VIEWS OF SENATOR MANSFIELD ON THE CRISIS IN VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300170012-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 7, 2003
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: January 1, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 2557
WIRE, DR. DILLY GRAHAM BENEDICTION
"Greetings from Hawaii, where I'm speak- Dr. HALVERSON. The Lord bless thee and
ing this morning at the Governor's Prayer keep thee. The Lord make His face to shine
Breakfast and praying that you will have upon thee and be gracious unto thee. The
the greatest prayer breakfast in history. Lord lift up the light of His countenance
"Please assure President Johnson, as he upon thee annnnnn~~~~~~llllll give thee His peace, now and
leads the Nation at this critical period of in the life rlasting. Amen.
history, that he has my daily prayers. And (The%puS Army Chorus sings "America.")
"
God bless you all.
And it's signed: "Billy Graham."
It is a high honor and a great privilege to VIEWS OF SENATOR MANSFIELD ON
present the President of the United States. THE CRISIS IN VIETNAM
ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT JOHNSON Mr. PELL. Mr. President, the distin-
Senator CARLSON, reverend clergy, Vice guished majority leader is unable to be
President HUMPHREY, Speaker MCCORMACK, present in the Senate today. He re-
Minority Clark, members of the Cabinet, Mr.
Minority Leader of the House, distinguished quested me to insert in the RECORD on
guests, Governors, ladies, and gentlemen, I'm his behalf a brief statement on an aspect
very grateful for the opportunity to partic-
ipate again in an occasion which has already
come to be a very valued place in the life
of Washington, our Capital City, and in the
lives of. so, many of us who must labor here.
In our history it has been popular to re-
gard with skepticism the private motives of
public men. and never more than when they
participate in meetings such as this.
I'm sure such skepticism has been de-
served by some. But I am more certain that
only the unknowing and the unthinking
would challenge today the motives that bring
our public officials together on occasions
like this for prayer and meditation.
In these times, more than any other, the
public life is a lonely life. The burden of
every vote, of every decision, of every act
and, yes, even of every utterance is too great
to be shared and much too great to be borne
alone.
I find for myself, as I know men and women
throughout this great Government of ours
also find, a sustaining strength from the
moments of prayer, whether we assemble to-
gether or whether we pray silently alone.
What has become a tradition and practice
In our times is actually one of the oldest pub-
lic traditions of our national life.
Long ago when this country was strug-
gling to come into being, there arose at the
Constitutional Convention a discussion and
a debate about holding prayers before each
session at that convention, The great Ben-
jamin Franklin spoke up to speak his views,
and I believe it's appropriate and timely this
morning to repeat and to endorse those words
now.
Dr. Franklin told the framers of our Con-
stitution, and I quote him:
"Without his concurring aid we shall suc-
ceed in this political building no better than
the builders of Babel. We shall be divided
by our little, partial, local interests. Our
projects will be confounded and we ourselves
shall become a reproach and.a byword down
to future ages.
"And what is worse," Dr. Franklin went
ahead to add, "mankind may hereafter from
this unfortunate instance despair of estab-
lishing government by human wisdom and
leave it to chance and to war and to con-
quest."
of the Vietnamese situation. I consider
his statement of such import and find
myself in such wholehearted agreement
with his thoughts, I shall read it into
the RECORD:
STATEMENT .BY SENATOR MANSFIELD
There are reports that the Soviet Union
and the United Kingdom may no longer re-
gard as operative their responsibilities as co-
chairmen of the 1954 Geneva Conference. It
is to be hoped that these reports are inac-
curate but if they are not, that these two
powers would reconsider their position, and
resume their responsibility with a view to
a constructive surveillance of the serious
situation in southeast Asia.
The 1954 Geneva Conference, despite its
shortcomings, did help to bring several years
of relative order out of the then chaotic and
unstable situation in Indochina. It shut
off, for the time, what had become a bloody
war in the Indochinese peninsula and what
was tending in the direction of a massive
war in Asia.
The 1954 conferees may or may not have
a contribution to make in the current deep-
ening crisis in Vietnam. But in the light of
the danger of that crisis to peace in Asia
and, ultimately to world peace, it would
appear desirable not to foreclose that chan-
nel of possible amelioration of the difficul-
ties. The need is to keep open doors, not
to shut them. That applies not only to
the Geneva Conference of 1954 but to the
Geneva Conference of 1961, to the United
Nations and to every routine or special
avenue of diplomatic communication. It
would be helpful, therefore, if the Soviet
Union and the United Kingdom did not re-
gard as at an end their responsibilities as co-
chairmen of the 1954 Geneva Conference.
Indeed, the responsibilities of all nations to
contribute whatever they can to a just peace
may be evaded but they cannot be lifted.
Mr. President, I completely support
these views of the Senator from Montana
LMr. MANSFIELD] and believe that the
suggestion he puts forward is an excel-
lent and positive one. Having accom-
panied the Senator on a Presidential
factfinding mission to Vietnam in 1962
,
Today, in our times, the responsibilities I find myself possessed of an immense re-
and the burdens imposed upon each of us gard of his judgment and consider him
are great and frightening and growing. in view of his, many years' exposure to
On us-on each of us-on our decisions travel in and study of the Far East, the
that we Individually and collectively make, best informed member of our body on
rests the hope of mankind throughout the this part of the world. To my mind, his
world for a world that is not left to chance thoughts have great merit.
or not left to war or not left to conquest. We are presently engaged in a war
I think that we could find no more appro-
priats Wayhis begin our day, today, and our either by massive commitment of Ameri-
duties in ths hour, than to pray for, as we
are taught, "Except the Lord build this can soldiers ashore or by permitting es-
house, they labor in vain that build it." calation into nuclear warfare. I query
Senator CARLSON. We will all stand and the whether our vital interests in that part
benediction will be pronounced by Dr. Rich- of the world are equal to these alterna-
ard Halverson, associate executive director of times. Nor do I believe can we pull out
International Christian Leadership. at this time.
Accordingly, I believe we must con-
tinue to hold on, seeking to arrive at a
point where we can honorably negotiate
a reasonable, solid, and forceful agree-
ment that meets the interests of the
Geneva powers, of ourselves, and, most
important, of the Vietnamese people.
I also would strongly hope, too, that
more of our SEATO Asiatic allies might
see fit to help the South Vietnamese. So
far,, only the United States is playing a
role in this regard and there are other
countries closer to Vietnam with even
more vital stakes at issue that should be
more than carrying the load with us.
Finally, I wish to emphasize that at
this time of decision and self-examina-
tion, I think it would be a great mistake
if we withdrew from our present position,
leaving a vacuum. To my mind we have
no alternative but to show our determi-
nation and hold on as we are, seeking and
probing for some reasonably solid and
acceptable agreement.
AID FOR PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, at this time,
when the President's education program
is being discussed, I think it is most im-
portant that we keep in perspective the
real objective of us all-the better edu-
cation of our Nation's children. All else
that eventually results, the increase in
,college attendance, an increase in the
number of our professional people, an in-
crease in our country's gross national
product, an enhancement of our general
literacy, an increase in the relative
strength in the world, all must build
from this base of better education for all
our children. Unless this base is there,
preparation for jobs and careers, motiva-
tion to go on to college, and for all to
take on increased responsibility in our
Nation and world will fall short.
And when it comes to educating all our
children, I mean all, not a portion, of
our children. In this regard, I believe
children in our parochial and private
schools are just as important as children .
in our public schools; that they will play
just as important a role in our Nation's
life as those in our public schools. I
think that much serious attention should
be devoted to ways of improving their
education as well.
As a Senator from Rhode Island, with
29 percent of our children in grade school
attending parochial or private schools,
I have a particularly deep concern with
this matter.
In this connection, I believe that Presi-
dent Johnson has developed a very fine
solution to the perennial problem of aid
to nonpublic schools by. his concentration
upon the problems of the children them-
selves, as opposed to those of the schools.
Much clearer thinking is needed on this
whole problem, and; in this connection,
I ask unanimous consent that there be
inserted in the RECORD following my re-
marks an interesting article by Carl N.
Degler that appeared in the New York
Times Magazine section on Sunday, Jan-
uary 31, 1965.
I do not necessarily believe this article
may fully answer everyone's questions on
this important issue. Nor do I believe
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 11
that the situation rightly is not an issue. not kept pace. In 1945, nuns outnumbered who Is alert to the central role that educa-
But, also, is it not time we stimulated dis- lay teachers in parochial schools 13 to 1; in tion plays in our increasingly technical so-
cussion and thinking on it? I believe 1959, the ratio was 3 to 1; by 1970 it is esti- ciety can afford to be indifferent to the qual-
mated solution in favor that the number of lay teachers will ity of parochial schools. What kind of im-
there is a fair and just be double that of nuns. provement in job opportunities and in the
of assistance to the child in the private In itself such a reversal means a tremen- technical skills of our people can be achieved
school. dots increase in costs. A nun's subsistence when one-seventh of the children are left
There being no objection, the article and allowance runs between $650 and $1,250 behind in inferior schools? One does not
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, a year, while lay teachers in parochial schools have to be a Catholic to be alarmed at such
as follow: are paid an average of $3,400. Heavy as the shortsightedness--he has to consult no more
Am FOR PAROCHIAL ScHOCrLS-A QUESTION OF Increase in costs will be as the shift from than his own self-interest.
EDUCATION, NOT RELIGION teaching nuns to lay teachers is made, it There is a further social reason for in-
will get considerably heavier as the paro- cluding parochial schools in Federal aid to
(By Carl N. Degler) chial schools try to staff their schools with education. Unfortunately, in the debate over
It is time that Americans face the question the best lay teachers. The present average this question, some overzealous Catholics
of Federal aid to parochial schools. If we pay of the lay teacher is considerably below have muddied the waters. They assert that
truly believe in the national goal to improve the average of $5,200 for public school teach- those parents who send their children to
education for all we should stop our shift- ers. Moreover, few of the. parochial schools parochial schools are taxed doubly for edu-
ing and squirming and try looking at the provide fringe benefits like pensions, which cation: once for public schools and again
problem realistically. With good will, under- are taken for granted by public school for parochial schools.
standing, and leadership from the national teachers. Legally, of course, the argument is spe-
administration the conflicting views can be. In short, the quality of teaching is en- cious. No law requires Catholic parents to
harmoniously resolved. dangeredin the parochial schools, if it has pay for parochial schools or denies their chil-
Although the question of Federal aid to not been reduced already. As the situation dren access to public schools. But if the
private schools affects secular as well as re- now stands, parochial teachers are working argument lacks legal substance, it carries
ligious schools, the issue centers upon the under tremendous handicaps, with class sizes moral force. Catholic-school parents do in
Roman Catholic parochial schools. They far above the average for public schools. fact pay more for education than non-Cath-
educate the preponderance of non-public- Class rolls of 50 or 80 tsudents are common olics-and, in doing so, they actually save
school children and when the issue is re- and ones of 90 are not unknown. The aver- the taxpayers hundreds of millions of dol-
solved for them, it will be resolved also for age class size in the public schools is 26. lars.
Lutheran, Jewish, Episcopalian, and secular Although the educationally optimum num- Because of this, non-Catholics who smugly
private schools as well. Therefore, in what ber of students in a class is certainly de- invoke the doctrine of separation of church
follows, the parochial schools are used as the batable, it is safe to say that quality of and state are no more disinterested inter-
example, though what is advocated for them education must be inferior, all other things preters of the principle than are Catholics.
applies to all others. being equal, when classes reach such size. The question of Federal aid to parochial
The issue, it should he stressed, Is not a Two points in President Johnson's recent schools needs recognition of the Catholic
partisan religious one. Indeed, as one who congressional message on education would contribution and the national good, not
was raised a Protestant, I hold no brief for provide some oblique Federal aid to parochial slogan trading.
parochial schools nor for the virtues of re- schools. One calls for $100 million of grants Nor does it mitigate the Catholic parents'
ligious as opposed to secular education. The for library and textbooks for public and pri- sense of financial burden to recall that the
case for Federal aid to private education, it vate schools. The other calls for $100 million doctrine of separation of church and state
seems to me, is pragmatic and secular. for the creation of supplementary education in America as it pertains to education grew
The starting point of all discussions on centers at which public school systems would up pragmatically and not as a result of an
the question is the simple fact that almost allow parochial school children to use some abstract principle. Many know that all
6 million American schoolchildren--about of their facilities and attend some of their public education in America began as Prot-
one in seven-are educated in private schools, classes on a shared-time basis. estant education, becoming secular only
more than 90 percent of which are operated Revolutionary as these proposals may be when Catholics, in the early 19th century,
by the Roman Catholic Church. The pro- considered by some, they are inadequate on protested and demanded a share of the
portion in some States is considerably higher. both financial and constitutional grounds. school funds to open their own schools. The
Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Neither lifts much of the financial burden Catholics failed to get the funds, but Amer-
New Hampshire, for example, have almost under which the parochial schools now stag- Sea got secular public schols. The point is
a quarter of their children in private schools; ger. Moreover, two States (New York and that rigid, automatic adherence to an ab-
Rhode Island counts 29 percent and Wiscon- Iowa) have already Indicated that shared solute interpretation of the doctrine of sep-
sin 27 percent. In cities like Pittsburgh, time violates State constitutional bans on aration is a real source of social division.
New York, and Chicago, the proportion of aid to religious schools. Other States, with To achieve the social harmony necessary
children in Roman Catholic schools alone Is similar explicit prohibitions in their con- for any healthy society some recognition of
between 30 and 40 percent. stitutions, will undoubtedly arrive at the Catholic problems in education needs to be
From the standpoint of numbers alone, same conclusion in short order. In sum, the made by the rest of Americans. For too
Roman Catholic schools are functioning as need for Federal aid to private schools in long, non-Catholic Americans have viewed
quasi-public institutions. The immediate general, and parochial schools in particular, the Roman Catholic Church as something
question is: As public education is steadily remains as crucial as ever. more (or less, according to some) than a re-
improved with more funds, better equip- To one not immediately involved with ligion. Many Protestants still see it as simply
ment, and higher pay for teachers, can the parochial education, the present crisis un- concentrated power, something to be feared
parochial schools match that improvement? doubtedly appears unfortunate, but outside and fought.
