PUBLICATION OF DEPARTMENT OF STATE WHITE PAPER RELATING TO NORTH VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160024-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 24
• Publication Date: March 11, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

Mcirc 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RI CORW HODS
Mr.. SKUBITZ. Mr. Speaker, this
week the U.S. Department of Agriculture
reported that the 'Commodity Credit
Corporation had acquired $1.369 billion
worth of farm commodities from July 1,
1964, through`January 1965. During this
same 7-month period, CCC disposed of
inventories valued at $1.247 billion.
This tremendous turnover of Govern-
ment-owned farm surpluses is costly,
wasteful, and destructive of free market
prices received by farmers for the prod-
ucts they sell in direct competition with
CCC offerings. Currently we have sub-
stantial surpluses of wheat, corn, and a
variety of agricultural commodities.
Whenever CCC sells a bushel of grain, it
displaces a bushel which would other-
wise be marketed by a producer. The re-
sult is that for each of these bushels
which CCC moves out of inventory
through the front door, it acquires
through the back door an equivalent
amount under the loan storage program.
The in and out charges, the acquisition
'costs, the transportation expenses in-
volved-hire are enormous. Moreover, the
dumping of CCC-owned commodities de-
presses the free market prices upon
which farmers depend for their principal
source of income. The Government loses,
the farmer loses. I have today intro-
duced legislation which would prohibit
CCC after July 1, 1965, from "making any
sales-except sales offset by equivalent
purchases-of wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar-
ley, grain sorghums, soybeans, or flax-
,seed at less than 125 percent of the cur-
rent support price for any such com-
modity, plus reasonable . carrying
.charges."
. During 1965 at the peak of the wheat
marketing season, CCC sold millions of
bushels of wheat in direct competition
with producer marketings, thus penal-
izing the farmer who signed up for the
program as well as the ones who' did not.
Since October 1, the beginning of the
corn marketing year, CCC has sold about
200 million bushels of corn in competi-
tion with farmer marketings.~
The restrictions on CCC sales which I
am proposing would not only result in
substantial savings to the Government,
but it would also increase the free mar-
ket prices for corn, wheat, grain, sorg-
hums and other commodities by at least
10 to 20 cents per bushel.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I make the
point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum
is not present.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I move a
call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The Clerk called the roll, and the fol-
lowing Members failed to answer to their
names:
[Roll No. 32]
Ashbrook Farnum McEwen
Ashley Friedel Martin, Mass.
Blatnik Giaimo Martin, Nebr.
Brademas Gibbons Morrison
Coliter ? Hagan, on. Morton
Conable.Hanna '_ . Mutter
Conan Hansen, Idao Nix
Dawson Harvey, Ind. Powell
Diggs Tolland Roberts
Edwards, Calif. Irwin Roosevelt
Roybal Teague, Tex. Watkins
Scott Thompson, La. Widnall
Secrest Toll Wright
Sickles Utt Wydler
The SPEAKER. On this rollcall, 389
Members have answered to their names,
a quorum.
By unanimous consent, further pro-
ceedings under the call were dispensed
with.
(Mr. HARRIS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, I take
this time to remind all Members of the
House that this afternoon we will of-
ficially open and have ready for use the
new House gymnasium. You received a
notice from the gentleman from Mich-
igan [Mr. CEDERBERGI and me as mem-
bers of the gym committee about 2 weeks
ago.
The gymnasium will be opened at 4:30
p.m. and at 5 o'clock sharp there will be
a brief ceremony at which time we will
give special recognition to our beloved
and esteemed colleague, the gentleman
from Texas, ALBERT THOMAS, who has
been chairman of the gym committee
now for many years-almost 20 years
I suppose.
For those Members who perhaps do
not know where the gymnasium is lo-
cated, if you will go to the subbasement
in the Rayburn Building and enter from
the Independence Street side, where the
four elevators are, it is on the east end
of that corridor; or, if you wish to go
from the Longworth Building, if you go
down the escalator you will be on the
subbasement floor and can go around the
corridor to the south side of that first
corridor, where you will find the entrance
to the new gymnasium.
The entire facilities of the old gymna-
sium are being transferred to the new
one. This is for all Members of the
House.
The program at 5 o'clock will be brief,
and I know all Members will want to
take a good look at this new facility
for the health and welfare of the Mem-
bers of the House. Everyone is urged
to use these facilities. The use will be
good for all of us.
We invite you to come. We hope you
will be there for this occasion. I know
you want to join us in paying special
recognition to our colleague the gentle-
man from Texas [Mr. THOMAS].
TO AUTHORIZE PRINTING OF AD-
DITIONAL COPIES OF HOUSE DOC-
UMENT NO. 103, 86TH CONGRESS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Reso-
lution _7 and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, , as
follows :
H. CoN. RES. 7
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there shall be
printed an additional thirteen thousand five
hundred and fifty copies of House Document
Numbered 103 of the Eighty-sixth Congress
in the style and format directed by the Joint
4633
Committee on Printing; two thousand five
hundred and seventy-five of such copies
shall be for the use of the Senate and ten
thousand nine hundred and seventy-five of
such copies shall be for the use of the House
of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 7, insert line 8: "SEC. 2.
Copies of such document shall be prorated
to Members of the Senate and House of
Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective Senate and House.Docu-
ment Rooms."
The SPEAKER. The gentleman from
Ohio [Mr. HAYS] is recognized.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. There is nothing in the
concurrent resolution to indicate the
nature of the document. Would the
gentleman state the nature of the ma-
terial to be printed.
Mr. HAYS. It is a flat, semihard
sheet of paper, about the size of the
tablet I am holding, containing a code
of ethics for Government employees,
drawn up some years ago, which was
printed once and for which there seems
to be some demand for reprinting. It is
used for hanging in Government build-
ings where Government employees work.
Mr. GROSS. I thank the gentleman.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the committee amendment.
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
PRINTING OF THE PROCEEDINGS
IN CONNECTION WITH THE AC-
CEPTANCE OF THE STATUE OF
THE LATE SPEAKER OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SAM RAYBURN OF. TEXAS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direc-
tion of the Committee on House Admin-
istration, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 83 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. CoN.RES. 83
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That the proceed-
ings at the presentation, dedication, and ac-
ceptance of the statue of Sam Rayburn, pre-
sented by the Texas State Society in the
Rayburn Building, together with appropri-
ate illustrations and other pertinent matter,
shall be printed as a House document. The
copy for such House document shall be pre-
pared under the supervision of the Joint
Committee on Printing.
SEC. 2. There shall be printed five thou-
sand additional copies of such House docu-
ment, which shall be bound in such style
as the Joint Committee on Printing shall
direct, and of which one hundred copies shall
be for the use of the Senate and five hundred
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, and four thousand four
hundred copies shall be for the use of the
Members of the Senate and the Members of
the House of Representatives from the State
of-Texas.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 11, 1965
= With the following committee amend-
ment:
On page 1, strike out lines 9 through 12,
On page 2, strike out lines 1 through 5, and
add the following:
"SEC. 2. There shall be printed ten thou-
sand additional copies of such. House docu-
ment, which shall be bound in such style as
the Joint Committee on Printing shall direct,
of which one thousand copies shall be for
the use of the Senate and nine thousand
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, to be prorated for a period
of sixty days, after which the unused bal-
ance shall revert to the respective Senate
and House Document Rooms."
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
TO AUTHORIZE THE PRINTING AS
A HOUSE DOCUMENT THE PAM-
PHLET ENTITLED "OUR AMERI-
CAN GOVERNMENT. WHAT IS IT?
HOW DOES IT FUNCTION?"
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by the di-
rection of the Committee on House Ad-
ministration, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 97 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. Cox. RES. 97
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That (a) with the
permission of the copyright owner of the
book "Our American Government-1001
Questions on How It Works," with answers
by Wright Patman, published by Scholastic
Magazines, Incorporated, there shall be
printed as a House document the pamphlet
entitled "Our American Government. What
Is It? How Does It Function?"; and that
there shall be printed one million eighty-four
thousand additional copies of such docu-
ment, of which two hundred and six thou-
sand copies shall be for the use of the Sen-
ate,' and eight hundred and seventy-eight
thousand copies shall be for the use of the
House of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 12, add the following:
"SEC. 2. Copies of such document shall be
prorated to Members of the Senate and House
of Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective ' Senate and House Docu-
ment Rooms."
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF INAUGURAL AD-
DRESSES FROM PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON TO PRESIDENT
JOHNSON
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 125, with a committee amendment,
and ask'for its immediate consideration,
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows:
H. Cox. RES. 125,
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That a collection of
inaugural addresses, from President George
Washington to President Lyndon B. John-
son, compiled from research volumes and
State papers by the Legislative Reference
Service, Library of Congress, be printed with
illustrations as a House document; and that
sixteen thousand one hundred and twenty-
five additional copies be printed, of which
ten thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, and five thousand one hun-
dred and fifty copies for the use of the
Senate.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 11, insert the following:
"SEc. 2. Copies of such document shall be
prorated to Members of the Senate and House
of Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective Senate and House Document
Rooms".
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The resolution as amended was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF TRIBUTES BY MEM-
BERS OF CONGRESS TO THE LATE
SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Reso-
lution 153 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows:
H. Cox. REs. 153
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there be
printed with illustrations as a House docu-
ment all remarks by Members of the Senate
and House of Representatives in the Halls of
Congress which constitute tributes to the
life, character, and public service of the late
Sir Winston Churchill. The copy for such
House document shall be prepared under'..
the supervision of the Joint Committee on'
Printing.
SEC. 2. In addition to the usual number,
there shall be printed five thousand eight
hundred and sixty additional copies of such
House document, of which one thousand and
five hundred copies shall be for the use of the
Senate, and four thousand three hundred
and sixty copies shall be for the use of the
House of Representatives.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
REPRINTING OF HOUSE DOCUMENT
NO. 103, 88TH CONGRESS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 165, with committee amendments,
and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows :
H. Cox. RES. 165
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That the brochure
entitled "How Our Laws Are Made", by Doctor
Charles J?,Zinn, law revision counsel of the
House of Representatives Committee on the
Judiciary, as set out in House Document
Numbered 103 of the Eighty-eighth Congress,
be printed as a House document, with emen-
dations by the author and with a foreword
by Honorable Edwin E. Willis; and that there
be printed one hundred thirty-two thousand
additional copies to be prorated to the Mem-
bers of the House of Representatives for a
period of ninety days after which the unused
balance shall revert to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
With the following, committee amend-
ments:
On line 11, strike out "ninety" and in-
sert "sixty"
On line 12, strike out "Committee on the
Judiciary" and insert "House Document
Room".
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The resolution as amended was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF STUDY OF COMPENSA-
TION AND ASSISTANCE FOR PER-
SONS AFFECTED BY REAL PROP-
ERTY ACQUISITION IN FEDERAL
PROGRAMS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 167 and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. Cox. REs. 167
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there be
printed for the use of the Committee on
Public Works, House of Representatives, one
thousand additional copies of a study made
by that committee of compensation and
assistance for persons affected by real prop-
erty acquisition in Federal and federally
assisted programs.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
ir9.ble.
UBLICATION OF DEPARTMENT OF
STATE WHITE PAPER RELATING
TO NORTH VIETNAM
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 338, with a committee amend-
ment, and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. Cox. REs. 338
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That (a) there be
printed as a House document the Depart-
ment of State white paper, issued February
17, 1965, relating to North Vietnam's cam-
paign to conquer South Vietnam (Depart-
ment of State Publication 7839). The copy
for such House document shall be prepared
under the supervision of the Joint Commit-
tee on Printing.
"(b) In addition to the usual number, there
shall be printed sixty-three thousand six
hundred additional copies of such House
document of which twenty thousand shall
be for the use of the Senate, and forty-
three thousand six hundred for the use of the
House of Representatives,
With the following committee amend-
ment:
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M rch-11, 1 ~CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
Following line 12, insert: of government and the American people engaged in the activities of the committee or
"SEC. 2, Copies of such document shall be will he fully apprised of all the facts. any subcommittee thereof, shall be paid out
of Representatives for a period of sixty days, vouchers authorized and signed by the chair-
after which the unused balance shall revert PRINTING THE PRAYERS OF THE man of such committee and approved by the
to the respective Senate and House Docu- Committee on House Administration.
meat RQoms", HOUSE CHAPLAIN SEc. 2. The chairman, with the consent of
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction the head of the department or agency con-
Mr, HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen- of the Committee on House Administra- cerned, is authorized and empowered to
tleman yield? tion I call up House Resolution 230 and utilize the reimbursable services, informa-
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman, tion, facilities, and personnel of any other
ask for its immediate consideration, de artments or agencies of the Government.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I would like p
The Clerk read as follows: SEC. 3. The official committee reporters
to ask"the gentleman if it is the common H. RES. 230 may be used at all hearings held in the Dis-
precept and tradition that we print these Resolved, That the prayers ,offered by the trict of Columbia, if not otherwise officially
in the Congress rather than have the Chaplain, the Reverend Bernard Braskamp, engaged.
Department downtown print such a doctor of divinity, at the opening of the
document and distribute it? I have no daily sessions of the House of Representa'- With the following committee amend-
objection to this, but I am just seeking tives of the United States during the Eighty- ments:
Information. seventh and Eighty-eighth Congresses, be Page 1, line 5, strike out "$75,000" and in-
Mr. HAYS, Mr. Speaker, may I say printed as a House document, and that two Bert "$50,000".
that the Department printed a number thousand additional copies be printed and Page 2, following line 10, insert line 11,
of these and made them available to the bound for the use of the House of Represen- "Sec. 4. No part of the funds authorized by
Members of the House; but the demand tatives, to be distributed by the Chaplain this resolution shall be available for expendi-
has gone beyond that. This has been of the House of Representatives. ture in connection with the study or investi-
has of any subject which is being investi-
done in the past and I may point out that With the following committee amend- gated for the same purpose by any other
this does not necessarily represent the ment: committee of the House, and the chairman
views of the House of Representatives, On page 1, line 6, strike out "two" and in- of the Committee on Merchant Marine and
but is a Department of State compila- sect "one" Fisheries shall furnish the Committee on
tion. House Administration information with re-
Mr, HALL. Mr. Speaker, I appreciate The committee amendment was agreed spect to any study or investigation intended
the statement of the gentleman and to. to be financed from such funds."
thank him. The resolution was agreed to. The committee amendments were
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
The SPEAKER. The question is on agreed to,
the committee amendment. table. The resolution was agreed to.
The committee amendment was agreed A motion to reconsider was laid on the
to, PRAYERS OFFERED BY CHAPLAIN table.
The concurrent resolution was agreed OF U.S. SENATE
to and a motion to reconsider was laid Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction AUTHORIZING COMMITTEE ON
on the table. of the Committee on House Administra- ARMED SERVICES TO EMPLOY
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, on behalf of tion, I call up Senate Concurrent Reso- THREE ADDITIONAL EMPLOYEES
l
i
ol
i
h
on, t
e gent
the author of th
s res
ut
e- lution 9 and ask for its immediate con-
man from New York [Mr. TENZER], I ask sideration.
unanimous consent that he may extend The Clerk read as follows:
his remarks following the passage of the S, CON. RES. 9
concurrent resolution just agreed to.
The SPEAKER, Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was no objection.
Mr. TENZER, Mr. Speaker, I want to
compliment the gentleman from Ohio,
Mr. WAYNE L. HAYS, the distinguished
chairman of the Subcommittee on Print-
ing of the Committee on House Adminis-
tration, for the expeditious manner in
which his committee. dealt with House
Concurrent -Resolution 338. Chairman
HAYS and the distinguished gentleman
from Texas, Mr, OMAR BURLESON, chair-
man of the Committee on House Admin-
istration, together with the members of
the full committee and the Subcommit-
tee on Printing have shown not only a
recognition of the bipartisan aspects of
our Vietnam commitment, but also a de-
sire to insure the continuation of such
bipartisan support by making certain
that the American people are kept aware
of the underlying reasons and the facts
which justify this country's commitment.
The white paper does not offer a solu-
tion to the Vietnam conflict, but it does
set forth in clear and concise form the
case against Communist aggression in
soutl3 tThis document provides
the facesleso that American citizens?ma
judge the reasons for our role there and
the future course of our defense of free-
dom in that area of the globe.
My colleagues in giving unanimous ap-
proval of the resolution have likewise
acted expeditiously in this matter of
great importance to our democratic form
Resolved by the Senate (the House of
Representatives concurring), That there be
printed thirty-two thousand two hundred and
fifty additional copies of Senate Document
Numbered 86, Eighty-first Congress, first ses-
sion, being the prayers offered by the Chap-
lain, the Reverend Peter Marshall, doctor of
divinity, at the opening of the daily sessions
of the Senate of the United States during the
Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses, 1947-
1949; of which ten thousand three hundred
copies shall be for the use of the Senate and
twpnty-one thousand nine hundred and fifty
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives.
The resolution was concurred in.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS BY
COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MA-
RINE AND FISHERIES
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Resolution 152, with
committee amendments, and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
Resolved, That, effective January 4, 1965,
the expenses of the studies and investiga-
tions to be conducted pursuant to H. Res.
151 by the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, acting as a whole or by sub-
committee, not to exceed $75,000, including
'expenditures for the employment of investi-
gators, attorneys, and experts, and clerical,
stenographic, and other assistants, and all
expenses necessary for travel and subsistence
incurred by members and employees while
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion I call up. House Resolution 248 and
ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
Resolved, That, effective March 1, 1965, the
Committee on Armed Services is authorized,
until otherwise provided by law,, to employ
three additional employees, one professional
and two clerical, at rates of compensation to
be fixed by the chairman in accordance with
section 202 of the Legislative Reorganization
Act of 1946.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
AUTHORIZING THE EXPENDITURE
OF MONEYS TO COVER EXPENSES
OF THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING
AND CURRENCY INCURRED PUR-
SUANT TO HOUSE RESOLUTION 133
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion I call up House Resolution 247, with
sundry committee amendments, and ask
for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
Resolved, That effective from January 3,
1965, the expenses of conducting the studies,
investigations, and inquiries authorized by
H. Res, 133, Eighty-ninth Congress, incurred
by the Committee on Banking and Currency
acting as. a whole or. by subcommittee, not
to exceed $200,000 $150,000, including ex-
penditures for employment, travel, and sub-
sistence of attorneys, accountants, experts,
investigators, and clerical, stenographic, and
other assistants, with respect to any matter
or matters in the field of housing coming
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4636 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 11 l65
within the jurisdiction of such committee
or subcommittee, including, but not limited
ta, (1) the status and adequacy of mortgage
credit in the United States, (2) the terms
and, availability of conventional mortgage
financing, (3) the flow of savings in rela-
tion to home financing needs, (4) the opera-
tion of the various Government-assisted
housing programs, (5) the current rate of
construction of residential dwelling units in
relation to housing requirements and de-
mands, (6) the role of housing construction
in the national economy, (7) the require-
ment of and demand for Federal assistance
I. the development of community facilities,
including mass transportation and other re-
lated facilities, (8) urban and suburban
problems, including transportation facilities,
as they affect the availability of adequate
housing, (9) the operation of the slum clear-
ance and urban renewal programs, and (10)
rural housing and the adequacy of rural
housing credit, shall be paid out of the con-
tingent fund of the House on vouchers au-
thorized by such committee or subcommit-
tee signed by the chairman of such com-
mittee or subcommittee and approved by the
Committee on House Administration.
