CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300190003-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 27, 2003
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 30, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

July 86, 19
proved For R85smigggiNti id&ES7B0&446ARER0300190003-6
? sdhcommittee recessed 3.tritil suoh time
as Mr. IVIctarnara coud come before the
subcommittee and gave us more informa-
tion.
In his press conference on Wednes-
day, the President stated that Congress
will be asked to provide additional funds
to meet the increase in costs of combat
operations in Vietnam. I have asked
Secretary IVIcNamara to present a defi-
nite request as to amount, and to develop
and present to us definite and factual
information with respect to the added
funding which will be required. It is ex-
pected that the formal request will be
submitted to Congress the first of next
week.
I believe that such additional funds
should be included in the Department of
Defense appropriation bill now pending
before the subcommittee, rather than
wait for all the needed funds to be in-
cluded in a supplemental request which
may be presented and acted upori at the
next session of Congress.
Secretary McNamara will appear be-
fore the Department of Defense Appro-
priations Subcommittee next Wednesday
mornin.g at 1D o'clock. His testimony
will cover major aspects of the pending
bin, as well as added funds for Vietnam.
inasmuch as the request for additional
funds will include the procurement of
Items and the construction of projects
Tor which authorization is ordinarily re-
quired, I have invited the full member-
ship of the Senate Armed Services Com-
mittee to attend and participate in the
'hearings.
I thank the Senator from Oklahoma
'very much forAiiiirtesy in yielding
to me.,
?CRIS VIETNAM
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, the
:President's statement this week on Viet-
nam will help us all, I hope, focus our
minds on the hard realities of things as
they are, not as we would wish them
to be.
We are dramatically reminded that
-short of nuclear war, on the one hand,
-and dishonorable withdrawal on the
other, is another way, which, like most
right courses, is a narrow and rugged
path.
President Eisenhower decided in Octo-
ber 1954, "to assist the Government of
Vietnam In developing and maintaining
a strong, viable state capable of resist-
ing attempted subversion or aggression
through military means." Since then
top officials in three U.S. administra-
tions have constantly examined and re-
examined the alternatives open to this
country in southeast Asia. Each re-
examination has confirmed the basic, nec-
essity of the commitment we made 10
years ago, a commitment based on the
conviction that the vital interests ef the
free world and our own country could
be broadly affected by the course of
events in southeast Asia.
That part of the world has great stra-
tegic significance in the forward defense
'of the United States. Its location across
east-west air and sea lanes flanks the
Indian subcontinent on the one hand,
and Australia, New Zealand, and the
Philippines on the other. It dominates
the gateway between the Pacific and In-
dian Oceans. In Communist possession,
this area would present a serious threat
to the security of the United States and
to the entire non-Communist world.
? Also, South Vietnam is a test case for
the Communist strategy that was spelled
out by Hhrushchev in 1961, when, in a
major elaboration of Communist doc-
trine, he dedicated communism to the
provoking and encouragement of "wars
of liberation" and specifically referred to
Vietnam as one such war. "It is a sacred
war," he said. "We recognize such wars."
The West cannot let communism suc-
ceed with this masquerade of aggressive
expansionism.
Finally, and most to the point, South
Vietnam, a member of the free world
family, is struggling to preserve its in-
dependence from Communist attack.
The Vietnamese have asked for our help.
We are giving it. We do so in their in-
terest, and we do so in our own clear
self-interest.
Our goal there is simple and forth-
right. The United States has no de-
signs whatever on resources or terri-
tory in that part of the world. Our na-
tional interest does not require that
South Vietnam or Thailand or Laos or
any other country of southeast Asia serve
as a western base or a member of the
western alliance.
Our ultimate goal in southeast Asia, as
in the rest of the world, is to maintain
free and viable nations which can de-
velop politically, economically and so-
cially, and which can be responsible
members of the world community.
We could, of course, abandon Asians to
a Communist future by pulling out of
South Vietnam and vacating our com-
mitment to freedom. To do so, as Presi-
dent Eisenhower stated in., 1959, would
almost certainly "set in motion a crum-
bling process that could, as it progressed,
have grave consequences for us and for
freedom * * * . The remaining countries
in southeast Asia would be menaced by
a great flanking movement." As this
happened, the sphere of the free world
would begin to shrink. We would simply
postpone, perhaps for a very brief time,
the multiplication by the thousands?
and perhaps by the millions?of the
casualties that would result from our
giving away in the struggle for southeast
Asia.
The alternative followed by this ad-
ministration?and its predecessors?is to
draw on our rich resources, our dedica-
tion to freedom, the power of our
prestige, and our military capabilities to
help the people of South Vietnam win
this war and to build a stable, independ-
ent society, This is not going to be easy
or quick. But because the conditions
are difficult and the processes agoniz-
ingly slow is no reason to abandon our
carefully chosen course, and choose in-
stead the dishonor and possible? disaster
of surrender.
We are a big and great country, and
today we shoulder the burdens of lead-
ing the free world. Problems of war and
peace, and the task of defending the
course of freed= under aClverse condi-
tions perhaps far from home are an un-
shakeable part of that burden. Deep
down inside, all of us Americans know
18223
this to be true. We are not going to quit
or to panic because the going is tough,
the cost is high and the progress is slow.
We are going to stick to our commit-
ment, to use our power wisely and to
save ,and extend freedom wherever and
whenever we can. That is not merely
the honorable course, it is the wise and
necessary one for America.
So I support President Johnson in the
course of action that he has outlined. I
support him soberly, recognizing that
the decisions that have been reached will
mean personal sacrifice for many Amer-
ican families. The decision to enlarge
draft calls was not taken lightly. It is
the product of thorough, searching
study, and a full and careful weighing
of alternatives. For, as the President
has stated over and over again, this is
not a war that we seek. In Vietnam as
elsewhere we prefer the paths of peace.
We have come only with reluctance to
the course of action now before us. We
have done so only after exploring all
valid alternatives and rejecting them as
incompatible with our commitment and
our interests.
Repeatedly we have sought by means,
private and public, to achieve a solution
short of larger war. Our readiness to
move this confrontation into diplomatic
and peaceful channels has been made
clear over and over again. No signifi-
cant interval has elapsed in the period
since the Geneva Conference of 1961-62,
at which the United States accepted in
good faith an agreement for the neu-
tralization of Laos?an agreement that
the Communists violated from the start
by failing to withdraw their combat mili-
tary personnel?without a renewed effort
by our Government to enter into discus-
sions or in other ways seek new pathways
to peace in southeast Asia.
The Communist record of diplomacy
stands in sharp contrast to this. Rather
than the _quiet, behind-the-scenes dis-
cussion of difilcult issues they call loudly
for negotiations?but fail to arrive at the
negotiations table. They promote the
adoption of resolutions in international
forums?but fail to respond to
thoughtful initiatives that might contain
-the seeds of peace for southeast Asia.
Despite Communist intransigence we
have continued to take and support ac-
tions that might lead to peaceful settle-
ment of this war. Among the steps
taken are these:
In the United Nations: In August 1964,
we raised ?the GUlf of Tonkin events in
the Security Council, and North Viet-
nam was invited to present its case. The
Foreign Minister of Communist China in
an August 13 letter to the Foreign Minis-
ter of North Vietnam emphatically stated
that the United Nations had no right at
all to consider this subject. North Viet-
nam responded to the President of the
Security Council in a similar vein and
added that any Security Council decision
would be considered null and void by
North Vietnam.
In April 1965, the Secretary General of
the United Nations, U Thant, considered
visiting Peiping and Hanoi to explore pos-
sible ways of ending the war in Vietnam.
Communist China through the medium
of the People's Daily commented on
April 12 that U Thant was knocking at
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18224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 30, 1965
the wrong door and should spare himself
the trouble since "the Vietnam question
has nothing to do with the United Na-
tions." The Prime Minister of North
Vietnam, Pham Van Dong, in a state-
ment on April 8 said that "any approach
tending to secure United Nations inter-
vention in the Vietnam situation is
inappropriate."
Through the British: On February 20.
1965, the United Kingdom proposed to
the Soviet Union that the British and
Soviets undertake as Geneva cochair-
men to explore the bases of a possible
Vietnam settlement with all the Geneva
Conference countries. The United States
supported this approach. The Soviets
were, however, not even prepared to co-
operate in seeking the views of the par-
ties concerned regarding the grounds for
settlement.
The British then undertook to send
former Foreign Minister Patrick Gordon
Walker to visit interested countries and
explore the bases for a Vietnam settle-
ment. Walker visited South Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Burma in
April. Peiping, however, informed the
British Government in a formal note that
it was not suitable for a special repre-
sentative of the British Government to
contact the Chinese Government on the
problem of Vietnam and that he would
not be welcome. Hanoi also declined to
receive Walker.
More recently the Commonwealth
Prime Ministers Conference sought to
play a constructive role. We welcomed
this initiative, which was to take the form
of a five-man team of Commonwealth
Prime Ministers led by British Prime
Minister Harold Wilson. The mission was
harshly refused even to receive the group.
Subsequently a Labor Member of Parlia-
ment with personal ties to individuals in
the North Vietnamese Government at-
tempted on his own to keep this effort
alive. He too faced the same intran-
sigence and returned to London discour-
aged by the absolute unwillingness of the
Communist leadership to take even pre-
liminary steps that might lead to a peace-
ful settlement.
Unilateral initiatives: On April 7 in a
major address President Johnson stated
that the United States stands ready for
unconditional discussions any time, any-
where to bring peace to Vietnam. He
noted that we have stated this position
over and over again to friend and foe
alike. Hanoi and Peiping responded by
calling the proposal a hoax, a big swin-
dle, a lie covered with flowers.
Proposals from other nations: A pro-
posal with wide international backing
was the appeal of 17 nonalined nations
for a peaceful negotiated solution to the
Vietnam conflict. In its response to this
appeal on April 8, the United States stat-
ed again its readiness to undertake un-
conditional discussions.
Communist China and North Vietnam
rejected unconditional negotiations, de-
claring that the Vietnamese people will
never agree to negotiations without pre-
conditions. Marshal Tito and other un-
specified backers of the 17-nation appeal
Were labeled monsters and freaks in
the Peiping People's Daily.
Another proposal by President Rada-
krishnan, of India, called for: (a) cessa-
tion of hostilities by both sides, (b) polic-
ing of boundaries by an Afro-Asian
patrol force, and (c) maintenance of
present boundaries so long as the people
concerned desire it. We have shown our
interest in this proposal in continuing
discussions with the Indian Government.
Communist China denounced the In-
dian proposal as a plot to use Afro-
Asian countries to serve U.S. aggression
against Vietnam and accused the Indian
Government of betraying the Afro-Asian
countries' stand of opposing imperialism
and colonialism and supporting the
national liberation front movement.
Hanoi also rejected the Indian pro-
posal, calling the erroneous viewpoints of
Indian ruling circles an offense against
the South Vietnamese people.
Cambodia conference: Not all over-
tures for negotiations are direct. It was
widely suggested that a conference to
consider the neutrality and territorial
integrity of Cambodia would provide op-
portunities for discussion of other seri-
ous and related matters such as the con-
flict in Vietnam. A new Cambodian pro-
posal for such a conference was made in
1965. The United States indicated it
would be willing to attend. But subse-
quent statements by the Cambodian
Government, strongly endorsed and am-
plified by Communist China, made it
clear that such a conference would not
be permitted to serve as a way to search
for a solution to the Vietnam issue.
Bombing "pause": Often actions speak
louder than words. Seeing its own over-
tures and those of other concerned na-
tions rebuffed by the Communists, the
United States provided a further oppor-
tunity for the other side to demonstrate
Its interest in ending the Vietnam con-
flict by suspending bombing operations
against North Vietnam for the period
May 13-17. Such a pause had been
suggested by a number of observers who
believed this might give the Communists
an opportunity to indicate a change in
course without preliminary diplomatic
or public discussions. This hope turned
out to be baseless. The Vietnam News
Agency in Hanoi called the suspension
"a worn-out trick of deceit and threat."
The New China News Agency in Peiping
characterized the suspension as "a peace
swindle," "a despicable trick," and "war
blackmail."
Equally significant was the fact that
there was no noticeable change in the
pace of aggression mounted from North
Vietnam. The Canadian representa-
tive on the International Control Com-
mission in Vietnam who went to Hanoi
to discuss North Vietnam's reaction to
the pause also found no change in the
Communist position.
British Foreign Secretary Michael
Stewart told the House of Commons on
June 21 that the British Consul in Hanoi
had attempted to serve as a channel of
communication between the United
States and the North Vietnamese au-
thorities before, during, and after the
pause, but that he was coldly rebuffed.
The record is clear. On our side: a
readiness to undertake discussions un-
der a wide variety of auspices, without
preconditions, for the purpose of end-
ing the fighting in Vietnam. On the
Communist side: intransigence, rude re-
buffs of well-intentioned overtures, in-
sistence on plainly unacceptable precon-
ditions, and an unabating output of
harsh propaganda.
I know our Government will continue
to look for a workable solution to this
problem, a solution that enables the
people of Vietnam to live in peace and
enjoy the progress of which they are
capable. But I would point out in clos-
ing that negotiations on a problem of
this gravity are too important to be en-
tered upon lightly. Each proposal must
be considered on its merits. Does it
contain the possibility of a serious con-
tribution toward a solution? Will the
responsible parties take part?
That is why our Government insists
that any peace discussions be conducted
with responsible governments. The
Communists are naturally anxious to get
us to negotiate with the so-called na-
tional liberation front, or with the Viet-
cong. We know, however, that the front
is just what its names indicates: a front
for a Communist apparatus controlled
and directed by the Communist author-
ities in Hanoi. It is little more than the
South Vietnamese branch of the North
Vietnamese Communist Party, and as
such has no valid claim to popular sup-
port or representativeness in South
Vietnam.
Our Government has quite correctly
taken the view that there is no point in
negotiating with the troops in the front
lines when the real power lies in Hanoi.
The Secretary of State has indicated
that we would not object if North Viet-
nam included members of the front in a
North Vietnamese delegation to a possi-
ble peace conference. That would be up
to Hanoi. But for us to enter into nego-
tiations with the front, or with the shad-
owy figures who run the Vietcong in
South Vietnam, would fly in the faze of
an elementary principle of successful
negotiations: that the opposite party
actually have authority and power to
speak for its side.