The answer seems to be no. his concern. He may simply shrug his shoul- Today, however, Catholics constitute a
Ever since the late 1950's, the parochial tiers, remarking that Catholic children should quarter of the population. The first Catho-
schools have been growing fast, consider- go to public schools. But this attitude is lic President is as memorable for his sophisti-
ably faster than the public schools. Be- surely as socially shortsighted as it is insen- Catholic presidential
tween 1940 and 1963, the number of pupils sitive. The enormous rise in parochial school cited candidate style is as remembered the first Catthr his lack of it.
in parochial schools jumped 129 percent, as enrollment in itself attests to the strong in-
compared with a 53-percent rise in the pub- terest of many parents in religious education. Indeed, it is the new power and prominence
lie schools. (Some critics have argued that this in- of Catholics that constitutes the dynamite
Needless to say, this rapid growth has been creased attendance is actually a result of a in the school issue.
a tremendous drain upon the financial re- desire to escape racially integrated public ' To meet every plea for recognition of the
sources of the parishes and dioceses, which schools, but the number of such cases is Catholic parents' problem with the automatic
support the schools. Stiff tuition charges really negligible. The argument certainly response of separation of church and state
are now common for parochial schools, and does not apply at all in southern cities like can only drive Catholics to an unwise use of
they continue to go up. A recent survey of New Orleans or Charleston, or in the South as their power. One adamantine response be-
136 diocesan high schools showed that two- a whole, where parochial schools have led the gets another. The result is social division
thirds had raised tuition since 1955; 90 of region in desegregation. Indeed, one could and, ultimately, national stagnation. Social
them charged $100 or more a year. These make a good argument that in many commu- amity requires that all Americans, not just
charges, of course, are in addition to general nities, North and South, the parochial school Catholics, assume part of the burden of the
contributions by the parishioners. Is more socially, as well as more racially, parochial schools' pursuit of educational ex-
At the same time, one of the principal heterogeneous than the pubic schools simply cellence.
financial advantages of parochial schools has because of the larger districts from which the The emphasis here is on understanding,
been waning. Because so many of the pa- parochial schools draw their students.) not on right. It should be clear that no pri-
rochial schools have been traditionally The fact is that several million future vate school has a right to public aid. Some
staffed by nuns, instructional costs have citizens are going to continue to be edu- unthinking advocates of such aid, it is true,
been considerably lower than in public cated in parochial schools, regardless of what have argued that the constitutional doctrine
schools. But as the parochial schools have others of us may think about their merits of freedom of religion implies that the state
multiplied, the number of available nuns has or demerits. In such circumstances, no one must support church schools, else they are
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
being denied their rights under the first Thus, the Court drew a line between those
amendment, acts of Government that aid religion directly
Such a contention is nonsense. Freedom and those which aid religion only indirectly
of economic enterprise does not mean that while pursuing a broader social purpose.
all businesses must be kept afloat by the Presumably, the child-benefit principle, as
state. But, if the public good demands it, long as it does not support religious teaching
the Government may support certain enter- as such, is capable of extension beyond text-
prises, as it does the merchant marine and books and buses.
farming. That is a matter to be decided by In fact, it has already been applied, though
public debate, not adjudicated according to the Supreme Court has not considered the
immutable principles. Similarly, private constitutionality of any of the applications.
education may be-indeed, should be- The best known instance, or course, has been
assisted by the Federal Government though the GI bill of rights, passed at the end of the
not as a right. Second World War to aid veterans educa-
But, it will be objected, the case is dif- tion. Catholic colleges and universities re-
ferent in regard to education, where social ceived funds, through their students, along
need is not the only consideration. What of with secular institutions. Even veterans
the constitutional doctrine of separation of studying for the ministry and priesthood
Lion prohibit any kind of support for reli-
gion, even for the schools? Actually, as I
have been Implying, the constitutional re-
strictions are less rigid than some opponents
of Federal aid to parochial schools would
have us believe.
Despite the decidedly pragmatic nature of
their culture, Americans like to think that
the separation of church and state in the
United States is strict. Even John F. Ken-
nedy fell into this cliche when, during the
1960 campaign, he spoke of believing in an
America where the separation of church and
state is absolute.
In truth, it has been neither absolute nor
consistent. From the very first administra-
tion, Congress has provided for chaplains out
of public funds, and the President has pro-
claimed days of thanksgiving. The Consti-
tution itself recognizes Sunday, the Christian
Sabbath, as a day of rest. To this day, at
the service academies, attendance at chapel
is compulsory. And, above all, both the Fed-
eral and State Governments continue to sup-
port religion through tax exemptions of
church property that run into hundreds of
millions of dollars each year.
The one unbreathable tenet, and rightly so,
has been that the Government may not sup-
port any religion or church directly. And
this no advocate of Federal aid to.parochial
schools suggests. Nor is it an argument
against Federal aid to religious schools to say
it would be an opening wedge to direct sup-
port of religion. For more than 160 years,
in one form or another, indirect aid has been
given without breaching the essential prin-
ciple; there Is no reason why the effect would
be any different now,
The Supreme Court has recognized that
the doctrine of separation is not absolute. In
1930, in the case of Cochran v. Louisiana, the
Court set forth its first major interpretation
of the meaning of separation as applied to
schools. The case concerned a Louisiana law
that had provided for State-supplied text-
books for private schools, including parochi-
al, as well as for public schools. When the
law was challenged by a taxpayer on the
ground that public money was being spent
for a private purpose, the Court rejected the
argument, asserting that the books served a
public purpose, namely the education of the
children.
Admittedly, the Court conceded, providing
textbooks indirectly aided religious institu-
tions, but that was not the intention of the
State; hence, the law was not contrary to the
constitutional prohibitions. Today several
States provide free textbooks to private
schools.
The principle of benefit to the child was
also the lYasis of the Court's reasoning in the
Everson decision in 1947, which permitted
the use of public funds to pay for the trans-
portation of children to a parochial school. To bring the issue explicity before the Na-
A year later, in the McCollum case, the tion will undoubtedly arouse heated discus-
Court outlawed an Illinois practice of allow- Sion and perhaps even some latent fears and
ing religious classes, under the released-time ancient animosities. But the question is too
program, to be held in public school build- important to be weakly evaded and too urgent
ings. Here the aid to the child was in sup- to be merely palliated. Of all recent Presi-
port of religious teaching only, dent, Lyndon Johnson, with his proved
and Federal school-lunch programs. Shared-
time programs, endorsed in the President's
message and already in operation in some
cities, also constitute an application of the
child-benefit doctrine. Purists may argue,
as they have in regard to public buses being
used by parochial school children, that any
such services, by saving money for religious
institutions, constitute a violation of abso-
lute separation. But neither the American
people nor the Supreme Court have been
purists in the past in this regard; certainly
there is no reason to begin now.
There is also evidence that many Americans
are becoming aware of the need for some
kind of accommodation on the issue. In
1961, the Gallup Poll reported that 57 per-
cent of the population wanted no Federal
funds to go to parochial schools. But by
early 1963, 49 percent favored including paro-
chial schools In any Federal aid, while only
44 percent were opposed. (The remainder
were undecided.)
With the child-benefit doctrine available
in constitutional interpretation and with
public recognition of the need for Federal aid
to all schools increasing, the time seems pro-
pitious for the Johnson administration to
take the final step. What precise form Fed-
eral aid should take is, of course, a matter
to be decided in the public forum.
Obviously it should not include any direct
support of religious instruction. Probably
the most useful form it could take would be
financial grants for augmenting salaries of
teachers of secular subjects, for laboratory
equipment, for new classroom construction
and for outfitting libraries. The amount
might well be in proportion to the total edu-
cational appropriation of the parochial
schools, and be distributed on a per capita
b
i
as
s.
The expenditure of the funds would prob-
ably be most efficiently overseen by the
U.S. Office of Education, but congressional
concern about Federal control might well
cause this function to be placed in the
hands of State departments of education.
Regardless of the level of Government that
undertakes the supervision of the expendi-
tures, though, it should be understood that
with a grant of money goes the right to see
that it is used as intended.
Moreover, since this aid is a matter of
policy and not of right, the amount granted
to any Individual private school would be
considerably less than the full cost of opera-
tion. Thus public schools would remain the
principal recipients of public funds-indeed,
the only recipients on the local and State
levels. There would, therefore, be no need
to fear that the public schools would be su-
perceded either in money or in public atten-
2559
powers of public and private persuasion, is
eminently fitted for the task. of public educa-
tion and leadership that the subject de-
mands.
Certainly the Great Society he dreams of
and the mutual understanding among Amer-
icans he cherishes deserve no less. Moreover,
once the thorny issue is faced and Congress
has acted, the effect may well be as socially
healing as the passage of the Civil Rights
Act has proved to be for another threat to
national amity and social progress.
A SPEEDY RECOVERY FOR
SENATOR RUSSELL
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, we
are all ' deeply distressed over the ill-
ness of the senior Senator from Geor-
gia, and I know that I can speak for
other Members of the Senate when I
say that his presence is greatly missed
on the floor of this body.
I would like to join with his loved ones,
his host of friends and associates, his
colleagues here in the Senate, and indeed
all Georgians in wishing Senator Rus-
SELL a full and speedy recovery.
Mr. President, there appeared in the
February 9 issue of the Atlanta Consti-
tution an editorial expressing concern
over Senator RUSSELL'S illness, and the
hope that he soon will be back at his
desk in the Senate.
I ask unanimous consent that this edi-
torial be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
A SPEEDY RECOVERY
The illness of Senator RICHARD B. RUSSELL,
is a matter of deep concern and distress to
all Georgians. He has served his State and
his Nation well, and deservedly has been cited
as the most effective of all Senators. His
illness at a time of international crisis re-
minds us of his all-important role as chair-
man of the Senate Armed Services Commit-
tee, in which capacity he has been instru-
mental in keeping the Nation strong.
The Constitution joins with all Georgians
in extending best wishes to the Senator for
a speedy recovery. We trust that within a
few days he will be back in his accustomed
place on tme Senate floor.
FREEDOM'S RESPONSIBILITIES-
ADDRESS BY SENATOR SMATHERS
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, on
January 26 the able and distinguished
junior Senator from ' Florida CMr.
SMATHERSI delivered a thought-provok-
ing address before the Miami Woman's
Club. As a member of the Committee
on Foreign Relations, the Senator from
Florida has a great interest in foreign
affairs. The address deals specifically
with the situation that presently exists
in southeast Asia. I believe it will be of
great interest to all Senators and all
readers of the RECORD. I therefore ask
unanimous consent that it be printed in
the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ADDRESS BY SENATOR GEORGE A. SMATHERS BE-
FORE MIAMI WOMAN'S CLUB, JANUARY 26,
1965
I congratulate you on selecting the theme
for this 65th year as "Freedom's Respon-
sibilities." For" it implies an awareness on
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2560 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE February 11
your part, not universally shared, that free- the most poisonous agents for war and ag- Sukarno has Indonesia already headed
dom is not free, and perhaps uniquely in our gression, the most noxiously infectious core straight for the Communist camp. It is not
generation of human history, the cause of of trouble for the West in all the world." entirely unlikely that, with southeast Asia in
freedom can slowly rise or swiftly ebb, de- She is dedicated to the spread of com- its grasp, the next moves of Communist ag-
gove rnmen overthrow Thof dem- at vast Guinea, New1Z aland, nde perhapsievenrthe
pending
responsibilities neon how we "the people" discharge crsystems e of violent
the it entails. cratic
Here in the the United States freedom is mak- nation, once our ally and friend, has forced Australian Continent. More than a billion
ing great strides under a government that the United States to defend the Korean people, people who are now free and want to
recognizes that it derives all of its powers peninsula in the third most bloody battle remain free, would have fallen under the
from the consent of the governed. We are in all of our hisory. It has forcefully taken domination of Communist China. Her stra-
moving forward in giant efforts to push back over the Himalayan nation of Tibet. It has tegic position in the world would then be
the frontiers of literacy, of health, and of violated the borders of neutral India. It has immensely more formidable, and her drive
economic and spiritual opportunity. Plato fomented revolution among the newly- in- for world domination more aggressiiveand
said: "Governments reflect human nature; dependent nations of Africa and it is greatly determined than ever. If that unhappy day
states are not made out of stone nor wood, responsible for the recent violence in the should come, America would once again be
but of the character of their citizens." Congo. And it is now earnestly and ener- forced to wage a great battle for survival,
Judged against this platonic standard, I fore- getically seeking to infiltrate and dominate and while our capability for total destruction
see a continuing strive toward excellence in all of southeast Asia. Is such that we would win, it would be a vic-
our own society, driven along by the charac- In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote in his tory that would leave, in the words of Presi-
ter of a responsible citizenry. book, entitled "Democracy in America," that dent Kennedy, "survivors who would envy
However, as we pursue our own vital inter- "it is [no longer possible I for men to remain the dead."
ests at home, we cannot be unmindful of the strangers to each other, or to be ignorant of However, amidst this panorama of gloom,
plight and conditions of those who inhabit the events which are taking place in any there are two facts that immensely weigh in
this earth with us. In the past 40 years, corner of the globe." De Tocqueville's words, our favor. First, while the Chinese Com-
freedom's responsibilities have fallen upon written 130 years ago, could not have more munists have exploded a primitive nuclear
the United States to defend and to extend. applicability than they do in 1965. For today device, they do not presently have, nor will
This is not a role we sought nor even the importunities of history have constrained they have for perhaps another 10 years, a
wanted. But it is one which wisdom com- the United States to commit 25,000 military capability with which to wage nuclear war.
pelled us to take after absorbing the lessons advisers, and to suffer the loss thus far of Secondly, the Soviet Union, which does have
of 20th century history. 247 of those American advisers, in the re- such a capability, capitulated to the fearsome
Twice in my lifetime, America has watched mote and backward nation of South Vietnam, ultimatum of President Kennedy's in October
from the sidelines as the world became em- 15,000 miles from our shores. 1962, and they withdrew their nuclear mis-
broiled in a global war; and twice the chal- All of that area of the world has long been siles from the island of Cuba. In the peril-
lenge to our own survival forced us, finally an area of conflict and unrest. For nearly ous calculations that one must make in this
to take up arms, and twice we and our allies 100 years prior to the Second World War, the nuclear age, it is reasonable to believe that,
'bought that total victory and peace had French occupied what was then known as having refused to risk total nuclear war over
been achieved. French Indochina, consisting of the nations Cuba, the Soviet Union would demonstrate
Out of these experiences we have learned we know today as Cambodia, Laos, and North equal, if not greater, reluctance over trig-
two lessons-lessons that have guided this and South Vietnam. Japan occupied these gering such a catastrophe in southeast Asia
Nation's international policies since 1945. territories during World War II from 1941 for the primary benefit of her now restive
First, we learned that the costs of war in- to 1945, .and thereafter, the French, largely and critical ally, who perhaps in the near
evitably exceed its rewards. Second, we with U.S. assistance, sought to reclaim Indo- future, might well be her mortal enemy,
learned that the maintenance of peace re- china for itself. But the Indochinese people, Red China.
quires eternal vigilance, and more: It re- having developed some nationalistic feelings, The question of what course this Nation
quires patience, perseverance, a willingness rebelled and the result was the disastrous should now pursue in South Vietnam must
to be involved with other nations with whom defeat for the French at Dienbienphu in be resolved with a full understanding of what
we share common interests, and an under- 1954. They lost over 25,000 men. is at stake for America and for the cause of
standing that our own freedom is inexorably A conference was called at Geneva in that freedom both now and in the future.
entwined with the cause of freemen in every year and an accord was reached among 14 Some of my colleagues in the Senate have
part of the world. nations including China, U.S.S.R., but not the raised their voices incessantly for an im-
That is why we ave made commitments to United States of America, whereby North mediate and complete withdrawal of all
various nations of the world, and that is why Vietnam remained in Communist hands, and American forces from South Vietnam. Par-
52 cents of every one of our tax dollars is South Vietnam, under Premier Diem, was enthetically, no one is more personally con-
spent to maintain a Military Establishment supposedly guaranteed its independence. cerned about our involvement in that area
second to none. But it soon became apparent that the in- of the world than Rosemary and I, for our
As President Johnson said in his state of dependence of South Vietnam was being son, John, is a naval officer aboard a de-
the Union address: "Our hand is out, in a threatened by Communist North Vietnam, stroyer operating in those very troubled
gesture of friendship, but our guard must urged on and abetted by the Peiping regime. waters.