SEC. 2. No part of the funds authorizeVy
this resolution shall be available for expendi-
ture in connection with the study or investi-
gation of any subject which is being investi-
gated for the same purpose by any other
committee of the House, and the chairman
of the Committee on Banking and Currency
shall furnish the Committee on House Ad-
ministration information with respect to any
study or investigation intended to be
financed from such funds.
With the following committee amend-
ments:
Page 1, line 4, after the word "Currency"
insert "acting. as a whole or by subcom-
mittee;
Page 1, line 5, strike out "$200,000" and
insert "16150,000".
Page 1, line 9, following the word "Com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee,".
Page 2, line 14, following the word "com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee,".
Page 2, line 15, following the word "com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee".
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Louisiana, a member of the com-
mittee.
Mr. WAGGONNER. Could the gentle-
man from Ohio clarify for the Members
of the House who under the amended
language of this resolution is entitled
or authorized to sign the necessary
vouchers?
Mr. HAYS. May I say to the gentle-
man from Louisiana that this is exactly
the same resolution, insofar as the com-
mittee or subcommittee language is con-
cerned, that the House reported 2 years
ago.
The Committee on House Administra-
tion, I believe it is fair to say, did not
feel that We could arbitrate within the
Committee on Banking and Currency.
They worked this matter out themselves
2 years ago.
The Committee on House Administra-
tion does feel that the Housing Subcom-
mittee is a very important subcommittee
and that it should be separately financed
and that the money should be used for
that purpose.
I would interpret the language to read
that if the work is done by the full com-
mittee then, of course, the chairman of
the full committee would have the re-
sponsibility of signing the vouchers, and
if it is done by the subcommittee, then
according to the language as I see it,
either the chairman or the subcommittee
chairman could sign the vouchers, sub-
ject to approval of the Committee on
House Administration.
Mr. WAGGONNER. I thank the
gentleman from Ohio.
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Texas.
Mr. PATMAN. I differ with the
gentleman's interpretation on this reso-
lution. I will admit that it is the same
as 2 years ago. Two years ago the chair-
man of the Committee on Banking and
Currency and the chairman of the sub-
committee worked it out, and I feel sure
it will be worked out this time.
I think it should be left up to us to
work it out rather than the interpreta-
tion of the distinguished gentleman
from Ohio, because the language itself
is rather specific. I agree with his in-
terpretation that this committee can
do it, or the subcommittee can do it, but
in reference to the vouchers, of course,
that is the responsibility in this case of
two, the whole committee and the sub-
committee. I assume it will be satis-
factory to the gentleman that whatever
we do in working it out will be satisfac-
tory to him.
Mr. HAYS. I may say to the gentle-
man that is exactly what I tried to say
to the House. I said that the Commit-
tee on House Administration felt that
we could not arbitrate the differences or
possible disagreements within your com-
mittee, and we hoped your committee
would work it out.
Mr. PATMAN. That is right.
Mr. HAYS. Just one word of admo-
nition to the gentleman, however; that is,
if you do not work it out you will have
a rocky road to travel when you come
back for more money.
Mr. PATMAN. I agree with the gen-
tleman, we should work it out, and we
will work it out. I realize we would
have a very difficult time if we failed to
work it out when we came back and
asked for more funds. This is the big-
gest program of the present administra-
tion. It involves more than $6 billion,
and we will come back asking for more
funds.
Mr. HAYS. I am not asking the
gentleman to come back for more funds
until the next session of the Congress.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. In view of the substan-
tial amounts of money, not only in this
bill but in other requests, and in view of
the substantial amount of money that
is going to be appropriated in this and
other funds to the Committee on Bank-
ing and Currency, I am sure the Mem-
bers of the House will expect some real
development from this committee during
the present year. I am going to be in-
terested in the results of a very substan-
tial amount of money being spent.
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE ORGA-
NIZATION OF THE CONGRESS
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, by direc-
tion of the Committee on Rules, I call up
House Concurrent Resolution 4, and ask
for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the House concurrent
resolution as follows:
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there is here-
by established a Joint Committee on the
Organization of the Congress (hereinafter
referred to as the committee) to be composed
of six Members of the Senate (not more than
three of whom shall be members of the ma-
jority party) to be appointed by the Presi-
dent of the Senate, and six Members of the
House of Representatives (not more than
three of whom shall be members of the ma-
jority party) to be appointed by the Speaker
of the House of Representatives. The com-
mittee shall select a chairman and a vice
chairman from among its members. No rec-
ommendation shall be made by the commit-
tee except upon a majority vote of the mem-
bers representing each House, taken sepa-
rately. V
SEC. 2. Theo committee shall make a full
and complete study of the organization and
operation of the Congress of the United
States and shall recommend improvements
in such organization and operation with a
view toward strengthening the Congress,
simplifying its operations, improving its re-
lationship with other branches of the United
States Government, and enabling it better
to meet its responsibilities under the Consti-
tution. This study shall include, but shall
not he limited to, the organization and op-
eration of each House of the Congress; the
relationship between the two Houses; the
relationships between the Congress and other
branches of the Government; the employ-
ment and remuneration of officers and em-
ployees of the respective Houses and officers
and employees of the committees and Mem-
bers of Congress; and the structure of, and
the relationships between, the various stand-
ing, special, and select committees of the
Congress: Provided, That nothing in this
concurrent resolution shall be construed to
authorize the committee to make any rec-
ommendations with respect to the rules,
parliamentary procedure, practices, and/or
precedents of either House, or the considera-
tion of any matter on the floor of either
House: Provided further, That the language
employed herein shall not prohibit the com-
mittee from studying and recommending the
consolidations and reorganization of com-
mittees.
SEC. 3. (a) The committee, or any duly
authorized subcommittee thereof, is author-
ized to sit and art at such places and times
during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned
periods of the Eighty-ninth Congress, to re-
quire by subpena or otherwise the attend-
ance of such witnesses and the production of
such books, papers, and documents, to ad-
minister such oaths, to take such testimony,
to procure such printing and binding, and
to make such expenditures, as it deems
advisable.
(b) The committee is empowered to ap-
point and fix the compensation of such ex-
perts, consultants, technicians, and clerical
and stenographic assistants as it deems
necessary and advisable.
(c) The expenses of the committee, which
shall not exceed $150,000 through January
31, 1968, shall be paid from the contingent
fund of the Senate upon vouchers signed by
the chairman.
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 March 11. AR oved For Rel sR UMA, FI - RN00
Mr. SKUBITZ. Mr. -Speaker, this
week the U.S. Department of Agriculture
reported that the Commodity Credit
Corporation had acquired $1.369 billion
worth of farm commodities from July 1,
1964, through January 1965. During this
same 7-month period, CCC disposed of
inventories valued at $1.247 billion.
This tremendous turnover of Govern-
ment-owned farm surpluses is costly,
wasteful, and destructive of free market
prices received by farmers for the prod-
ucts they sell in direct competition with
CCC offerings. Currently we have sub-
stantial surpluses of wheat, corn, and a
variety of agricultural commodities.
Whenever CCC sells a bushel of grain, it
displaces a bushel which would other-
wise be marketed by a producer. The re-
sult is that for each of these bushels
which CCC moves out of inventory
through the front door, it acquires
through the back door an equivalent
amount under the loan storage program.
The in and out charges, the acquisition
costs, the transportation expenses in-
volved here are enormous. Moreover, the
dumping of CCC-owned commodities de-
presses the free market prices upon
which farmers depend, for their principal
source of income. The Government loses,
the farmer loses. I have today intro-
duced legislation which would prohibit
CCC after July 1, 1965, from "making any
sales-except sales offset by equivalent
purchases-of wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar-
ley, grain sorghums, soybeans, or flax-
seed at less than 125 percent of the cur-
rent support price for any such com-
modity, plus reasonable carrying
charges."
During 1965 at the peak of the wheat
marketing season, CCC sold millions of
bushels of wheat in direct,, competition
with producer marketings, thus penal-
izing the farmer who signed up for the
program as well as the ones who did not.
Since October 1, the beginning of the
corn marketing' year, CCC has sold about
200 million bushels of corn in competi-
tion with farmer marketings.
The restrictions on CCC sales which I
am proposing would not only result in
substantial savings to the Government,
but it would also increase the free mar-
ket prices for corn, wheat, grain, sorg-
hums and other commodities by at least
10 to 20 cents per bushel.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I make the
point of order that a quorum is not
present.
The. SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum
is not present.
Mr. ALBERT, Mr. Speaker, I move a
call of the How 9.
A call of the House was ordered,
The Clerk called the roll, and the fol-
lowing Members failed to answer to their
names:
[Roll No. 32]
Ashbrook
Parnum
McEwen
Ashley
Friedel
Martin, Mass.
Blatnik
Gialmo
Martin, Nebr.
Brademe
Gibbons
Morrison
Collier
}l gan, Ga.
Morton
Conable
Manna
Multer
Corman,
llansen, Idaho
Nix
Dawson
Harvey, Ind.
Powell
Diggs Holland
Roberts.
Edwards, Calif. Irwin
Roosevelt
Roybal Teague, Tex. Watkins
Scott Thompson, La. Widnali
Seerest Toll Wright
Sickles Utt Wydler
The SPEAKER. On this rollcall, 389
Members have answered to their names,
a quorum.
By unanimous consent, further pro-
ceedings under the call were dispensed
with.
NEW HOUSE GYMNASIUM
(Mr. HARRIS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, I take
this time to remind all Members of the
House that this afternoon we will of-
ficially open and have ready for use the
new House gymnasium. You received a
notice from the gentleman from Mich-
igan [Mr. CEDERBERGI and me as mem-
bers of the gym committee about 2 weeks
ago.
The gymnasium will be'opened at 4:30
p.m. and at 5 o'clock sharp there will be
a brief ceremony at which time we will
give special recognition to our beloved
and esteemed colleague, the gentleman
from Texas, ALBERT THOMAS, who has
been chairman of the gym committee
now for many years-almost 20 years
I suppose.
For those Members who perhaps do
not know where the gymnasium is lo-
cated, if you will go to the subbasement
in the Rayburn Building and enter from
the Independence Street side, where the
four elevators are, it is on the east end
of that corridor; or, if you wish to go
from the Longworth Building, if you go
down the escalator you will be on the
subbasement floor and can go around the
corridor to the south side of that first
corridor, where you will find the entrance
to the new gymnasium.
The entire facilities of the old gymna-
sium are being transferred to the new
one. This is for all Members of the
House.
The program at 5 o'clock will be brief,
and I know all Members will want to
take a good look at this new facility
for the health and welfare of the Mem-
bers of the House. Everyone is urged
to use these facilities. The use will be
good for all of us.
We invite you to come. We hope you
will be there for this occasion. I know
you want to join us in paying special
recognition to our colleague the gentle-
man from Texas [Mr, THOMAS]
TO AUTHORIZE PRINTING OF AD-
DITIONAL COPIES OF HOUSE DOC-
UMENT NO, 103, 86TH CONGRESS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Reso-
lution 7 and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows:
H. CoN. RES. 7
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there shall be
printed an additional thirteen thousand five
hundred and fifty copies of House Document
Numbered 103 of the Eighty-sixth Congress
in the style and format directed by the Joint
4633
Committee on Printing; two thousand five
hundred and seventy-five of such copies
shall be, for the use of the Senate and ten
thousand nine hundred and seventy-five of
such copies shall be for the use of the House
of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 7, insert line 8: "Ssc. 2.
Copies of such document shall be prorated
to Members of the Senate and House of
Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective Senate and House Docu-
ment Rooms."
The SPEAKER. The gentleman from
Ohio [Mr. HAYS] is recognized.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield? '
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. There is nothing in the
concurrent resolution to indicate the
nature of the document. Would the
gentleman state the nature of the ma-
terial to be printed.
Mr. HAYS. It is a flat, semihard
sheet of paper, about the size of the
tablet I am holding, containing a code
of ethics for Government employees,
drawn up some years ago, which was
printed once and for which there seems
to be some demand for reprinting. It is
used for hanging in Government build-
ings where Government employees work.
Mr. GROSS. I thank the gentleman.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the committee amendment.
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF THE PROCEEDINGS
IN CONNECTION WITH THE AC-
CEPTANCE OF THE STATUE OF
THE LATE SPEAKER OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
SAM RAYBURN OF TEXAS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker; by direc-
tion of the Committee on House Admin-
istration, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 83 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows :
H. CoN. Has. 83
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That the proceed-
ings at the presentation, dedication, and ac-
ceptance of the statue of Sam Rayburn, pre-
sented by the Texas State Society in the
Rayburn Building, together with appropri-
ate illustrations and other pertinent matter,
shall be printed as a House document. The
copy for such House document shall be pre-
pared under the supervision of the Joint
Committee on Printing.
SEC. 2. There shall be printed five thou-
sand additional copies of such House docu-
ment, which shall be bound in such style
as the Joint Committee on Printing shall
direct, and of which one hundred copies shall
be for the use of the Senate and five hundred
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, and four thousand four
hundred copies shall be for the .use of the
Members of the Senate and the Members of
the House of Representatives from the State
of Texas.
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 4434
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 11, 1965
With the following committee amend-
ment :
On page 1, strike out lines 9 through 12.
On page 2, strike out lines 1 through 5, and
add the following:
"SEc. 2. There shall be printed ten thou-
sand additional copies of such House docu-
ment, which shall be bound in such style as
the Joint Committee on Printing shall direct,
of which one thousand copies shall be for
the use of the Senate and nine thousand
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, to be ,prorated for a period
of sixty days, after which the unused bal-
ance shall revert to the respective Senate
and House Document Rooms."
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
TO AUTHORIZE THE PRINTING AS
A HOUSE DOCUMENT THE PAM-
PHLET ENTITLED "OUR AMERI-
CAN GOVERNMENT. WHAT IS IT?
HOW DOES IT FUNCTION?"
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by the di-
rection of the Committee on House Ad-
ministration, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 97 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows :
H. CON. Has. 97
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That (a) with the
permission of the copyright owner of the
book "Our American Government-1001
Questions on How It Works," with answers
by Wright Patman, published by- Scholastic
Magazines, Incorporated, there shall .be
printed as a House document the pamphlet
entitled "Our American Government. What
Is It? How Does It Function?"; and that
there shall be printed one million eighty-four
thousand additional copies of such docu-
ment, of which two hundred and six thou-
sand copies shall be for the use of the Sen-
ate, and eight hundred and seventy-eight
thousand copies shall be for the use of the
House of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 12, add the following:
"SEc. 2. Copies of such document shall be
prorated to Members of the Senate and House
of Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective Senate and House Docu-
ment Rooms."
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to.
A,motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF INAUGURAL AD-
DRESSES FROM PRESIDENT
WASHINGTON TO PRESIDENT
JOHNSON
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 125., with a-committee amendment,
and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows:
H. Con. RES. 125
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That a collection of
inaugural addresses, from President George
Washington to President Lyndon B. John-
son, compiled from research volumes and
State papers by the Legislative Reference
Service, Library of Congress, be printed with
illustrations as a House document; and that
sixteen thousand one hundred and twenty-
five additional copies be printed, of which
ten thousand nine hundred and seventy-five
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, and five thousand one hun-
dred and fifty copies for the use of the
Senate.
With the following committee amend-
ment:
Following line 11, insert the following:
.SEc. 2. Copies of such document shall be
prorated to Members of the Senate and House
of Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the respective Senate and House Document
Rooms".
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The resolution as amended was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF TRIBUTES BY MEM-
BERS OF CONGRESS TO THE LATE
SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Reso-
lution 153 and ask for its immediate
consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as
follows :
H. CON. RES. 153
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there be
printed with illustrations as a House docu-
ment all remarks by Members of the Senate
and House of Representatives in the Halls of
Congress which constitute tributes to the
life, character, and public service of the late
Sir Winston Churchill. The copy for such
House document shall be prepared under
the supervision of the Joint Committee on
Printing.
SEc. 2. In addition to the usual number,
there shall be printed five thousand eight
hundred and sixty additional copies of such
House document, of which one thousand and
five hundred copies shall be for the use of the
Senate, and four thousand three hundred
and sixty copies shall be for the use of the
House of Representatives.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
REPRINTING OF HOUSE DOCUMENT
NO. 103, 88TH CONGRESS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 165, with committee amendments,
and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. CON. RES. 165
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That the brochure
entitled "How Our Laws Are Made", by Doctor
Charles J. Zinn, law revision counsel of the
House of Representatives Committee on the
Judiciary, as set out in House Document
Numbered 103 of the Eighty-eighth Congress,
be printed as a House document, with emen-
dations by the author and with a foreword
by Honorable Edwin E. Willis; and that there
be printed one hundred thirty-two thousand
additional copies to be prorated to the Mem-
bers of the House of Representatives for a
period of ninety days after which the unused
balance shall revert to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
With the following committee amend-
ments :
On line 11, strike out "ninety" and in-
sert "sixty"
On line 12, strike out "Committee on the
Judiciary" and Insert "House Document
Room".
