SOUTH VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300170017-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 7, 2003
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: February 1, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

1965 Approved For ReleMd2 /g fliALCI I7600ffqM300170017-3
should get its own house in order. We measure so that it can be referred to the
were told to cut back on our own produc- Senate Committee on Agriculture and
tion, and thus relieve the market of the there be studied, both as to Its soundness
great oversupply of beef. from the standpoint of agricultural de-
Now we learn that a cutback In cattle velopment and conservation, and also as
numbers produced in the West and Mid- to its effect upon the farm production
die West are likely to be replaced by an and price situation, particularly of the
increase in cattle numbers from the Ap- beef cattle industry, in other parts of the
palachian region, country.
If the steel mills of Pittsburgh and I ask unanimous consent to have
Chicago were shut down for lack of sales, printed in the RECORD at this point Public
would the Federal Government adopt a Law 1021, 84th Congress, 2d session,
program of subsidizing the construction which authorized the Great Plains con-
of additional facilities for producing steel servation program.
elsewhere in the country, and then argue There being no objection, the statute
that it had created new jobs by doing so? was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
If the coal mines of Kentucky and West as follows:
Virginia were closed down for lack of
markets-as some of them are, I under-
stand-should Federal funds go to help
their competitors? Of course not.
Certainly, the situation is the same for
beef. New beef production artificially
brought into existence in the Appalach-
tan region must certainly displace a
corresponding production of beef some-
where else.
Last year we were also told that these
additional feeder calves and cattle from
Appalachia would substitute for the im-
ported feeders we now receive from
Mexico and Canada, What an argument
of sophistry that is. Feeder cattle have
been imported from Mexico and Canada
for a good many years. It is not because
we could not produce enough stockers
and feeders here at home. The number
of beef calves and of feeder steers pro-
duced in this country has steadily in-
creased but imports have continued to
come in. In practice, Mexico and Can-
ada will continue to send us their sur-
plus feeder cattle and calves as long as
our tariff remains low and as long as
we place no other impediments in the
way of such trade.
Increased supplies of such cattle from
Appalachia will not displace these im-
ports. Rather, this will simply add that
much supply to the market and compete
directly with our own feeders produced
in other parts of this country.
It Is regrettable that in the presenta-
tion of this amendment the issue is
made to appear as a sectional conflict, as
If one part of our country were opposed
to the aspirations of another. If it does
so appear, that is not the result of any
deliberate intention on my part. Al-
though the cattlemen of my State may be
in competition with those of Appalachia
or other sections, there is no animosity
in our competition. To the farmers of
Appalachia, we say, "We wish you well.
You are welcome to compete with us,
utilizing any means that your skill and
your brains enable you to use, in our
great American competitive system. We
ask only one thing; that the competition
be on a fair and equal basis,"
Because this proposal Is essentially dis-
criminatory against the beef producers
of other parts of the country, I ask that
the Senate adopt the amendment pro-
posed by me and eight cosponsors, and
delete section 203 from the bill. If the
program envisioned by section 203 is as
sound, worthwhile, and fair as Its sup-
porters appear to believe, It is suggested
that they reintroduce it as a separate
H.R. 11833
An Act to amend the Soil Conservation and
Domestic Allotment Act and the Agricul-
tural Adjustment Act of 1938 to provide
for a Great Plains conservation program
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That section
16 of the Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment Act, as amended, Is amended (a)
by inserting "(a)" after the period following
"SEc. 16," and (b) by adding the following
subsection:
"(b) Notwithstanding any other provision
of law-
"(1) the Secretary is authorized, within
the amounts of such appropriations as may
be provided therefor, to enter into contracts
of not to exceed ten years with producers in
the Great Plains area determined by him to
have control for the contract period of the
farms or ranches covered thereby. Such
contracts shall be designed to assist farm
and ranch operators to make, in orderly
progression over a period of years, changes
in their cropping systems and land uses
which are needed to conserve the soil and
water resources of their farms and ranches
and to install the soil and water conserva-
tion measures needed under such changed
systems and uses. Such contracts shall be
in effect during the priod ending not later
than December 31, 1971, on farms and
ranches in counties in the Great Plains area
of the States of Colorado, Kansas, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Okla-
homa, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming,
designated. by the Secretary as susceptible to
serious wind erosion by reason of their soil
types, terrain, and climatic and other factors.