But I believe that a of withdrawal
remain up." And that's the way it must John Foster Dulles, our then Secretary of policy
remain so long as the Communist system in State, persuaded President Eisenhower to in. is diametrically opposed to the long-range
any country is dedicated to the destruction tervene, first with our economic assistance vital interests when United
to hen the Vietcong e and advantages would
individual freedom and the total domina- and later with military aid and a small num- a l at accrue this time w
tion of the world. her of. advisers. Thus began the long strug-their ally, the
However, a proper understanding of the gle that continues today. Chinese People's Republic.
communistic system, and its evolution in Notwithstanding policy statements. issued In the past several months, we have heard
various countries, is indispensable to a ra- from time to time by the State Department, other public figures other way-100
0 and tional response to the challenge it poses. I think it is accurate to say that South Viet-should not restrain ss y that the United its awesome military
Until 1948, communism could best be de- nam, in and of itself, is of no military conse-
scribed as a monolithic gargantua, whose quence to our Nation's strategic defenses. ight;t the Communist should unleash Vietcong our forces
In
policies were dictated from Stalinist Russia, The United States has an impervious line of against the mUnited unil States should rebels. In
and whose purposes were identical in every defenses in the Pacific, stretching from their tactical nnot re-
not from m using the
Communist state. In 1948, however,- two Alaska down through Japan, Okinawa, the train view, weap-
only in South
wheruth tuth tVie he en but nuclear l emy i it n North hides or
developments in the Communist world pre- Philippines, and Formosa. We have SAC ons,
cipitated a disunity within its orbit of in- forces always on the alert on the island of Vietnam, lies itself. The advocates a n of this bold.
fluence and made it imperative for the United Guam; our 7th Fleet is in command of the capon b the United States-
ld
various af not bo
Strits.S We are in South and Vithe For- etnam, cerned if their course should precipitate a
States to have Communist flexible policy I toward the moan Pacific,
ence huist nations. I have have refer- war with Red China or even the Soviet
Kaithe Mao T forces i Tung victory over Chiang not to aid our own immediate defense Union. It is their view that we should flight
and th he no' on the one hand, oworld to check s the e them now and get it over with.
feeds result of Chinese the free
other. Yugoslavia from m of the advance the
communism in southeast I doubt not the patriotism nor good inten-
and Ss, breakaway oviet bloc a the China,,
the Sr China Asia. tions of these people but I do believe that
Union, is s the the i If South Vietnam were to fall into Com- these well-meaning persons have let their
that In it, recent and Sanot ns, the China Soviet has maintained
im atience outstrip their reason.
exponent of "pure" Marxian-Leninist com- munist hands, it would precipitate the de- p
munism. Its position in this regard was mise of freedom in all the nations of south- The last time that President Johnson via-
enhanced by the death of Stalin in 1953, east Asia. Malaysia, Burma, Thailand, would ited with General MacArthur, the general
and the subsequent de-Stalinization cam- Inevitably fall behind the Bamboo Curtain. urged the President never to commit this
paign within the Soviet Union. Loyal to its Cambodia which is today playing both sides Nation to fight a major land war in Asia. We
claim, Peiping is today, in the words of Col- of the fence would be sucked into the Com- could not win without using our nuclear
umnist William S. White "headquarters for munist morass. It appears that President power and by using it, we challenge the Com-
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1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 2565
8. 296 - It is the contention of Henry Cabot Lodge, journment of the Senate following to-
In the Senate of the United States, Jan- former Ambassador, that a stalemate has day's session until February 17, 1965, the
nary 7, 1965; Mr. MANSFIELD (for himself, Mr. in fact been reached in Vietnam. During
METCALF, Mr. BATH, Mr. BIBLE, Mr. Done, Mr. this stalemate he hopes that a government Secretary of the Senate be authorized to
HARTKE, Mr. HAYDEN, Mr. MONTOYA, Mr. can be organized and maintained that will receive messages from the President of
Monsz, Mr. RIEIQOFF, and Mr. WILLIAMS Of have true national aspirations equal to the United States and the House of Rep-
New Jersey) introduced the following bill; standing against the Chinese Reds. resentatives; that committees be author-
which was read twice and referred to the He, and others, are talking in very long- ized to file reports; and that the Vice
Committee on Armed Services: range terms that imply the U.S. commit- President or President pro tempore be
A bill to authorize the temporary release of ment in South Vietnam might last for dec_ authorized to sign duly enrolled bills and
wodes more. one hundred thousand short tons of copper The concept of stalemate is not brushed joint resolutions.
from the national stockpile aside by U.S. officials as something to be The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of shunned. That is, in fact, what happened objection, it is so ordered.
Representatives of the United States of in Korea and has continued now for 10 years.
America in Congress assembled, That, in or- Stalemate is the condition that exists, and
der to svoid serious economic dislocation and has existed for 20 years, between the Re- EXECUTIVE SESSION
instability in the domestic market for copper, public of China and the Chinese People's
the Administrator of General Services is au- Republic. Mr, SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
thorized, notwithstanding any limitation Stalemate is certainly regarded as better unanimous consent that the Senate pro-
or requirement in the Strategic and Critical than defeat. It is very costly to us in Korea, teed to the consideration of executive
Materials Stock Piling Act with respect to the on Formosa and in southeast Asia, but the business.
disposition of materials acquired thereunder, alternative in the end 1 h b
m
t
g
e more ex- There being no objection, the Senate
or in any other provision of law, to release
pensive. As is now being demonstrated in proceeded to the consideration of execu-
not to exceed one hundred thousand short Fnrmnsa 1-J ,',. _rr ..o? .,.,,,,s.,,..._ _
pile. The disposition herein authorized
shall be made to domestic producers of cop-
per under such rules and regulations as
may be presci'ibed by the Director of the
Office of Emergency Planning. One of
the terms and conditions applicable to such
disposition shall be that any producer re-
ceiving such copper shall agree to restore
to the, national stockpile an amount and
grade of copper at least equivalent to that
received (1) not later than one year after
the receipt thereof, or (2), in the event of
an emergency, as determined by the Presi-
dent, not later than sixty days after notice
thereof.
STALEMATE POLICY HAS ITS
VALUES
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed at
this point in the RECORD an article by the
distinguished columnist Richard Wilson,
entitled "Stalemate Policy Has Its Val-
ue," which appeared in the Washington
Evening Star of February 10.
I recommend this article to my fellow
Senators for I feet it is most informative
and perceptive. It logically and briefly
explains the values of the policy which
this Nation has been following over the
past decade and the very sound reason
why we have to follow such a policy.
It also points out the benefits that have
Stalemate is hard to live with besides being
expensive. It is hard to maintain and de-
fend politically in a country where winning
ranks so high in the mortality scale. Fail-
ing to win is a ready-made political issue
for the party out of power. But Dwight
Eisenhower survived it in Korea after failing
to win caused discontent with the Truman
administration,
Responsible officials are not so certain as
Lodge, whose responsibility is at an end, that
a stalemate does exist. They have noted that
in the last year infiltration of South Vietnam
from the north has doubled. But the policy
being pursued points toward the creation of
a stalemate, whatever President Johnson may
call it.
Every military response to Vietcong attack
by U.S. forces is limited to fit the situation
and we are not driving north nor are the
South Vietnamese. The President often re-
minds his advisers that the late Gen. Douglas
MacArthur advised him never to get bogged
down in a land war in Asia. A war had yet
to be won by air action alone.
By taking the stand we have in Asia since
World War II we have prevented the com-
plete domination of East Asia by the Com-
munists and preserved a climate in which
Japan and the Philippines could grow and
prosper. If we had not stood firm all of Ko-
rea would be Communist, Chiang Kai-shek
would not exist, southeast Asia would be
under Chinese domination and Japan and
the Philippines would be in the shadow of a
Peiping government stronger than it is today.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there
be no reports of committees, the nomina-
tion on the Executive Calendar will be
stated.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will state the nomination on the
calendar.
The legislative clerk read the nomina-
tion of Frank Gasparro, of Pennsyl-
vania, to be Engraver in the Mint of the
United States at Philadelphia, Pa.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the nomination is confirmed.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the President
be immediately notified of the confirma-
tion of the nomination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the President will be notified
forthwith.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate re-
sume the consideration of legislative
business.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection?
There being no objection, the Senate
resumed the consideration of legislative
business.
been derived from that policy. ' There is much to be said, therefore, for the
There being no objection, the article policy of creating and maintaining a stale-
mate. However unsavory the word, this has
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD
,
as follows:
STALEMATE POLICY HAS ITS VALUE
(By Richard Wilson)
With the passage of a little time, crisis-
ridden U.S. officials realized that nothing was
changed by the air retaliation in Vietnam.
The problem remained the same-to get in
deeper or to begin to get out.
All major aspects of the dilemma are very
large and long range. One ground attack
`will not drive Americans out of Vietnam.
One or two air attacks will not, lessen the
Communist Chinese determination to rule
all southeast Asia and push the United States
back to the Philippines and beyond.
This is the real issue. The difference be-
tween those who would pull back and those
who would stay put is in the evaluation of
whether or not a fallback would have any
material effect on the U.S. strategic position
in the world.
The local military action in Vietnam has
postponed further discussion of a negotiated
settlement but the history of events there
suggests that it will arise again.
been the main line of our policy since the
end of World War II, not only in Asia but at
the testing point in Berlin. The confronta-
tion and stalemate at the dividing line be-
tween Western and Eastern Europe held the
line until the Western nations could recover
and become more prosperous than ever be-
fore.
Also, we created a stalemate in Greece and
at Trieste. A neutral if not entirely inde-
pendent Austria emerged. Stalemate in
Asia could have the further advantage of
driving a wedge between the Soviet Union
and Communist China. We have much to
gain from the policy and the Johnson doc-
trine of limited response helps to promote it.
AUTHORIZATION TO RECEIVE MES-
SAGES, FILE REPORTS, AND SIGN
DULY ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT
RESOLUTIONS DURING ADJOURN-
MENT
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that during the ad-
TRIBUTE TO LATE GREAT FEDERAL
JURIST, ALBERT LEE STEPHENS
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, a deep
feeling of sadness recently was felt by
the legal profession in California and,
indeed, throughout the Western States,
with news of the death, at the age of 90,
of retired Federal Judge Albert Lee
Stephens.
Over a career of 44 years as a jurist,
Judge Stephens evidenced the finest
qualities looked for in a person who sits
on the bench-honesty, perspicacity, wis-
dom, courtesy, and understanding. In
addition, while steadfastly and uncom-
promisingly expounding principles of
equity and justice in which he believed,
Judge Stephens was known as a warm
human being motivated by sympathy and
tolerance.
The judicial career of - this learned
judge covered service on both State and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE February 11
Federal courts, following several years in
law enforcement as Los Angeles city at-
torney. After rising to the position of
presiding justice of the California Dis-
trict Court of Appeals, he was appointed
to the Federal district court by President
Franklin Roosevelt and shortly elevated
to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, on
which he eventually became the presid-
ing judge.
In his capacity as Federal jurist, Judge
Stephens was an outstanding exponent of
civil rights in the broadest sense.
Among his opinions was one restoring
citizenship to Japanese-Americans who
had been incarcerated in wartime evacu-
ation centers. In another proceeding,
while concurring in the constitutionality
of the wartime removal orders, Judge
Stephens heatedly denounced the treat-
merit of those Americans of Japanese
descent who were summarily uprooted
and transferred to the relocation camps.
In another signal opinion, he delivered
the ruling of his court that school segre-
gation for children of Mexican descent
was unconstitutional, 7 years before the
Supreme Court's landmark. decision on
this practice.
Judge Stephens was a native of Indiana
and a veritable child pioneer, going West
t the age of 10 with his parents in a
covered-wagon train.
In his role as public official, jurist, and
dedicated citizen, Judge Stephens was
uniformly respected. His passing is a
great loss to his State and to our Nation.
PURPORTED SAVINGS TO BE MADE
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRI-
CULTURE BUDGET
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, the re-
lease of the budget for fiscal 1966 con-
firmed the fact that this administra-
tion is doing everything possible to con-
serve the taxpayer's dollar and yet pro-
vide the necessary services that should
come from an efficient and compassionate
government. The line between efficiency
at the expense of extravagance and ef-
ficiency at the expense of the future is a
hard line to draw in undertakings as
large and as complex as those of the
Federal Government. By and large, I
believe the new budget draws these
lines fairly and well. However, Mr.
President, I must take exception to some
of the purported savings to be made in
the Department of Agriculture. Un-
'fortunately, in some instances, these
savings seem to be a clear example of
being "penny wise and pound foolish."
We are saving money in this decade at
the expense of future decades of farmers
and consumers. I certainly hope that
the agreement reached here yesterday
will permit a reexamination of some of
the alleged savings so that the long-term
interests of our agriculture economy will
not be unduly restricted.
Certainly, the agriculture budget
represents a choice target. It is big and
it is complex and there are many-
farmers and nonfarmers alike-who cry
for the end to these programs, perhaps
because they do not understand them.
Others of my colleagues have already
mentioned the fact that one of the real
and most serious consequences of the
cutbacks in some of the support pro- being done by the Soil Conservation
grams will be to further restrict the in- Service. Mr. President, the work of a
come of the smaller farmers and drive Soil Conservation Service technician is
more and more of them off the farm and twofold. He is a trained scientist and
into our cities. It is obvious that one of technician who assists the farmer to plan
the first considerations of any program his operations and to till his fields in
curtailment should be that it not create such a manner as to make the best pos-
unnecessary hardship or contradict Gov- sible use of the potential of his land,
ernment programs in other areas. It while at the same time conserving one
makes little sense to be fighting poverty of our most priceless heritages-our soil.
on one hand and creating it on the Almost every child's geography book
other. contains statistics about how many mil-
The cutbacks on some of these support lion carloads of fertile soil washes each-
programs will be felt almost immediately year into the Gulf of Mexico. And no
as some of our small farmers and ranch- discussion of the great depression is com-
ers who have been skirting the edge of plete without an allusion to the Dust
insolvency are pushed over the brink. Bowl and the havoc worked on a great
But there will also be long-range detri- segment , of American agriculture
ments as bad, if not worse, than the through its failure to properly use the
immediate situation. Included in the re- soil. Again, Mr. President, we see a pro-
ductions planned by the Department of posed cutback in services which-while
Agriculture are the closing of 20 research seeking immediate gains for the pres-
stations, the elimination of 100 research ent-are in equal measure seeking to
projects, and a cut of from $15 to $20 prepare us to meet the future and pre-
million in funds for Soil Conservation vent a recurrence of the dust bowls,
Service technicians at the local level. Mr. floods, and erosion that have occurred
President, these actions are perilously too often in our agricultural history.
close to a reckless disregard for the de- Mr. President, these suggestions put
mands of the future to save a few dollars forward today are for the preservation
today-in other words, "penny wise and of agricultural programs that I believe
pound foolish." These research stations to be in the Nation's best interest. I
that are being closed have done substan- would also like to suggest a positive ac-
tial and pioneering work to help the tion in the reform of an existing agri-
farmers in the area in which they are cultural service which would have the ef-
located to better deal with the problems feet of
greatly strengthening our and the position of the farm
unique climate, soil, and crops that often are economy
farm in our total agricultural economy
uto the region cin which ase, Mr. President, r are No problem is more acute for our
for located,
the horticultural ihs the station atat Cheyenne, farmers than the problem of credit. For
Wyo., owhich ch has s been marked for for rural people who cannot get credit from
private lenders, the Farmers Home Ad-
Wyoming extinction. has some serious agricultural ministration is the only available source.
problems that make it difficult for even culture credithe young man t can open the door
o wants agri-
the most dedicated and the most scien-
tific farmer or rancher to gain a living get in. enlarge credit can help the
efficient and
from the soil. Their difficulties have
been lessened in many instances by the economical size. his my credit can take help the
ad-
work of the horticultural station. The farmer
work this station has performed in the vantage of other farm programs, new
search for crops that will grow well in techniques, new machinery and new re-
Wyoming's high altitude and mature search.
early to succeed in Wyoming's short The supervised credit services of Farm-
growing seasons is outstanding. And ers Home Administration has contributed
this work brings not only benefits to the mightily to farm family agriculture in my
individual farmers but is an investment State of Wyoming-
in the agricultural future. No one can Recognizing the expanding needs for
say what the discoveries and investiga- credit by farmers and other rural people,
tions made at this station or any of the FKA made loans to t increase the
above other 19 scheduled for shutdown may 1964-a
produce that could bring about a drastic 1960 level.
and beneficial change in our agriculture. Late last year, FHA loaned $520,000 to
Mr. President, one of the factors that the Platte County Grazing Association,
has made this Nation great is our con- an organization of 23 farm and ranch
tinued striving toward self-improvement. families. The loan and private contribu-
In every object of human endeavor tions permitted these families to pur-
someone has asked, "How does it work?" chase a 36,000 acre ranch and develop it
and "How can it be made to work better?" as a grazing area. Now 23 farm families
Many of our national heroes have been have adequate and efficient operations in
men who have questioned the adequacy an area where previously they had little
of their contemporary physical world or no opportunity for expansion.
and set out to make it better or men who One large ranch using mostly hired
were not content to accept the unknown help is now replaced by 23 families, add-
as something that -should remain un- ing to the county tax base, adding to the
known. And at this time-in the face community income. The loan will be re-
of the space age with its population ex- paid in full and with interest within 40
plosion-we should not turn our backson years.
any effort to increase man's efficiency In January of this year, FHA made five
and the sum of his knowledge. individual farm ownership loans total-
Another effort marked for the budget ing $273,500 to five Wyoming farmers to
ax is the work-or at least part of it- purchase 1,646 acres of irrigated land
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,J965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
owned by a corporation, and operated by
hired labor.