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The resolution as amended was agreed
to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRINTING OF STUDY OF COMPENSA-
AND ASSISTANCE FOR PER-
TION
SONS AFFECTED BY REAL PROP-
ERTY ACQUISITION IN FEDERAL
PROGRAMS
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 167 and ask for its immediate 'con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
H. CON. RES. 167
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there be
printed for the use of the Committee on
Public Works, House of Representatives, one
thousand additional copies of a. study made
by that committee of compensation and
assistance for persons affected by real prop-
erty acquisition in Federal and federally
assisted programs.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion i=o reconsider was laid on the
PUBLNUATION OF DEPARTMENT OF
STATE WHITE PAPER RELATING
TO NORTH VIETNAM
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Concurrent
Resolution 338, with a committee amend-
ment, and ask for Its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows :
H. Con. RES. 338
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That (a) there be
printed as a House document the Depart-
ment of State white paper, issued February
17, 1965, relating to North Vietnam's cam-
paign to conquer South Vietnam (Depart-
ment of State Publication 7839). The copy
for such House document shall be prepared
under the supervision of the Joint Commit-
tee on Printing.
(b) In addition to the usual number, there
shall be printed sixty-three thousand six
hundred additional copies of such House
document of which twenty thousand shall
be for the use of the Senate, and forty-
three thousand six hundred for the use of the
House of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
merit:
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Following line 12, insert:
"SEC. 2. Copies of such document shall be
prorated to Members of the Senate and House
of Representatives for a period of sixty days,
after which the unused balance shall revert
to the. respective Senate and House Docu-
ment Rooms".
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, will the gen-
tleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I would like
to ask the gentleman if it is the common
precept and tradition that we print these
in the Congress rather than have the
Department downtown print such a
document and distribute it? I have no
objection to this, but I am just seeking
information.
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, may I say
that the Department printed a number
of these and made them available to the
Members of the House; but the demand
has gone beyond that. This has been
done in the past and I may point out that
this does not necessarily represent the
views of the House of Representatives,
but is a . Department of State compila-
tion.
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I appreciate
the statement of the gentleman and
thank him.
The SPEAKER. The question is on
the committee amendment.
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The concurrent resolution was agreed
to and a motion to reconsider was laid
on the table.
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, on behalf of
the author of this resolution, the gentle-
man from New York [Mr. TENZER], I ask
unanimous consent that he may extend
his remarks following the passage of the
concurrent resolution just agreed to.
The SPEAKER. Without objection, it
is so ordered.
There was no objection.
Mr.,TENZER. Mr. Speaker, I want to
compliment the gentleman from Ohio,
Mr. WAYNE L. HAYS, the distinguished
chairman of the Subcommittee on Print-
ing of the Committee on House Adminis-
tration, for the expeditious manner in
which his committee dealt with House
Concurrent Resolution 338. Chairman
HAYS and the distinguished 'gentleman
from Texas, Mr. OMAR BURLESON, chair-
man of the Committee on House Admin-
istration, together with the members of
the full committee and the Subcommit-
tee on Printing have shown not only a
recognition of the bipartisan aspects of
our Vietnam commitment, but also a de-
sire to insure the continuation of such
bipartisan support by making certain
that the American people are kept aware
of the underlying reasons and the facts
which justify this country's commitment.
The white paper does not offer a solu-
tion to the Vietnam conflict, but it does
set forth in clear and concise form the
case against Communist aggression in
South Vietnam. This document provides
the facts so #hat American citizens may
judge the reasons for our role there and
the future course of our defense of free-
dom in that area of the globe.
My colleagues in giving unanimous ap-
proval of the resolution have likewise
acted expeditiously in this matter of
great importance to our democratic form
of government and the American people
will be fully apprised of all the facts.
PRINTING THE PRAYERS OF THE
HOUSE CHAPLAIN
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion I call up House Resolution 230 and
ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
H: RES. 230
Resolved, That the prayers offered by the
Chaplain, the Reverend Bernard Braskamp,
doctor of divinity, at the opening of the
daily sessions of the House of Representa-
tives of the United states during the Eighty-
seventh and Eighty-eighth Congresses, be
printed as a House document, and that two
thousand additional copies be printed and
bound for the use of the House of Represen-
tatives, to be distributed by the Chaplain
of the House of Representatives.
With the following committee amend-
ment :
On page 1, line 6, strike out "two" and in-
sert "one"
The committee amendment was agreed
to.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
PRAYERS OFFERED BY CHAPLAIN
OF U.S. SENATE
Mr. BAYS, Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up Senate Concurrent Reso-
lution 9 and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
S. CoN. RES. 9
Resolved by the Senate (the House of
Representatives concurring), That there be
printed thirty-two thousand two hundred and
fifty additional copies of Senate Document
Numbered 86, Eighty-first Congress, first ses-
sion, being the prayers offered by the Chap-
lain, the Reverend Peter Marshall, doctor of
divinity, at the opening of the daily sessions
of the Senate of the United States during the
Eightieth and Eighty-first Congresses, 1947-
1949; of which ten thousand three hundred
copies shall be for the use of the Senate and
twenty-one thousand nine hundred and fifty
copies shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives.
The resolution was concurred in.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
STUDIES AND INVESTIGATIONS BY
COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MA-
RINE AND FISHERIES
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion, I call up House Resolution 152, with
committee amendments, and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
Resolved, That, effective January 4, 1965,
.the expenses of the studies and investiga-
tions to be conducted pursuant to H. Res.
151 by the Committee on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, acting as a whole or by sub-
committee, not to exceed $75,000, including
'expenditures for the employment of investi-
gators, attorneys, and experts, and clerical,
stenographic, and other assistants, and all
expenses necessary for travel and subsistence
incurred by members and employees while
4635
engaged in the activities of the committee or
any subcommittee thereof, shall be paid out
of the contingent fund of the House on
vouchers authorized and signed by the chair-
man of such committee and approved by the
Committee on House Administration.
SEC. 2. The chairman, with the consent of
the head of the department or agency con-
cerned, 1s authorized and empowered to
utilize the reimbursable services, informa-
tion, facilities, and personnel of any other
departments or agencies of the Government.
SEC. 3. The official committee reporters
may be used at all hearings held in the Dis-
trict of Columbia, if not otherwise officially
engaged.
With the following committee amend-
ments :
Page 1, line 5, strike out "$75,000" and in-
sert "$50,000".
Page 2, following line 10, insert line 11,
"Sec. 4. No part of the funds authorized by
this resolution shall be available for expendi-
ture in connection with the study or investi-
gation of any subject which is being investi-
gated for the same purpose by any other
committee of the House, and the chairman
of the Committee on Merchant Marine and
Fisheries shall furnish the Committee on
House Administration information with re-
'spect to any study or investigation intended
to be financed from such funds."
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
AUTHORIZING COMMITTEE ON
ARMED SERVICES TO EMPLOY
THREE ADDITIONAL EMPLOYEES
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion I call up House Resolution 248 and
ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol-
lows:
Resolved, That, effective March 1, 1965, the
Committee on Armed Services is authorized,
until otherwise provided by law, to employ
three additional employees, one professional
and two clerical, at rates of compensation to
be fixed by the chairman in accordance with
section 202 of the Legislative Reorganization
Act of 1946.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
AUTHORIZING THE EXPENDITURE
OF MONEYS TO COVER EXPENSES
OF THE COMMITTEE ON BANKING
AND CURRENCY INCURRED PUR-
SUANT TO HOUSE RESOLUTION 133
Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, by direction
of the Committee on House Administra-
tion I call up House Resolution 247, with
sundry committee amendments, and ask
for its immediate consideration.
The Clerkread the resolution, as fol-
lows:
Resolved, That effective from January 3,
1965, the expenses of conducting the studies,
investigations, and inquiries authorized by
H. Res. 133, Eighty-ninth Congress, incurred
by the Committee on Banking and Currency
acting as a whole or by subcommittee, not
to exceed $200,000 $150,000, including ex-
penditures for employment, travel, and sub-
sistence of attorneys, accountants, experts,
investigators, and clerical, stenographic, and
other assistants, with respect to any matter
or matters in the field of housing coming
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE March 11, 1$'65
within the jurisdiction of such committee
or subcommittee, including, but not limited
to, (1) the status and adequacy of mortgage
credit in the United States, (2) the terms
and availability of conventional mortgage
financing, (3) the flow of savings in rela-
tion to home financing needs, (4) the opera-
tion of the various Government-assisted
housing programs, (5) the current rate of
construction of residential dwelling units in
relation to housing requirements and de-
mands, (6) the role of housing construction
in the national economy, (7) the require-
ment of and demand for Federal assistance
in the development of community facilities,
including mass transportation and other re-
lated facilities, (8) urban and suburban
problems, including transportation facilities,
as they affect the availability of adequate
housing, (9) the operation of the slum clear-
ance and urban renewal programs, and (10)
rural housing and the adequacy of rural
housing credit, shall be paid out of the con-
tingent fund of the House on vouchers au-
thorized by such committee or subcommit-
tee signed by the chairman of such com-
mittee or subcommittee and approved by the
Committee on House Administration.
Sac. 2. No part of the funds authorized by
this resolution shall be available for expendi-
ture in connection with the study or investi-
gation of any subject which is being investi-
gated for the same purpose by any other
committee of the House, and the chairman
of the Committee on Banking and Currency
shall furnish the Committee on House Ad-
ministration information with respect to any
study or investigation intended to be
financed from such funds.
With the following committee amend-
ments:
Page 1, line 4, after the word "Currency"
insert "acting as a whole or by subcom-
mittee,"
Page 1, line 5, strike out "$200,000" and
insert "$150,000".
Page 1, line 9, following the word "Com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee,".
Page 2, line 14, following the word "com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee,".
Page 2, line 15, following the word "com-
mittee" insert "or subcommittee".
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Louisiana, a member of the com-
mittee.
Mr. WAGGONNER. Could the gentle-
man from Ohio clarify for the Members
of the House who under the amended
language of this resolution is entitled
or authorized to sign the necessary
vouchers?
Mr. HAYS. May I say to the gentle-
man. from Louisiana that this is exactly
the same resolution, insofar as the com-
mittee or subcommittee language is con-
cerned, that the House reported 2 years
ago.
The Committee on House Administra-
tion, I believe it is fair to say, did not
feel that we could arbitrate within the
Committee on Banking and Currency.
They worked this matter out themselves
2 years ago.
The Committee on House Administra-
tion does feel that the Housing Subcom-
mittee is a very important subcommittee
and that it should be separately financed
and that the money should be used for
that purpose.
I would interpret the language to read
that if the work is done by the full com-
mittee then, of course, the chairman of
the full committee would have the re-
sponsibility of signing the vouchers, and
if it is done by the subcommittee, then
according to the language as I see it,
either the chairman or the subcommittee
chairman could sign the vouchers, sub-
ject to approval of the Committee on
House Administration.
Mr. WAGGONNER. I thank the
gentleman from Ohio.
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Texas.
Mr. PATMAN. I differ with the
gentleman's interpretation on this reso-
lution. I will admit that It is the same
as 2 years ago. Two years ago the chair-
man of the Committee on Banking and
Currency and the chairman of the sub-
committee worked it out, and I feel sure
it will be worked out this time.
I think it should be left up to us to
work it out rather than the interpreta-
tion of the distinguished gentleman
from Ohio, because the language itself
is rather specific. I agree with his in-
terpretation that this committee can
do it, or the subcommittee can do it, but
in reference to the vouchers, of course,
that is the responsibility in this case of
two, the whole committee and the sub-
committee. I assume it will be satis-
factory to the gentleman that whatever
we do in working it out will be satisfac-
tory to him.
Mr. HAYS. I may say to the gentle-
man that is exactly what I tried to say
to the House. I said that the Commit-
tee on House Administration felt that
we could not arbitrate the differences or
possible disagreements within your com-
mittee, and we hoped your committee
would work it out.
Mr. PATMAN. That is right.
Mr. HAYS. Just one word of admo-
nition to the gentleman, however; that is,
if you do not work it out you will have
a rocky road to travel when you come
back for more money.
Mr. PATMAN. I agree with the gen-
tleman, we should work it out, and we
will work it out. I realize we would
have a very difficult time if we failed to
work it out when we came back and
asked for more funds. This is the big-
gest program of the present administra-
tion. It involves more than $6 billion,
and we will come back asking for more
funds.
Mr. HAYS. I am not asking the
gentleman to come back for more funds
until the next session of the Congress.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HAYS. I yield to the gentleman
from Iowa.
Mr. GROSS. In view of the substan-
tial amounts of money, not only in this
bill but in other requests, and in view of
the substantial amount of money that
is going to be appropriated in this and
other" funds to the Committee on Bank-
ing and Currency, I am sure the Mem-
bers of the House will expect some real
development from this committee during
the present year. I am going to be in-
terested in the results of a very substan-
tial amount of money being spent.
The committee amendments were
agreed to.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE ORGA-
NIZATION OF THE CONGRESS
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, by direc-
tion of the Committee on Rules, I call up
House Concurrent Resolution 4, and ask
for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the House concurrent
resolution as follows:
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring), That there is here-
by established a Joint Committee on the
Organization of the Congress (hereinafter
referred to as the committee) to be composed
of six Members of the Senate (not more than
three of whom shall be members of the ma-
jority party) to be appointed by the Presi-
dent of the Senate, and six Members of the
House of Representatives (not more than
three of whom shall be members of the ma-
jority party) to be appointed by the Speaker
of the House of Representatives. The com-
mittee shall select a chairman and a vice
chairman from among its members. No rec-
ommendation shall be made by the commit-
tee except upon a majority vote of the mem-
bers representing each House, taken sepa-
rately.
SEC. 2. The committee shall make a full
and complete study of the organization and
operation of the Congress of the United
States and shall recommend Improvements
in such organization and operation with a
view toward strengthening the Congress,
simplifying its operations, improving its re-
lationship with other branches of the United
States Government, and enabling it better
to meet its responsibilities under the Consti-
tution. This study shall include, but shall
not be limited to, the organization and op-
eration of each House of the Congress; the
relationship between the two Houses; the
relationships between the Congress and other
branches of the Government; the employ-
ment and remuneration of officers and em-
ployees of the respective Houses and officers
andemployees of the committees and Mem-
bers of Congress; and the structure of, and
the relationships between, the various stand-
ing, special, ;and select committees of the
Congress: Provided, That nothing in this
concurrent resolution shall be construed to
authorize the committee to make any rec-
ommendations with respect to the rules,
parliamentary procedure, practices, and/or
precedents of either House, or the considera-
tion of any matter on the floor of either
House: Provided further, That the language
employed herein shall not prohibit the com-
mittee from studying and recommending the
consolidations and reorganization of com-
mittees.
SEc. 3. (a) The committee, or any duly
authorized subcommittee thereof, is author-
ized to sit and act atsuch places and times
during the sessions, recesses, and adjourned
periods of the Eighty-ninth Congress, to re-
quire by subpena or otherwise the attend-
ance of such witnesses and the production of
such books, papers, and documents, to ad-
minister such oaths, to take such testimony,
to procure such printing and binding, and
to make. such expenditures, as it deems
advisable.
(b) The committee is empowered to ap-
point and fix the compensation of such ex-
perts, consultants, technicians, and clerical
and stenographic assistants as it deems
necessary and advisable.
(c) The expenses of the committee, which
shall not exceed $150,000 through January
31, 1966, shall be paid from the contingent
fund of the Senate upon vouchers signed by
the chairman.
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RECORD and to include extraneous
matter,)
Mr. LANGgN. Mr. Speaker, it is time
to clip the wings of the Commodity
Credit Corporation before it flies away
with more of needed national farm in-
come, That is why I am joining other of
my colleagues in introducing a bill to
strengthen the market price of wheat,
corn, oats, rye, barley, grain sorghums,
soybeans, and flaxseed by prohibiting
the CCC from making domestic sales of
such commodities at prices less, than 125
percent of current support prices plus
reasonable carrying charges.
This action is desperately needed if
we are to avoid a repetition of past un-
wise manipulations by the CCC. All too
often we have seen this Government
agency throw its stocks on the market
at uncalled-for low prices, sometimes
right in the middle of the harvest sea-
son. The resulting sag in the market
price to farmers has been catastrophic.
Mr. Speaker, I urge prompt considera-
tion and passage of the bill. Prohibiting
the Commodity Credit Corporation from
selling its commodities at prices less than
125 percent of current support prices will
.at least maintain some semblance of or-
der and keep the market at a point that
approaches a fair level. It is time that
the CCC became an instrument of Gov-
ernment that helps the farmer rather
than hurts him.
TO ESTABLIS$ A JOINT COMMITTEE
ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
CONGRESS
(Mr. SKU13ITZ asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD, and to include extra-
neous matter.)
. Mr. SIUBITZ. Mr. Speaker, I rise to
commend my colleague from Indiana
[Mr. MADDEN] on his excellent presenta-
tion today, of the objectives and provi-
sions of House Concurrent Resolution 4,
to establish- a Joint Committee on the
Organization of the Congress.
The need fora full and complete study
of the organization and operation of the
Congress is long overdue.
In this age of instant communication,
computer statistics, and the growing
complexities stemming from. the eco-
nomic mobility of our population, Fed-
eral dominion over many aspects of the
daily lives of our citizens is a clear and
present reality.
Whether the flow of authority to
Washington results from an inexorable
tendency on the part of the Federal bu-
reaucracy to expand itself in, keeping
with Parkinson's laws, or rather results
from a receding ability or willingness on
the part of State and local governments
to keep up with the needs of our citizens,
it is not my purpose here to debate.
I simply, state as a fact that the Fed-
eral Government is more and more in-
volved with the affairs of every citizen,
as evidenced by the growing army of
Federal wprkers in the executive branch
and in.t4e sl}eer amount of legislation
we, the people's representatives, are
called upon to dispose of_in this Congress.
Mr. Speaker, we tolerate the inefficien-
cies in our democratic system of Govern-
ment as a very small price to pay for the
blessings of liberty. Certainly, no one of
us wants to trade what we have, for all
its faults, for the odious imposition of a
totalitarian dictatorship or for the chaos
which is the companion of anarchy.
Still, acceptance of the weaknesses in-
herent in any democracy gives us no li-
cense to divest ourselves of the respon-
sibility to improve the mechanics of the
system to keep pace with the ever-chang-
ing times.
In the last session of Congress, I in-
troduced a measure designed to eliminate
a part of the legislative procedure that
has been obsolete for many years. I said
at that time:
The growth of Government has made it
mandatory for the legislative branch to mod-
ernize its procedures. If the Congress is to
meet its responsibilities as regards efficiency
and economy, a close relationship between
the House and Senate tax raising and tax
spending committees must be established.