We will continue to work for peace in
southeast Asia. Our diplomatic actions
are part of that effort. So is our mili-
tary commitment. As the President has
indicated, we will persevere at both.
Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. IIARRIS. I yield.
Mr. MONRONEY. I associate myself
with the very fine speech that my dis-
tinguished colleague has just delivered
on the history of our peace efforts to end
the war in Vietnam and the importance
of the struggle for freedom in that part
of the Far East in which Vietnam is the
keystone. I commend him for the his-
toric research that he has done for his
speech on the peace efforts that have
been made.
He has very clearly focused light on
the fact that peace efforts by Hanoi are
for propaganda only. Repeated over-
tures by responsible negotiators of many
nations have been rebuffed and ridiculed,
while the North Vietnamese have held
out a phony olive branch trying to con-
vince the rest of the world that they are
being denied a chance to negotiate a just
settlement for this vital area of the world.
I quite agree with my colleague, and
the actions of the President of the United
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July 30, istwito ? SENATE
15225
States in moving to strengthen our hand
in the Far last, so that we shall be Cer-
tain not to become the victims of a mili-
tary disaster, and that we Shal; have
the strength to maintain the freedom of
South Vietnam until peace overtures can
genuinely come from Hanoi and North
Vietnam,
I compliment my colleague on the
work he has done, and what he is trying
to do.
Mr. HARRIS. I appreciate the kind
words of my distinguished colleague, es-
pecially because of his superior firsthand
knowledge of the situation in Vietnam,
having been there himself in very recent
months, and because of the great weight
his statements have with me and with
all others who know of the great dealca-
don and knowledge which the Senator
has, not only on this subject, but on all
subjects which concern us these days.
I yield to the Senator from Wisconsin,
Mr. Pktoxivillt. I join the senior
Senator from. Oklahoma in commending
the junior Senator from Oklahoma on an
excellent speech on Vietnam. This is the
kind of speech that is most helpful.
There has been a great deal of concern
around the country and a great deal
of misinformation about our position,
strength, and prospects in South Viet-
nam. Too few Americans understand
the remarkable efforts President Johnson
has made to persuade our adversaries to
settle this tragic situation with peaceful
negotiations. The junior Senator from
Oklahoma's brilliant analysis of the pa-
tience, persistent work for negotiations
should persuade any open-minded, fair-
minded American that this administra-
tion is doing all it honorably and sensibly
can do to achieve peace.
The President has been frank in tell-
trig the American people that this is a
difficult situation which ,is likely to take
a long time and likely to require sacrifices
on the part of all young men sent over-
seas.
The kind of thoughtful well-organized
ekPosition the Senator from Oklahoma
EMr. HARRIS] has given us is most helpful
to a thorough understanding throughout
the country of this complex and difficult
issue.
Mr. HARRIS. The distinguished Sen-
ator from Wisconsin has made a great
contribution to the knowledge and un-
derstanding in this field. Only yester-
day I listened to a careful accurate, and
Etound statement on the very subject
which he has discussed. I appreciate
his comments,
Mr. COOPER. _Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
? Mr. HARRIS. I yield.
Mr. COOPER. I, too, commend the
Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. HARRIS] for
his very fine speech. He has performed
a valuable service in providing to the
Senate and the country a source of in-
formation on the efforts that have been
Made toWiXra negotiations. From an his-
torical standpoint the speech of the Sen-
ator from Oklahoma is valuable. I like
the hopeful note at the end of the speech
that efforts toward negotiations will still
be made; and We hope very much that
they will finally have results.
N4.139 7
Mr. HARRIS. I certainly thank the
distinguished Senator from Kentucky.
?Mr. President, I suggest the absence of
a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will pall the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
PROXMIRE in the chair) . Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the Des-
eret News, a pioneer Utah newspaper
founded in 1850, published on Monday,
July 26, 1965, an editorial entitled
"Where U.S. Control Is Warranted."
Quite normally, the Deseret News
takes a strong editorial position against
the expansion of authority and influence
by the Federal Government.
In this instance, however, the Deseret
News shows its flexibility and its great
understannding of a critical situation
now facing America.
' The editorial, concerning water pollu-
tion and the efforts of Congress during
recent sessions to approve a water pollu-
tion control bill contains a recommenda-
tion that Congress now pass S. 4, the
Senate-approved Water Pollution Con-
trol Act.
The Senate bill provides for the setting
of water quality standards and the en-
forcement of the act by the Federal
Government.
The Deseret News rightly feels that
since the States have been given ample
opportunity to enact water pollution
controls and provide strenuous enforce-
ment, but have not acted, the Federal
Government should take the responsibil-
ity. The editorial also notes that 14
States have no authority under existing
statutes to set the contemplated water
quality standards.
A conference committee, of which I
am a member, has just been appointed
to resolve the differences between the
Senate and House bills. It is my hope
that the Federal Government will be
given the authority to set quality stand-
ards and provide stringent enforcement
so that our Nation's lakes and rivers
might once again run clear.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the Deseret News editorial be
printed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WHERE U.S. CONTROL IS WARRANTED
Last year Congress was unable to pass a
water pollution control bill because it
couldn't agree whether the Federal Govern-
ment or the States should set water quality
standards.
This year the legislation passed both
Chambers?but final enactment is being de-
layed because of the same dispute. In fact,
nearly 3 months have gone by without even
so Much as the selection of a conference corn-
.
mittee to resolve the differences between the
House and the Senate.
The Senate bill provides for Federal stand-
ords of water quality and enforcement pro-
cedures to prevent pollution of intrastate
streams and other bodies of water. The
House version allows States to set their own
standards.
This deadlock is hard to understand be-
cause water pollution is one area where Fed-
eral standards and enforcement are war-
ranted.
In the first place, in 14 States no one has
the authority to set the contemplated water
quality standards.
In the second place, uniform national
standards are necessary in order to prevent
pollution effectively and keep it controlled.
Because streams and rivers pass from one
State to another, the State that falls down on
the job of controlling pollution unnecessarily
complicates the task of those States which
are conscientious about combating dirty
water.
Supporters of the House version of the bill
contend that States should be given an op-
portunity to act first because they are closest
to the source of the pollution. The trouble
is that the States already have had adequate
opportunity to act on their own, yet the
pollution problem grows greater every year
as the country gets more people and more
industry.
Moreover, we can't afford to delay. By the
year 2600, according to a report from the
Senate Public Works Committee, the Nations
need for water will have far outstripped the
maximum amount of usable water. The
solution is to reuse the available water. But
the more water is polluted, the less possible
multiple use becomes.
Unless we all pull together, the need to
control water pollution could defy solution,
which is within grasp. So let's stop stalling
and start working, beginning with adoption
of the pollution control measure as passed
by the Senate.
PROGRESS IN CURBING INVASIONS
OF PRIVACY BY FEDERAL GOV-
ERNMENT
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
a little over a year and a half ago, the
subcommittee over which I preside, the
Subcommittee on Administrative Prac-
tice and Procedure of the Committee on
the Judiciary, began a small, limited
investigation into the use of electronic
snooping devices by the Federal Govern-
ment. At that time, my small staff and I
were deep in the woods not knowing
where the small path we had found would
lead or what we would find along the
way. Today, we are still not out of the
woods; in fact, we are in a woods darker
and more sinister than where we began.
For today, the subcommittee is deeply
involved in a most important and long-
overdue investigation.
Initial probes revealed that there had
been substantial purchases of electronic
gear by Government agencies. If the
agencies had them they must put them
to some use.
As the investigation proceeded a little
further, the staff and I became increas-
ingly aware of the sophistication of this
gear and the potential dangers it posed
for the right to privacy.
After further study and reflection we
decided that use of electronic gear was
only one method or weapon used to in-
vade privacy. Because of the overall con-
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1.226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 30, 1565----
cern for infringements upon any aspect
of this right, the subcommittee decided
to attempt to take a hard look at all kinds
of invasions of privacy by Federal agen-
cies. Pursuant to this decision, a com-
prehensive questionnaire was prepared
and sent to over 30 agencies of our Gov-
ernment.
The questionnaire, while concentrating
on the possession, cost, and use of elec-
tronic gear, also inquired into the use
of security forces, mail covers, psycho-
logical testing, desk checking, and other
activities that might possibly step on the
Individual's privacy without sufficient
public need for doing so.
'rhe results of this questionnaire have
only partially been analyzed. Lack of
cooperation in answering the question-
naire, evasive answers when given, and
checking the accuracy of the responses
are some of the roadblocks to a complete
and accurate, even if preliminary, report
of the facts disclosed by the question-
naire. The tally continues. It may be
some time before all the truth is re-
vealed.
The questionnaire did serve a very im-
portant function. As the first Public and
official step of the investigation, it gave
the subcommittee a foundation upon
which to build a detailed and thorough
inquiry. In addition, the press reports
of this initial step made the public aware
of our interest in the privacy area. The
public then began to relate their expe-
riences with the Government and their
losses of privacy because of those ex-
periences.
Marshalling the facts gained from the
questionnaire and from the independent
Investigations of citizens' complaints, and
researching the legal posture of the Con-
gress, the Executive and the courts in
regard to these facts, the subcommittee
was ready to begin building an official
record documenting what we knew or
had suspicion of for some time. I might
add, that many times, disclosures were
made that were unheard of until revealed
at the actual hearings.
Hearings began February 18, 1965. In
order to demonstrate to the public, to the
press, and to the Congress the insidious
and intrusive character of modern elec-
tronic devices, this first day was devoted
to a demonstration of the workings and
use of various "bugging" gadgets. Ex-
perts in the field testified as to the use
and effectiveness of the "bugs," and also
to their potential danger to a free so-
ciety. Indeed, one manufacturer of such
devices stated his belief that these "bugs"
were dangerous enough to warrant con-
gressional control through legislation.
The devices included innocent looking
flower vases and cigarette lighters clev-
erly concealing miniature microphones, a
Dick Tracy wrist watch transmitter, a
transmitter concealed in a martini olive,
telephone attachments that could sur-
reptitiously intercept and record either
telephonic communications or normal
conversations within an entire room.
One such device, when placed on a
telephone line, could be activated by
' merely dialing the phone number of the
line to which the device was attached.
The eavesdropper could dial the number
from just about anywhere in the world?
that is, Hawaii to Washington, D.C.?as
long as he could dial directly and the
"bug" would be activated. The micro-
phone of the phone would then be turned
Into a transmitter which would transmit
over the phone line all sounds in the
room in which the rigged phone was lo-
cated. I might add, that the rigged
phone would not ring when dialed, and
if the person who was being bugged used
his phone, the device would automatical-
ly deactivate. In short, there was ab-
solutely no way to discover this bug
other than by physical Search.
Other devices of clever concealment
were shown. There were desk pen mikes,
attach?ases that were in reality small,
compact and efficient broadcasting and
recording studios, lapel mikes, mikes dis-
guised as cigarette packs, as desk sta-
plers, desk calendars, and picture frames.
The subcommittee was convinced, due
to the efficiency and size of these bugs,
that there is just about no way in which
they cannot be concealed in an everyday
object that we all have in our homes or
offices; and that there was no home or
office that did not contain ample locations
for such bugs that would provide a per-
fect place of concealment. In short,
this first day of hearings proved beyond
doubt the Orwellian capabilities of these
small electronic devices.
The next 4 days of hearings turned the
subcommittee's attention to activities in
the Post Office Department. While little
information was developed as to the use
of electronic bugs, the hearings did reveal
widespread use of another type of in-
vestigative technique with which, I for
one, have known and questioned for some
years. This technique is the mail cover.
By now, most of us are aware that a
mail cover consists of recording the in-
formation?the address, return address
and postmark?on the outside of an en-
velope. A mail cover does not include
opening first-class mail. The testimony
at the 4 days of hearings revealed Pos-
sible abuses of this investigative tech-
nique.
Mail covers are used to locate fugitives
or aid in the securing of evidence of
criminal acts involving the mails. This
was asserted repeatedly by postal offi-
cials. However, it was admitted that
mail of innocent citizens was often
caught in the cover of a suspect's mail.
The mail of an attorney and his client
could be covered. The mail of a suspect's
wife and children could be covered.
Anyone corresponding with someone sus-
pected of some improper conduct could
have his mail covered.
The lack of safeguards against abusive
use of mail covers also concerned the
subcommittee. There is, barring mis-
take, no way to determine whose mail is
covered at any one time. There were
no records kept of mail covers after
2 years, yet there were around 1,000 mail
covers placed each month. In addition,
fearing improper disclosure, the Post Of-
fice requested to be released from their
obligation to deliver a list of 24,000 names
that were subjected to mail covers over
the last 2 years.
The number, scope, and lack of records
in regard to mail covers prompted the
subcommittee to take immediate steps
to mitigate the chance for abusive use of
mail covers. The staff of the subcom-
mittee had several conferences with the
Postal authorities in regard to the cor-
rective steps necessary to protect the
mail of our citizens. The subcommittee
was particularly gratified with the coop-
eration given by Postmaster General
Gronouski.
Due to the candor and aid of the Post-
master General and the Office of General
Counsel, a tentative accord has been
reached on the use of mail covers. On
June 16, 1965, I placed into the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD, the new and more
rigid regulations regarding mail covers
issued by the Postmaster General.
I emphasize that this was a tentative
agreement. If further abuses occur or
these new regulations are ignored, the
Postmaster General understands that I
will renew my previous efforts to ban
mail covers outright. To this purpose S.
973 was introduced some time ago, and is
now, and has been pending before the
Post Office and Civil Service Committee.
In addition to mail covers, the subject
of the use of peepholes or observation
galleries were examined during these 1
days of hearings. In the major post of-
fices around the country, a system of ob-
servation galleries had been established
by which postal inspectors could spy on
the postal employees while at work.
These galleries extended throughout the
work areas, the swing or locker rooms?
men's and women's----and the men's
-toilets.
The postal officials at first claimed that
these galleries were essential to securing
inviolability of the mails. However,
after questions concerning the propriety
of such galleries and their actual effec-
tiveness in protecting the mails, the Post
Office Department issued new orders
blacking out the peepholes in the men's
toilet rooms and the women's shift rooms.