Now five small landowners have been
able to expand to economical and profit-
able size. The stability of that rural
community has been enhanced and its
economy increased by the additional pur-
chasing power of those five farm families.
These are not unusual or isolated ex-
amples of the kind of service FHA is per-
forming. These are typical of what is
going on all over rural America.
But there still exists a serious credit
gap in agriculture that is closing the door
to many young people who want to get
in or to enlarge their operations.
The problem is this: the widening gap
between the high-market price of farm
real estate and the normal" value of
farm land based on its earning capacity.
Current farm credit lending policies are
based on earning capacity values-not
on market values.
In recent years, the market price of
farm teal estate has risen steadily un-
der the competitive pressure of land
speculators, individual and corporate
land investors who enjoy a favorable tax
writeoff, and by locally established farm-
ers with good credit resources who are
willing to pay a premium for an extra
package of land adjacent to their own
holdings in order to make use of expen-
sive farm equipment or merely for in-
vestment and speculation.
The young farmer with little or no
capital resource is therefore unable to
buy farm land that comes on the market
for the simple reason that he does not
have the cash to pay the difference be-
tween the normal price and the market
price even if Farmers Home Administra-
tion or any other lender is able to make
a loan for the full normal value of the
As a result, the young and able farmer
wanting to get into agriculture is denied
the opportunity. Too much of the land
put on the market by reiring farmers is
bought up by absentee owners, the cor-
poration farmer, or the doctor, lawyer
or other briefcase farmer whose princi-
pal crop is a tax writeoff-farms get
larger and larger-family farms get few-
er and fewer.
This problem will become more acute
as time goes on. The 1959 Census
showed that some 17 percent of all farm-
ers in this country were 65 years or older.
An additional 22 percent were 55 to 64
years of age. By 1970, nearly half of all
our farmers will be over 55 years. This
situation is as true in Wyoming as it is
elsewhere.
To anyone studying this problem there
is one inevitable and logical conclusion:
that. this credit gap must be closed and
closed soon if we are to preserve and
maintain farm family agriculture.
One simple and effective way to do
this is to adjust the credit policies of
Farmers Home Administration to:
. Enable FHA to loan the full fair mar-
ket value to qualified applicants.
Enable terms of such loans to permit
repayment first on that portion of the
loan representing the true earning
capacity value of the farm over a period
of years and not to exceed 40 years.
Enable that portion of the loan repre-
senting the difference between the true
earning capacity value and the market
value to be deferred and noninterest
bearing until the unpaid principal bal-
ance on the entire loan is reduced to a
size not exceeding the earning capacity
of the property.
I believe this kind of credit policy
would be sound and is necessary. Price-
support payments, commodity allot-
ments, land retirement payments, and
favorable tax writeoffs are substantially
subsidizing and encouraging absentee
landownership and causing excessive
land prices.
If we are to halt the trend in loss of
farm families, if we are to reverse the
alarming migration of rural people to
urban slums, if we are to reopen the door
to farm family agriculture to deserving
and qualified young farmers, then we
need this kind of expanded farm owner-
ship credit policy in the Farmers Home
Administration.
This expansion of credit could do much
to reverse the trend of the corporation
farm. At the beginning of my remarks,
I noted that the effects of some of these
proposed budget cuts would be to create
poverty on one hand while fighting it on
the other.
Rather than adopt this completely
shortsighted approach, Mr. President, we
would do well to support existing pro-
grams which strengthen the family farm
and the future of family farming and to
initiate new programs which will secure
the necessary progress needed to assure
contir~}}ued growth and development in
our agricultural economy.
V A LOOK AT VIETNAM
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr.
President, the pressure of events in Viet-
nam in the last few days is prompting
prudent Americans to take a penetrat-
ing look at the defense posture of the
United States in southeast Asia, and
more broadly, throughout the Pacific.
We canot forget that the interests of
the United States in the Pacific are such
that we cannot remain indifferent to
events which might alter the balance of
power in that area. This is so because
the United States is a Pacific Ocean
power. Nor is " this simply a boastful
statement. It is, instead, an ineluctable
fact of history and of geography. Two
of our 50 States-Alaska and Hawaii-
are thrust out into the Pacific Ocean.
Our great Western States look out toward
the Pacific. The American flag flies over
names immortalized during the Second
World War: Guam, Wake, Midway.
And the United States administers in the
western Pacific the trust territories of
the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the
Marianas. Nor does this exhaust the
list, for there is also an American pres-
ence in American Samoa, in the How-
land-Baker-Jarvis group and on John-
son and still other islands in the Pacific.
A thought-provoking assessment of
the situation in Vietnam has been made
by Prof. James D. Atkinson, of George-
town University, in the February 3 issue
of the Washington Report of the Ameri-
can Security Council.
2567
Professor Atkinson's remarks were pre-
pared prior to the sudden upsurge of
military actions in Vietnam during the
past week. Thus, they were given with-
out the benefit of knowledge of the Viet-
cong attacks against our Pleiku installa-
tion and the American billet at Qui
Nhon, which resulted in death and in-
juries to many Americans. They were
prepared prior to U.S.S.R. Premier Alexei
N. Kosygin's visit to Hanoi, where, fol-
lowing the American retaliatory air raids
on Dong Hot, the question has been
dramatically reopened to to whether
Russia would back Hanoi against U.S.
attacks.
Perhaps, as some predict, the intensi-
fied fighting which erupted on February
6 will subside to the level of the old war
in South Vietnam. Perhaps, as others
have forecasted, the Communist forces
have now embarked on a determined es-
calation of military efforts.
Regardless, the changed situation is
being used by elements both within the
United States and abroad as a renewed-
opportunity to urge that the United
States undertake negotiations to with-
draw from Vietnam. Should it not be
used, more prudently, to determine now,
in advance of further tests of our will, or
probing actions,. whether we shall con-
tinue merely to counter or react to
thrusts determined to be taken by Com-
munist forces in accordance with their
best interests as to time, place, character,
and magnitude?
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD the
interesting, incisive, and provocative
analysis of the situation in Vietnam by
Dr. Atkinson.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
NONE So Quxcs
There has been a mounting campaign to
get the United States out of South Vietnam.
Many reasons are given for this position. For
example, we are told that the people in
South Vietnam are fainthearted in the fight
against the Communist Vietcong. Yet these
supposedly fainthearted people have been
enduring casualties measured in the thou-
sands every year, and for many years, In de-
fending themselves against communism.
In the vast area that is washed by the
waters of the Pacific Ocean, the United
States is fortunate thus far to have many
stanch friends. These friends have indi-
ckted their friendship by joining with us in
defensive treaties for the maintenance of
peace in the Pacific Ocean area. Thus we
participated with Australia and New Zealand
in the ANZUS treaty. Australia, New Zea-
land, the Republic of the Philippines, and
Thailand (Britain, Fiance, and Pakistan are
participants but are not in the Pacific)
joined with us in the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization, SEATO. South Vietnam came
under the protection of SEATO in accord-
ance with article IV of the treaty. We have
mutual defense treaties with Japan, Nation-
alist China, and South Korea. Thus the
measures which we take or fail to take in
Vietnam will produce a political and psycho-
logical fallout extending far beyond that
strife-torn country.
OTHER TAIEOVER EFFORTS STARTED j _
Some of the far-reaching effects which
might result if there were an American pol-
icy of appeasement in Vietnam have already
been foreshadowed. This is because U.S.
policy has sometimes appeared to be hesitant
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and unsure. Thus during the last days of
December 1964 a clandestine Communist
radio station run by the Thailand independ-
ence movement began broadcasting propa-
ganda against the present pro-American Gov-
ernment of Thailand. There has been a
fresh outbreak of the Communist Hukbala-
hap guerrillas in the Philippines. Since the
long-drawn-out Huk revolutionary activity
in that country which peaked in the early
1950's was supported by the Chinese Commu-
nists, It is likely that the current terrorist
operations of the Huks are once again being
stimulated by the Red Chinese. If this up-
surge in revolutionary action by the Commu-
nists in southeast Asia is taking place as a
result of what the Communists interpret as
our lethargy in that part of the world, one
may well ask what the effect would be if we
were to embark on a policy of appeasement
in South Vietnam,
The Chinese Communists are attempting to
change the balance of power in the Pacific.
Their appetite is insatiable. Earlier it was
Korea. Then it was Tibet and later an in-
cursion into India. But now and for the
past decade it has also been a drive into
southeast Asia. And always accompanying
this revolutionary advance in the Pacific
has been Chinese Communist mischiefmak-
Ing in Africa and in Latin America. Almost
daily the press reports details of the Chinese
Communist support of the Communist guer-
rillas in the Congo. And no longer ago than
October 26, 1964, our good Latin American
neighbor, Colombia, reported that Commu-
nist-sponsored guerrillas in that country
were equipped with arms supplied by Com-
munist China and Cuba. In short, Chinese
Communist revolutionary activity is in con-
flict with American interests not only in the
Pacific but elsewhere. American withdrawal
from South Vietnam will no more appease the
Red Chinese ambitions than would our with-
drawal across the Pacific to Hawaii. Rather,
it would stimulate them to further conquests
and so might well trigger an all-out war.
The Soviet Union is giving propaganda and
political warfare support to the Chinese
Communist efforts in Vietnam. The official
Soviet news agency Tass announced Decem-
ber 30, 1964, that a permanent office of the
Vietnamese National Liberation Front would
be opened in Moscow. On January 5, 1965,
the official Communist Party newspaper Prav-
da printed an aggressive letter to Soviet For-
eign Minister Andrei Gromyko to North Viet-
nam's Foreign Minister. Said Gromyko:
"The Soviet Union supports resolutely the
just national liberation struggle of the people
of South Vietnam against the armed inter-
vention of American imperialism and the
antipopular regime of Saigon, The Soviet
Government demands that the United States
stop all interference in the affairs of South
Vietnam, that it withdraw its troops."
There are many public indications that
the Soviet Union is in close touch with the
Communist Vietcong. For example, on a
Moscow radio broadcast of January 14, 1965,
Lieutenant Colonel Leontyev of the Soviet
armed forces said: "The battle at Bin Ghta
made it clear that the South Vietnamese
guerrilla forces can now take on big engage-
ments, engagements involving several bat-
talions on either side." It has since been re-
ported that units of battalion size have been
brought into the South Vietnamese fighting
from North Vietnam. From all of this it
would seem not only that the Vietcong is
committing large units to the fighting, but
also that the Soviet Union is becoming en-
couraged to take a more belligerent tone by
what it believes to be signs of American vac-
illation in southeast Asia.
THE CHOICES
What options, then, has the United States
with reference to our policy in South Viet-
nam? In blunt terms it would appear that
we have two options: To go or to stay.
The policy of going is sometimes called tautly to Communist China-the long-range
a policy of neutralization. This would mean determination of the United States to stop
the formation of a government in South Chinese Communist aggression. The dis-
Vietnam in which the Communists or pro- play of such firmness would be a psycho-
Communists would participate. Sooner or political act which would go far toward
later-and, if past experience with coalition enlisting support for U.S. policy not in the
governments is a guide, it would be sooner- Pacific alone but throughout the world.
the Communists would dominate the govern- A decision to stay in Vietnam is not the
ment. Reduced to its essentials the policy easy way out for the short run. Quite the
of neutralization is a policy of scuttle and contrary, it will mean an intensification of
run, a policy of appeasement. Both on the long and hard struggle. It Is to be ex-
grounds of morality and of self-interest, it pected in our political system that questions
should be rejected. will continue to be raised about the wisdom
But why should we stay in Vietnam? The of continuing to meet, indeed, even of hav-
answer to this question is really the answer ing accepted the challenge in Vietnam. But
to another question. And that is why we viewed in a larger context, Vietnam is but a
are in Vietnam. testing ground. Our resolve there is the
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S POSITION measure of our will elsewhere. An American
In his state of the Union message, Presi-
dent Johnson answered this question. Said
the President: "We are there, first, because
a friendly nation has asked us to help against
Communist aggression. Ten years ago our
President pledged our help. Three Presi-
dents have supported that pledge. We will
not break it. Second, our own security is
tied to the peace of Asia. Twice in one
generation we have had to fight against ag-
gression in the Far East. To ignore aggres-
sion now would only increase the danger of
a larger war."
withdrawal from Vietnam would inevitably
be followed by a withdrawal from other parts
of the world in which it is said that we are
"overextended." In such a context is Viet-
nam any more untenable than Berlin?
These words from "The Book of Proverbs"
are helpful in evaluating the attitude of
many toward our friends in South Vietnam:
"None so quick to find pretexts, as he that
would break with a friend; he is in fault
continually."
Dr. JAMES D. ATKINSON,
International Politics Editor.
Both Radio Moscow and Communist
North Vietnam Radio Hanoi have commented WEST VIRGINIAN ON THE ICC
somewhat impudently on the President's
speech. Said Radio Moscow on January 7: Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr.
"Once again he repeated the wornout lines President, the Senate last year confirmed
that American Armed Forces are in South the appointment of Mrs. Virginia Mae
Vietnam to give help and safeguard U.S. Brown, a West Virginian, to the Inter-
security in South Vietnam." And Radio state Commerce Commission. Mrs.
Hanoi on January 9 said: "In his state of Brown was 1 of 50 women recommended
the Union address to the U.S. Congress on by President Johnson to serve in various
January 4, Johnson once again disclosed U.S. high Federal offices. As one who spoke
stubbornness in continuing its aggressive
plot in South Vietnam. Johnson brazenly in support of her confirmation at that
stated that the United States would stay in time, I am pleased to note that recogni-
South Vietnam." tion of her work as a member of the Com-
But President Johnson's words are not mission has been made by the Wall Street
"worn out." His words reflect the verdict Journal in a news story on February 1
of history on the policy of appeasement. A and in an editorial on just last Monday.
firm policy in Vietnam today is the best guar- I ask unanimous consent to have these
antee of avoiding a general war tomorrow, items placed in the RECORD at this point.
