THE COMPUTER CRISIS--II

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160026-4
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 26
• Publication Date: March 9, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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~~1~~RESSIQN.A~ .~t~~4~.31? - SENATE .
iurax fiver, Western arms fox ..:Israel.. have
raised nevi iears_in the West about. the shut
of President. Gamal Abdel Nasser's Socialist
regime to the East.
No longer is there any question that in his
duel with West Germany Mr. Nasser was an
easy bictor or that, once set in motion, the
USbriaht .visit wgs softerie~i, in some ways to
ease ]yi4,pr1's,pain. The East German Presi-
der>~t,receLved ijil?protocol honors, but he
_ wps, given no forum for..speechmaking to
the. masses qr -for holding news conferences,
He even had to absent himself' from a sign-
- ing ceremony for East Germany's $100 m11-
S1on. oretllt agreement with the United Arab
Republic.
R&t11e~ surprisingly, President Nasser
chose a dinner ,in Mr. iTlbricht's honor to
declare his desire for maintaining ties with
"West Germany and to reaffirm .his support
'
for Bonn
s demands for .German reunifica-
` t1on,
As a result, it is assumed that Bonn's cut-
e tirlg off of aid to Cairo will in the end mean
only a delay o` some months _1n the aid
;promised ['or Cairo's-new development prof-
ects:
Noztetb.eless, the mere- fact of the visit was
a shattering blow for Bonn and for Western
cold: waz strategy. "We are in a new era
now;" sold one West _Saerman diglomat.
The trip to Cairo enabled Mr. Uibricht, the
most Stalinist of, East European leaders, to
break out of diplomatic isolation and to be-
gin winning the acceptance in .the neutral
-world that Moscow ,,has long sought for its
:"country cousin" in East Berlin,
? The problem for Western relations with
Mr. Nasser is that Mr. Ulbricht's visits does
not stand alone.
'. No sooner had. Mr. Ulbricht sailed from
`Port Said than Qairo announced .expanded
diplomatic ties with North Vietnam anal
President Nasser's plans to visit Moscow this
-sumffier. (And, ff Cglnanunist sources are
;right, a visit to East Germany is on the
way.)
- The riew Soviet leaders, Premier Aleksei N.
Kosygin and Leonid I. Brezhnev, First Sec-
.retar~ of the Soviet Commu111st Party, are to
come here late this year in what is turning
'i'nto an almost steady parade of Communist
-leaders to Cairo. Current visitors include
?~'remier Fidel Castro's traveling Minister of
Industry, Maj. Ernesto Che Guevara, and the
` "Yugoslav Premier, Aleksandar?Rancovic.
This week it is the Premier of Czechoslo-
''vakia, Josef_Lenart, and then Premier Chou
En-lei of Communist China,
"It's astonishing," said one Western diplo-
mat, "but hardly a day goes by when there
-isn't some high-level Communist delegation
ixi town.>?
In part, this reflects a preference among
officials Mr. Nasser's Socialist state for deal-
ing with totalitarian. governments and con-
trolled economies, of the .East rather than
-with .the ..competitive economies .and often
uncoordinated policies of the West.
It is also a refiectiorl of Mr. Nasser's in-
creasing dependence on Coxr~.unist aid. Iu
the last year he has had pledges of $625 mil-
lion in ney~ Cammlxnist credits, while his two
largest Western ai~t contriputors, the United
States and West Germany, are retrenching,
Another, jolt to the West was ..president
Nasser's ,ixldieation in an interview last week
that he vitas ,rethinking his whole. policy of
nonalinemt, and. his clear expressions of
disappointment _w}t}~ President Johnson.
Most West .: .:__
er
t
i
459
Germany as an arms supplier for Israel, it prevail when selected groups of citizens
would give the Russians a new opportunity are denied their constitutional rights.
for cementing ties with Mr. Nasser by offer- It is onl
ing him counterbalancing arms. Y proper for groups of people
Some Egyptians Bay that Washington and to gather together in peaceful demon-
its allies, except for France, are pushing Stratiori5, in order t0 obtain recognition
Cairo toward the East, Some Western ob- as human beings with equal rights. And
servers have been asking in response whether fox what rights are the citizens asking?
1n the present circumstances the Western The right to be registered as voters.
powers can have any significant influence in Certainly this is a reasonable request-
Cairo.
THE COMMUTER CRISIS-II
Mr. JAVITS. 1VIr, President, I invite
attention to the fact that yesterday the
Legislature of the State of New York
passed a measure to ailthorize the expen-
diture of $5 million for aid to the New
York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.
This amount -was set aside as part of a
plan agreed upon by Governors Rocke-
feIler of New York, and Dempsey of Con-
necticut whereby the States of New. York
and Connecticut offered to allocate $5
million each and to request $10 million
Federal aid under the Mass Transporta-
tion Act of 1964. It is hoped that adds-
tional funds will also be made available
by the States affected by the commuter
operations of the New Haven Railroad to
meet the critical situation with respect
to operational costs in accord with a com-
prehensive plan as to expenditures as
called for in S. 1234, and that the Federal
Government will also provide needed
financial assistance for a limited period.
With such joint participation, I think
we can look forward to an easing of the
current commuter crisis on the New
Haven.
In the meantime, the State of New York
has taken the first step to show good
.faith and a readiness to implement the
plan. That door now having been
opened, we have a right to feel encour-
aged that if the trustees will help; and
if the Interstate Commerce Commission
and the other Government agencies con-
cerned will demonstrate their under-
standing; and if Congress will be ready
to lend a hand, there is a real prospect
that a constructive step may be taken to
place certain commuter railroads of the
.country, starting wih the New Haven, on
a rational basis which will enable them
?to be continued without sacrifices on the
part of thousands of commuters who use
these rail services daily,
I observe in the Chamber the distin-
guished Senator from Rhode Island [Mr.
PELL] and my distinguished colleague
from New York [Mr. KENNEDY], who is
presiding, They and other Senators
have given considerable aid in this regard
through their efforts and their advocacy
of this cause. dur~ngllearfngs by the
Committee on Commerce
chaired by the
,
distinguished Senator from Rhode Island
[Mr. PASTOxEI.
n d
p oma
s still believe that OUTRAGE AT SELMA, ALA.
Mr, Nasser would prefer to remain as inde-
..:pendent as possible from Moscow but that he Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. Pt?e;ldent, j wish
is flndlug'
les
l
s and
.,
ess maneuvering room. to speak to the Senate about a situation
They ngte. that he denounced .communism.- existing in our United States that should
one that hardly called for Sunday's mis-
use of police power,
Just yesterday the Supreme Court of
the United States acted to erase arbitrary
and discriminatory regulations used by
some States to keep Negroes off the
voter-registration lists. Justice Black,
in his written opinion, pointed out that
we cannot "leave the voting fate of a citi-
zen to the passing whim or impulse of
an individual registrar."
Obviously, the mere necessity for the
highest court in the land to decide on
issues of this sort indicates the existence
of grave difficulties.
On Saturday, a group of Prince
George's County, Mci., citizens marched
up Chillum Road, to protest existing
road conditions. After reaching their
destination, this group of peaceful dem-
onstrators gathered in friendly conviv-
iality for doughnuts and coffee. That
was a far cry from the situation that
existed in Selma on Sunday.
Mr. President, I ask the Senate to
seriously consider and enact the neces-
sary legislation to correct the voter-reg-
istration problems that exist in parts of ,
our country.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD today's outraged
editorials on this subject from the Wash-
ington Post and the Sun, 6f Baltimore.
There being no objection, the edi-
torials were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
-(From the Washington (D.C.), Post, Mar. 9,.
1965]
OUTRAGE AT SELMA
The news from Selma, .Ala.., where police
beat-and mauled and gassed unarmed, help-
less and unoffending citizens wlll shock and
alarm the whole Nation. It is simply in-
conceivable that in this day and age, the
police who have sworn to uphold the law and
protect the citizenry could resort, instead, to
violent attacks upon them.
Decent citizens will weep for the wronged
and persecuted demonstrators, for the decent
citizens of Alabama who must recoil in har-
ror from the spectacle of sadism, for the good
name of the Nation before the world. This
brutality is the inevitable result of the in-
tolerance fostered by an infamous State
government that is without conscience or
morals.
The situation calls for more than mere
reproach and anguish, but it is not easy to
say what can be done to prevent the repeti-
tion of this scandalous misuse of police
power. Congress, as a beginning,- must
promptly pass legislation that will put into
Federal. hands the registration of voters that
the Alabama authorities will continue to ob-
struct as long as they have any discretion.
At least, such legislation will put beyond
contest the rights that the Negro citizens
have been trying to gain by demonstration.
[From the Baltimore (Md.)
- --
`
--~- // "' ~~ ~" "-""`"' `-""'~ VIOLENCE IN ALABAMA
S.ociaiist Union, hlsrq~ss party, lriust, if nothing .else, alert the Nation
If the United States should reulace West 'A.nri cnna,-o~~ +., +he i.,R .............._ ~L_;. _ _ , p+'obabiy the easiest way for Alabama ofS-
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.-.~,.~rr~r.rnnYll'I~T i T ~>crn~r, - C~iv,tTE ~IVVllarcn 9, 1965
1iqe forcibly turning back a line of marching ing," published in the Providence Sunday
Negroes would be to make sure: that Negr es Journal of February 14, 1965.
gall register and vote in accordance with The article discusses the background o1
their constitutional rights. S in and out of Government here
in W hington. '
(NOTE.-The following article by a retired
squadron leader of the Royal Canadian Air
Force and a member from 1961-83 of the
three-nation international control commis-
sion set up to police the Geneva agreement
in Indochina. is excerpted from Maclean's;
Canadian national magazine, by arrangement
with the author. He admits it is "frankly
controversial ' " < but I believe the more
thoughtful readers will recognize it for what
it is-the constructive criticism of a con-
cerned friend.")
The United States has entered its 3d year
of war in Vietnam. Any day now we can
expect another pronouncement from the
American high command in Saigon to the
effect that, while the situation is serious, it
is not hopeless: and that the war can and
will. be won. After nearly 2 years in Vietnam,
I've heard a good many such assurances. But
as a Canadian delegate on the three-
since
ibly demonstrated to me one day on a dusty
gravel road leading through the ]ungle in
North Vietnam. It was a routine inspection
patrol for the control commission and, for
no apparent reason, the Communist officer
in the lead ]cep suddenly suggested a halt.
We piled out of our jeeps and stretched
our legs, apparently in the middle of no-
where. Just as inexplicably, he then sug-
gested we resume the patrol.. Aa the convoy
started off, he beeped his horn and, some-
where near by, a whistle shrilled.
n
Instantly, both sides of the road Were li
ed these gooks iootbau," ne announces w uu
with troops, grinning infantrymen whose
.laded .khaki uniforms contrasted sharply within earshot. Several days later, he an-
with the dark jungle background. They'd pounced a change in policy. The gooks he'd
been there all the while, standing not a decided, were too small for football-so he
dozen yards from the convoy. But because was Boing to teach them soccer, a game
of the foliage that covered their backs from he'd never played himself.
helmet to canvas sneakers, they'd been in- Or take the American service wife in
visible to three experienced military offi- Saigon.. For boorishness, offensiveness, and
condescension toward her "inferiors," she
cers.
There was nothing threatening about this often takes the fur-lined mug. The gen-
mock ambush. The Communist troops were Brous allowances, PX privileges, villa, chauf-
simply practicing camouflage, and used the feur, and servants are all new to her-and
international control commission as an un- `pith rare exceptions, it shows. Some of the
witting umpiire Americans' kids are no better. The spectacle
Although their camouflage was excellent, of a bunch of crewcutted, gumchewing
it was the mobility of the troops that im- teenagers Iofding it aver the natives in the
streets of Saigon is a lesson in how not to
~
resaed me most. They were many miles
'
p conduct foreign relations.