While some galleries remain in opera-
tion, we have assurances of the Postmas-
ter General that these remaining ones
are absolutely necessary to protect the
mails, and that no peeping at employees
while engaged in purely personal activity
will recur.
Throughout these 4 days of hearings,
the postal officials adamantly adhered to
their statement that no first-class mail
was or could be opened unless pursuant
to a search warrant or statutory directive
to the employees of the dead letter office.
However, one witness did testify that his
mail was opened. The postal officials
explained that this was an embarrassing
mistake that was completely uninten-
tional.
While preparing to inquire into an-
other agency's activities, the subcommit-
tee learned that the profession that the
inviolability and sacredness of first-class
mail rendered impossible the improper
opening of it was not quite accurate.
On April 13, 1965, the subcommittee
held hearings on what is now referred to
as "mail levies." Under dubious, if not
nonexistent, legal authority, a mail levy
involved the handing of all classes of
mail?including first class?over to the
Internal Revenue Service. IRS then
would levy on the contents of this mail
in order to collect delinquent taxes owed
by the addressee.
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July 30, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
aid not meet the deadline. We are hope-
ful that the Board will take favorable
action jo94.
At the semiannual meeting of the Deep
Fork Watershed Association on June 25,
one of the resolutions adopted urged the
construction of two reservoirs, a part of
the central Oklahoma project, as soon as
possible.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the resolution and attachments
be printed in the RECORD and appropri-
ately referred. I urge that the Com-
mittee on Public Works give them due
consideration.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion and attachments were ordered to be
Printed in the RECORD, and referred to
the Committee on Public Works, as
follows:
RESOLUTION BY DEEP FORK WATERSHED
ASSOCIATION
Whereas the approval of the central
Oklahoma project by the Rivers and Harbors
Board is expected momentarily; and
Whereas the construction of the Arcadia
and Wellston Lakes is a vital part of the
navigation feature of that project; and
Whereas the determination of the sites and
the acquisition of the necessary right-of-way
vitally affects the future plans and the econ-
omy of the Oklahoma City area; and
Whereas the U.S. Army Engineers District,
Tulsa Corps of Engineers, survey report as
revised on May 14, 1965, shows the annual
benefits from flood control alone, to be
$179,100 and $96,300, respectively, on the
Arcadia and on the Wellston Lakes, on a 50-
yeas basis; and
Whereas the same survey report shows the
annual benefits from recreation alone, to be
$217,000 and $165,400, respectively, on the
Arcadia and Wellston Lakes, on a 50-year
basis; and
Whereas the combined annual benefits
from the construction of both the Arcadia
and Wellston Lakes for flood control and
recreation together total $657,700 on a 50-
year basis and $751,500 on a 100-year basis;
and
Whereas the early construction of these
lakes would greatly improve and inspire up-
stream flood control: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Deep Fork Watershed
Association in its semiannual meeting at
Fountainhead Lodge on Lake Eufaula this
25th day of June 1965, urge our entire con-
gressional delegation, immediately upon
notice of the approval of said central Okla-
homa project, to seek immediate construc-
tion of the Arcadia and the Wellston Lakes.
ROBERT W. 13LACILSTOCK,
President.
cAnDrEir 0. DEAN"
Seeretary-Treasyrer,
AUTHORIZATION FOR COMMITTEE
ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
TO MAKE CERTAIN STUDIES AS TO
THE EFFICIENCY AND geONOMY
OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE
GOVERNMENT?REPORT OF A
COMMITTEE
Mr. MeCLELLAN, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 135) author-
izing the Committee on Government Op-
erations to. make ,pertain studies as to
the efficiency and econemy of the oper-
ations of the Government, which, under
the rule, was referred to the Committee
on Rules and Administration, as follows:
Resolved, That S. 54, Eighty-ninth Con-
gress, first session, agreed to February 8, 1965,
Is amended by striking out the a.raount
"$435,000" on page 6, line 4, and inserting in
lieu thereof the amount. "$465,000".
FUNDS FOR THE STUDY OF MAT-
TERS PERTAINING TO ECONOMY
AND EFFICIENCY OF FOREIGN AS-
SISTANCE ACTIVITIES I3Y THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?REPORT
OF A COMMITTEE
Mr. GRUENING, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 136) to pro-
vide funds for the study of matters per-
taining to economy and efficiency of for-
eign assistance activities by the Federal
Government, which, under the rule, was
referred to the Committee on Rules and
Administration, as follows:
Resolved, That section 4 of Senate Resolu-
tion 58, Eighty-ninth Congress, first session,
authorizing funds for the study of matters
pertaining to economy and efficiency of for-
eign assistance activities by the Federal Gov-
ernment, agreed to on February 8, 1965, be
amended by striking out "$57,000" and in-
serting in lieu thereof "$91,500".
FUNDS TO STUDY AND EVALUATE
THE Etov.b..CTS OF LAWS PERTAIN-
ING TO PROPOSED REORGANIZA-
TIONS IN EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF
THE GOVERNMENT?REPORT OF
A COMMITTEE
Mr. RIBICOFF, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 137) to pro-
vide funds to study and evaluate the ef-
fects of laws pertaining to proposed re-
Organizations in the executive branch of
the Government, which, under the rule,
was referred to the Committee on Rules
and Administration, as follows:
Resolved, That section 4 of Senate Resolu-
tion 56, Eighty-ninth Congress, first session,
authorizing funds to study and evaluate the
effects of laws pertaining to proposed reor-
ganizations in the executive branch of the
Government, agreed to on February 8, 1965,
be amended by striking out "$57,500" and in-
serting in lieu thereof "$88,000".
BILLS INTRODUCED
Mr. HOLLAND, by unanimous consent,
introduced a bill (S. 2346) to provide for
the conveyance of certain real property
of the Federal Government to the Board
Of Public Instruction, Okaloosa County,
Fla., which was read twice by its title and
referred to the Committee on Armed
Services.
(See the remarks of Mr. HOLLAND when
he introduced the above bill, which ap-
pear under a separate heading.)
? RESOLUTIONS
AUTHORIZATION FOR COMMITTEE
ON GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
TO MAKE CERTAIN STUDIES AS
TO THE EFFICIENCY AND ECON-
OMY OF THE OPERATIONS OF THE
GOVERNMENT
Mr. 1VIeCLELLAN, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 135) authoriz-
ing the Committee on Government Op-
18181
erations to make certain studies as to the
efficiency and economy of the operations
of the Government, which, under the
rule was referred to the Committee on
Rules and Administration.
(See the above resolution printed in
full when reported by Mr. MCCLELLAN,
which appears under the heading "Re-
ports of Committees.")
FUNDS FOR THE STUDY OF MAT-
TERS PERTAINING TO ECONOMY
AND EFFICIENCY OF FOREIGN
ASSISTANCE ACTIVITIES BY THE
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Mr. GRUENING, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 136) to pro-
vide funds for the study of matters per-
taining to economy and efficiency of for-
eign assistance activities by the Federal
Government, which, under the rule, was
referred to the Committee on Rules and
Administration.
(See the above resolution printed in
full when reported by Mr. GRUENING,
which appears under the heading "Re-
ports of Committees.")
FUNDS TO STUDY AND EVALUATE
THE EFFECTS OF LAWS PERTAIN-
ING TO PROPOSED REORGANIZA-
TIONS IN EXECUTIVE BRANCH OF
THE GOVERNMENT
Mr. RIBICOFF, from the Committee
on Government Operations, reported an
original resolution (S. Res. 137) to pro-
vide funds to study and evaluate the
effects of laws pertaining to proposed re-
organizations in the executive branch of
the Government, which, under the rule
was referred to the Committee on Rules
and Administration.
(See the above resolution printed in
full when reported by Mr. RIBICOFF,
which appears under the heading "Re-
ports of Committees.")
CONVEYANCE OF REAL PROPERTY
OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
TO THE BOARD OF PUBLIC IN-
STRUCTION, OKALOOSA COUNTY,
FLA.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I in-
troduce a bill to provide for the convey-
ance of certain real property of the Fed-
eral Government to the Board of Pub-
lic Instruction, Okaloosa County, Fla.,
for educational use.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be received and appropriately referred.
The bill (S. 2346) to provide for the
conveyance of certain real property of
the Federal Government to the Board of
Public Instruction, Okaloosa County,
Fla., introduced by Mr. HOLLAND, was
received, read twice by its title, and re-
ferred to the Committee on Armed Serv-
ices.
ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR OF BILL
Under authority of the order of the
Senate of July 19, 1965, the name of Mr.
RANDOLPH was added as an additional
cosponsor of the bill (S. 2303) to author-
ize payments to college students for sat-
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18182 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 30, 1965
isfactory undergraduate work, intro-
duced by Mr. HARTKE (for himself and
Mr. MCCARTHY) on July 19, 1965.
NC)TICE OF HEARING ON NOMINA-
TION OF OREN HARRIS, OF AR-
KANSAS, TO BE 'U.S. DISTRICT
JUDGE, EASTERN AND WESTERN
DISTRICTS OF ARKANSAS
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, on
behalf of the Committee on the Judi-
ciary, I desire to give notice that a pub-
lic hearing has been scheduled for Mon-
day, August 9, 1965, at 10:30 a.m., in
room 2228 New Senate Office Building,
on the nomination of OREN HARRIS, of
Arkansas, to be U.S. district judge,
eastern and western districts of Arkan-
sas, to fill a position created by public
Law 87-36, approved May 19, 1961.
At the indicated time and place per-
sons interested in the hearing may make
such representations as may be
pertinent.
The subcommittee consists of the Sen-
ator from North Carolina [Mr. Eavnql,
the Senator from Missouri [Mr. Loris],
the Senator from Illinois [Mr. DimsEar],
the Senator from Nebraska [Mr.
Hausxa], and myself, as chairman.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON S. 578
Mr. TIDINGS. Mr. President, as
chairman of the Subcommittee on Im-
provements in Judicial Machinery of the
Committee on the Judiciary, I wish to
announce that hearings will be held on
S. 578, a measure to provide means for
the disqualification of circuit judges for
bias or prejudice.
The hearings are scheduled for August
12, 1965, at 10 a.m., in room 2228, New
Senate Office Building. Any person who
wishes to testify or submit statements
pertaining to this measure should com-
municate with the Subcommittee on Im-
provements in Judicial Machinery.
ADDRESSRS, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE AP-
PENDIX
On request, and by unanimous consent,
addresses, editorials, articles, etc., were
ordered to be printed in the Appendix,
as follows:
By Mr. COOPER:
Editorial entitled "A Voice That Spoke to
All Humanity," paying tribute to Adla' Ste-
venson, published in the Louisville Courier-
Journal on July 15, 1965.
By Mr. MONRONEY :
Article entitled "The Research and Devel-
opment Pork Barrel," published in Science
for July 2, 1965, dealing with the selection
of a site for the proposed new National Ac-
celerator Laboratory,
By Mr. MUNDT:
Results of South Dakota poll favoring the
retention of right-to-work law, published in
the Sioux Palls 'der.
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. President,
on Wednesday last, the entire Nation
heard President Johnson present the de-
cisions 'Which he had reached in more
than a week of consultation and soul
searching concerning the present stage
of the war in Vietnam. It was a sober-
ing statement of our purposes and aims
and of determination to keep our com-
mitments at whatever costs the situation
demands, both now and the future.
I know that all Senators have in-
formed themselves on what the Presi-
dent said, even if they werennable, as I
was, to listen to the broadcast and tele-
cast of the news conference. Neverthe-
less, his decisions and his statements are
of very great importance. I ask unani-
mous consent to have printed at the con-
clusion of my remarks a succinct state-
ment of this Nation's position by Mr.
Roscoe Drummond.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi-
dent, it is impossible to predict how long
we may be involved in this dirty and dif-
ficult war in the steaming jungles of Viet-
nam, and it is impossible to know what
the costs to the Nation may become be-
fore the job is finished. Our course has
been set, however, and the people of the
country are resolved to support the Presi-
dent in the measures which will be nec-
essary. Great sacrifices will be required,
and we shall have many disappointments
before we have completed the task.
What we are engaged in, and have
been engaged in for almost 50 years, is a
global struggle which we must win if the
Nation as we know it today is to survive.
The war in Vietnam is only one more
fight in the larger effort, and it is a very
necessary one. We must not shrink from
the tasks which we face there, and the
President has made it clear that he in-
tends to continue the wise and patient
course he has been following, however
long it may take. His aim is still to have
peace and stability for the people of
Vietnam, rather than violent death and
destruction.
The Communist forces in Vietnam are
not coming to the conference table, how-
ever, until they have been defeated in
their military efforts to conque. South
Vietnam. There seems little disagree-
ment about this fact, even among those
who have tried repeatedly to persuade
the government at Hanoi to negotiate.
We face an arrogant and vicious enemy
and there is only one way and one place
to deal with him at the present time?
that is by force of arms on the ground
in South Vietnam and in the air over
North Vietnam.
We can hope that he, and his masters
in Peiping, will be soon convinced of the
utter futility of their effort to drive us
into the sea, and back across it in retreat.
Until that day comes, as a great and
proud Nation we have no alternative but
to meet the worst that the enemy can put
forth and teach him that we are not
afraid to fight even under such difficult
circumstances as we face in fighting a
war thousands of miles away and on ter-
rain largely of his choosing.
The North Vietnamese have stepped
up their military engagement in South
Vietnam by steadily increasing the flow
of men and arms into the country, and
by exercising more brutal methods of ex-
tracting what they need from the South
Vietnamese people?food and recruits.
They have, while the world looked on,
improved the weaponry they employ
against villages as well as armed men
by standardizing their "family" of arms
to ammunition manufactured only in
Communist countries, infiltrated by sea
and land in huge quantities.
They have overrun villages and dis-
trict capitals with several battalions of
regular troops, sometimes using innocent
persons as human shields as a deliberate
military tactic. They have, in terror at-
tacks in Saigon and other cities, killed
and maimed hundreds of Vietnamese
women and children along with a lesser
number of Americans, and hailed these
atrocities as great victories. The people
on whom these atrocities are being per-
petuated deserve our best efforts.
Ten years ago, or even five or less, it
was generally agreed that South Vietnam
deserved to remain independent and free.