The producer shall furnish to the Secretary
a plan of farming operations which incor-
porates such soil and water conservation
practices and principles as may be deter-
mined by him to be practicable for maxi-
mum mitigation of climatic hazards of the
area in which the farm is located, and which
outlines a schedule of proposed changes in
cropping systems ,and land use and of the
conservation measures which are to be car-
ried out on the farm or ranch during the
contract period to protect the farm or ranch
from erosion and deterioration by natural
causes. Under the contract the producer
shall agree-
"(1) to effectuate the plan for his farm or
ranch substantially in accordance with the
schedule outlined therein unless any re-
quirement thereof is waived or modified by
the Secretary pursuant to paragraph (3) of
this subsection;
"(ii) to forfeit all rights to further pay-
ments or grants under the contract and re-
fund to the United States all payments or
grants received thereunder upon his violation
of the contract at any stage during the time
he has control of the farm if the Secretary
determines that such violation is of such a
nature as to warrant termination of the con-
tract, or to make refunds or accept such pay-
ment adjustments as the Secretary may deem
. 163
appropriate if he determines that the pro-
ducer's violation does not warrant termina-
tion of the contract;
"(iii) upon transfer of his right and in-
terest in the farm or ranch during the con-
tract period to forfeit all rights to further
payments or grants under the contract and
refund to the United States all payments or
grants received thereunder unless the trans-
feree of the farm or ranch agrees with the
Secretary to assume all obligations of the
contract;
"(iv) not to adopt any practice specified
by the Secretary in the contract as a practice
which would tend to defeat the purposes of
the contract;
"(v) to such additional provisions as the
Secretary determines are desirable and in-
cludes in the contract to effectuate the pur-
poses of the program or to facilitate the
practical administration of the program.
In return for such agreement by the pro-
ducer the Secretary shall agree to share the
cost of carrying out those conservation prac-
tices set forth in the contract for which he
determines that cost-sharing is appropriate
and in the public interest. The portion of
such cost (including labor) to be shared shall
be that part which the Secretary determines
is necessary and appropriate to effectuate the
physical Installation of the conservation
measures under the contract;
"(2) the Secretary may terminate any con-
tract with a producer by mutual agreement
with the producer if the Secretary determines
that such termination Would be In the public
interest, and may agree to such modification
of contracts previously entered into as he
may determine to be desirable to carry out
the purposes of the program or facilitate the
practical administration thereof;
"(3) insofar as the acreage of cropland on
any farm entered into the determination of
acreage allotments and marketing quotas
under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of
1938, as amended, the cropland acreage on the
farm shall not be decreased during the period
of any contract entered into under this sub-
section by reason of any action, taken for the
purpose of carrying out such contract;
"(4) the acreage on any farm which is de-
termined under regulations of the Secretary
to have been diverted from the production
of any commodity subject to acreage allot-
ments or marketing quotas in order to carry
out the contract entered into under the pro-
gram shall be consid,red acreage devoted to
the commodity for the purposes of establish-
ing future State, county, and farm acreage
allotments under the Agricultural Adjust-
ment Act of 1938, as amended;
"(5) in applying the provisions of para-
graph (6) of Public Law 74, Seventy-seventh
Congress (7 U.S.C. 1340(6)), relating to the
reduction of storage amount of wheat, any
acreage diverted from the production of
wheat under the program carried out under
this subsection shall be regarded as wheat
acreage;
"(6) the Secretary shall utilize the tech-
nical services of agencies of the Department
of Agriculture in determining the scope and
provisions of any plan and the acceptability
of the plan for effectuating the purposes of
the program. In addition the Secretary shall
take into consideration programs of State
and local agencies, including soil conserva-
tion districts, having for their purposes the
objectives of maximum soil and water con-
servation;
"(7) there is hereby authorized to be ap-
propriated without fiscal year limitations,
such sums as may be necessary to carry out
this subsection: Provided, That the total cost
of the program (excluding administrative
costs) shall not exceed $150,000,000, and for
any program year payments shall not exceed
$25,000,000. The funds made available for
the program under this subsection may be
expended without regard to the maximum
payment limitation and small payment in-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ---.SENATE- ebruary 1
creases required under section 8(e) of this
Act, and may be distributed among States
without regard to distribution of funds
formulas of section 15 of this Act. The pro-
gram authorized under this subsection shall
be in addition to, and not in substitution of,
other programs in such area authorized by
this or any other Act."