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, a constitu- from any known base, and. they carried on srlES rev TxE NxaHT
ent of mine in Pawtucket, R.L, 11aS drawn their backs everything necessary for living
my attention to an article entitled "A and fighting. They didn't need roads, jeeps, Or, finally, take the matter of Saigon's
Cariadian'S View Ori Wkly We Are Los- helicopters or mobile kitchens. they were justly famous nit life, which consists crisy. Senators will recall that the statute
Ibis. CLARK. I .quite. agree with the creating the Agency stated in its pream-
Senator from .Oregon. I am happy '~ bie of congressional intent that the ul-
know that the great Republican Phila- tiznate goal of the United States was, as
delphia newspaper, .the Philadelphia stated by the Senator .from Oregon a
Inquirer, which has not always supported moment ago, a world free from the
my position, agrees wholeheartedly with scourge _of war and the dangers and
the views just expressed by the Senator burdens of armaments, in which the role
from Oregon-and me. of farce would be subordfxlated to the
Mr. President, I ask unanimous Can- role of law and in which international
sent that an editorial 'which was pub- adjustment in a changing world would be
lished in the Philadelphia .Inquirer On achieved peacefully.:
March 8th, entitled "Uses of Disarmer- Z invite the attention of the .Senator
meat Agency" may Ile .Printed in the from Oregon to the specific :wording of
RECORD. the Statute:
There being no objection, the editorial This organization must have the capacity
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, to provide the essential scientific, economic,
as follows: , political, military, psychological, and techno-
TIsEa OF DISARMAMENT AGENCY logical information Upon wi11Ch 3ea11HtiC arm6
control and disarmament policy must be
It seems to us that Senator CLARK has a based,
valid point. in` his dissent from the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee's shredding of .Thus, pursuant t0 that congressional
the bill to extend the Arms control and mandate, the Agency prefers-and I be-
Disarmament Agency. lieve Correctly-not to build up a Vast
Toe administration has asked Congress to hoard of bureaucrats an the Federal pay-
give another 4 full years to the agency roll, but t0 hold down .its employment
and a $55 million budget. The House com- ~ a relatively small number,.: and then
promised and voted 3 years and $40 mil- tO aontraCt with outstanding individuals,
Pion. .Now the Senate committee has hacked scholars, knowledgeable corporations,
it further: 2 years and $2A million. -
Senator CLARK'S objection is that at this and indiVlduals engaged in the defense
particular time, with world tensions rising program who therefore have knowledge
sharply and almost any unthinkable disaster of the problems which would confront
bec?ming quite thinkable, indeed, 'it would ~ if we were to g0 into a disarmament
be salutary `for this Nation to signify that it agreement. The Agency spends 70 per-
is thinking past, around and over preaent Cent of its money on this kind of con-
problems'to days when the world's true need,
lreace, can again be advanced. tract .and 30 percent of its money in
Tne agency itself, of course, was inatru- conducting negotiations. at the Geneva
mental in setting the climate. and the actual Disarmament Conference.
talks which led to the partial atomic-tenting That is what the majority of the eom-
ban treaty of 1963, as well as the "hot-line" mittee does not like, because the agency
connection between Washington and Mos- was getting what I .believe are erudite,
?OW? able; intelligent studies on the very sub-
The symbolic usefulness of the agency in jeet5 Congress told them t0 investigate.
the present situation might be fully as im-
portent as its practical usefulness in the A majority of the eammittee--and I
past. -It should not be, however, mere win- hope that I shall.be careful. not to mis-
dow-dressing, or a false front. Americans quote some of, the informal language
generally are not warmongers by any stretch used in the mark-up session-believes
of the imagination. we take on such bur- that disarmament is -the idealistic and
dens in defense of freedom as we are re- quite impractical dream of a few starry-
quired to do, onerous as they often are. But eyed idealists.
the great desire bf this Nation remains peace
with Honor and justice.. To eliminate' or to I do not agree. Tomorrow, at some
trim. down to utter futility the country's length, I expect to discuss each of these
peace-planning instrument-which is eon- Contracts to which exception has been
scantly engaged in research -and feasibility taken, hopefully to establish- my point
studies-would be tantamount to declaring of view that..everyone of them was Justi-
that there is no hope of peace. fled, helpful, and desirable: But, even
This, it seems to us, is riot a true refiec- if I am wrong, even if more money was
tiou ?f the Nation's wishes or posit:~82: If t than should have been spent, even
the Senate cannot now see its way clear to if the Committee majority feels that the
accept the entire program asked bq the. contracts should not have been entered
administration, it should at-least return to
the House compromise version. into, why. punish the agency by Cutting
(At this point Mr. KENNEIIY..gf New down the period of authorization? Why
York took the-chair as Presiding Oil'icerJ punish the President of the United States
and the Vice President of the United
Mr: CLARK. Mr. President, I should States by cutting down the period of the
like to return to the question raised by authorization? If the committee major-
trhe Senator,~rom Q>weapa .ar@as, particularly time to count them, even though the chase Then the planes headedvback to the base
CQiQge qf. Marin anti dent&eld, need imme- plane in which I was permitted to ride; made with no casualties and not th
li
ht
ck
e s
g
est ni
diate flpgd protgctipn, even at the. possible. five passes over the area,'two at 20 feet off:: on any of the Sky Raiders.
sacrifice of some esthetiGS." ., the ground, surREMacY
I might add here that we have done much I guess I was just too busy recovering from Although our forces do have complete air.
work with the staff o#' this committee to the approximately 4 g.`s .(pull of gravity) supremacy in South Vietnam, a Skyraider
assis f, tl}en~- in, seeing that most, of the prob- when- our plane pulled put , pf its 6,OOp-root. mission is always not quite that easy: Some-
lems that hake Currently been brought do dive on the first three passes, and top pre-. times the. ground fire is deadlier, as I learned
our' a'tterition will be .included in the .final occupied with my morbid ,;curiosity . as . to that afternoon at the officers' club. I talked
report, but it should. be pointed out further v,~hether' Vietcong fire might aUruptiy end my with Lt. Kemp P. "Buddy" Roedema of Gar-
A.1453
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~~~~ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX March -9~. X965
field, N.J., whose. 8kyraidex~ had been so
badly damaged by Vietcong ground fire that
he had to ball out over enemy territory.
while bullets whined around him, he ran
for cover and hid under a log. 'The Viet-
cong searched diligently for -him and came
within 20 feet, but couldn't find him.
Meanwhile, armed U.S. helicopters winged
their way to the area and hovered in the
area of the downed craft.. For a while,
Roedema dared not- stir despite the nearness
of the whirlybirds, Yor fear of getting shot
if he made a break for it.
aESCVE CRAFT
One of the choppers left and `the other was
abouC to pull out, too, when Roerlema made
his break. Apparently out." of respect for
the cannon and rocket power of the heli-
copter, the Reda retired -arid the lieutenant
made it safely to the rescue plane.
For those who thin& that we are not wiri-
ntng and cannot win. this tear, there 1s a
great Abject lesson. in the way, our mission
was p}xlled off. The estimates of ,the killed
enemy' were riot available, bLlt it 7s reasonable
to assume that mere than- 100 of the Viet-
cong Were killed in their 'mooches and fox-
bodes, while , not a single , casuaitp was in-
fileted on our side.
.OPERATIONS
As Colonel Reynolds haci told me in an
earlier briefing, the Vietcong enemy losses
from the 34th Tactical Gr+c~up operations in
December had been in esc:ess of 2,800 and
the indications were that 'the January. toll
Will be-even higher.
Compare this with only b9 airmen from
our gide killed since the w.Lr began, and the
]eason becomes obvious It is not unrea-
ionable'to assume that this tremendous dis-
parity in losses may eventually jolt Ho Chi.
Minh and the North Vietnamese guerrilla
war leaders into calling off their war.
The Challenge of .Citizenship
EXTENSION OF 1R,EMARKS
HON. PAUL A. FINO
that the role of the 20th century.. citizen apply t0 the multibillion-dollar industry
has been Weakened so much 6s to render it Of today.
ineffective. I know there are those who will One of the major problems facing our
disagree with me, those who will object that Nation in this era of rapid tranSparta-
because the. population of America .and of
the world has spiraled so rapidly the views tion is that the United States, through
of one are inconsequential to the govern- it3 tourists, spend more money 111 foreign.
went of the masses. I am cognizant of this countries than foreign visitors spend in
objection, but i refute it, and I _ahallenge the United States. Recent figures indi-
those -who undermine the worth of the in- ca,te that over 2 million Americans trav-
dividual to prove their citizenship. sled abroad last year and spent $3 bil-
I am a sovereign citizen of the Unites lion in foreign markets. In contrast, for-
states. I am the source of the authority sign visitors to the U.S. number approxi-?
of the Government. I have upon my
shoulders the, preservation of this great boon mately 900,000 al}d they Spent about $11/2
of freedom and opportunity for which others billion. Obviously, these figures place
in the past. have paid so dearly. It is my Americans in an unfavorable position of
responsibility to inform myself; I owe it to losing. approximately $1'/-z billion each
myself and to my county to formulate my Year.
own canclnsons on vital national issues_as The Government and peDple of tht;
carefully as i'L I were actually sitting in the United States are well aware Of this
President's chair. It is my responsibility to
learn to think clearly, to collect and evaluate pressing problem. Americans .have been
evidence, to learn to distinguish between iibtit~ated tO become more familiar with
propaganda ana truth. It is my responsi- their own country and to visit the his-
bility to read and scrutinize the news, to tOT1C and SCe11iC areas Of our land.
understand. the nature of the news, to ex- According to the Automobile AssoCia-
traot and prescind the facts from the edi- lion of America, approximately 8 million
torial bias that often distorts its objectivity, Americans Visited the State of New
~,,,x r~ make due allowances for my own ~ in 1964 Each year the num-
myself, to share my inf?rmation with others
publicly and privately; to that end I was
given the right to vote, to Frivately manifest
my own wishes to the. public. I .must be
conscious, too, that I ought not to hold fast
to my opinions as though they were politi-
cal dogmas, that I should not hesitate to
change my mind when stronger arguments
supersede them, that I should not be em-
barrassed when introduced to new ideas. I
must be tolerant of opposing viewpoints, to
have an independent conclusion by the best
light I have but with a certain respect for
the person whose viewpoint I do not share.
I must be loath to impugn motives ar to
engage in personality. attacks; i must recog-
nize that difference of opinion in a democ-
racy is wholesome. Finally, if this is truly
to be one nation under God, I must seek and
listen for divine guidance, to join with
others in the infinite fellowship of a small
group for discussion and prayer and find
th
d stren
g
that great increase oY power an
in such fellowship, to live totallq and to many natural and manmade &tt1'a.Ctlons.
live every moment. For those who.seek relaxation and enjoy-
Again, Irepeat: I am asovereign citizen of merit, Lake Winnipesaukee and Hamptcln
the United states, I am the source of the Beach offer the ultimate of fresh water
kith those who underestimate the awesome sailixlg and swimming, or salt water surf-
power of the individual and, in turn, neglect illg and comfort. Far those who seek
their own, lsersanal iesponsibilitiea an -the sporting, good roads and an abuxldant
groii.nda of a false assumption-and a foolish choice of wildlife combine t0 offer the
assumption at that-who, by their own best in hunting and the finest in salt
apathy, ignorance, and confusion conclude and fresh water fishing. New Hamp-
that the role of the 20th century citizen is shire has pioneered many modern ski
insignificant, and i challenge them to prove devices and today offers more than 60
th~r citizenship. major ski lifts, many of them brandnew
IN.TIiE HOUSE OF g,~pg,ESEN'TATIVEB Tuesday, March 9, 1965 Mr. VINO. Mr, Speaker, I am proud to say that an able and articulate young constituent of mine, Mr. Peter De Rose, has been selected as New York State's winner in the Veterans of Foreign Wars' Voice of Democracy contest. Mr. De Rose wan this honor with his fine essay "Thee Challenge of Gitizenship," which I would like to take this opportunity 'to
insert3ri the FLECOan.
The essay follows:
.. THE CHALLENGE Off CTTIZEN6HIP
(By Peter be Rose, Bronx, N.Y. )
Accordixig to .popular .repute, the role ai
the'~Oth 'century CfCTzen is insignificant, als
smart as a drop of water in the ocean, Which
seekirib' to fled its fellow drop ltlses itself in
the 'Wide sea. According to this source, the
cltizeri ai' today,'has no control over fire
problems arising' from t1~ie atomic bomb ar
automation; his own personal ideas and
reflections are tossed aside when matters
such as Berlin and birth control are dis-
cussed; and, according to this same popular
opinion, he is never consulted when policies
concerning communism, the Congo, And
Guba are at stake. To same extent, this be-
lief does contain a certain degree of truth.
But I do not completely agree with alI of
its implications. Ix1 short, I do not believe
HON.
J. O1IVA HUOT
NEw HAMPaHiBE
IN THE HOIISE OF REPRESENTATIVES
~"uesday, March. 9, 1965
Mr. HUOT. Mr. Speaker, the .term
"American Tourism" can nq longer be
classified as a minor segment of our Na-
tion's economy. .Recent problems and
statistics have now placed American
tourism in the realm of big business with
all the incentive and motivation that
Hamps re
ber of visitors to New Hampshire has in-
creased by .one-half million. 'Thus, New
Iiil,mpshire is doing its part in attract-
ing visitors to the Granite State who
otherwise might travel abroad.
I believe we must now -work even
harder to balance the monetary imbal-
ante that still exists.
New Hampshire is a prime example of
azi excellent reason why tourists find
comfort and enjoyment in American
travel.
Frain the White Mountains to the sea-
coast and from the Monadnock to Coas,
millions of American citizens have en-
joyed -their vacations in New Hampshire.
For those who seek beauty, the White
Mountain. Region, with the formidable
Mount Washington and the majestic
Mount. Chocorua, is a foremost vacatioll-
and many operating for summer sight-
seers. In the sport of horseracing,
R,ochingham Park features harness
racing and is the home of the richest
'race In the world-the New Hampshire
Sweepstakes.
The history and tradition of the unique
New Hampshire countryside are being
preserved for the future.. The famous
Strawberry Banks Colonial restoration
project in Portsmouth will be completed
within the next few years, and will serve
students and educators with the history
of the old Portsmouth of Revolutionary
times.
Mr. Speaker, this has been a presenta-
tion in capsule form, of what New Hamp-
shire has offered in the attempt to alle-
viate America's problem of gold outflow..
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. -APPENDIX
?1VIr. Bromley began his long tenure in
thesummer of 1917, in 4`act, just 3
mol}t~ls ryfter the, WYomin~ Il'ighway be-
partment was created by_ the Stake leg-
islature. ~ . _
Checking old records, i't is interesting
to note that between April of 1917 afld
November of 1918-the department ex-
pended $49,598.33 and this included such
th%ngs, as salaries, autos and expenses,
surveying equipment, ~ camping equi~p-
mel~t anal the,necessary, expenditures ~O?'
oi~ice ~'ilrni~ure required for , a new de-.
partment.