Its right to do so was unrelated to its
form of government, social order, or the
people who governed it; that right was
based on the aspirations of its whole peo-
ple. It is no less so today.
To those who argue the United States
should withdraw from South Vietnam
rather than meet the challenge there, I
would ask, what has changed? What
was true in the past is no less true today
because the Vietnamese have faltered in
establishing stable government, or are
Inexperienced in rural administration,
or are suffering more this year than last
at the hands of Vietcong-North Viet-
namese military forces.
It was, and is, true that no segment
of the South Vietnamese population has
chosen to give up the fight and accept
domination from Hanoi and Peiping. No
popular South Vietnamese political lead-
er has chosen to join the so-called Lib-
eration Front, the political arm of the
Vietcong. The numbers of refugees from
Communist domination who have chosen
to abandon their lands and live in Gov-
ernment-protected areas is still in the
hundreds of thousands.
The important fact to remember, in
recalling the ups and downs of political
development in South Vietnam is that
none of the disputants for power chal-
lenges the country's resistance to Com-
munist aggression mounted from outside
its borders.
EXHIBIT 1
[From the Washington Post, July 30, 19651
VIETNAM DEFENSE?PRESIDENT STANDS FIRM
(By Roscoe Drummond)
The actions President Johnson is taking
to build up U.S. strength in the defense
of Souh Vietnam are inescapable. They are
wise actions because their goal is peace, not
war.
The President had no hard decision to
make this week. He had already made the
hard decision more than 3 months ago.
Everything we are now doing in Vietnam
flows from it.
The really hard, soul-searching, come-
what-may decision was made by Mr. John-
son on the eve of his April 7 address at
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. It
was embodied and embedded in these three
Incandescent sentences:
"We will not be defeated. We will not
grow tired. We will not withdraw"?until
peace is assured.
No further decision of policy or will or
commitment had to be made. All that re-
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July 30, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 18183
mained was to determine the moans to im-
plement that decision?larger U.S. forces
in Vietnam, larger draft calls, larger defense
budgets, and?in the end?"whatever is
necessarY."
Mr. Johnson rightly says that three Presi-
dents have givell their word that the United
States would help. But there is a difference.
It is not putting it too bluntly to say the
difference is this:
President Eisenhower decided to aid South
Vietnam.
President Kennedy decided to continue
aiding South Vietnam.
President Johnson decided to succeed in
aiding South Vietnam.
Because President Johnson is committed
to defending South Vietnam successfully
against the Communist use of force to take
over the country, "whatever is necessary"
to do it will be employed.
This is not a decision taken by the Presi-
dent alone. It is shared by Congress, which
approved the President's course earlier, and
will have to approve it again when more de-
fense appropriations are sought.
Ur. Johnson well knows there are misgiv-
ings and doubts and puzzlement about why
we are fighting in Vietnam. There couldn't
possibly be a harder decision for a President
to make than to send American soldiers into
combat when the Nation itself has not been
directly attacked.
When World War I and World War II came
to the shores of the United States through
the German IT-boats and at Pearl Harbor?
no painful decision of whether or not to re-
sist had to be made. It was automatic and
self-evident.
Now the President is asking the American
people to ponder carefully the lessons of
Munich and of Korea. The world invited
Hitler's terrible 'aggression by trying to buy
him off through appeasement. It didn't
work. It led to more aggression.
Before the Communist attack on South
Korea, we had withdrawn most of our forces
and left the door open to another aggression.
It came and, too late to avert it, President
Truman bravely decided it had to be re-
sisted.
Today the United States is helping defend
South Vietnam because we are applying the
grimmest, the most costly and the most cru-
cial lesson of war to date. It is that, if
aggression is not resisted?and resisted suc-
cessfully?when it begins, it will grow and
spread and the end result of failing to re-
sist will be worse..aggression, worse war, un-
der worse conditions.
To withdraw in the face of the aggression
against South Vietnam would mean only
that we would have to prepare for the next
aggression?and the next.
This is the lesson of Munich. This is the
lesson of World War H. This is the lesson
of Korea.
President Johnson is applying this lesson
to save lives, to avert worse war, and to find
the way to a safer peace.
NATIONAL AMERICAN LEGION BASE-
BALL WEEK?LEGISLATIVE REAP-
PORTIONMENT
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the joint resolution (S.J. Res. 66) to
provide for the designation of the period
from August 31 through September 6 in
1965, as "National American Legion
Baseball Week."
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, the
distinguished majority leader and I have
been endeavoring to establish a target
date for the disposition of the reappor-
tionment matter, which is the pending
business before the Senate. I believe we
have reached a tentative agreement with
respect to all amendments and substi-
-
tutes and the disposition of the joint res-
olution, all of which should come in a
single day. The Senate should remain
In session as long as necessary to dispose
of them. I wanted to direct that matter
to the attention of the distinguished ma-
jority leader to see whether he has any
comment to make upon it. It is neces-
sary to make certain that all Senators are
notified as to what will happen, so that
If they have other commitments, they
can cancel them and be present at that
time.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, in
response to the questions directed to me
by the distinguished minority leader, let
me say that we had an informal con-
ference this morning. We consulted cer-
tain interested Senators. We were pre-
pared today to propound a unanimous-
consent request by means of which the
Senate would convene at 10 o'clock on
Wednesday morning next and on that
day dispose of both the Javits amend-
ment in the nature of a substitute and
any amendments thereto and the Dirk-
sen amendment to the joint resolution, as
well.
Unfortunately, we have encountered a
few minor snags, which we believe can
be cleared up on Monday. At that time
we intend to propound a unanimous-con-
sent request along the lines I have just
outlined.
The purpose of serving as much notice
as possible is to put Senators on their
guard, so that they may, if they feel so
inclined, cancel all engagements for
Wednesday next so es to be present to
vote on this most important piece of pro-
posed legislation.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
majority leader yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. With the cooperation of
the leadership, it is my intention to make
my amendment in the nature of a substi-
tute the pending business the first thing
on Monday. I shall be prepared to debate
it from that point until whatever unani-
mous-consent agreement that is pro-
posed is agreed to. So far as I am con-
cerned, I have already agreed with the
leadership on my part of that unani-
mous-consent request.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
appreciate what the distinguished Sen-
ator from New York has just said. Sen-
ators who have other views on this sub-
ject have been most cooperative. They
had hoped very much to be able to enter
into a unanimous-consent agreement to-
day, but because of circumstances beyond
their control it is not possible to do so,
and that it is thoroughly understandable.
But Senators should be on notice that the
joint leadership will make such a request
on Monday along the lines sketchily out-
lined heretofore.
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, will
the distinguished majority leader yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. PROXMIRE. I deeply appreciate
the accommodation by the leadership.
Speaking for the Senator from Maryland
[Mr. TYDINGE], the Senator from Illinois
[Mr. DOUGLAS], and some of the other
Senators who have been strongly in op-
position to the Dirksen amendment, I
think--it should be made clear that while
some of us are anxious to press hard for
a prompt vote and to resolve the question
as soon as possible, there is a difference
of opinion. Some of our group are not
yet satisfied, so it is not certain that a
firm commitment can be delivered to
agree to the unanimous-consent request
on Monday. We hope to be able to do
so, and there is a good indication that
we can, but we wanted to make certain
that the leadership understood that we
cannot make a verbal promise or any-
thing of that kind now.
Mr. MANSFIELD We understand the
situation and appreciate it.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator from Montana yield further?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. The majority leader did
not confirm to me?and I would greatly
appreciate it if he would, because all
Senators would wish to be advised of
this, too?that, so far as the leadership
is concerned, there is no reason why it
would not be possible to make my
amendment in the nature of a substitute
the pending business on Monday.
Mr. MRKSEN. There would be no
objection.
Mr. MANSFIELD. There is no reason
why the Senator's amendment should
not be made the pending business on
Monday.
Mr. BASS. Mr. President, will the ma-
jority leader yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. BASS. Does the majority leader
anticipate any other business than this
on Monday?
Mr. MANSFIELD. At the moment,
none that I know of.
ENACTMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY
AMENDMENTS OF 1965
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, in a
few hours President Johnson will sign
the Social Security Amendments of 1965.
Many statements have been made in this
Chamber in recent days to indicate the
magnitude of the social legislation which
this afternoon will become the law of the
land.
During the course of the long debate
on the health insurance provisions, some
of the opponents raised grave doubts
about the possible injurious effect of the
legislation on hospital and medical serv-
ices.
In today's Wall Street Journal, Re-
porter Jonathan Spivak discusses the
positive and beneficial impact the new
law will have. It is a very useful article,
particularly in view of the Wall Street
Journal's editorial "Opposition to a Gov-
ernment Health Insurance for the Aged
Plan." I ask unanimous consent that
the the article be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MEDICARE'S IMPACT; OFFICIALS SEE PROGRAM
BRINGING GENERAL GAINS IN U.S. MEDICAL
CARE?CHARITY CASE DnoP MAY AID
HOSPITAL FINANCES; PRIVATE HEALTH BENE-
FITS COULD RISE?THE AMA QUIETLY CO-
OPERATES
(By Jonathan Spivak)
WASHINGTON.?If the goals of Government
health planners are realized, the Nation's
massive new medicare program will improve
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the quality and increase the quantity of med-
ical care for all the Nation's citizens, not just
the aged.
Besides paying for most of the oldsters'
hospital and doctor bills, the broader benefits
anticipated by the optimists from the health
insurance measure President Johnson plans
to sign today are these:
1. A major new source of cash for many
of the Nation's hospitals, enabling them to
acquire equipment and expand services for all
patients. Hospital administrators say the
financial strain of treating charity cases (the
aged, or other poverty-stricken) has ham-
pered efforts to offer improved services to
financially better off patients while inflating
the bills charged them. "We'll be able to
provide for more people," says one hospital
expert.
2. Speedier adoption by hospitals, county
medical societies, and other health groups of
arrangements to prevent unnecessary hospi-
talization and insure the most efficient use of
all local medical facilities. The duty of these
utilization review committees will be to OK
the need for prolonged hospital stays by
medicare beneficiaries. But Federal medical
men expect the groups to assume broader
burdens by studying the length of stays for
all of an institution's patients. The results
could reveal shortcomings that now frustrate
efficient hospital administraiton.
UNIFYING OTFIER PROGRAMS
3. Pressure to unify the Government's wide
array of health programs. Medicare will en-
courage each State to develop its own plan
for coordinating medicare with Federal pro-
grams that provide funds for such closely
allied purposes as constructing hospitals and
nursing homes, or training needed medical
personnel. Medicare will assign the major
responsibility for this task to the U.S. Public
Health Service and State health departments,
paying part of the cost and thus, the planners
hope, strengthening these often ignored
agencies.
4. Establishment of minimum national
standards for hospitals, nursing homes, and
organizations that provide medical services,
such as nursing aid, in the patient's home.
These requirements will be exceeded by many
Institutions, particularly those in metro-
politan areas, but in small towns and rural
areas medical standards and even the safety
of facilities may now be inadequate.
5. A lightening of the economic load on
nonprofit prepayment health plans and for
commercial insurance companies as the Gov-
ernment assumes responsibility for the high-
est health risks, the aged. Blue Cross esti-
mates it loses $1'75 to $200 million a
year by providing benefits for 5.5 million
oldsters who constitute 10 percent of its cus-
tomers. Medicare savings will ease the pres-
sure for Blue Cross premium increases and
might mean an actual increase in benefits
for members of plans that currently enroll
large numbers of the aged. Many commer-
cial companies, too, will be able to gracefully
get out of their unremunerative "65 plus"
business, Undertaken largely to forestall pas-
sage of medicare. But the Government will
make major use of private companies for
medicare's day-to-day operatitons, enabling
the firms to perform a public service without
financial risk.
TOUGH NEGOTIATIONS AHEAD
Such widespread benefits won't come
about automatically. Many perplexing prob-
lems medicare's administration remain to be
resolved. Months of negotiations lie ahead
between the Government and hospitals,
health groups and physicians.
But Federal officials are confident that or-
ganized medicine, which fought medicare so
vigorously, now will cooperate to make it work
well?if only because the program offers the
doctors assurance of payment from patients
who otherwise would be unable to afford
their regular fees. Indeed, despite threats
of nonparticipation from some State medi-
cal societies, the American Medical Associ-
ation has quietly created a committee to
help the Social Security Administration set
up the program. Its job is to find physicians
to advise the Government on medicare's
rules and regulations and serve on its high
level advisory panels: The health insurance
benefits advisory council and the national
medical review committee. Yesterday Presi-
dent held a friendly summit session with a
large group of AMA's top officialdom to smoke
the peace pipe, though specifics were not
discussed.
Now that the political strike is settled,
medicare planners are seeking to make par-
ticipation as painless as possible for the Na-
tion's 290,000 physicians. Uncle Sam will
try to keep paperwork and other extra de-
Mends on the doctor at a minimum. The
essential initial medical certification that a
patient requires treatment?necessary to
start most of the program's payments?may
be routinely handled by the hospitals.
Physicians won't even be required to commit
themselves in advance to serve all medicare
patients; they'll be allowed to pick and
choose.
NO U.S.-WIDE FEE SCHEDULE
There will be no fixed nationwide fee
schedules. The medicare standard of rea-
sonable charges means that prevailing fees
in each locality will be followed. "All we
are trying to do is to get the same shake for
the aged as the doctors give their other
patients," explains one Federal official. Deli-
cate dealings with the doctors on exorbitant
fees will be conducted under contract by
Blue Shield and private insurance companies,
not the Social Security Administration.
Medicare is actually divided into two pack-
ages. Part A, the so-called basic plan, covers
hospitalization, nursing home care, out-
patient diagnosis, and health services in the
home. Financed by compulsory increases in
social security taxes starting next January,
it will be automatically available to almost
all the aged over 65 years.
Part B, the supplementary plan, covers
physicians' fees (which are excluded from
the basic plan) and a variety of other medical
services in and out of institutions. Oldsters
must voluntarily select B and pay a $3
monthly premium, matched by a Govern-
ment contribution. It's thought 85 to 90
percent of the elderly will sign up for the
supplemental coverage.
Both plans will start July 1, 1966, though
nursing home coverage won't come into
effect until January 1, 1987.