SEc. 2. Section 334 of the Agricultural Ad-
justment Act of 1938, as amended, is amend-
ed, effective beginning with the 1957 crop of
wheat, by adding a new' subsection as fol-
lows :
"(g) If the county committee determines
that any producer is prevented from seeding
wheat for harvest as grain in his usual
planting season because of unfavorable
weather conditions, and the operator of the
farm notifies the county committee not later
than December 1, in any area where only
winter wheat is grown, or June 1 in the
spring wheat area (including an area where
both spring and winter wheat are grown),
that he does not intend to see his full wheat
allotment for the crop year because of the
unfavorable weather conditions, the entire
farm wheat allotment for such year shall be
regarded as wheat acreage for the purposes of
establishing future State, county, and farm
acreage allotments: Provided, That if any
producer on a farm obtains a reduction in the
storage amount of any previous crop of wheat
by reason of und6rplanting the farm wheat
acreage allotment pursuant to paragraph (6)
of Public Law 74, Seventy-seventh Congress
(7 U.S.C. 1340(6)), or by reason of pro-
ducing less than the normal production of
the farm wheat acreage allotment pursuant
to section 326(b) of this Act, this provision
may not be made applicable to such farm
with respect to the crop of wheat for which
the farm acreage allotment was established."
Apprgved August 7, 1956.
'1
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent that I may
speak briefly and that the rule of ger-
maneness be waived.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
the hour is late. The time is at hand
for the President to make a change in
'South Vietnam. I urge that our Presi-
dent replace Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor as
U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam,
nominating Kenneth Keating, of New
York, to succeed him in that extremely
important diplomatic post.
I began to lose confidence in General
Taylor when, as a member of the Com-
mittee on Armed Forces, I listened to his
testimony as a witness before our com-
mittee, that the South Vietnam forces
were winning the war against Commu-
nist aggression and infiltration from the
north. He told of the then new military
policy under the instruction of Ameri-
can military advisers of.forming defen-
sive compounds behind barricades, and
that time after time the Communist
guerrillas would attack some of these
compounds and be repulsed and leave
such and such number of dead; and the
defenders suffered a fewer number of
dead. Also, sometimes their attacks
succeeded, he admitted. General Tay-
lor testified that in this manner South
Vietnam was winning the war against
the Vietcong.
Frankly, Mr. President, I wondered at
the time and I spoke out asking the ques-
tion: How could any nation win a war by
keeping its forces restrained and simply
waiting for the enemy to attack then
claiming a great victory as they believed
the enemy suffered more casualties than
they? My view is that the only way the
forces of South Vietnam can possibly win
the civil war in which they are invaded
by their Communist neighbors from the
north, is to roll back the invaders by of-
fensive tactics. However, Mr. President,
General Taylor is a famed American
military leader. I served for 37 months
in World War II, most of the time in Italy
and North Africa. I was never any-
thing other than a civilian in uniform.
Parenthetically speaking, I could never
understand the tactics of our great mili-
tary leaders in World War II invading
Italy from the southerly part of the
"boot" of that long, narrow peninsula
and slowly fighting desperately con-
tested battles over the rough mountain
terrain, finally to Rome and to the Po
Valley. It was beyond my comprehension
why the 5th Army instead of landing
at Salerno did not land on the side of
Italy north-of Naples, perhaps at Anzio
and cut across Italy meeting our Allies
coming from the other side. In the long
history of the world Rome was captured
many, many times by enemy armies, but
the 5th Army with which I served in a
humble capacity was the very first to
capture Rome the hard way from the
south.