How much might not have England-and the There being no objection, the articles
world-been spared had the appeasers of the
1930's listened to the advice of Sir Winston were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
Churchill. Militarily, Communist China is as follows:
still a "paper tiger"-less powerful than Hit- [From the Wall Street Journal,
ler's Nazis in the early 1930's. Today Com- Feb. 1, 1965]
munist China's challenge in the Pacific can MRs. BROWN, ADDING FEMALE TOUCH TO ICC,
be met without excessive risk. But the peril TONGUE-LASHES MAJORITY ON SHIELDING
to freedom in the Pacific will continue to RAILS
rise with each year if we refuse to face up
to this challenge. WASHINGTON.-Virginia Mae Brown, the
WHAT CAN BE DONE attractive brunette President Johnson picked
to bring the woman's touch to the Interstate
If we stay in South Vietnam what can we Commerce Commission, gave her male col-
do,to improve the situation? The following leagues a tongue lashing
steps would start us in the right direction: "The majority's fear of the forces of com-
(1) Increased interdiction of Communist petition (in transportation) is unwararnted,"
supply routes into South Vietnam and such she said. The prospects "frighten me not."
related measures as might be required. (2) The ICC's all-male majority is so concerned
Recognition that Vietnam is a theater of with protecting railroads from themselves
military operations by the appointment of a that it is ignoring the public, Mrs. Brown
military officer rather than a diplomatic offi- maintained. "Are shippers orphans under the
cer as chief of the country team of U.S. per- Interstate Commerce Act?" asked the trim
sonnel there. The protection of the people mother of two.
from Vietcong terrorism is a prerequisite be- Then, with language seldom if ever before
fore any semblance of stability can be heard in the staid old ICC, she declared: "It
achieved and this is essentially a military op- is well known that there are several ways to
eration. Appointment of a military officer as kill a cat. Drowning appears to be the most
head of the country team would be in accord favored. The majority * * * waters the
with the priority of requirements In what facts and drowns the case."
is unquestionably an area of combat opera- The case at issue wasn't very big. The
tions. (3) The establishment of a naval Monon Railroad wanted to extend its tracks
quarantine on North Vietnam as an-aggressor slightly at Michigan City, Ind., and in Jeffer-
against the peace of southeast Asia. The son County, Ky., near Louisville, in order to
pressures on the 'present land supply routes set up a route for moving coal to steel mills
by such a naval quarantine on North Viet- in the Chicago area and, by Great Lakes
nam will not be fully effective for several ships, to other mills.
years. Precisely because of this, however, a But Mrs. Brown wasn't alone in feeling the
naval quarantine would signal to our friends case involved important matters of principle.
throughout the Pacific-and, no less impor- Four other commissioners also dissented from
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE
taxes that are additional because of the
reduced withholding rate. Full payment
would be required by April 15, 1966.
Mr. Speaker, the intense interest of
my constituents in his tax inequity
prompted me to discuss the issue in my
weekly television news commentary
which is broadcast exclusively by
WROC-TV-channel 8-in Rochester,
N.Y. For its additional expression of my
feelings on this matter, I include the
text of this commentary with my re-
marks at this point in the RECORD.
The opening reference is to Tom
Decker, the station's news director and
the gentleman whose newscasts carry my
commentaries.
The text follows:
Thanks, Tom.
April 15 will soon be here and that means
income tax time. This year, many taxpayers
are going to get a shock when they discover
that their withholding is not enough to
cover the tax they owe.
This comes about because of the withhold-
ing reductions that were put into effect a
year ago when the income tax cut was passed
by Congress. Before the cut, withholding
was 18 percent. The tax bill dropped it to
14 percent.
This would havq been all right, except the
tax cut only became partially effective in
1964. Thus, wages were underwithheld, and
millions of people now face unexpected tax
bills.
To help out, I introduced a bill this week
to let taxpayers spread their extra payments
over the next year. I am working hard to get
the bill considered and I hope the adminis-
tration can be persuaded to approve it so
that we can relieve the financial bind so
many taxpayers are facing at no fault of their
own.
CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING
(Mr. JONES of Missouri asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. JONES of Missouri. Mr. Speak-
er, I note in the RECORD where one of
the subcommittees of the House Com-
mittee on the Judiciary has reported fa-
vorably to the full committee a bill, H.R.
970, to require the establishment on the
basis of the 19th and subsequent decen-
nial censuses of congressional districts.
It goes on to set forth how those districts
shall be established.
I fear, Mr. Speaker, that some persons
may be misled by thinking that the Judi-
ciary Committee is taking some action
on what I believe is the most important
issue before this Congress and the Nation
today, and one which requires immediate
attention. H.R. 970 does little, if any-
thing, to counteract or offset the devas-
tating danger which faces most of the
50 States because of the "one-man, one-
vote" decision of the Supreme Court.
While the Judiciary Committee's
chairman has elected to consider legisla-
tion which would not take effect for some
6 to 8, years from now, rather than to
consider some. of the numerous bills
which have been introduced, and which
are designed to meet the emergency cre-
ated by the irreconcilable decision of the
Supreme Court which is causing most of
our State legislatures to consider reap-
portionment of not only congressional
districts but also the senatorial and leg-
islative districts within their States, it
seems to me that this Congress should
take immediate action to counteract the
Supreme Court's position. The subcom-
mittee did amend the bill to provide for
its effectiveness in the 90th Congress.
I am referring to proposed legislation,
such as House Joint Resolution 64, in-
troduced by my colleague, the gentleman
from Missouri, the Honorable RICHARD
IcHORD, a former speaker of the Missouri
House of Representatives. His resolu-
tion is one of several measures intro-
duced by other Members of this House
which would provide for a constitutional
amendment, the wording of which has
been approved by the Council of State
Governments, and which I understand
is receiving favorable consideration in
many State legislatures, where the lead-
ership recognizes the imperativeness of
taking some action now, and without de-
lay.
The proposed amendment to the Con-
stitution is quite simple, and actually
spells out what I believe most persons
thougnt was provided in the Constituti(,n,
when it states:
Nothing in this Constitution shall prohibit
any State which shall have a bicameral leg-
islature from apportioning the membership
of one house of such legislature on factors
other than population, provided that the plan
of such apportionment shall have been sub-
mitted to and approved by a vote of the elec-
torate of that State.
This merely means that we would apply
Ane same criteria to the selection of
members of one house of the State leg-
islature that is now applied to the Sen-
ate of the United States. - What most of
us fear, and I think with justification as
long as we have a Supreme Court com-
posed of individuals who would usurp
the powers of the legislative branch of
our Government, is that if the recent de-
cision of the Supreme Court is permitted
to stand, it will be only a matter of time
until the Supreme Court will declare
unconstitutional the present representa-
tive composition of the U.S. Senate. Cer-
tainly the Supreme Court cannot accept
as consistent a position which establishes
2587
article by the syndicated columnists
Evans and Novak commenting rather ex-
tensively on the fundraising activities
of the treasurer of the Democratic Na-
tional Committee. Reference is made
in the article to an investigation by the
FBI into the illegal solicitation of cam-
paign funds in the Rural Electrification
Administration. I was advised by letter
from the Justice Department last week
that the FBI had been called into the
case, and I must say that I am pleased
that this investigating agency is going
into this sordid matter.
A complete and thorough investigation
such as we would expect from the FBI
will, I hope, restore the status of our
Federal civil service to the nonpartisan
status which is supposedly guaranteed to
it by the Hatch Act and the Corrupt
Practices Act.
I include at this point in my remarks
the letter which I received from the Jus-
tice Department and the Evans and
Novak article from the Washington
Post :
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Washington, D.C., February 4, 1965.
Hon. ANCIIER NELSEN,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN NELSEN: This will reply
to your letter of January 12, 1965, with which
you enclosed a copy of a letter to you from
the Assistant General Counsel of the U.S.
Civil Service Commission, referring to an in-
vestigation of alleged violations of the Hatch
Act in the Rural Electrification Administra-
tion of the Department of Agriculture.
We have requested the Federal Bureau of
Investigation to investigate the facts in this
matter following which a determination will
be made whether any violations of Federal
criminal statutes relating to the solication
of political contributions by Federal em-
ployees have occurred which would warrant
prosecution. You are undoubtedly aware
that in addition to possible criminal viola-
tions there are also involved possible admin-
istrative penalties, the imposition of which
is within the responsibility of the Civil Serv-
ice Commission and the employing agency.
Sincerely,
Acting Attorney General.
one criteria for representation in State
legislatures, and permits such a wide dis-
parity of representation by U.S. Sena-
tors. From the smug position which
some Members of the other body have
taken, it would seem they do not realize
they will be the next target, when they
will be "sitting ducks."
Mr. Speaker, I believe that the Su-
preme Court was entirely wrong, and
that the Members of the other body who
seem to be in concurrence with the Su-
preme Court decision will wake up some-
day to find they are going to be the tar-
gets of that decision, unless at this ses-
sion of this Congress we take some ac-
tion to correct the grievous action of the
Supreme Court.
ARM-TWISTING PROBE BROADENS
Mr. NELSEN (at the request of Mr.
GROSS) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, this
morning's Washington Post carried an
THE MYSTERIOUS MR. MAGUIRE
(By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak)
The shadowy and shrouded world of Rich-
ard Maguire, gray eminence of the Demo-
cratic Party, is being opened up a bit by
nosy outsiders.
As treasurer of the Democratic National
Committee, Maguire is scarcely known even
by name, to rank-and-file Democrats. Yet,
as one of the most ingenious and insistent
fundraisers in American political history,
Dick Maguire is a law unto himself at Demo-
cratic national headquarters. He is easily
the most powerful man in the national party
structure.
Consequently, it is of particular interest
that Maguire's fundraising exploits have
attracted the attention of Washington's
most aggressive 'seeker after sin. Maguire
may not know it, but his office is now the
subject of private investigation by Senator
JOHN WILLIAMS, the Delaware chicken
farmer with an unequaled collection of po-
litical scalps.
Maguire does not relish attention from
WILLIAMS or anybody else. Alone among na-
tional political figures, he refuses to talk to
the press. The records of his office are
barred from the public. Even duly elected
members of the Democratic National Com-
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2588 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
mittee hesitate to pry into Maguire's fund-
raising activities.
However, the veil of secrecy Is being
nudged aside. The FBI is investigating
charges that civil servants in the Rural
Electrification Administration were illegally
solicited to purchase tickets to last year's
Democratic fundraising gala.
If this generates a grand jury investiga-
tion, the charges might extend far beyond
the REA. Civil servants throughout the
Government would love to tell all about be-
ing pressured by their Democratic superiors
under the Maguire regime.
More signif)cant is the area In which Sen-
ator Wn,I.IAMs privately concerns himself:
Maguire's sale of advertising space In the
$10 a copy program of the 1964 Democratic
National Convention.
Sale of program ads (usually by the host
committee) to defray national convention
costs is nothing new. But Maguire added a
new twist. The Democratic National Com-
mittee took over ad sales, charging $15,000 a
page-triple the previous charge.
Who paid that price for ads in a limited-
circulation publication?
Maguire fired off heavyhanded solicita-
tions to a wide spectrum of businessmen,
heavily studded with Government con-
tractors.
The result was phenomenal: A $15 million
take, according to the Democratic National
Committee.
But Federal law bars corporations from
making contributions to political parties.
Purchase of the ads would be legal only if
the money were used (as the Democrats
claimed) solely to defray convention costs.
If any of the money were used to finance the
1964 campaign, officials at the Democratic
National Committee would be criminally
liable.
National committee spokesmen assert that
not 1 cent of the $1.5 million helped finance
the campaign. But they supply no detailed
audit. Nor is such an audit available for
public inspection. And, as ever, Maguire is
silent.
There is still another aspect to this. Al-
though political contributions cannot be
claimed as tax deductions, advertising costs
are deductible as a legitimate business ex-
pense. Hence, as permitted by existing law,
the $15,000 a page advertising costs-a thin-
ly disguised gift to the Democratic Party-
can be deducted from taxable income.
This amounts to Uncle Sam's subsidizing
the Democratic Party in a way Congress nev-
er intended. If permitted, it Is a practice
likely to grow within both parties. For this
reason, Senator WILLIAMS is asking the In-
ternal Revenue Service just how much the
program ads will cost the Government In lost
taxes.
Nor does this begin to exhaust the ques-
tions that could be asked of Maguire.
'What about the President's Club, a Ma-
guire Innovation whereby fat cats can pay
$1,000 a year and rub elbows with the great-
even the President-at exclusive cocktail
parties? How many members belong? Who
are they? Why aren't all their names re-
ported to the Federal Government as cam-
paign givers?
To the cynic it might seem unlikely that
a Democratic-controlled administration and
Congress would press Maguire and Company
for answers to these questions. But JOHN
WILLIAMS' plodding inqusitiveness some-
times has a way of making strange things
happen.
REDUCTION OF EXCISE TAXES
(Mr. LANGEN (at the request of Mr.
GRoss) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. LANGEN. Mr. Speaker, it is most
reassuring to note that the present ad-
ministration has subscribed to sugges-
tions that I and others on this side of
the aisle have long preferred. I am re-
ferring to the now-popular idea of reduc-
ing or eliminating certain unneeded and
unwarranted excise taxes. I have in-
corporated these suggestions in the form
of bills on a number of occasions during
prior Congresses.
Today I am again submitting a bill for
the elimination or reduction of certain
excise taxes, and it is my hope that it will
be given serious consideration by this
Congress.
It calls for the elimination of the list
of retail excises such as jewelry, furs,
toilet preparations, luggage, handbags
and wallets, and also calls for the elimi-
nation of excises on telephone service
and the reduction andeventual elimina-
tion of excises on passenger cars and
parts.
HIGHWAY FUND TO BENEFIT
One aspect of my bill represents a dis-
tinct departure from other suggestions
we have heard of late. The excise taxes
on automobiles would be immediately re-
duced from 10 to 5 percent, and the tax
on automotive parts and accessories
would be reduced from 8 to 4 percent.
The remaining amounts collected from
the sale of passenger cars and parts,
amounting to over a billion dollars a
year, would be earmarked to the high-
way trust fund. Costs of the Interstate
Highway program are running higher
than expected, and my bill would keep
that fund solvent, in addition to offering
immediate relief to the Nation's drivers.
Then, when the Interstate System is
completed in 1972, the remaining half of
the present car and parts tax would be
removed. I consider this important,
since the car cannot be considered a
luxury item and must not be treated as
such by our antiquated tax system.
This bill also would eliminate the levy
placed against the Nation's communica-
tions systems, which Is passed on to the
consumer. The average household
would save an annual amount in excess
of 1 month's telephone bill, and the sav-
ing to the companies in line, long-dis-
tance and other services, would mean ad-
ditional savings to the public and greater
expansion opportunities for the com-
panies. Like the automobile, a telephone
is a necessity in the 20th century, and
wartime taxes that were intended to tem-
porarily curtail the use of communica-
tions services should be eliminated.
The retail section of this bill calls for
the elimination of excise taxes on such
commodities as toilet preparations, lug-
gage, handbags, wallets, jewelry and furs.
Not only will the elimination of these ex-
cises put more usable money into the
mainstream of the national economy, but
it will finally relieve the merchants of
America of the cumbersome chore of act-
ing as tax collectors for the Federal Gov-
ernment.
It is hoped that early and favorable
consideration will be made of this pro-
posal.
February 11.
THE WAR IN SOUTH VIETNAM
(Mr. UTT (at the request of Mr.
GROSS) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr.' UTT. Mr. Speaker, the war in
South Vietnam rages on. Information
filtering through to the public indicates
a rapidly deteriorating situation. I say
filtering through because there is, and
has been, a cloak of secrecy thrown
around American military and political
operations In that area.
The President has ordered military
strikes against the staging areas in North
Vietnam in reprisal for attacks, against
our positions in the south. These air
strikes have brought on Communist re-
prisals and it appears that many more
Americans were killed in a raid today.
Senator Goldwater recommended retali-
ation against Communist sanctuaries in
North Vietnam and for this he was la-
beled "trigger happy," a "warmonger,"
"irresponsible," and "a man dedicated to
starting a nuclear war." No such left-
wing charges have been leveled against
President Johnson, andd think the coun-
try in general does and will support the
President in any military measure aimed
at victory.
The present situation in Vietnam
could well escalate into a major and even
a nuclear war, if the Chinese Commu-
nists pour troops into Vietnam as they
did in Korea, and if they are given pos-
session of nuclear warheads by Russia.
There is as much reason to believe that
Russia will supply nuclear warheads to
the Vietcong as there was to supply such
warheads to Communist Castro.
The present situation could have been
avoided by a responsible administration
and a responsibleSecretary of Defense.