As soon as the bill is signed, the Social
Security Administration will begin tackling
some 350 separate tasks, many of which must
be completed within 60 days, to ready the
administrative machinery for mid-1966 op-
eration. One of the major immediate efforts
will be to locate all of Medicare's potential
beneficiaries. SSA records in Baltimore
headquarters contain the current addresses
of 14.5 million oldester, who are now re-
ceiving retirement checks or other benefits.
But another 4.5 million persons 65 years and
over remain to he tracked down. Senior citi-
zens' groups, county welfare departments,
State and municipal hospitals, and other
agencies will all help in the hunt.
A month before medicare's benefits begin,
the SSA will mail a wallet-sized health in-
surance benefits card, containing an identi-
fication number and other information, to
everyone who is eligible. The card will help
Uncle Sam handle medicare's immense rec-
ordkeeping requirements. SSA computers
in Baltimore will probably maintain the
master file, showing eligibility, amount of
benefits used, payment of required deduc-
tibles, diagnostic details, and other essential
information on every medicare beneficiary.
However, the Blue Cross Association, which
will perform most of the daily administration
of plan A, serving as a buffer between the
Government and the hospitals, is also eager
to keep all the records. Blue Cross officials
insist it would be cheaper and more efficient
for the association to expand its existing
health recordkeeping arrangements, than for
Uncle Sam to start a new system. An un-
spoken objective is to insure the largest pos-
sible role for the voluntary organizations in
medicare, making future enlargement of Fed-
eral functions more difficult. But Govern-
ment experts are not persuaded by Blue
Cross' sales pitch, particularly because SSA
already has the computer capacity (three
IBM machines) and the expertise to handle
the job. '
THE MECHANICS
In current concept, medicare's machinery
would work this way: When sickness strikes
and a medicare patient is hospitalized, he
would flash his health insurance benefits
card as immediate evidence of eligibility.
Through one of SSA's 600 district offices, the
hospital would query the central computers
in Baltimore to find out exactly what bene-
fits the patient is entitled to (some medicare
coverage could have been exhausted during
a previous spell of sickness) . SSA would
reply in 24 to 48 hours. At this point Blue
Cross, or whatever intermediary organization
Is involved (the Kaiser Foundation health
plan on the west coast might be one) would
take over the details of bill payment and all
other direct dealings with hospital or medi-
care patient.
A somewhat more complicated eligibility
system would be required for plan B, since
the doctor bill coverage will not come into
play until the patient has paid $50 in medical
charges himself. The aged will probably
have to keep track of their own medical bills,
although eventually SSA experts envision the
Baltimore computers taking over this task,
too.
After the initial deductible, plan B pays
80 percent of the doctor bill, while the pa-
tient pays the other 20 percent. A doctor
would have two alternatives in his billing.
To avoid taking medicare money directly, he
could bill his patient for any amount he
wished. The patient would have to come
up with the cash and then recoup 80 per-
cent of the reasonable charge from the Gov-
ernment (which, of course, might be less
than the physician's actual bill).
BLUE SHIELD POLICE
But if the doctor is more cooperative, he
will agree to accept a medicare check for 80
percent of his services and bill the patient
only for the 20 percent remaining. The sec-
ond system is much desired by medicare's
managers, since it keeps a tighter rein on
physicians' fees and eases the payment prob-
lems of beneficiaries.
Either way SSA would not deal directly
with the doctors. Commercial insurance
companies or nonprofit medical payment
plans, either Blue Shield or the group health
organizations such as the health insurance
plan of Greater New York, would be assigned
the task of policing physicians' fees and a
multitude of other daily duties. SSA ex-
pects to have one such carrier in every State
or major geographical area; their adminis-
trative efficiency will be compared. Many
health experts believe the key to controlling
the costs of plan B will be to detect and
deter the $5 and $10 bill padding, rather
than a few outrageously large overcharges.
To keep close current tabs on all medicare
costs, social security actuaries will scrutinize
extra carefully the expenditures for a small
sample of 15,000 to 20,000 beneficiaries. By
this method, it's hoped fiscal trends affecting
the entire program will be detected in
months, rather than years.
Many medicare details remain to be worked
out. Nationwide principles for repaying hos-
pitals for treating medicare patients will be
negotiated by the Government and the Amer-
ican Hospital Association, which represents
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July 30, 1965 CONGRtSSIONAL RECO M) ?SENATE 18189
pointed aisistant district administrator fOr ' room equipment and teaching xi-Aerials. qualified U.S. Public Health Service special-
public affairs. Policies have been changed to provide for 1st. I am happy to welcome Dr. Delmar
, This year Mr. Bailey Olter, adviser to the English as the medium of instruction in Ruthig, of the U.S. Public Health Service who
U.S. delegation to the U.N. Trusteeship Conn- all grades and in all schools where competent is with us today as a guest of the Congress.
Cil and a Members of this congress, was ap- teachers are available or will become avail- There is an especially bright spot in our
pointed assistant ilistrict administrator for able in the future, medical program that I am happy to report.
public affairs in Ponape. The position of To make this policy effective and to im- In 1964, an intensive program was initiated in
political affairs officer on My staff was filled prove standards of teaching, a radical de- the territory to immunize every Micronesian
by a Palauan, Mr. Raymond Ulochong. A parture from previous policy has been the citizen against smallpox, diphtheria, whoop-
- Pala-Lien graduate of the George Washington recruiting of American teachers. Last year ing cough, tetanus, typoid, paratyphoid and
University Law School, Mr. Kaleb Udui, was there were 123 American teachers in the poliomyelitis, as well as BOG for tuberculosis.
appointed to the position of assistant at- public elementary schools of Micronesia and The department of public health reports
torney general and has served very capably this fall others will be added to the staff, that the program has been completed or will
as acting attorney general on several occa- At the same time, we are carrying obt an be completed this month in the districts of
ions.. Very recently, Mr. Manuel T. Sablan, intensive program for the further training the Mariana Islands, Palau and Yap; that it
of the Marianas, was appointed to the newly of Micronesian teachers, including special is 75 to 80 percent complete in Truk and
created position of assistant director of pub- summer training sessions in all districts, and Ponape; and that it is completed in the
lic safety. Our director of sanitation, as in 1963 we opened a new Teacher Training Marshall Islands district center and Elaeye.
you know, is Mr. Nachsa Siren of Truk. , Institute in connection with the Pacific Is- The program has been delayed in the outer
These are but examples of how Microne- lands Central School in Ponape under the islands of the Marshall district because of
Edens, have been moving to higher levels of supervision of educators from the University logistics problems but will be launched there
administration. This upgrading process is of Hawaii. Here, in the last 2 years, a total soon.
operating on all 'levels at the most rapid of 133 Micronesian teachers have had from 1 The problem of transportation in the fer-
rate possible. ?to 2 years of intensive training. For 1965-66 flung area of the trust territory is difficult,
Other recommendations of the 1961 visit- enrollment will be approximately 45. as we all know, but an adequate system of
ing United Nations mission that have been When increased appropriations became transportation is essential, not only to the
carried out are, as you know: the transfer available 2 years ago, we started a major Micronesian people and the administration,
of the administration of Saipan, Tinian and school construction program. Since then, but also as a necessary infrastructure for the
the other northern Mariana Islands from the we have built a total of 250 classrooms, all territory's economic development.
Navy to the Department of the Interior; the of them of permanent construction, most Four years ago, air transportation was so
Uniting of these islands with Rota to form of them from cement block, and all of them inadequate as to be a serious handicap in
One district; and the moving of the head- modernly equipped. The crash program to the work of the administration. We w, re en-
quarters of the administering authority to improve elementary education has been con- tirely dependent on three amphibious planes
a site within the trust territory, fined largely to areas of concentrated popu- with limited passenger and cargo capacity
The 1961 mission recommended renewed lation but will be extended during this corn- and the phrase, "I've been bumped," was a
vigorous attempts to reach a settlement with ing fiscal year to the outlying islands, common complaint throughout the trust
the foriner residents of Kwajalein for the We have made comparable strides in im- territory.
Use of their land as a U.S. defense base. Af- proving and enlarging opportunities in sco-
ter 18 years Of negotiations Which had proved ondary and advanced education. In 1961 In 1961 plans were initiated for a major
fruitless, We did, in fact, reach a settlement there was one public high school in the en- undertaking, the change from a water-based
of this issue early in 1964. The mission rec- tire Trust Territory; today, there are six to a land-based operation. Although one of
omrnencled that Urgent attention be given to public high schools, one in each district, the amphibious craft was replaced by a DC-1
the payment of compensation for damages Enrollment has increased from 150 students with five times the carrying capacity, which
suffered several years before by the people of in 1961 to 1,980 students last year and we has eased the transportation problem, long-
Rongelap from nuclear fallout. The U.S. are expecting an enrollment of 2,500 this range plans called for the construction of
Congress has recently approved funds for year. In addition, two junior high schools three new airfields, a costly and time-consum-
generous payments to the people of Ronge- have been built in the subdistricts of Ulithi ing project. Two of these airfields have been
lap and it will soon be my pleasure to dis- and Kusaie, which will start senior high constructed and are now in use, and work has
:burse these payments. - school classes this fall, been started on the third. When it is corn-
Perhaps the most severe criticism of trust Opportunities for advanced education have pleted, we will have a basic interdistrict air-
territory program's by the- 1961 visting mis- also increased. In 1961, there were 56 stu- lines operation, which, with the addition of
Won was'in the field of education, and it is dents in college on Trust Territory govern- new aircraft as needed, will be capable of
In this field as you know that the adminis- ment scholarships. This fall the total will be handling any traffic that may be required in
tering authority has placed its greatest em- 171, including 43 in premedical and pare- the foreseeable future.
phasis. We have as a matter of fact, un- medical training. We have made comparable improvement
dertaken an entirely new approach to edu- This will bring to a total aproximately in sea transportation. Four years ago the
cation that goes far beyond the changes 300 Micronesian students in institutes of frequency of shipping service to the district
Which the mission recommended, higher learning, including about 15 District centers was from 21/2 to 3 months. Today,
In short, every major problem area except Congress scholars, a limited number on we have shipping service between Palau-Yap-
one noted by the 1961 visiting mission by way grants from outside institutions and ap- Guam-Saipan every 2 weeks and to the
of criticism or recommendation has been re- proximately 100 students who will attend other districts every 4 weeks, with our ships
solved or accOnipiished. during the past 4 college on their own resources or through carrying copra to Japan and returning with
years, the one exception being the matter of a combination of administration and pri- merchandise on the same schedule.
securing settlement of claims for war dam- vete assistance. Shipping service within districts is also
ages against Japan, and on this issue the In the field of medical and health services, being improved. A new 65-foot vessel is
U.S. Government is still trying to reach an increasingly more funds and efforts have providing regular cargo and passenger service
agreement. ' been expended. Funds for health services in the Truk lagoon area and two new vessels,
Does this mean all our problems have been have been quadrupled, from $583,901 in 1961 the Yap Islander and the Truk Islander, will
resolved? No indeed, it does not; for in to $2,120,000 for the fiscal year just ended, be added to the Trust Territory fleet within
public and governmental affairs, as in life Two new hospitals, in Saipan and Palau, a few weeks.
itself, nothing is static, nothing stands still, were built and in operation by the end of As for economic development, a big step
As you know, another mission traveled 1962, and one at Majuro was completed a was made a year ago with the opening of the
through the territory last year and in its few months later. In 1961 funds were alio- Van Camp Seafood Co. fisheries plant
report noted areas requiring attention. That cated for a new hospital in Truk compar- in Palau. Last year the company exported
report, however, was notable for its favor- able to the one in Saipan, but construction fish valued at $291,000. Van Camp now has
able comment on the progress of the preced- was not started. The funds have been car- 12 boats, and is planning an immediate
ing 3 years and its chairman stated to the ried over to the new fiscal year and we ex- quarter-of-a-million dollar expansion of their
assembled trusteeship council that "the hum pact construction to begin soon. Palau plant to increase capacity from 1,500
of activity can be heard throughout Micron- Since 1961 we have recruited six doctors tons to 2,000 tons. The same company has
esia." And the hum is louder today than it with full medical degrees, one for each dis- requested a lease with tentative plans of
was then. trict, to provide on-the-spot assistance and opening a fisheries in Truk. Preliminary in-
Let me summarize some of the progress advice to the Micronesian medical officers. vestigations have also been made by other
we've made since 1961 in the development of Most significant was change in policy in companies interested in fisheries operations
the terrilory's human and material resources. 1962 to provide full medical training for in the area.
As ; 0.14 q iiiipment ago, we have Under- future Micronesian doctors. A good example of how economic develop-
taken ah .entirely new approach in the field To help us analyze our particular health ment multiplies opportunities once it gets
of education, problems and to strengthen the organize- started in a fertile community, is found in
First, we have assumed full responsibility tion of our department of public health, Palau. Not only are local fishermen on the
for the payment of teachers' salaries and for with a view of insuring the best possible Van Camp payroll, but a group of enterpris-
the ennstruction' and financing of school health services for the people of Micronesia, ing Palauans, with the Van Camp Co.
buildings as wen as the provision of class- I have requested the services or a highly providing a market for their catch, have
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18190 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 30, 1965
started their own fisheries company and op-
erate a fleet of seven fishing Vessels.
We have recently signed a 2-year contract
with a leading economic development con-
sulti.ag firm, which will prepare an inventory
of assets, liabilities, and opportunities in
Micronesia to be used in creating a long-
range integrated development program. At
the same time, the firm will help in arrang-
ing for the development of immediate action
projects. Whether or not the Micronesian
economy can be developed to a self-support-
ing level is a question that has been debated
at length over the years and one that may
well be answered by the work of this consult-
ing firm.
We are attempting to provide Micronesia
with "economic boots" through Government-
sponsored pilot economic development proj-
ects and loans to local companies through
the Economic Development Loan Fund. But
let us not make the mistake of assuming
that Micronesia can pull itself up by its own
economic bootstraps. No developing coun-
try in the world has been able to do so and
thus we must also carefully weigh the ad-
vantages of controlled outside capital invest-
ment for there are many benefits to the
local economy from such investment and
from joint commercial enterprises between
local and outside interests.
