IN VIETNAM-INDUCTION RITES FAIL TO IMPRESS CORRESPONDENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160029-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 29
• Publication Date: March 4, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Re Q -C B0044 ppp399160029-1
Austin, Tex.: Historic Past,
Present
Dynamic those specializing in business marketing, worked in the old General Land Office Build-
EXTENSION OF. REMARKS
OF
HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH
OF TEXAS -
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 4, 1965
Mr. YARBOROUGH, Mr. President,
Austin, Tex., my home city, the site of
the State capital of Texas, has been, and
is presently enjoying a physical, eco-
nomic, and intellectual growth of phe-
nomenal proportions.
The population of Austin, Tex., has
doubled in the last 20 years; the en-
rollment at the University of Texas, lo-
cated there, has tripled in the last 30
years;' and the area of the city has al-
Most doubled in the last 20 years.
To illustrate the tone of the city in
combining the nostalgic, historical past
and the dynamic facelifting of_the pres-
ent, I ask unanimous consent that an
article from the Dallas Morning News
of Saturday,' February 27, 1965, be
printed in the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: ,
AUSTIN: HISTORIC PAST, DYNAMIC PRESENT
(By Allen Duckworth)
AUSTIN, TEx.-This pearl of central Texas-
the. State's beautiful capital city-has a his-
toric and,, dramatic past, a dynamic present,
an exciting future.
Most every community in the world has
an outstanding feature. But Austin has
nearly everything you can think of except
ocean steamers, an active volcano, and a
glacier.
The phenomenal growth of Austin out-
strips most of the state capitals of the
Nation.
There are many reasons.
The State government has grown and will
continue to grow.
Recreation and tourism are already big
businesses. There are seven-big, beautiful
lakes on the Colorado River, created by a
series of dams, and all within a few minutes
or a few hours of downtown Austin. And
the Austin Chamber of Commerce is coaxing
tourists to "L,B.J. Land" with maps showing
how to view the President's Texas White
House, only 60 miles to the west. Of course,
the chamber of commerce suggests spending
the night at an Austin hotel or motel.
In education, Austin calls itself the brain
center of the State. The University of Texas
enrollment has risen from 7,000 to 24,000
14 the last 30. years. There also are St.
Edward's University, Concordia College,
Huston-Tillotson College, and the Presby-
terian Theological College.
Research centers, both government and
private, are tied closely to the university.
The Balcones Research Center has 22 labs
in operation, some of them doing top-secret
work. Want to know how to pack a heavy
truck for parachuting to earth from an air-
plane? They can tell you. Really. This
center occupies a 393-acre tract and 34
buildings,
A de artmen of the university does re-
searchot variqus agencies of the U.S. De-
partment of Defense. And a number of
private research outfits are doig contract
work fpr the Qgvernment. There's another
lab that builds yip evidence against law vio-
lators, such as folks who poison their mates.
Private research organizations include
electronics, chemicals, petrochemicals, pre- ing, now a museum, patterned by a Euro-
cision instruments, gravity meters, hydraul- pean architect In, exile after a Rhine River
with the Government labs, this adds up to a
major industry for Austin.
Bergstrom Field, a short expressway drive
to the southeast, is a Strategic Air Command
base. World leaders have landed there to be
guests of President Johnson at his ranch.
The President himself often arrives there en
route to his Texas White House.
The capital city is wonderfully located.
It is easy driving time to almost any spot
in the State, with the exception of El Paso,
593 miles away. Austin is within 197 miles
of Dallas, 190 of Fort Worth, 273 of Orange,
161 of Houston, 286 of Wichita Falls, 351 of
Texarkana, 277 of Marshall, 139 of Corpus
Christi, 76 of San Antonio, 231 of Laredo on
the Mexican border, 329 of Brownsville, 361
of Odessa.
Since World War IT, a new airport terminal
has replaced the old wooden shack which
once served the city. The thousand-acre air-
port with 12,500 yards of paved concrete ramp
space has 24-hour service 7 days a week. Be-
sides the more than 30 flights a day, there are
45 bus arrivals and departures, 8 trucklines
in and out of the_ city, 3 freight railways.
Livability, says the Austin Chamber of
Commerce, is a major attraction which con-
tributes to the soaring population total.
Many of those who come to Austin as public
officials, from Governors to legislators, former
military personnel, university graduates,
decide to make Austin their home. Former
Governors whose homes were in other cities,
before election now living in Austin are Dan
Moody, Allan Shivers, Price Daniel.
Recreation facilities apparently are unlim-
ited. The city government maintains 37
parks and playgrounds, 21 free neighborhood
swimming pools, 5 municipal pools, 4 com-
munity recreation centers, 8 athletic fields, 2
municipal golf courses and a tennis center.
And there's the beautiful Austin Country
Club. Southwest Conference football is
played in the university's Memorial Stadium.
The seven manmade lakes start at Austin's
city limits and chain northward for 160 miles
in the Colorado River's wonderland of hills
and valleys. These lakes provide fishing,
boating, water sports, hunting or just loafing
in some of the luxury or rustic lodges. The
dams also are for hydroelectric power and
flood control.
Climate usually is ideal. The city's unique
location on the Balcones Escarpment from
the Edwards Plateau distinguishes it from
the climate of the surrounding area. Normal
temperature averages 68.2 degrees. Heating
and cooling home expenses are reasonable
because the city is protected to some extent
from chill winds to the north and humidity
from the south.
Those seeking a home or homesite have a
variety of locations, ranging from grass-cov-
ered plains to tree-studded hills-new addi-
tions within the city, estates high in the
hills or on a lakefront.
A cultural and entertainment atmosphere
prevails. Locally, there is the Austin Sym-
phony Orchestra, the civic theater, art ex-
hibits, university lecture series. The cul-
tural entertainment committee books operas,
plays, concerts.
Fine churches are available for worship by
those of most any faith in the land.
Austin has been a beautiful place from the
beginning. There was a hamlet in the val-
ley when they started building the first
capitol there for the Republic of Texas in
1840. It was a two-room log building, sur-
rounded by a 10-foot log stockade and a moat
to discourage unfriendly Indians from dis-
turbing the house and senate.
The early days of statehood were filled with
romance. A German prince once arrived, in
shining armor, to apply for public lands upon
which to establish a colony. O. Henry
studio in Austin and there created a master-
piece which can be seen in the State ceme-
tery, resting place of hundreds of heroic Con-
federate dead and some of Texas' great, near-
great, and not so great--the full-size supine
statue of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston on his
bier.
The French Legation of Republic days is
still there. The French Minister, Count Al-
phonse de Saligny, was quite a problem child
in olden times. He complained about the
pigs in his neighborhood, running at will
over his garden.
Austin's growth has been steady from the
beginning. But the near-sensational boom
began after the end of World War II in 1945-
20 years ago.
Some statistics:
The population of Austin in 1945 was esti-
mated at 110,000. Today, the estimate of the
metropolitan area is in excess of 250,000.
Bank deposits at the beginning of 1945
were $46,571,522. Last January 1 they were
$430,701,650, or a 20-year increase of 824.8
percent.
In 1945, Austin city limits covered 36.10
square miles. Last figures (June 18, 1964)
showed 59.02 square miles.
What was Austin like 20 years ago? And
what are some comparisons?
I was assigned to help to report the goings-
on of the legislature in 1945. Getting to
Austin was a tedious drive from Dallas. The
highway was just a plain two-way traffic
deal, with slowdowns through many towns
or villages. When you finally made the city
limits, you had to negotiate around the north
of town, past the State hospital (for mental-
ly ill), down the university "drag." Today,
the freeway is almost completed from Dallas
to the capital. Already, you can take routes
that bypass such towns as Waxahachie,
Hillsboro, Waco, Temple, Belton, Round
Rock. And when you get to Austin, in the
event you are going on to San Antonio and
do not desire to stop off, the freeway takes
you-elevated part of the way-right on
through the downtown and suburban area.
Parking was no problem in 1945. You just
left your car for the night in front of your
Austin hotel. Today, at noontime, you may
find it difficult to enter a downtown park-
ing station in the hotel area. And look out
for women-today's Austin Police Depart-
ment employs uniformed girls to put those
parking violation notices under your wind-
shield wiper. They do it without fear or
favor of those having State official license
plates, such as members of the legislature.
The capital had only two hotels which
could be classified as of the first class, the
historic Driskill and the late W. L. Moody's
Stephen F. Austin. A favorite eating place
was the Millett Mansion, an ancient native
stone-and-timber two-story structure where
you could get a good family-style lunch for
75 cents. Today, Austin has some of the Na-
tion's finest accommodations for travelers.
A new downtown hotel is the Commodore
Perry. The Driskill and the Stephen F. Aus-
tin have modernized. Before war's end,
there were no motels to speak of, just some
"tourist courts." Today, Austin has some of
the Nation's finest, chains and privately
owned. There's a downtown motor-- hotel
abuilding, just a slingshot from the capitol
grounds-the Downtowner. Two of Austin's
motor inns are unique. The Terrace, an
early postwar project, was erected on the
old San Antonio highway across the Colo-
rado River to the south, on a hillside, with
winding roads and paths. Opened only a
few years ago is the Gondolier, on the beau-
tified and parklike south banks of the Colo-
rado.
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 A964 Approved~~ Q0A3~1 Qj (b --RDXffT Q f 000300160029-1 March 4
Austin had no luxury clubs, of the cocktail- They include-such groups as the American
gourmet type, after the war. Today, the Legion, State bar, butane dealers, classroom
town has a club at about every turn of the teachers, council of churches, electric coop-
corner, some good and some bad. The ys o d'1nJays It Well,
Says
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN BRADEMAS
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 18, 1965
Mr. BBADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I am
pleased to call to the attention of my
colleagues and appropriate officials of
the State Department a thoughtful edi-
torial concerning the State Department
white paper on Vietnam. The editorial
appeared in the South Bend, Ind., Trib-
une on March 2. The editorial follows:
WHITE PAPER SAYS IT WELL
The State Department white paper on
Vietnam is all the more useful because of its
timing. For it comes when there is mount-
ing pressure from various quarters to gen-
erate negotiations for ending the conflict.
And it is highly important, as the State De-
partment noted, "for freemen to know what
has been happening in Vietnam, and how,
and why."
In the circumstances, it Is incumbent
upon the United States to make clear to the
world the reasons for Its involvement in the
struggle and to deal with the criticism of the
American role.
The document, it seems to us, does an
admirable job on both scores.
It refutes the Communist line that the
conflict is a civil war and shows it for what
it really is-a carefully planned and exe-
cuted aggression from the north aided and
abetted by Red China and others in the
Communist camp.
The evidence is damning.
Another important reason for issuing the
paper is the continuing need to keep the
world informed of the reasons for the Amer-
ican presence in South Vietnam.
As the paper notes, we are there because
our help has been requested by the duly
constituted government. And it notes, the
United States "will not abandon friends who
want to remain free."
The paper says that the United States
would be ready at once to reduce its military
involvement if peace could be restored, but
adds significantly "the choice now between
peace and continued and increasingly de-
structive conflict is one for the authorities
Yes, I am the United States of America and vide lump-sum payment for the unused
these are the things that i am. i was con- sick leave te, the credit of an officer or
ceived in' freedom and, God willing, in free- employee immediately prior to his separa-
o,lom I will spend the rest of my days. tion from the service on retirement.
May I always possess the integrity, moral This bill is Intended to straighten out
courage and strength to keep myself un-
shackled, to remain a stronghold of freedom a system that encourages unnecessary
and a beacon of hope to all the oppressed absence and deprives other employees of
throughout the world. the fruits af.their dedication.
This is my prayer-my goal-my wish. This bill is intended to reward all em-
reintroduced my bill to amend the An-
nual and Sick Leave Act of 1951 to pro-
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Thursday, March 4, 1965
Daily Digest
HIGHLIGHTS
Senate passed bills on Goddard Day and Kaniksu National Forest.
Senate
Chamber Action
Routine Proceedings, pages 3971-4082
Bills introduced: 6o bills and 4 resolutions were intro-
duced, as follows: S. 1336-1395; S.J. Res. 57-59; and
S. Res. 84. Pages 3980-3982
Bills Reported: Reports were made as follows:
Report of Committee on Government Operations
entitled "Activities of the Senate Committee on Govern-
ment Operations" (S. Rept. 69), filed March 2 under
prior authorization;
S. 435, extending the boundaries of Kaniksu National
Forest, Idaho, with amendment (S. Rept. 70), filed
March 3 under prior authorization;
S. Con. Res. 2, providing for the establishment of a
Joint Committee on the Organization of the Congress,
with minority views (S. Rept. 70; and
Report of Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
of Committee on Government Operations entitled "Or-
ganized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics," with
additional and individual views (S. Rept. 72).
Pages 3967,,3979-3980
Bills Referred: Two House-passed bills were referred
to Committee on Public Works. Page 3971
President's Message--Cities: Message from President
recommending legislation on the problems of cities and
the establishment of a Department of Housing and
Urban Development was received by Secretary of Senate
while Senate was in-adjournment on March 2-referred
to Committee on Banking and Currency. Pages 3967-3971
President's Communication-Data Processing: Pres-
ident's communication transmitting report by Director
of the Budget on management of automatic data proc-
essing in the Federal Government was received, ordered
to be printed as S. Doc. 15, and was referred to Com-
mittee on Government Operations. Pages 3976, 4010
President's Communication-Rapid Transit: Com-
munication from President transmitting draft of pro-
posed legislation to authorize Secretary of Commerce
to undertake research and de' elopment in high-speed
ground transportation, was receh ez -referred to Com-
mittee on Commerce. Page 3976
President's Communication-Oceanography: Com-
munication from President transmitting his national
D154
oceanographic program for fiscal year 1966 (with an
accompanying document) was received-referred to
Committee on Commerce. Page 3976
Appointment to Board: It was announced that Vice
President has appointed Senator Williams of New Jersey
to the Board of Visitors to the Merchant Marine
Academy. Page 4010
Authority To Report: Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions was authorized to file during adjournment until
noon Monday, March 8, its report on H.R. 2998, to
amend the Arms Control and Disarmament Act in order
to increase the authorization for appropriations, with
individual views. All other committees likewise were
authorized to file reports during adjournment.
Pages4009-4010
Goddard Day: Senate concurred in House amendments
to S. 301, to designate March 16 of each year as a special
day in honor of Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard, the
father of modern rockets, missiles, and astronautics, thus
clearing the bill for President's signature. Pages 4015-4016
Kaniksu National Forest: Senate passed with com-
mittee amendment S. 435, extending the boundaries of
Kaniksu National Forest, Idaho. Pages 4035-4038
Lincoln Inaugural Reenactment: Senate recessed.
while it attended on the east steps of the Capitol the
reenactment of the Second Inaugural Address of Abra-
ham Lincoln in observance of the centennial anniversary
of its delivery. Page 4035
Messages From President and House: Secretary of
Senate was authorized to receive messages from Presi-
dent and the House during adjournment of Senate until
Monday, March 8. Page 4010
Legislative Program: Majority leader announced that
on Monday, March 8, Senate expects to consider con-
ference report on H.R. 45, to amend the Inter-American
Development Bank Act, to be followed by H.R. 2998,
continuation of the Disarmament Agency, and the con-
firmation of sundry nominations. Page 4095
Confirmation: The nomination of John W. Macy, Jr.,
of Connecticut, to be a Civil Service Commissioner, was
confirmed. Page 4098
Nominations: One civilian and one Navy nomination
were received, and one postmaster nomination was with-
drawn. - Page 4098
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many areas, such as ice prediction, fisheries,
engineering applications and coastal con-
trol, they are doing very well.
In summary, the Soviet oceanographic
program is massive and slanted toward prac-
tical applications.' It Is being carried out
by large numbers of average people, led by
top-flight scientists, under the disadvantage
of commonplace equipment and poor work-
ing conditions. Significant advances have
been made in the last 20 years and the trend
will doubtless continue.
Comparison of the Soviet and United
States efforts is difficult, since basic differ-
ences exist. The Soviets stress applications
and give research a back seat; we pour the
bulk of our resources into research, and all
too often pay only lipservice to useful prod-
nets. At the present moment, it would seem
that Russia is getting as much for their
money as we are, in the form of practical
applications. They seem to lack a strong
program of fundamental research which is
clearly necessary to provide the basis for
achievements a decade or generation in the
future. Their shortsightedness in this re-
gard will sap their strength, surely and soon.
It would be, equally shortsighted of the
United States to neglect those phases of its
own effort which are lagging, such as educa-
tion, shipbuilding, and the development of
practical applications. This visit provided
the opportunity to see a part of the Soviet
program. Perhaps even more important
than that is the opportunity to see the
U.S. program in a new context, so that we can
correct our weaknesses and take advantage
of our strengths.
The War in Vietnam, VqI-1tickshaw
Ride Is No Barg
OF
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI'
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 4, 1965
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I include the
eighth in a series of the report by Lucian
C. Warren, Washington correspondent
for the Courier-Express, Buffalo, N.Y.,
on his tour of Vietnam.
Part VIII, which appeared in the Cou-
rier-Express on Febraruy 28, 1965,
follows:
THE WAa IN VIETNAM, VIII-RICKSHAW AWE
Is No BARGAIN
(NOTE: Saigon, command post of a thor-
oughly 20th century war, is an old city that
retains many of its quaint Asian customs.
One of these is the rickshaw, that ancient
surrey with the fringe on top whose human
"horse" have been swindling the gullible for
centuries. Here Lucian C. Warren, Washing-
ton correspondent for the Courier-Express,
gets taken for a ride by one of these pic-
turesque pirates.)
SAIGON,-Coverage of the war in Vietnam is
strewn With obstacles, not all of the Vietcong
making.
On a Fund&y afternoon in Saigon, another
Department of Defense-sponsored newsman
Hgrl2ert Brubaker, and I decided, that now
would be a good time to get the Buddhist
point of view. The Buddhists are thoroughly
mixed ul~ in Vietnamese politics and have
contributed more, than their sharp of insta
bility to the government.
NQT DISSUADED
A U.S. Embassy man tried to dissuade us,
saying that Sunday was just as much a day
of rest for the Buddhist as it is for the
Christian. But he said that with good luck
we might find someone who would talk with
us at the Buddhist Institute on Tran Quoc
Toan Avenue.
We took a chance and set off on our
mission.