I repeat that statement today, as it is
as valid now as it was then, and I have
reintroduced my bill to create a Joint
Committee on the Budget with the hope
that it will be passed in this session of
Congress.
But there are additional operations of
the Congress which deserve study with
an eye toward modernization. It is my
hope that a careful study by a Joint Com-
mittee on the Organization of the Con-
gress would define and illuminate these
additional operations, and with that goal
in mind, I pledge to work for passage of
House Concurrent Resolution 4.
Mr. Speaker, I urgently recommend
passage of House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 4.
(Mr. SKUBITZ asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
[Mr. SKUBITZ' remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM
(Mr. GERALD R. FORD asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute.)
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speak-
er, I have requested this time to make
inquiry of the distinguished majority
leader of the program for the remainder
of this week and next week.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. I yield to the
majority leader.
Mr. ALBERT. In response to the in-
quiry of the minority leader, there is no
further business for the remainder of
this week.
The program for next week is as
follows:
Monday is Consent Calendar day.
There are four bills under suspen-
sions, as follows:
H.R.4152. Amending laws relative to
Federal, intermediate credit banks and
production credit associations to ex-
pedite return of Government capital and
improve operations.
H.R. 5075. Increase Farmers Home Ad-
ministration loan fund limitation.
H.R. 5874. School construction under
Public Law 815 in Puerto Rico.
H.R.4714. To amend the Cultural
Development Act.
For Tuesday and the balance of the
week:
Tuesday is Private Calendar day.
H.R. 5505. Federal standards for con-
gressional redistricting, under a modified
closed rule, with 3 hours of general
debate.
H.R. 4185. Patent Office ;fees, under an
open rule with 2 hours of debate.
H.R. 5374. Relating to salaries of Su-
preme Court Justices, under an open rule
with 1 hour of debate.
H.R. 4527. Authorization of funds for
the U.S. Coast Guard.
This, of course, is made subject to the
usual reservation that conference re-
ports may be brought up at any time and
that any further program may be an-
nounced later.
ADJOURNMENT TO MONDAY,
MARCH 15, 1965
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, in view
of the fact we have completed the legis-
lative program for this week, I ask unani-
mous consent that when the House ad-
journs today, it adjourn to meet on
Monday next.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, reserving
the right to object, do I understand that
there will be no pro forma session to-
morrow?
Mr. ALBERT. The gentleman is cor-
rect. There will be no session at all if
this permission is granted.
Mr. GROSS. I thank the gentleman.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
BOGGS). Is there objection to the request
of the gentleman from Oklahoma?
There was no objection.
DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR
WEDNESDAY BUSINESS
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the business in
order under the Calendar Wednesday
rule may be dispensed with on Wednes-
day next, March 17, 1965.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentleman
from Oklahoma?
There was no objection.
CORRECTION OF THE RECORD
Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
I ask unanimous consent to correct the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of March 9, 1965.
On page 4341, column 1, lines 12 and 13
of the fourth paragraph, please delete
the words "of 1 percent."
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentle-
woman from Oregon?
There was no objection.
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4670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 11, 1965
FORMULATION OF THE FOREIGN time when Kosygin, who is premier of not good, and it is the wrong place to
POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES Russia, is trying to feel out the world fight and therefore we ought to pull out.
situation. Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, will
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under We are going to give him any encour- the gentleman yield?
previous order of the House, the gentle- agemen t to continue or to start new ag- Mr. DORN. I am delighted to yield to
man from South Carolina [Mr. DoaNl gression in other areas of the world? my distinguished friend from Louisiana.
is recognized for 60 minutes. What did he say in Hanoi recently? And Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, will
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- I might say while some possibly well- the gentleman yield?
imous consent that all Members have 5 meaning but certainly unthinking Mr. DORN. I yield to the gentleman
legislative days in which to extend their Americans were demanding that we with- from Louisiana.
remarks on the subject of Vietnam. draw from South Vietnam, demanding Mr. WAGGONNER. I thank the gen-
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is. there that we negotiate, Kosygin was saying tleman for yielding. I want to compli-
man fion to Sthe outh request of the entle- the same thing; he was demanding that went him on the position he has taken in
man ere South bjcton, we withdraw not only from South Viet- this matter.
(Mr. was no ked ann. nam but also from South Korea and all Mr. Speaker, I believe that we Mem-DORN mission and was given his per- re- of Asia. And these screaming, howling bers here in the Congress have to stand
mission t to o revise and extend d his in America, demanding that we firmly behind the decision which the
marks.) withdraw, were only echoing the voices President of the United States has made
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, I rise today Kosygin, Ho Chi Minh, Mao Tse-tung, with respect to Vietnam.
partment and Communist leaders throughout the This is a situation which the Presi-
to of of of support the position the the
the United States the Dertenf world. dent has inherited and is one of long
the Mee. I bof this he vast majority of I believe, for one, that the President standing. It is one to which every
the Members the hHouse and the oty should be supported, not these interna- thinking American realizes there is no
of body, and thoverwhelming majority tional gangsters, these proponents and easy answer. the of
position American people are supporting architects of infiltration, terrorism, and The decisions which the President has
the Preidside ntthe decision President to on send adds- subversion who are exerting every effort made with respect to Vietnam must be
The to conquer the entire world. supported by every loyal American and
Banal combat units Into South Vietnam, Right after the white paper which is must be supported here in the Congress.
namn. I feeioth Marines, is he gretge a true documentation of facts as to ag- We have drawn a line and if we yield
sin le Issue eebefore et r this American ree gression in South Vietnam, was issued by here, where do we stand? We cannot
single fore oday. Ipeoplt le the State Department, what was the story stand in Berlin nor can we stand any-
and before the free world today. the heard over Moscow Radio, Peiping Radio, where else in the world, nor can we
question n o of whether or not t we we are going Hanoi Radio at that very moment or a realistically draw another line against
to back up before Communist aggression few days after that white paper was Communist aggression.
In this great key area of the world in issued? Of course, they have been de- Mr. Speaker, on several occasions I
southeast Asia which is confronting us manding that we withdraw. They have have said during these last few weeks
today. referred to the white paper as a pack of that I support the President in this, and
Mr. Spates, the Commander Pidem of the Chief lies. They have attacked constantly the it is distressing to me to find Americans United today, is States, eminently our make President of the United States and the belittling the position which the Presi-
decisions concerning ng South Vietnam Secretary of State. dent of the United States has taken.
concerning Congo, Vand Let us look at what Moscow Radio said Just today I heard over the radio that
other areas of thn,one wherand the about the President a few days ago. the World Council of Churches had con-
munists are the world where the Come They said that he was the leader of a demned the position of the United States,
monide off exerting pressure. The bandit gang of imperalists. What did in Vietnam. It is inconceivable to me
more experience r the United States today has Peiping Radio say about Adlai Steven- that so-called men of God would side
more President e ever to this field than any son, our Ambassador to the United Na- with godless communism and against the
In the history ver to occupy r For White more tions? They said that he was comparable President in a grave matter such as this.
in the hiof our country. mo to Dr. Goebbels, Adolph Hitler's propa- For years now, many Americans 'have
than two decades the President has been ganda minister, and called him a Goeb- complained about our failure to take a
decisi c in on every every matarmilitary decision i fpolicy that bels-type politician. They have attacked firm stand against Communist aggres-
this country has the Secretary of State. sion.
leis country has made, As majority
leader of the other body, as Vice Press- Mr. Speaker, I want to say that it is We have now that exact opportunity,
dent of the United States and now as shocking to see Americans echoing this We have taken a stand.
President and Commander in Chief. I same sentiment. Yes, it has come over our just and right.
want to repeat that - he has been in on the radio from Cuba. They have called We must not yield.
and
every major foreign policy decision made Members of this Congress by name, since Aix. Speaker, I have said it before President
during the last 20 years. they rose on the floor of this Congress; I say it again, I stand with the
Our distinguished and able Secretary Tass, the other day, the mouthpiece for of the United States. He has drawn a
of State, Dean Rusk, knows Asia. He Moscow, ridiculed any number of Mem- line and I stand on that line with him.
served as a lieutenant colonel in this bers of this House who rose In support No Member of this Congress can do less.
very area of the world in which we are of the President of the United States Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the
concerned today as an aide, as one of solely because they refused to back a poI- gentleman yield?
the top aides, to "Vinegar Joe" Stillwell icy advocated by some to withdraw from DORN. I yield to the distin-
Asia the China-Burma-India-Southeast South Vietnam, and to negotiate. Ne- Mr.
g Mr. majority leader.
Asia theater. He was assistant Secre- gotiate under what conditions? Oh, my ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I desire
tart' of State for Far Eastern Affairs friends, these are serious times. This is Mr. compliment the gon the
het making. I gentleman
under President Harry Truman. a great crisis. But I want to say this, to compl
sure hie
The first team, Mr. Speaker, is in that both Houses of the Congress should statement ant he
strong ki support fur th s
charge of the foreign policy of our coun- have a say in foreign affairs and the
rseof the United States fo Sane
try today. They are specifically. behind White House today welcomes opinions the South Vietnam difficulties an-
our refusal to withdraw from South Viet- expressed on the floor of this House. It sling overwhelming em of cult House
nam and our refusal to negotiate when is our problem and that of the American the ovhe
, country.
n n negotiations have already been held, people, just as it is that of our Command- and v of the
. Speaker, I am pleased that the
agreements made and signed. er in Chief. Mr.
we going to pull out of South Viet- Mr. Speaker, what is the question in gentleman is making this statement to-
nam? Mr. Speaker, it is unthinkable to southeast Asia? Are we going to pull out day.
me, incredible and unbelievable, that any of this key area of the world? There are Mr. DORN. I thank the distinguished
thinking American would demand that those who say that this is a faraway majority leader.
in the face of the enemy we turn tall place, that it is a dirty war, that there Mr. MATTHEWS. Mr. Speaker, will
and run. This is particularly so at this are swamps, and the communications are the gentleman yield?
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M'ach' r, 1965 CONGRSSIONAL.
Mr. DORN. , I yield to the gentleman is only echoing a strong stand taken the world, not only the sealanes in south
from Florida. by three Presidents not to be shoved, not China, the Bay of Bengal, the straits, and
Mr, MATTHEWS. Mr. Speaker, I too to be pushed, out of southeast Asia by the Indian Ocean, but to unite the Asian
want to join with my colleagues in thank- these diabolical manipulators of world landmass_ Then where will Western
ing the distinguished" gentleman from domination. Europe be? With 67 percent of the
South Carolina [Mr. DORN] for giving Mr. Speaker, Commodore Perry in world's oil and a great portion of the
many of us here this afternoon the op- 1856-more than 100 years ago-speak- world's uranium, north Africa would
portunity of saying that like him we do Ing before the National Geographic So- outflank Western Europe, and, as Lenin
support the policy of our great President ciety in New York, said that some day predicted, Western Europe would fall
in this troublesome situation that we are the autocracy and the totalitarianism of without the firing of a shot. It would
facing in South Vietnam. central Asia and freedom, as exemplified fall like a ripe apple into the arms of the
Mr, speaker, I have talked with the by the Western World, would meet in a aggressor.
distinguished gentleman from South death struggle in southeast Asia. Theo- With Eurasia and with Afro-Eurasia,
Carolina many times about the Commu- dore Roosevelt, that great President of with its contiguous landmass, where
nist :menace. I know there is no one in the United States, warned this country would America be situated? With Africa
this House who is a more dedicated about a combined united Eurasia with only 1,500 miles from Brazil, we would be
American. There is no one who is more the goal of world domination. Genghis in an impossible position economically
determined to back the President of the Khan in the 12th century consolidated and militarily. Again I want to ask,
United States, when he tells the world Asia and then conquered all of eastern Where are these unthinking Americans
that we ought not to negotiate from Europe including the Balkans. The only willing to make their stand for freedom?
weakness, but that we are determined to thing that saved western Europe and Mr. CABELL. Mr. Speaker, will the
negotiate from strength. Western civilization was the fact that gentleman yield?
Mr. Speaker, I am sure that the gen- Genghis Khan died and his son pulled Mr. DORN. I yield to the gentleman
tleman could agree with me when I say his forces back into eastern Europe. from Texas.
that the President of the United States There are those who make light of the Mr. CABELL. At this point, Mr.
is the one leader that we have who knows rising power of Red China. It is various- Speaker, our distinguished colleague,
all of the facts, who has the informa- ly estimated today that Red China has a who is not only distinguished in his
on that will enable him to make these standing army of from 2.5 million to 10 own right but bears a very distin-
critical day-by-day decisions. I am sure million professional soldiers. It is esti- guished name, raises the point of any-
the gentleman from South Carolina mated they have a militia of 100 mil- one daring on the floor of this House
would agree with me further when I say lion. They have atomic bombs, and it to espouse the cause of communism.
that I think we, as Members of Congress, is predicted that in the near future they You will remember that a few days
owe'the President our support. We owe will explode a hydrogen bomb. Around ago one of our esteemed colleagues
him our loyalty, as exemplified now by 45 years ago Lenin said, "the road to in a very thoughtless moment suggested
the gentleman from South Carolina, in Paris is the road through Peiping." this question for debate on the floor of
this troublesome situation in Asia. He is They already have Peiping. They have this House. A debate calls for two sides
letting the world know that we in Amer- consolidated their position. in Red of a question or for a divergence of opin-
ica believe in living up to our commit- China. They are ready to proceed on ion. There can be no divergence of
ments and we do not intend to retreat in that road to Paris. The next stop en opinion on this matter, because we have
the American and the Communist
the face of communism anywhere in the route South Vietnam. only side, and the Communist side is not de-
Mr. I see e m my distinguished friend from on the floor of this House.
Mr. Speaker, 7 want to thank the gen- Indiana. I want to say that the steer- batablMr.e a on the I thank this fouse from
tleman very much. ing committee of this House adopted DORN. my
Mr. DORN. I thank the gentleman unanimously a resolution supporting the Texas.
from Florida for his contribution to this President, and the men on that side of This is a time for unity.
discussion. I am grateful for his kind the aisle and in the other body represent- I want to repeat we are actually in a
remarks. There are those who are tell- ing the great Republican Party have sup- death struggle. We are in a war at this
ing us that this is'a nasty war in South ported the President in his Vietnam pol- very moment in South Vietnam, in one
icy. of the most strategic and one of the most
muddy, there et r are ea lot of monsoons come, quagmires it is and It was surprising to me, since the important areas of the whole world and
muddy, our Pand Commander in Chief
Jungles; therefore they want to pull out. President ordered additional marines to needs the President united backing of the Chief
I want to ask my colleagues: Where South Vietnam, to note some rumbling ner nee people win this war to
they make a stand for freedom? of discontent In the capitals of Western dcan emocracy and freedom. Thio i es e
Do they want to fall back to Hawaii. Is Europe, particularly around Paris. This d em I might say to freedom. great s is an e acv-
the territory or the terrain any better in fight in southeast Asia today is for the leader and to our distinguished Speaker,
I might remind the House that the
Communists in Russia still claim 4l9ska
as Russian territory. They do not rec-
d
ognize the treaty of 1867, when we pai
$71/2 million for Alaska. Is the terrain
in the western part of the United States
any better? Is it too cold in the Rockies?
Are they going to fall back because the
for the independence and freedom of our
own country, and for freedom-loving withdraw, then that is the road to war-
peoples all over the world. that is the road to a possible nuclear
the road to Paris. holocaust. It is the road that will en-
Yes, they are on gulf the entire world in war. This has
The population of Red China today is been the history of modern civilization.
estimated at 700 million: They are mov- But if we want peace and if we believe
ing through North Vietnam toward the in the preservation of peace, we will stand
rubber, tin, and oil of the Near East. firm in South Vietnam. .
Not far from Singapore, the crossroads Mr. FOUNTAIN. Mr. Speaker, will
The Communists chose South Viet- of the world, you will find Indonesia, the gentleman yield?
nam precisely because it is an isolated with over 100 million people and vast re- Mr. DORN. I am glad to yield to the
area and a difficult place for us. For sources. Then just to the west of Red gentleman.
these reasons they are hoping we will China we find India, a nation of almost Mr. FOUNTAIN. I want to commend
give up; that we will abandon the 400 million people, already under attack the distinguished gentleman from South
struggle and withdraw. Or maybe we 2 years ago. With additional millions Carolina for the wonderful statement he
will start the slow surrender procedure of Red troops, it is reliably reported that is making in connection with the position
Red China is in a position to attack India that our President has taken in south-
by negotiation.
I say that we have every right to be again when the time is ripe. east Asia, and particularly with respect
in southeast Asia. We spent billions of I might remind the House, Mr. Speak- to the contest, the very deadly contest
dollars in Korea, and in southeast Asia er, that in the Near East you will find 67 now taking place in Vietnam.
we'spent billions of dollars during World percent of the world's untapped oil, and I would like to ask the gentleman his
War II, and hundreds of thousands of in the Himalayas a great percentage of opinion as to just what would happen
lives. We have every right to be there the world's uranium. This is a fight to- in southeast Asia if we were to pull out
for the cause of freedom. Our President day to control the natural resources of of South Vietnam?
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4672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March
`r9,65
Mr. DORN. It would have a tremen- man so ably states, if the North Viet- It might be well for us to remember
dously adverse psychological effect on namese and the Red Chinese and the the Communist dogma. They say man
the entire world. Half of the world's Russians would stay out of this area of is only as gravel or stone or wood or any
population would say, "Well, the United the world and go back to their own coun- other chemical substance, to be used for
States is no longer interested in small tries and let the people of South Viet- the conquest of the world and the infil-
nations." They would say that we are nam live In peace and develop economi- tration and domination of the world-
no longer inte
t
d i
f
m
res
e
n
reedo
In my cally in peac itdd b th
.e as wasneneye
opinion, it would be the green light for Geneva Agreements of 1954 and in the
the Communists to move into some other agreement concerning Laos in 1962. We
area and for a large portion of the world would go home. We would be delighted
to become neutralists, if not actually to go home. We would be more than
running up the hammer and sickle. glad to pull our troops out of South Viet-
Mr. FOUNTAIN. I agree with the dis- nam if these people-the aggressors-
tinguished gentleman. The door of op- would return to their own homelands.
portunity for the Communists would be Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, will the
opened to a number of countries in gentleman yield?
southeast Asia and in my opinion in a Mr. DORN. I yield to the gentleman.
very short time the Communists would Mr. CHELF. Mr. Speaker, I, too,
take many of them over. I think it is would like to Join with my colleague, the
time for us to recognize more clearly most able and learned representative
the fact, as the gentleman from south from the great State of South Carolina,
Carolina [Mr. DORN] has pointed out, in what he has had to say today not only
that we are engaged in a deadly, devas- about the Congress but the American
tating contest over the integrity of the people defending the position of the
individual versus the Integrity of the President of the United States in Viet-
state, testing whether the philosophy of nam. My colleague is exactly right when
Jesus Christ and other similar greats or he says that if we pull out of South Viet-
the philosophy of Karl Marx, Lenin, nam now, we will live to regret the day.