This finishes my sormnary of progress in
our major programs, but strides that are
equally important have taken place in many
other activities. Credit unions and producer
cooperatives have grown at a rapid pace.
In the last 4 years we have started adult
education programs in every district. There
has been a tremendous increase in the num-
ber of Micronesians taking refresher courses
or receiving training in skilled trades in
many parts of the world. Experimental
projects have been conducted in many new
crops, including rice in Ponape, ramie fiber
in Palau, coir fiber in Truk, the production
of cacao in Ponape, Truk, Palau and Yap, and
pepper in Ponape. Last year a beef cattle
project was started in the Marianas District,
with 55 Santa Gertrudis heifers imported
from the United States to form the founda-
tion breeding herd. In Saipan, a local farmer
has recently leased 1,380 acres of land for a
cattle-growing enterprise. The beginning
of a modest tourist trade is evident in two
or three districts. More and more girls are
entering school and assuming places of lead-
ership in their communities. The employ-
ment rate is rising. People are beginning to
build good solid homes for themselves and
they are opening up grocery stores, filling
stations, motels, hotels, restaurants, and
other business enterprises. Four years ago
only two districts had banking facilities;
today there are banks in every district but
Yap and I am hopeful a bank can be e,stab-
lished there in the near future. In 1.961
there were radio broadcasting stations in two
districts; now there is one in each of the six.
These activities are sure signs of prosperity
and a growing economy. Yet there is a tre-
mendous job that remains to be done. Many
of the problems we face might be described as
being typical of any growing but under-
developed economy. In many cases, present
resources are inadequate to meet the needs
of the moment. But in other areas, our
problems are peculiar to islands like these in
Micronesia separated as they are by vast
stretches of ocean. One of our most chal-
lenging problems and one that will require a
bold and imaginative approach lies in im-
proving living conditions, in supplying ade-
quate medical services and educational op-
portunities for people in the more remote and
thinly populated islands of the Territory.
Then, again, in the whole area of housing,
we have hardly made a start. In the past our
communities were built on the old "base"
idea, with modern housing and utilities for
administration activities and personnel. Now
we must- begin to expand powerplants and
sewerage systems and water facilities. The
time has come for town and community
planning, and the building of modern, low-
cost homes that people can afford to buy.
Our road system must be rehabilitated and
extended.
These are but a few of our problems. Yet,
if an economy is growing as ours is, problems
can be minimized quickly. In the next few
days I will be presenting to you legislative
proposals within some of these problem areas
for your consideration and action, many of
which you are familiar with and probably
have considered solutions. One of these
which concerns the Congress itself is the
need for better delineation of the functions
and responsibilities of municipal and district
government in relationship to the authority
of the new Congress.
So far I have not mentioned the overall
budget, which is the lifeblood of all these
operations that I have been discussing. I
would remind you at this time that one of
your chief responsibilities will be the review
of the budget program as it relates to the
appropriation which we receive from the
Congress of the United States and the devel-
opment of a supplemental budget program
for expenditure of local revenues.
With July 1, 1965, we began a new fiscal
year, which will run until June 30, 1966. The
Congress of the United States has passed our
new appropriation in the amount of $17,344,-
000, plus an estimated $1,200,000 in reim-
bursements and local revenues for a total
funding of $19,544,000. In 1961, our total
appropriation was less than $8 million.
In conclusion, I am sure you are aware
that we have reached a point from which
there is no turning back. We must go for-
ward with what we have and strive to do our
best. Just about a month ago, Ambassador
Frank Corner, the distinguished representa-
tive of New Zealand in the Trusteeship Coun-
cil of the United Nations, said:
"One of the great watersheds is the estab-
lishment of a national legislature, freely
elected and armed with at least a minimum
of powers."
He noted that once this step is taken?
once this watershed has begun its plunge into
-the future?it is decisive and irreversible.
He was speaking specifically of the Congress
of Micronesia. He spoke in a friendly, opti-
mistic way. The free world itself Is optimis-
tic about the Congress of Micronesia, and the
free world expects much of it.
It is now time to begin work, aria I again
pledge the wholehearted cooperation -of the
administering authority and the administra-
tion with the efforts which you initiate.
Perhaps it is not inappropriate to reflect at
this point on the words of the late Presi-
dent Kennedy when he said in his inaugural
address, "Ask not what your country can do
for you but rather ask what you can do for
your country." I wish you the best possible
success and gods
EDWARD P. AN ON VIETNAM
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, Edward
P. Morgan, of the American Broadcasting
Co., has been on a trip to Vietnam and
other Asian countries, and has made
some extremely thoughtful broadcasts
during his travels. Mr. Morgan has pro-
vided much convincing evidence that
meeting the threat of the Vietcong in
South Vietnam will require much more
than military effort, but extensive politi-
cal, economic, and social effort as well,
especially on the part of the Saigon gov-
ernment.
I ask unanimous consent to have the
text of Mr. Morgan's broadcast of July
26 printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the text of
the broadcast was ordered to be printed
In the RECORD, as follows:
Hone Konc.?The escalation of the Ameri-
can war effort in Vietnam, controlled and
gradual as it has been, is reaching the point
of no return, and the jagged conditions of
combat beyond that point may tear all our
other efforts to make this a stable, prosper-
ing land, into shreds. This is the terrible
dilemma we face. It swings more sharply
into focus somehow, from the near-distance
of Hong Kong, than from headquarters in
Saigon.
Unless we increase our military commit-
ments, the war will be lost. At this juncture
it is not a question of total victory, an utter-
ly meaningless phrase, but of preventing the
losses from getting worse. The South Viet-
namese forces are simply not strong enough
now?they do not have the trained man-
power reserves to repulse the increasingly
bold lunges of the Communist Vietcong on
their own. The tragic and almost inevitable
prospect is, that as we increase our material
assistance in men, money, and machines,
we compound the problem.
Over an excellent meal, with Vietnamese
sole, Japanese salmon, and white Italian wine
from Orvieto in a French restaurant in Sai-
gon the other day, one shrewd observer put
it this way: "South Vietnam is like a boat
sailing down the Mekong River and being
fired on from both banks. If 12 guns are
fired from the right bank, the vessel takes
on 12 guns to neutralize them. If 12 now
open up from the left bank, another dozen
cannons are hoisted aboard to match them
Before ever reaching the mouth of the river,
the boat is sinking. South Vietnam is sink-
ing under too much American advice, man-
power, even equipment and other aid, be-
cause there are not adequate knowing hands
to administer them properly."
Two other items bear in on the point of
the problem like a burning glass. Even at
the lowest level of assistance, two people
who don't speak the same language, but are
engaged in the exchange of aid, need an in-
terpreter to get any real understanding and
effect from, say, a new process to raise pigs
or poultry. When help is pouring in like
a flood from the American cornucopia, in-
volving everything from military advice to
chicken feed and chewing gum, the need
for understanding soars stratospherically.
But the supply of competent interpreters
is long since exhausted.
There is not adequate communication be-
tween U.S. officials and their Vietnamese
counterparts. True, more interpreters are
being trained, but the need is now. Ameri-
can personnel are being escalated far faster
than language experts.
And there is the matter of the truck driv-
ers. In the beginning, when the U.S. mis-
sion was a handful of people, as American
handfuls go, there were enough Vietnamese
drivers to go around. If one of them hit a
child or a bicycle, it was a local affair. Now,
as the mechanical mastodons and litter
transport are unloaded and roar away from
the dock, not native, but American drivers
are at the wheel and every accident becomes
an international incident, if not in court,
at least in the anguished mind of the Viet-
namese victim.
There is still another point, intangible but
penetrating. It is a mood?a frame of mind.
United States-South Vietnamese relation-
ships have been singularly devoid of such
deprecating American epithets as "kooks"
or "slopehead." This partly because the
Americans, with some exceptions, have been
dedicated experts, trained and sophisticated
in special roles_ It is also partly due, one
suspects, to the difficulty of making degrad-
ing wisecracks about a race whose dainty
women are among the most devastatingly
beautiful in the world. But now, with a vast
influx of manpower, that happy situation is
bound to change, because the sensitive ex-
Approved For Release 2003/11/04: CIA-RDP67600446R000300190003-6
Approved For Release 2003/11/04: CIA-RDP67600446R000300190003-6
July 30, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 18191
pert win be drowned in a wave of average
guy. "4" things Om!, banes) in war-
time, but they mats mountains. not mels-
hilts, In Vietnam. became It Is not a proper
war.
The Vietcong have mently become mom
savage in their treatment cg the peasants, as
If they have deckled to eahnittite terror for
persuasion In an effort to win the mind* and
hearts of the Iftetaanesee, re tbe saying gees.
But their Milo strategy. imedeBreable m-
oans Mast. though not unanimously, le not
to conquer the country by brute anti ter-
rooming tome. but to dentroy the glialdnal
Army Materna, which they have elmoet dame.
And then force ealgon to a political settle-
ment on Communist term.
One higbly oontrovendal tioinater to inlets
Movie Would be to ablinclan territory In the
southern Mekong Delta Ind niewhere. fait
Instance, which the guerillas now almost to-
ndo ?mitred anyway, and ettnnentrate then
on some rural area and such urban mufti.
trations as Sidgoo, as a bade for a viable
society which could then gradually reeft
out, and dowly stabilise the met of the onui-
try. aro atlii lighting the war on Viet-
cong term. not 021 our tomes.
not a noes parson r talked to in 2 evoke
untgnment in Vietnam. wan.ted the Ameri-
cans to peck up and go bawls. A aenlital
concern le whether the Ingle leak ot NMI
justice we have email* Vol% 1111 tram
under a ramelve buildup for e Thaleire clack
in cicala warfare.
All le not tad. But if Waiddlickat le not
swam at the fragile eabiletlee or the situ-
ation, it soon could Isis led.Tee Aliened'
'unite" ? competent Metal cguenred,21 vo
regard maim as an ellitInagelitil Prang&
If you need more mattress. you peat to
Inane mimosa. World Was I and Wand
War IT and in it Weal ems, be add. woree,
were won and ended that way. But that Is
? not the ame bee& It tan worldng and won't
work In the Ark* Mime In Vietnam
Lot Use adlitery spin their Whale
the OCardittlhilitill.11rhOlitl they 8en,
north and south, but lege gni on
the job at training them pawls to
their eons] motution as they'll have
thing when ggliging for.
Thle 21lidieerd P. Morgen
night frau& Mar Bong.
PROPOCIED SAL* Olv IMO=
MANIA
Mr. *ARMPIT. W. President, the
regional forester of the Alaska region of
the Toren Service has annoimoed a me-
Poen to aell 5.750 minkm Wird-feet of
timber from the Tonga's National Pored
in a 60-year timber male. Illee propped
tale Sill *elude timber Meade on por-
tions of the Alaska mainland south of
Juneau, the wed side at ite-dty Is-
land, and two areas north of ZUheall, in
the vicinity of Yakutat.
purpose behind this lame Umber
offering hi to obtain en additional wood-
using industry in Anoka. If achieved,
the timber Bele and its related maim-
f &auntie facilities will maks It possible
to place a large additional area of the
Tongan National Forme under intensive
multiple-use management. The Umber
sale contract will require that there be
Installed, in the vicinity of the sale, a
pulpmill or wood-using complex includ-
ing pulp manufacture that Is capable of
using the predominantiy pulp grade of
timber found in Alaska.
lug the wildlife. recreation, and water re-
sources within the operating area. Sne-
ak* contract demos will provide for
the prevention mai embed of erosion on
the logged areas, end prevention of sedi-
mentation and *Outdo of dreams and
lakes. Other clauses will Provide for
With' oars in Meth* and road build-
ing near feeding Mind used by waterfowl
or brown bear; the protection of
esthetic values in arms of mime scenic
beauty; the prevention and control of
*nest fink end the protection cg salmon
Althenith it Is eironomid that the con-
tract will contain requirements for In-
stalling a pulpinin, acme 211 percent or
More of the timber may be used more
effectively for conversion to !tether and
plywood and the purchaser may elect to
Install faitilittes for this purpose.
Minkniun acceptable stunting. rates
WM be determined by an apprelmal which
will soadder timber quality, met of
lofting Operations, arid value expected
to be niesteed. Threogb competitive
bidding, peosessenve pike:haws may
rano this apneubsod stumpage price.
Periodleany, stumpage rad will be ree
determined to reelect changing cage end
values.
The timber beirvesting program on the
National lectesits GC Alaska 1 betted on
a candid inventory of the forest resource
and Its ommeeltw to produce future wood
elMenes. All harvesting schedules are
eieloulated to provide cutting rates that
can be sustained indefinitely.
Detained mammal plans will specify Um-
* ta Os renoved. Mess to be left uncut
retbotlinominent of other reeouroee,
les be emiplined In timber
mama for prolectian of son wad water
WSW IFNI Other Orovhions elenelLarY
for the dieretoeday logging egonttion.
der m ems omennita. seneoesseee meant
IPI swam
Ale** it hyllier Iflitte. It has an
abundant* of COMM Miotatein Men
Offer. it ea* hotieleth &level Of PresPerit1
NM wen-bonne la this with Its cepabni-
ties With Ile renames are managed for
Mina= prodestion and directed into
orderly channels of use. The fisheries
Indularn leen an important =Linday to
the ffitaten someenly. * now at a fakir
____level of production. Tbe sain-
hie indostcy has shown ktne meant
growth except in oil production. How-
ever, the past several years ihnite seen
recreation nee burgeon ni Alaska and the
rtresUost induetm. promises to be an
eevp.os1 baiter to the State'm
The timber Industry baseborn growth
and stability dining the Pe* decade. In
1964, large-scale thnber proceining came
into being with construction of the
setchikan Pulp Co. mill. This was soon
followed by the Alaska Lumber b Pulp
Co. plant at Wks. Alaska's timber prod-
ucts, when developed On a large-scale
basis, are competitive with Pacific North-
west timber In the eastern ilitateA and
Pacific rim markets. Timber Is a renew-
able resource which provides constant
year-round employment, Timber Indus-
The thriber will be said to the highest tiles are stable Industries and they bund
qualified
contains c rovislons fo protect-
ZVAtkrriennIdeftrikbit base.