It: was also found in 1917 that none
of the counties had ever made surveys or
plans for highway canstriiction and, in
fa~~, some did not.even possess right-of-
w~.y, records
,,,~ur~ng tte eonstxuctl~ori'sea~Qn;of 117
surveys were done on $30 mile's of Federal
aid projects and 72 miles of State .aid
projects. ,
Mr. Bromley worked- in the summer of
1917 and joined the department full time
in 1918 as a rodman at Lusk after hav-
ing; completed 3 years study in civil ei1-
gineering at.tTie Universitq :of Utah.
~"rom,tl~'i~ b',eginnn~ Mr. Bromley rose
thrptagh. file ranks, having served in num-
emus assignments and at virtually every
looa'tion throughout the State of Wyo-
ming. In his 45 yeax?s of service to the
people of Wyoming, the last 21 have been
served 'as superintendent and chief -en-
gineer. -~ , - -
Also~during~'this time,~tl?.e department
has,l`isen t~o.a Stare .highway system com-
prising ix~arly x,,500 miles. anal an_ em-
ployee force; of .1,500 and an annual ex-.
penditure of nearly $50 million per. ye&r.
.Since the. placement of the first bil
surfacing in 1925, the department has
presently $361 million invested in high-
w~y~ and :Structures and an; additional
$132" milliosi of highway~constrtzction and
progress. .,In highway administration
ar4d mallagement circles,. J. R. Bromley
axed tl% Wvoinng IYighway Department
have jointly acquired a record of accom-
plishlrfent which is :envied throughout
the land.
Nir. Bromley has served as vice presi-
dent for the Rocky Mountain region for.
Piiner~caln Asspciation_,Qf,_Stat@,~ighway
O~icia~s a.Ilc~ 1sQ. as ~cc .president and
president of t~e vtrestern A`ssociation_,of
. .
State .~I3~hway Officials. ,Tie _ is a reg-
istered land surveyor. and professional
engineer in 'the State of Wyoming.
I join other officials of the State and
his many friends who are legion through-
out WyollTng in wishing ;Mr. Bromley
every happiness .upon his retirement
from a; c.areex of dedicated,public service
to the iriterest~of every citizen of Amer-
ica wYlo wj,ll haYe..occaspn t9, use Wyo-
ming sgreat higYlways and roads in file
War in Vietnam-
1#aXTENSION OF REMARK
_, OF
~d~l. TI~AUD~US J, AULSKI
' 1`N "f' 1#OtTS~ OF R.EPRI;SENTATI~ES
,~ 7'ttie~c~ay,lYlarch 9, 19fi5
Mr. , 1?TJx+SI~L . Mr. Speaker,. ;, under
leave to extend my remarks, I wish to
include the ~Oth .part_ of a series by Mr.
Lucian C. Warreri, Washington , corre-
spondent for the Courier-Express, Buf-
falo, N.Y., covering his trip to_Vietliam.
Part X, which was printed in the Cour-
ier-Express on March 2, 1965, follows:
THE WAR IN ~ VIETNAM, X-OCEAN MAN RISKS
'.LIFE AS--CIVILIAN' ~ --
(NOTE.-Lucian C. , Warren, Washington
correspondent for the CduTier-Express,:writes.
about a western New Yorker whq is risking
his life every day to promote South Vietnam-
ese agriculture.)
(By Lucian C: Warren)
SAIGON, SOUTFI VIETNAM -"SO sorry I ,
didn't- see you when you were in Danang,"
said Francis J. "Bud" Savage, formerly of
Olean, N.Y. "But you see the situation
where I was at Quang Tri is No. l0, an ex-;
pression that-means very, very bad.
?In fact," lie explained, "lt was so No. 10
that I am not being permitted to return be-
cause of the danger. I guess maybe they're
right. When you have been shot at three
times and ambushed once. by the Vietcong,
perhaps it's best not to press your luck by
staying."
Bud Savage; whose mother lives at 3111/2
South Second Street, Olean, is one of the
representatives of tiie IT.S. Operations Mis-
sion (USOIvI) bf the Agency for Interns-
tionaY Development (AID). He's'a part of
USOM's counterinsurgency , team that di-
rectly supports the South Vietnamese war
efforts in the.. rural areas. USOM seeks to
provide a new life -for hamlet dwellers and
refugees from the Vietcongg Communists by
Hel~iing them construct''scliools, health sta-
tions, rural water'stipply facilities and ham-
let defenses.
AGRICULTtJRAI; AID ~ ~ - ~ -' ~ -~
The- USOM crew is equipped to provide
seed, fertilizer, and rat poison, help establish
a hog-raising industry and grow better corn
and sweet potatoes. And for good measure,
they equip villages and hamlets with two-
way alarm radios and provide radio receivers
for key residents among the South Vietnam-
ese. _ ,. ,
In the arga where Savage has been working,
the Vietcong had made sharp inroads, as my
own trip near his hamlet had attested a few
days ago. I had visited Thanh Quit. with a
U.S. Army major only a few hours alter. the
Vietcong had been on a rampage and de-
stroyed the hamlet's barbed wire and bamboo
fortifications.
"You were only about G miles north of
where I was stationed," Savage declared.
"The whole axes is becoming reinfested with
Vietcong' and it will take strong measures
to push -them back again. Aside from -those
shootings and ambush, I underwent two sub-
stantial mortar attacks. And to add to my
troubles, I experienced two typhoons and a
flood. And yet I like Iriy work and intend
to go back to another assignment in a dif-
ferent area."
OVERSEAS FOR 15 YEARS
The Olean man has served his Government
overseas for 16 years since World War II.
In his earlier foreign service -work he was
stationed at such. places as Reykjavik, Ice-
land; Marseilles, France; Athens anal Salon-
ika, Greece, Trinidad, and Tripoli.
Once he joined the Foreign Aid program
and worked in Mongadiscio, Somalia, East
Africa, before volunteering for the Vietnam
TJS014I staff. ~ He has been here .6 months and
pi'eseri$` plans'are `for -film #o continue here
until at least October ,before ~ r,~~s~ignment.
'~11..1[rIy friends Ian. the States { ,.-_.. ~ N$w'ASSIGNMENT -
My interview with Savage occurred on-the
day of his return to the Danang area,- not
far from the border of North Vietnam. His
new assignment will be Yn-the Tan Ky area,
south from Danang, but some miles away
from his old hot spot. 'The South China Sea
is only about .12 miles away, but he'll be in
hill .country where the. going' may be almost
as rough as the post he vacated.
"Probably about No. 8 there," he grinned.
"Maybe I can help make it No. 1."
World Peace Through Rule of Interna-
tional Law
EXTENSIC+N OF REMARKS
- - OF
HOAL, ,DAMES G F'ULTON
~- -~ ---.OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 23, 1965
Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, under leave to extend my re-
marks in the RECORD, Iinclude-the fol-
lowing statement of -Cecil J. Olmstead
on behalf of Rule of Law Committee:
"MAKING. PERMANENT THE RULE OF LAW
AMENDMENT IN THE PRIVATE INVESTMENT
,. P$OTECTION PxOVISIONS OF THE U.~. FOREIGN
ASSISTANCE ACT (SEC: G2O (e)(2))-'-STATE=
MENT Off' CECIL J. OLIYISTEAD ON BEHALF OF
RULE OF LAW COMMITTEE -
I:
Mr, Chairman and .members of the com-
mitte'e, my name is Cecil J. Olmstead. I
serve as assistant to the chairman of the
board of Texaco, Inc. I am appearing today
not only in that capacity but also as a repre-
sentative of a group of companies who have.
fotmed a comYnittee called the Rule of Law
Committee: By way of background, I am
a professor of international law at New York
University School of Law and serve as presi-
dent of the American Branch of the Inter-
national Law Association. The~Rule of Law
Committee last year supported in the Senate
the Rule of Law or "Sabbatino" amendment
which was cosponsored by Senators SPARK-
MAN andHICKENLOOPER-andadOpted by a
large bipartisan maiority in the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee.. The amend-
ment; the text of which appears on the last
page of this statement, was ultimately
adopted as section G20(e)(2) of the Foreign
Assistance Act with the understanding that
it be further considered .this year before
being made permanent. I am here this year
to urge with. all the force- at my command
that the rule of law amendment be made
permanent. The recent expropriations' in
Indonesia: and in Syria serve to emphasize
the uigency of the situation.
The membership of the Rifle of Law Comte
mittee represents a significant part of Ameri-
can. btlsifless abroad and includes: -
Aluminum Co. of America; American &
Foreign Powex .Co., Inc.; American Metal
C31}n,~,x, Inc.; Anaconda Co.; Bethlehem..Steel;
Chase Manhattan Bank; Ford, Motor Co.;
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--APPENDIX March 9, 1865
Gulf 011 Corp.; International Telephone &
Telegraph Corp.; Bennecott Copper Corp.;.
North American Sugar Industries; Republic
Steel Corp.; .Socany Mobile Cil Go., .Inc.;.
Standard.. Oil Co. of California; Standard Oil
Co. (New Jersey); Texaco, Inc.; United Pruit
Co.; United States Steel Corp.; and Pan-
american Life Insurance Ca
All these companies have a common in-
terest in the protection of oversea invest-
ment;. This common concern for the protec-
tion of oversea.mvestment accounts. for the
fact that the members of the Rule of Law
Committee were deeply disturbed by the Su-
preme Court decision of last March m the
Sabbatino ease. (Banco Naeioral de.Cuba v.
Sabbatino, 376 U.S. 398..(1984) ). The im-
pact of that decision could have very adverse
eiRecta indeed upon the protection and en-
couragement oP oversea investment, particu-
larly in the less developed countries.
the Sabbatino case, the Castro. govern-
went of Cuba sued. in New York to recover
the sales proceeds of a shipment of sugar
which It had confiscated in Cuba as part of
its 1980 program to expropriate't1.S. interests.
The proceeds of the sale had come into pos-
session of a U.S.: sugar broker Sn New York
and been put in receiverahlp pending judi-
cial determination of ownership. The lower
courts gave judgment for the expropriated
American owners of the sugar on the ground
that the Cuban taking, although an "act of
state," was in violation. of international law
and hence, x1.gt entitled to the. recognition
ordinarily given in U.S. courts' to the acts of
a foreign state. The Supreme Court re-
versed; ho1d1?ig that there should be no in-
quiry in V.S. courts into the legality of the
Cuban expropriation and therefore that the
Cuban Government was entitled to the saIes-
proceeds in New York of the expropriated
sugar.
Thus, in its simplest tex7ns the Supreme
Cbw~ decision in the Sabbatinq case stands
Por the proposition that `if American prop-
erty is expropriated abroad anfl thereafter
brought within U.S. territory, courts in the
United States are precluded from: making
any inquiry into the matter including wheth-
er that, property was taken in violation of
international law. The consequence of this
propgsitfori is that if the ibrnier American
owners of property expropriated abroad seek
to recover that property when 1t turns "up
within the United Staten, they are denied
any kind of recourse to U.S. courts, both
State and FEderal, evenln-cases in whicla'the
expropriation is uncompensated or otherwise
1a in violation of international law. Specifi-
cally, this means that the fruits of such
illegal expropriations could be marketed with
impunity in the United States.
As one commentator has put it, the Court's
decision wan generally received with:.. "dismay
and consternation by those members of the
legal profession concerned with the protec-
tion of foreigxx investment: '
Tlae reasons for this dismay ,and conster-
nation may be itemized as follows:
1: The highest court in the Uxxited States
adopted a position in the Sabbatino case
whirh permitted the Castro government Off
Cuba to invoke the ;legal sanctions of U.S.
dpmestic _ courts to eniorcC its _ claim
to the, ~iroceeds 4f~the sale of goods expro-
priateci in Cuba from thg Am.eiican awn~rs
withoutpayment of compensation arid other-
wise in violation of international law includ-
ing admitted ~ discrimination against our
nationals..,
2. At the.-same' time an American litigant
in a U.S. court was dented the protection
which international law, if a.pplied> would
have afforded to his property interests.
3. The; Supreme Court for the first .time
Sn Sts history declared that domestic courts,
which traditionally have applied interna-
tional law. as a part of the law of the United
States, are ..not obliged to apply that law
where the application might result in a hold-
ing. that the ant of a foreign state taken
within its own territory had been in viola-
tion of internatfalxaI law.
4, The Supreme Court refused to permit
domestic courts in the United States either
to make a determination on the merits or
tb inquire into the validity of confiscatory
acts of a foreign state even where the courts
had complete jurisdiction by every conven-
tional teat of, jurisdiction.
5. Unnecessarily and without weighing the
practical consequences of their words, the
Supreme Court majority appeared to en-
dorse the attack made by Castro's lawyer on
the international law standard of "grompt,
adequate and effective" compensation.
6, The Supreme Court adopted a more
extreme application of the act of State doc-
trine than any other country whose courts
have passed upon this problem and in doing
su set a precedent which, if not .modified,
may unfortunately be adopted by other
eountriea all over' the world.
The practical threat to U.S. foreign invest-
went posed by the majority opinion in the
Sabbatino case was threefold:
(a) U.S. comers of f'Orelgn investment
would be dented the protection against ex-
propriation of being able to attach their
former property if it were seized in violation
of 9nternational law and latter came within
th8 jurisdiction. of American. courts.
(b) The willingness of courts in other
eauntriea'to permit.U.S. investors to attach
their expropriated prapertp ii it was im-
parted into those countries was undermined.
(c) The Goxnmunist and ,Nationalist
enemies of U.S. iorelgn investment were given
encouragement by the ,suggestion that the
international law standard of "prompt, ode-'
quote and effective" compensation for ex-
propriations could not be enforced by Amer-
ican courts fn the absence of a treaty. In
Chile, the unsucxessful presidential candi-
date Allende in advocating expropriation of
tlxe U.S. copper oompaniea commented that
the Sabbatino ruling meant that he would
not have to compensate the American com-
panfes li' he`taok them over..