Frankly, Mr. President, I take a dim
view of generals, or former generals, serv-
ing as Ambassadors of the United
States. The Founding Fathers, in writ-
ing the Constitution of our country, pro-
vided that in the United States of
America, civilian authority must always
be supreme over military authority. It
is, of course, for our President to deter-
mine who it is he wishes as Ambassador
to South Vietnam. An Ambassadgr is the
personal representative of our Chief
Executive. Admittedly, the situation has
gone from bad to worse in South Viet-
nam. In the Washington Daily News
of last Saturday, January 30, there was
published a most informative statement
under the headline "Taylor Is Doing a
Poor Job in South Vietnam," written by
a news correspondent and columnist,
Walt Friedenberg, a Scripps-Howard
staff writer, returning from a half year
in Saigon where he observed the entire
situation in his professional capacity. I
ask unanimous consent to have this arti-
cle printed in the RECORD.
There being 'no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TAYLOR Is DOING A POOR JOD IN SOUTH
VIETNAM
(By Walt Friedenberg)
Is Maxwell D. Taylor doing a good job as
our Ambassador to South Vietnam?
Granted it's like being captain of a leak-
ing ship with a mutinous crew in a stormy
sea, the answer, in my judgment, is definitely
"No."
The 63-year old general, who performed
with distinction as a soldier, has been unable
to become, an effective diplomat amid the
complications and subtleties of Saigon.
He is the clean-cut American over his head
operating in Asia.
He is too self-confidently dedicated to the
official preset solution to the Communists'
guerrilla war.
He is too insensitive to the curves and
curlicues of Vietnamese politics.
TOO COOL
He is too cool and aloof toward the Vietna-
mese generals to, become their confidant.
And in General Taylor, the United States
has just about put all its Vietnamese eggs in
one basket.
Since 1961 when President Kennedy sent
him to Saigon for an urgent assessment, Gen-
eral Taylor-has-been the chief author of the
plan.
Since July when he replaced the subtly ef-
fective Henry Cabot Lodge, General Taylor
has been the executor of the plan.
And inasmuch as General Taylor has fore-
stalled top-level visits by the Secretaries of
Defenseand State, only he can be the prime
judge of his own performance.
HANDICAPPED
From the start, this West Point general
was handicapped by his earlier associations.
His admiration. for Maj. Gen. Duong Van
(Big) Minh, the politically passe Chief of
State, ran crossgrain to General Minh's arch
rival Maj. Gen. Nguyen Khanh, then
Premier, who had dumped General Minh from
real power but still suspected his ambitions.
The first Taylor-Khanh public clash came
soon over the issue of infiltration from North
Vietnam.
General Khanh insisted it was large scale.
General Taylor, either because of unsound
intelligence or instructions to keep the Viet-
nam temperature down in an election year,
pooh-poohed General Khanh's appraisal.
Also in July, General Khanh publicly called
for a "to the north" campaign, partly to
deflect attention from his own failures, partly
from conviction that American planes and
warships ought to be brought into action.
General Taylor again put General Khanh
down.
INFILTRATION
As it turned out, the United States this
week announced that 10,000 Communists in-
filtrated into South Vietnam in 1964. And
General Taylor last November came around
to advocating air strikes in Laos and North
Vietnam.
Because of these differences, General
Khanh did not take General Taylor into his
confidence over a new charter he proclaimed
in August.
The move roused Buddhists and students
and these two factions toppled General
Khanh.
To a large degree General Taylor is pris-
oner of the American idea that any problem
can be solved.. if enough money, men, and
machines are applied to it. This is patently
not working so far.
General Taylor also has fretted unduly-
as has Washington-about the legitimacy of
any Saigon government, rather than its
effectiveness.
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, at
this time, we have 12 generals in South
Vietnam. We have more than 20,000
men in our Air Force and ground forces
in this unhappy civil war-torn country.
I have reliable information that the sit-
uation there is now even worse than it
was when we had but a few hundred
military advisers instead of our present
Armed Forces in excess of 20,000. Our
forces over there are not headed like a
conventional American Army with one
or two generals but it seems more like
the army of a Latin American Republic,
top heavy with generals. There is a song
in the night clubs of Saigon "0 dear what
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can the matter be, 12 generals and no
strategy."