Stalin, Khrushchev, and Kosygin, and Once we begin to back away we literally
others like them shall prevail. That fall into the trap of the Communists.
serious and dangerous contest is going on That is exactly what they want us to
In many parts of the world, but in a most do-to become discouraged, disgruntled,
devastating manner. It is being waged disgusted if you please-yes; tired of the
in South Vietnam between the forces of whole thing. When this happens-just
freedom and the forces of slavery. where do we draw the line as you have
I had the pleasure of listening to the so ably mentioned here today.
Secretary of Defense, Mr. McNamara I always carry with me, lest I forget, a
this morning in the Committee on For- statement made by Lenin many years
eign Affairs. Of course, I cannot repeat ago. I carry It around with me con-
what I heard there. But as one who has stantly in my wallet. I look at it every
heard report after report last year and now and then. I am going to read it
this year as to what is taking place, now so that all of you who have read it
what the possibilities are, what we are before will be again reminded of Its con-
doing and what we may have to do, and tents. For the Purpose of the RECORD, I
what we are determined to do I am sat- want you to hear it again, and again.
isfied that the President of the United Do not ever forget that this is a blueprint
States has taken the only course he could of the whole Russian philosophy just as
take. And as the gentleman from South "Mein Kampf" was the map and the
Carolina has already pointed out, this chart of Hitler.
House sometime back passed a resolution Here are Lenin's own words:
ou
,
Viet
namese
effect to all the world, especially the a system of states; and it is inconceivable Government, whichever one it might be
Communist, that we would stand behind that the Soviet republic should continue for at the time, to get out of Vietnam-on
him and support him in whatever steps a long period side by side with imperialist the basis of the facts as I know them,
states.
he found to be necessary in the defense of
Ultimately, one or the other must today, in conquer. my opinion (whether we got
.
freedom in South Vietnam and south- out or not), if the North Vietnamese
east Asia and throughout the world. As He says: should not withdraw their own long ago
for me and my household, as was the Ultimately one or the other must conquer. agreed upon line, we would have no al-
case with this great body we stand firmly And here is the pitch: ternative but to continue to resist their
in just that manner behind the Presi- Meanwhile, a number of terrible clashes aggression. We would have to fight on.
dent of the United States. There is no between the Soviet republic and bourgeois It is unthinkable that we would ever
other course at this time. states is inevitable. negotiate any kind of truce or agreement
There is nothing as yet to negotiate. except the kind that would bring the
Let me add here the s yet kind of nego- e. South Vietnam is no exception. This kind of peace and the kind of North
is the pattern. My friend from South Vietnam withdrawal about which the
tiation that I would every agree, would Carolina is correct. I applaud him. I
be a negotiation resulting in the com- commend him and everybody on the Re- gentleman and others have spoken so
plete withdrawal from South Vietnam clearly.
of the North Vietnamese and a stop to publican side both in the House and the Mr. DORN. I thank the gentleman.
of
war of aggression they ar waging Senate for their stand. Thank God for Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, will the
against the freedom loving people of men like you, our Democratic and Repub- gentleman yield?
South Vietnam. lican leadership who are upholding our Mr. DORN. I yield to my friend the
Again I want to commend the gentle- President's hand in this time of peril. gentleman from New Jersey.
man for his statom and thank him Mr. DORN. I thank my friend the Mr. PATTEN. I thank the gentleman
man giving his s this opportunity to join m gentleman from Kentucky. from South Carolina. I agree with the
him giving meting our President tunny to this It might be well for us to remind our- gentleman 100 percent. I always have.
very important question. selves of this. I am glad the gentleman This goes back more than 40 years. I
Mr. i Aorta I want to thank my dis- keeps that quotation with him. We all support my President and my Secretary
ry
need to be reminded of the diabolical, of State.
tinguished colleague, the gentleman from sinister design of the Communist con- In this case it is really a pleasure, be-
North Carolina. We can have peace and spiracy upon the entire world. We need cause only last Thursday night we spent
we can have negotiation, as the gentle- to bear that constantly in mind. 2 hours at the White House. It was
recognize the dignity and worth of man,
as is true in our democratic Christian
concept.
We might keep that in mind. They
are bent upon and sworn to the conquest
and domination of the entire world.
When dealing with them, sitting down
to negotiate with them, we ought to keep
that constantly in mind.
One of the distinguished Members of
the other body-I believe It was the dis-
tinguished senior Senator from Geor-
gia-said that the Communists will steal
your cow and a calf, will keep the cow
and negotiate about the calf. I know
some Members came from the farm, as
I did. Soon the Communists will get
the whole herd that way. That is ex-
actly the method they follow-two steps
forward, one step back; steal your cows,
keep part of them 'and negotiate about
the others.
We should keep that in mind.
Mr. FOUNTAIN. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. DORN. I yield to my friend from
North Carolina.
Mr. FOUNTAIN. Earlier in his. re-
marks, the distinguished and able
gentleman from South Carolina [Mr.
DORN] commended those upon whom we
must rely for the facts, for truth, and for
decisions, secretary of State Rusk, Mr.
McNamara, and many others. I join the
gentleman in the commendation he has
paid them for their firmness in this hour.
I should like to add, on the basis of
the facts which have come to me as a
member of the House Committee on For-
eign Affairs, even if we should be re-
quested to do what someone has sug-
gested,may happen (something which I
if we sh
ld
am sure will not happen)
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 eh 71, 1965 - v~ . ~... CONG3Z$~5~~1~7AT.`"R ORD == HOUSE'"""" ....,.,_-
4673
wonderful to be brougnt up to uatie anu yy11Z,V ~+__. ~___~ lwY~- -- ? -- -- he
get the briefing we received. Hitler's name signed to it. Then he and if Kosygin will quit demanding that
I fear, in our little talk here, that some smiled and said, "This means peace in we pull out of all of the free countries
people on the outside may get the wrong our time." ~ This was after socializing of Asia. That is the solution of the
impression. I wonder, considering the with, breaking bread with, and negotiat- problem.
military and economic facts about South ing with some of the most infamous in- Mr. Speaker, there is one other thing
Vietnam, about the alternatives. I ternational gangsters of our time. I that I might remind my colleagues of
would like to know what the Council of think Neville Chamberlain, Lord Halifax, and that is that this war in South Viet-
Churches said, as was mentioned on the Daladier, and Bonnet, who went to that nam today is aggression. It is war, but
floor. , conference, are equally guilty today with not in the formal sense as we have known
I would like to know what the other Adolph Hitler for commencing World it. We need to understand this. A lot
members of the United Nations are say- War II. They are virtually as guilty for of people will say, "Well, it is a civil war
ing about us and on what basis they say causing the expenditure of billions of and we should not get mixed up in a civil
it. I want, to tell you I would like to dollars, for the destruction of the many war."
know more about the opinion existing in billions of dollars of property and for the This is not a civil war at all. This is
southeast Asia. I have gotten a little more than 25 million lives lost during war; stark, open aggression in a different
shaken up by that recent Indian election. World War II. Why do I say that? form-terrorism, subversion, trained in-
If anyone were to tell me that in the Because they wanted to negotiate away filtrators, trained saboteurs sent in under
southern part of India 40-some Peiping the freedom of Czechoslovakia-the free- the table, so to speak, in an effort to
Communists could get elected when 29 of dom of a free people. That contributed terrorize the population.
them are in jail, I would not believe it. not to "peace in our time," but to war, The Communists have learned a les-
It just makes you think a little bit. chaos, and the very trouble we are'hav- son from open aggression. Their tactics
Now, if I am going to fight a fellow, I Ing around the world today. now call for aggression through infiltra-
like to fight him on my terms and not I remember some other conferences, tion, subversion, sabotage, and terrorism.
on his. If world communism is the threat too, conferences which were entered into They send "volunteers" and secret agents
today, then, maybe from a military point in good faith by the leaders of our coun- into a nation to be victimized. Riots,
of view we should have a little revision try. How can we forget Teheran, Yalta, demonstrations, and the overthrow of
in-our policy and activity. Sometimes I Potsdam, when we were led to believe the Government become the method of
think that in the position we are in today that all of the countries of eastern conquest. This new technique of ag-
they could send down 100,000 men from Europe, including Latvia, Estonia, and gressiori is more effective and dangerous
china and not miss them and then send Lithuania, would be given the right of than open aggression and promises more
another million next week and next week self-determination by the people and the success. This new technique calls for
send another million and still not miss right to vote when the war was over. negotiating whenever a respite is needed
them. So I say whether we are in the Russia never kept a single one of those or when there is a need to strengthen
right place at the right time, taking agreements. We negotiated with them. the home base. In open conflict with
into consideration all the economic fac- We sat across the table from them. Yes, the Communists, such as in Korea and
tors and the political factors and what we did that at Potsdam. But we have Greece and even in Malaya and the
the rest of the world is doing, is some- lost, may I say again, every time we sat Philippines, the forces of freedom were
thing we should consider. I think we at a table with them. Every time we victorious. On the other hand, through
ought to tell people that our minds are conducted negotiations with them we negotiations the free world has not
open and this Congress wants to get all lost. chalked up a single victory.
of the information it can get. However, What about Korea? I remember be- The hospitals particularly have been
I do not wish to detract one bit from ing in Korea in 1951. The one great attacked, and schoolteachers are their
the fine job you are doing on the floor Chinese army had been committed in favorite targets. Civilians have been
here today and I want to associate my- North Korea and had been destroyed massacred and left on the highways, for
self with your remarks. largely by the armed forces of the an obvious reason, to stampede and ter-
Mr. DORN. Mr. Speaker, I want to United. States. So the Communists rorize the people of South Vietnam, and
thank the distinguished gentleman for sought a negotiation; they sought a also some in the United States who will
raising some very pertinent questions truce, and through great pressure from want to negotiate and pull out.
concerning this entire 'crisis and this some of our friends we sat down with Again I want to ask, Are our people
controversy. these people, in Kaesong, I believe it was, willing to make a stand? Mr. Speaker,
In regard to negotiations, I would like and later at Panmunjom for 2 whole I honestly believe that destiny and his-
to say to those who are advocating that years. tory are calling upon us today to stand
we negotiate, that in South Korea, in I could repeat it for you in private, but firm.
Greece, in the Philippines, and in Malaya I could not on the floor of this House, I do not know what the future holds.
where we and where our allies came in what the Communist negotiators called I think we should persevere, be patient.
contact with the Communists in open the representatives of the United States, But I shudder to think what will happen
combat, we won. We have never won, to generals representing our armed forces, if we do not persevere, if we withdraw,
my knowledge, in negotiations. There- men in uniform-they called them un- if we pull out and leave this road to
fore, these people who are proposing that. printable names. They kept their hats Paris wide open, leave the road open to
we negotiate today, I think, are really on during the conferences and would this uranium, tin and rubber as well as
proposing that we negotiate another sur_ then walk out and say, "We'll see You 1500 million people. What will be the
render, another withdrawal, another next week," or "next month." effect on the economy of the world?
loss. I do know that wherever we have This went on for 2 years. Red China What will be the effect on military
stood firm in the right, with principle on trained, I am reliably informed, five strategy?
our side, that the Communists have whole new armies. Mr. Speaker, this is an hour when the
backed down. When we stood for the Yes, they will negotiate when they are people of this Nation and all of the free
right with sufficient military hardware out of ammunition. They will negoti- world need to stand up and be counted
behind us, we won. ate when they have to. They will nego- against the ruthless, diabolical inter-
Let us look for just a moment at some tiate when they are licked. I think that national dictators who would conquer
of the negotiations which we have had in if we stand firm in South Vietnam we southeast Asia as a step toward the con
the recent past with the dictators. It are sure to win, if we remain united. quest and enslavement . of the entire
has been mentioned here on the floor What about the agreements in Geneva world.
time and again, but I do not think we which created a North Vietnam and a The entire world is watching our
can 'mention it too often. I believe one South Vietnam? This was through ne- action in South Vietnam. The freedom
of the saddest sights I have ever seen was gotiation. This was through agreement. loving world is hoping and praying that
that of Neville Chamberlain' returning to We have not broken any agreement. We the United States will not fail. They are
London, England, In the rain with his have not broken our unilateral commit- hoping we will stand firm and resist
high top hat and his umbrella, waving ment. But, Mr. Speaker, the solution to once and for all Communist aggression
before the people of London and the good this problem is very easy if the Commu- in Vietnam, in Berlin, and wherever it
people of England a scrap of paper. nists will go beyond the 17th parallel, if rears its sinister head. This could well
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March fT --165
be our greatest opportunity to win a If the war is going badly for the South
major victory over the forces of com- Vietnamese, It Is going far worse for the
m.unism in a strategic world area. Communists. In the last 3 years, more
The South Vietnamese have earned than 60,000 Communist invaders have
the admiration of the entire free world been killed in action compared to less
for waging a gallant struggle under than 18,000 loyalist troops. More than
adverse circumstances. In this valiant 1 million natives of North Vietnam have
struggle they deserve the support of all fled from their homes-and commu-
of the free world. It is gratifying to nism-for sanctuary in the South.
note that South Korea and the Philip- This is hardly the record of a people
pine Republic are coming to the aid of who allegedly do not care whether their
South Vietnam. The Communists can country is taken over by the forces of
be defeated and driven forever out of communism.
southeast Asia with a united effort. We There is no easy and painless solution
must encourage every member of SEATO to the war in Vietnam. But, then, the
and every nation whose freedom is price of freedom is always high. It is a
threatened in southeast Asia to send aid price that Americans have willingly paid
I do not know-no one knows-what
will happen if we persevere in our policy
in South Vietnam. But I know what will
happen if we do not persevere. I am
unqualifiedly with the President.
Mr. MOELLER. Mr. Speaker, I
strongly endorse and support the admin-
istration's policy of strength in Viet-
nam-not because it is the best policy
of my party but because it is so clearly
in the best interests of my country.
Let there be no misunderstanding or
confusion as to why we are in Vietnam:
We are there for the simple reason that
the Communist strategy of conquest is
"Vietnam today-tomorrow southeast
Asia and the world."
History tells a grim story of the chaos
that almost always follows when free-
men become too timid and too apathetic
to resist aggression. World War II, with
its millions of dead, might well have
been averted had the great powers faced
up to Hitler in the late 1930's instead
of deluding themselves that the Nazi
appetite for blood would be appeased by
"just one more" victim.
I say that we either continue to draw
the line in Vietnam or we invite world
war III by encouraging the Communists
to stake out a progression of "final" vic-
tims until, finally, the United States it-
self becomes the direct target.
So the withdrawal of U.S. assistance
to South Vi t
e n
l
since the founding days of this Republic.
They will do no less today.
Again, I support the administration's
policy on Vietnam because it is right.
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, I
want to express my great admiration for
the excellent presentation of the agoniz-
ing problem of Vietnam and I want to
express my warm regards for the gentle-
man from South Carolina. His presen-
tation was an action that has seldom
been equalled in this House.
By expressing his knowledgeable sup-
port of our President he has performed
an outstanding patriotic service.
I join with him in his expression of
support and confidence in President
Johnson.
I recently visited Vietnam and I would
like to state that we have our first team
on the scene superbly led by Ambassa-
dor Taylor, Ambassador Johnson, and
General Westmoreland.
Our military and civilian personnel are
of the highest competence. They are do-
ing an excellent job. Perhaps, too, this
is a time to make an observation about
the Vietnamese soldiers. They are fight-
ing and fighting well and they are being
killed and wounded and they are doing
this to repell the aggresssion taking place
in their country. The fatality rate is a
staggering one. So let no one cast doubts
as to the willingness of the Vietnamese
to fight.
am wou
d not lessen the The coup-coup approach to govern-
risk of a general nuclear war-it would ment among the generals beclouds the
serve instead to heighten that grave pos- true fighting qualities of the Vietnamese
sibility to the point of making it in- soldier. If a stable government can be
evitable. established in Siagon I have no doubt
This is the message that we deliver that the war can be successfully con-
'today to those Americans who contend cluded in South Vietnam. If the political
that we have no business in Vietnam, officers and monks in Siagon would give
that we are fighting the wrong war in patriotism the same priority that soldiers
the wrong place at the wrong time. I of Vietnam give then we would see the
would remind the advocates of a nego- sun break through the dark clouds.
tiated settlement that freedom is not a I think too that we can take heart that
negotiable issue, that there is no "wrong" our policy to make the war less appealing
time to make a stand for freedom and to the Communists by our air strikes is
there Is no "wrong" place to resist raw starting to show dividends as one reads
and naked aggression. the political omens emanating from the
Surely, we have learned the bitter les- Communist capitals. I am sure that the
son by now that the Communists,, lack- Communists are pondering well whether
Ing honor, will honor no treaty that can- the acceptance of damage in the north
not be twisted and corrupted to further is worth satisfying their appetite for ag-
their own evil designs. gression in the south. I think too that
Now, Mr. Speaker, it seems to methat President Johnson has made it clear that
the general impression In the United if they go back home their would be no
States is that the Communist Vietcong need to negotiate for the war would be
is receiving practically no opposition from over.
South Vietnamese troops, that they lack They have merely to live up to the
the will to fight. This Is not true. agreements they signed in 1954 and 1962.
Perhaps too it should be said that our
President and our Nation is most fortu-
nate in having as Secretary of State,
Dean Rusk. I am confident that history
will record him as one of our country's
great Secretary's of State at a time when
our country could afford no less.
And so I thank my colleague, Con-
gressman DORN, for giving me this oppor-
tunity to speak. And I compliment him
for the job he has done here today. It
was a job well done.
OFFICE OF COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
O'HARA of Michigan). Under previous
order of the House the gentleman from
Massachusetts [Mr. MORSE] is recog-
nized for 30 minutes.