1I
The Supreme Court's opinion in Sabba-
tino, however, made it clear that the prob-
lems created could be corrected by legisla-
tion. In its opinion the Supreme Court had
stated that its decision was not .required
by any provision of the U.S. constitution
or by any rule of customary international
law. instead, It is clear that the Court's
decision .was based upon the belief that in
this particular area of international law the
Supreme Court should defer to the political
branches. of the Government who are ex-
pressly Charged with the formulation of the
foreign policy of the United States. It
should be emphasized that the Supreme
Court's expressed deference was -not to the
executive branch. alone but rather to both
the. executive. branch and the Legislative
branch-and properly so. At the time of
its decision, however, the Court had only the
State Department's .expression of preference
before it and acted without the benefit of
any expression of congressional policy. It
1's'therefare clear from the text of the Sab-
batino opinion that the Supreme Court
recognizes that the Congress is perfectly`free
to participate in the formulation of U.S,
policy in this area under its traditional con-
stitubional powers, among others, the power
to regulate foreign commerce and to define
offenses against the Iaw of nations. In
actual litigation in which the rule of law
amendment has been sought to be applied,
the Justice Department has stated that it
found "no constitutional prohibition" to the
amendment's application.
The purpose of last year's rule of law
amendment was to modify the. Supreme
Court decision only in part and to strike a
reasonable balance between the interests
of private parties in the protection of their
oversea investment under international law
and the interests of the Government in the
conduct of foreign relations. This was. ac-
complished chiefly by a simple reversal of
presumptions. Under the law as it stood
immediately after. the Supreme Court's de-
cision in the Sabbatino case, every court
in the United States was then .required to
presunxe that any inquiry by it into the
validity under international law of the act
of -a foreign state respecting matters within
its own territory would be a matter of
embarrassment; o State Department in the
conduct of foreign policy and therefore no
ouch inquiry should be initiated unless the
State Department by afHrxnative act indi-
cated that it had no objection to such a
judicial inquiry.. The rule of law amend-
ment reverses this presumption so that the
courts now are to presume .that they may
make a determination on the merits in every
case in which it is asserted that international
law has been violated unless .the President,
or his designee, advises the .court that such
a determination .would be a source aY em-
barrassment In the conduct of iorelgn policy.
In addition, the amendment permits appli-
cation of the "prompt, adequate and ef-
fective compensation" rule as already set
out in section .620 of the Foreign Assistance
Act without the requirement that this be
agreed to by treaty..
Under the amendment, the litigant is
granted his day in court on the basis of a
statutory presumption oY nonembarrassment,
unless the President intervenes to rebut .that
presumption: .Thus the litigant may be de-
nied aconsideration of his case on the merits
only after the President, or the State. De-
partment on his behalf, .has actually weighed
the public Interest of .the Government in
avpiding embarrassment against the private
interests of the litigant in having ills prop-
ertil dealt with under the rule of the law and
has affirmatively found that in the particular
case the public interest must override the
private interest..
Another consequence of the statutory re-
versal of presumptions is that international
law with respect to expropriations will be ap-
plied in II.S. courts as a matter of course, as
it is applied in all other. cases where it is
relevant,. unless the President intervenes. In
the absence of such intervention the amend-
ment assures that international law will be
applied and that the private litigant will be
accorded. hia;day in court... It fa for these
reasons. that we speak of it as the "rule of
law" amendment.
xrr
It will be recalled -that the conference
committee last year accepted the principle
of the amendxixent but made it applicable
only to cases' commenced prior to January i,
1966. The conference report makes t'clear
that the'only reason#or'the'time limitation
was to permit the Congress to hold hearings
on the questfoxi before taking the decision
that-the rule of law amendment be made
permanent legislation. I am here to urge
with all the strength I can bring tb bear the
amendment "be made permanent. Specifi-
cally, we urge that the third proviso in sec-
tion 620(e) (2) of the act be deleted. You
will see -this prbvis0 bracketed in'the .text of
the amendment appearing at the end of my
statement.
It"should be noted that the position urged
by companies that make up the Rule of Law
Committee enjoys wide support among bar
associations, trade organizations, and mem-
bers 2~f the academic community who have
no commercial connection whatsoever. The
proposal for the principle embodied in the
rule of law amendment was originally put
forward in 1969 by the International Law
Committee of the Association of the Bar
of the City, of New York- and was later
adopted as a matter of policy by that asso-
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1l~a~'~h,; 9, ~~~~ CQNGRESSIONt~L ~?ECQR~-- APPTDIX
with stlm~ derogatory labels such as radical, nam and withdrawal of all U.S. ground
socialistic, un-American, subversive, and so forces: The other favors sending as many as
On, . @FSo~ with sugh an attitude Teally be- a million U.S. troops, Lf necessary, to hold
tray ~he Pact that they do not trust truth South- Vietnam against the Communist in-
to win Qllt 113 t,,he free-foT-all. of public dis- filtrators from the north.
cursfox}, Perhaps-they sear that their Intel- FORD said he cannot visualize sending a
leci,ual stance ca3lnot be defended in open million Americans and asserted that "any
debate, and that opposing viewpoints .must substantial increase should come from. our
bg destroyed by smearing the persons who ex- Asian allies."
press such views. On the other hand, he expressed belief "it
IY Americans to xemainstrong and preserve would be catastrophic to withdraw now,
its democracy for future generations, we must either militarily or by some negotiated set-
guard vigilantly our freedom oP speech- tlement that would be unworkable."
Which today, often means the freedom to ex- FORD said it should eventually be possible
press unpopillar opinions. to withdraw U.S. ground forces unit by unit
,~
Must Ask Question '['o Get the Answer
EXTENSION OF .R,EMARKS
QI''
HON. CHARLES E. CHAMBERLAIN
{jF,.~ICFIICIAN ~. ..
IN THE HOUSE OF.REPRESENTATIVES
.Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. _CIiAM$ERLAIN. Mr. Speaker,
the i~ansing (Mich.) State Journal in-
eluded on, Wed~lesday, March 3, 1965, the
editorial, "Must Ask Question To Get
the Answer," posed the problem of using
fighting men Sr4m several .Asiatic na-
tions on the firing line ix3.Vietnam in-
stead o~ a major buildup -of .American
troops.: This .suggestion by the gentle-
man frol}t ,Michigan [Mr. GERALD R.
FoRn7 zxlakes e~iough sense to.deserve an
analysis and an answer by those in com-
mand of oux Departments. of State and
i~efen~e, ~Zt_:recs)gnizes the need for stop-
pin~ the flow qf. Comlz;unist troops into
South Viet .nam. but also recognizes the
fact th~t.those,nations with a vital in-
terest in preserving freedom in south-
east: Apia have the fiesponsibilitY to help
shoulder tklq load rather. than to sit on
the sidelines indefinitely.
Fkepre~entative l~'oRn kiss here made a
coxlstructiYe.;su~~estion._which neither
emphasizes the view of "get out and ne-
gotiate". nor the commitment of greater
numbers of boys to the struggle in Viet-
nam. It deserves most serious consid-
eration by the , administration. With
iinazlimpus consent I .submit the edi-
torial fad the RECORD:.
~. NiUST, Aax_-QVESTION TO GET THE ANSWER.
-It wouldn't- be surprising if the plan put
forward by V.S. Representative GERALD R.
FORD, Ja., of Grand Rapids, for winning the
war in 'Vietnam v?ithout a major buildup of
Americall.troops were greeted by gloomy pre-
dictions that it wouldn't work.
The #Iause Republican leader proposes that
fighting men from several Asiatic nations be
put on the firing line agafnstthe Communist
Vietcong..
It vPOUldn't be a United Nations operation,
but instead would call far the formation of
a brandnew Asian-American task force.
In a13 interview.with this newspaper, FORD
listed South Korea, Formgsa, the Philippines,
and Australia. as cgu13tr1ea he feels could
cOntrll~utg ~lllzst~tial numbers aP troops to
-the joint_forc@ assigned to the defense of
freedom 11t South .Vietnam.... .
"Those countries have. just as big an in-
terest ss we da. ia3 keeping southeast Asla
free," he said, "N~aybe more so, since they
are gecs~rapliica'11y closer to .the war."
F'oaa views as u}Irgalistic the ideas of two
opposing schools of thought in Washington.
One syants ~, negotiated settlexient in Viet-
as pro-Western .Asians move 113., to replace
them, With America's contribntlon limited to
air and sea power.
Of America's immediate objectives in the
war, he said:
"First, we must stop the flow of Commu-
nist .troops and_armaaments Sntq South. Viet-
nam.
`Second, Hanoi and Peiping must learn
that .they are, wasting their time. trying to
overrun'South Vietnam.
~"Once those aims are achieved, then may-
be we can -talk about a negotiated peace."
Its obviously going to take a lot of doing
to achieve these -two goats, but we believe
FORD'S plan makes a lot of sense.
Of course, a big question is involved-
whether the other Asian countries would co-
operate in a joint effort in behalf of a cause
that is an important, or more so, to them is
as it is to the United States or whether they
are determined to stay on the sidelines and
let America continue to carry the whole
burden.
The answer to the question cannot be ob-
tained by taking the position that Fosn's
proposal wouldn't work and. that there is
no use in pursuing the course he has out-
lined.
The best way to get the answer is to ask
the question in terms that make ft un-
mistakably clear that the United States
doesn't intend ~tA continue indefinitely to
carry on its own shoulders a load which
others having a vital stake in preserving
freedom in southeast Asia have a moral re-
sponsibility to share.
A Bill To Grant an Additional Tax Ex-
emption, for a Taxpayer Supporting a
Dependent Who Has Attained Age 65
or is Blind
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. PAUL A. FIND
OF NEW YORE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, today I have
reintroduced my bill to amend the In-
ternal Revenue Code to grant an addi-
tional tax exemption for a taxpayer sup-
porting adependent who has attained
age 65 or is blind.
Despite the recent tax cut, the bur-
dens of taxation still lie heavily on those
supporting elderly persons or blind per-
sons. The expenses these supporting
taxpayers must incur are severe, and
they receive no tax break-apart from
the medical expense deduction. I think
it is time that we recognized the weight
of this burden, and the need to lessen
lt.
A taxpayer supporting elderly or blind
,x,1041
persons cannot now get the double de-
duction that the elderly or blind person
can get for his or her income tax. As it
is often the supporting taxpayer who is
the only one paying the tax, things ought
to be equalized by giving him the addi-
tional tax exemption. This would ease
the heavy burden of caring for elderly
and blind persons.
The Challenge of Citizenship
- EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON.- JAMES F. BATTIK
.. .. ..~.OFMONT'ANA_
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. BATTIK. Mr: Speaker, the Vet-
erans of Foreign Wars conducts a Voice
of Democracy contest- for high school
students across the Nation. The winner
for the State of Montana this year is
Miss Mary Margaret Blom of Havre,
Mont. I would like to commend Miss
Blom and, at this point in the RECORD,
I would like to insert her essay:
THE CHALLENGE OF CITIZENSHIP
(By Mary Margaret Blom)
During this past year, Americans have had
more opportunity to voice their opinions,
state their views, argue with opponents, and
grow firmer in their political convictions
than at any other time in communications
history, Voters and politicians discuss,
analyze, argue, present, and continually try
to convince one another. Everybody has an
idea about how our Government should be
run. And yet, in spite of all the squabbling,
this country grows and prospers, supplies
good jobs to more people, has the best paid
teachers in the best equipped schools in the
world, feeds tens of thousands all over the
earth, gives more to charity, spends more on,
education, and research, takes better care of
its old; sick, and orphans, and supports more
generously more symphony orchestras, more
artists and writers, 'and more good publica-
tions. And in what other nation on earth
would you find the counterpart of Little
League baseball?
So despite all the varied and oftspoken
cures prescribed by American social doctors,
America is today the greatest, most produc-
tive Nation on earth.
What is the reason that the United States
has been able to progress and out-produce
the rest of world? America is a democracy.
America is based economically on free en-
terprise. These two reasons explain the po-
sition that the United States of America
holds in this hemisphere and indeed in the
world today.
American democracy is threefold-politi-
cal, which is freedom of expression and vote;
economic, Which is freedom of investment
and enterprise; and social, which is freedom
of association and opportunity. Each of
these forms of democracy has become vital
to the American way of life. Each American
holds his rights dear. And mast Americans
realize how important the duties that cor-
respond to these privileges are. This grow-
ing realization among Americans-that citi-
zenship implies active participation-is the
reason, I believe, .that more Americans are
registering to vote, joining the Peace Corps,
attending criminal trials, earnestly support-
ing political parties that express their views,
and in general, showing increasing interest
in the image and the reality of the American
way of life-an American way of life that
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CONG~tESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX March 9, Y 965
Like as not the shopping list showed ieW,
if any, of the little snacks ar Candies bought
oh impilise just before the checkout counter
was reached.
' Ali iri 'ail, surveys bq the Government and
the food industry note that despite the
clianging'tastes ai the American consumer,
he spends proportionally less on food today
than he did years ago.
SALES FIGURES REPORTED
every year expands itself by admitting into
its privileged membership, thousands of for-
eign-born appreciators-people who in their
dire need and love of freedom strive even to
the point of risk of life to become recognized
citizens of liberty's bulwark=the country
that we are learning not to take for granted.
This then is the challenge of citizenship
of this year and indeed of this decade: to
continue, now that we have begun-to con-
tinue in our advancement, our progress, our
prosperity. We are coming to grips with the
challenge, but the struggle. is ftcr from won.
