the fire of Communist aggression
(Mr. MINSHALL (at the request of
Mr. RUMSFELD) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, we
have another cover-up going on in the
Johnson administration. This one is as
contemptuous of the people's right to
know as was the scandalous Bobby Baker
cover-up and it is much more serious
because it goes to the heart of the Na-
tion's security.
For months the members of the Sen-
ate Internal Security Subcommittee have
been trying to find out why the State
Department fired its top security evalu-
ator, Otto Otepka. They have not been
able to, and another volume of hearings
on the subject released for publication
today shows that the lid still is on.
Otepka is a man'of character and ac-
complishment who has served his Gov-
ernment for 20 years. But when he tes-
tified truthfully before the Senate sub-
committee which was investigating
alleged laxities in the State Depart-
ment's security system, he was ordered
fired:
The record in this case reeks with
evasion and outright falsehood. Three
employees of the State Department, two
of them high officials, gave untruthful
testimony when they got caught. But in
at least one case, even the revision was
not truthful.
The testimony released today shows
that the State Department witnesses
still cannot force themselves to be frank
and cooperative with the Senate investi-
gators. They say "no" or "maybe" when
the answer should be "yes." They evade
and cover up. The truth still is hidden.
We still must ask why Otepka was
fired. Was it because he told the truth
to the Senate investigators and thereby
embarrassed his superiors? Was it be-
cause he objected to free and easy se-
curity clearance for critical department
employees,,, such as the 150 waivers of
preliminary investigation by Secretary
Rusk? Was it because Otepka insisted
that security clearance be withheld from
doubtful appointees?,
The American people have a right to
the answers to those questions and Sec-
retary Rusk has a duty. to provide them.
Last fall all State Department secu-
rity field records were ordered burned.
These were unduplicated records used
for leads and contacts by field investi-
gators. Then, more than 30 seasoned
field investigators were reassigned to
other cities..so that even. their knowledge
of the files W re deye l useless,
I commend the President for the un-
flinching courage and fortitude he dis-
played in making this most difficult
decision.
Mrs. KELLY. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
join with my colleagues, and with my
countrymen throughout this land, in ap-
plauding President Johnson's articulate
and eloquent statement on the subject of
Vietnam.
There are many times when the re-
sponsibilities of. our position place upon
us the burden of making some very hard
decisions. Surely the burden upon our
President is much, much greater, for in
his hands rests direct responsibility for
the future of our Nation, of peace and
freedom in the world. With this at
stake, I know that the decisions the Pres-
ident had to make about our course in
Vietnam involved much soul-searching
and much personal anguish.
Yet the decisions which the President
made-and which he eloquently reiter-
ated today-are probably the only ac-
ceptible alternatives available to us. For
as the President pointed out, victory has
never satisfied the appetitie of an aggres-
sor, appeasement has never brought
peace to the world. And so, if we truly
seek peace, and if we are concerned about
the security of our Nation not only for
our but also for future generations, we
must be determined to stand fast when
confronted with aggression. This is what
we are doing in Vietnam.
At the same time, I also applaud that
part of the President's speech in which
he again restated his willingness to sit
down at a conference table, and to pur-
sue a peaceful resolution of the conflict
in Vietnam. We must never be afraid to
negotiate if negotiation is possible. It
remains to be seen, however, whether the
North Vietnamese will be equally willing
to talk and to negotiate.
Mr. Speaker, the course which we are
pursuing in Vietnam is the right course,
even though it is an extremely difficult
and perilous course. Let us stand to-
gether in this hour of our national test,
and support our President.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
REMARKS
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members
may.have permission to extend their re-
marks at this point in the RECORD today,
and may have 5 legislative days in which
to extend their remarlts on the subject
of the .Fresidi