It was a beautiful day and it seemed like
a good idea at the time to hire two rick-
shaws to taxi us to our destination.
INSTRUCTIONS
A Saigon policeman who seemed to know
a little English was told where we wanted to
go and instructed the rickshaw operators.
Asked how much we should pay our drivers,
the policeman said 10 piastres apiece.
A piastre is worth about 14 cents, and the
fare seemed reasonable.
So we-set off on our merry way, up one
street and down another, dallying not long
on Dal Lo Le Lo Boulevard, or Gia Long
Street, and not even getting hung up on
Hong Thap Tu Road, despite fierce traffic.
TROUBLES START
We arrived soon at what we thought was
the institute and our troubles began. The
rickshaw drivers squealed their displeasure
at the proffered 10 piasters, so reluctantly
and foolishly we tossed them five more apiece
-7 cents more to buy a little peace. It not
only brought peace but the drivers amiably
conducted us on a tour of the place.
It was a beautiful place. All the rich trap-
pings of a pagoda-Buddha with the many
arms, incense, teakwood, jade, and the kneel-
ing devout-were on view.
Come to find out, however, it was a pagoda
and not the Buddhist Institute. Laboriously
we searched up and down for someone who
could speak and read a little English, and
after about 10 minutes found one who told
our rickshaw friends that the place we
wanted to go to was on Tran Quoc Toan
Avenue.
OFF AGAIN
It's highly possible that those sly little ras-
cals knew all along they had taken us to the
wrong place, and it would have been well
for us at this point to have hired one of the
metered motorcabs.
But Confucius say there's no fool like an
occidental fool, or he ought to have said it.
Anyway, we clambered aboard again and were
oft.
As near as I could later make out from a
map, we got to Tran Quoc Toan Avenue via
Chua Huyen Tran, Ba Huyen Thank Quang,
Phan Dinh Phung, and Phan Thank Giang
Streets but I'm a little uncertain that was
the precise route.
MORE DEMANDS
It is fair to State, I guess, that we planned
out all over the city, so long did it take to
arrive at our destination.
This time, it seems, we finally had ar-
rived at the Buddhist Institute and now
came a haggling by our rickshaw drivers
that would have made Shylock green with
envy.
...Those oriental thieves wanted 50 plasters
apiece. In vain we argued and shouted.
The more we argued the greater grew the
crowd.
It might well have turned into a street
riot, hence we paid off.
It took 20 minutes to find someone who
spoke English at the institute. At this point
we learned that the U.S. Embassy man was
right, no official at the institute was present.
"Come back last week," said a man in
broken English, who was scornfully.corrected
by another who suggested we try in 2 days.
SWITCH TO CAB
We were, however, not so foolish as to
play the rickshaw roulette game on the way
back.
We hired a small, metered cab and for a
grand total of only 20 plasters, including tip,
we were back In our hotel in nothing flat.
We had not gained the slightest knowledge
of Buddhist politics and, consideren our
A959
total outlay of time and money, the after-
noon could only by considered its most
piastrous.
Tribute to Mrs. Marie C. McGuire, First
Woman Chief of Public Housing
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH
OF TEXAS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 4, 1965
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
with the proposed creation of a new Cab-
inet post in the field of housing and
urban affairs, attention has been focused
on the importance of having qualified,
imaginative, and responsible authorities
in the public housing field.
I wish to commend Mrs. Marie C. Mc-
Guire, our Nation's first woman chief of
public housing, for her work and success
in this field. Mrs. McGuire has a long
history of accomplishments in public
housing, which has earned her a citation
from the American Institute of Arch-
itects.
As a tribute to this fine person, I ask
unanimous consent that an article con-
cerning her, from the Dallas Morning
News of February 24, 1965, be printed in
the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Dallas (Tex.) Morning News, Feb.
24, 19651
HOUSING CHIEF BATTLES DRAB DESIGN-HAS
Goon WORD FOR DALLAS
(By Mary Brinkerhoff)
The Nation's first woman chief of public
housing was back in Texas Tuesday, still a
free-form, split-level, multi-purpose model
built to stand out on Washington's official
skyline.
Mrs. Marie C. McGuire walked off a Braniff
Airways plane into Dallas' suddenly roaring
winter and talked a while on everything
from local housing proposals to her war
against drab design.
When she was off for several speaking en-
gagements in Fort Worth with Thomas H.
Callaham, the Public Housing Authority's
regional director there, and his assistant, E. J.
Haling.
She was shown a newspaper report of the
recent Dallas Council of Social Agencies
recommendation that at least 1,000 one-
bedroom apartments for the elderly be built
under Dallas Housing Authority auspices.
This kind of thing is her meat. When Mrs.
McGuire was executive director of the San
Antonio Housing Authority, her pioneering
apartment project for older people won her
fame and a Federal appointment.
For those who doubt the need of low
income housing for the aged, she offers this
thought: When such housing is built in a
city of any size, applicants outnumber avail-
able units many times over.
Private "retirement villas" are fine, she be-
lieves, but they have little bearing on the
problem which concerns her. "The difficulty
is that they are not speaking to the major-
ity's ability to pay."
Marie McGuire, famed as a redtape slasher
during her nearly 4 years in Washington,
never lost her concern for the individual,
elderly or otherwise, who lives in public
housing.
She hasn't been overawed by her responsi-
bility for Federal participation in a program
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX March 4
which operates in more than 2,100 communi-
ties and represents a total investment run-
ning into billions.
And she retains a soft spot for her Vic-
toria Plaza in San Antonio, still a showpiece.
It was designed with thought for the occu-
pants need for beauty, recreation, friend-
ship-factors to make them feel that "life
is not over; it may be just beginning."
Any resident of public housing, she's con-
vinced, should be able to take pride in his
home. And while "I'm all for economy,"
drabness and poor design are false econ-
omies to her.
"After all, we're building environments to
last for the next 50 to 100 years.
A corollary is that public housing shouldn't
be segregated in some grim location. "It
should meld in with the community, not
stand off in the backyards * * *. You have
some good public housing sites in Dallas, in
very pleasant parts of the city. This is not
true of some cities."
Mrs. McGuire strongly opposes housing
plans which segregate the handicapped, those
of lowest Income or any group as if they
were "the dregs of society."
One way around such segregation was pro-
vided in the Housing Act of 1961: partner-
ship between the Public Housing Authority
aid private enterprise.
An example is under construction in New
York by the PHA and a foundation. Five
hundred units will be reserved for "low-
income" occupants, another 500 for those of
"lower middle" income. The two kinds of
tenants will be mixed throughout.
When an occupant's income rises or falls,
he changes status-and, in a sense, land-
lords-through a mere bookkeeping switch.
He doesn't have to move, and if the change
is downward, he isn't stigmatized.
Mrs. McGuire's office receives many in-
quiries about this system, which has proved
a boon to private builders as well as to
tenants.
Also, she observed, the plan "takes a little
of the sting off" for people who just can't
swallow the concept of federally financed
housing.
The PHA Commissioner reminds these
people that her agency's participation in a
housing project doesn't mean Federal super-
vision. "Congress is well aware of controls
at the local level."
She explains the PHA's role this way: "We,
in effect, are the bankers. And any prudent
banker certainly watches his investment."
Home rule applies in the matter of design,
unless a proposal is downright extravagant.
"I'm running on a platform of design free-
dom. Truly, the area of housing is going to
reflect what each city wants."
When a community needs help or advice
on design, Mrs. McGuire can call on her blue-
ribbon panel of professional consultants.
She has set aside the agency's old design
manuals as influences toward conformity.
For such measures and for her general at-
titude, she was cited by the American In-
stitute of Architects.
When her powers of persuasion fail, local
control sometimes pains her. She couldn't
keep a certain city from building "one of
those round, tubelike towers" with pie-slice
efficiency apartments for the elderly.
"I lost that battle."
Lewis Descer
HON.
SPEECH
OF
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES airfields of southeast Asia, there are strong
Wednesday, Marcie. 3', 1965 views to the contrary. "We can win" is the
overwhelming opinion of the Americans who
Mr. KEOGH. Mr. Speaker, I 'want to,?ae fighting the war in Vietnam. This con-
join with my colleagues in extending~=fidence is shared by senior commanders at
warm congratulations to the Parliamen-
tarian of the House, Lewis Deschler, on
his birthday.
Lew Deschler has been a familiar fig-
ure in the Chamber of the House for al-
most 40 years. He had already earned
the respect and high regard of all the
Members when I first came to the House.
Since that time his stature has continued
to grow. As Parliamentarian he has ex-
ercised great objectivity and judgment in
his advice to the Speaker on the numer-
ous intricate problems of procedure that
constantly arise in this body. During his
tenure as Parliamentarian, Lew Deschler
has rendered invaluable assistance to the
Speaker, regardless of party affiliation,
and to Members on both sides of the aisle.
I wish for Lew Deschler many happy
returns of the day.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STROM THURMOND
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 4, 1965
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, the
March 9, 1965, issue of National Review
includes a very interesting article by a
distinguished South Carolina newsman,
Anthony Harrigan, of Charleston. The
article, entitled "We Can Win in South-
east Asia," notes that this is a report
from a firsthand observer who found that
Americans fighting in southeast Asia do
not agree with defeatists at home who
say we must get' out because we cannot
win. I ask unanimous consent, Mr.
President, that this article be printed in
the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WE CAN WIN IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
(By Anthony Harrigan)
(A firsthand observer found that Ameri-
cans fighting in southeast Asia do not agree
with defeatists at home who say we must
get out because we can't win).
As long ago as 1963, the New Republic was
saying: "The war in South Vietnam cannot
be won." More recently, Walter Lippmann,
the oracle of retreat, solemnly declared: "No-
bedy in his right mind can imagine that this
kind of war can be 'won'." Prof. Bernard
B. Fall, author of "Ordeal., at Dienbienphu,"
and "The Two Vietnams," lends his author-
ity to the statement that "any lingering idea
that the Vietnam war can be ended by the
surrender of the Communists is totally un-
realistic."
The chorus of defeati*M is-loud lS the
land. Bearded young beatniks march with
signs asserting the hopelessness of the strug-
gle against the Vietcong. Clergymen and
teachers of ink ernat4losnl_r~,atji{.write let-
ters to the editors of the" flew York Times,
declaring how fortunate the United States
will be if Ho Chi Minh agrees to negotiate
a]e establishment of a Yugoslav-type Com-
home and overseas. But the professional
soldier no longer is free, as he was in the
1950's. to state his case to the Nation. Un-
fortunately, no Senator has been as busy
and articulate in explaining why the United
States can win in Asia as Senator WAYNE
MORSE has been in stating the case for cap-
itulation and withdrawal.
Nevertheless, the evidence exists to sup-
port those who believe that an American
victory is possible in southeast Asia. We
have the ships. We have the planes. We
have the weapons. All that is required for
victory is firm leadership, historical under-
standing, and a resolute people.
The U.S. public need pay no attention to
the Lippmann nonsense that Americans can't
win a, war in Asia. Only 20 years ago the
United States defeated a superbly organized,
brilliantly led Asian adversary. There's
nothing magical about the soil of Asia. If
the United States has the right weapons, the
proper strategy, and the will to win, it will
triumph in Asia as it has elsewhere on the
globe.
The truth is that we have hardly begun
to fight in Asia. But fight we must or, in
the fullness of time, Chinese-led guerrillas
will be in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula or
across the Rio Grande.
An American victory in southeast Asia is
a meaningless concept apart from a vision of
history. The Vietcong is but an advanced
guard of a resurgent Chinese Empire. In
centuries past, the Vietnam region was one
of China's tributary states. The Middle
Kingdom's power extended to Java and to
Ceylon, and the great eunuch admiral, Cheng
Ho, had led fleets as far as east Africa in the
15th century. China's history was arrested
by the European states, and its own inner
decay. But with the failure of nerve on
the part of many once great Western nations,
China again is reaching out-pushing south-
ward into Vietnam, with Australia as the
ultimate goal to the south; aiming, with its
nibbling at India's frontier, to reach the Bay
of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, and plan-
ning to extend and deepen its influence from
the Congo to Somalia and from the Yemen
to Albania.
Such is the vast scope of the Chinese vi-
sion of conquest. If the United States is
to prevent its fulfillment, the American peo-
ple and Government must clearly understand
the nature of the struggle in which they are
involved and Its long-term perspective.
The struggle in Vietnam is not an isolated
conflict, which can be settled by a tidy ac-
cord in which unpleasant truths can be
brushed under a mass of legalistic docu-
ments. Vietnam Is a key military campaign
in the containment of Communist China
and the reduction of its power. Our na-
tional purpose can be nothing less than that
of suppressing China's warmaking capac-
ity and, by the force of our retaliatory
assaults, convincing Peiping that a south-
wardcourse of empire is too costly and dan-
gerous. If Communist China's leaders are
compelled to look northward, toward the
empty lands of the former Chinese Empire
that now are in Soviet Russia's hands, all
the better.
Obviously, a tit-for-tat policy of light
retaliatory raids will not force Peiping to any
fundamental change in its- policies. A far
more comprehensive and massive assault
will be needed, over a long period of time.
The United States needs to recognize, to
begin with, that the problems in southeast
Asia are essentially military, not political.
This conclusion is completely contrary to
the ruling doctrine in the Department of
State; but even the most deeply rooted doc-
trine can be altered by the facts. What
makes the Vietcong a force in the country-
side is not its doctrine, but he fact that its
doctrine is supported by arms in the hands
of terrorists. Mao Tse-tung once said that
the gun is the ultimate political weapon.
Only in this sense is the southeast Asian
struggle basically political.
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 a .... mow bill is an example of the fact that Sena- caused believe in the philosophy of gov-
s iol}n Dewey used to put it, the ultimate tors from the same State-whatever may eminent known as the Lincolnian belief
functi
,lon of literature Is to.appreciate the
world, sometimes indignantly, sometimes be their party affiliation, generally- or the Lincolnian theory, which should
sorrowfully, but best of all to praise when it is close ranks when it comes to an antra- dominate my party. The essence of that
luckily possible. My experience of the Hud- state problem, and one relating to de- philosophy is that when a State cannot
son River, its grandeur and loveliness and velopment and beautification in that do for itself as well or at all what needs
degradation, its vicissitudes even during my State. I believe that is an excellent to be done in the interest of the whole
50 years, has given me much to be.indignant practice. about, and grieve, and praise. But it is also I am pleased to have been able to join Nation, the Nation itself must do it.
the case,, as Dewey also pointed out, that In this instance, I do not favor delay.
poetic appreciation has consequences, in per- my colleague from New York [Mr. KEN- That is why I have joined, currently, in
sonal behavior and social action. It awakens, NEDY] in the introduction of the pro- the bill introduced by the junior Sena-
in self and others, a frame of mind in which posed legislation, I. know that it repre- tor from New York. Neither do I favor
something must be done, prevented, rem- sented a considerable effort and some waiting on the State in an improper way.
edied, protected, improved. My own primary little time on his part to meet some of But I am for saying to the State, "By all
literary activity of appreciation has certainly my views part of the way so that we means, you are not barred merely be-
had this effect on,me, and maybe I have even , could join and get the added strength cause we have introduced proposed legis-
iniiuencea"otliers., which comes from bipartisan action. I lation. We would like to see your plan
The scenes of grandeur and beauty that am very pleased to see it, and I express work together with you."
work on a child's mind bring into being all
the 'glory that our society will ever achieve. the hope that it is auspicious for similar There is no reason why there should
Where else is "vision,, to come from? I efforts in, other matters. There are not be a . Federal-State Project. Other
think we all know this, but we are damned many areas where such action is neces- elements of the Government may join
careless about it, We are intensely worried sary for almost any activity of the Fed- together in order to achieve a great ob-
about 'tlie children passing their school eral Establishment directly affects New jective, to preserve a national treasure,
examinations and, getting good grades and York.
being trained to get jobs with good salaries; even though it may be located within a
I should like to say one added word single State. We have seen such action
yet we are astoundingly unconcerned about about the measure, which was the sub- taken in the Western States with respect
what music they listen to, what the streets
look like &rld feel like, and whether the this- Ject of an additional statement which to our national parks.
dren,jlave acess,tp the river. I issued, and which my colleague was So I welcome the move of the junior
We find, on inquiry, that the average kid kind enough to issue with his own. Senator from New York, and I join in it.
brought up today in a depressed neighbor- The State of New York is deeply in- I merely point out that it still is possible
hood ,will ~7ave,.r lied the age of 12 and 13 terested in this matter. That does not to accommodate a concomitant State
and never have been 10 blocks. from home, mean that our views and those of the initiative within the framework of the
never have
do you think seen anything beautiful. What State will necessarily be the same. For plan. That is the main reason why I
nhpiT of he_ of THE r OUNT xs example, a difference of view has de- reserve the privilege-perhaps the Sen-
The Hudson River-named A s sorer veloped on the building of a powerplant ator would even join me in it if the oc-
Henr Hudson, although he called t the along the shores of the Hudson, applica- casion were right, for I do not believe we
y
" tion for which is now pending before as to the funental _ p _
great river of toe mountains"-rises high Federal Power Commis on. iam the
on Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks, absorbs
as phyerto revise the bill and reshape it to
a number of tributaries, chiefly the Mohawk, concerned as my colleague not only for suit, what I very much invite, the added
and flows for 315 miles southward to New ourselves, but for all America about the action and added initiative on the part
York Bay. Its lower half, some 150 miles fact that whatever happens, there should of the State of New York, which seems
from Albany to the sea, is actually an estuary be no harm or damage of an irremedia- to be coming to fruition. For that we
of the ocean where tides ebb and Sow and ble character to the beauty of this su- should, therefore, leave the door wide
the water is salt or brackish. perbly scenic area.
Abut 50 miles above New York, the Hud- Open,
on out is a narrow ,New York, flanked by In the main, the Hudson River Valley Mr. KENNEDY of New York. I thank
step mountains-Storm King, Breakneck, is within the limits of the State of New my senior colleague. I shall be glad to
Mount Taurus, Bear Mountain, Dunderberg, York. Though we are somewhat dis- join him in these efforts. I appreciate
Anthony's Nose, High Tor, Prickly Pear Hill, turbed and troubled by what has hap- his remarks, which have been helpful
Then it opens to its broadest, Haverstraw pened in connection with the Palisades, and pertinent.