Alaska nerds dental inyestildenta In
stable, long-term industries that use and
convert Its natural resources Ingto mar-
ketable products. This timber sale
offering Is a Proemial to interest new
capital in Alaska. It le mound* based
upon ousteined-yield production of a
natural retionren It recognise' the Im-
portant companion resources that are
easocisted with Umber in the !Meets aC
coastal Alaska and provides for protect-
ing them Ultimately, it will enhance
their mahlitte by lending oupport to
multiple-use transpcatatiou systems.
CONTBOVINIZAL AMPIOCTS or ens reareast.
There are game who question the
desirability of developing and using the
timber regime:es of Magna. They are
geiTuinely sincere people who strongly
$PI*'edlatC untrammeled wilderness and
the wildlife that is aseociated with It.
They feel that the nmeinIng undevel-
oped areas of the country should be
preserved for the use of people who share
their feelings. They ace appalled by the
site ann oomplexity of logging operations
and the harsh influeticas these opera-
tions exert upon an otherwise stable
foetid situation. They are not familiar
with the regeneration requirements of
levee and believe the t even the most
solitridly conceived logging operation that
renitrfee mature stands of trees le
fideradatien" and "rape" end they refer
to It, hi that Manlicr. They do not
believe that the multiple-tese principle
Is meth* or desirable except as At pro-
vides intuitions of ne Lunn beauty and
attlitude.
-Them viewpoints represent a type
thinking that is not uncoMmon,
flew-
,V,r,.,tbe wide expansee in Mask& Provide
for other uam as well is
beauty and solitude and. If this new
Stats Is tel grow and prosper. Wootton-
Wee mud be used to ha.rnees its
alternative to Untouched
ii not devastation and ruin.
U$ e of *lest resoureek
Umatilla' Of tiMber, can be Men
to ens c% acres of national forest
land in the United States.
Some may esk if there is a need to
harvest end tprocem this timber, much
of Which wit be exported to the
rim Odintrlee Timber growth to the
Otateo .now exceeds ne-
requiremeuts. Why should we be
ennonfried with suienving foreign mar-
? Antibes entry Into the Union of
places responnbnity on it to de-
vpop resources and people and be-
come oetf-ouppoi Ling. Granting state-
hood to Made placed it on an equal
statue with all other States. 'nhis means
that Ala/Jiang must participate in the
Wetness *entities that have been the tile
blood of the commerce of other states.
means converting the resource; of
Aliens Into useful goods that can be
Marketed at a profit In other Stones and
countries. In the United States there are
few hindrances to bit:allege with other
States and with foreign nationals and
this Same freedom to engage In com-
merce and to build and grow should be
enjoyed by Alaskans.
leaLnnet nitiespread log1flg till
InOWIWIft Spawning pOtsrlUals
Of dreams and will have an advents ef
I I "
I 8206
Approved For Relumagg16014AELAMB3.110giffiln300190003-6 30, 196:)
Under this agreement the United
Mates is lending $35 million toward the
initial financing of the Central American
Fund for Economic Integration, which
will be supported by an initial contribu-
tion of $7 million from the five Central,
American Republics. The Fund's total
resources of $42 million, which will be
administered by the Central American
ifenk for Economic Integration, will be
osed to finance regienal projects in the
public 'lector to benefit?without regard
to national boundaries?all the people
,11. the five Republics.
In this way the regional territory will
he served by new roads crossing national
houndariee and classified as "Central
American roads": countries with surplus
letwer will share this resource with less
fortunate neighbors; industrial parks
will be built to promote industrial de-
velopment in the Central American
Common Market area: and the Funds
resources will also enable the member
countries to finance other mutually
beneficial projects.
Largely throught the efforts of the
Central American Common Market, old
trade barriers have been leveled, and
trade has increased dramatically among
its members.
In 195$ such intrareldonal trade
amounted to onl3r $20 Million; in 1904 It
had grown to over $105 Million
As a result of this outstanding record
el increased trade, an active and coin-
pettily') business sector has developed.
The gross national product of the can-
rice involved in rising at an average rate
of close to Percent Per Year.
This loan should give aubstantlid addi-
tional Impetus to the growth and well-
being of these email Central American
countries, who, through economic MIRY,
are achieving economic and metal prog-
ress which indIvidualle they Would find
Impossible.
I commend Preaident Johnson's
thoughtful comments at the signing Of
ibis historic document to our colleagues'
attention, and ask unanimous consent
that they be printed in the Rue= at
this point In my remarks.
There being no objection, the cora-
menus were ordered to be printed in the
Reopen. as follows:
stesemes or mem PRIPSESSINT AT rex finirosto
or TPLS "ma Mnetore Lome ire este Carnet.
Anzazoin Besot mos BODSIOnte Derrosa-
-110N
inetin.guntsed guests. members of the
oiplornatte corps, Members of Oongrem. I
regret that these days and nighie I ern
oaiialty an hour late and a dollar short, but
it in good to finally be here with you, and
title House is honored today by the presence
duch diettremiehed company I am deeply
privileged to extend to each of you a very
warm welcome
For ill Arnerkans of all the An:era-se
oeiay is a very protrd occasion. 1 believe we
reetiee the real meaning or this moment as
much more than just signing the papers that
ate before us. In a real sense by what we
have come to do we really honor the merit--
the new and the soaring spirit----that Is
stirring throughout the length of this young
and this proud and this newly hopeful West-
ern Hemisphere of aura, and no cynicism
can corrode the promMe that Is beginning to
gleam so brigntly. In the cm ot,tine _New
Worlds new eliPF/60110WorOinlrieVeaSil
have never had cause to really think before
as Americans, as peoples, as nations, abating
not just a common history or even ? comtnon
geography, but sharing a common vision and
possaming ocennson aspirations.
That spirit was brought to life here in this
room 4 years ago when a good many of you
heard President Kennedy speak his hopes
and speak the hopes of his countrymen, that
the Americas Could ally themselves together
In peace to better the life of man In all or
the Americas.
We me that spirit gaining substance and
reality now, and in a good many land'. But
nowhere do we am It more than in the Janda
of Central America-- Ouateinala. Honduras,
Ni &Meador, Nicaragua, Meta Rim They
have, In a motes of acts Of the highest Mates-
manship, embarked upon a proems of inte-
grating their economies. whites 145 one of the
realty most matting undertakings of our
maid today. %bother these nations have
erected a common nmrket. They have
leveled their trade barriers. They have
mordinisted their efforts in higher education.
They ham done the merle for their tax sys-
tems and their development planning. And
they as, all making an alert to cope with
the problems created by the ancient enemies
cie an mankind?dime" poverty, and
unteresy.
And the results am already apparent and
already gratifying. Trade among them
nations has amounted to $20 million in 1958.
but, ~bed $108 million last year, and the
Mole nistional product is rising to eice? to
perosint a year. in support of these historic
advances a key role is today being filled by
the Ointral American Bank for Boonomio
lialegratian. It is represented here today
by its able Sad dynaanie president, Dr.
Delgado.
This Bank is oapitansed by eqmi contribu-
tions from the live Central American court-
Mies. Bet as the governzisenta have pledged
mutual euppart to each other, so the mem-
bers of the Alliance have pledged rapport to
than.
/n Mandl 1988, in Costa Rica, our late be-
loved President John Kennedy. pledged this
muntry's ampere And so today ies have
emu ham to Mall that pledge by signing
this lam agreement for ON Million.
Tea, great pewees has been Made in Cee-
Sal America, but the future offers greater
promise both there and througboUt the hem-
isphere. The Central American Republica
are providing all their neighbors and all the
world what I imend think is a very stirring
=Dimple at What Mn be accomplished by
freemen with vision, and with wisdom, and
oath courage. And we of the United BMWs
are very proud to be fortunate enough to
work with them in this very hopeful water-
pries. We are so grateful for your frtend-
ahip for yaw loyalty, for your cooperation
In trying to solos the probleine of this hem-
sad tryteg to be equal to the chal-
lenges of the 20th century. Aisd he want
you to know that, and we want your gov-
ernments to know it.
And so this morning, to the distinguished
representatives of Central America that may
be present an this historic occasion, I Would
affirm again my eitrantres deep respect and
admiration and support for your efforts.
And ukeleles, to the distinguished repre-
sentatives of the Organization of American
States. the CLAP, the Inter-American De-
velopment Bank, I would reaffirm the in-
tenet and the support of the United States
of America for economic integration through-
out this hemisphere.
In all the world there are no dreams so
stirring or so exciting or co inspiring as
those that we OM drains nedistleally and
'reasonably now In our own hemisphere. The
day Is DO longer so dim and distant SI once
It seemed to be when those dreams begin
lo_tersci4 tile lives of ail ouratraafia6Rer Ire
2U11301illiNumGliktROR B
dawned and we are now working In its early
morning. toeg 1,efore t te twilight of this
century haa route We !mot believe that "men
and women of the Ame ricas will come to
know a much bee ter lift , a fife of pesos, a
life of social justice. a hie of liberty, a life
of independence. a life where roman Mess
and where tyranny Is vIliquished.
And it Li LoVilu-t1 trap heppy hour that
we work together now wliO a steady purpoee
and with a rising MPIllideiler and with ? deep
appreciation of what fim tidahlp and under-
standing really meant,
VIETNAM.
Mr. bleGEE. Mr. President, yester-
day I spoke in this Chamber on the im-
portance of Vietnam ,e the light of 20
years of cold war numeuvering? saying
that clandestine agereesion of the type
on trial there remains today as the one
big threat to world peace.
Today, Mr. President, Roscoe Drum-
mond has come forth with a column
which does much the t4t me thing, stating
Imperatively that we, muet resist this
new face of war in southeast Asia be-
cause of the lessons lel rued in the past--
that to withdraw in the face of aggres-
sion against South Vii tnam would mean
only that we would hive to prepare for
the next aggression ?and the next.
Drummond sums up:
President Johnson is applying this lesson
to 41100 DVSS, to avert worse war, and to end
thu eMy to a safer peace.
mime Mr. President, nuns it up well.
I would like to have all those who ques-
tion our Government's policies exposed
to this reasoning because it is the an-
ewer to the question. "Why are we in
Vietnam?' Mr. President, I ask unani-
mous consent that the ftoecoe Drum-
mond column. "President Stands Firm,"
from today's Washington Post be in-
serted in the Raceme.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Viareast nessues . DLO T STAN 00 FIRM
(By Roscoe Drummond)
The actIona President Johnson is taking
to build up U.S. strength in the defense of
Boutb Vietnam are ineseepable They are
wise imitates because their goal is peace, not
weir.
The President bad no hard decision to
make this week. He had already made the
hard decision more than 3 months ago.
leverythIng we are now doing In Vietnam
flows from it
Tbe really hard, a?tul-bearchIng. come-
what-may decislou was made by Lii. John-
son on the eve of hi April 7 address at
Johns Hopkins Unlverisi.e In Baltimore. It
was embodied end eml,,-tlited in these three
Incandescent sentences
"WO wilt not be detested We will not
grow tired. We will lot withdraw"- until
peace Is assured.
No further derinion of policy or will or
coMmitmerit had to b, mit.he. All that re-
mained was to determine the mews to im-
plement that decleion larger U.S.force. In
Vietnam. larger draft calla, larger d.efense ?
budgets, encl.-in the end?" whatever Is
necessary."
Mr. Johnson rightly Rays that three Presi-
dents have given their word that the United
States would help Bet there is a difference
It is riot putting it t bluntly to say the
difference Is this'
003001180008*?*" elded to aid South
Vietnam
Approved For Rglease.2.003/112a4 i&651kliT671gggi4M000300190003-6
July 30, 1965 CONGRESSION
President Kennedy decided to continue aid-
ing South Vietnam.
?rKepl.c1e0 Johnson' decided to succeed in
aiding Sauth Vietnam.
BeoauSe Pre-side:rat Johnson is committed
to defending South Vietnam successfully
against the Communist use of force to take
over the country, "whatever is necessary" to
do it will be employed.
This is not a decision taken by the Presi-
dent alone. It is shared by Congress, which
approved the President's course earlier, and
will have to approve it again when more de-
fense appropriations are sought.
Mr. Johnson well knows there are misgiv-
ings and doubts and puzzlement about why
we are fighting in Vietnam. There couldn't
possibly be a harder decision for a President
, to make than to send American soldiers into
combat when the Nation itself has not been
directly attacked. '
When World War I and World War II came
to the shores of the United States?through
the German U-boats and at Pearl Harbor?no
painful decision of whether or not to resist
had to be made. It was automatic and self-
evident.
Now the President is asking the American
people to ponder carefully the lessons of
Munich and of Korea. The world invited
Hitler's terrible aggression by trying to buy
him off through appeasement. It didn't
work. It led to more aggression.
Before the Communist attack on South
Korea, we had withdrawn most of our forces
and left the door open to another aggression.
It came and, too late to avert it, President
Truman bravely decided it had to be re-
sisted.
Today the United States is helping defend
South Vietnam because we are applying the
grimmest, the most costly, and the most
crucial lesson of war to date. It is that, if
aggression is not resisted?and resisted suc-
cessfully?when it begins, it will grow and
spread and the end result of failing to resist
will be worse aggression, worse war, under
worse conditions.
To withdraw in the face of the aggression
against South Vietnam would mean only that
we would have to prepare for the next ag-
gression?and the next.
This is the lesson of Munich. This is the
lesson of World War II. This is the lesson of
Korea.
President Johnson is applying this lesson
to save lives, to avert worse war, and to find
the way to a safer peace.
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President: it has
been some time?more than 3 months, in
fact?since President Johnson said at
Johns Hopkins that the United States
did not desire fighting a war in Vietnam;
that it desired a peaceful settlement, but
that it would not be defeated and would
not withdraw in the face of aggression
from the North.
In announcing his decisions taken to
firm up our position in Vietnam on Tues-
day, the President only reaffirmed, in my
belief, what has been this Government's
policy all along. The numbers of troops
he has called for is not great, not in the
context of guerrilla warfare. Our aim is
still to get the Communists to the confer-
ence table.