Mr. President, my view is that our
President would manifest wisdom and
judgment were he to replace Ambassador
Maxwell D. Taylor with Kenneth Keat-
ing, of New York. Former Senator Keat-
ing is not a military man other than that
he is a general in our Reserves. I have
already voiced the fact that I take a dim
view of professional generals occupying
high official civilian positions in our Gov-
ernment from the Presidency down. His-
tory demonstrates that in the main this
has not worked out. Kenneth Keating is
internationally known as a .former Con-
gressman and U.S. Senator knowledgable
in the foreign affairs of our country. He
would have the confidence of the Ameri-
can people. That he is a man of good
judgment and integrity, loyal to his coun-
try and its institutions, personable and
tactful is unquestioned. He has the con-
fidence of his colleagues in the House
of Representatives, in the Senate, and
of high government officials with whom
he, as a Member of the Congress, has had
contact. It is our international policy
that politics ends at the water's edge.
Furthermore, the Communists of the So-
viet Union and Red China have full
knowledge of the actions of former Sen-
ator Keating at the time and preceding
the time of the Khrushchev and Castro
threat to the peace of the Western Hemi-
sphere back in 1962. Kenneth Keating,
of New York, was an able U.S. Senator.
I believe, Mr. President, that he would
prove an exceedingly able Ambassador to
South Vietnam.
May I add, Mr. President, that I have
had no conversation on this matter what
ever, directly or indirectly, with former
Senator Keating or with anyone repre-
senting him.
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL DEVELOP-
MENT ACT OF 1965
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the bill S. 3, to provide public works
and economic development programs and
the planning and coordination needed to
assist in the development of the Appa-
lachian region.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, the Senator
from Massachusetts [Mr. KENNEDY] has
just made an altogether excellent speech
on the problems of New England. While
our problems may not be as acute or may
not be a century old, as are those of Ap-
palachia, they are still burdensome and
full of pitfalls and problems.
I, for one, hope to see the establish-
ment of a regional development pro-
gram in New England with a subregional
program that might include the northern
part of the State of Rhode Island, north-
eastern Connecticut, and the southern
part of Massachusetts. This is not so
large an area as the Appalachian region,
but there is misery, hunger, poverty, and
illiteracy there too. I thoroughly con-
gratulate the Senator from Massachu-
setts on the initiative and forward think-
ing he has shown in this regard. I know
that this idea has been germinating in
his mind for many months.- I look for-
ward to seeing its fruition as soon as
possible.
With regard to the Appalachia bill now marks entitled "A Great Audience for the
before this body, it has been the subject Great Society" be inserted at this point
of long, painstaking hearings and care- in the RECORD.
ful draftsmanship, tailoring legislation to There being no objection, the address
meet the specific and unique economic was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
needs of that region. It is a sound bill, as follows:
which should set the guidelines for fu- A GREAT AUDIENCE FOR THE GREAT SOCIETY
ture regional plans. No area, no land, no (An address delivered by Congressman WIL-
region is an island unto itself; and for LIAM S. MOORHEAD, Democrat, of Pennsyl-
this reason I intend to support the Ap- vania, before the annual dinner of the
palachia bill. American Council of Learned Societies, New
I commend the excellent work that has York City, January 21,1965)
been done by the chairman of the Public Walt Whitman; "To have great poets, there
Works Committee [Mr. McNAMARA] and must be great audiences, too."
the principal sponsor of the bill [Mr.
RANDOLPH]. They have taken the lead
in promoting a philosophy of regional
economic planning and development
which I would like to see gain national
acceptance. ,
But I reiterate that my own region of
New England, which for generations had
enjoyed a high climate of prosperous in-
dustrial advance, widespread trade, im-
portant commercial fisheries, developed
natural resources and specialized agri-
cultural activities, has been experiencing
in recent years serious economic disloca-
tion. Each State in New England has
specialized problems, but all of them can
be met by cooperative regional planning
because of our geographic and economic
integration.