Bay, some 3V2 miles across, and the Tappan which are in New Jersey, the main part
Zee, almost as wide. Below this it narrows of the river which is so beautiful and its
gain as it flows along the New Jersey banks occur within the State of, New EXCELLENCE OF APPOINTMENTS,
Palisadgs, sheer cliffs that in places rise more
than 500 feet above the water. York. Therefore, there is an opportu- HALLMARK OF L.B.J. ADMINIS-
Where it washes Manhattan, the Hudson nity, and I believe a real responsibility, TRATION
is often called the North River, for it is the for the State of New York to do a good Way to the north, From the earliest colonial deal about this itself. The State has Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, the
tunes It has been a vital commercial water- indicated that it is getting ready to do President of the United States has the
way, made yet more so when the Erie Canal this, perhaps by the designation of a biggest, toughest job in the world. He is
linked it with the Great Lakes. In its fast- permanent State commission. the Nation's leader in national affairs
t log upper n heaths, above
ho n
for pidewater, it But I have felt that we ought to get and foreign policy. He has vast and
New Yor been ha
atssed f Powerplant oower, stands started, and that as the Federal interest complicated administrative duties. His
t is
beside the middle Hudson at Indian Point, very clear, as was shown, for example, is the heaviest responsibility in our Gov-
near Peekskill. Now a. hotly debated pro- by the Fire Island bill, which has since ernment for designing, proposing, and
posal is to put a powerplant on Storm King, become law, and represented something fighting for a congressional program.
to pump Hudson water up to a mountaintop of the same kind of effort to preserve a Contributing to the performance of all
reservoir at times of low demand and let it naturally beautiful area. I believe that of his duties is the nature, the strength,
flow back through turbine generators to we should launch a Federal effort, which or the weakness of his appointments to
meet peak demands, The power company looks auspicious, and that we should p positions in the Federal Govern-
says the plant won't harm the great river's the to
scenic or recreation qualities; opponents say then say to the State-which I now do- meet.
it will. "Come along and show us what you can What about the Johnson appoint-
or will do, so that you may fit into the ments? How do we appraise them?
Mr. KENNEDY ,of New York. I wish the pattern of the ultimate objective, Recently, Jerry Kluttz, the Washington
also to tame this opportunity to thank which is the preservation of the beauty Post expert on the civil service, has writ-
my colleague [Mr, JAvITs], who has been of this great area."
so'helpful in the introduction of the pro- ten of the remarkable record of ents,
I reserve, with the entire acquiescence dent Johnson in making appointments.
pas$d lislatian., . of my junior colleague from New York He writes that the President probably
Mr,6VYTS, Mr. President, will the [Mr. KENNEDY], the right to seek to has
Senatgr yield? A,. given the greatest recognition of any
amend the bill if the State should desire President iri history to appointing peo-
-Mr. KENNEDY of New York, I yield. to participate in an effort to carry out pie who, have a strgllg,, solid, proven re c;
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 X192
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
ord of service in the Federal Govern-
ment. This is an extraordinary tribute.
Mr. Kluttz has not written In the form
of simple generalizations to praise the
President, but on the basis of a careful
analysis and evaluation of the appoint-
ments that have been made.
Mr.. Kluttz also writes :
Despite the great pressuires on him, the
President has found time to interview per-
sonally most of the candidates before their
appointments are announced in public. Be
tries to spend at least 30 minutes with each
appointee to give him an opportunity to
know him and to exchange views.
I ask unanimous consent that the
article in full by Mr. Kluttz be printed in
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TrrE FmZRAL DIARY: JOBNSON RATES HIS
AgppngTEES ON WORN IN FEDERAL SERVICE
(By Jerry Kiuttz)
An amazing 61 percent of the 120 personal
appointments made by President Johnson
during the 15 months he has been in office
have been either career civil servants or per-
sons with wide backgrounds of Federal serv-
ice.
No other President has given such broad
recognition to professional experience in the
art of government. In fact, nearly all of the
Johnson appointees have had some expert-
euce to the Federal service. on hian, the
Despite the great Pressures
President has found time to interview per-
sonally most of the candidates before their
appointments are announced to the public.
He tries to spend at least 30 minutes with
each appointee to give him an opportunity to
know him and to exchange views.
"These people," an assistant explained.
"are personal appointees of the President
who is responsible for them. The President
will be either credited or discredited for their
acts. Be locks` to them to carry out his pro-
grams and policies. He wants to be ab-
solutely certain of them and where they
stand before he asks the Senate to ootfrm
them ?'
Vice- President HUsERT H. NVABIM EY also
is considered a career Government employee
by the President. He has more than 20 years
or city, State, and Federal service.
Chairman John W. Macy of the Civil Serv-
ice Commission, recently gave the Vice Pres-
ident a 20-year service pin. Three years ago
he gave a 30-year pin to Mr. Johnson.
The President no doubt looks to the career
service for a record number of key appoint-
ments because they are the people he knows
best. He also must think that their thorough
knowledge of the Federal service will result
in good administration that will reflect credit
on him and the Democratic Party.
STANDARDS AND QUALITIES OF
BROADCASTING NEWS
Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President,
much has been written and spoken about
the standards and qualities of broadcast-
ing news. In 1964 the Radio-Television
News Directors Association conducted a
conference, on the problem of establish-
ing standards for television news film re-
porting at a station level. As a conse-
quence of this conference, a television
newsfilm standards manual was pre-
pared. This is a guidebook and work-
ing manual for students and profession-
als in the news film area. Because of
the interest in this subject, I have pre-
pared a summary of the factors leading
up to the adoption of this manual:
In September of 1963, the management
of Time-Life Broadcast made this sug-
gestion to the board of directors of the
Radio-Television News Directors Asso-
ciation:
In the belief that a real need exists for
the establishment of a set of standards for
television newsfilm reporting at the station
level, Time-Life Broadcast suggests to the
RTNDA that a joint project, designed to
satisfy that need, should be undertaken.
`'Mr. Edward F. Ryan, the president of
the Radio-Television News Directors
Association, "Time-Life" broadcast, and
all those responsible for the conference
and the development of the standards
COMMUNIST AGGRESSION IN
VIETNAM
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, having
spoken at length on the subject of Viet-
nam last week, I have been reluctant to
take the floor again. However, a num-
ber of statements have been made on the
floor of the Senate and from other plat-
forms in recent weeks which, in my opin-
ion, call for comment.
I first wish to comment on the remark::
made last week by Secretary-General U
Thant, because in point of time his was
the first of several statements on Viet-
nam which, I feel, should be answered
in order to set the record straight.
In his press conference of February
24, Secretary-General U Thant was
quoted as saying the following:'
I am sure that the great American people,
if only they know the true facts and the
background to the developments in South
Vietnam, will. agree with me that further
bloodshed is unnecessary. The political and
diplomatic method of discussions and nego-
tiations alone can create conditions which
will enable the United States to withdraw
gracefully from that part of the world.
A statement was subsequently Issued
attempting to explain and soften the
impact of the Secretary-General's press
conference of February 24. it is my be-
lief, however, that the language used by
the Secretary-General on February 24
It was undertaken. In February-
March of 1964, the RTNDA Newsfilm
Standards Conference was held in the
Time & Life Building, New York City, at-
tended by 230 delegates. Represented
were 94 television stations in 37 states,
7 universities, and 29 other organizations
vitally Interested in newsfilmn technique-
A faculty of 21 recognized experts made
presentations and conducted discussions.
This conference was the first attempt
ever made to establish standards in this
all-important field of public informa-
tion and communication. Never before
had so many top experts in our field
come together to communicate to their
peers what their actual experience has
taught them. The professional ap-
praisal of practical-sometimes diffi-
cult-problems, the clash and exchange
of ideas, the candid, constructive criti-
cism of current inadequacies, all made
The President has made clear that key
appointments . to Defense, State, and simi-
larly sensitive agencies are to 'e made on
the basis of merit and ability. political con-
siderations are secondary.
Mr. Johnson has been heard to remark
that no one checks on the politics of our
troops in Vietnam and that their superiors
here should be equally nonpartisan and
should base their decisions on what's good
for the American public.
He also has told his associates to recom-
mend to him only those persons for regula-
tory agencies who will be fair and firm in
upholding the interest of the public. He's
reluctant to appoint anyone who is a repre-
sentative of a group or special, iinwho t. in
fact, he prefers to have appointees
labeled one way or the other and who have
open minds on agency problems and policies.
Only a few of what are generally considered
political appointments have been made by
the President who, in effect, has told his top
staff to do their jobs and leave partisan p
tics to him.
.
m exc
fi
Secretaries Udall, of Interior, and Freeman, the results or the coluercix ca iii Nei+++q,- -
of Agriculture, and Postmaster General nent form, is designed to help you see American people and his suggestion that.
Gronouski-have political backgrounds. Each your chosen field in broader perspective their Government has concealed the true!
was appointed originally by President Ken- and to be of workaday benefit to you facts from them would be reason for re-
nedy. in your particular job. It is also de- sentment coming from any source.
President Johnson is widely regarded to accommodate material on fu- But coming from the Secretary Gen-
being a master politician but he frequently signed ture advancements in technique and eral of the United Nations, his remarks
refers to Mine h s a ears of Federal r en- execution as they are made in laboratory showed a complete lack of the restrain;
lee, which " Is He hay nearly a all of years his of adult life. sferv- and studio. and objectivity which should be the hall -
i,
this not JUST, anotsier aviuci ca,.c
a seminal event of major importance to about the unfortunate partiality the See-
all who are dedicated to television news- retary-General has displayed on this is-
This book, which puts sue and other issues.
ellence
l
it-is advice to the
was of the kind that cannot be explained
away.
I have been a strong supporter of the
United Nations since its inception. In
my years in Congress-now going into the
11th year-I have voted in support of
every appropriation requested for the
U.N. and its various agencies. Despite
my opposition to the U.N. military actions
in Katanga, I voted for support of U.S.
participation in the U.N. bond issue in
August of 1962, because it was clear that
the survival of the U.N. was at stake.
Indeed, I think it not improper to point
out that participation in the U.N. bond
issue was approved in the Committee on
Foreign Relations, on which I am privi-
leged to serve, by the perilous margin
of one vote.
As a supporter of the U.N., I am con-
cerned over its diminishing effectiveness
and prestige; and I, therefore, feel im-
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 Yg Approved For Reea~R/~1~CIBOQ,0300160029-1 4093
marks of his position. His advice to the and expanded, I believe that this pro- colleagues has asked the question
United States was all the more offensive posal is completely unrealistic in view of whether we can possibly find a. solution
because the record will demonstrate that the United Nations' present situation. to the Vietnamese problem which is satis-
he has failed to comment or offer advice It ignores the fact that the United factory from our standpoint if it turns
of any kind in dealing with the repeated Nations is in such strained financial cir- out that the Vietnamese people them-
acts of aggression by certain Afro-Asian cumstances that even its Palestine ref- selves want communism.
nations. ugee operation is in jeopardy. The mere posing of this question flies
For example, he had no comment on It ignores the fact that we have thus in the face of everything we know about
the forcible annexation of Goa by India, far not been able to find any way of com- communism. It makes as much sense to
in clear violation of the U.N. Charter. I pelling the Soviet Union, France, and suggest that perhaps the people of Viet-
am not finding fault with Goa's being other countries to live up to their past nam want communism as it does to sug-
incorporated into the nation of India,. financial obligations or to contribute to gest that the people of Vietnam,. for some
but it was clearly a violation of the future operations of which they disap- perverse reason, are enamored of earth-
United Nations Charter to accomplish prove. quakes, or of leprosy, or of famine.
that by naked, aggression. Yet Mr. U It ignores the dangerous shift within The r
d i
l
ecor
s c
ear that communism
Thant, who now gives us advice, never the United Nations, a shift which has has never been accepted by any people
said,one word about that act of naked now given the Afro-Asian nations and anywhere, no matter how primitive they
aggression, the Communist bloc nations the power, if may be.
He has, failed to urge Indonesia t9 they vote in concert, to prevent any Even primitive people do not like to be
cease its aggression against Malaysia. action by the U.N., even when there has pushed around and terrorized, and told
There has not been word from him on been an open violation of the U.N. Char- what to do and what not to do. They
that subject. ter as in the case of India's invasion of loathe the compulsory indoctrination
Nor has he suggested to Prime Minis- Goa. periods and the public brainwashing
ter Nasser that he withdraw. the 50,000 It ignores the condition of near spectacles to which Asiatic communism
Egyptian troops which are now. occupy- paralysis that now afflicts the U.N. in in particular is addicted.
ing 'Yemen so that the Yemeni people consequence of the deadlock on the They do not like to see their religious
may decide their own future without for- issue of continued voting rights for those beliefs ridiculed and defiled. They re-
eign intervention. whose arrears exceed the limits pre- sent having the upbringing and guidance
As the representative of the National scribed in article 19. of their children taken out of their hands
Government of Yemen has aptly pointed And, finally, even if all these diffi- by an all-powerful Communist state.
out, the Secretary General has kept culties did not exist,'the recommendation Moreover, primitive peasants are pas-
silent about the situation in Yemen al- that the problem of Vietnam be turned sionately attached to the land that they
though he, was responsible for a U.N. over to the United Nations becomes pre- till,
mission , to Yemen set up to supervise posterous in the face of the declared at- In every land where communism has
Nasser.'s,promised withdrawal from that titude of the Secretary General, U taken over, thousands of peasants have
country. Thant. died in resisting the confiscation of their
He has maintained his silence despite Let us have no illusions on this score: lands and the collectivization of agricul-
the factthat for 14 months, Nasser no matter how desirable such a solution ture.
bombed and killed Yemeni citizens be- might be in theory, there is absolutely And even after they have been col-
for the eyes of U Thant's observers, and no way in which we can disembarrass lectivized, their sullen resentment of the
that, instead.of withdrawing his forces, ourselves of Vietnam by turning it over regime has expressed itself in the form of
Nasser has during this period almost to the United Nations now. a subtle but effective sabotage of produc-
doubied their strength, so that they now We must face up to this problem our- tion which has converted even countries
approximate 50,000 men. There has not selves, acting in consort with our Viet- like Yugoslavia and Hungry, which form-
been a word from. Mr. U Thant on that namese allies, with the free nations in erly exported food surpluses, into food
subject. the area, and with those Western na- deficit areas.
I, as one American, wholeheartedly tions who are prepared to assume their The people of Vietnam have mani
subscribe to the suggestion of the Yemeni share of the responsibility for the de- fested their hatred for communism in a
representative that the Secretary Gen- fense of freedom. thousand different ways.
eral get Nasser out of Yemen and tell the Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Mr. Presi- Certainly the 1 million refugees who
great Egyptian people "the true facts and dent, will the Senator yield? fled from North Vietnam leaving behind
background of the situation in Yemen," Mr. DODD. I yield, them their homes and everything they
which are now being concealed from Mr. LONG of Louisiana. Is the Sen- possessed, have given proof of their
them by their own government, ator not aware that the United Nations hatred of communism.
In their overwhelming majority, the is now acting pursuant to nothing more Certainly, too, the 300,000 South Viet-
American people believe in the U.N. and than unanimous consent? namese who have fled from areas under
in the objectives to which it is dedicated. Mr. DODD. That is correct. Communist control have given similar
But they rightly expect of the U.N., and Mr. LONG of Louisiana. So that it Proof.
especially of the man encharged, with the would take only an objection from any Finally, millions of South Vietnamese
responsibility of Secretary General, a Communist country to paralyze it com- have given eloquent testimony to their
fair and judicious attitude. pletely. hatred of communism by the courage
They do not expect him to sponsor a Mr. DODD. If any effort is made to with which they have fought against it
position ,which completely ignores the take any action, I am sure that is what in the ranks of the Vietnamese armed
fact of Communist aggression and which will happen. So it is wholly unrealistic forces or in their own village self-defense
would inevitably lead to a Communist to say, "Get out of Vietnam and let the units.
takeover in Vietnam U.N. take over." The United Nations If our information services were bet-
The American press has justly been is in such a state of paralysis that it can- ter organized, and if our press gave the
critical of the _ position taken by the not take over anywhere. That is why same attention to our victories as they
Secretary General. In the interest of I said-I believe before the distinguished give to our defeats, the American people
the good name of the U.N., it is my majority whip entered the Chamber- would have heard thousands of stories of
earnest hope that the Secretary General that the statement of U Thant makes it inspiring heorism on the part of the Viet-
will benefit from this experience. preposterous to suggest that the prob- namese people, fighting to protect them-
In the c,Qurse of-the debate on Vietnam lem be turned over to that organization. selves against the Communist terrorists.
in the Senate,this week and on several The Secretary General has made clear At the conclusion of my remarks, Mr.
Previous occasior , it hastbeen suggested what he would like to see done in Viet- President, I ask unanimous consent to
that we try to extricate ourselves from nam, and it is certainly not in the in- insert into the RECORD a translation of
Vietnam by turning the entire problem terest of a free world. an official Vietnamese telegram describ-
over to the United Nations. As much as Mr. LONG of Louisiana. I agree with ing a recent battle fought by a Vietnam-
I would like to see the peace-keeping the Senator. ese militia unit against a Vietcong com-
"'ole of the United Nations strengthened Mr, DQDD. Mr. President, one of my pany.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE Akx
I would like to pose a few basic ques-
tions to those of my colleagues who have
urged that we turn the problem of Viet-
nam over to the United Nations despite
the manifest inability of the U.N. to deal
with a situation of this magnitude, or
who continue to urge negotiations now
when such negotiations would obviously
culminate in nothing better than a diplo-
matic surrender.
If we abandon South Vietnam to com-
munism, where do they propose to draw
a new line against the advance of com-
munism in the Western Pacific?
What nations do they believe should
receive our assistance in defending them-
selves, and what nations do they believe
we should not help to defend themselves.
If they propose falling back to a new
defense line in southeast Asia or the
Western Pacific, are they prepared to
support a greater investment in aid and
American manpower than we have now
committed to the defense of Vietnam?
What concrete measures do they pro-
pose to prevent a massacre of anti-Com-
munist elements in South Vietnam, on
the genocidal scale that has character-
ized the establishment of Communist
power, especially in the countries of
Asia?