(Mr. MORSE asked and was given per-
mission to revise and extend his remarks
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, during the
88th Congress, the gentleman from Kan-
sas [Mr. ELLSWORTH], the gentleman
from Minnesota [Mr. MAcGREGORI, the
gentleman from Maryland [Mr. MA-
THIAS]' the gentleman from Maine [Mr.
TrIPPERI, and myself introduced legisla-
tion to create within the Executive Of-
fice of the President an Office of Com-
munity Development.
Mr. Speaker, I am proud to take the
floor this afternoon to inform the House
that we have been joined by 18 other
Members in filing similar legislation in
this, the 89th Congress: the gentleman
from Illinois [Mr. ANDERSON], the gentle-
man from California [Mr. BELL], the
gentleman from Utah [Mr. BURTON], the,
gentleman from New Hampshire [Mr.
CLEVELAND], the gentleman from Massa-
chusetts [Mr. CONTE), the gentleman
from New Jersey [Mr. FRELINCHUYSENI,
the gentleman from New York [Mr.
GOODELL], the gentleman from Michigan
[Mr. GRIFFIN], the gentleman from
Michigan [Mr. HARVEY], the gentleman
from New York [Mr. HORTON], the gen-
tleman from California [Mr. MAILLIARDI,
the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. Mc-
CLORY], the gentleman from Ohio [Mr.
MOSHER], the gentleman from Minnesota
[Mr. QUIET, the gentleman from Cali-
fornia [Mr. REINECKE], the gentleman
from Illinois [Mr. RumsFELD], the gen-
tleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. ScHwEI-
-BER], the gentleman from, Kansas [Mr.
SHRIVERI, and the gentleman from New
York [Mr. SMITH] have filed legislation
today.
Mr. Speaker, this, in my view, is a
significant effort, because we believe that
our Federal Establishment must give
greater concern., greater attention to the
problems of the metropolitan areas
throughout the country.
We believe that our approach is the
right way to do it.
Mr. Speaker, a principal element of the
legislation filed by these 24 Republican
Members, representing 13 of our States
extending from Maine to California,
would be the establishment of an Office
of Community Development which would
coordinate the many programs which
have a major impact upon the Nation's
metropolitan areas.
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 be more welcome. For 50 years we have
been compelled to keep at least half an
eye on the possibility of allout war. The
exasperations Incident to efforts to find
solutions for ever increasing problems
have diverted energy which might better
have been expended in more constructive
ways. In spite of our amazing progress
in general, sore spots in our great
society demand long-deferred medica-
tion. There is too much crime and not
enough education. Extremes of wealth
and poverty produce complaisance on
one side and, resentment on the other.
The reign of law and order has not been
fully established in the land. All around
the fringe of an industrious and capable
and benevolent corporate entity exist
small groups of extremists who preach
violence and disorder. We need des-
perately a clear and unharassed head to
contemplate the means by which we may
make ours a truly ideal society.
In this year of 1965 the whole struc-
ture of American Government has origi-
nated a determined attack on our do-
mestic, problems. It may be that we can
find strength to follow up that attack
relentlessly and still keep our commit-
ments to helpless people who are strug-
gling to preserve their freedom in far
corners of the earth. It may be that
other stabilized nations will come to our
aid and help make, the whole task easier.
Better still would it be if the only force
that keeps the , world in turmoil would
cease and desist. So long as they con-
tinue in their course, their own fate must
be imperiled and our own progress must
be impeded. But whatever happens,
communism must be opposed or no good
thing can possibly result.
A UNIFORM PERIOD FOR DAYLIGHT
SAVING TIME
(Mr. FRASER (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. FR,ASER. Mr. Speaker, today I
have again introduced a bill to stand-
ardize daylight saving time.
This legislation is designed to provide
a uniform period of daylight saving time
and eliminate some of the confusion
which results from variations in daylight
saving time. My bill would simply have
all daylight saving time begin at 2 a.m.
on the last Sunday in April and continue
until 2 a.m. on the last Sunday in Octo-
ber, of each year.
The bill would not force any State or
community to go on daylight saving
`time, but would simply require that the
cities and States which have elected to
utilize daylight saving time would all
shift on and off daylight saving time on
the same day.
This bill is a straightforward measure
designed to eliminate needless confusion
and is identical to the one I introduced
in the 88th Congress.
The need for standardization has be-
come More 'Important with each pass-
ing year. Many local authorities have
found themselves faced with a dilemma
in deciding on the effective dates for day-
In my own State of Minnesota last
year, Duluth was torn between starting
daylight saving with the other Minnesota
cities at the end of May, or earlier, when
Its twin city of Superior, Wis., changed its
clocks. Again this year the Minnesota
Legislature was unable to reach an agree-
ment on a measure to decide the effective
dates for daylight saving time.
According to a recent survey of the
States observing daylight saving time on
both a statewide and local option basis,
all but five States switched to daylight
saving time the last Sunday in April. For
this reason, I have used this most com-
mon starting date in my bill even though
most of my own State of Minnesota cur-
rently observes a later date.
The most frequently used date to re-
turn to standard time is also the date
contained in this bill, the fourth Sunday
in October-though a wide variety of
dates exist.
There seems to be no good reason for
all this variance. I am certain many
States and communities choose their
changeover dates without any real
awareness of the confusion they are
causing and the need for uniformity. We
need to correct current practices and pre-
vent further confusion in the future.
My bill would provide for a standard 6
months of daylight saving time for those
States and communities which utilize
daylight saving time. It would not im-
pose any unwanted change to daylight
saving time on those sections of our coun-
try which prefer standard time. It
would only amend the existing Standard
Time Act, enacted in 1918, to provide for
a uniform period of daylight saving time.
Standardization of daylight saving
time would result in cost savings to air-
lines, buslines,"and railroads, as the need
to change schedules would become less
frequent. It would eliminate some an-
nosing, time confusion for the traveler
whether he is going by automobile or
public transportation. Broadcasting and
communications in general would also
benefit.
We cannot afford to waste the re-
sources of our country, particularly when
the cause of the waste can easily be cor-
rected. For this reason, I have spon-
sored this legislation and urge my col-
leagues in the House to sponsor similar
legislation to provide a uniform period
for daylight saving time.
ELDERHOAX, OR THE MASTERS OF
,DECEPTION
(Mr. FULTON of Tennessee (at the re-
quest of Mr. ALBERT) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. FULTON of Tennessee. Mr.
Speaker, for several weeks riow the
House Ways and Means Committee has
been considering a number of proposals
designed to meet the mounting and
pressing health care needs of our senior
citizens.
There are more than 100 such pro-
posals now before the committee But
the two that have drawn the most public
attention are H.R. 1, which is the admin-
istration's bill to provide for hospital
47
and nursing home care through social
security, and the eldercare plan to per-
mit States to improve their Kerr-Mills
medical assistance programs for the
indigent.
Both of these proposals have merit. In
our consideration of them. we are for-
tunate that we will not be asked to de-
cide which is good and which is bad,
but which is best.
There is, however, a campaign abroad
today to. totally discredit one of these
programs while attempting to beguile the
public, and especially our senior citizens,
into believing the other is something that
it is not.
I refer, of course, to the current multi-
million-dollar propaganda campaign be-
ing conducted by the American Medical
Association to hoodwink the American
taxpayer into believing that eldercare is
the product of divine revelation while
the medical care program was devised
by Satan himself.
This campaign is utilizing the slickest
gimmicks in the Madison Avenue bag of
tricks. The techniques employed are
half-truth, concealed truth, sly infer-
ence, and outright deception. Put them
all in a pot, stir them with mass exposure
on radio, television, and paid printed ad-
vertising, season it with $4 or $5 million
collected from the Nation's Ili and infirm
and you have a nice little entree to be
served up to the American public as
though it were the inspiration of a mas-
ter chef.
I suggest that if we permit the Ameri-
can public to bite into this tasty looking
tidbit, they will be left with a very bad
taste in their mouths for a long time. It
will not be the chef who is left with the
blame, however, it will be the waiter who
served it. In this case the waiter will be
the Congress of the United States.
Eldercare is a better program, so the
argument goes, because it is sponsored
and endorsed by the American Medical
Association. Their argument is that if
anyone knows the health needs of our
senior citizens and how they should be
met, certainly it must be the Nation's
doctors.
I submit that if this were the case, the
Forand bill would have passed the Con-
gress back in 1957. As a matter of fact,
the American Medical Association has
step-by-step used every method at its
disposal to oppose any medical care pro-
gram for the elderly.
AMA opposed the Forand bill. AMA
opposed the Kerr-Mills program. And
now AMA opposes the administration's
program.
I must give them credit, though, never
before in the AMA's history has that
body even admitted the Nation's elderly
have a health care problem. At least
today it does recognize this fact as evi-
denced by its support of Eldercare. I
suggest this is a great step forward for
this wise organization. Today it sees
what millions of Americans have seen
and recognized for years.
Now it is said again by the AMA that
medical care through social security is
"socialism." But it does not suggest
that this is true of Eidercare. I submit
that Eldercare is far more socialistic than
any program we are considering today.
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468 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 11, 1965'
It is 90 percent welfare-statism. It is a just another half-truth out of that Madi- would make doctors eligible for coverage
program paid for by the taxpayers with son Avenue bag of tricks. under social security.
money taken from general funds and How can the eldercare program pro- In addition, medical care through
doled out entirely by Government agen- vide all the benefits AMA wants the social security is not a welfare program
ci.es. It is welfare, pure and simple. American public believe it will provide which is doled out to the destitute. It
What about benefits? The AMA al- and yet cost so little? Just how much Is an insurance program. From salary
leges that Eldercare would offer much the AMA does not know. The answer is $5,600 a year on up to $56 million you.
more than medical care through social that it cannot. Every country boy knows get benefits in return for your premium
security. "Offer," that is the key to that you just plain do not get something payment. This is how all insurance
this half-truth. As a matter of fact for nothing. Even an out and out welfare works. It does not matter how much a
there is not a member of the American program has to be paid for by the tax- man earns. He gets x amount of bene-
Medical Association who can tell you payers. It is obvious that if eldercare fits for x number of dollars. In other
what Eldercare would provide. They do will do all the American Medical Asso- words, it costs the man making $5,600
not know because it is up to the States ciation wants the American public to be- a year just as much for a $50,000 life
to decide just what will be provided and lieve it will do, then It is going to cost insurance policy as it does the man who
just how much money they will put into the taxpayers more than a little cash. earns $100,000 a year.
the program which will determine just if it is not going to cost the taxpayers, And then there is all this Government
how broad coverage will be and just what then it is not going to provide the sere- control of medicine that the American
benefits will be offered. ices the American Medical Association Medical Association warns of. Again, the
What would the proposed medical care would lead us to believe. AMA fails to point out two very signifi-
through social security guarantee? It Ask any doctor, any member of the cant facts. One is that the social se-
guarantees to almost every living Ameri- American Medical Association, or any curity medical care plan in no way deals
can over 65, when the program be- person who has any knowledge of elder- with physician services, fees, or care. It
comes operative, payment for up to 60 care what it will cost? They will not be has nothing to do with the actual prac-
days of inpatient hospital service-in- able to give you an honest estimated tice of medicine. The other is that the
eluding drugs-the first day to be paid guess. They just do not know because AMA has not read, or chooses to ignore,
by the recipient; 60 days in convalescent the program offers everything but guar- title XVIII, hospital insurance benefits
centers after discharge from hospital; antees nothing. The States will deter- for the aged of H.R. 1. For the AMA's
240 home visits a year by visiting nurses mine, by the amount of their individual benefit and the benefit of the American
or similar personnel; hospital outpatient participation, how many State tax public, I will quote that section as fol-
diagnostic services, minus a small de- dollars will be put into the program and lows:
ductible. how many Federal tax dollars will be PROHIBmoN AGAINST ANY FEDERAL
What does eldercare guarantee? It needed. Should the program be fully im- INTERFERENCE t guarantee
one
sin
e, so doeshingnoThink about that forglust ahmin- Uelieve by any stretch of the i~xliaginay CO SEC. 1801. Nothing in rued to authoriz anyhFederal officer or
ute. Eldercare does not guarantee a tion that it ever would be, it is estimated trol over he practice any fumedicicine or cone
thing. Nowhere in the eldercare pro- h medical of serves are the
the program will cost the American tax- manner in which medics! services are pro-
posal will you find a guarantee of hos- payer about $4 billion a year or twice vided, or over the selection, tenure, or com-
pital care, nursing home care, or the the social security medical &re program, pensation of any officer or employee of any
highly touted payment of physician and Just how much would the social secu- hospital, extended care facility, or home
surgical fees as the American Medical rity medical care program cost the health agency; or to exercise any supervision
Association would have the American American or control over the administration of any
public believe. public? The medical care pro- such hospital, facility, or agency.
The AMA is cautious to say that a gram Is to be financed through an in-
wide range of services could be "offered." crease in social security tax collections If that does not spell it out in words
But it is just as cautious to neglect to and tax base. The tax base will be raised the AMA can comprehend then it cannot
from $4,800 to $5,600 a year. The added be done.
tell the American public that thesebene-
fits tax for health care will not exceed forty- The eldercare bill is a worthy proposal.
would be offered only at the pleasure five one-hundredths of 1 percent of in- It contains some excellent features which
of each participating State. Just what come at any time and it will not even I would like to see included in any health
services would be offered and the extent reach that figure until 1969, care program we pass this year. But
of coverage would be determined by each
State If we break this down we can see that the American Medical Association has
wishing to participate. There is done the eldercare proposal a great dis-
not even a guarantee in the eldercare medical care through social security Is service by trying to convince the Amer-
proposal that any State would estab- going to cost those paying social secu- ican public that It is something it is not.
lish such a program. rity taxes the "outlandish and unbear-
We have had the Kerr-Mills program able" sum of 48 cents a week. Those I am not willing to pay the price the cruel hoax the American Medical As-
for almost 5' years. There are still 10 who do not earn $5,600 a year will, of
States which have no Kerr-Mills pro- course, pay less. on is trying to perpetuate on the
American mer the
people. If the Congress should
gram. The fact is that the richest As for destroying the social security pass the eldercare program there will be
States get the lion's share of the Federal system, the American Afedical Associa- a severe price to pay when this hoax is
funds available for Kerr-Mills. The tion fails to divulge that the health care laid bare. And that price will not be
fact is that the poorer States cannot taxes will go into a separate trust funds paid by the American Medical Associa-
afford to put up enough State funds to and will have no effect on the social tion: It will be paid by the Members of
provide a meaningful program. The fact security retirement system or its ability Congress.
is there is no reason to believe that on a to provide benefits.
State-by-State basis, the medical care And another thing, the American
provided by eldercare would be signifl- Medical Association states that it just is (Mr. MOELLER (at the request of
cantly better than it is under the im- not fair for a man who is earning $50,000 Mr. ALBERT) was granted permission to
potent Kerr-Mills program. a year to receive the same benefits and extend his remarks at this point in the
Now let us talk about cost. The Amer- pay no more than the man earning $5,600 RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ican Medical Association would have the a year. ter.)
American public believe that medical- This Is illogical on two counts. The Mr. MOELLER'S remarks will ap-
care through social security will destroy same people earning $50,000 a year can ppaA hereafter in the Appendix.]
th
i
l
e soc
a
security system and cost the today earn maximum social security
American taxpayers untold billions of benefits without contributing a cent
LEGISLATION INTRODUCED TO BAN
dollars. How much would eldercare more than the man who earns $5,600. LE
cost? Well, the AMA does not rightly I have not heard the American Medical U.S. SHIPMENTS ABOARD ALLIED
know but you can be assured, its spokes- Association criticize this aspect of social SHIPS GOING TO NORTH VIETNAM
men say, the cost would be mighty small security. As a matter of fact, there is (Mr. ROGERS of Florida (at the re-
by comparison. Now, I submit this is legislation in the committee now which quest of Mr. ALBERT) was granted per-
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 ved For Rel X003 ? CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160024-6
Maw mURES~I / pO NAL RECORD - iOJSE
mission' to extend his remarks at this ing Swiss newspaper came to my atten-
point in the RECORD and to include .eft- tion and I wish to include a translation
traneous matter.) of it, which was written in French, at
Mr. ROGIa?ItS..of Florida. Mr, Speak- this point in the RECORD:
er, I have introduced legislation to ban Photo caption: "We have seen this else-
U.S. shipments aboard allied ships go- where-during Hitler's reign. To punish
ing to North Vietnam. The bill would them under the threat of clubs, the sheriff
prohibit cargoes to Or from U.S. ports of Selma makes Negro children run for
being transported aboard any vessel fly- miles. If they fell from exhaustion, they
Ing any foreign flag used in sea trade would be given the electric cane treatment.
with Communist North Vietnam. SSnMA.-The sheriff of Selma, James Clark,
Right now one such ship is in New aelectric canes nd some policemen, armed with clubs and
York Harbor at the Claremont Termi- 170 Negros high school students ru cn for sev-
nal. the vessel flies the Panamanian eras miles in the country to punish them for
flag, and is called the Severn River. Last having organized a quiet march on the court-
year the Severn River went to Communist house.
-North Vietnam, and visited the U.S. ports The children, exhausted after having run
of Richmond and Norfolk. afterward, almost 4 miles (policemen followed them in
The ship put into New York last Thurs- cars) finally succeeded in escaping in a
day, March 4, from Communist Poland, garden by the side of the road. The police-
day, could not find them.
anm is loading scrap metal to be hauled
to Italy.
My bill is not aimed primarily at the
Severn River. , It is aimed at the moxe
than 20.0 allied-flag ships which have
hauled Communist cargoes into North
Vietnam, since June of last year at a
time when the United States is sending
more and more military men and equip-
ment to southeast Asia to combat Red
aggression.
It makes no sense to provide those al-
lies hungry for "30 pieces of silver" with
U.S. dollars gained from carrying Amer-
ican cargoes if, they are,going to supple-
ment the Communist burden of keeping
the Vietcong supplied. This situation is
particularly offensive in view of the lat-
est Maritime Administration figures
showing that the American. merchant
marine is now carrying less than 10 per-
cent'of U.S. ocean trade.
Congress should enact this bill as soon
as possible. The Severn River and ships
like her have no business in America's
ports.
EVENTS IN SELMA, ALA..
(Mr. DULSKI (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this poirO in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, all right-
thing Americans are concerned by re-
cent events in Selma, Ala.
One of the basic principles on which
our country was founded is the right of
all of its citizens to vote and participate
in their government. America itself
stands for law and order.