I ask such a plan for New England,
just as I fully support one to meet the
needs of the people and industries of
Appalachia. I am confident that our
State officials will cooperate in develop-
ing a regional plan specifically geared to
the character of New England.
My hope is that the near future will
see New England returned to its position
as a leader in industry and commerce. I
Intend to do all I can to see this objective
reached. I am pleased to see the Sen-
ator. from Massachusetts [Mr. KENNEDY]
take the lead he has taken in this matter.
THE HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS-
ADDRESS BY REPRESENTATIVE
WILLIAM S. MOORHEAD BEFORE
THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF
LEARNED SOCIETIES
T. S. Eliot: "A religion requires not only a
body of priests who know what they are do-
ing, but a body of worshippers who know
what is being done."
As I appear before you, In awe of you, in
awe of the total learning represented by this
distinguished group, I am reminded of the
admonition by Alexander Pope:
"A little learning is a dangerous thing;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian
spring."
It Is a dangerous thing for me who has
only tested, to appear before you who have
partaken so deeply of the waters of the
Pierian spring.
A little learning proved to be a dangerous
thing for that Kentucky mountaineer named
Joshua who pleaded not guilty before a very
learned judge. When the very learned judge
heard that the defendant's name was Joshua,
he asked, "Are you the Joshua who made the
sun stand still?" The reply came, "No, Your
Honor, I am the Joshua who made the moon-
shine still."
A little learning also proved to be a dan-
gerous thing for the repentant sinner who
appeared before his priest and confessed that
in the 20 years that he had worked for a
building supply company he had stolen
enough material to build a house for himself
and even one for his son and daughter-in-law.
The priest, who was shocked, said, "Son, you
had better make a novena." The repentant
sinner said, "OK, Father, if you've got the
plans, I'll supply the lumber."
Dangerous though it may be to talk with
this learned assembly about a National Hu-
manities Foundation, I am going to make the
venture, first discussing the political situa-
tion which this legislation faces and then
discussing with you whether the arts, crea-
tive and performing, properly belong in, or
whether they should be separated from, the
National Humanities Foundation.
First
what is the
eneral
oliti
l
li
,
g
p
ca
c
mate
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, recently in in the United States today and, second, what
New York City, before the annual dinner are the specific political hurdles which the
of the American Council of Learned National Humanities Foundation legislation
Societies, Representative WILLIAM Moog- faces.
come to ed 4 days you after endured and
HEAD, of Pennsylvania, spoke on the sub- enjoyed
ays of a ter a ti national political cele-
ject of the humanities and the arts. bration-the inauguration of a President of
This address sets forth in both mean- the United States.
ingful and eloquent terms the need for a Before the inauguration some of the com-
national foundation which would assist mentators surmised that It might resemble
and stimulate the development of both the inauguration of Andrew Jackson, They
these cultural areas, highly important to had not realized that the change In America
our national welfare and the future inspired, or epitomized, by the late Presi-
goals we seek. dent and Mrs. John F. Kennedy has con-
As one who has introduced legislation tinuea.
with similar concepts in the Senate, I Monday Let's
evening look at the the President's inaugural record. On
would like to extend my commendations viser on the arts--an office which, office special pecial incid ad-
-
to Congressman MOORHEAD for his in- tally has been in existence less than 4 years-
formative and thoughtful presentation, gave a reception for 50 persons prominent in
which I believe will be of interest to my the arts and letters. Here poets and painters,
colleagues, architects and historians, dancers and actors
Because I feel that this address is very rubbed shoulders with and talked to Sena-
pertinent to the legislation which we will mes and Congressmen, Cabinet officers and
be considering in this session of the Con- members of the White House staff.
Thir was the indicate political Its away of the
gress to advance our Nation's cultural country trying
progress, I ask unanimous consent that the Importance of the Intellectual andscul-
the text of Congressman MOORHEAD's re- tural leadership of the country.