We backed into it through a series of
blunders which should not have been
made even by a cadet at West Point. I
submit some persuasive data:
During the Eisenhower years, from
1954 to 1960 inclusive, this country had
no more than 785 military advisers in
South Vietnam, and, slowly but surely,
with the help and cooperation of Presi-
dent Diem, we were winning the war.
In 1961, immediately following the Bay
of Pigs fiasco, the war began to escalate
and we had 2,000 military men in Viet-
nam in 1961, 11,000 in 1962, 15,500 in
1963, 18,000 in 1964, and 23,000 by the
beginning of 1965.
During the Eisenhower period, not one
American boy was killed in Vietnam, but,
following the Bay of Pigs, the slaughter
began. That dark day in American his-
tory was a great turning point for Com-
munist advances. In the eyes of the
Asians, we immediately became a paper
tiger. To the rest of the world, we said,
in fact, that we would not fight Com-
munists 90 miles off our shore. Not only
would we not-fight them, but the admin-
istration agreed to protect Communist
Castro from invasion by any country in
the Western Hemisphere, and your Navy
has been patrolling the water in the Car-
ibbean to prevent any strike or sabotage
against Castro.
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2590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
any way, not to help them make money
for their savers or investors, but to help
the Government collect income taxes.
Mr. Speaker, I .am today introducing
a bill which provides that the mailing
costs of these millions of information re-
turns to receivers of dividends and in-
terest be paid by the U.S. Treasury which
in turn would reimburse the Post Office
Department for the postage costs.
I feel that the Congress would be do-
ing the fair and equitable thing to re-
lieve the private financial institutions
of this country from a part of the cost of
this tax-collecting job. Even with this
partial relief, there is still considerable
expense involved, since the time of their
employees, the stationery costs, and like
factors of in-the-office expense would
still have to be paid by them. Let us
have the job paid for-at least in part-
by the Government department which
benefits from the service.
The first results of the workings of
this law, the spotting by tax collectors
of dividends and interest payments not
hitherto reported, are reportedly good.
The Treasury is the sole beneficiary of
this work of the financial institutions in
helping it collect taxes; the system is ap-
parently past the experimental stage and
that means it will stay in force. I am
convinced that payment by the Treas-
ury for this tax-collecting job, at least in
part, is appropriate. It should be pro-
vided by Congress before another year
rolls around and additional millions of
dollars for postage are expended by these
institut4ons in order to comply with the
law.
I would like to point out that this is
an expense which will not decrease in
any foreseeable period. We are in a
growing economy. We are trying to keep
it growing. Every account added to a
savings institution, every new stockhold-
er a corporation acquires will add to
the postage burden so that every person
is reminded of the dividends or interest
of $10 or more he has received, and to
tell the U.S. Treasury that he has re-
ceived it. I propose that we relieve this
unfair burden now by enacting legisla-
tion to permit postage-free mail by payor
institutions in the mailing of form 1099's,
the information returns required by our
revenue laws for the benefit of the In-
ternal Revenue Service in its collection
Job.
THE BIRTHDAY OF ABRAHAM
LINCOLN
(Mr. ANNUNZIO) at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, I want
to join my colleagues in paying tribute_to
our 16th President, Abraham Lincoln.
Lincoln's Birthday has been an impor-
tant day to Americans for many years.
But, in 1965, it is a particularly signifi-
cant occasion.
We are now 100 years removed from
the death of this great President who
died because of his dedication to the
American ideals of human freedom and
dignity. And we are just 1 year removed
from the similarly tragic and violent
killing of another great President who
worked so hard to translate these same
ideals into reality.
Both men fought the evils of bigotry
and inequality. Both men won great vic-
tories in the continuing battle to make
all Americans equal before the law. And
both men left a great legacy of un-
finished tasks to future generations of
Americans.
As we celebrate the anniversary of
Lincoln's birth, we must renew our de-
termination to make the American
dream, of which Lincoln has become one
of the finest symbols, a reality for all.
One of the most important actions we
could take in this connection would be
to eliminate the unjust and discrimina-
tory sections of our immigration laws.
Last year Congress took long needed
action to insure that no American will
be treated as a second-class citizen be-
cause of race. Let us this year take
similar action to insure that no group of
Americans will feel like second-class cit-
izens because of national origin.
Legislation to accomplish this goal has
been asked by President Johnson and
is now pending before this body. There
could be no finer tribute to the heritage
of Lincoln than swift passage of a new
immigration law.
NEW YORK CITY IN CRISIS-
PART VI
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
mend to the attention of our colleagues
part VI of the New York Herald Tribune
series on "New York City in Crisis." This
installment deals with the huge loss of
middle-class families in New York City
due to the poor housing situation and
appeared in the Herald Tribune on Jan-
uary 27, 1965.
The article follows:
CITY EXODUS TO SUBURBS
(By Barry Gottehrer and Marshall Peck)
The only piece of furniture in the living
room of Paul and Sondra Levine's split-level
home in Merrick, Long island, is a $1,000
grand piano. The piano is a gift from
Sondra's parents. Since buying the $25,000
home in April of 1963, the Levines have been
forced to move extremely slowly.
Yet, after nearly 2 years of partially fur-
nished rooms and severe financial problems,
the Levines have no thoughts of returning
to New York City. Like thousands and
thousands of other New Yorkers, the Levines
have learned that the city no longer has any
place for a middle-income family.
"We're city people, we always have been,"
says Paul Levine. "Three years ago when
we'decided to move because we needed more
room, we had no idea of moving out of the
city. But we gave up the fight. The way it
adds up, the city alienates people in our cir-
cumstances, It's getting harder and harder
for people such as ourselves, middle-income
with children, to stay in the city."
Paul Levine is a promising young account-
ant, and he and his wife, both college grad-
uates, have three children. They are pre-
cisely the kind of family a healthy city needs
to attract and to keep. Yet, after 9 months
of searching for a suitable apartment in Man-
February
11
hattan, Queens, Brooklyn and the Bronx, the
Levines gave up-and joined the ranks of
the 800,000 middle-class whites who have
deserted the city for the suburbs since 1950.
They are all victims of the city's indiffer-
ence, the high cost of adequate housing and
the low state of public education. And their
defection to the suburbs-into financial
problems and the commuter mess which di-
rectly affected their future and the future
of the city-is a bold example of New York's
failure.
"We must do something to keep our young
middle class, says Mayor Robert F. Wagner,
It is obvious * * * that a great many young
families would stay in the city if apartments
were larger and less expensive, if schools
were better, if the streets and parks
were safer, and if the public transportation
were less painful. Yet just where the city
starts to solve its multiple housing, educa-
tion, safety and transportation problems stag-
gers the imagination of the mayor and any-
one else who would like to replace him.
A PIMPLE ON CITY'S FACE
According to one city official, the loss of
the middle class is only a pimple on the face
of the city, a serious one yet no more than
a pimple. Before the city can hope to elim-
inate the pimple, it must first locate, then
treat, and finally wipe out the infection that
is causing it.
"We must get to the basic sickness," says
Julius C. C. Edelstein, the mayor's chief aid.
"That is exactly what we are trying to do
right now in New York. There are no easy
solutions when the problems are this great."
Yet while the city struggles in search of
the big answers, as Mr. Edelstein believes, or.
merely sleeps, as a great many others believe,
more and more young middle class New York
whites are leaving or giving serious thought
to leaving. (At one recent Christmas party
of 36 middle-class New Yorkers, 18 already
had left the city, 12 were thinking about it,
and only 6 seemed content in Manhattan,
and 2 of these are bachelors.
Depending on the family, it is the problems
of housing or education that generally force
the decision to desert. In the case of Paul
and Sondra Levine, it happened to be a com-
bination of the two.
Paul Levine, a 31-year-old graduate of
Brooklyn College, earns slightly more than
$10,000 a year as a certified public accountant
with Siminoff, Peyser, and Citrin, a mid-
Manhattan accounting firm.
Married in June 1958, he and his wife first
moved into a 31/Z-room, $110-a-month apart-
ment in Jackson Heights. When their sec-
ond child was born 3 years later, they decided
to move into a larger apartment in the same
building, paying $135 a month for two bed-
rooms. But, even with two bedrooms, the
walls, as they are in most new buildings,
were paper-thin and the rooms were tiny-
and it wasn't long before they decided to
look for a still larger apartment.
"Besides there just wasn't any place for the
children to play," says Sondra Levine, a grad-
uate of NYU and a former public school
teacher. "They had to be taken down by
elevator and there really was no place to
take them. No park nearby.
Commuting was also a problem. Driving
was immediately eliminated as a means of
Paul's getting to work. In the first place,
Sondra needed the car to shop. In the sec-
ond, traffic-on the Long Island highways is
unbearable and parking in New York is too
expensive (from $1.60 to $3) on a regular
basis.
THE NIGHTMARE AT RUSH HOUR
Though the ride on the IRT Flushing line
took only 25 minutes, passengers were backed
up in the hundreds waiting to push their
way into the station each morning and then
jammed like sardines for the trip to work.
For anyone forced to travel during rush
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 2589
The erection of the Berlin wall com-
menced shortly after the Bay of Pigs.
We completely failed to capitalize on the
Russian-Red Chinese breach, and now
the war in South Vietnam has driven
them together again. Our State Depart-
ment mistook the tactical flexibility of
the Communist conspiracy for a mellow-
ing of Russian intent to subvert the
world, when in truth they have never
veered from the goal of total conquest.
In Washington, as well as in many
capitals of the world, there is talk of a
negotiated peace. This is the pattern we
followed in China when Chiang Kai-shek
had to leave the mainland and 600 mil-
lion Chinese fell prey to communism.
This is the pattern we followed in Korea,
and there has not been a moment of
peace since that negotiation. This is the
pattern we followed in Laos, and it fell
to communism. Under the pattern set
by the State Department, so, also, will all
of southeast Asia fall to the Communists.
Failure to have total victory, at any
cost, will surrender all of southeast Asia
to the Communists and close the Indian
Ocean to the British Fleet, leaving Aus-
tralia as a sitting duck for Communist
conquest. So, also, will Malaysia fall,
and the next step will be the Philippines,
and we will have to withdraw our de-
fenses to Hawaii, or even to our own west
coast.
(Mr. DERWINSKI (at the request of
Mr. GRoss) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
[Mr. DERWINSKI'S remarks will ap-
pear hereafter in the Appendix.]
HUDSON HIGHLANDS NATIONAL
SCENIC RIVERWAY
(Mr. OTTINGER (at the request of
Mr. ALBERT) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, I have
been assured by the administration that
the President, in encouraging efforts by
State and local governments totake ac-
tion similar to that he proposed for the
Potomac River in his national beauty
message, was in no way negating the pos-
sibility of cooperative Federal action.
Thus, the administration was not in
any way ruling out its support for my
bill, MR. 3012, to create a Hudson High-
lands National Scenic Riverway, which
in fact is presently under study by it.
On the contrary, I have received en-
couragement from every quarter for this
legislation. I have every reason to be-
lieve that the Department of the Interior
will report favorably on it and that hear-
ings will be held on it at this session.
Senator ROBERT F. KENNEDY will intro-
duce it in the Senate.
I am extremely gratified and encour-
aged that the President singled out the
Hudson River for specific mention of
needed attention in his message. I would
be the first to agree that State and local
governments must take the primary bur-
den of action to protect their natural re-
sources, rivers, and riverways.
The long neglect of rivers and river-
ways by the State and local governments,
however, has resulted in the despoliation
of these resources which abound today.
Our potentially most beautiful rivers, like
the Hudson, are open sewers, their banks
littered with garbage and debris. In my
opinion, some sort of Federal `stimulant
is required to induce State and local gov-
ernments to take effective action. This
is particularly appropriate with respect
to our great interstate rivers like the
Hudson.
I have every reason to believe that my
Hudson Highlands National Scenic
Riverway bill will be successful.
I am pleased, too, with the administra-
tion's position on the Consolidated Edi-
son proposed powerplant in Cornwall
and with its emphasis. on placing future
powerlines underground.
LIFE TENURE FOR THE JUDGE OF
THE U.S. COURT OF MILITARY
APPEALS
(Mr. FOGARTY (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FOGARTY. Mr. Speaker, 15
years ago the Congress brought into be-
ing the Uniform Code of Military Jus-
tice. Our purpose in doing so was to re-
establish the American public's confi-
dence in the system of military justice
and to guarantee to our servicemen,
caught up in the law's toils, as fair a trial
as could be had in any court of the United
States. Two years ago the Committee on
Armed Services reviewed the history of
operations under that code, and the con-
tribution to those operations made by the
U.S. Court of Military Appeals, the su-
preme court of the military services. In
its report, the committee declared :
Through its opinions, the system of mili-
tary justice contemplated by the Congress in
the uniform code is perfected and explained
by the court. Its insistence upon high pro-
fessional performance by all legal personnel
involved in trials by courts-martial, and upon
strict compliance with the provisions of the
uniform code, has resulted In the elimina-
tion of many of the justified grounds for the
complaints lodged against the earlier proce-
dures. These results have not only restored
to a large extent public confidence in the
court-martial system, but have won the sup-
port of the Military Establishment as well.
Many of the Members will recall that
when we first considered the establish-
ment of this court we provided that the
judges would serve during good behavior.
The other body, however, modified this by
setting a fixed term of years as the
judges' tenure, for the evident purpose
of providing a period of probation during
which we could determine in the crucible
of experience the efficacy of our work.
Satisfied that the uniform code, under
the administration of dedicated, mature
and judicious minds, could accomplish
our purpose without sacrificing any of
our essential needs, we agreed to provide
a testing or probationary period.
But, Mr. Speaker, that period of proba-
tion is at an end. Two years ago, by a
4 to 1 majority, this House restored the
original provision for tenure during good
behavior, because we found that both the
code and the court has passed every test
to which reasonable men can subject
them.
The pressures of other business, how-
ever, prevented consideration of the
measure by the other body before the
88th Congress passed into history.
I am now submitting that proposal
again. In so doing, I am fully aware of
the reasons advanced by the Committee
on Armed Services and relied on by this
House as justification for the restoration
of life tenure. With each of these indis-
putably valid reasons, I am in full accord.
But I believe the time has come to ex-
press the most fundamental, yet simple,
reasons of all:
The Court of Military Appeals is a
legislative tribunal. It is established for
the exclusive purpose of overseeing trials
by court-martial under standards fixed
by the Congress. During its existence of
approximately 14 years, it has established
an enviable record among the courts of
this land, in the eyes of the members of
the bar generally, and in the minds of
servicemen and women as well. Indeed,
it has won the accolades of the Military
Establishment. Nothing about this
court, as a judicial tribunal, is third-rate.
It is, in every sense, a first-rate court, and
its judges should be treated no differently
than judges of the other courts of the
United States.
To this end, Mr. Chairman, I am again
submitting an amendment to the uni-
form code designed to restore our orig-
inal provision for life tenure for these
judges, and trust we will speedily enact
It into law.
MAILING OF DIVIDEND STATE-
MENTS FOR BENEFIT OF IN-
TERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
(Mr. FASCELL (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.) -
Mr. FASCELL, Mr. Speaker, last
month many thousands of institutions
spent millions of dollars helping the In-
ternal Revenue Service collect taxes on
the dividends they paid out to their de-
positors and account holders. I am re-
referring to the information return re-
quired by the Revenue Act of 1962. Un-
der this act, each payor of dividends or
interest of $10 or more is required to mail
to each of the persons receiving this
amount of money a notice of the amount
paid. This is the second year in which
this expense requirement has been in-
curred by small businesses, banks, sav-
ings institutions, and other corporations.
A substantial part of this expense is
the postage required to send the infor-
mation to millions of individuals.