We must continue our efforts, our loyalties,
our hopes. And this way, Amer[ca can reach
new pea-ka, can ride to new crests an the tide
of democratic principles. We must spread
them abroad, and further therm at home.
We must build, and create and encourage.
We must give to the .youth oi' our land a
whetted appetite, a hunger fox' justice and
the American way.
Continued voter interest and even more of
it must be the key phrase to insure that in
the future of our America, right is might,
not the opposite.
Grocery Store Bills Rise, but Not Because
of Food Costs
The Government has estimated that food
sales this year will total $82 billion, or $2
billion above 1964. This increase of about 3
percent, however, is the same as the rate of
population growth.
According to the Grocery Manufacturers'
Association, the consumer spent 19 percent
of his disposable income on food in 1964.
This compared with 26 percent about 15
years ago. During this time, the 1,500 items
he had to choose Yrom on the grocer's shelves
ha$ grown to $,000.
The Food Field Reporter, a trade paper
and statistical organization, said that total
grocery sales rose 2.8 percent in 1963, to $53,-
920 millton. in the same period, the latest
for,which figures'are available, nonfood items
in these shops and markets jumped 12.5 per-
cent to $4,327,550,000?
Is it concern over waistlines that is keep-
ing expenditures for food down in relation to
disposable income?
The answer is elusive.
The largest gain in sales in 2963 was in
dietetic soft drinks, up b2.3 percent from the
year before; and the largest decline of, any
grocery line was in metered-calorie products,
down 30.2 percent.
One theory that food executives dismiss
is about the less arduous work Americans do
nowadays. They point out that people spend
more time at home than they did years ago,
and consequently are closer to the refrigera-
tor.
Increased incomes are also translated into
a rising demand for meat as well as beer and
snacks, such as potato chips. Market re-
search men are particularly interested in the
increased consumption of beer by teenagers.
This has helped move beer sales from fifth
to fourth position in volume leadership.
Only fresh beef, cured pork products and
fresh vegetables top beer in grocery stores.
As for keeping busy, food men are one in
declaring that housewives, especially those in
the suburbs, are more active than ever. As
one executive noted:
"Kids are rarely left alone today, whether
in the city or suburbs. Thep are driven from
pillar to post by parents obsessed with 'at-
tainment.' This means less time to prepare
meals and hence the fantastic growth of con-
venience foods."
OTHER FACTORS
Part of the success, or at least the ability to
withstand competition from supermarkets,
stems from the pockets of ethnic groups that
remain in the cities. This factor has had a
profound effect on food store management.
"Ethnic or specialty foods are so impor-
tant," one chain store executive declared,
"that they have set `headquarters buying'
back. One large national chain that did its
buying with a computer failed to allow for
special preferences in various neighborhoods
and wound up selling its Eastern stores: '
The speciality stores also perform services
that the large chains find impossible. For
instance, many grant credit or permit cus-
tomers to buy items on sale by the box and
then allow the buyer to draw from this car-
ton over a period oY time.
.ONE FAMII.Y'S PATTERN
Recently, one family on the West Side
bought several cases of canned vegetables at
a sale, which were put aside by the grocer.
The housewife tllen picked up several cans
each day and it saved space in her home.
Large supermarkets, on the other hand,
depend on low prices and variety to draw cus-
tomers. This has led to the stocking of many
nonfood itemis, which have higher profit Inar-
gins than most edibles.
The drug stores, now losing their toiletries
customers to supermarkets, have in many in-
stances installed food departments serving ice
cream and confectionery items. Loft's Candy
Co. has been particularly active in placing
their agencies in drug stores.
Probably the biggest gainer in the drug
store-supermarket Competition for the con-
sumer dollar is the packaging industry. Last
year, an estimated $Z3 blllion was spent on
packaging materials for food and drug items.
That-more taothpa_ rte is sold in supermarkets
than drug stores is immaterial to this in-
dustry.
PILLSBURY'S FORMAT
Another beneficiary is the grocery manu-
facturer. A case in point is the Pillsbury Co.
Some 20 years ago, Pillsbury was mainly
concerned with producing flour. It then be-
gan making cake mixes, processed potatoes,
irazen foods and other convenience foods.
One result has been a 93-percent rise in
profit on a 40-percent increase in sales in
the last 7 years.
About the aniy loser in the food industry
has been the farmer. The Department Gf
Agriculture has reported that the retail cost
of all food consumed or exported in 1953 to-
taled $1,003 million. Oi this, the farmer re-
ceived $44b million, or 44 percent.
In 1963, this same food basket cost $1,078
million and the farm value was $394 million,
or 37 percent.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. E. C. GATHINGS
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. GATFiINGS. Mr. Speaker, the
Sunday, March 7, issue of the New York
Times carried an article. entitled "Gro-
cery Store Bills Rise, but Not Because of
Food Costs." Unfortunately, t`iis fine
article was carried on the pages of the
financial section and may have been
missed by the housewives of the Nation.
It is information that every grocery
Shopper should have, and it is a pleasure
to incorporate the articles into these
remarks.
Mr. H. J. Maidenberg ha:> presented a
factual statement and the information
indicates clearly that, despite the chang-
ing tastes of the American consumer,
and while all other consumer prices have
been going up and up, proportionately
less is spent on food today by the house-
wife than was spent Years ago.
Wood is still the best bargain on'the
merchant's shelf.
The article follows:
GROCERYSTORE BILLS RISE, BU'r NOT BECAUSE
OF FOOD COSTS-NON-EDIBLES OUTDISTANCE
GROWTH OF THE POPULATION
(By H. J. Maidenberg)
l:f you thought you spent :~ bit too much
at the supermarket yesterday, you probably
did-but not for food.
Chances are the shopping bag contained
hair sprays, first-aid kits, bubble-bath soap,
paper fowler, patient medicines, and many
other items formerly bought in drug stores.
As for food, much of the bill covered pur-
chases of meat, soft drinks, frozen vegetables,
beer, and prepared or semiprepared goods
such as cake mixes, and other convenience
foods that were rarely on shopping lists a
dozen or so years ago.
[n terms of percentage, food sales are not
keeping pace with-the rise iri gopulatton, bixt
nonfood sales in groceries are growing much
caster than the population.
The extra housework required of house-
wives in the suburban home and the growing
number of married women who work also con-
tribute to the sharp sales rise of cake mixes,
boil-in-the-bag foods, frozen dinners and
other convenience items.
Commenting on taste, one executive of a
large food concern said that vast improve-
ments in the manufacture of convenience
foods had overcome initial resistance to many
of these products.
"Take instant potatoes, for example," he
said. "They don't taste like mashed pota-
toes, they're better tasting."
One reason given for the slow rise in gro-
cery sales of food. products is the strength
of specialty stores, particularly in the city.
While the city is often called an impersonal
place, shoppers there are far more personal
in their tastes and less bound by conformity
than those in the suburbs.
The specialty stores usually carry grocery
staples, but depend heavily on "ethnic foods"
and gourmet Items. Their sales show a steady
rise from year to year, and in 1983 totaled
$5.57 billion.
RKS
XTENSION OF REMA
aF
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSK[
OF NEW YORE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Lu-
cian C. Warren, Washington correspond-
ent for the Courier-Express, Buffalo,
N.Y., visited Vietnam recently and has
been writing a series of articles for his
newspaper on his observations there.
Part IX, which appeared in the Cou-
rier-Express on March 1, 1965, follows:
FLARE PLANES HELP TO SPOT VIETCONG
(NOTE.-Vietcong .guerrillas are night-
fighters, so Vietnamese forces and their
American advisers have countered with planes
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65 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
___. _
press, rides aflare-carrying C-123.)
r' Eby Lucian C. Warren)
PFiTJOC BOA, SOUTH DISTNAM.-In 1S mid-
ni"gift, and t1~e big C-123 Air Force cargo plane
is slowly circling over thLs area miles north of
Saigon aril at an altitude of aboiin4,000 feet.
'A moon that is nearly full casts a ghostly
light oil the plain below, and the eerie effect
is heightened by `a crescent-shaped: grass fire
blazing 1n this vicinity. ~ ~" -'
"'The i?res cou1~1 be the work, of farmers'who
use this method to prepare the soil for plant-
ing, or they could have been lit by the Viet-
cong'Commies'to provide a smoke cover for
their activities." ~ ~ '
. U:9. PH.UTB .. ... ,
The comment was from fife plane's Air
Force pilot, Maj. M. R. Richardson, a native
of Bap St. Louis, Miss., with whom we were
chatting over the plane's intercom system.
Beside him sat his copilot, Capt. James M.
Dillard, a Negro from bleat Virginia, and -be-
hind them da the navigator's chair was a
young- Vietnamese Air Force man; who was
inconstant touch by radio with South Viet-
namese forces beiges.
"Looks .very much like you're not going to
see our `fireworks tonight," drawled Dillard.
"Guess you should have taken the Smoky
Blue run. "They dropped `plenty oP flares
there just a little while ago at Soc Trang in
the delta country south of Saigon. -But it
appears that Smoky Red just isn't going to
get the word."
.. E`LAkE-'$TICIC'NAME~a' ... . _..< e
EarliQr we liasi earned t1aa~,~Ln,gky fLed`and
Smoky $Iue-were the nicknames for the air'-
cxaft parachute flare operations that are
available riightYy `to the South \7letnamese
groundforces'if they need''illumination to
thwart the Vie ~o~g. '
Bmo~Iy Red ~s the first to become- airborne
every night at dusk. At a?iioixt 7 we fiad
boarded the C-123 and took off, with a c#ew
of $, also including the flight mechanic, a
"loadmaster" 'in charge of ,the 18b flares
abroad, and 3 "kickers" trained' iri drgp-
ping the million-candlepower oversize ro-
mail Candles with maximum, ef[icienoy.
CALL RO PFIUOC FI A ,
~~: .
k'or .moxe, than ,ail hour, t}iq , Sawky Red
plane 1}ayd described anG arc. around ..Saigon,
wafting a call. At $:15 p.m. it came and the
plane took ofif forPhuoc Haa,.
.This automatically ses in operation Smoky
Blue, another similarly equipped C-124 plane,
which cirClsd ~aigoxi until it got its call for
Soc Trang. This was the signal for Smoky
Green to becaiiie airborne, and if it,.#1ad ;l}e-
come il.ecessary a Smoky Srown was on tap.
It took only about 15 minutes for Smoky
Red to arrive at its-destination, The time
was'utili2ed by the loadmaster and the kiek-
ers to shuck some of .their flares from metal
contai>~ers. Four were then. placed on a flair
chute, their."safety pins" (tiny screws which
make the flare, inoperable until pulled) re-
moved ali.d timers adjusted.
~,
-7faNITE AT 1,600 FEET~~
The 4loadmastex, S. sgt. Harley W: Nelson
of Minneapolis, Minn., told me that. the tim-
ers had >~~en set for the fares to go off 1,500
feet above the .ground, after being dropped
at about 3,000 feet: ,
Anticipating quite a Shaw, I watched thg
busy crew which was ready to kick off fife
flrst.2.iiares.upon arrival at the directed spot.
Five,, ten;; fifteen minutes. went, by and
i~gthing iiapperied. One of,the kickers sat op
the rear ,4argo door, elevated just enough to
let the flares; 1}p dropped. 7iis feet were ,on
the 4 readied flares, while 10 more were lined
up `behind, ready for the chute.
but the call slid not come. ,Nelson said it
safnCtim@s happens that the fare plane Will
r _~,.
get a call for the target, but for some rea~oli
the ground forces failed to notify the plane
aster it arrived that the .flares should be
dropped.
"Sometimes the Vietnamese navigator just
can't contact the ground forces," he ex-
plained, "and he is not supposed to give the
go-ahead until he does."
A check with Major Richardson, however,
produced the information that nothing was
amiss, that contact had been established with
the ground but they didn't want the flares
dropped at that time.
"Sometimes," he said, "the flares might
help the Vietcong and hurt our forces. The
very fact that the Vietcong can hear us cir-
cling above them may have had a restraining
influence in their planned dirty work for the
night."
TEnr~woalt
it is now 12:30 a.m. and Smoky Red, run-
ning low on fuel, has been ordered to return
to Tan Son Nhut Airport at Saigon. As the
plane turns south, I can hear the' Missis-
sippian bantering goadnaturedly with -his
Negro copilot.
Major Richardson had told us earlier: "He's
one ai the finest guys I have ever known.
We-get along just great."
I am not destined to see the flares dropped
tonight, but the example o2 teamwork of a
Mississippian and a Negro and their crew
working valiantly to protect the interest of
the freedom-loving South Vietnamese is, in
its very special sway, highly illuminating.
Girl, 14, Saves Drowning Bop
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
QF
.HON... J. OL1VA HUOT
' OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
TueSda1/, March 9, Y965
Mr. HUOT. Mr. Speaker, I desire to
call the attention of my distinguished
bolleagues to an act of heroism on tnc
pnrt of a 14-year-old girl in my home city
of Laconia, N.H.,. on .Wednesday last.
Barbara Michaud., 14, of Gilford,,N.H.,
a ninth-grade student of Laco#lia Me-
morial Junior High School, jumped into
15 feet of frigid water, in a swift cur-
rent in the Winnepesaukee River to save
10-year-old Anthony Glidden, of Lacoliia,
who had fallen through the ice and
drifted into open water. This Friday the
Laconia Police 7epartment is sponsoring
a "Heroine Day" in honor of Barbara's
courage and heroism.