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it was a tribute by the men of politics to the only bill to create a Humanities Founda- "Poetry like a grand personality is a growth
the r en of arts and letters-and, let me tion was the one I introduced last August. of many generations. To have great poets,
point out that the arts were not separated A decision for two foundations and priority there must be great audiences, too."
from the letters. for the arts would probably mean a delay In this task, one has to begin somewhere,
Later that evening there was a function- in the enactment of a foundation for the and I propose that a good beginning point is
I can. think of no other word-called the humanities for 2 or more years. with traditional theater productions. I am
inaugural gala at which prominent persons If you agree that there should be no de- not suggesting that the National Humanities
in show business-Carol Channing, Julie An- lay in. establishing one all-encompassing Foundation mount. a full scale Broadway pro-
drews, Carol Burnett, and others-charmed foundation, I think that the 100,000 schol- duction, but it would support efforts to bring
a huge crowd. The tickets to the gala were ars you represent should make "their voices established classics to broader and more di-
free--distributed by the national committee heard. verse audiences.
to deserving political workers. Despite the From the point of view of the scholar, one Last summer, on the street corners of New
great wealth of talent, this audience gave its foundation seems preferable. Almost every- York, for example, a troupe of young and en-
greatest ovation to the ballet performance of thing that scholars study was produced by thusiastic players brought Shakespeare to a
Dame Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph NureyeV. an artist. Should scholars limit their asso- Harlem audience. Most of those in that
The highlight of Tuesday was a sellout ciation with artists to dead artists? I think audience had never seen a play before. Their
concert at which pianist Van Cliburn and that most of you would agree that an artist initial bewilderment changed rapidly to ap-
violinist Isaac Stern performed with the Na- should know something of the history of art. proval and delight. Such an undertaking
tional Symphony Orchestra. I submit to you that an art historian should offers the theater a splendid opportunity to
This was followed by a reception in the know something of the actual work of crea- fulfill its traditional function of illuminating
State Department at which the political tive painting. for its spectators unfamiliar corners of life;
leaders were given an opportunity to meet From the point of view of the artist, the it also begins to develop the potential of a
and welcome these artists to Washington. concern is expressed that in 'competition for vast and as yet untried audience.
But this froth of inaugural activity is not funds, artists will be forgotten unless they In addition to the anniversary of the
the only thing indicative of a change. Let have their own foundation. Magna Carta, we have been celebrating the
us remember that on January 12 of this year I do not think this concern recognizes the 400th year after the birth of Shakespeare.
when the President sent a massive $1.6 billion political facts of life. With one broad foun- Suppose that out of the wealth of acting
aid-to-education message to Congress, the dation, charged with support of the humani- talent in New York, there were organized sev-
voices of opposition, so strident in the past, ties and the arts, artists will seek meaning- eral traveling Shakespearean repertory com-
were almost silent. ful financial assistance from a board of 25 panies whose visits to communities would be
Another straw in the political wind, of members, "eminent in the humanities and coordinated with high school literature
particular importance to this group as a the arts." Humanists and educators, with courses so that the students who had been
sponsor of the Commission on the Humani- their superior organizational resources and reading and discussing Shakespeare in a hu-
ties, is the fact that on the opening day of advantageous geographical dispersion will be inanities course would suddenly have it
Congress, 57 Members of the House of Repre- in a better position, politically, to lobby for brought alive to them in a three-dimensional
sentatives introduced bills identical to my money. If there are two foundations, the form by professional actors on the stage.
bill H.R. 334 to establish a National Humana- artists will be left to lobby on their own for The primary objective of such programs
ties Foundation. As of now there are more financial support-they will, in fact, be com- would be to awaken a love for and an under-
than 80 similar or identical bills. peting with the NHF for cultural seed mon- standing of the live theater in the hearts of
In the U.B. Senate there are more than ey, people throughout the United States.