In a time of the so-called profit
squeeze, when the expenses of doing
business are rising for nearly every type
of business institution, this added bur-
den has been costly. It has to be paid
by them; not to develop their business in
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GRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 2569
the majority's decision to reject Monon's ap- [From the Wall Street Journal, Feb. 8, 1965] grandmother's farm. With the profits
plication. NEVER UNDERESTIMATE THE POWER
REFLECTS JOHNSON PQL,ICY he earned from farming, he took out a
Though the Interstate Commerce Commis- mortgage on a house. He rented the
The charges leveled by Mrs. Brown, and slop was set up to protect competition in home, to"help pay off the mortgage; but
reflected in the considerably less vigorous dis- transportation, it sometimes seems more he protected his investment with mort-
sents of the other four, are the sort that have eager to protect competitors from competi- gage insurance.
been voiced in recent years by some-usually tion. So it's encouraging to read that the
professorial types-outside the Commission. ICC's only lady member is trying to push At 15, Jerry prepared for a church
ICC insiders on occasion have denied vigor- the agency back on the proper regulatory program a brief essay on what education
ously that the agency has tried harder to pro- track. meant to him. I ask unanimous consent
tect the railroads from competition than to Virginia Mae Brown, named to the panel that the essay, as it appeared in the No-
encourage rival services and innovations that in 1964, began her shoving in a case involy- vember 11, 1964, issue of the Franklin,
shippers want. Ing the Monon Railroad.. The Monon wanted Ind., Daily Journal, be
Mrs, Brown's dissent was interesting, too, to extend its tracks slightly in order to set printed at this
because, as President Johnson's sole ap- up a combined rail-water route for moving point in the RECORD.
pointee to the ICC thus far she was reflect- c l t There bei
oa
t
.
sa
th to
h e s p would not be "prudent" f
as endorsed the of or
On ,..__~_~, principle - . greater reliance the Monon. Even If it .~ A~
hil
dhood there comes a
- , u--vu Otiie railroads should not
nedy approach. It is waiting to see the have to face "unnecessary" competition. time for our parents to send us off to school.
details,of Mr. Johnson's legislative package "The majority's fear of the forces of tom- In the beginning I easone this is why and prob before taking a stand on it, petition," declared Mrs. Brown in her searing school. the only omen for us going own
To Mrs. Brown, the Monon case seemed dissent, "is unwarranted." The prospects school. But there comes a time in our own
classic In terms of what the ICC's role should "frighten me not," Whether the majority lives wto me?
hen we ask why? What does this
be, Monon proposed an innovation In coal thought the rail-water service was a prudent mean believe to transport, combining barge movement with idea or not, she went on to say, lots of ship- cation. t beleve g to school is to get an
h good
an "Integral train" that would shuttle be- pers apparently liked it, since they argued view o That life ducation we get The good
tween Louisville and Michigan City. Ken- - for approval of the plan. "Are shippers pose of what lifis really like. The pur-
pur-
tucky and West Virginia coal would be orphans under the Interstate Commerce pose of tim k to matter, to be productive,
moved down the. Ohio and other rivers, by Act?" the lady inquired. to have it make some difference that we live
bargeline, to a rail transfer facility Monon In much the same way, the ICC's fear of t all. Through make h see cleand
planned to build near Louisville, then shut- change-almost any change-often has de- the qualities that education
it Is, and
life what qualities.
tled up to a a proposed rail-marine terminal layed introduction of more competitive rate School therefore strive m obtain of things favor-
at Michigan City. American Commercial schedules and new types of equipment and School offers a combination of thinggs favor-
Barge Lines supported Monon's , applica- service, such as piggybacking. In the effort able for the purpose of developing my capa-
tion, as did a number of coal shippers, such to preserve competitors instead of competl- bilities. Going to school and learning all
as Inland Steel Co. It was opposed by a tion, the agency can thus endanger both. I can.
would vocations helps in l to decide number of coal-hauling railroads, includ- At this late date, Mrs. Brown faces quite Then, what I would like to do most will life.
tag the Chesapeake & Ohio, the Norfolk & a task getting the agency to see the light, but Then, when I choose my ease my I will edge
Western, the Pennsylvania, and the Illinois she Is certainly giving her male colleagues further schooling be morable a to serve my d and my
Central. some powerful competition in the art of fellow I will n more able to serve God and my
JUDGMENT OFTHE REGULATORS commonsense. fellow man.
To the ICC majority, the Monon proposal canot do am only one, everything, I an one. I
offered no "inherent advantage over existing JERRY . What I can , but I can dd ; and
some-
service." Thus, the majority said: "It would what I ought MILAN REGULI thing. What do do, I ought to t and
necessarily follow that the construction of Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, in the Na- With this knowledge k ow, d God's realize I will do."
lines and facilities not needed to nowledge we ue the im-
superfluous there appears to be widespread con- portance of God to us and through educa-
insure not be adequate authorized, service and to ex the isting public carriers should
not
uld tern about the ability of today's youth wonders on reathe even on of the awe-Inspiring
y
of of
not be regd,re d xis unnecessary rri to take the reins of leadership which co the ayes us re llz.
competition." Anyway, the majority added, eventually they will inherit. Education makes us realize our own ise
norance, instilling in a desire to increase
railroad tracks cost money "and if opera- I do not share this concern, Mr. Presi- our knowledge. It offers faith in the pres-
tions are not successful, only scrap is left." dent. For one thing, those of us now in eat and the future. Education offers us
Monon's proposal wasn't "prudent," it con- positions of authority are considering the opportunity to understand ourselves and
eluded, programs designed to give to all Ameri- our neighbors, enabling us to find our place
Mrs, Brown accused the majority of sub- can boys and girls the maximum educa- in society and suggesting a means through
stituting "the judgment of the regulators" tion they need in order to supplement whichwe can contribute to society . for that of "the marketplace," She said: their God-given capabilities. to the
"What the majority really has determined Education offers nn insight path of a
here is that no reliance can be placed on For another thing, among the vast rich full life of happiness.
the forces of competition." Motion, she said, majority of our youth there continues Happiness self in the ancient noble sense
isn't worried its investment might wind up the indomitable American spirit to make mthose eans self fulfillmenfullest t and a given to
as scrap, so "should the commission be the most of life-not only for self-inter- God bestowed upon the them. I believe school talent
afraid?" est, ut also for the interests of their trains me to use my talents to their fullest
"Carried to their logical conclusion, the fellow men. and instills in me a faith in myself that I
standards applied here any would hope c artmodern, I wish to tell modern, Senate the story of am capable. Future success and satisfaction
aprogressive tainnovations in surface odes an Indiana boy. It is a somber story, often depend upon an education and upon
portation
would dions In ," Mrs. Brown but an inspiring one, 'It should serve to education rests the rich heritage of human
.
said. keep bright the flame of confidence in life. So as Mark Twain wrote: "Let us en-
to live, that when we come to die, even
ICC Chairman Charles Webb, in his sepa- our young people that most of us harbor
- -- -- -?-
rat di
,
e
ssent said he shd M B ad t ki
,arers.rown'snondle the flame among those who
thoughts on innovation. He also charged have doubts.
that the decision gives all-rail movements It is the story of Jerry Milan Reguli,
of coal "unwarranted protection from the of Franklin, Ind.
competition of barge-rail and barge-rall-lake
routes," Jerry's father died when the boy was
Dissenters Laurence Walrath,` Kenneth 5 years old. The boy grew up in a home
Tuggle, and Paul Tierney joined in assert- in which there was love-love of family
ing that "an oversupply of coal transporta- and love of God. At one time, he wanted
tion does not equate an overabundance of to become a minister. When he was 13,
service available to shippers." Jerry planted an acre of tomatoes on bis
No, 28--4
o s
eel mills in the Chicago area. ng no objection, the essay
ing and seemed to be elaborating on the ad- The ICC's majority rejected the proposal. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
ministration's transport policy. The late Ruling that the rail-water plan offered no as follows:
President Kennedy began a drive to loosen "inherent advantage over existing service," WHAT EDUCATION MEANS TO ME
ICC control over rail rates, and Mr
Johnson it
id
(By Jerry Milan Re
gull)
Mr. BAYH. Mr. President, among
other things, Jerry said on that day, in
church:
The purpose of life Is to matter, to be pro-
ductive, to have it make some difference that
we lived at all. Through education, we see
clearly the qualities that make life what it is,
and therefore strive to obtain these qualities
* ?. Education makes us realize our own
ignorance, instilling in us a desire to increase
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 Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R0003001700VAruary 11.
2570 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
1 in rr -
0
p
year jr p
our knowledge. It offers faith in the present There being no objection, the article The city now gets $500,00
erty from the 300-acre tract. It anticipates
and the future. Education offers us the op- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, an annual tax revenue of $5.5 million from
portunity to understand ourselves and our as follows: the co-op.
neighbors, enabling us to find our place is (From the New York Times, Feb. 10, 19851 The United Housing Foundation has con-
wwhich h ic we and can c contri sontribut t iue a to societ et socy. through A 15,500-APARTMENT CO-OP To RISE IN BRONX tracted to buy the 300-acre tract from the
h (By Thomas W. Ennis) National Development Corp. for about $15
Such simple eloquence from a 15-year- million.
A cooperative housing development with The real estate development concern of
old boy. Then Jerry concluded on a 15,600 apartments will be built on a 300-acre Webb & Knapp, Inc., is reported to be the
tragically prophetic note: tract in the apBaychester artments will b area of the north- major stockholder in National Development,
Future success and satisfaction often de- east Bronx. and Webb & Knapp is said to control the
amusement park through Free-
pend upon an education, and upon education It will be financed with a $263 million Fr Webb
of
rests the rich heritage ofhuman life. So as mortgage loan provided by the State under domland, Inc. The latter is a subsidiary
Mark Twain wrote: "Let us endeavor to live, its Mitchell-Lama middle-income housing do Iand, I t T Recreation Corp., in which
that when we come to die, even the under- program. - the Webb & Knapp is reported to own the con-
taker will be sorry." The development, tentatively named Co-op trolling interest.
A little more than a year after Jerry City will have a population estimated to Neither William Zeckendorf Sr., chairman
total 55,000 to 60,000 persons. Its sponsor of Webb & Knapp, nor William Zeckendorf
Reguli spoke these words, he became a is the 'United Housing Foundation, a non- Jr., the company's president would comment
victim of leukemia. A few months ago, profit organization that has built a number of the Btract.
and has al-
at the age of 16, Jerry Reguli died. of large housing cooperatives for middle-in- yesterday Freedom on land the sale opened in 19 Bronx
come wrote to Jerry's mother, and asked come families here. ways had financial troubles. Last has Septem-
her permission to include her late son's The buildings will be of reinforced con- bey its ofiled a bankruptcy peti-
Federal court. and said they would
essay in the RECORD, where it can serve Crete faced with brick and many of the tern its operators
apartments will have terraces. like to reduce the amusement park's area to
gran id perm psi n all who read m. She The site is bounded by the Hutchinson 30 acres to help reduce expenses.
Free-
shortly permission and ashe nd told Ifie that River Parkway, the New England Thruway SB. Hendler, a lawyer for the Free-
agriculture death, at fur- Jerry and the Hutchinson River. The Freedom- domLand Stanley anle interests, said yesterday that it
had ad decided before to his study illness and
had land amusement park has occupied under was questionable whether enough financial
due University; and he talked of going lease a 150-acre section of the tract. The problems could be settled in time to permit
to underdeveloped nations, to teach operators of Freedomland, which is in bank- the amusement park to reopen this year.
farming skills. His own farming skills ruptcy, are attempting to stay in business by The tract is about a-mile from the Dyre
moving to an adjacent site of 30 acres. Avenue station of the Seventh Avenue line
and his good business sense enabled Jerry Officials of the United Housing Founda- of the IRT, and about the same distance from
t
en he
we
at 16. est apartment development. At present, they ton Avenue line. Buses run be
Perhaps the greatest legacy any of us believe, the largest is the 12,280-family Park- subway stops in the vicinity of the tract.
can leave, though, is that our lives were cester apartment community on East Tre- The United Housing Foundation Is headed
meaningful and, as Jerry said, that Our mont Avenue in the Bronx, owned by the by Abraham E. Kazan, pioneer in the low-
existence contributed something to Our Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. and middle-income cooperative housing
fellowmen. For the answer to whether Details of Co-op City were given yesterday movement here. He is recuperating from
epresented
this goal is achieved, each man must look by Governor Rockefeller at a press conference an illness in California, and was represented
in the Commodore Hotel. The meeting was at the news conference by Jacob S. rPotofsky,
his own heart and mind and soul. also attended by Mayor Wagner; Milton Mol- president of the Amalgamated Clothing
I pray that each of us is pleased with len, the city's new coordinator of Housing and Workers of America.
what he finds. Development; James W. Gaynor, Commis- Mr. PotaAky is a member of the United
I know that Jerry Reguli must have sioner of the State's division of housing and Housing Foy is ai me board. United
community renewal, and officials of the Unit-
ension fund has helped finance
d'
t
s p
e
ma
been.
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I sug- ed Housing Foundation. some cooperatives sponsored by the founds-
gest the absence of a quorum. Initial construction of the co-op is ex- tion.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The pected to get underway this fall and take The foundation, whose headquarters are
clerk will call the roll. 5 years to reach completion. There will be . at 465
provided by he5spstories onsorsifor Rochdale Vll age,ta 5,,860recentl-fa mily Cco-Op od
Grand The legislative clerk proceeded to call Landow structures, 21 to
the roll. four elementary and two junior high schools, the site of the old J maica Race Track in the
Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask a community center, a shopping center, and a Baisley Park sectio of Queens. Rochdale
unanimous consent that the order for recreation area. Herman J. Jessor is the co- Village was alto built with mortgage funds
- y,y--t provided by th .
The PRE It is so J t71Y. wil,ii- possible amount of open and unencumbered
out objection, , it is so ordered. land area, and he hopes to achieve this by
putting undergroud 80 percent of the park-
MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING ing space for 10,550 automobiles. The co-op
will have its own central air conditioning
I should
lant
esident
P
T
-
p
.
,
r
All.
S.
Mr. JAVI
like to call the attention of the Senate Except for Freedomland's buildings the
to a remarkable effort in the middle in- ily 00 e tract is
business relocation p vacant, go the farn-
come housing field which has been car- and
out under New York State's Mitch- ligible.
Buyers
about apartments $450 roommthe apart-
Lama program plan I have previously payments of t
proposed in housing bills. ments will have one to three bedrooms-and
I have long believed in and proposed pay monthly carrying charges of $22 to $23
a Federal program parallel to the Mitch- a room. The downpayments will be the buy-
ell Lama program which would include ers' share of the development's construction
a Federal limited profit mortgage tor- cost of about $285 million.
feet apartments area have
portation, financed by tax-free bonds is- The one-bedroom
sued an the money market, to underwrite about ut goo square of living feet and the
limited-profit middle-income housing at two-bedroom units r
three-bedroom s 1,180 apartments tavsquare
square feet.
a cobetwee the reach of families earn- The low carrying charges compared with
inI between $5,000 and $8,000. rentals in nongovernment aided buildings
I as unanimous consent that the de- are possible because of the long-term, low-
tails of this successful project in New interest mortgage financing the State will
York, as published in a New York Times provide through the issue of tax-exempt
article of February 10, 1965, entitled "Big State bonds. Also helping are a 50 percent
Cooperative To Rise in Bronx," may be completed realty tax co-op development. will grant the
printed at this point in the RECORD.
RESIDENT SHOULD EXPLAIN U.S.
OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES IN
VIETNAM
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I heard
with the greatest interest the statement
of the majority leader today on the grave
crisis in Vietnam. it is extraordinary
how the views of men, separately ar-
rived at, meet in the face of a grave crisis
to which they address themselves.
It seems to me the time has come for
Senators to state their position when the
President of the United States is taking
on an awful responsibility in the grave
decisions which he is making, and which
could very well, as during the Cuban
crisis, expose the United States and the
whole world to the terrible scourge of a
broadscale war.