It is indeed heartwarming to be able
to relate such acts of heroism in view of
the increasing publicity given to our
in0unting crime rate and juvenile deln-
quency`: ` Barbara's selflessness should
remind us all of the uprightness and
Courage df the great majority of Amer-
ica's youthful population. Perhaps if
we looked t,~ the motivations of the many
young people like Barbara we could learn
better how to cope- with juvenile de-
linquency.
Mr. Speaker, I include: for the further
attention of my distinguished colleagues,,
an article by Mr._ Earl O. Anderson of
Laconia, which appeared in the Man-
Chester _ Uxlion Leader of Thuxsday>
l~arcY1 4, and-part of an editorial which
appeared in t11e,Lacania Evening Citizen
of the same date.
,,
[From the Laconia Evening Citizen; Mar. 4,
19651
EDITORIAL- COMMENTS-WHAT GOES THROUGH
YOUR MIND BEFORE YOU JUMP INTO ICY
WATER TO SAVE -A STRANGER .FROM DROWN-
INGT
Plucky Barbara Michaud, 14; of Gilford,
did not stop to consider the consequences to
herself yesterday, and as a result, a 10-year-
old Lakeport boy, Tony Glidden, is very much
alive today.
In an era when people many years older
than Barbara have adopted an attitude of
not becoming involved as fellow humans
are fatally beaten almost- in their dooryards,
the Gilford girl's deed of valor stands out
as a shining star.
Gilford neighbors who know the Michaud
family and Barbara as a competent babysitter
felt that she had what it takes. Now they
are positive.
[From the Manchester Union-Leader, Mar, 4,
1985]
GIRL, 14, SAVES DROWNING BOY
(By Earl O. Anderson)
LACONIA.-Quick.. thinking of a 14-year-old
Gilford girl, coupled with prompt action, was
credited with saving a 10-year-old Lakeport
boy from drowning here late yesterday after-
noon.
Anthony "Tony" Glidden, oldest of eight
children of Mr. and Mrs. William Glidden, 7
Hill Street, had gone down twice before Bar-
bara Michaud reached him, in the middle of
the Winnepesaukee River, just above the
Lakeport I3am.`
The water was an estimated 15 feet deep
and near freezing temperature, firemen said.
The girl grabbed Tony by the collar of
his jacket and the back of the head and
brought him ashore, and had started . ar-
tificial respiration when the firemen
arrived.
Barbara, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph
Michaud, Cherry Valley. Road, Gilford, said
later that she was attracted by Tony's cries
for help, and then- saw him go under, as
shg was walking across Elm Street Bridge,
en route to Our Lady of the Lakes Church.
"I cried `O my God; and started running
toward -him as fast as I could;" the plucky
girl said later.
"It was perhaps 50 yards, and as T got
to the bank of the river I tossed down my
schoolbooks and tore off my coat and plunged
in.
'Z saw Tony go down a second time just
before I reached him.
"I just did whatI had to, that's all:"
Firemen who responded with resuscitation
equipment and a boat used the inhalator
on Tony for a few minutes, and he was ad-
ministered oxygen in the Robichaud ambu-
lance during his ride to the Laconia Hospital.
He was attended by Dr. Harry E. Trapp,
who said the boy appeared a little blue from
the cold, but responded well to treatment.
He was released later last evening. Bar-
bara did not appear to have suffered any
ill effects from her unexpected swim in the
icy water.
The physician was high in his praise of
Barbara's action, and said- there was no
question but that she_ had saved Tony's
life.
Tony's father, as he thanked Barbara, said,
"Thank you so much. I wish that you were
my own daughter. I am going to try and
see that you get a medal for this, even if I
have to write President Johnson, and intakes
every cent I have. For if it hadn't been for
you, we wouldn't have had Tony tonight."
SWIMMER SINCE e
Barbara said she had been able to swim
since about 8, and was taught by .her
father, a disabled World War II veteran, who
has_ shovvi~. _ail_tlie Michaud children how
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
She is a former Girl Scout, a 91~h grade stu-
dent at Memorial Junior High School, and
the 'second' youngest of five children.
Tony told, when asked later, that he was
headed to the Lakeport library when he saW
a-bright object on the ice near the shore.
He walked out on the ice to pick up the
object, when the' ice broke and he .fell into
the water.
Iairemen said the boy' was about YO feet
out in open water in the swift current when
he was rescued.
The scene was near the oontrol station for
Lakeport Dam.
Firemen answering the accident call were
telephoned by a woman who saw Tony ,in
the water at the same time Barbara spotted
the boy, were Capt. W. Ronald McAllister,
Howard Marden, and Charles Stuart, '
Southeastern Ohio Applauds Appalachian
Development ;Act
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OY~' ..
HON. WALTER. H. M(~ELLER
OS OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF~REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 165 .
Mr. MOELLER. Mr. Speaker, passage
of the Appalachian regional development
program ley Congress has'been greeted
with widespread approval and enthu-
siasm in my 10th Congressional District
of Ohio.
I have received a fioodtide of .letters
and communications from representa-
tives of practically every segment of our
population in southeast Ohio. They have
come from community leaders, educators,
conservancy districts, farm groups and
from individuals who want to leave for
tkleir sons and daughters. greater oAPOr-
tunities than they themselves inherited
from, the cast generation.
As coauthor of this vital legislation, I
am, of Bourse, glad that it does have the
active, vigorous support of the people
whom I represent in Congress. More
importantly, I am proud that they are
willing to roll up their sleeves and go to
work noRt, without defy, to help trans-
late into-reality the bright promise of the
Appalachian program. My people realize.
that this is not a "handout," that its
benefits can be earned only through self-
reliance and initiative at the local and
State levels of government.
This-.point was best summed up, per-
hasps, by the Logan Daily News, which is
one of the-most forward-looking news-
papers in southeast Ohio. In a front
page editorial on March 4, the Daily
News said that the Appalachian program
assures that- "our chances for real and
permanent progress in the building of
modern highways, access roads, flood
control dams, parks and recreation fa-
cilities are certainly brighter than ever
before. Though a stubborn few will
always say otherwise, this is not a parti-
san matter. The problems of Appals-
this are real, and .those who deny them
show only the kind of selfish partisan-
ship that has crippled this area for so
many years"
1VJ'r. Speaker, at this point in my re-
marks iinsert the full text of this espe-
cially perceptive editorial, which is en-
titled "Appalachia Program Will Test the
Quality of Local Leadership."
The editorial folleo~w/s:
APPALACHIA PROGRAM YY n.L TEST THE QUALTTY
OSLOCAL LEADERSHIP
Final approval,, of the Appalachia Region
Development Act by Congress signals an im-
portant beginning. Sor the Bill country of
southeast Ohio,. and especially Hocking
County.
'Years. of patient effgrt have gone into, the
bootstrap development of this community,
which-has made important strides forward
in the past decade. Logan's name is a by-
word all over Ohio because of the pioneering
work done here to rebuilds faltering econ-
omy.
Now a massive Federal program has been
activated to bolster our community efforts.
Our chances for real and permanent progress
Sn the building of modern .highways, access
roads, flood control dams, parks and recre-
ati~nal facilities are certainly brighter than
ever before.
-Now comes tha real test of local leadership
and the staying power of our effort. Neither
Federal nor State support will mean anything
unless we can spark the needed action right
here in our own community.
Only our own citizens can produce -the
answers to local problems.What is needed
now is concerted effort, general agreement
that improvements are needed and possible,
and willingness to sacrifice-time, effort, tal-
ent, and money to get things done.
.Though a stubborn few will always say
otherwise, this is not a partisan matter. The
problems of Appalachia are real, and those
who deny. them ,show only the kind of sel-
fish partisanship that has crippled this area
for so many years.
The problems we now seek to solve are not
found on Logan's Main Street. They are
on our back roads, in the crumbling mine
towns all around us, on the hills that one
visiting reporter called "dusty and desolate"
with same cause. Liie magazine calls south-
east Ohio "Nowheresville" and, for most of
the world, that is just what we have been.
All the resources of Federal and State Gov-
ernments are now pledged in support of any
constructive move we make to better our own
community.
The cards are dealt, and the stakes are
high. Do we play out our hand, or do we
fold, rejecting once more the dream of great-
ness that has always'been inherent in~every
segment of the American soclety7
I also include an assessment of the
Appalachian program by Dr. Vernon Al-
den, president of Ohio University at
Athens and one of the truly outstanding
educators and civic lenders in all of
Ohio. Dr. Aiden's statement was con-
tained in an article published March 4
by the Pomeroy Sentinel under the head-
line "Alden Sees Benefits Coming to
Southeast Ohio From Appalachian Act:
Should Open Major Markets Through
Road Development."
The article follows:
ALDEN SEES BENEFITS COMING TO SOUTH-
EASTERN OHIO FROM APPALACHIA - ACT-
SHOULD OPEN MATOR MARKETa THROUGH
ROAD DEVELOPMENT
ATHENS, OHro.-Vernon R. Alden, president
of Ohio University, Wednesday praised pas-
sage of the Appalachia Region Development
Act which he hopes will provide long overdue
capital improvements considered basic to eco-
nomic activity.
Alden has been a leader in the drive to
develop the economy of southeastern Ohio
axld serve as head of President Johnson's Do-
mestic Job Corps.
Alden said the act's broad scale deveiop-
mental approach .` ~~ '?y.
area to the major .t `;. `
thriving economy ~ '3.. ~o~'
He noted that tb.e
State action; access to a
the region; water resource in-
cluding flood control; upgr he use
of natural resources and went of
Alden noted that the Federal Government
realizes the limitations of the bill and fts
experimental nature. In a region populated
by more than 15 million persons, there is a
limit to how far X1.1 billion can be stretched,
he said.
Recognizing this, designers of the Appa-
lachia. program planned to compensate on
areas showing the greatest potential for fu-
ture growth.
Since the lack of major highways has
restricted the economic growth of south-
eastern Ohio, the act will help elevate this
critical labk of access to the market areas.
This act will buil$ a developmental east-
west major highway and adequate access to
it and. to .the present interstate system.
Alden also praised the water. control and
conservation provisions of the measure "Con-
struction of flood control projects on the
major rivers and streams and the further
development of water impoundment struc-
tures and related tourism and recreational
facilities now will be possible in a short pe-
riod oP time' instead enduring many damag-
ing years through waiting for the normal
processes to be effective," he said.
He. added that Appalachia funds would
make adequate sewage treatment facilities a
reality for many southeastern Ohlo commu-
nities which are restricted by lack of such
basic health needs.
Referring to the need for good planning
for health iacflities and 'health training pro-
grams in his region, Alden said, "The Ap-
palachia Act will give impetus to the devei-
opment of multicounty regional health cen-
ters, and it is my opinion that parallel to
the development of these centers and the
servicing of all health facilities is the devel-
opment of paramedic training programs to
meet staff and service needs."
He said other phases of the act, such as
erosion control ai hill country, improving
timber resources and providing vocational
education, "will add greatly to the economic
base of the area and to the welfare of its
people."
The 28 Ohio counties included in the Ap-
palachia program are: Clermont, Brawn,
Adams, FIighland, Ross, .Pike, Scioto, Law-
rence, Jackson, Vinton, Hocking, Perry, Gal-
lia, Meiga, Athens, Morgan, Muskingum,
Coshocton, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Guernsey,
Noble, washinngton, Monroe, Belmont, Har-
rison, Jefferson, and Carroll.
Wyoming Will Miss Great Public Servant
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. TEND RONCALIO
OF WYOP6ING
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. RONCALIO. Mr. Speaker, the
citizens of the State of Wyoming, as well
as those nationally, have lost a most ded-
icated, knowledgeable, and outstanding
leader in the field of highway con-
struction and management through the
retirement of Mr. J. R. Bxomley, super-
intendent and chief engineer of the Wyo-
ming State FIighway Department.
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9 . E , .. ~,,~.,
1{~`~rcTi 9, X965
COf~TGRESSION"A~r fZ~CbRD'= AP~~IVDIX
liistary and phllosaphy. In addition, an arts
unit. would assist nonprofit theater groups,
n@e,~y s~?mphony orchestras, aspiring writers,
paltiGersu composers and others seeking artis-
tLa_exPr_ esslon,
This n}ol'ning's Rockefeller Panel report on
the performing arts discusses .similar
schemes>, and the group d6es have the cour-
age to paint to same of the dangers iii Fed=
eral support of the arts. The panel believes,
however, that "machinery" might lie evolved
to surmount; ;the dangers. We doubt- it, at
least as far as 'the legislation now before
Congress is concerned. ..
Federal. planners see Yt, the idea is to
Compensate for a culture fag into which the
'CTnited,yStates has suppdsedly fallen especial-
ly in the recent years of heavy conceritratian
on science. Since the Federal Government is
largely responsible for the scientific em-
phasic-It supports tkie bulk of the Nation's
entire research and development effort-
Washingtan is said to have- a duty to come
to the aid of the amts and humanities.
The stress on science may well be exces-
sive; certainly much of the Government pro-
graming is wasteful, diffuse,' and uncoordi-
nated. There,is little evidence, however, that
esthetic pursuits have suffered proportion-
ately; on the contrary, the Nation Ls in the
midst of a cultural explosion of sorts. And
by no means all of its offshoots are things
of value.
In the universities, for example, a tre-
mendous amount of useless work is being
done in the humanities; all too often schoi-
arahip has become the sheerest pedantry.
The trend is reflected iri the reigning publish-
or-perish doctrine whereby professors must
pay- more attention to getting their words,
however meaningless, into print than to
teaching. It is also reflected in the current
student mania for graduate work, no matter
how trivial, in 'many cases just to stay in
school.