Mr. President, there .have been many
in this Nation, including important
thought leaders, who have been dis-
tressed through the early months of this
year by the increasing tempo of the
fighting in Vietnam and who have been
groping for another way out. Not the
least among these has been Mr. Walter
Lippniazin, who- has today produced a
column titled in the Washington Post,
"Realism and Prudence." I think it is a
significant column, because Mr. Lipp-
mann agrees' the President's actions are
realistic and, in the face of continued
pressure from Hanoi and the Vietcong,
prudent as well. I ask unanimous con-
sent that Mr. Lippmann's column from
today's Post be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REALISM AND PRUDENCE
(By Walter Lippmann)
The decisions taken by the President as the
result of the review of the situation in Viet-
nam are, it seems to me, realistic, and as a
result, the American position is strengthened
and improved. The crucial issue which he
had to resolve was what this country should
do in view of the fact that the South Viet-
namese Government has lost to the Viet-
cong the control of virtually all the highways
and most of the villages and territory of
South Vietnam. Should the United States
Volunteer to fight th war which Saigon has
so very nearly lost, substituting American
troops for the Vietnamese troops, taking
military command of all the fighting forces
and of the government in Saigon? Or should
the United States defend its presence in
South Vietnam for the purpose of negotiating
a political settlement?
The difference between these two strate-
gies is all the difference between, on the one
hand, an unlimited and illimitable war that
could escalate into total war, and, on the
other hand, a limited war, as the President
calls it a measured war, which is clearly with-
in American military power, demands no
exorbitant sacrifice, and keeps the struggle
within the possibility of diplomatic negotia-
tions. The President on Wednesday an-
nounced, if I understand him correctly, his
choice between these two strategies. Al-
though he repeated the grand formulae of
a great war, in fact his decision as of now is
to fight a limited wax. The size of the call-
up is in accord with this decision: the addi-
tional troops are sufficient, or can be made
sufficient, for a limited and defensive strat-
egy. They would be absurdly inadequate if
our objectives were the reconquest of South
Vietnam. Instead of 125,000 men, the troops
needed would, according to the usual for-
mula of 10 to 1 for guerrilla war, mean more
nearly a million.
There is additional evidence from the offi-
cial disclosures on Wednesday that the Presi-
dent has decided against a serious eacalation
of the war in North Vietnam. He has been
under pressure to send the bombers into the
heart of North Vietnam, into the area of
Hanoi and Haiphong, where are the indus-
tries and the population centers of the Coun-
try, While it is never wise for a commander
to say what he will net do, there is consider-
able evidence that the administration has
decided not to bomb the population centers,
and to avoid putting Hanoi in the position
where, having nothing to lose in the North,
it uses its formidable army to invade South
Vietnam.
Moreover, high U.S. Government officials
have let it be known that we do not intend
to comb the counkyside to eliminate the
Vietcong from the villages, but rather to con-
fine ourselves to conventional military action.
Along with the decision to. keep the war
. limited, the President has launched a strong
diplomatic campaign for a negotiated peace.
He has in the past, proposed, or hinted at,
most, perhaps all, of the elements of his
campaign. But the combination he described
on Wednesday is new and impressive. In
calling upon the United Nations and on all
member governments, severally or jointly, to
bring the lighting to an end, he has, for the
first time I think, given the mediators some-
thing concrete to talk about with Hanoi.
The President has agreed that the prin-
ciples of the 1054 agreements, which are the
18207
declared war aims of Hanoi, are an accept-
able basis of negotiation, and that we kre
prepared in South Vietnam, or in all Vietnam,
to accept elections supervised by the U.N.
This is contrary to the position taken by
Secretary Dulles 10 years ago, and the Presi-
dent's willingness to return to the purpose
of the 1954 agreements opens the door wide
in principle to a negotiated settlement.
Probably 118,1101 Will still refuse to nego-
tiate. For the Vietcong and Hanoi are with-
in sight of a military victory, not over the
United States but over the Saigon govern-
ment, and it is by no means certain that Gen-
eral Westmoreland with his reinforcements
can prevent that. But even if he cannot
prevent it, the strategy adopted by the Presi-
dent will leave the United States Army invin-
cible in Vietnam, with the United States ex-
ercising an influence which cannot be ignored
in the eventual settlement.
NOMINATION OF JOHN W. GARDNER
TO BE SECRETARY OF DEPART-
MENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION,
AND WELFARE
Mr. CASE. Mr. President, the Senate
will soon consider the nomination of
John W. Gardner, president of the Car-
negie Corp., to serve as Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare. I ap-
plaud the President's selection of this
distinguished educator and farsighted
executive for such a key position.
Here in Washington we have noted the
quality of Mr. Gardner's work as an in-
formal adviser to Presidents Eisenhower,
Kennedy, and Johnson. More recently,
his stimulating efforts as chaiman of the
White House Conference on Education
attracted wide attention.
It is my great hope that Mr. Gardner
will contribute his considerable skills not
only to the development of significant
new substantive programs, but also to a
searching critical evaluation of the
structure of his rapidly growing Depart-
ment. This multifaceted Department
has tremendous impact on our society
today. It demands the very best in
Imaginative organization and perceptive
management.
INDIANA HAS ATTRACTIONS FOR
TOURISTS
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, recently
a comprehensive study was completed by
Indiana University under a contract
from the Area Redevelopment Admin-
istration. The large volume which re-
sulted showed in detail, county by
county, the excellent untapped resources
of the State of Indiana, particularly in
its southern part but in the rest of the
State as well, for tourist attractions.
There are hisorical, scenic, and recrea-
tional possibilities which bid fair to give
the State, if fully developed, an excellent
opportunity to draw visitors from the
rest of the Nation.
Since the report was issued, I have
joined with others interested in promot-
ing a series of regional meetings within
the State to consider how best we may im-
plement the recommendations of the
study. Now there has appeared a new
booklet which takes the attractions the
State can presently offer, presenting
them in text and photograph as a new
"tourist guide." This volume, published
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18208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 30, 1965
by the Indiana Tourist Asseciation, was
recently reviewed in the Indianapolis
News. I ask unanimous consent that this
article, by Anton' E. Gollan, be printed in
the RECORD.
There being no abjection, the article
was ordered to be printed in. the RECORD,
as follows:
NEW INDIANA EMERGES?HOOSIER TOURIST
GUIDE ROOK SPOTLIGHTS STATE ATTRACTIONS
(By Antoni E. Gollan)
Indiana is beginning to make a serious bid
for the tourist trade.
Most recent evidence of this effort is the
"1965 Indiana Tourist Guide," published by
the Indiana Tourist Association, Inc. (Mich-
igan City, Ind.). Complete with attractive
color photography and directions for travel-
ers, the booklet features descriptions of the
State's many beautiful parks and recreation
centers.
Even native Hoosiers may find the infor-
mation useful, and may be reminded of the
attractions of such areas as the Indiana
Dunes region, which in the photographs
looks for all the world like a seaside resort,
and Brown County, which, with its pic-
tureisetue town of Nashville, is a pleasant
VIM/tack to simpler days when the general
store provided life's necessities and luxuries.
Hoosiers may also discover some surpris-
ing things about their State. For one thing,
the booklet reveaLi that, for years, Indiana
citizens have bought more Rolls-Royces and
Bentleys than any other market in the
United States. That may not stop New York
or California in their tracks, but Hoosiers
may consider the matter with wry amuse-
ment.
Moreover, Indiana now ranks among the
top 10 States in. industrial and agricultural
production.
Since December of last year, in fact, Indi-
ana has won position as the Nation's largest
producer of steel, now ranking ahead of
former leaders Pennsylvania and Ohio. The
StEde Elso leads the Nation in production of
biological drug products, musical instru-
ments, phonograph records, and prefabri-
cated homes.
Indianapolis itself boasts four of the coun-
try's largest manufacturing firms?Eli Lilly
& Co., Stokely-Van Camp, Inland Container
Corp., and P. R. Mallory Co.
And in the area of education, Indiana has
more than 100,000 students enrolled in its
colleges and universities, capped by Indi-
ana University with a huge enrollment of
28,975. The State is pioneering new ad-
vances in aerospace research?and is hold-
ing its breath waiting to discover whether
it will become the home of the largest
nuclear reactor in the world.
Though the fertile Indiana farm soil still
accounts for 40 percent of the State econ-
omy, the introductory theme of the tourist
association's booklet makes it clear a new
Indiana is emerging?one which is taking
Its place among the industrial and educa-
tional leaded of the Nation.
But the booklet's emphasis, of course, is
on the Hoosier State's outdoor recreational
facilities.
"Incorporated within Indiana's borders,"
the tourist association observes, "are sur-
prisingly different wonders. Here, in this
single State, you will find both the delicate
beauty of cool, blue glacier-born lakes like
those of Michigan to the north, and the
rugged character of deep, water-hewn caves
and rock-faced cliffs like those familiar to
visitors to Kentucky on the south."
There are a full 21 developed and equipped
State parks in Indiana, located in all sec-
tions of the State, and they hold a great
variety of beauty to explore. The facilities
and attractions of each area are outlined,
as are the most convenient ways of getting
there.
All in all, the Indiana Tourist Association
has produced a fine helpmate to the visiting
tourist and to the native Hoosier wishing to
get better acquainted with his State. The
booklet is well worth obtaining.
ECONOMIC POLICY?BALANCE OP
PAYMENTS
Mr. HARTIC.E. Mr. President, on July
4, the day on which the Dillon Commit-
tee on International Monetary Reform
was created, President Johnson named
our Ambassador to Switzerland, Hon,
True Davis, to be the new Assistant Sec-
retary of the Treasury. While in. Switz-
erland, Ambassador Davis brought a rare
combination of diplomatic expertise and
economic wisdom to the task of repre-
senting the United States in one of the
world's great financial centers. I
strongly applaud his appointment as As-
sistant Secretary of the Treasury at a
time when international financial issues
have become critically important.
In two speeches delivered 4 months
and more than 4,000 miles apart, Ambas-
sador Davis gave proof positive of his in-
sight into the difficult and delicate area
of international economic relations.
Speaking in Lausanne, Switzerland, on
February 24 of this year, Ambassador
Davis summarized the then balance-of-
payments posture of the United States?
before the President's voluntary program
of restraint had taken. effect:
In the common type of case, the balance-
of-payments deficit results from structural
weaknesses in the economy of the country.
This is another way of saying that the coun-
try Is living beyond its means. This is not
so in the case of the United States. Ever
since the end of World War El we have had a
surplus in balance of goods and services, and
In the last 2 years this surplus has risen at a
rapid rate. This shows that the U.S. econ-
omy is basically healthy and competitive.
He went on to point out:
The private sector of the U.S. balance-of-
payments has traditionally recorded a sur-
plus, even including the defIcitary capital
account. If it were not for the dollars sent
abroad for military expenditures and foreign
aid, the United States would not have a bal-
ance-of-payments deficit.
On June 24, speaking in Chicago, Am-
bassador Davis commented on the Euro-
pean impact of the President's emer-
gency balance-of-payments program:
The supply of dollars throughout Europe
has become much scarcer. The effect of this
in Switzerland C941 be seen in the rise of the
dollar in the Swiss foreign exchange markets.
In March, the rate approached 4.35 Swiss
francs to the dollar, forcing the Swiss Na-
tional Bank, for the first time in 3 years, to
sell dollars on the market in order to keep
the dollar rate within the limits fixed by the
bank's policy. The dollar has remained close
to this maximum rate ever since.
Now that Secretary Fowler and the
entire Johnson administration has taken
the lead in calling for international mon-
etary reform, now that our success in
ending the balance-of-payments delict is
threatening to produce even greater
problems in the form of an international
liquidity crisis, now that American lead-
ership in the continuing struggle to de-
fend world prosperity is so urgently
needed?I congratulate the President
upon his wise nomination of True Davis
as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
dent, that the two addresses from which
I have quoted may appear at this point
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the addresses
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SOME REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT U.S. ECONOM/C
POLICY
(An address before the Swiss-American So-
ciety for Cultural Relations, Lausanne, and
the Societe d'Etudes Economiques et So-
ciales at Lausanne on Feb. 28, 1965, by
Ambassador True Davis)
Your invitation to speak to you in Lau-
sanne tonight was triply pleasing to me.
First, because it gives me an opportunity to
visit your beautiful city again and to get to-
gether again with some of the distinguished
people I have had the pleasure of meeting
here; second, because it gives me an opportu-
nity to present the views of the United States
on some international economic questions
which have recently been very much in the
public eye, and, third, because now that the
mayor of your fine city, Mr. Chevallaz, has
become an honorary citizen of Kansas City,
in my own home State of Missouri, it is a
little like coming home to have a reunion
with a fellow citizen..
In my remarks to you tonight I shall try to
emphasize those aspects of American eco-
nomic policy which affect not only the United
States, but also our trading partners and the
leading International financial centers, of
which Switzerland is a very important one.
In view of the great degree of economic in-
terdependence in the world of today, a sub-
ject of obvious interest to many countries is
the state of the American_ economy. Euro-
peans, and others, have good reasons for
wanting to know whether the American econ-
omy is continuing its expansion or whether
expansion will always be followed by a reces-
sion every 3 or 4 years. They are also inter-
ested in the relationship between the Ameri-
can domestic economy and the balance-of-
payments deficit, and the relationship be-
tween the balance-of-payments deficit and
America's international obligations. This
leads naturally to the question of whether
the economic problems of the United States
detract from its willingness or ability to carry
out its international responsibilities. Our
friends abroad also have a legitimate interest
in how well the dollar is performing its im-
portant role in the international payments
system. I hope that my following remarks
will help to clarify the views of the United
States on these matters.
Under the administration of President
Johnson the U.S. Government has under-
taken a number of important new domestic
economic programs. The national economy
has been given an important stimulus by
the tax cut. New and improved training pro-
grams are helping to combat the problem of
unemployment. A bold new program has
been instituted to help those people who for
one reason or another have not been caught
up in the mainstream of economic progress.
The first bill placed before the new Congress
would vastly extend the medical care avail-
able to the aged. The amount of public
attention directed to these new domestic
programs, together with a tactical flexibility
shown by the United States in. certain recent
international negotiations, has led some for-
eign observers to jump to the conclusion that
the United States is withdrawing in its
shell?that it is becoming so concerned with
its domestic affairs that it is losing its in-
terest in its international responsibilities. _
I hope to be able to demonstrate to you
tonight that this is not so. I hope to be
able to convince you?or in case there are no
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