I believe it is our duty, therefore, as
responsible men, having an especial re-
lation to foreign policy through our con-
stitutional powers, to express ourselves
on this subject.
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 2572
meaning of section 4(b) of Public Law
88-309.
The principal contributing factor to the
present economic depression of the industry
was the near extinction of the Lake Superior
lake trout population due to sea lamprey
predation. The effect of this debacle on the
industry was succinctly pointed out by Dr.
Ralph Hile and his associates (Fish and Wild-
life Service, U.S. Department of the In-
terior), in it paper, "Status of the Lake Trout
Fishery In Lake Superibr," published in the
1950 transactions of the American Fisheries
Society (vol. 80) :
"The fisheries of Lake Superior are so con-
stituted that ti}e disappearance of the lake
trout would mean an end to the fishing in-
dustry as it has existed, in the past. In
support of this. statement, it may be pointed
out that during the 5 years 1945-49 the lake
trout, although contributing only 14 to 20
percent of the total production in the U.S.
waters of Lake Superior, brought such high
prices as to account for 51 to 60 percent of
the total value of the catch. Not only would
the disappearance of the lake, trout entail
the loss of more than half of the cash
income of Lake Superior fishermen; it would
force discontinuation of much of the fishing
now carried on for the capture of lake her-
ring (Leucichthys artedi), the principal
.species from tlle standpoint of production
,(72 to 77 percent of the take in 1945-49, but,
because of the low price, only 20 to 32 percent
of the value). The great bulk of the lake
herring catch is taken within the space of a
few weeks in late November and early
December. At other times of the season,
fishing is directed largely toward the capture
of the lake 'trout. With that species gone,
therefore, operations during much of the
season would have to be discontinued. It is
to be questioned whether many fishermen
could afford to maintain their boats, houses,
and equipment for the short-term fishery for
the cheap lake herring. In all probability
most of them would be forced to abandon
fishing altogether and turn to other means
of livelihood, At best, fishing for lake her-
ring would become small scale and casual,
with most of the present high production
lost.
"The continuation of fishing for lake
whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), the
third important fish in Lake Superior (4 to
7 percent of the catch and 12 to 23. percent
of the value in 1945-49) might be possible
for a time in the local areas in which the
species is abundant, but even this fishery
would 15e handicapped by the loss of the
lake trout ordinarily captured along with the
whitefish, Furthermore, experiences in
,Lakes Huron and Michigan have demon-
strated that the, whitefish is in no sense
industry. Although the income of the in- lion pounds-1950-54; 13.8 million pounds-
dustry has been halved during the past 15 1955-59; 13.3 million Pounds-1960-63), pri-
years, the average annual catch has re- marily due to a shift of fishing effort to
mained close to the 1950-54 level (14,2 mil- lower value species such as chubs and smelt.
Choice species
Year
L
ow-val
ue species
All species
Pounds Per. Dollars Per-
(thousands) cent (thousands) cent
Pounds
(thousands)
Per-
cent
Dollars
(thousands)
Pcr- Pounds Dollars
cent (thousands) (thousands)
1950-54 ------ 3,448 24 1, 463 75
0.
1955-59 ------ 2,078 15 1,024) 59
1900-63 ------ 668 5 (0361) 31
(0.55)
10,776
11,699
12,654
76
85
95
499
0
(0720
(0.06)
805
(o. 06)
26 14, 224 1, 962
41 ..13,777 1 944)
(0.13)
69 13, 312 1,166
(o. 09)
A clearer understanding of the present annually. Chubs now contribute about 13
situation in the Lake Superior fisheries is percent of the total poundage and over one-
described below. fifth of the total value of the industry.
Lake trout: Lake Superior was closed to Prospects do not look good for further ex-
commercial fishing for lake trout in June pansion of the chub fishery using traditional
1962. Whereas the commercial fishing in- gear. However, some new gear can be de-
dustry landed over 3.2 million pounds of lake veloped for exploitation of the abundant
trout valued at almost $11/4 million in 1950, chub.
by 1961 the catch had declined to one-third Smelt: This species is extremely plenti-
of a million pounds, a 1,000-percent decrease. ful. Smelt was relatively insignificant in the
The economic impact of the near extinction landings until recently. The catch has in-
of the lake trout population due to sea creased markedly since 1959, with almost
lamprey predation requires no further elab- 11/2 million pounds landed in 1963. Most of
oration. The success of United States and the catch is currently used for animal food.
Canadian scientists in eradicating the Fishermen lack experience and gear for cap-
dreaded sea lamprey in Lake Superior
coupled with the success evident in rehabili-
tating the lake trout, offers a ray of hope to
the depressed Lake Superior industry. Pros-
pects look good for early resumption of
limited commercial fishing for lake trout.
However, the excellent fishing which the
industry enjoyed pre-1950 is still a number
of years away.
Whitefish: The only other money fish
available to the fishermen is the whitefish.
During the past 15 years, this species con-
tributed as much as a million pounds per
year valued at around one-half million dol-
lars. The catch started to decline as lam-
prey abundance increased and hovered
around 200,000 to 300,000 pounds annually
until the last year or two when a small
increase in catch was noted. Some further
improvement in the whitefish stocks may be
expected now that the lamprey is under
control.
Lake herring: The principal species from
the standpoint of production is the lake
herring. This is a highly seasonal late fall
and early winter fishery. Over the past 15
years, the lake herring has contributed be-
tween 8 to 12 million pounds annually to the
U.S. catch. This is roughly 70 percent of
the total production and 46 percent of the
total dollar return to the Lake Superior
in Lake superior, along with the present eco-
nomic plight of the Lake superior industry,
warrants the use of resource disaster funds
to provide immediate help to the industry.
Without some immediate help, the remnant
Lake Superior industry will be hard pressed
to survive until the lake trout come back.
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT OF AD-
VISORY COMMISSION ON INTER-
GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, the Ad-
visory Commission on Intergovernmen-
tal Relations has submitted its sixth an-?
nual report to the President of the Unit-
ed States, the Vice President, and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Members will recall that this Commis-
sion was established by Congress in 1959,
for the following basic purposes:
First, to bring together representatives
of the Federal, State, and local govern-
ments, for consideration of common
problems;
Second, to provide a forum for dis-
cussion
f th
o
e administration of Federal
co the last 2 years. Few small fish are evi-
,the lake trout becomes less plentiful. dent the years. The predominance of grant programs;
"In Lake Superior, therefore, we face the larger, older fish is indicative of some change Third, to give critical attention to the
prospect of losing the greater part of the that is effecting the ability of this species conditions and controls involved in the
present production of fish-a production to reproduce. This could be due to compe- administration of Federal grant pro-
-that normally falls between 15 and 20 mil- tition from the alewife (a recent invader grams;th, to make available technical
lion pounds, This loss is not inconsider- to Lake Superior) or to some subtle environ- Four
able at a period when the maintenance of mental change. In the last few years, lake asistance to the executive and legislative
food production bids fair to become a ques- herring have not appeared in traditional branches of the Federal Government, in
tion of. national importance. Furthermore, areas of good production such as Duluth and
the effects of the loss on the economies of Bayfield. The amount of fishing effort to the ne its o eralleffectgon the Federal
de-
the many local communities that depend catch a given quanitity of this species has
primarily on the fisheries would be disas- increased. The industry has been forced system;
trous." to actively search of concentrations of her- Fifth, to encourage discussion and
The predictions made 15 years ago by Dr. ring. The recent unexplained shortage of study at an early stage of emerging pub-
Hile and his associates have come to pass. herring has everyone worried and the failure lic problems that are likely to require in-
The value of the Lake Superior catch is now of the run to materialize in 1964 has forced tergovernmental cooperation;
about half of what it was during the period the fishermen to take another look at Sixth, to recommend, within the
described above. Whereas, lake trout and whether they should continue in business. framework of the Constitution, the most
whitefish made up 24 percent of the catch Chubs: This species has become lncreas-
and 75 percent of the value in 1950-54, by Ingly important in the Lake Superior catch desirable allocation of governmental
'1955-,,*9.tl4ese species were contributing only since the lake trout failure. Whereas only functions, responsibilities, and revenues
15 percent of the c toh and 59 percent of the 29,009 pounds of chubs was landed in 1950, among the several levels of government;
Value. In 1960-63, these choice species con- the catch in 1963 was almost 1.6 million and
tributed only 5 percent to the catch, but pro- pounds. Since 1958, the catch of this spe- Seventh, to recommend methods of
vided 31 percent of the dollar return to ties has been in excess of 1 million pounds coordinating and simplifying tax laws
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE February Yi
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 Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000300170012-8
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
President Kennedy found In the Cuban
crisis, that all of us, without regard to
party, will rally to his side, and there
will be the unity which has always been
forthcoming to Presidents when such
crises have faced the country.
I feel I must express support of our filet. There is really no profound con-
country's policy In retaliating against the frontation between those Senators who
staging areas and military installations feel that the war should be extended-no
in North Vietnam, which supported and Senator is foolish or reckless in this mat-
planned the actions which resulted and ter--and those who feel that we should
are resulting in such tragic casualties for negotiate. Certainly we are ready to ne-
United States and Vietnamese personnel. gotiate, or to see that South Vietnam ne-
What has been done was necessary to gotiates, under properly controlled con-
demonstrate that we will not tolerate ditions, in an attempt to settle the con-
th Vietnam by the flict there. But it takes two to ne-
S
ou
overt aggression in
North Vietnamese and their allies with- gotiate; both sides must be receptive to
out determined reaction. ` the idea, and a solution cannot be made
But this reaction by the United States at the expense of the people of South
is no substitute for a policy. The Amer- Vietnam.
scan people are worried; they are won- The United States is present In Viet-
dering whether we have a policy in Viet- nam in pursuance of a policy we have
nam as well as the will to carry it maintained since the settlement which
through. Americans are also worried eliminated the French presence in Indo-
whether or not a majority of the Viet- china in 1954-namely, that we would not
namese people still have the will to resist allow the South Vietnamese people to be
Communist aggression, or want our aid in overwhelmed by Communist aggression
o long as they had the
i
n
b
d
su
vers
o
s
their resistance. Americans want to an
know why so few of our allies have come will to resist and sought our aid. Unless steps which offer promise of a better
to help in South Vietnam, grateful as we we are convinced that the majority of future.
are to those who have. Americans want the South Vietnamese people no longer There being no objection, the release
to know what is the real meaning of the wish to continue their struggle against was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
Japanese bid to mediate in the South the Communists or to have U.S. assist- as follows:
Vietnamese struggle; what can be the ance for that purpose, we cannot desert UPCAP ANNOUNCES NEW SAWMILL AT L'ANSE
role of India, Thailand, and other Asian them. David 0. Farrand, industrial development
countries under Communist Chinese The war in Vietnam must be considered specialist for ciialist for the Ups er Peninsula aC un it-
threat; and what is the proper role of also in relation to Communist plans to the completion of the UPCA )0 financing d $100, of
Great Britain, which is now helping expand their domination over south and the new Leo Erickson & Son sawmill at
Malaysia, and of President de Gaulle's southeast Asia. Vietnam is the active L'Anse, Mich. This was accomplished by
France. From those who counsel nego- front at the moment, but the struggle is UPCAP with the participation and coopera-
tiation, Americans want to know: Nego- being waged to resist the Communist ad- tion of the Commercial Bank of L'Anse, the
tiate with whom and about what? vance into the whole of Asia and the Pa- superior National Bank of Hancock, and the
The statement by the majority leader cific. Should the balance tip strongly in small Business Administration.
anon. a modern
debarker The new loader and the with chipper modern
expressing the hope that Great Britain favor of the Communists in Vietnam, the The
ovide
and the Soviet Union will exercise their rest of this vast .region-including not installed in February. This will prwill be
prerogatives as cochairman of the com- only the smaller countries of Thailand, two carloads of chips per day. Erickson, who
mission appointed under the Geneva Malaysia, Ceylon, Burma, South Korea, has been in the lumber business for 20
accord of 1954 is a very sound one. I ex- and Taiwan, but also the larger nations years, also has a sawmill operating in Skanee.
press my own hope and feeling that they of Japan, India, Pakistan, and the Phil- The new mill will employa total of 27 more
will. But that, too, is not the policy of ippines-would be under dire threat and men as sawmill workers and loggers which
the United States. Only one man can In serious jeopardy, and Australia and will double the present work force. Erick-
make the foreign policy of the United New Zealand would be in a gravely ex- to ow has contracts with several and nationally
ly regarded as an experienced sawmill opera-
States, andthat is the President, subject, posed position. Such towering events high-
at most, to approval in some form by the could change the whole balance of forces tw
Senate. in the world against us and in favor of The Commercial Bank at L'Anse will act as
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- communism. servicing agent in the financing arrange-
sent to proceed for an additional 3 The American people must be clearly ments. Farrand expressed his gratitude for
Informed that at the heart of the problem the excellent cooperation of the two banks
Theminutes PRESIDING OFFICER. With- lies a question of proportion. For casu- and the Small Business Administration for
alties are a matter of heartbreak to each their assistance in this project.
out objection, it is so ordered.
must match the incidence
et we
f
us; y
-
o
Mr. JAVITS. Accordingly, Mr. Press- of these tragic losses to the infinitely
dent-and and this is a parallel to the very
fine statement made by the majority greater losses of American lives which
leader-I feel the time has come for the could be incurred if the position of the
President of the United States to address free world was radically altered by the
the Nation, and address it promptly, capture of large parts of south and
in the most considered way, and state southeast Asia for communism.
to the people of the United States and In the free world, we do not operate
the world the U.S. policy and objective in the dark. A great country states what
in South Vietnam. its policy is in the greatest moment of
For there is nothing in the U.S. posi- crisis. I do not doubt that this is no
tion which is inconsistent with every ef- new idea to the President of the United
fort to find an honorable solution to the States, and that he is fully prepared to
struggle. The assertion of American will undertake this task. But there is a ques-
to carry on the fight against communism tion of timing, and in my judgment the
and our determination to maintain our time should be now. With the situation
aid to the South Vietnamese, so long as deteriorating daily in South Vietnam,
they wish it and show a will to-resist, may the President should speak promptly, for
in time bring an end to this grave conflict only the President can speak with au-
from which South Vietnam may emerge thority.
in peace and independence. Yet, while Our people want to know what the
we continue to help the South Viet- position of the United States is. They
namese, we should continue to explore want the President to make a firm dec-
every means, whether by conference or laration of policy, to tell us how we pro-
direct negotiation or through the United pose to continue, so all the world can read
Nations good offices, to resolve the con- and understand. Then he will find, as
UPPER PENINSULA PROGRESS
Mr. HART. Mr. President, again I
call attention to the economic needs and
aspirations of Michigan's magnificant
Upper Peninsula.
The Upper Peninsula Committee for
Area Progress-UPCAP-a most con-
structive local group representative of
the counties in the area, long has been
working to develop the potential of the
region.
I ask unanimous consent to have print-
ed in the RECORD a press release an-
nouncing the latest of these forward
PROBLEMS OF LAKE SUPERIOR
COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN
Mr. HART. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD an excellent, factual account
of the problems plaguing the commercial
fishermen of Lake Superior. Similar
conditions face those of the other Great
Lakes.
This material, made available to me by
the Lake Superior Commercial Fisher-
men's Association and the Michigan Fish
Producers' Association, documents the
reasons why disaster aid is needed by
this industry.
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
LAKE SUPERIOR RESOURCE DISASTER
The economic depression in the Lake Su-
perior commercial fishing industry continues
to worsen and the resource on which the in-
dustry depends, to deteriorate. The current
situation constitutes a commercial fishery
failure due to a resource disaster within the
Approved For Release 2003/10/15 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000300170012-8