As for the arts, it is hard to estimate how
much bad writing, painting, composing, and
theater is being produced along with a re-
spectable amount of excellence. The Rocke-
feller report devotes asubstantial -part of its
bulk to the sad state of the arts.
For our part, we recognize that literary and
artistic judgments are bound to be subjec-
tive and hence dangerous to advance as gen-
eralities. Yet any halfway reasonable stand-
ard, such as comparison. with past works of
greatness, will -show that much of what ap-
pears on Broadway is inferior and much of
what finds its wad off Broadway is not only
disgusting but intellectually fraudulent.
The eame de#'QCtns are found ~n other arts.
It is all but "axiamatio that Federal sub-
sidization would intensify the tendencies to-
ward mediocrity axid phoniness. "bVhy? One
exceliexlt reason is that otherwise the C,ov-
ernment woulc) have to set its own standards.
An extreme :Case of government standards
was the Soviet trash. produced as Socialist
realism under Stalin, but even if our Govern-
ment established what many experts might
consider good standards it would still stand
rightly accused of cultural dictatorship.
Without standards, however, it would be pro-
viding afresh field for the incompetents and
the frauds.
That 1&.,the trap the private foundations
long since plunged into. In their generous
efforts to help science, art, and the universi-
ties, they have assisted many a deserving in-
digidual; unfortunately they have also, wfily-
nillp, fostered 'an abundance of mindless
to&carCf? and alentless artistics .enterprise.
` Another reason' subsidization would be
worse aS a Federal than as a private pro,~ect
is'that the Government 'is the epitome of
the bureaucracy and politickflig that exist in
all organizations. Its officious interferences
arlll political directions in the sci_entflc field
already worry a lo# of educators; it; would be
the'?ame ~or,the arts and humanities. Thus
some w2io dare to question the national foun-
dation`proposalFscent in it a oulture pork-
barrel, with favors granted in places they
were thought to do the most political good.
The basic misconception, oP course, is that
Federal money and Concern can create a high
cultural level, whereas the actual influence
is likely to be negative when not baneful.
The Renaissance did not burst on the world
simply because there were princes to patrorl-
ize; it emerged from a complex of profound
reasons, and the `princes had the judgment
to perceive value while their individualistic
and- quarrelsome natures assured diversity,
If, despite some of the excellent work being
done today, ours is not destined to be an age
of artistic greatness, the Government cannot
remedy it, for the springs of cultural vitality
lie beyond the reach of any organization.
Unless it be autocratic, the Government can
at most become the sponsor of what exists.
It would seem we have enough indifferent art
without needing another patron for it.
EXTENSION bF REMARKS
OF
.HON. DONALD J. IRWIN
--- OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. IRWIN. Mr. Speaker, I want to
bring to the attention of my colleagues a
well-reasoned editorial from the -New
York Herald Tribune of March 9, 1965,
which, in commenting on the brutal ac-
tions of Governor Wallace, of Alabama,
and of his State troopers, points up the
need for Federal legislation to insure that
every citizen of our country be given the
opportunity to vote.
I ask that a bill to accomplish this be
brought to the floor for action as soon as
possible so that all the citizens of Ala-
bama and of all our States can have a
voice in selecting those whose responsi-
bility it is to govern and to represent
them.
The editorial follows:
WALLACE CROSSES THE RURICON
The river Was the Alabama and Governor
Wallace was nowhere near. But it was in
fact his Rubicon, and he Crossed it. By the
stupid brutality used to break up a peaceful
march from Selma to the State capital, the
voter registration practices of Alabama were
indicted before the American people as they
could have been in no other way, and the
eventual end of those practices was assured.
Had there been even a modicum of good
sense and good will in the Governor's office,
the march on Montgomery could have been
organized to Insure a minimum of disruption
of traffic-about which Mr. Wallace pretended
to be so concerned. But had there been that
much sense in Montgomery, the march from
Selma need never have taken place.
What Governor Wallace did, by turning
loose his State troopers on the marchers, was
to provide an outlet for the frustrations of
his more paleolithic followers. Many white
Alabamans cheer~~l the .attack. And those
cheers, no less than the club-swinging charge
of the troopers, will convince the conscience
of America .that the_law of Alabama, as ad-
ministered by Governor- Wallace, is not the
law of the land, but -club law, used against?
the disfranchised because theyinsist upon
their constitutional right tb enfranchise-
ment:..
" Tfle~ result=just_ as the troubles in B1Y-
mingham brought about -the Civil Rights
Act of 1964=is"almost certain to firing aliotit
A1039
the Civil tights Act of 1965. Such an act
would give- statutory backing to the general
provisions of the 15th amendment; that
is, it would. give teeth to the requirement
that the right to vote shall not be denied or
abridged because of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
It is an unhappy thing that a Federal law
should be necessary for this purpose; it is
always unfortunate when citizens have to
turn to Washington for rights or privileges
denied them by their native State. But Gov-
ernor Wallace's resort to raw and wholly un-
necessary vio)ence demonstrates that there
is no other course` open. He has won the
skirmis$ at the Pettus Bridge, but he has lost
his war
/ 1 EXTENSION OF REMARKS
V OF
HON. PAUL. FINDLEY
OF ILLINOIS .
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, an edi-
torial in the February 9 issue of the St.
Louis Globe-Democrat points up the
harsh alter~Iatives, we face in Vietnam.
The only sensible course of action, as the
editorial concludes, is to win. Here is the
text:
[From the St. Louis, (Mo.) Globe-Democrat,
Feb. 9, 1965]
WIN THE WAR
The President acted with firmness and
justice in the strikes against enemy targets
in Communist North Vietnam. Official
Washington now asks what the next step is
to be. It seems.. entirely obvious-win the
war.
There are three alternatives.
One is to win the war.
Another is to pull out, which, of course,
means overwhelming political and moral de-
feat for us and victory for the Communists.
The third is,a negotiated settlement, as itt
Laos, which is exactly the same as alternative
two, except it takes a little longer. The ef-
fect. is identical.
The commitment of the United States has
ever been to freedom. Where those op-
pressed. by tyranny have asked our aid, we
have given it when we could, although not-
ably not in the case of the Hungarian free-
dom fighters.
A .decade ago, after the French -had lost
the war- and Vietnam was partitioned, the
South Vietnam Government under President
Diem asked our aid to 811 the vacuum caused
by withdrawal of the French. This we did.
It is irrelevant to argue now that this was
the wrong decision. We do not think it was,
but even if it were, we crossed that bridge a
decade ago. Now, thousands of lives and
millions of dollars later, we are upon the
final horns of the dilemma.
In the intervening decade we have tried to
limit the conflict in South Vietnam, using
persuasion and softness. This has simply
emboldened the aggressor Communist, for
they mistook-and not surprisingly-our
peaceable protestations as weakness.
The Communists had before them Presi-
dent Kennedy's incredible weakness in Laos
which led to a tripartite government, which
is now a Communist takeover. They also
took due note of President Kennedy's ter-
rible weakness in dealing with. the implant-
ing of Communist missile bases in Cuba and
his unwillingness to do more than make
feeble protestations about this-90 miles
away from home.'
Win The War
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX March ~, -X 9.65
The Communists have always nurtured the_
idea that America is a paper tiger ands while
we would flail feebly at weak targets, we no
longer have the courage and resolution to
fight for freedom. They say It is just a
question of'how quickly the Reds can nibble
away southeast Asia' and the rest of the
world.
After President Truman's commendable
decision to stand firm in Sores in 19b0, his...
later refusal to allow General MacArtlxur to
win the war gave them their tile.
Small wonder that the Communists have
been pushing wars, until this week, virtually
with impunity. Only a few strong-'stands,
like Quemoy, Matsu, and Lebanon, are soli-
tary beacons to light an otherwise dreary
picture.
American stature has been crumbling
throughout the wolld. Now no dici;ator is
so lowly and so puny that he does not dare to
pull the tail feathers of the American eagle.
Those two-bit tyrants--Naasor, Ben :Bella,
Sukarno, Nkrumah, and their like-have
been bombixx~ our Embassies; violating our
amb~xssadoriai and counselor staffs, defiling
our flag and taunting us to do something
about it. Sometimes we send mild protests.
Mainly, we don't even bother with that
meaxxingless gesture.
So long as we stand pusillanimously idle
in Cuba and. Vietnam, the outrages against
this Nation .will increase.. They will con-
tinur, to increase so long as we are tDO weak
and effete to fight for what is right, for what
is just and for what is honest.
The Johnson administration has appar-
ently. concluded that Cuba is dawn the drain.
We wish it weren't so, and certainly strong
measures. could be exerted 90 miles from
home with far greater ease than 7,000 miles
away.
But at least it may be said in Cuba that
Castro is the de facto government. Had as it
is, we can rationalize that no one has asked
our intervention-because we have sup-
pressed even the government in exile which
might have, Called .for help, ,and we have
allowed the 'Monroe Doctrine i;o die.
In Vietnam it has been a d'lfferezlt story.
We were invited in by the legal Government.
We have the moral responsibility pf more
than 1 million people whom we traxtsported
in the final,days of the migration from North
Vietnam to South Vietnam so~they could .live
in a land of freedom.
If we abandon these and the.. South Viet-
nam Government to the mercies of the Com-
munists, what will our few rexnaixxing alliee
in southeast. Asia and other parts of the
world-dike the Gavernmente of the Philip-
pines, '1'halland, Malaysia, axxd others-.
think?
Would they not do better, from their own
point.:. of view, to line up with, the lZeds as
the sure, evelztual winner now, on the best
terms they can, rather than be conquered
Inter because our Government is not inter-
ested any longer in helping these who would
fight, and live for freedom? Then we shall
stand alone.
Certainly the risks-are very great in South
Vietnam. Unquestionably, if we push
through to victory-as former Vice President
Nixon and many of the military leaders have
urged-we will lose some men, romp: planes,
and perhaps;~ome ships.
We can win, however, beaausf: the Commu-
nists ale at _the end of a Tong, supply line
and have great difilcuity, supplying a war
iroxri their awn industrial plants and bases
over secondary raflroa8 lines and "inferior
jungle roads, compared to our control of-the
sea and air lanes.
We cari_:.Win by attacking.. Communist
supply lines, depots and staging areas, thus
cutting oft the Vietcong from their supplies
and then mppping up the remnants.
IP we pull out, or if we agrety to a negoti-
ated settlement-With which we suspect some
oi_the Fresident's_advisers have been flirt-
ing-we risk enormous damage to the cause
of freedom and to the position of the United
States in southeast Asia and throughout the
world. Who, then, will ever trust us or ally
wtth us?
We end where we began-it may be ex-
pensive to win the war, but the risks in
winning it are fax`iess than those in losing ft.
Frank G. Itaichle Named to Pane! for
U.S. District Court Study
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
OF BIEW YORE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, our com-
munity is justifiably proud of Frank G.
Raichle's appointment by Chief Justice
Earl Warren to serve on a committee
which will formulate rules of evidence
far Federal district courts.
I have known Mr. Raichle for many
Years as a friend and a prominent attor-
ney. He is able, and well deserves this
recognition of his ability.
I compliment Justice Warren upon his
selection and, under leave to extend my
remarks, I wish to include an item which
appeared in the Buffalo Evening News,
Buffalo, N.Y., on March 8, 1965, relating
to this appointment:
RAYOIxLE NAMID TO PANEL FOR U.B. DISTRICT
COURT STUDY-COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY'
JVaTICE WARREN Wn.L FORMULATE UNI-
FORM RVLEa OF EVIDENCE
WASHINGTON, March 8.-Frank G. Raichle,
Buffalo trial lawyer, today was named by
Chief Justice Earl Warren to a committee
to formulate uniform rules of evidence for
U.S. district courts.
Mr. Raichle is a fellow and member of the
Board of Regents of the American College of
Trial Lawyers. '
.tustice Warren named Albert E, Jenner Jr.,
Chicago trial attorney and former president
of the American College of Trial Lawyers, as
chairman of the committee made up of
Federal judges, Iegai scholars, and leading
ta?ial lawyers.
The rules to be studied govern the admis-
sibility of evidence and the competency of
.witnesses in civil and criminal trials.
MAY SERVE AS A MODEL
"The task assigned to the committee 3s of
the greatest importance in improving the ad-
ministration of justice in the United States
cotxrts," said Justice Warren.
"Moreover, as has happened with respect
to the Federal rules of-civil and criminal pro-
cedure, the work of the evidence committee
may well serve as a model far the States to
follow."
Tlxere has been recognition for some time
of tlxe need for simplicity, clarity, and uni-
formity of application of rules of evidence
in trying civil and criminal cases in the
Federal courts.
FORMIDABLE TASK
At present, Federal courts iolIow the rules
of evidence Iaid down by the State in which
the` court sits. The States have certain
vaiaatioxis -which can provide complications
when Federal oases are appealed.
The task of formulating uniform rules of
evidence has been considered the second
phase of the modernization of the courts
initiated by the Supreme Court in 1938 when
it promulgated the Federal rules of civil
procedure.
At that time, the adoption of modern and
uniform rules of evidence was considered so
formidable a task that it was postponed by
the advisory committee appointed by the
Supreme Court.
In appointing the committee, Justice War-
ren acted under a resolution of the Judicial
Conference of the United States.
REPaRTS MUST BE MADE
The uniform rules of evidence, when for-
mulated by the advisory committee, will be
reported first to the judicial conference, then
to the Supreme Court, and ultimately to the
Congress before they can be put into effect.