I believe that those who urge that we
find ourselves an easy way out of our
Involvement in Vietnam have an obliga-
tion to weigh the consequences of with-
drawal and to provide specific answers
for the questions I have here posed.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD at
the conclusion of my remarks a trans-
lation of a recent telegram to Saigon
dealing with a successful action against
the Vietcong by local militia forces in
Son My Village. I think this document
is all the more significant because the
unit involved on the Government side
was made up for the most part of de-
fectors from the Vietcong. The thous-
from areas under Vietcong control-the
total number of Asian refugees from
communism rises to approximately 8 mil-
lion, which is the figure I gave in my
speech of February 23.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
(See exhibit 3.)
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I yield the
floor.
EXHIBIT I
[Unofficial translation]
OFFICIAL TELEGRAM
Originator: Administrative office, Quang Ngai.
Addressee: Special commissariat for Chieu
Hoi, Saigon, text No. 318-CIIIQNG.
Respectfully report to your commissariat:
In the event of the operation to liberate the
Son My village at Son Tinh district on Febru-
ary 7, 8, 9, and 10, 1965, the provincial
Chieu Hoi armed propaganda platoon while
on duty met with a VC company at My Khe
hamlet, Son My village. The platoon has
shown its drastic spirit of fighting in 3 hours
and has wiped out the VC company. Spe-
cially Trinh-Sang, the squad leader after
carrying Le-Clhuong a wounded comrade out
of the battlefield, returned to command the
fight until the end. He alone with a sub-
machinegun has pushed, back two assaults of
the enemy, killed 15 of them and died after
he had fired his last bullet. VC stabbed him
all over his body with daggers. Soldier Dinh
Tru (a mountaineer) a light machinegunner
has protected his comrades and wiped out
the enemy with 20 bodies left at the battle-
field. Nurse an Thi Dao has courageously
went out four times to the battlefield to take
care of the wounded and died while perform-
ing her duty.
EXHIBIT 3
EXCERPT FROM THE INTRODUCTION TO "REF-
vesme PROM COMMUNISM mQ ASIA," A STUDY
OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, U.S.
SENATE, COMPILED BY ITS SUBCOMMITTEE To
INVESTIGATE PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH
REFUGEES AND ESCAPEES
The toll in refugees of Communist ag-
grandizement in Asia is the subject of this
report. The refugees include the following
groups:
i. Approximately 5 million Koreans who
fled from North to South Korea following
the Soviet occupation of North Korea in 1945,
and, subsequently, during the Korean war;
2. One million Chinese who fled into Hong
Kong and Macao before the advancing tide
of Communist military and political con-
quest, plus an additional 340,000 Chinese who
escaped since 1950;
3. Nearly 40,000 Europeans from mainland
China, 20,000 of whom, were evacuated to
the Philippines during 1948-51, the remainder
having found their way into Hong Kong;
4. Some 960,000 Vietnamese who fled from
North to South Vietnam, and adjacent areas,
in 1954, plus additional thousands displaced
by the current hostilities in South Vietnam;
5. Some 60,000 Tibetans who entered In-
dia and Nepal following the bloody suppres-
sion of the Tibetan revolt by Chinese Com-
munist forces in 1959;
6. The many victims of the India-China
border war in 1982; and
7. Approximately 240,000 inhabitants of
Laos who, as a result of Communist activ-
ities, have been displaced from their homes
in the countryside, and have fled to secure
areas under the control of the Lao Govern-
ment.
R SULTS
On the enemy's part: 35 VC bodies left
behind and others being carried off.
On our part: Three died: But Minh, deputy
platoon leader; Trinh Song, squad leader and
translator; Thi Dao, nurse. Three missing:
Phan Dung, squad leader, Le Tan May, and
Nguyen Nuoi (all are soldiers).
At present, Son My village is completely lib-
erated and construction works being imple-
mented in the hamlets.
Our province remunerated each of these
000 piasters and gave 10,000 pias-
families 3
,
ands of such actions that have been ters for funeral. We warmly complimented
fought by village self-defense units and this platoon for its sublime fighting spirit
by units of the Vietnamese Army con- and its righteous will of exterminating VC
stitute the best answer to the suggestion to give significant example to other units.
that perhaps the Vietnamese people Respectfully yours,
want communism. QUANG NGAI.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- FEBRUARY 12, 1965.
Out objection, it is so ordered. Forward to the province chief, deputy prov-
ince chief for security.
(See exhibit 1.) Maj. LU BA KHrEU.
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I ask unan-
imous consent to have printed in the EXHIBIT-2
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks U THANT,
the communication of February 24 of United Nations, New York:
Mr. Bushrod Howard, representative of Your intervention in American political
the National Government of Yemen, to affairs on Vietnam is in dramatic contrast
to your silence to the Egyptians on their
Secretary General U Thant. government's war on Yemen. You were re-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With- sponsible for a 14-month mission in Yemen
out objection, it is so ordered. under which Nasser promised you and the
(See exhibit 2.) U.N. to withdraw from that country. For 14
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I ask uilari- months Nasser bombed and killed Yemenis
before the eyes of your observers. Time and
imous consent to have printed in the again he increased his army In Yemen and
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks told the whole world that he would not
a tabulation of refugees from commu- cease his murder of the Yemeni people de-
nism in Asia which appeared In a study spite his pledge to you and to the U.N. You,
of the Refugee Subcommittee of the Ju- secretary General of the United Nations, were
diciary Committee published only several and are silent on Nasser in Yemen. We
.. 1_1 ___,_.,__ suggest you get Nasser out of Yemen and
tell the great Egyptian people the tru
'refugees from countries and areas under The Yemeni people still await you to speak
Communist domination. If we add to in answer to the high motives you profess.
this tabulation 1 additional item-the BUSHROD HOWARD, Jr.,
300,000 South Vietnamese who have fled For the National Government of Yemen.
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ACT
Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, some
time ago the Senate considered Calendar
No. 65, S. 21. I did not learn about it,
until a few days after the bill was passed.
I wish to address myself to it.
Page D123 of the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD of February 24, 1965, shows under
"Bill reported" the following:
Report was made as follows: S. 21, pro-
posed Water Resources Planning Act, with
amendments (S. Rept. 68), page 3392.
Turning to page 3392, there is a simple
announcement of the submission of the
report by Mr. ANDERSON.
The "Program for Thursday" as re-
ported in the Daily Digest was as follows:
Senate met at 11 a.m. and adjourned at
5:26 p.m. until noon Thursday, February 25,
when it will continue its consideration of.
H.R. 45, to amend the Inter-American De-
velopment Bank Act, pages 3451, 3454.
Referring to the body of the RECORD,
there is no indication of anything else to
be considered by the Senate on Thurs-
day.
On Thursday, February 25, the major-
ity leader moved that the Senate proceed
to the consideration of Calendar No. 65,
S. 21, and that it be made the pending
business. The committee amendments
were then printed in the RECORD, to-
gether with the bill as amended by the
Senate committee. By unanimous con-
sent, the committee amendments were
agreed to and there was inserted in the
RECORD an explanation of the bill. Then,
except for a brief colloquy between Sen-
ator AmcEN and Senator ANDERSON with
respect to the interpretation of the
phrase, "The resolution of the States'
rights issue in the field of water resource
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 1965
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"that somebody cares about them, is' con-
cerned about their future."
The director of the program is a 47-year-
old educator, Thomas Flagg, who is assisted
by a deputy and seven counselors. They
roam from one city agency to another, wher-
ever their young people are employed, in-
quiring as to their progress and with a
willing ear, for any problems, personal or
otherwise.
"It seems to be working," the mayor said.
COUNTERING RIGHTWING TACTICS
Mr, ' WILLIAMS of. New ,Jersey. Mr.
President, many of us in the Senate have
become increasingly aware, over the past
year, of the vicious nature and undemo-
cratic methods of the extreme right.
We have seen and heard of examples of
the far right's infiltrating school boards,
in attempts to distort-indeed, to de-
stroy-the educational , principles that
have made this country great, and to
implement, instead, their own authori-
tarian thoughts on education.
The activities of -this lunatic fringe,
however, do not stop with school boards.
They have attacked our national leaders;
they have viciously fought' dedicated at-
Geiripts to strengthen our. efforts to deal
with mental health; and they have ham-
pered the attainment of civil rights for
all our citizens. They have intimidated
:,the volunteers of..legitimate political
candidates seeking election to positions
at all level of government. Worst of all,
the members of these groups hate started
rumors and have shouted lies, about any-
thing that differs with their perverse
version of w)'iat is right, good, or healthy.
What truly. saddens me Is the fact that
in the name of democracy, these often
psychotic individuals have renounced the
democratic methods. In the name of
democracy, they have abandoned the
principles that we live by, in favor of
totalitarian terror and misrepresenta-
tion,-In view of these facts, Mr. President,
it is heartening to read a pamphlet,
recently published by the National Con-
gress of Parents and Teachers, that deals
with directly meeting these threats to
democracy.
I think this pamphlet is worthy of the
consideration of the Members of the
Senate, and I, am sure that all Senators
will,flnd of interest, the ideas stated in
. the leaflet. , Therefore, I ask unanimous
consent that this, pamphlet, entitled
"Extremist Groups: A Clear and Present
Danger to Freedom and Democracy," be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the pam-
phlet was ordered to ,be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
EXTREMIST GROUPS: A CLEAR, AND PRESENT
DANGER TO FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY,
Open membership: PTA memberships, now
about 12 million, represent 'a fair cross sec-
tion of America.
Membership is open to all who want to
work. for children and youth. There are no
barr$,erS of color, creed, occupation, or in-
comb.
,Tle PTA is nonsectarian and nonpartisan.
No, one is'aslsl;d what his religious and politi-
oCal ' ellefs aad affiliations are.
' The 'PTA"is an educational organization
dedicated to.promoting the welfare of chil-
dren through home, school, church, and
community. .St welcomes all who want to
learn mRre Oput c ,ii0'en and-act on their
behalf.
Procedures: The PTA practices democracy.
It welcomes dissent as well as assent. It 'does
not impose conformity to any doctrine or
dogma except democracy.
In the national organization, the State
organization, and the local association, the
rule,.is to, &l?ide by majority decisions and to
respect the right of the minority to disagree
and work for change.
tfnity and'iversity:- What brings us to-
gether in the PTA-our common concern for
children-is greater than anything that can
divide us. Although there are bound to be
differences of opinion where children and
schools are concerned, PTA members are not
youngsters who pick up their marbles and
go home when they cannot have their way.
PTA members can tolerate diversity and
act with unity and enthusiasm on majority
decisions. This is the democratic way, the
PTA way.
WAYS TO COMBAT UNDEMOCRATIC PRESSURES 1,ON
PTA's, SCHOOLS, AND LIBRARIES
In the PTA: Appoint a committee to be-
come informed on extremist groups, their
"front organizations," and their tactics.
Devote a meeting to a factual report by
the committee , on. extremist groups; their
efforts to infiltrate PTA's and influence them
to withdraw from the State and national
organizations; and their undemocratic pres-
sures on schools and libraries.
Establish the policy that resolutions and
motions on controversial issues will not be
voted on until the meeting following their
introduction. This assures that the mem-
bership can be alerted and all views on an
issue can be fairly represented-and heard.
If someone comes up with a loaded, un-
answerable question, ask him to rephrase it.
Usually he can't, because it's a "canned"
question.
Never mislay your sense of humor. A
humorous remark;. has more than once
pricked an inflated balloon.
Set a definite, reasonable time for adjourn-
ment. This assures that decisions will not
be made by an extremist minority that out-
stays the moderate majority.
Look gift speakers in the mouth. Find
out why they want to speak and whom they
represent.
Keep the community and the press sup-
plied with facts about PTA purposes and
projects.
Schools: Urge school boards to do the fol-
lowing:
Have written statements of policy placing
responsibility for curriculum decisions and
selection of textbooks, films, pamphlets, and
other teaching materials with teachers and
educational administrative officials.
Have an information program to sustain
community understanding of these policies.
Have clearly defined procedures for deal-
ing with complaints on curriculum, books,
and teachers. For example, require that
charges and complaints be made in writing
and signed by the complainant, referred to
a special committee, and so on,
Libraries: Urge library boards also to have
written policies on book selection; a public
education program; and definite procedures
for handling complaints.
Prepare in advance
Invite representatives from schools,
churches, libraries, labor, industry, press,
radio, and TV to a meeting to consider sound,
democratic ways of dealing with extremist
:pressures.
Establish a joint committee for a continu-
ing exchange of information and ideas.
Conduct a joint, vigorous education cam-
paign to make the community aware of the
importance of freedom of speech and freedom
4081
If an attack comes
Bring it out in the open.
Insist that charges and complaints be
specific, written, documented, and signed.
Ask the school board or library board to
hold public hearings.
Get full press, radio, and TV coverage.
Seek advice and help from the National
Congress of Parents and Teachers, your State
congress, and from such groups as the State
.education association, the National Educa-
tion Association, the American Library As-
sociation, the National Council for Civic Re-
sponsibility, the National Council of Teach-
ers of English, the National Council of
Teachers of Social Studies, and local and
State colleges and universities.
EXTREMIST GROUPS: BOTH OF THE RIGHT AND
OF THE LEFT
Most of us believe in the right of others
to hold and to express views, even extreme
ones, that differ from our own. (Extremist
groups try to stifle free expression of views
opposed to their own.)
Most of us believe that free access to in-
formation and a diversity of opinions are
essential in a democracy. (Extremist groups
try to purge school and public libraries of
publications that are objectionable to them.)
Most of us believe the public schools
should not indoctrinate students in the po-
.U,tical,. economic, religious, or social views
of any group. (Extremist groups put pres-
sures on schools to adopt courses and text-
books that reflect their views.)
Most of us believe that criticism of public
institutions and officials is healthy, but that
criticism should be informed, constructive,
and based, on facts. (Extremist groups
make irresponsible, venomous, and near-
libelous attacks on individuals, institutions,
and organizations that disagree with them.)
Most of us believe that political, social,
and economic change should be brought
about by legal, democratic procedures. (Ex-
tremist groups use coercion, intimidation,
and even violence to prevent or. force
change.)
Most of us believe that patience, good will,
and intelligent, cooperative effort are needed
to deal with complicated issues and prob-
lems. (Extremist groups are likely to be-
lieve there are easy, simple, fast solutions
to complex problems and to advocate over-
simplified, very often dangerous, measures.)
Most of us believe in rule by the majority,
subject to criticism by a "loyal opposition."
(Extremist groups believe in rule by their
own minority and label any opposition as
"disloyal.")
Tactics of extremist groups
Front groups: Extremist groups set up
front organizations with high-sounding,
patriotic names to promote their views.
Free speakers: They offer to provide free
speakers in order to spread their propaganda.
Infiltration: They infiltrate democratic
organizations like the PTA and try to cap-
ture key positions like the program chair-
manship.
They send representatives to meetings
with prepared, loaded, unanswerable ques-
tioins to harass speakers whose views tiliffer
from theirs.
They prolong meetings so they can make
minority decisions after the worn-out ma-
jority has gone home.
"Divide and conquer": They try to discredit
State and national organizations and create
distrust of their leadership in order to isolate
local associations and capture control of
them..
They encourage irrelevant programs and
debates over organizational details to dis-
rupt the work of an organization and divert
it from its own productive activities.
Blacklisting and labeling: They probe into
the personal history and political affiliations
of educators, clergymen, and authors. and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE March 4
label as "subversive,'", "un-American," "radi-
cal" those whose bpflefs and affiliations differ
from theirs.
Hysteria and fear: They create fear and in-
security by highly emotional, inflammatory
charges of subversive influences in schools,
government, and community organisations.
Coercion and intimidation: They threaten
investigations of school administrators,
teachers, librarians, and members of school
and library boards who resist pressures for
conformity to their views.
Some groups use social ostracism, economic
pressures, and even violence to silence dis-
agreement and impose their views on a coin:
munity.
Misrepresentation: They make false charg-
es and use quotations taken out of context.
They distribute smear literature and poison-
pen pamphlets, usually imported from out-
side the community.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ON THE
CITIES
Mr. HART. Mr. President, we have
declared war on poverty, and we want
better and more livable and attractive
Communities. An important contribu-
tion toward the attainment of this goal
is public housing. Its extension and
strengthening, called for by President
Johnson, are basic to solving our prob-
lem of urban poverty. In fact, people
in the public housing field have been
concerned with poverty for over 26 years,
since practically everyone served by the
public-housing programs is in the lowest
income group.
A statistical cross section of the ten-
ant population of low-rent housing proj-
ects shows that: 52 percent are non-
white; 47 percent are receiving assist-
ance or benefits; 24 percent are elderly;
36 percent of the families with children
are one-parent families; and 82 percent
of the elderly and 25 percent of the non-
elderly have no gainfully employed
worker in the family. -
The median total annual income for
elderly individuals in public housing is
$1,100, for elderly families $1,900, and
for nonelderly families $2,800.
These are disadvantaged families sub-
leet to all the stresses imposed by pov-
erty, ignorance, squalor, ill health, and
the lack of skill required to participate
effectively in the urban labor market.
Not only does public housing help
solve the problem of providing adequate
shelter for these people, including those
displaced by renewal, but it also pro-
vides social services and incentives to
help them become better citizens.
Poor families in public housing share
with poor families everywhere the ugly
byproducts of poverty, which include
problems of motivation, health, educa-
tion, employment, and social adjust-
ment. The Public Housing Administra-
tion, in close cooperation with other
government and welfare agencies, and
national service organizations, has been
attacking these problems through dem-
onstration services task forces and com-
munity services programs. Wholesome
environments are created and main-
tained to develop facilities, programs,
and services for these low-income fami-
lies that will help them help themselves.
In the new war on poverty, the Eco-
nomic Opportunity Act provides nu-
merous poverty-eliminating programs
which are directly relevant to local hous-
ing authority participation.
Title I of the act provides three sepa-
rate programs for youth--4 Job Corps,
Work-training programs, and work-study
programs. Who is in a better position
to identify potential candidates for these
programs, call the programs to the at-
tention of these youngsters, and moti-
vate them to participate, than the proj-
ect management staff of the local hous-
ing authorities?
Also, title It of the economic opportu-
nity legislation' is intended to stimulate
and provide incentives for communities
to mobilize their resources to combat
poverty through community action pro-
grams. Such programs would provide
services and other activities to develop
employment opportunities, improve hu-
man performance, motivation, and pro-
ductivity, and to better the conditions
under which people live, learn, and work.