All of our expressions of sympathy and
denunciation of the deplorable situation
in Selma will not solve the problem. Ac-
tion is needed, and needed now, to put
legislation on the books which will grant
every 'qualified American in every State
the right to vote without threat of harm
or intimidation.;
What has happened in Selma, Ala., has
no place in our American way of life,
and it is certainly not the America we
are proud of.
We pour millions and millions of dol-
lars into programs designed to create a
favorable image of the United States
among nations abroad,. and one incident
such as this does irreparable damage to
our prestige and to our democratic way
of life. Recently, an article in a lead-
RUN
"You wanted to march, well go ahead, run
now," the policemen yelled at them. The
youngsters, aged 9 to 17, were terrorized.
Several of them, quickly winded, collapsed
on the road. A young girl, found alongside
the road by some newsmen, was weeping.
She held her hand to her head where she had
a knot. She told newsmen that a policeman
had hit her, with an electric cattle cane
because she did not want to run.
VOTING RIGHTS LEGISLATION
(Mr. PEPPER (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, most of
us, I am sure, have been shocked and
shamed by the. spectacle of the Governor
of Alabama this last weekend ordering
State troopers and others acting under
the authority of the State to attack and
brutally assault with clubs, trample upon
with horses, and subject to tear gas, citi-
zens of the State of Alabama and of the
United States doing nothing more than
making a brief appeal for their right to
vote. He has now given grist to the
propaganda mill of the Communists all
over the world to assert that ctitizens of
this country do not have the protection
of our' Constitution and that freedom
for all the people of this country is not
a reality.
We can at least let the world know
that the Government of the United
States denounces. such tyrannical tactics
and will take some steps, at least, toward
the prevention of their repetition.
The heart of America has been.
stirred by this tragic and horrible epi-
sode. The conscience of America, as well
as our Constitution, demands that the
Federal Government take effective ac-
tion to see to it that there is truth in
that part of the Pledge of Allegiance
to our flag when we say "One nation,
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all."
Let us speed the enactment of legis-
lation which will assure equal voting
rights for all of our population without
discrimination on account of race, creed,
color, or national origin, and without
the disfranchised having to give or risk
their lives to enjoy this precious heritage
which should belong inviolate to every
American,
4689
YESHIVA. UNIVERSITY 20TH
ANNIVERSARY
(Mr. TENZER (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. TENZER. Mr. Speaker, it was my
honor and privilege to attend the convo-
cation at which three honorary degrees
were conferred by Dr. Samuel Belkin,
president of Yeshiva University, on the
occasion of the university's 20th anni-
versary.
The honorary degree of doctor of hu-
mane letters was conferred upon Dr.
Donald Frederick Hornig and upon Mr.
Samuel Hyman Golding.
The degree of doctor of Yaws was con-
ferred upon the Honorable HUBERT Ho-
RATIO Hm1PHREY, JR., Vice President of
the United States.
Yeshiva founded 79 years ago in New
York City as an advanced school for the
training of rabbis, became a university
in 1945. Its record of growth and
achievement in 20 years is a tribute to
its distinguished president, its officers,
members Of the board of trustees and
board of overseers.
The outline of that period of growth
follows:
Students------------------------
850
6, 000
Faculty ------------ ------------
94
1,200
Teaching centers________________
1
4
Undergraduate schools ---------_
2
4
Graduate and professional
schools------------------------
2
9
Annual operating budget- _
$440,000
$29, 500, 000
The chronological growth follows:
In 1945, Yeshiva became the first uni-
versity under Jewish auspices in the
United States.
In 1954, Stern College for Women was
established.
In 1955, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine was established.
In 1957, graduate school of education
was established, Wurzweiler School of
Social Work was established, and Sue
Golding Graduate Division of Medical
Sciences was established.
In 1958, Belfer Graduate School of
Science was established.
In 1961, 10-year $65 million blueprint
for sixties development program an-
nounced at a convocation at which U.S.
Chief Justice Earl Warren received an
honorary degree.
In 1962, Sol and Hilda Furst Hall, main
center was erected.
In 1964, new residence hall, main cen-
ter, was erected; Ullman Research Center
for Health Sciences, Bronx Center was
established.
Outstanding amongst its schools is the
Albert Einstein College of Medicine. The
story of the medical school is one of
vision, courage, and faith in our demo-
cratic way of life. The college was built
through the generosity of men and
women of all faiths throughout the coun-
try. It has advanced in a few years to
the front ranks of American medical
schools and is now embarked on a new
program to meet the challenge of medical
progress.
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 4690
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March -"I, -1965
The next 10 years will be a decade of
unprecedented scientific opportunity-
not only in terms of the exploration of
outer space but also in terms of inner
space-the invisible world of cells, vi-
ruses, and genes which hold the key to
life and health.
Dr. Joseph H. Lookstein, honorary
trustee, when presenting Dr. Donald
Frederick Hornig to the president of
the university made the following state-
ment:
Mr. President, the realm of the scientist
has widened and his function greatly ex-
panded. He has become the fearless explor-
er of "the heavens above, the earth below,
and the waters beneath the earth." Indeed,
the universe is now his laboratory, man his
primary concern and the Great Society is the
goal of his researches.
in our midst is a scientist who conforms
distinguished
to that chemist and chief adflviser on science
physical c
and technology to the President of the
United States-Dr. Donald Frederick Hornig.
career began early and ad-
His illustrious
vanced ed rapidly.
gree in science from Harvard and 3 years
later, his Ph.D. from the same university. At
24 he was a group leader at Los Alamos.
playing an important role in the develop-
mert of the first atomic
he joined the faculty of Brown University
and soon became dean of its graduate school.
Then he moved on to Princeton to serve as
chairman of the department of physical
chemistry there.
Those were happy academic years of in-
spired teaching and creative research. He
published some 70 scientific papers on a
range of subjects that are an index of the
versatility of his mind and the comprehen-
siveness of his scholarship.
Yet he could never be classified as a clois-
tered scholar, preoccupied with mystic for-
mulas and esoteric equations. It was natural
for him to respond enthusiastically to the de-
mands of national duty and to the call for
public service. Three Presidents of our
country in rapid succession availed them-
selves of his profound knowledge and his con-
summate skill as an administrator.
He took leave of Princeton to direct the
Office of Science and Technology. In that
office he is achieving distinction as a wise
advisor to our President on scientific affairs.
Simultaneously he has become a trusted
counselor helping to chart the course for the
a privilege to confer upon you the degree of You are a living example of what practical
doctor of humane letters, honoris causa. wisdom and moral integrity can achieve in
In token thereof I cause to be placed over our beloved lafid of opportunity; your career
your shoulders, the visible symbol of our high as one of the leading financiers of our city
regard for you, and I hand you this diploma. Is a happy combination of useful living,
caring for the advancement of scientific
Dr. Joseph H. Lookstein, honorary knowledge, and a deep dedication to the
trustee, when presenting Samuel IL alleviation of human suffering.
Golding to the president of the univer- The Sue Golding Graduate Division of
sity, made the following statement: Medical Sciences of the Albert Einstein Col-
Mr. President, when the Albert Einstein lege of Medicine, of which you are the
College of Medicine of Yeshiva University founder, stands as a great tribute to your
and generosity.
was tic virtually In its infancy, a timely and vision It is atherefore a pleasure to confer upon
it
rapid growth r and launch c ulti- you the degree of doctor of humane letters,
dram upon tic its act of course of generosity
it up honoris Musa.
mate eminence. In token thereof we transmit to your be-
The pioneering philanthropist who per- loved son the visible symbol of our high re-
formed that act is the remarkable and ex- gard for you, and through him, I hand you
traordinary man of vision and of good- this diploma.
ness-Samuel H. Golding whom we honor
this day. Dr. Joseph H. Lookstein then pre-
The life story of this man Is one of the sented the Honorable HUBERT HORATIO
fascinating sagas of American opportunity. HUMPHREY to the president of the uni-
He came to these shores as a tender youth. versity stating'
y
atin :
Eager and dynamic, he proceeded at once ,
President-
,
to labor and to learn to study and to earn. Mr. s
ideas from my church, from
To this day he delights to recall that his received my
meager livelihood in those days was eked my community experience, from my family
out by selling, of all things, fly paper, and experience, and from my mother and father."
shoe laces. Religio3;i, community, family, and parents
Like many a Jewish boy he studied to be are the precious ingredients that fashioned
a doctor but soon realized that his interest the illustrious personality who spoke these
lay elsewhere. He turned to law and re- words. They came from the lips of the bril-
ceived his degree and became a member of liant, buoyant and winsome Vice President
the bar of the State of New York. Of the United States, Hum= HoRATIo
His active mind and infallible foresight HUMPHREY.
soon veered him into new directions. He He first saw light in a humble dwelling
became one of the foremost builders and above his father's drugstore, in a small town
realtors of our metropolis. in the dustbowl of South Dakota. Hardly
He transformed swamplands in Long island an auspicious beginning. But then, the
into gardens and residences and the barren- genesis of many of America's immortals Is
more frequently associated with a log cabin
ness of the Concourse and Fordham into than with a stately mansion.
thriving communities. Much of the skyline When the great depression came, he was
of Manhattan beers testimony to his skill only a sophomore at college. He returned
and ingenuity. home to help with the family budget. His
In 1928, 1 year before the stock market academic education appeared ended.
crash, he embarked upon a new career. He But fate decreed otherwise. He married
founded a bank and before long developed his beloved Muriel, sweetheart of his child-
it into one of the foremost financial institu- hood. She urged him back to college. Now
tions of its kind. The finest hour of this did they manage? By serving as janitors,
intrepid man came during the dark and trou- they got free rent in a house off the campus.
bled days of the great depression. The doors These melancholy facts of life need re-
of his institution remained open throughout calling. They enable us to understand the
that crisis. zeal of our Vice President in advocating a
But character, and not substance, Is the full education as the inalienable right of ev-
true measure of this man. His wealth is not ery American youth. They also demonstrate
in his vaults but in his heart. His roster that neither hardship nor adversity can halt
of benevolences includes every great cause the advance of determined souls.
and every deserving institution of education He graduated from the University of Min..
and welfare. nesota magna cum laude, and 1 year later
The Sue Golding Graduate School and the received his master's degree from the Uni-
chair in microbiology, both at the Albert versity of Louisiana. Presently he became a
Einstein College of Medicine, the Bar-Ilan full professor of political science. But he
University in Israel, Lebanon and Beth Israel was not to remain long at that calling.
Hospitals, Dartmouth College, the Cerebral His manifold endowments began to be
Palsy Clinic and Hospital for Special Surgery recognized and to win him acclaim. It be-
axe but a fewof the institutions blessed by came especially apparent that people loved
his kindness. Transcending even these are him even as he loved people. Twice he was
countless benefactions made to individuals chosen as mayor of Minneapolis and then an
and agencies without public knowledge and admiring State elected him to the Senate of
in the noblest tradition of charity under the United States.
cover of anonymity. In that great forum his vibrant voice
Mr. President, this superb man, exemplary championed every righteous cause and as-
husband, loving father, and proud grand- sailed every foe of liberty and justice. A
father is prevented by illness from witnessing matchless eloquence served as a vehicle for
our collective admiration and our sincere a prophetic passion. The International
tribute. The honor is being conferred on Health Act; the Peace Corps; the National
him through his revering and adoring son. Defense Education Act, are but a few of the
May I request you, sir, to confer upon sparkling stars in the firmament of his
Samuel H. Golding the degree of doctor of magnificent career as statesman and legis-
advancement and improvement of education
in our land.
At Los Alamos amidst the blasts of nu-
clear fission he heard the music of romance.
It was there that he met a research asso-
ciate who became a loving life's companion
and an accomplished colleague In his scien-
tific labors. Their four children understand
well the Biblical passage concerning a "help-
mate suited unto him"
I have the honor, str to present Donald
Frederick Hornig for the degree of doctor of
humane letters, honoris cause.
Dr. Samuel Belkin, president, Yeshiva
University, read the following citation
in. conferring the honorary degree of
doctor of humane letters upon Dr. Don-
ald Frederick Hornig:
Your life has been rich in scientific
achievement. You are internationally ac-
claimedas one of the most skilled Investi-
gators in your chosen field of physical chem-
: As the chairman of the President's
istr
y
science advisory committee you exercise with service in the vineyard of society.
dignity and humility one of the greatest Dr. Samuel Belkin, president; Yeshiva
responsibilities ever entrusted to an
academician. read the following citation in
.
in appreciation of 'your career which is conferring the honorary degree of doctor
rich In service to the scientific community of humane letters upon Mr. Samuel Hy-
and to the Nation in its totality, we deem it man Golding:
r
e
terful generalship and superb a gy co -
tributed to make that possible. To borrow
his own metaphor, he helped to wash the
face of America clean.
And now, a valiant defender and guardian
of democracy is the second in command of
our Nation's destiny. No President could
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humane letters, honoris causa. May this labor.
honor serve as a token of our blessings to him His choicest triumph was the enactment
for good health, long life, and continued Into law of the civil rights bill. His mas-
n
t
t
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March 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
A substantial reduction In imports is
needed to prevent increasing and unneces-
sary dependency on foreign oil. In addition,
the resulting increase in domestic produc-
tion would provide additional incentive to
explore for and develop needed reserves.
I am particularly disturbed by the enor-
mous growth in imports into district V in
relation to crude oil production. I would
hope that the Department of the Interior can
take effective action to encourage the use in
district V of the vast oil capability existing
in the' Rocky Mountain area, particularly my
State of Wyoming. I would hope that it,
would be possible to reduce greatly district V
imports which now are running at the rate
of to percent of the crude oil production for
that area.
The mandatory oil import program which
was designed to implement this policy has
been helpful in stemming the tide of foreign
oil. Without this program and the fine man-
ner in which you have administered this pro-
gram, Mr. Secretary, I am confident that the
domestic petroleum producing industry-
especially the independents-would be in
shambles today. This mandatory oil import
program has served its purpose well. But, it
is a long way from its goal as laid down by
our President when it was established in
1059, as follows:
"The new program is designed to insure a
stable, healthy industry in the United States,
capable of exploring for and developing new
hemispheric reserves to replace those now
being depleted. The basis of the new pro-
gram, like that of the voluntary program,
is the certified requirements of our national'
security which make it necessary that we
preserve to the greatest extent possible a
vigorous, healthy petroleum industry in the
United States of America.
In spite of the goal laid down in 1959, when
the mandatory oil import program was es-
tablished calling for reserves to replace those
now being depleted, the domestic industry
has suffered such a deterioration that, in
4 of the past 7 years, this Nation has had
'a deficit in crude oil reserves. By that, I
mean, we have found and developed less
crude oil than we have produced in 4 of the
past 7 years. This is a serious situation and
must be corrected. One of the most impor-
tant ways to restore the incentives needed
to search for new oil reserves is to make
meaningful adjustments in the mandatory
oil import program.
Mr. Secretary, we have a good broad based
oil producing industry. It is worth preserv-
ing. As I mentioned earlier, there has been
ar great sellout and merger trend over the past
few years in this industry. I am told that
several billion dollars worth of oil properties
have been purchased from the smaller oil
companies by the giant oil companies in the
past half dozen years. This is not a healthy
development. This country needs the thou-
sands of independent oilmen to scour this
Nation in the search for oil, This Nation's
greatest oilfields, such as_ last Texas, might
still be unknown were it not for the inde-
pendent oilmen.
Mr. Secretary; our own report recently re-
leased, states and I quote:
"The independent has traditionally been
the front-runner for the industry's explora-
tion activities. He does most of the wildcat-
ting and, according to industry' 'estimates,
finds most of the oil, perhaps 80 to 85 per-
This is good. Here is an 'industry that
shows great competitive effort. An industry
where men still are willing to risk all of their
economic wealth in the search of this vital
commodity -petroleum, We must maintain
the independent if this industry is to meet
the awesome future demands for crude oil
and natural gas.
How do ~ we', do it? -Si-ply by permitting
the independent oil men to sell their prod-
ucts at a fair price and in quantities suffi-
dent to generate the funds needed to search
for petroleum. Today he is not able to do
that, principally because of excessive im-
ports of cheap foreign oil.
Mr. Secretary, I have searched my mind
on how best to restore some health to the
independent. I am sure you have also been
scratching your head on what to do.
I have talked with oil men back in Wyo-
ming. I have talked with my fellow Mem-
bers of Congress, and we all agree that a
substantial reduction in oil imports will
go a long way toward reversing the adverse
trends in the domestic petroleum produc-
ing industry. I recognize that this-may not
be a simple thing to do in view of our many
international commitments, but it is a must
if this vital national security industry is to
survive and prosper.
Finally, I wish to bring to your attention
another situation which I consider uncalled
for and one which needs to be rectified. To-
day, our military establishment purchases
from foreign sources over 200,000 barrels
daily of jet fuel and gasoline which Is about
35 percent of its requirements. Of this to-
tal purchased abroad, 35,000 barrels daily are
imported into the United States where these
products are readily available at reasonable
prices. These excessive purchases not only
are harmful to the domestic petroleum in-
dustry, but they also are aggravating our
very serious balance-of-payments deficit.
I believe that the military should:
1. Forego the importation of 35,000 bar-
rels daily.
2. Purchase no more than 15 percent of
its requirements from foreign sources, there-
by resulting in increased domestic produc-
tion and increased incentives to explore for
.and develop needed reserves. .
I have studied the 11-point program sub-
mitted to you by the Independent Petroleum
Association of America. To me it seems rea-
4743'
available that has put constant downward
pressure on the price structure of domestic
crude oil. This has trapped the domestic
operator between rising prices of materials
and labor and the declining price for his
product. The recently released report of the
Department of the Interior on the oil in-
dustry recognized that under these circum-
stances the position of the domestic operator
is untenable.
I wish to make the following recommenda-
tions to the Department:
1. That the level of imports of crude oil
and crude oil products (except residual oil)
into this country be fixed at 10 percent of
domestic production.
2. That the 10-percent figure be based on
actual production during the preceding
period rather than upon an estimate of the
succeeding period.
3. That the military branch of the Federal
Government be required to increase their
purchases of domestic production, thus
stimulating the domestic market and at the
same time assisting President Johnson's pro-
gram to improve our overall balance of trade
and arrest the drain on U.S. gold reserves.
4. That no new foreign trade zone areas
for petrochemical facilities be established, in
order that the domestic industry might share
in any increase in demand by virtue of petro-
chemical operations.