Freedom To Express Unpopular Opinions
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
os
HON. RICHARD FULTON
-0F TENNESSEE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, Mr. Fred Cloud, associate edi-
tor of the editorial division of the board
of education of the Methodist Church,
has recently been honored by the Free-
doms Foundation for his work.
Thz foundation awarded Mr. Cloud
the honor certificate award far his edi-
torial, appearing in Christian Action,
July 1964, entitled "Freedom To Express
Unpopular Opinions."
Mr. Speaker, this is an excellent edi-
torial. Its content is applicable to our
entire satiety- and it serves as a timely
reminder to all of one of the most pre-
cious guarantees of our Constitution.
I commend Mr. Cloud's editorial to my
colleagues for consideration and with
unanimous consent I include it in the
RECORD
iFrom the Christian Action, July 1984]
FREEDOM TO EXPRESS UNPOPULAR OPINIONS
(By Fred Cloud)
-Man is a being who thinks and who com-
municates his thoughts through speech, oral
or written. Much of his freedom as a human
being is dependent upon his. right to express
his thoughts freely. Dictators, whether of
the left or of the right, know this; conse-
quently, one of their chief tactics in their
attempt to retain absolute power is to sup-
press freedom of speech.
One of America's glories, written into the
very heart of her Constitution, is freedom
oP speech. This heritage. of ours grew out of
long centuries of struggle in Europe before
the founding of the Colonies in the New
World. The French philosopher Voltaire ex-
pressed it best, perhaps, when he said: `?I
maq disagree with you completely, but I will
fight to the death for your right to say what
you think."
There are. two glaring perils to freedom of
speech in America today, it seems to us. The
first is that of abuse of the freedom by the
promulgation of lascivious, obscene, and
hate-inspiring literature. We have laws,
however, which can-and, in time, usually
do-protect the public while protecting tlxe
freedom of, writers and publishers.
The second peril is harder to cope with,
more insidious because it cannot readily be
contended with, in the courts or elsewhere.
It .is the peril of a closed mind that will not
allow unpopular opinions to be expressed-
oaar, if they :are expressed, will brand them
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March: 9, -1965
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
like throwing the baby out with the bath.
water.
Mr. MORSF. I do rips agree with the
committee majority, either, in regard to
its characterization of the studies as
being too idealistic and starry eyed. In
this dark- hotu, if there is anything that
is needed in this Republic, it. is that we
give some attention to our -ideals, -that
we recpgnize -what our ideals are. I am
growing a little weary of the substitution
of expediency for ideals in the Senate.
We had better start giving some consid-
eration to our ideals, because unless we
put them to work we shall not leave
any' heritage to the next generation, of
American boys and girls.
Mr. CLARK. I agree with the Senator
from Oregon:
Mr. MORSE. Even if -the. criticism
Were fair-and it is not-if they were
making studies based upon ideals, -that
would commend itself to me. But the
Foreign Relations Committee. should be
the last body iri the Senate to be express-
ing- any 'criticism of having studies pre=
pared by expert's;" of bringing in the best
minds, of bringing in persons who know
what they are doing, for that has been
the policy of the Foreign Relations Com-
mittee itself, . so long as I have -been a
member of it-and I know that was its
policy before that time,
we maintain a small staff on-the For-
eign Relations Committee. There are
some who believe that it should be a large
committee staff. I do not happen to be-
lieve that. I believe that our policy has
been a rather good Policy. The staff we
have is composed of excellent, dedicated
young rnen and women who serve us far
beypnd the line of duty, time and time
again: But our policy as a committee has
been. to sit as legislative jurors and eva1-
uate studies ar findings which are made
for us, and the recommendations which
are submitted to us. We -are qualified
tp do that.
Able as the disarmament group is> in
my judgment, the disarmament group
would be wasting a great deal of money if.
it tried-an the basis of its awn 1}ack-
ground-to conduct many of the studies
which.. are .being conducted for -them by
experts.
I could cite many examples as a result
of my :service 'on .the Foreign Relations
Committee-at a -time when the Senator
frpm Penpsylvania was not a member.
I invite attel~tipn to the. Alliance for.
Progress series of studies, because the
Senate appropriated to my Subcommit-
tee on Latin Ali'lerican Affairs a substan-
tial amount of .money. What did we de-
tide to .do? I made the motion and the.
they Senator. frpm Massachlxsetts, John
F. Kennedy, seconded it and supported it.
I took.the,position in the. subcommittee
that we ,were not qualified to ...make a
study of all the problems that had arisen
between the.Unjted States andour Latin..
Amexfcan ~le.ghbprs-and at that time.
they were strained. relations. I therefore
prpposed that we should enter into tor!-,
tracts. ~ discussed this problem at same..
length with gur,able,staff members, and
they were very much of the same. opinion,
I presen~ed.the reasons why we should
do it, and the then Senator from Massa-
chusetts, John F. Kennedy, expanded
upon those reasons and seconded my
motion. That is where the studies came
from which form the basis of -the Alli-
ance for Progress program: Senator
Jphn F. Kennedy took them to the
White House with him when he became
President. He used -them, as he was
prone to say on various occasions, as the
foundation, the well from which he drew
the principles of the Alliance -for P1-og-
ress program:
That is the practice of the .Foreign
Relations Committee. I do not know
why we are walking out on our own
practice by criticizing of the Disarma-
ment Agency for doing the same thing.
The Senator is right. Some umbrage
was taken; and some views were farmed
that some of the studies which were
made probably were not very good.
The Senator and I know enough about
research to know that we do not always
ring the bell on research projects.
Mr. CLARK. If the Senator will yield,
I should like to ask him, how much re-
search, how much development that did
not pay off and that was a mistake to
start, has gone into the Defense Depart-
ment and the space agency during the
last 6 or 7 years without incurring any
harsh. word from Members of the, Senate?
Mr. i~IgR~E.,, It is., treme~idous in
quantity.
het Lis not. forget -that I always try _to
find solve salvage in something that may
be a failure. At least it has,some nega-
tive results, and in research sometimes
negative results are. as valuable as posi-
tive results, , _ ,
I would not attempt to take the pos-
tip3i that- everything, that the Commis-
sion. has dyne has paid out well. That
does not mean that we should stop trying.
We cannot have a program in -this
field of disarmament without having.,
some studies. that- some may think. ln-
volve awaste of moxley.
I wish to say, in my support of the
Senator .from ,Pennsylvania, that,. the
value oP .the. program far outweighs the
criticisms, and the symbolism of the
program is so vital, in my judgment, to
th@ prepetuation of the cause of peace
in the world. I a1i~ at a loss to under
stand how the .majority of the com-
mittee,can want only" a 1-year program
instead of a 2-year .program..,. I would
take 4 years, I happen to think that it
should be an indefinite authorization,
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I am glad
the Senator stressed the word "symbol-
ism," because in many ways, the Pend-
ing bill is a relatively small "and unim-
portant bill. The agency can get along
on a 2-year authorization and, a?~l0,mi1-
lion ayear, authorization, but why, after
we,put many billions of dollars into the
business of preparing, _ the. weapons of
war and going to t he Moon and Mars
and genus,. should , we be so niggardly
with respect to an authorization as small
as $55 million for 4 years,,, which- is
less than we spend in a single day in ,the
arms program?. That is something T
fail to understand.
Mr. President, tomorrow I expect". to
speak very fully on this subject before
the vote.
~~43
VISIT TO THE FLOOR BY LORD
CHALFONT, MINISTER OF STATE
FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS, GREAT
BRITAIN
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I invite
the attention of Senators to the fact that
we are honored today by the visit of the
new Minister of State for Foreign Affairs
of Great Britain. Lord Chalfont, for-
merly Mr. Alun Gwynne Jones, was made
a life peer and a member of the Privy
Council on his. appointment in October
1964 as Minister of State for Foreign Af-
fairs in Harold Wilson's government.
In this capacity, Lord Chalfont is the
Minister responsible for disarmament. "
It will interest many Senators, when
they read the RECORD tomorrow, to note
that Lord Chalfont was commissioned
in the Regular Army, and served through
World War II in Burma and India, where
I also had the privilege. of serving, in
the Air Carps of .the U.S. Army.
'Thereafter, Lprd Chalfont served ,in
Malaya, where he won the Military
Cross, and in Cyprus.
I should think. ,that this would give
him an intimate and .personal idea of
the desirability of disarmament, or at
least drastic arms control.
I ask unanimous consent that a fuller
biography of Lord Chalfant may be
printed in the RECORD at this point fn my
remarks..
There being no objection, the biog-
raphy was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
Lord Chalfont, formerly Mr. Alun Gwynne
Jones, was made a life peer and a member
of the Privy Council on his appointment in
October 1964 as Minister of State for Foreign
Affairs in Harold Wilson's government. In
this capacity, Lord Chalfont is the Minister
responsible for disarmament.
Alun Arthur Gwynne Jones was born on
December 5, 1919, in South Wales. He was
educated at West Monmouth School, and in
1939 was commissioned in the Regular Army.
During the Second World War, he served with
the South Wales Borderers in Burma and
India. After the war. he fought in Malaya,
where , he won the Military Cross and in
Cyprus. This was followed b~ regimental,
staff and intelligence.-appointments in the
Middle East, Paris, and Rhine Army. He
graduated at the Army Staff College at Cam-
berley and the Joint Services Staff College at
Latimer and Sn 1959 became a staff officer in
the manpower planning department of the
War Office, where he was awarded the Order
of tYie British Empire and made a brevet
lieutenant colonel. _
"ffi 1961 Gwynne Jones resigned his com-
mission upon appointment as defense- cor-
respondent of the London Times. He quickly
gained a reputation for being axi intelligent
and .well-informed journalist whose articles
were distinguished by their authority and by
their lucidity in unraveling -the complica-
tions of modern defense strategy. After
spending the summer of 1963 in the United
States at the invitation of the Department of
State, he published "The Sword and- the
Spirit," ar. analysis of American military
power. Gwynne- Jones relinquished this post
in October 1964 upon. his appointment as
._
1Vtinister of State for Foreign Affairs. In the
latter capacity, he visited with U.S. disarma-
ment official in Washington. in November
1964.
Lord Chalfont, who qualified as a military
intrepreter in Russia, has always taken a
keen. interest in deiei3sa .and Soviet studies
and in disarmament,: and has been a ire-
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44~~~ _ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_---.SENATE... March 9, 1965
gcient broadcaster, lecturer, and writer on
'these subjects.
Ixx 1948, Gwgnne Jones married Mona
Mitchell. Lady Chalfont !s a doctor in the
London County Council's Children'$ Depart-
ment.
Mr. CLARE. Mr. President, I may
say to the distinguished Minister of State
that I do not know what the attendance
in the House of Lords 1s like. Perhaps. it
is very much fuller than in the "Senate.
There are times, as the Senator from
Oregon will agree, when ive succeed 1n
attracting to the floor more than 4 "Sena'-
tors out of 100 Senators, !~G'fien that oc=
curs-and it often does--and a visitor as
distinguished as you, sir, is introduced
to the Senate, we all rise and applaud. I
suggest now, if it is agreeable to you, Sir,
that you rise, and that we 4 Senators
on the floor applaud; and Yhope-the ap-
plause wi1T be loud enough to ]Hake you
.think 100. Senators are present, [Ap-
plause, Senators rising.]
THE SITUATION IN VIETNAM
Mr. MORSE. Mr. 1resident, recently
T received ~ letter from b'Ir. Victor D.
Lrippit, of Yale University. I addressed
a meeting of Young Dema~rats `at Yale
recently, and I was planning to speak at
a rally of Yale students in opposition to
the American policy in Vietnam.
However, I was called-back to VPashing-
ton by the President to .serve an the
Presidential Panel in connection with tl~e
dock strike, i made a film to be used at
the rally.. Mr. Lippit was one of those
who arranged for the film, x understand.
I have received a letter. from him, part
of which I shall read, as follow:
2 am enclosing a copy of the news release
listing the names of the 152 members of the
Yale faculty who have thus~far signed a pe=
tftion calling on the President and Congress
of the United States to negotiate immediate
withdrawal Prom Vietnam. The New Haven
Committee To End the War in 'Vietnam,
which 'circulated the petition, grevi out of
the Yale. rally last- month Por which you were
kind enough to make a filmed address.
I ask unanimous consent that the en-
tire letter may be printed in the RECORD
at this point.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the~RECOxn,
Senator WAYNE MOA6E,
Senate O,~ice Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SEiJATOR MORSE: I am enclosing a copy
of the news release listing the names of the
1.62 members ox the Yale faculty Who have
thus t'ar .signed a petition calling on the
President and Congress of the United States
to negotiate immediate withdrawal from
Vietnam.' "I`he New Haven'Conimittee To End
the War in Vietnam, which circulated the
petition, grew out of the Yale rally last
month for. which: you Svere kind enough to
make a filmed address.
I have spoken to one faculty member, Prof.
Robert Herbert in the history of art_depart-
ment, who says he knows oP no larger faculty
petition at. Yale on a political issue in the
last I4 years. I 'suspect one could go back
much further.than that without firiding an
issue that has stirred comparable` ooncern-
If possible, I "wonder $ you or"Senator
GAtrn.,NxNC, to whom T am sending a similar
request, could read the petition into the
CaNGRE~IONAL RECORD. In any event, I Bernard Bergen, sociology and public
thought .you would want to know the health.
strength of the feeling in favor of flisengage- Merton C. Bernstein, law.
merit in -Vietnam that has been manifested Richard J. Bernstein, philosophy.
here. Boris Bittker, law.
~+*+~o