All local housing authorities have al-
ready been involved in such action pro-
grams, and they will work in close co-
operation with the Office of Economic
Opportunity in accelerating these com-
munity efforts.
Public housing is a cornerstone in the
national public welfare program. Its
basic philosophy is that the end result
must be better living for its tenants and
their neighbors, better neighborhoods
and community growth, better housing
and bette living. It all adds up to a
better ci$y.
1\`
U.S. CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES IN
VIETNAM
Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, in
a recent article, Joseph Young, of the
Washington Evening Star, paid tribute
to the Government's civilian employees
who are on the frontlines in battle-torn
Vietnam.
These courageous and dedicated pub-
lic servants deserve our most humble
thanks. They symbolize the wilingness
of our civil servants in this country and
around the world to do their job, and
do it well.
They live and work under extremely
hazardous conditions, and without mili-
tary escorts.
I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
Young's article be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Washington Star, Feb. 16, 19651
U.S. CIVILIAN WORKERS PRAISED FOR THEIR
COURAGE IN VIETNAM
(By Joseph Young)
A firsthand report on how Government
civilian employees are ably and courageously
performing their duties in battle torn Viet-
nam has been made by the Deputy Inspector
General of Foreign Assistance in the State
Department.
Howard E. Haugerud had high praise for
employees of the Agency for International
Development and those in the Foreign Serv-
ice, after returning from a month's Inspec-
tion trip there.
Haugerud reports:
"Many of these men whom I visited are
living under extremely hazardous conditions
and are constantly subject to injury, kidnap-
ing, or death at the hands of the Vietcong
infiltrators, snipers, terrorists, and regular
military units.
"They must work with and be respected
by the district chiefs, village and hamlet lead-
ers, and often remain in the hamlets over-
night in the homes of these leaders who are
generally 'marked Dien' by the Vietcong.
In order to carry out their missions, they
must work in areas infested with or threat-
ened by the Vietcong. They must do so
without military escort and generally un-
armed because of the allegedly more severe
penalties inflicted by the Vietcong in the
event of capture while carrying weapons.
"My purpose in writing is to call attention
to these Americans, many of whom are young
and junior in grade. Because their activi-
ties are conducted mainly with the Vietna-
mese people and because they are away from
the large population centers engaging in vi-
tal but nonspectacular work, I do not be-
lieve they are receiving the public credit
that is due them."
This reporter is happy to pay credit to
these courageous and dedicated public ser-
vants, and by doing so stress that Govern-
ment civilian employees throughout our his-
tory-in war, peace, and emergency-have al-
ways served their country faithfully and
well.
ORDER OF BUSINESS
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
further morning business? If not, morn-
ing business is closed.
Mr. FULBRIGHT obtained the floor.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I,?
ask unanimous consent, without the
Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FILBRIGHT)
losing his rights to the floor, that I may
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered. The clerk
will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
THE FOREIGN AID PROGRAM
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I
send to the desk a bill to promote the
foreign policy, security, and general wel-
fare of the United States by furnishing
economic assistance to friendly countries
and areas, and for other purposes. I ask
unanimous consent that the bill be ap-
propriately referred.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the bill will be received and
appropriately referred.
The bill (S. 1367) to amend further
the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as
amended, and for other purposes, intro-
duced by Mr. FULBRIGHT, was received,
read twice by its title, and referred to
the Committee on Foreign Relations.
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, the
bill which I introduce is in partial im-
plementation of the President's foreign
aid message of January 14, 1965, rec-
ommending authorization for military
and economic programs aggregating
$3.38 billion of appropriation requests.
This bill is concerned solely with the
President's request for authorization for
appropriation of $846 million for eco-
nomic aid. This authorization for eco-
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 1965 Approved For ReI g A Af-I4t6*tSW4#,$ Q'Q'R300160029-1 4079
RESOL ON 27-APPRECIATION: ASSISTANT Outstanding contributions tothesuccess of country. 'There ought to be a kind of medal
CRETARY KENNETH HOLUM, ADMINISTRA- Mid-West both as a director and as its for unassuming-and absolutely irreplace-
TOR NORMAN CLAPP president. able-service of this kind.
Be it resolved, That Mid-West Electric RESGLIITION 32-CONDOLENCE Mr. President, these are words of high
Consumers Association. express its sincere praise, indeed; but they have been earned
appreciation for the outstanding services Whereas we have learned with sorrow of by the leadership displayed under the
rendered by Kenneth Holum, Assistant Sec- the death Sara Radin, the beloved wife of circumstances dis d d Seh
retary of the Interior for Water and Power, Alex Radin, who has contributed so greatly most the
and Norman Clapp, Administrator of the to the success of the Mid-West Electric Con- ator DIRKSEN and Representative GERALD
Rural Electrification Administration, in pro- sumers Association in his capacity as general R. FORD. I ask unanimous consent that
moting the interests of the electric consum- manager. of the American Public Power As- the article, entitled "GOP Magnificent in
ers of this Nation, and particularly the con- sociation: Now, therefore, be it Viet Crisis," by William S. White, be
sumers of the Missouri Basin; be it further Resolved, That Mid-West Electric Consum- printed in the RECORD.
Resolved, That Mid-West commend Mr, ers Association extend its sincerest sympathy There being no objection, the article
Holum and Mr. Clapp for their efficient ad- to Mr. Radin and his family in their be-
ministration of their respective agencies. reavement. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
RESOLUTION 33-CONDOLENCE From the Washington Post, Feb. 22, 19651
RESOLUTION 28-COOPEEtATION WITH OTHERS
Be it resolved, That Mid-West Electric Be it resolved, That the members of the LOYAL OPPOSITION: GOP MAGNIFICgNT IN
Consumers Association express its apprecia- Mid-West Electric Consumers Association ex- VIET CRISIS
tion for the support of the following orga- press their sorrow at the death of Henry (By William S. White)
nizations: Organized labor, general farm or- Hope, and extend to his family their heart- Magnificent is the word for the Republican
ganizations, American Public Power Asso- felt sympathy. Party and its congressional leaders in the
Assocssocn,iation, National Electric Rural Consumers Electric Cooperative Information RESOLUTION 34-APPRECIATION crisis of national purpose and national will
A and national honor that is rising in south-
Committee, statewide municipal and rural Be it resolved, That the Mid-West Electric east Asia.
electric organizations, Federal agencies, Mis- Consumers Association express its appreci- Rarely in history has a minority party given
souri Basin systems group; be is further ation to the city and county of Denver, the such wide and generous support to an admin-
Resolved, That Mid-West direct its staff Denver Convention and Visitors Bureau, and istration of the opposite party as is now
to continue working with these organizations to all others who have had a part in the being granted to President Johnson in his
in achieving its program of resource develop- planning preparations for this 1964 an- efforts to help halt Communist aggression in
went. nual meets South Vietnam and thus to blunt the most
recent grave challenge of international com-
RESOLUTION 29-COMMENDATION munism to peace and world order.
i IN VIET CRISIS
FICEN'
GO AGNI
The assistance being extended by the outs
Whereas Thomas G. Sonar assisted in the
founding of the Mid-West Electric Consum- Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, as to the in President, Mr. Johnson, is if any-
ers Association and has served as a member again the United States is being chal- thing, even greater than that extended to a
of its board of director's since that founding; Republican President, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
and lenged on_ a distant battlefield by a by Mr. Johnson and his senior Democratic
Whereas the vision, faith, and leadership totalitarian enemy, the Republican colleagues when the Republicans held the
of Tom Sonar and the Union Rural Electric leadership of the Senate and the House White House and the Democrats held Con-
Association have brought the preference cus- has asserted its support of President gress.
joiners of the Platte River Basin to realize Johnson in the; critical situation in Whatever else may or may not be done in
that cooperation with other preference cus- Vietnam, As it has in the past, the this Congress by Senator EVERETT MCKINLEY
tomers in the Missouri River Basin is the Republican Party is today placing the DIRKSEN of Illinois, the Senate Republican
only way in which the resources of the en- national interest above all other con- leader, and Representative GERALD ]FORD of
tire Missouri Basin can be brought to full siderations. Michigan, the House Republican leader, it
development; and will be dwarfed by the historic contribution
Whereas Tom Sonar served As president of The significance of this endorsement they are making to keep this country strong
,Mid-West from 1961 through 1963: Now, was analyzed recently by the nationally and united in the face of foreign war.
therefore, be it syndicated columnist, William S. White. Indeed, watching them at work one can
Resolved, That the members of Mid-West Mr. White wrote: almost believe that as a nation we may
Electric Consumers Association commend Magnificent is the word for the Republican have actually reached here, for a time any-
Thomas, Sonar for his vision and faith in Party and its congressional leaders in the how, that heretofore impossible and un-
Mid-West and the opportunities for such crisis of national purpose and national will attainable ideal-a politics, as to foreign af-
an organization to lead the way in the full and national honor that is rising in south- fairs, of a maturity to match the complexity
development of the Missouri Basin's natural east Asia. and gravity of these affairs in this decade.
resources; be it further Rarely in history has a minority party No doubt politics-as-usual will shortly de-
Resolved, That the members of Mid-West given such wide and generous support to scend over the scene; even so DIRKSEN, FORD
express their appreciation to Tom Sonar for an administration of the opposite party as and Co. are entitled to the most earnest of
his leadership, devotion, and hard work as a 1s now being granted to President Johnson salutes for what thus far they have done
founder-director of Mid-West and for faith- in his efforts to help halt Communist ag- and tried to do,
fully carrying out the duties of the office of gression in South Vietnam and thus to blunt In their actions the phrase "responsible op-
,president. the most recent grave challenge of inter- position" is taking on the dignity of fact;
. national communism to peace and world it is a reality and not merely an expression
RESOLUTION 30-COMMENDATION order. of what. is desirable. If the President is able
Whereas Harold R. Lee served faithfully to bring this Nation through the trials of
and effectively as Executive Secretary of Mid- Mr. White went on to commend the Vietnam without the stain of appeasement
West Electric Consumers Association for 3 minority leaders in each body, Senator on the one hand or the horror of major war
years; and DIRKSEN and Representative GERALD R. in Asia on the other these men will have
Whereas Mr. Lee gave of his time, effort, FORD: played a memorably significant part.
and ability in furthering the cause and ful- In their actions the phrase "responsible It is a curious thing to see how, when the
filling the purposes of Mid-West: Now, there- opposition" is taking on the dignity of fact; heat is really intense and the way ahead
fore, be it it is a reality, not merely an expression of is hard and hazardous, some high political
Resolved, That the membership of Mid- what is desirable. If the President is able reputations begin to look just a bit dubious
West Electric Consumers Association extend to bring this Nation through the trials of and some hitherto more or less routine and
its sincere appreciation and wholehearted Vietnam without the strain of appeasement, pedestrian reputations begin to develop a
thanks to Harold Lee for a job well done. on the one hand, or the horror of major war strength, a vitality and an intellectual can-
'in Asia, on the other, these men will have dor that had been, by most people, wholly
RESOLUTION 31-CONDOLENCE played a memorably significant part. unexpected.
Be it resolved, that the members of the Mr. White ended his analysis by par- So it is now. Some so-called foreign
Mid-West 'Electric Consumers Association ex_ policy experts on the Democratic side in Con-
presstheir sorrow at the untimely death of ticularly praising Senator DIRKSEN, stat- gress speak for a new and cleverly worded
Its president, Henry T. Swenson, and extend ing: form of isolationism. Because things are
io hip family their heartfelt sympathy and For the last 4 years, at minimum, no pub- admittedly sticky in Vietnam, because the
gratitude for his untiring effort over the lie man alive has more faithfully, more non-Communist regime we assist is admit-
"years in. behalf of Mid-West and, the con- courageously, more wryly, and more respon- tedly weak and scarcely "democratic" as we
sumers of the Missouri Basin,` and for his sibly served the higher purposes of this understand the word, these people have only
No. 41-15
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a policy for surrender wrapped up in talk
about the righteousness of "negotiation,"
But negotiations are not possible with
marauders until first they have been forced
to cease their killing and looting and until
first they have given some evidence that the
end of any new "negotiation" will not be the
same as the end of all other "negotiations"
going back to 1954-that is, uninterrupted
Communist aggression.
So Dirksen, Ford and Co. see the reality
for what it is, describe It for what it is,
and rejecting short-term partisan gain at
the expense of the administration, stand
with the President and the Democratic ma-
jority-and, in this case, with the vital in-
terests also of the United States of America,
Now, FORD is a young man and no doubt
has much of life and hope ahead of him.
But DIRksEx is an elderly man, by definition
a man nearing the end of the long trail, and
a far from hale and well man, too, if it comes
to that. He has taken many it lump in his
time, and a goodmany of them, in my opin-
ion, he had coming to him. For he was not
always the DIRKsEN of today; not any part
of the DrsxsEN of today.
But for the last 4 years, at minimum, no
public man alive has more faithfully, more
courageously, more wryly and more respon-
sibly served the higher purposes of this coun-
try. There ought to be a kind of medal for
unassuming-and absolutely irreplaceable-
service of this kind.
NEWARK JOB CORPS A SUCCESS
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, it is indeed heartening to
learn of the notable success of the job
corps in Newark, N.J. As a pilot project,
the Newark Job Corps has removed all
doubts about the worth of the program.
The young men and women in the
corps have been in a training program
sponsored by the city of Newark. Un-
der the leadership of its very able Mayor
Hugh E. Addonizio, the city has taught
these young people the skills necessary
for useful employment. The girls have
learned to be nurses aides, librarians,
and the like; the boys have been working
in maintenance, communication, and so
forth, with the city's various depart-
ments.
The success of the Corpsmen in learn-
ing new skills has passed all expectations.
These youngsters, all of whom are high-
school dropouts, have proved themselves
so -capable in their new tasks that the
city is considering keeping many as full-
time employees.
But an even truer indication of the
success of the program is the fact that
nearly 50 percent of the members of the
Corps have resumed their education. It
is heartening to know that the Job Corps
has met the challenge of persuading
these youngsters of their error in letting
their education drop, and has induced
them to begin again, where they left off.
I commend Mayor Addonizio and Mr.
Thomas E. Flagg, director of the pro-
gram, for their outstanding efforts to
help in making this pilot project the
success it is.
I am pleased to bring this program
to the attention of the Senate, for I
think my fellow Senators will enjoy
knowing that the efforts and delibera-
tions of Congress are paying off in rich
dividends for less fortunate members of
our society.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that two articles concerning the
Job Corps in Newark, from the New York
Times of February 15, be printed in the
RECORD, I hope all Senators will derive
the same feeling of satisfaction that I
felt upon reading the articles. -
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FIRST YOUTH CORPS IN NEWARK HAILED
(By Charles Mohr)
WASHINGTON, February 14.-Secretary of
Labor W. Willard Wirtz reported to President
Johnson today that the Nation's first Neigh-
borhood Youth Corps in Newark had dispelled
the idea that the Corps was a make-Work
concept.
In a statement of reply, Mr. Johnson said
the Newark experiment "has encouraged and
heartened all those associated with it" and
added that Mr. Wirtz' report was "an early
indication that we can suceced in this best of
all efforts."
The Neighborhood Youth Corps program is
a major part of Mr. Johnson's antipoverty
program. Full-time and summer programs
are planned to give useful employment and
training to school dropouts. The first
Neighborhood Corps project in the Nation has
been in operation in Newark since January 4.
Mr. Wirtz said today in a memorandum to
the President that "its success has been so
heartening and meaningful that it warrants
a special report to you.,,
A THIRD CHANCE
Mr. Wirtz said that the Youth Corps en-
rollees were doing "jobs that would not
ordinarily be done" and that "these are jobs
that ought to be done in the public interest."
But he put even higher emphasis on a
statement that "the single most important
result of the program thus far is in the proof
it has provided that young persons disheart-
ened by failure at school and discouraged by
failure in the labor force do respond with
hope, confidence, and effort when given that
important third chance."
Mr. Wirtz said that there were now 346 boys
and girls at work In Youth Corps programs
in Newark's schools, hospitals, library, muse-
um, planning board, and other public agen-
cies.
The total will eventually rise to 700. The
youths work 30 hours a week. All of them
were dropouts from school and were unem-
ployed before volunteering for the program.
He said the total cost of the program was
$620,000 of which the Federal Government
had contributed $465,000.
THE 180 RETURN TO SCHOOL
Secretary Wirtz said that the brief experi-
ence at Newark had led to several conclusions
school because his cousin had told him it
was the way to "see the world."
The young man was quoted as saying,
"I dropped out and I saw it-the unemploy-
ment line."
He was asked, "Have you taken this up
with your cousin?"
"Did I," said the boy. "He's got two black
eyes to say that I ain't going to drop out of
school no more."
A girl was quoted as saying that she now
wants to return to school. She said: "A
high school diploma is more important now-
and a college diploma is more important
than a high school diploma. You can't
hardly get a job without a diploma."
Mr. Wirtz wrote to Mr. Johnson, "This
birth of second-generation hope is a reward
without price."
The Wirtz report said that 112 youths were
working in the Newark city hospital and
at the Ivy Haven Home for the Aged. Most
girls are working as nurses' aides, but eight
enrollees are working in the pathology de-
partment and five in the dietary depart-
ment.
Twenty-seven are working in the library,
museum or in other offices of Mayor Hugh J.
Addonizio. Some youths are working in city
offices such as city planning, finance, per-
sonnel, and treasury. Thirty boys work in
the city motor department learning vehicle
repair and 13 boys work as linesmen's help-
ers for the police, and fire department com-
munication lines.
A SECOND CHANCE Pon 348 NEWARK DROPOUTS
NEWARK, February 14.-Hundreds of young
men and women, many of whom never
worked a day in their lives, have recently
become very useful to the city of Newark-
and to themselves.
Until this year, they were merely part of
a grim statistic, part of a young population
that had quit school and, without skills or
ambition, faced the future with little hope.
Since January 4, however, when the
Neighborhood Youth Corps began its pilot
project in Newark, hundreds of these young
men and women have had a second chance.
WORK AND SCHOOL
They were taught how to work; they were
encouraged to go back to school. Today,
of the 348 16- to 21-year-olds enrolled in the
program, 180 are attending evening school,
if not full-time day school, and all are em-
ployed. Their jobs pay $1.25 an hour for
a 30-hour week.