40 Senators cosponsoring legislation for a But we should be asking ourselves whether However, there would also be byproducts
beneficial to the theatrical profession. In
National Humanities Foundation. one foundation or two are better means of
In addition, there are at least three bills attaining the national goal. addition to the opportunities it would offer
in the Congress calling for the creation of a The national goal is twofold in nature. to the underemployed acting profession, such
National Arts Foundation. It is to promote excellence in the creation a program might well bring into the open
I am convinced that there is a growing and the understanding of art or as President an acting genius whose talents might other-
awareness in the United States that an Johnson called it, "the love of learning and hope never have been discpvered. W would
imbalance exists In our educational system the capacity for creation." hope that the immediate ate benefits o of such
and in our commitment to culture. The Great creativity in the arts alone is not a program in terms of jobs for members of
Congress, I believe, is ready to do something enough, the Great Society must have a great But otheatrical ur prim the our primary profession p focus in this would type e of f v dramatic.
rectify that imbalance. audience. y
be
But even though the time is ripe for some- What do I mean by that phrase? tune, that of educating broad audiences to be
thing like the National Humanities Founds- willing theatergoers, will have the long-
I mean that a great civilization, at least range product of developing the very large
tion, that does not mean that the legislation in modern times, must have not only great audience which is necessary if the theater
will be enacted. creativity, but great receptivity. To reach arts and its practitioners are to flourish in
As you know, there are many pitfalls (or this goal, it is quite clear to me that an arts this country.
should I say pratfalls) between the introduc- foundation alone is not enough. By itself, I mentioned another type of program,
tion and enactment of legislation. One of it cannot perform the function of increas- which the National Humanities Foundation
the greatest of these is the danger that ing the exposure of the creative and per- might appropriately support. I think the
* * * infighting among the groups most forming arts, but this is to water unpladted National Humanities Foundation could and
directly involved and will tempt the Congress soil. The arts and the humanities are only on occasion would, subsidize a theatrical pro-
to say "A plague on both of your Houses, we artificially separable. duction thought to be of unusual merit
will do nothing until you settle your own The humanities not only give us what is without reference to the audience it would
internal differences." beautiful to see or to-hear, but they also teach attract. The young performer, the experi-
There is just such a danger between men uswhat to look for and what to listen for. mental production, the untried director,
of letters and men of arts. And it is important that an audience know would be the primary object of such a pro-
It is not well enough recognized that these things. A great civilization needs the gram. They would be offered a stage on
while a National Humanities Foundation is man who communicates to us in paint-but which to develop their craft, a way to obtain
broad enough to include the creative and it is a greater civilization which can under- recognition of their talents, and also, of
performing arts, a National Arts Foundation stand that communication to the fullest. course, a way to earn a living in their chosen
is not broad enough to include the other And that understanding inspires the artist profession. The focus of these efforts could
humanities. to even greater heights of creativity. be actors' workshops, small theaters, or col-
One of the questions which must be de- I conceive it to be a central function of lege campuses. For example, in a statement
cided is whether all areas of creativity and a National Humanities Foundation to pro- last year to the House Committee on Educa-
learning which are not scientific should be mote excellence in the creation and the un- tion and Labor, Walter Caro, the executive
gathered into one foundation or whether the derstanding of art in America-to develop a director of the ? Theater Guild-American
creative and performing arts should be sepa- great audience for great creative artists. Let Theater Society, said:
rated from the other humanities. me explore more fully the ways in which the "Just the other day I attended a produc-
Politically, of course, it would be easier to National Hmanities Foundation might do tion of a new play which could not be pro-
obtain legislation for one foundation than this in the fields of the performing and visual duced on Broadway, but for which we finally
for two and and it would avoid and unneces- arts, persuaded the University of Michigan to ap-
sary proliferation of agencies. Because New York City is the theatrical propriate some money in order to get the
At the present time, in the White House, capital of the Nation, let us consider this first play on the boards. They sustained a loss.
a debate is going on as to whether the ad- in relation to the performing arts. I have It is a new, important, and challenging work.
ministration should support one foundation in mind two different varieties of ventures It never would have come to light."
or two, and if there are to be two, what which the National Humanities Foundation In a university setting, there would be the
should be the order of priority. could support. added advantage of an unusual opportunity
If the decision is for two foundations, pri- The first type of program would have as to develop the powers of comprehension of
ority will probably be given to an arts found- its primary focus the development and cul- the audience and increase their receptivity
ation. Such legislation has been before the tivation of "the great audience." As Walt to the experimental and innovative produc-
Congress for many years but until this year, Whitman said of poetry: tions which are the seedbed of future theater.
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