All work for the city of Newark. The
work depends on their aptitudes. Some of
the young men are tree trimmers with the
Newark Park Department, or sign painters
with the Newark Traffic Department, or
mechanics' assistants in the city
ara
es
g
g
.
that already seemed warranted. Some have learned to use jackhammers
One was that work with the Youth Corps and work on city road projects, and some of
"does stimulate a desire to return to school" the girls have been trained as typists, nurses'
and that already 180 of the Newark enrollees assistants, file clerks, library workers,
had registered at night. During the 6 weeks, somewhat less than
He said the desire to resume an abandoned 20 youths quit the project-a small percent-
education was prompted by "the awareness age for a program involving dropouts.
that education is all important in landing The great majority of youths are learning
a job" and by the "growing feeling of con- quickly and proving to city employers the
fidence, fostered by their performance at value of the program. For example, the
work, that they can succeed." director of the Newark Police Department.
Mr. Wirtz said it also appeared that the Dominick Spina, who has employed 25 young
counselors supervising the program had been women, said:
able, through personal attention and genu- recommending "Their has
several been to so be good hired that I ma-
ins interest, to inspire the youths. He m perma
quoted one counselor as saying, of the nently by the city."
A high percentage of the 348 boys and
youths: girls in the program are, according to Mayor
"Some of them seemingly feel that they Hugh E. Adonizzio, Negroes from homes of
are not important to anybody, that nobody extreme poverty. Many quit school, he said,
does care about them. Well, we care." to help earn money for their families, realiz-
Mr. Wirtz' brief report relied heavily on ing too late that they were unqualified to
quotations from interviews with young per- work, or had never learned how to work.
sons enrolled In the program. He quoted Now, in addition to work habits, they are
one young man who said he dropped out of learning something else, the mayor said:
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out that early fears the legislation would pro-
duce restrictive shipping legislation in other
countries had no `foundation; it countered
the argument that cargo preference was un-
desirable' as an indirect subsidy on the
grounds that it was, quite plainly, a direct
subsidy; and finally, the report speculated
that the, permanence of the Public Law 664
legislation would provide an incentive for
the construction of a modern and efficient
dry bulk fleet.
Unfortunately, our experience since that
report has not borne out the predictions of
its authors. Since 1956, 15 countries have
adopted restrictive shipping legislation, and
most of the maritime world points to T.T.S.
practice as the cause. Whatever may be said
regarding the futility of such laws for the
countries-in question, and their impact on
American. trade, it seems clear they are not
in the best interests of American shipping.
As a subsidy, direct or indirect, cargo prefer-
ence has been, a miserable failure: Not a
single new tramp ship has been built since
1956, and the cost of keeping the old ones
in. existence climbs higher and higher. A
converted 10,000-deadweight-ton Liberty em-
ployed in the grain trade costs the taxpayers
about $700,000 In freight-rate differential
payments annually. By contrast, our most
modern. finer ships, with 40 percent more
carrying capacity and twice the speed require
an average of only $500,000 per year; this
means an equivalent shipping capability at
25 percent of the subsidy cost,
Here, too, the American people are faced
with a number of alternatives.
1.' Present programs could be continued-
at least so long as there is an agricultural
surplus disposal program. The result would
be 4-steady rise in subsidy cost as these ves-
sels become Increasingly inefficient, followed
by a rapid decrease in the cost as the subsidy
disappears with the ships.
.1. The tramp fleet could be eliminated
more quickly by simply eliminating the cargo
preference program.
3, Cargo preference could be continued,
but supplemented with construction sub-
sidy for replacement ships. Because the pres-
ent production of 100 tramp ships easily
could be matched with only 22 modern dry
bulkers, however, any meaningful dry cargo
fleet cannot be., hitched alone to the cargo
preference grain trade. The future of the
dry bulk fleet, like the rest of our merchant
3uarine, necessarily depends upon the ca-
pacity to compete for commercial cargoes.
Moreover, adding construction subsidy on to
the existing cargo preference system would
provide subsidy without any provision for
mandatory ship replacement, for reserve
funds, for recapture, or for any of the other
safeguards of the public interest built into
the 1930 act.
4. Cargo preference could be eliminated
gradually, no faster than some form of direct
operating, subsidy is substituted for it, mak-
ing it possible for these ships to compete for
commercial, cargoes at world rates, Dry
bulkers. are more simple ships than liners,
;and proposals have been made to construct,
for example, a 30,000-ton ship for as little
as $9 million, and operate it with a small
crew acid .only $300,000 to $400,000 in annual
.:operating subsidy. In order to give you some
idea of. what these figures mean, if the pres-
ent $80 milion per year spent on cargo
preference freight rate differentials were all
paid in operating subsidy to such new ships,
we, could,.piaiptaln abort 20.0 modern dry
bulk ciirriexs, with a total capacity about
8 times our. present dry bulk fleet. Even
with reduced crews on, highly mechanized
.ships it is obvious where the greatest long-
terba job opportunity is toibe found.
?4iecesily, in making these choices the
'rit1i11ber .(4 Lgmpeting interests is too great
to satisfiy everyone completely. In discussing
No. 41-11
various new ideas with members of the in-
dustry, I sometimes feel like the fellow whose
wife bought him two ties for Christmas, one
red and one green.- He expressed delight
with both, and when she appeared skeptical
about the genuineness of his feelings, he put
on the red one to prove it. "What's the mat-
ter," she said, "don't you like the green one?"
This kind of a reaction is especially com-
mon in discussions about our passenger ships.
American operators have 13 remaining
passenger ships, staffed with crews ranging
from 260 to 1,000. In 1965 these ships will
absorb almost one-quarter of the total money
available for operating subsidy-about $46
million. And if they are expensive to run,
they are even more expensive to build. The
Government's share of replacing the SS
'United States today, for example could run
to about $100 million. Like any other major
investment the benefits derived from these
ships-to the industry and to the Govern-
ment-deserve the closest examination. The
arithmetic is striking.
In 1962 the then 15 passenger ships pro-
duced a loss, before subsidy, of about $44
million. The subsidy amounted to $48.7 mil-
lion, or more than 10 times the after-subsidy
profits for the 15 ships. In 1963, financial
results were _little better. The subsidy bill
was nine times the companies' profits after
subsidy. Eight of the fifteen ships lost
money even after subsidy, and two others
did little better than break even.
By contrast, comparable figures for gen-
eral cargo ships show a subsidy bill only two
or three times profits after subsidy. For the
companies operating both passenger and
general cargo ships, the gross revenue from
cargo operations was three times that for
passenger operations, and profits after sub-
sidy were more than seven times as high.
It is not surprising that shipowners have
shown little inclination to replace their pas-
senger ships.
Nor do the passenger ship operators have
much hope for improved profits. The pro-
ductivity of cargo ships has increased in re-
cent years, But 73 percent of the crew on
a passenger ship are stewards-cooks and
waiters-and mechanization can do little to
increase their productivity. Indeed, it is this
personal service which tends to attract those
relatively few people who travel by ship
rather than air.
Even if passenger ships are not a profitable
business for the owners or the Government
it is often argued that they are of great
benefit to us as a nation. If so, they are
surely worth the investment. But what are
these alleged benefits?
How about their balance-of-payments
contribution? In 1963, the net balance-of-
payments contribution of U.S.-flag passenger
ships was about $47 million. Since we spent
about $46.3 million in subsidy to secure that
saving, you can see that it was bought rather
dearly. By contrast, in 1962, the interna-
tional commercial airline industry contrib-
uted $128 million to our balance of payments
from passenger fares alone-and without the
necessity of any contribution from the tax-
payers. Or compare the like figures for gen-
eral cargo ships. In 1963 the net balance-of-
payments impact of the 285 subsidized cargo
ships was about $204 million-at a subsidy
cost of approximately $135 million. Thus,
even by standards of return on shipping
subsidy, the balance-of-payments impact of
$1 of subsidy spent on a cargo liner is almost
double the impact of a dollar spent on a
passenger ship.
Prestige is also said to be a benefit of pas-
senger ships. Of course, prestige is an elu-
sive thing. Our present operating subsidy
expenditures for passenger ships would sup-
port close to 100 modern liner ships, which
might well do more for our prestige around
the world than a few passenger ships known
to be highly unprofitable.
Moreover, two important reasons for hav-
ing a merchant ' marine-trading leverage
and stability of freight rates-are virtually
unaffected by passenger ships.
Finally, there is national defense. His-
torically, passenger ships have played a major
role in our defense efforts. During World
war. II, for example, most of our troops were
transported in ships which once sailed as
commercial vessels. By the time of the Ko-
rean hostilities, however, the situation had
changed and only one passenger ship was
removed from commercial service for troop
carrying to the war zone. Three small pas-
senger ships under construction were trans-
ferred to MSTS but were fitted primarily as
passenger ships for military dependents. All
other troops were carried by MSTS troop
carriers or by air.
Our defense needs today still call for a
passenger ship capability. But the develop-
ment of new aircraft, like the C-141 and the
recently announced 600-passenger plane, is
eroding the justification for heavy Govern-
ment investment in constructing and main-
taining commercial passenger ships.
To some extent modern cargo liners could
be converted to effective troopships if nec-
essary. Even commercial passenger ships
must be converted to troop-carrying condi-
tions-increasing their troop-lift capacity
sevenfold. But this takes time, and insofar
as we still need conventional passenger ships
it might better safeguard our national se-
curity if the conversion were done in ad-
vance, and the ships preserved in the reserve
fleet in a high degree of readiness-at about
one-tenth the present actual cost.
But all of this analysis really adds little
to the stark' economic reality that Ameri-
can businessmen have little desire to build
and operate passenger ships at a loss. Un-
less some presently unforeseeable change
comes about, some 5,500 jobs will disappear
from these ships. over the next 10 years irre-
spective of how the Government feels about
the wisdom of this $50 million subsidy ac-
count.
The question before us is not whether the
5,500 jobs will be affected, but whether any
ships and jobs will be substituted in their
place.
Of the 5,500 men on passenger ships about
4,000, or 73 percent, are stewards who can
find ready transferability of their skills in
the hotel and restaurant trades. But what
.of the 1,500 deck and engine men? Their
jobs are not as easily transferable. If the
$42 million passenger ship subsidy were used
.for cargo liners-even the most highly mech-
anized now imaginable-we would need
about 3,000 men to operate them. The road
to true job opportunity seems clear.
Finally, I want to say a few words about
two aspects of our present system of paying
operating subsidy.
First, the trade route idea.
At the present time the Maritime Adminis-
tration has designated 80 trade routes and
3 services as essential to the foreign trade
of the United States. A subsidized shipping
company wishing to move from one trade
route to another is required by law to under-
go a long and arduous public hearing, effec-
. tively eliminating its ability to respond
rapidly to competitive pressures. In addi-
tion, an operator's activities on any particu-
lar trade route-the frequency of sailing
and the ports at, which his ships call-are all
subject to the approval of the Maritime Ad-
ministration.
Many questions are called to mind. Is it
not strange to have this high degree of pro-
tectionism for American operators against
only a small part of their competition? For
U.S. trade route restrictions obviously do not
affect the foreign companies carrying about
70 percent of our liner cargo. What is the
impact of these restrictions on the behavior
of American shipping companies? What are
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the supposed benefits of the system, and how
real are they?
It is usually urged that the trade routes
underlie the "service" concept of the 1936 act,
and that they serve to prevent cutthroat
competition. Each of these assertions re-
quires close examination.
As for the first, to my knowledge there is
not a single American operator serving a trade
route because he was ordered to do so by the
Maritime Administration. In each case the
operator requested permission to serve that
route because there was cargo to be carried.
Look, for example, at the number of foreign
companies, which may come and go much as
they please, serving small ports on regular
schedules because the existence of cargo
makes it profitable for them to do so. Look
at the American companies providing regular
service to Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico for
the same reason. There Is no reason to ex-
pect that American companies in foreign
trade would act very differently even if not
bound by the strictures of the trade route
concept.
And if there is not sufficient cargo to jus-
tify shipping services at all, I doubt very
much whether the framers of the 1936 act
intended that American companies be com-
pelled to service ports at a loss to themselves
as well as the taxpayers. For example, if
it Is cheaper to ship cargo by barge from
a smaller to a larger port and then but by
ship, that is probably the way the cargo
ought to move. That is the basic principle
underlying the new Lykes sea barge clipper
concept.
I doubt, therefore, if a relaxation of the
present rigorous trade route requirements
would undermine adequate service for Amer-
ican shippers-quite the contrary.
Many shipowners have told me that the
tortuous procedures necessary to gain per-
mission to operate on a different trade route,
even for a short time, have forced them to
forgo many attractive commercial oppor-
tunities-to the benefit of the merchant
fleets of other nations. This reminds me of
the story about the Cape Cod garbage col-
lector, whose weekly charge was 25 cents.
One newcomer, seeking to do a little better,
asked for his monthly rate. "$1.50," was the
reply. When the newcomer inquired why
the monthly rate should be so much higher
than four times the weekly rate, the old man
replied, "The extry is for bein' tied down."
I rather suspect that we may be paying
"extry" for tying down our shipowners, too.
We turn, then, to the question of cut-
throat competition. Whenever I hear that
term, I am reminded of a story an old Texan
used to tell about the general store in the
small town where he grew up. The store
had a monopoly for many years, but as the
town grew it began to attract new business,
and in due course a competitor opened his
doors across the street from the general store.
The old proprietor began to bemoan his fate
to the town at large, and one young man,
recently back from a freshman economics
course at the local college said, "But sir,
isn't that just competition?" "Oh no," he re-
plied, "it's - worse than competition." Some
shipowners have expressed similar sentiments
to me, explaining that they have competition
now, and that relaxing trade route restric-
tions would be worse.
Since trade route restrictions have no im-
pact on the activities of foreign shipping
companies, the danger arising :from a relaxa-
tion of the trade routes must be seen to come
from the competition of other American
shipping companies. Some shipowners feel
that a new American company will come on
the route and take one-half of the "Ameri-
can" cargo, putting them both out of busi-
ness. -
But, by and large, an established steamship
company will tend to stay on its old routes,
since it is costly and time consuming to de-
velop new trade relations. Moreover, such a
company will consider carefully -whether it problems has at least one solution. Some
can make a sufficient dent in the foreign require the expenditure of much larger sums
market on a new trade route. With such high of money; others seem to spell the con-
capital costs, few shipping companies would tinued decline of the fleet. Still others
be foolhardy enough to enter a wholly new seem to promise more shipping capability
competitive environment solely with the idea at a relatively lower cost-even though per-
of taking away from a preexisting American haps pointing the way to larger total ex-
company most of its established business. penditures.
Moreover, shipping conferences will tend The American merchant marine Is at the
to act as a moderating force. For example, crossroads. Basic decisions must be made.
foreign-flag companies would seem to be in They must be made by you, and every Amer-
much the same position vis-a-vis each other scan concerned about our trade and eco-
as would American companies in the event nomic growth. We cannot hope to make
of a relaxation of trade route restrictions. every decision exactly right, but when the
Yet there have not been a series of protracted alternatives are clear before the people their
rate wars. record is pretty good.
There is, of course, a perfectly legitimate T14 problem is worthy of our effort.
basis for fearing the activities of an irrespon-
sible "raider," an operator with no Interest
whose sole aim is to skim off the cream of
the trade at the peak of the season with ex-
ceptionally low rates. But this problem can
be solved without abandoning the whole idea
of trade route, flexibility. There would seem
to be no reason why a procedure could not be
designed to sift the serious competitor from
the fly-by-night.
The present rigid system prevents com-
panics from taking advantage of fluctuations
in world trade. And to the extent that it is
an effective shield against competition, it
tends to insulate the companies on the trade
route from the salutary effects of competi-
tion. Finally, the present system puts into
the hands of the Government too much of
the question whether a shipowner will
change trade routes.
Finally, I would like to say a few words
about what has come to be called an incen-
tive operating subsidy. I have spoken about
this issue at length in the past, and there is
no reason to belabor it here. But there is
one common misconception which I would
like to clear up.
A number of people have told me of their
impression that the incentive subsidy is an
economy measure-that we.will somehow end
up with a lower subsidy bill. Nothing could
be further from the truth. An incentive
subsidy may result In increased productivity,
higher profits and wages, and relatively less
need for subsidy. But whatever the needs
for subsidy may be they must be met if the
industry is to continue. No one argues with
that basic truth.
I think that $380 million Is a substantial
sum and, as Maritime Administrator, I feel
an obligation to insure that it is spent in
the most productive way possible. If it is
being spent under a system which could be
improved, then that standard has not been
met. If it isproducing one less ship than it
could, and I remain silent, I am not doing
m job.
In the shipping business, like most others,
profits may be Increased by cutting costs or
increasing revenues. But operators have
little incentive to reduce subsidizable costs
under the present system, for the Govern-
went will simply pay them less in subsidy.
This puts a responsibility on the Govern-
ment alone to maximize the public's return
from its subsidy bill. Often Government is
forced to take positions which segments of
labor and management find objectionable.
But tinder the present system it Is inevitable.
On the other side of the profit picture,
one of the chief means for most businesses
to increase the utilization of their capacity
is by reducing rates.
The conference system, however, precludes
this. It would seem obvious then that the
system could be substantially improved,
especially by providing some meaningful in-
centive to management and labor to cut
costs--removing the Government from the
process.
As I see it, and as I hope you do, as well,
there are many alternatives open to the
American merchant marine. Each of our
TICLE BY DR. HARROP A. FREE-
MAN, CORNELL LAW SCHOOL
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have inserted in
the RECORD an article by Dr. Harrop A.
Freeman, professor of law, Cornell Law
School, Ithaca, N.Y., entitled, "A Specu-
lation on Vietnam." I hope some of the
aids at the White House will read it and
at least give the President a review of
the article, because it expresses the point
of view that the President ought to be
following, instead of the warmaking pol-
icy he is following in Vietnam.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A SPECULATION ON VIETNAM
(By D:r. Harrop A. Freeman, professor of law,
Cornell Law School, Ithaca, N.Y.)
The current temper of most liberals and
peace-minded persons in the United States
seems compounded of shock and terror, as
the U.N. General Assembly virtually dissolves
and the United States steps up the war in
Vietnam withno apparent readiness to ne-
gotiate. For myself, I prefer that the core
of decision as to Vietnam be based on what
the Vietnamese (north and south, Govern-
ment and rebels) desire, and on the Viet-
namese as people. (I shall later make some
suggestions as to how to bring this into the
political picture). The fact still remains
that Vietnam has become a political problem
not left to the Vietnamese and if there is
to be any solution we must so deal with
the problem.
Without myself championing or advocat-
ing that view, it may just be that politics
see and are working out a solution either
by design or accident, more immediate than
we generally concede. I propose to examine
some of the relevant factors.
It is generally agreed that the United
States throughout the past century has been
able to operate the Pacific Ocean as an
American lake and has sought, but never
really had, a foothold on mainland Asia
(the Dulles family has been central to
this movement). The Defense Department
found the network of British-French-
Dutch possessions In Asia of utmost impor-
tance in World War II against Japan, and
cannot tolerate the thought that they
should not be available in another Asian
war (e.g., against China). The entry of
Hawaii Into the Union, the independence
of the Philippines, and the present stance
of Japan have been used as further justifica-
tion for, this policy. France held the line
in Indochina for 10 years till 1954. We tried
to persuade them and/or England to con-
tinue. After the Geneva accord moved
France out and created Cambodia, Laos,
North and South Vietnam we took over
military aid_ in 1955 to a South Vietnamese
Government we installed. By 1955 the
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 4VNC RLSS1UNAL RECORD - SENATE 4049
Inc , and South ) foJn with he f hof _, gradually pushed back by . 25,000 (5) U.N., negotiation bid a larger role for the
In dia, and Canada' foun d d both North Viet- regulars 50,000 to 75,000 irregulars. (5) .N., and nd at t the he same time save face.
nam. and the The Saigon government does not now control Now, it seems to me that the recess of the
United %44a to be v~plating articles 16-18 more than one-fourth of the people and U.N. General Assembly over the payment of
of the accord, It is not tinportant to set one-fifth of the territory. assessments issue fits into this picture as a
the stage for our discussion, to trace the The fourth aspect helpful in policy assess- seventh feature. Since America is aware of
denial of elections, the changes of govern- ment is the known divergence of views be- the shakey legality of its position in South
ment, the degree to which we were respon- tween Johnson-McNamara on the one hand Vietnam, if it feels it has a dirty job to do
sible ht erefor, or the step-ul} of American and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (joined by the before negotiations can take place, then the
military participation (from a few thousand "warhawks" of Congress) on the other. The wise thing to do is to close down the world's
military, advisers to the present 30,000 President's position has been in the past debating forum wherein we might be called
combat troops and jet air bombers), clearly a wait and see, stay in but don't to account. The United States had the cards
The first point I am making is that U.S, escalate position and such war method was to either force the payment issue or to seem
policy will not surrender a land, base In McNamara's war. But, apparently in getting to be conciliatory and put the issue over.
south Asia. Not having signed the 1954 the reduction in military budget he wanted It apparently elected to play them for
Geneva accord the United States. could have and in the difficult local situation in South suspension of the Assembly-a decision
no recognized or legal base there. More Vietnam a compromise has been made with which makes most sense to me when related
recently it has been deprived of any legal the warhawks for limited or safe escalation to the Vietnam crisis.
base InLaos (1962 accord) or Cambodia (I suspect in return for agreement to nego- An eighth event that surely plays Its part
(neutralist position); other Western foot- tiate out the problem under appropriate cir- in a variety of ways is the Chinese A-bomb.
holds In Malaysia-Indonesia and Burma are cumstances-see below). That explosion notified all south Asian coun-
disappearing; even Thailand (which has A fifth current factor was Kosygin's visit tries that China intends to become the great
always picked the winner) is less certain. to North Vietnam. It was known in advance, Asian power. It tended to bring to the fore
This fixes American policy to show a resolve the few American olicakers
to hold some foothold, even if illegal, in and was soon confirmed, that he was going p ym who would
South Vietnam at all cost, and to refuse any to advocate negotiation but also furnish like an excuse to bomb the e Chinese atomic
negotiation which would remove us from Ho Chi Minh with antiaircraft guns and production facilities as a means of delaying
Vietnam. missiles. President Johnson, Vice President Chinese power. It seems to have persuaded
The second point flows from this. In HUMPHREY, and Secretary McNamara have Russia to reenter the south Asian scene.
the
order to give some semblance of a right to long stated the theory of negotiation: "No and South at South Vietnam has brought out eg ntiae from to North
remain Tn Vietnam the United States must negotiated settlement in Vietnam is possible South Vietnamese a desire to obtain and atbecopt to prove that the war is as long as the Communist hope to achieve tralist zone na which mese war and obtan a nee-
like Korea. That is, that the South Viet- victory by force * * ?. Once war seems e can become consolidated
It efoefore China's influences can predominate.
hamese are directed and supplied by North hopeless, then peace may be possibl." before
Vietnam, that North Vietnam Is, actually (Johnson, Apr. 21, 1964); "Our task in Viet- for some way increasingly of i de gtes the necessity ainland waging war (that this is,. not a civil war) man is clearly to make aggression seem hope- into the world bri government nginnging community. China
and violating the Geneva accord, that the less. Out of that new realization can come The growing American community,
United States is now there on behalf of the new grounds for a negotiated settle- may be viewed rowing as a ninth relevant
feet; Vietner-
U.N. and world community to prevent and ment ? * ?. Premature negotiations can do haul it t may viay n be that the President's North Vietnamese violations. We little more than ratify the present achieve- pitulation to sosoomne escalation was to strength-
have 's ca-
punish therefore seen all of these developments ments of the aggressors and this we will not en his s side argument, h et
recently: (a) revelation of 80 tons of North do" (HUMPHREY, Aug. 17, 1964). If Amer- voices for e negotiation aion and for the s withdrawal ca ca se
ation and me
Vietnamese arms. shipments sunk off South ica intended to make the war seem hopeless from the President's
Vietnam, and a new "white paper," February to the North Vietnamese and Vietcong (who and he had to reeto recku own liberal Democrats,
27, 1966, supposedto conclusively show North were gradually winning) it needed to make the e d , the Di9k5). to stem
Vietnam arming of the Vietcong; (b) proof new powerful sortees, and if possible it t tide (Newsweek, Mar. 1, 1965). It is not
of 10,000 and estimates of 15,000 infiltrations needed to picture these as defensive or re- merely lved. ded enC URCH, M who
in 1964 from the north, and the assertion taliatory. Further, if these were to be sue- are involved. Added are O hers, and even
that half came. in 1964; (c) opinions that all cessful and at little cost (in loss of lives and me Case SS ELL, aGoRE, nd others, and even
the original South Vietnamese had already equipment) they had to be prosecuted before yiEL?
Men like RIaJanors th January th Associated ed and
been exhausted by 1963 and that these new modern weaponry was furnished to the Mnve: In Jan te wed Sa orng
recruits were North Vietnamese volunteers; north. Therefore the retaliation strikes from survey of 80 Senators showed 3 favoring
(d) the story of the Ho Chi Minh trial the Gulf of Tonkin the end of last year and getting out of Vietnam at once, 10 desiring
through Laos contrary our bombing por- those after Pleiku this month One or two immediate negotiation, and 31 favoring no-
tions of Laos contrary to the 1962 agreement planes were lost instead of perliaps 20 to 25 if gotiation as soon as the military situation
signed; (e) provocations in the Tonkin Gulf, they had faced land-to-air missiles later. improved: only 7 advocated bombing North
at Pleiku and other sneak attacks directed by Now we seem to have settled back into the Vietnam or Amerma using combat troops.
the Hanoi regime; (f) to which we could "oil spot" theory or Hop Tuck plan stepped Sources near the President-Joseph Alsop
and did retaliate only against troop staging up by the Americans doing the flying and and Joseph Kraft-at the end of January
areas in North Vietnam; (g) the coming of bombing, to extend the Saigon control into were indicating a rejection of the domino
South Korean troops to aid in South Vietnam the provinces around Saigon and thus mark a theory, a recognition of the necessity for
to give some semblance of International co- turn in the loss pattern. The air strikes negotiation, a feeling that the new coups
operative action. against North Vietnam have occurred; right might be setting the stage, and they also
The third factor to be Considered In assess- or wrong they are a fact. If they are to be evidenced opposition to this development.
big present prospects Is that we were in fact used as positiont of strength, then negotia- The debate has continued strong now for
losing the South Vietnamese yar with our tionmust follow almoetimmediately, Other- nearly a month in Government, in academic
own weapons, on at least five`fronts. (1) wise the war will settle down into another circles, in the press.
The Blue Book of the State Department stalemate and perhaps another loss pattern, The final factor to be considered is the in-
(1961) Secretary Rusk's `Economic Club from Which we cannot continue to rescue creasing evidence that North Vietnam and
speech (1963), and Secretary McNamara's ourselves by cries of attack and retaliation. both native sides in South Vietnam desire to
National Security Association talk 11964) In fact, the present strikes seem to make no negotiate an end to the war, and that insofar
pictured South Vietnam as an, economic sense except as prelude to prompt negotia- as bases of negotiation have been stated they miracle like West Germany but the new tion. involve continuance of two Vietnams, inde-
Senate Foreign Relations Committee's A sixth element entering into present eval- pendence, neutralization, nonalinement with
"Background Information" volume deletes uation is the increased interest of other China, and peaceful interrelations, a position
all, this--because in fact with all our aid the countries In south Asia, as Walter Lippmann which should be acceptable to the United
country is an economic shambles. (2) We has pointed out. In the 1950's the French States,
can't even stage successful coups in South got out of Indochina, the British refused We cannot examine all the evidence, and
Vietnam or Laps-we failed in three in the Dulles' request to help take over, they were we do not have all the evidence on this im-
last 3 months, and there have been 8 Po- getting out of Malaya and Burma, the Rus- portant point. We do know: (a) that U
litical upheavals in 14 months. Even with smans and European states generally were Thant reports North Vietnam's present will-
$1.5-2 millien,per day we can't bolster up losing interest. in Laos and the whole area. ingness and readiness to negotiate on such
and keep operating a government in Saigon. America essentially decided to go it alone, basis (February 27, 1965), (b) that the South
(3) With. all the talk of infiltration and for- Now Indonesia's U.N. withdrawal, Malaysian Vietnamese Buddhist have at all times
sign arms, it is still oflmially documented independence, the ideological conflict of favored such negotiation, (c) that the new
that over Q0 percent of the Vietcong arms are Russia and China, the Gaulist independent power structure there (Ky, Vien, Thi) may
captured American weapons and no North line, the Cambodian neutralism, and many embody this position, (d) that all the French
Vietnarneke ,troops are being captured- other factors have caused Britain, Russia, news reports coming out of South Vietnam
Pleiku. was elle by 100 Vietcong located France, China , and the U.N, countries gin- Indicate that the National Liberation Front
1,000 garde from the American airstrip, using erally to take a new interest in south Asian favors a neutral belt including, South Viet-
American mortars. (4 A
) force of 500,000 affairs. This may mean an opportunity for nam, Cambodia, and Laos, (e) that ever since
government troops and 25,000 Americans the United Stater, to accept a France-Rus- 1963 European diplomatic and intelligence
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 4050
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
sources have stated that North Vietnam
would be willing to accept a united or sepa-
rated Vietnam guaranteed neutral and with-
out interference from Peiping, Moscow, or
Washington (New York Times, Nov. 7, 1963)
(f) Dr. Bernard Fall, after interviews with
Ho Chi Minh and his foreign secretary, found
the same attitude in h 1962 aFall, "The st red
Vietnams," 199), (g)
to be the North Vietnamese position by Brit-
ish Member of Parliament William Wesby as
late as February 1, 1965, after his talks, (h)
and that Walter Lippmann has consistently
throughout 1964 seen such negotiations 'as
feasible and with North Vietnam occupying
an essentially Titoist position (e.g., May 28,
What may all this add up to? Could it
be something like this:
1. There never has been a time when mili-
tary victory in Vietnam was possible. Even
if military victory were possible, it could not
achieve the political settlements required.
The military presence has only rendered
more difficult the civil conflict and prevented
the independence, economic development
and community necessary. There is only one
ultimate possible course-to take the prob-
lem to the conference table.
2. But, there is no point to reconvening
the Geneva Conference or trying to reinstate
the 1954 Geneva accord. The proposal to 90
do automatically gets the U.S. reply that
until China and North Vietnam fulfill the
agreements no purpose will be served by such
conference. The 1954 conference represented
the then interest in southeast Asia and those
interests are not now the Same;. to reinstate
that arrangement would merely underline
the illegality of the U.S. position in Vietnam,
the ?fact that the United States did not sign
and is not a supervisor of that arrangement;
many of the then provisions (e.g., for 1956
elections) are now applicable; Vietnam now
requires treatment as part of the new picture
of the whole Indochina peninsula. from being a moment of despair, the present
The principles of the Geneva accords
3
hold the key to effec-
s ma
f
ff
i
n
t
.
ju
y
ure o
a
a
r
c
(1954, 1962), however, are still sound and tive negotiation, avoiding the long 5- to 20-
20-
i to the basis independent afree That nations year stalemate In southeast is which so
is: : A A c ease-flre_ indepen many observers were predictiig. Mankind
transt m foreign policy ki--M' ---
an actual neutralized area); with all
foreign military personnel, arms, and bases
barred; free trade and mutual support be-
tween North and South Vietnam; with these
conditions guaranteed by the family of na-
tions, and particularly the most concerned
nations.
4. If the United States wants a foothold in
Asia, it is better that it be given a legal one
as one of the guarantors of the settlement, to
be . checked by the others responsible and
answerable to the U.N. and world commu-
nity, rather than as a unilateral supporter
of, a favorite. Those in the United States
who urge U.S. withdrawal from its present
Vietnam action should not fall backward
into the pit of isolationism.
5. The negotiations should be primarily
between Saigon and the National Liberation
Front, with North Vietnam, the United
States, and China in the background and
joined in'guaranty of the final agreement by
the U.N. and/or Russia, France, Great Brit-
sin, and the Major Asian countries. This
would avoid a direct V.S. confrontation with
ld retain the facesaving fiction
it w
Chi
ou
na;
that this war was not of our making; and attack of the Vietcong on a U.S. base in WAR WE CAN'T FIGHT"
killed and 108
i
cans were
it allows for solutions (of a type I am sure which eight Amer
will be required) acceptable to the Vietna- wounded. In addition, American planes or Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
mese, but which we have said we cannot ac- helicopters were destroyed. Promptly Presi- unanimous consent that there be in-
cept. It would also be a most effective push dent Johnson ordered the air strike. It was serted in the RECORD an article by C. L.
toward a stable, broadly representative and followed on Monday by a strike by the Viet- Sulzberger, from the New York Times of
civilian government for South Vietnam. namese Air Force with an escort of U.S. fight- March 3, 1965, entitled "Foreign Affairs:
6. If the agreement could then be made a er planes. And on Monday President John- Oise Kof WWe Can't Fight," in
U.N. document and U.N. supervision be as- son warned the Communist nations not to t," in.
sured, some semblance of accepting the miscalculate American strength or American which he shares of War
as a result the e view what that,we
has been
U.S. 1955-65 activity as in place of the U.N. will.
could be maintained, and U.N. interest in The response from Moscow and Peiping labeled "McNamara's War."
south Asia (to which the U.N. has paid lit- was denunciatory and threatening, but
tle attention) might be assured. strictly verbal. Both Red centers put them-
7. A Vietnam settlement just might be a selves on record, but neither made an overt
very important step in the larger picture of move by way of re-retaliation. It is obvious
world peace. Two of the hardest problems though that these border raids may be built
relate to mainland China: (a) How can the up into full scale warfare.
rest of the world, and particularly the United This news from Vietnam is very depress-
States, deal with her, and (b), how can ing. The ostensible purpose-to defend
China's and Russia's relationship to each freedom-is badly blurred by the indifference
other be kept in a form least harmful or most of the South Vietnamese to self-defense and
helpful to the rest of the world? There are the antagonism of some to the presence of
those who would never allow China to enter Americans. We are thus caught in a two-
the U.N. and fear any negotiation with her front war-with the Vietcong, aided by their
as breaking this isolation. There are those Red allies, and with the hostile South Viet
who welcome ideological or political conflict namese.
between Moscow and Peiping as Communist As far as the raid on the American base
weakness. I submit that bringing China into is concerned, the success of the Vietcong is
negotiations as to Laos and Vietnam is pre- humiliating. There had been a previous
cisely the method for including her in the sneak attack that proved costly. Why was
world community and encouraging her to not there proper security around this camp?
keep the peace, without yet facing her ad- In the former raid we blamed the Vietnamese
mission to the U.N. I also submit that every- forces for failure to observe the raiders.
one knows that when the chips are down the Once stung, we should have put on adequate
Communist countries will stand together, patrols of our own. Clearly an inquiry
and the real question is whether in an en- should be initiated, if it has not been already.
tente the ideological position will be moved This U.S. Navy plane strike was not made
toward that of Russia (more favorable to the against the Vietcong who had staged their
United States) or toward China (less favor- own attack, but against a staging area in
able), and that negotiations on Vietnam at North Vietnam. The idea was to hit back at
the behest of Russia and France would cer- North Vietnam as the supply source for the
tainly move toward the Russian position. Vietcong. If we pursue that line we may
8. Finally, it would seem that a negotiated need to drop bombs on supply lines from
settlement now could shift the whole empha- Red China.
sis to a massive economic rehabilitation pro- Leaving aside the question as to whether
gram, a great TVA for the whole Mekong we should stay in Vietnam or pull out, we
Delta. I need not review how far such plans may explore this question: whether these
and actual operations have gone, even dur- hit-run raids will be effective. In other
tag the war; With the cooperation of both words, can we interdict the contribution of
sides, and of the Commission report thereon, men and supplies from North Vietnam by
or the great increase in U.S. nonmilitary aid. air strikes? It is doubtful. World War II
Such a program would keep the interested showed that even saturation bombing was
countries committed to the area-but in a only partially successful. It will be harder
to paralyze North Vietnamese
pattern; it would put attention mese supply depots
and routes because guerrilla warfare doesn't
back on people, the local people; it might be
rely
a demonstration of how development for on mountains of supplies and mass
emergent countries could really occur. armies.
_.. It may also be doubted that the punish
support for the Vietcong. It may have the
opposite effect--instill the Vietnamese to
more active support of the Vietcong and hos-
tility to the American "imperialists."
One wonders if the President's order wasn't
issued in part to kill off the rumor of a
"deal" for the settlement in southeast Asia.
THE WAR IN VIETNAM The coincidence of the visits of McGeorge
Bundy to Saigon and Premier Kosygin of
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask the Soviet Union h y to Hanoi trying started tongues
s
unanimous consent to have inserted in wagging
of deal. The Sunday were ryi to air set up some
the RECORD an editorial from the kind flattened that talk. Each Interchange of
Oregon Statesman on the same problem, bombs reduces the chance for peace by nego-
which also expresses the point of view tiation and increases the chance of gradu-
the Senator from Oregon has expressed ation into big scale fighting.
so many times-that we ought to be All the Sunday air strike does is to show
proceeding with honorable negotiations that we have power in the area which we
instead of making war in Vietnam. can and will use, under certain provocation.
There being no objection, the editorial It adds nothing to delineation of our long-
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, range policy, and leaves us apparently run-
ning on a treadmill, getting nowhere, hoping
as follows: that our wind and strength will hold out
[From the Salem (Oreg.) Statesman, Feb. 9, long enough to bring victory over the Viet-
1965] cong.
IT SEEMS TO ME This is a chapter in A erican history
(By Charles A. Sprague) which evokes little pride an arouses fear of
The war escalator in Vietnam is working. deeper involvement.
Under the name of retaliation U.S. Navy I.L
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leT 55IC~lYc9~L -RECORD - R1 NA'rc
There being no-objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as f4llpws: _
[From the New Xork Times, Mar. 3, 1965]
FOREIGN AFFAIRS: ONE KIND QF WAR WE
:CAN'T FIGHT'
(By C. L. Sulzberger)
PARIS.-Some wars become associated with
the names of individuals, and thus we have
the Napoleonic Wars, the Black Hawk War
and the. Vi!ar, of, Jenkins' Ear. There have
been tilpse Who, have sought to label the
Vietnamese campaign "McNamara's War,"
after, the S. Secretary of Defense and, poli-
tic
id
s as
e, this is not, Wholly unjust.
MC NAMARA'S INFLVENCE
r
For Secretary McNamara has clearly had
more influence in our evolving Vietnam pol-
icy than his senior colleague, Secretary Rusk,
McNamara has been a familiar Saigon visi-
tor; his former military right hand, General
Taylor, is now Ambassador there; and U.S.
Indochina strategy is more heavily marked
by the Pentagon than by the State Depart-
ment.
American defense plans during the past
decade have carefully and expensively pre-
pared to fight the only kind of war we are
least likely to,face, And we have not in any
major sense prepared to fight the kind of
war both Russia and China surely intend
to press.
When post-Stalinist Moscow endorsed
peaceful coexistence it always reserved one
vital area. It openly promised to support,
wherever possible, what it calls "wars of
liberation." Khrushchev tried to play a
trick on us in Cuba, but he had to back
down because he was patently not engaged
In a liberation war-only in directly threat-
ening our vital interests. Our strategy was
prepared for such. a showdown.
However, when the Communists stick to
their own rules they have a demonstrated
advantage. The modern elaboration of
guerrilla techniques called "revolutionary
warfare" by the Communists does not de-
pend on heavy weapons or atomic arsenals.
It depends upon simultaneous organization
of partisan units and civilian administrators
who seek to rot a selected country from
within life fungus inside an apparently
healthy tree.
For years we refused to face the fact that,
equipped as we were for holocaust, we had
neither the trained manpower nor the polit-
ical apparatus to_ fight revolutionary war-
fare. To some degree, under both President
Kennedy and the brilliant McNamara, this
was rectified-but only in part. Even today,
when we have growing special service coun-
ter-guerrilla units, some with kindergarten
training in revolutionary warfare, we are
abysmally behind.,
It is expensive and ineffectual to blow up
jungle acreage or fill It with paratroopers in
search of vanishing guerrillas. And we have
nothing capable of offsetting what revolu-
tionary warfare calls "parallel hierarchies"
(known in Vietnam as Dich-Van)-the
secret political apparatus that undermines
morale and softens up the population,
U.S. strategy tends to shift according to
availability of weapons systems. It has
moved from "massive retaliation" to "flex-
ible response" and from land bases to sea-
borne armadas. But. while we are -.-
res
de
t are the
as
su
o a frightened man, one who rec-
per- ?.-
rockets, we risk losing -the world
rillas, to . guer- ognizes that his brinkmanship could
easily take the country into a war the
Vietnam is "McNafnara's War" because, in American people will not long support.
fighting it, we have overstressed the military
and ignored the political aspect. We have, I can understand that the President is
furthermore, been preoccupied with selling anxious that his Asian adventure not be
an American way of life and political phi- discussed or analyzed by any but its
losophy unsuited to the people we would architects and executors. But silence,
help.
FACING THE THREAT
The heart of the crisis Is not truly in Viet-
nam. The quintessential problem is how to
defeat revolutionary warfare. Elsewhere in
Asia and Africa we will continue to face the
threat of this technique no matter what
happens to the Vietnamese. That is Ines-
capable.
Not merely the aggressive Chinese but the
relatively less aggressive Russians are com-
mitted to sponsor "wars of liberation." De-
spite this glaring truth, both in weapons
and in training a are basically prepared
alone for the warl our adversaries don't in-
CHESSBOARD
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that there be inserted
in the RECORD an article entitled "Viet
Chessboard," from the San Francisco
Examiner of February 26, 1965.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
VIET CHESSBOARD
Both the military and diplomatic aspects
of the fighting In Vietnam are stepping up.
For the first time, American jet bombers
manned by American crews have been in op-
eration against the Communist Vietcong
guerrillas in South Vietnam (as distinct
from strikes against North Vietnam).
Diplomacy is engaged on a wide front in
exploring chances for negotiating a settle-
ment. The activity includes the Paris-Mos-
cow dialog, the quiet soundings of Prime
Minister Wilson's government, and those of
U Thant, Secretary General of the United
Nations.
Of all this subsurface seething, Mr. Thant's
efforts (what has come to the surface, that
is), seemed to be based on realism. He is
not advocating, he emphasizes, immediate
withdrawal of American forces. He recog-
nizes that "some sort of stability" must come
first.
That is precisely why the Johnson admin-
istration has refused to commit itself to
negotiations now. There can be no worth-
while negotiation until there is stability.
There can be no stability until the Commu-
nist guerrilla aggr ssions cease.
ARTICLE ENTITLED "PRESIDENT
CAUTIONS CRITICS OF VIET POL-
ICY NOT TO FOMENT WAR"
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have inserted in
the RECORD an article- with the headline
"President Cautions Critics of Viet Pol-
icy Not To Foment War." Here is one
voice that will not be silenced by any
propaganda coming out of the White
House. It is not the critics of the Presi-
dent who are fomenting war; it is the
policies of the President of the United
States that are fomenting war in Viet-
nam. The American people ought to let
him know that they do not want addi-
tional American soldiers to die and they
want that war to stop.
i
n
The words of the P
?, .dotal, eri~l?j1,-wjR ex
4051
standing, are not the way a free people
conduct their international affairs.
There being no objection, the article
was fol orlodwered:to be printed in the RECORD,
s
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post,
Max. 2, 1965]
PRESIDENT CAUTIONS CRITICS OF VIET POLICY
NOT To FOMENT WAR-JOHNSON REPORTED
IRKED BY COMMENTS WITHIN OWN PARTY
(By Carroll Kilpatrick)
President Johnson took note of the con-
tinuing debate on Vietnam policy yesterday
with a warning that misunderstandings
about America's true intentions could lead
to war.
With congressional critics apparently in
mind, the President said that some of his
predecessors have experienced more trouble
from domestic than from foreign critics.
The President, spoke at a White House cere-
mony honoring winners of the Science Talent
Search as new debate on Vietnam broke out
on Capitol Hill.
IKE HITS "SECOND-GUESSING"
In Palm Desert, Calif., former President
Eisenhower indirectly endorsed the Presi-
dent's position.
After a meeting with new Republican Na-
tional Chairman Ray C. Bliss, the former
President said that "if we fail to recognize
the responsibility of the President we will
divide the country."
General Eisenhower said that If he dif-
fered materially with the President he would
communicate directly with him. He said
that he and Bliss were not going to try to
"second-guess" the President,
Mr. Johnson has been unusually annoyed,
it has been said, by Democratic Senators who
have assailed America's position in southeast
Asia.
"PEACE IS FIRST PURSUIT"
The President told the high school science
winners that he hoped they would never ex-
perience war. He said he prayed every day
that "we won't have to call" on America's
young people to fight again. "But rather
than yield our liberty we will," he declared.
While "peace is our first pursuit," he em-
phasized, "we must defend freedom not only
against enemies without but against enemies
within.,"Some of the great Presidents who have
lived in this house have found that misunder-
standing in this country and problems that
arose in this country, and leadership in this
country, caused them really more troubles
than leadership In the world," the President
said.
"That was true of Woodrow Wilson, that
was true of Franklin D. Roosevelt, that was
true of Harry S. Truman."
It was even true of. President Eisenhower,
Mr. Johnson added, "although i did all I
could to minimize any of the great differ-
ences." Mr. Johnson was Senate Democratic
leader during General Eisenhower's two
terms.
The President said he had "not the slight-
est doubt" that some wars have been brought
about because of lack of understanding
"among our own people, and the fact that
we conveyed the impressions to others which
they accepted and acted upon which were not
really 'representative of the views of our
country."
While Mr. Johnson was speaking, Senate
Majority Leader MIKE MANSFIELD Democrat,
of Montana, told the Senate that the Presi-
dent was "trying to keep the lid on a danger-
ous volcano in southeast Asia."
MANSFIELD praised the administration's
"white paper" on Vietnam and denied charges
that the administration has no policy in Viet-
nam.
But Senator WAYNE MORSE, Democrat, of
pregon a, persistent critic, of adzzi nistrat;on
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RESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
4 052 CONG
policy, said that the white paper could "best Although the President's blueprint for uni-
be described as a Swiss cheese" because it is versal prosperity has not yet beebuccedd siness
so full of holes. specifics and revealed to a hopeful
The United States sent thousands of men community, the influx of Industry represent-
into South Vietnam, MORSE said, and ,now atives into the Greater District of Columbia
we get excited because North Vietnam went area climate al confidence that now
in. Why shouldn't they?"
Senator WILLIAM PRQXMIRE, Democrat, of prevails in current Government-business re-
Wisconsin, who has often differed with Mr. latiionships-the est In eCO a Washingtonhas reated
Johnson on other matters, said the Presi- greater-than-ever
dent's policies offer "the best chance for us whose residents confidently anticipate that
to achieve an enduring peace in this complex the city is approaching e, new height of
situation."
Senator HOWARD W. CANNON, Democrat, of the pace aif Washington ce for eco om ceexpansion irethe Nat
Nevada, commended PROxMIRE: for his speech, tin,, aw nrnaTa.ms are unveiled almost daily
a. "This is no time for negotiation.
Even the discussion would lead our allies to
believe we are abandoning them."
Senator HUGH SCOTT, Republican, of Penn-
sylvania, likewise strongly backed the Pres-
ident. He praised him for his "candid" brief-
Ing to Senators and said that Mr. Johnson
"made it perfectly clear we intend to stay
in Vietnam until our responsibilities have
been achieved."
"To negotiate from weakness," SeoTr went
on, "would be to transfer the war to Thai-
land. If Thailand goes, Burma goes, and
India would be under the gun. The question
is where do you stop running. We would
cease to be a Pacific power', forced back' on
Guam and the Hawaiian Islands."
Senator ERNEST GRUENING, Democrat, of
Alaska, a frequent critic of U.S. policy, said
that the white paper added "no new facts
to the already muddy water" in Vietnam.
"We have been aiding South Vietnam on
a scale far surpassing the aid given by North
spre
a
Wyoming's Republican Senator MILWARD 1j.
The
aim of
"strength greater prosperity at all levels
said the United States had the of American life naturally would be of vast
and power" to conclude Vietnam benefit to American business-for business
war and should do se. serves and sells to all levels of citizens. Thus
Republican, in the House, of Wisconsin, i Representative thate fan, the President has done nothing to indi-
R. LAIRD, h expected the foto nsin, seek some cats that he will pursue his grandiose goals
sort the administration by pinging upon the domain of private
tonegotiated settlement to get out t of enterprise to a-sufficient degree to arouse pro-
the "I impossible situation" in Vietnam. tests
"There Is, in my mind, little doubt that The existing rapprochement, and the rose-
toedstant in future n will. end In of not- ate foretokens of continued cordial relations,
p om ised s fturin some cannot sort a con= on the public-private front enhance the im-
Fed-
le d to settlement that ckeoverbu" portance of Washington, the seat of the Fed-
L,ir said. eventual Communist takeover,"
eral Government, in the councils of business
LAIRD and industrial leaders in New York, Detroit,
M. New Nixon York, former Vice President Rich- Chicago, Pittsburgh, and other financial
rind In
repeated his proposal sident proposal for naval centers.
and air strikes against military targets in Businessmen are watchfully waiting to see
North Vietnam. how the administration will face up to the
"'The 'White paper contains
the s 'clear and cons inescapable responsibilities that accompany
elusive' South Vietnam that the United States against it its elevated stature as the free world's most
Nixon said. important economic power. They await
agression South from North th Vietnam," itself
agggress proof of a determination to achieve a sound,
strong domestic economy with stable prices
ARTICLE ENTITLED "HARMONY and an adequate growth rate without addi-
tional crippling controls upon businesses or
PREVAILS BETWEEN BUSINESS Individuals.
AND GOVERNMENT" If these accomplishments are forthcoming,
the White House is certain to retain prompt,
Mr. MCNAMARA. Mr. President, the easy access to the inventiveness and prag-
February 1958 issue of the publication, matie experience of many men whose genius
Washington World, contained an arti- has taken them to the helm of giant corpo-
cle entitled "Harmony Prevails Between rations.
Business and Government." Nation's Business, published monthly by
Because this article points up the con- the Chamber of Commerce of the United
States, chose "Business and Government" for
fidence that business, together with other Its January cover story. Corporate leaders
segments of our meriti scene, have in spoke frankly on their interpretations of the
the Johnson administraaton, I ask unani- proper roles of Government in the Nation's
mous consent that its text be printed in economy. The article concluded with this
the CONGRESSIONALRECORD. statement by Henry Ford II:
There being no objection, the article When Government economic policies are
was ordered to be Printed in the RECORD, wisely chosen and wisely and efficiently ap-
8s follows: - - plied, when they work with rather than
against market forces, when they are di-
ItiAXONY PREVAII S BETWEEN BUSINESS AND rected at the causes rather than the symp-
GOVERNMENT toms of ec omicproblems, when they give
The eyes of the Nation remain on Wash- due weight to unintended results as well as
lligtoil as U.S. businessmenContinue to ex- the direct goals of any given measure, when
Molt an attitude of fingers-crossed optimism they expand'rather than contract the oppor-
toward the Johnson administration. tunities of free men-when such conditions
March 4
are met, then we can be sure our Government
is assuming Its proper economic role."
The cooperation and advice that the busi-
ness sector seems willing to contribute are
desperately desired and activelysought by
President Johnson. In turn, corporate ex-
ecutives are manifesting greater confidence
because they are convinced the President
realizes he needs a lasting partnership of
business and industry with the Federal
Establishment.
Because industry and Government equally
appreciate the present mutually advanta-
geous rapport, businessmen are expected to
travel to Washington in increasing numbers
during the next few years, both as individual
visitors and to attend meetings and conven-
tions of their trade associations and other
professional groups, insuring even greater
development of the city.
MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE
A message from the House of Repre-
sentatives, by Mr. Hackney, one of its
reading clerks, announced that the House
had agreed to the report of the commit-
tee of conference on the disagreeing votes
of the two Houses on the amendments of
the Senate to the bill (H.R. 45) to amend
the Inter-American Development Bank
Act to authorize the United States to par-
ticipate in an increase in the resources of
the Fund for Special Operations of the
Inter-American Development Bank.
to beautify, renew, build, ana reouuu, i -
tending an expanding role for the city in the
Great Society of the immediate future.
Besides massive public and private con-
struction of office space in recent years, a
sizable portion of the aggregate spending has
been disbursed by people investing in the
hospitality services which cater to conven-
tions and casual visitors alike.
Lyndon B. Johnson adopted the Great So-
ciety as his slogan soon after he became
President. His hopes and dreams were out-
lined in generalities in last month's inau-
gural speech and in his state of the Union
address. The annual budget message con-
tained some details on implementation of
the program, and there will be other special
messages to Congress which hopefully will
elaborate still more.
The.principal objection so far raised to the
Great Society is that it tries to provide--or
at least to promise-something for every-
body. That objection, of course, embodies
the very reason it has received such wide-
DEATH OF DR. HERBERT CARLYLE
LIBBY
Mrs. SMITH. Mr. President, in the
passing of Dr. Herbert Carlyle Libby, of
Waterville, Maine, and Pemaquid, Maine,
the State of Maine has lost one of its most
illustrious sons. He was an outstanding
scholar and statesman and a leader of
magnificent proportions. The world in
which we live was a better place because
of him.
He was one of the early political lib-
erals in Maine although in his later years
he grew more conservative. He was the
wise counselor and friend of innumerable
Maine citizens and he molded many of
the young students he taught into future
leaders.
He was one of my very best friends for
without him I would not now be in the
U.S. Senate. In fact, he was the manager
of my very first campaign back in 1940
when I first ran for the House of Repre-
sentatives. To him I owed so very much.
In his passing, I extend my deepest
sympathy to Mrs. Libby and the family.
I ask unanimous consent that the lead
editorial of the March 1, 1965, issue of
the Waterville, Maine, Sentinel be placed
in the RECORD at this point as it so ca-
pably evaluates Dr. Libby.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Waterville (Maine) Morning Seri-
tinel,-Mar. 1, 1965]
HIS INFLUENCE SURVIVES HIM
Colby College recently established a Her-
bert Carlyle Libby Prize in Public Address.
It. will go to the best speaker in the college
and is a fitting memorial to the vigorous
man for whom it is named.
Dr. Libby, who died Saturday, had as one
of his many duties while on the college staff
the instruction of public speaking and
throughout his life he was an active par-
ticipant in public affairs.
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