5. That overland importations be limited
to actual certificated volumes rather than
the nonrestrictive estimates currently in use.
We believe that if these recommendations
are followed, the domestic oil industry would
experience a significant increase in activity
which would benefit a large section of the
Nation's economy. Further, we believe that
adherence to these proposed mandatory
limitations would make a substantial contri-
bution to improving our balance-of-trade
deficits and dwindling gold reserves.
sonable and valid. I recommend that you
TABLE I.-Wyoming property taxes on oil
ff
t
or
s
give it serious consideration in your e
production
this pressing oil import problem.
to meet
.
STATEMENT OF CLIFFORD P. HANSEN, GOVERNOR
OF WYOMING, REGARDING THE MANDATORY
OIL IMPORT CONTROL PROGRAM, MARCH 10-
Percent of
total property
tax
11, 1965
1959--------- `-------------
$10,433,626
26.8
As Governor of the State of Wyoming, the 1960-----------------------
11, 540, 355
27.6
fifth-largest oil-producing State in the 1061-----------------------
12, 484, 673
28.0
I should like to submit the 1962-----------------------
United States
13,266,964
27.9
,
following evidence to show that the manda- 1963-----------------------
1964-----------------------
12873, 843
13:567,337
25.8
25. 5
tory oil import control program as now en-
forced has been detrimental to the Interests
of my State in particular, and to this country
in general.
Wyoming, like many other States, is highly
dependent economically upon the level of
oil exploration and production. Table I,
attached, shows the amount of money paid
annually as property taxes on production
within our State since 1959, and the percent-
age of this figure to all the property taxes
collected. This table illustrates the signifi-
cance of oil production to our State and
county governments.
Table II shows that production within
Wyoming has steadily declined since 1961.
It is even more alarming that the proven
reserves within our State (table III) have
also declined during the same period. The
reason for this decline in reserves is appar-
ent from a study of table IV, which shows
the number of exploratory wells drilled in
Wyoming since 1959. Except for a very
modest increase in 1964, this trend has been
steadily downward for the past 5 years.
In the opinion of many experienced ob-
servers of the oil economy, the reason for
the decline iii domestic drilling must be tied
directly to the oil import prograth "While
allowable production from many domestic
States is on the decline, the level of imports
from. foreign countries is constantly in-
creasing. '
The high level of cheap foreign imports
has made a perpetual oversupply of crude oil
Source: Wyoming State Board of Equalization.
TABLE IL-Wyoming crude oil production
Year: Barrels
1959-------------------------124,862,652
1960 -------------------------
130,972,284
1961-------------------------
141,107,000
1962---------------.---------
134,400,000
1963----------------------- ^-
132, 000, 000
1964---- -------------------
130,263,.275
Source: Petroleum Information, Denver,
Colo.
TABLE III.-Wyoming crude oil reserves
Thousands
Year: of barrels
1959--------------------------- 1,408,717
1960-------------------------- 1,402,938
1961-------------------------- 1,427,375
1962-------------------------- 1,380,498
1963-------------------------- 1,297,023
1964__________________________ 1,254,306'
Source: IPAA
TABLE IV. Exploratory wells drilled in
Wyoming . .
Year:
1959---------- ----, ^ -- 419
1960--------------------------------- 378
196,1-------------------------------- -388
1962------------------------------ ---, $66
1963---------------------------------- 52
1964----------------------------------- 360
Source: Petroleum Information.
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!"!l'AT!'`77 E
! ' N A V RECORD I- A
S S I
TE
urged that the issues there be brought to
the conference table? It was little over
a month since General Khanh's coup of
January 30, 1964; and the New York
Times was headlining the situation as
"Vietnam Still Groping Month After
Coup-Khanh Regime Fails To Justify
Takeover by Military Gain." In the year
since then, the headlines indicated in big
type, day after day, week after week,
month after month, the incompetence of
the leaders of South Vietnam to form a
government capable either of governing
efficiently or of gaining the support of
the people. The same black headlines
alternately signaled the ups and downs
of the Khanh regime, his bickering with
U.S. officials, with protest riots permitted
and suppressed, and so on and on,
through 12 dreary months of erosion of
our position in that country.
During this year, the facts fed to the
American public were less than frank
about the steadily deteriorating situation
in South Vietnam. The fact that the
number of South Vietnamese becoming
sympathetic with the Vietcong cause was
growing daily was shrouded in the head-
lines that Secretary of Defense McNa-
mara was "optimistic over the outcome,"
or "tells Johnson of gain in Vietnam."
But both before the last year and dur-
ing the last year, our own conduct-as
well as that of the North Vietnamese-
was not in accord with the provisions of
the Geneva accord of 1954, which, among
other things, limited the size of foreign
military personnel in Vietnam, and
promised elections to be held by July 20,
1956.
On the ground that the situation in
North Vietnam would not permit the
holding of free elections, the South Viet-
namese Government has continued to op-
pose the holding of the elections called
for by the Geneva agreement.
Our so-called military advisers in
South Vietnam were steadily increasing,
even before the current escalation. The
pretense that our military men in South
Vietnam were mere advisers was kept up
before all the world, long after it became
well known that they were in the front
lines, fighting-and being killed and
wounded-alongside South Vietnamese
soldiers.
Our actions in South Vietnam have
tarnished our image before the world as
a law-abiding nation.
U.S. adherence to the United Na-
tions imposed upon it certain legal ob-
ligations under the charter of that or-
ganization. That document, the primary
purpose of which was to prevent war, im-
poses certain prerequisites upon the
parties to any dispute "likely to endanger
the maintenance of international peace
and security." There can be little doubt
that the activities in South Vietnam con-
stitute a dispute "likely to endanger the
maintenance of international peace and
security."
What are the duties imposed by the
charter of the United Nations upon
parties to such a dispute?
First, they must seek a solution by in-
quiry. This, the United States has not
done.
Second, they must seek a solution by
mediation. This, the United States has
not done.
March 11, 1965
ONE YEAR LATER-"THE' UNITED
STATES SHOULD GET OUT OF
VIETNAM"
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, this
is a speech which 1 year ago I had hoped
I would never have to make.
Exactly 1 year ago yesterday, I de-
livered the first major speech in the Sen-
ate an the subject of the tragic war in
South Vietnam. That speech was en-
titled "The United States Should Get
Out of Vietnam."
Events in wartorn South Vietnam
since I first spoke out on March 10 a year
ago have served only to underscore the
soundness of my original admonition.
Twelve months later-after the expendi-
ture of an additional $450 million, and
after incurring at least 771 additional
casualties in U.S. fighting men killed
or injured-the United States is in an
even worse position to take the war in
Vietnam to the conference table than it
was when I first urged that course of
action on March 10 a year ago.
In my speech at that time, I set forth
a detailed analysis of how the United
States had gotten itself mired in the
steamy jungles of southeast Asia in a
bloody foot war.
I pointed out that up to 1954, during
the time France had been fighting to re-
conquer Vietnam after the war, we were
helping France in that adventure with
money.
I pointed out then that Vietnam had
been cruelly ruled and abused by China
for a thousand years, and that those who
predicted that, if the Vietnamese conflict
were taken to the negotiating table, Ho
'Chi Minh would immediately invite the
Chinese Communists to refasten the yoke
of subjugation around his neck, just were
not taking into account the facts of his-
tory.
In my speech on March 10 a year ago,
I pointed out that the war in South Viet-
nam was a civil war, with South-Viet-
namese relatives fighting South Viet-
namese relatives. The majority of the
Vietcong are South Vietnamese. That
was true a year ago, and it is true today,
even though in the interim the number
of North Vietnamese infiltrators in South
Vietnam may have increased even as has
the number of so-called U.S. "advisers."
I said then, and I repeat: The war in
South Vietnam is not, and never has
been, a United States war. It is, and
must remain, a fight to be fought and
won by the people of South Vietnam
themselves. The will to fight and to win
must come from the spirit of the South
Vietnamese. The United States cannot
instill that will in them.
Since the fall of Diem on November
1, 1963, there has been no stable govern-
ment in South Vietnam. And the dic-
tatorship of Diem itself, before his fall,
had become increasingly cruel and op-
pressive. No government anywhere can
instill in its people a love of country and
of government by wholesale deprivation
of civil rights, through the harsh use of
secret police or through the napalm
bombing of women and children sus-
pected of harboring the Vietcong, often-
times their near relatives.
What was happening in South Viet-
nam on March 10 of last year, when I
Third, they must seek a solution by
conciliation. This, the United States
has not done.
Fourth, they must seek a solution by
arbitration. This, the United States has
not done.
Fifth, they must seek a solution by
judicial settlement. This, the United
States has not done.
Sixth, they must seek a solution by re-
sorting "to regional agencies or arrange-
ments." This, the United States has not
done.
Seventh, they must seek a solution by
resorting to "other peaceful means of
their own choice." This, the United
States has not done.
Instead, we have escalated the fighting
by senseless bombings of installations in
North Vietnam, which have succeeded
only in frightening and alienating our
friends and allies. If the presence of the
7th Fleet off the coast of North Vietnam
cannot serve as a deterrent, how can
strikes against military staging areas-
easily replaceable-accomplish that pur-
pose?
In South Vietnam we are going it
alone. Only American fighting men are
at the front, being wounded and getting
killed, in addition to the South Viet-
namese. Our allies of the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization have not sent their
troops to fight at the side of the U.S.
troops. We do not see in the frontlines
in South Vietnam the fighting men from
Australia, France, New Zealand, Paki-
stan, the Philippines, Thailand, or the
United Kingdom-the other signatories,
along with the United States, of the
Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty.
Of these signatories, only the United
States has its men fighting along with
the South Vietnamese.
The voices of the people for a negotia-
tion of the war in Vietnam are growing
ever greater.
In an excellent article published in
the Long Island Press for February 28,
1965, the columnist and radio commenta-
tor, Bob Considine, asked the question:
"Why Not Negotiate in Vietnam?" He
answered the question this way:
It's time to fish or cut bait, a time to halt
not doing either, and to hell with face.
There is also a remarkable parallel
between our actions in Vietnam and
those of the French up until the disaster
at Dienbienphu. True, we are not, and
never have been, trying to reimpose
colonialism upon the Vietnamese people.
But Diem was our man-we told the
world so-and we were using AID money
to propagandize the countryside, ttLus
building up a false image for Diem, at
the very time when his secret police were
cruelly harassing the people, and the
Vietnamese Air Force-in U.S. planes-
was bombing women and children.
Diem's image became our image.
Is there any wonder why so many of
the South Vietnamese lack the desire to
fight-why South Vietnamese soldiers
cannot be trusted to protect sleeping
U.S.troops?
In an interesting introduction to a new
book, entitled "The Battle of Dienbien-
phu" by the French author Jules Roy,
Mr. Neil Sheehan, of the New York
Times, sets out admirably the parallel
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between the French and, the U S situa- during the year that has passed, I have wan and setting up a situation
renewed that call for an immediate cease- one day see us fighting which may
Communist hordes
In the Nation for March .1, 1965, Mr. fire and the beginning of negotiations on on Waikiki Beach.
Frederick Kul, analyzes the "Prospects Vietnam- I again renew that ,all, in the If anything remotely that awful loomed,
in .V etnarl ". In , d; cu sing possible same words I used a year ago: The time it's a cinch we wouldn't wait until they ad-
Chinese intervention as a result of our has come to cease the useless and sense- vanced equally ar, nor would
more to who would
continued air Strikes into North Viet- less losses of American lives in an area have eqllas much allies,' moI to lose convinced, nam, Mr. guh. states; not essential to the security of the United would include the Those Soviet Union. TheiRus-
Chinese interventions could come in States, the whole of which is not worth sians would have the most, to lose in any
phases: First, air support in attacking U.S. the loss of a single American soldier. huge eruption of the Asian peoples and dis-
aircraft and air atrikes against.South Viet- There being no objection, the matters location of present-day spheres of strength in
nam; then the assignment of, so-called Vol submitted by Mr. CRUENRdG were ordered Japan, Taiwan, Okinawa, Philippines, Aus-
unteers to North Vietnam, freeing the North tralia
to be and so forth.
Vietamese army to move south; finally, the printed in the RECOep, as follows:
Secretary Rusk says "no negotiating until
Chinese themselves might move south with [From the Long Island Press, Feb. 28, 19651 the North Vietnamese cease aggression."
the North Vietnamese. WHY NOT. NEGOTIATE IN VIETNAM? Former Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge,
The able and distinguished Senator (By Bob Considine) whose low estimate of President Diem. proved
from, South Dakota [Ur. McGovi xrr], So what's wrong with negotiating over our depressingly wrong, says it would be as sense-ets has written for the Progressive of March predicament in Vietnam? less ton negotiate with the worth d, cream.
Are we worried over loss of face? A nation as to try to cure up thepox with colld. cream. se of g
1965, an excellent, thought-provoking which could turn the enemy world into cin- We have given mathe paint Viet not usi
der if we cle, entitled I Affim atly him Alternative
c
which hoe morent be ark instead of benign, rillasi and a e p blicly blasts gaw y gOne
." end for the astuteness shown in the article prestige, generosity and compassion than the down 100 of the VC's claimed low-level raid had momadnde
and for the stand he has taken, rest of the powers out together, does not down a s of a tond, it -
On March 7, 1965, there appeared in have to worry about loss of face. But if we sonic. lose to the speed q sound, if not super-
-the New York Times an excellent edi- continue to support the Insupportable chaos soThe communique did not list the
torial entitled "The One-Way Street." of Vietnam, we will lower the high regard number of friends we probably killed in the
our allies hold for us as sensible, hard-nosed process.
One of the major conclusions of this realists, You can't bomb kommunism, any more
editorial is the statement : The. United Nations may need an oil change than an enemy attack on this country would
If the present American policy of widen- and a motto tuneup, but it is still enough destroy democracy, or the Luftwaffe's blitz
ing the war and refusing to consider nego- of a vehicle to carry us out of the hapless co London destroyed British pride. But
tiations at this time forces Moscow back to- bind we've found ourselves in for a decade. communism can helped contained. We proved
ward the East, Communist China will be the It was formed 20 years ago to take care of that when we helped France, Italy, Brazil,
gainer. all the little Vietnams that were to follow Venezuela, and a host of other countries to
Yesterda marni in mankind's existence, surmount its challenge.
y ng's New York Times There Is in its charter and varied commit- We would bring a world peace talent per-suasion contained a leading editorial entitled "A tees every bit of machinery needed to effect note it to the Vietnam peace table, dore
Negotiation, as. a Negotiation " The edi- a settlement that will permit us to become note it if we chose-which is something we're
tonal pointed to the precipitate haste one of many overseers of that troubled area most re orctut tot, in Vietnam. It's timg
with which the Department of State had of the earth, not the principal foreign par- a fish or cut bai t, a time to halt not doing
rejected out of hand the proposal by the ticipant and bankroll. either; and to hell with face.
Secretary General of the United Nations It would not be a settlement to end all
for seve General doubts and troubles. They don't, build set- THE BATTLE OF DIENBIENPIIU
parlay on Vietnam. tlements like that any more. But it would (By Jules Roy)
The editorial points out that the United be one which would permit us, with dignity, In July of 1963, 9 years after the debacle at
States will negotiate only if our terms to pull back to what might be s board of di- Dlenbienphu, Denis Warner, the Australian
are accepted before negotiations begin. rectors, instead of serving as president and journalist, told me how astounded he was to
So why negotiate? chief executive officer. find the American generals in South Vietnam
As has been pointed out, all wars ulti- SEATO was put together in 1954 for this deluding themselves with the same false
mately end in negotiations, Why not specific area cancer. We are no more nor less optimism the French generals had professed
negotiate the Vietnam crisis rioW? a part of the pact than is Great Britain, during the first Indochina war.
The New York Times editorial refers France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Warner, who has spent the last 15 years
Philippines, and Thailand. But alongside covering southeast Asia, had just returned
to President Kennedy's remarks on Sep- our contribution in blood and treasure the from a trip through the villages and rice pad-
tember 2, 1963, to the effect that the efforts of other free world countries in Viet- dies of the Mekong Delta south of the capi-
Vietnamese must win this war since it is nam have been miniscule.
their war. But the editorial then points If the U.N. took uPthe question of this In nl.the The co the country delta . was The the majority of the important popula-
out: war between the rival Viet mobs-the Reds tion and the bulk of the economic resources
President Johnson, on the contrary- in the north of the country against the musi- were concentrated there and the outcome of
cal chairs generals and mandarins in Sal- the struggle in the delta would decide the
Despite the statement that we want no gon-we would not have to sit at the same war. Warner noted sadly that the Saigon
wider wars- fable, or break, bread with Red China. They government's position was crumbling there
has now changed this policy and is trying to don't belong to the club. just as rapidly under the hammer blows of
win the changed American as and Amer- If there came a day when we pulled out the Vietcong guerrillas as the French position
wan hforces e war
on behalf of the South Vour 23,500 "advisers," after some kind of ac- in the Tonkin Delta in North Vietnam had
mass, This is behalf of
t, because Vietna- cord along the lines of the Korean armistice eroded under pressure from the Vietminh in-
Kennedy said, is is their war' ,-although it r. and the rickety but existing neutrality of surgents in 1952.
Kennedy a true that.the North Vietnamese are the remainder of old Indochina, it would not On his return to Saigon, however, Warner
supplying increasing help to one side, as the automatically follow that the "Red Chinese had been shocked to hear the American gen-
Vnited States is to the other. would take over." erals assure him with the same false confi-
The peoples of southeast Asia have been dence the Frence had shown, that they were
.1 ask unanimous consent that the arti- fighting th Chinese of all ideological hues for winning the war in the delta. They had
ale published in the Long Island Press for years. They are not going cited similarly meaningless statistics on the
ale publi 28, 1 the the sland Press to to on a tonegotiated esting them the day the ink dries number of guerrillas supposedly killed and
the book, 28, Battle of introduction o peace. What the ordinary on the number of fortified hamlets that had The the boo lily; the March 1, enbi article people of North and South Vietnam des- been built. "I'll bet I could dig out my old
by 1965, perately want is an end to a war that is of notebooks and find almost identical state-
in the Nation, by Frederick Kuh; Sena- scant interest to them when compared to the ments by the French," Warner said.
tor MCGQVgRN'S article in the Progres- overwhelming burdens of daily work, feeding Nine years after the disaster at Dienbien-
sive of March 1965.; and editorials in the themselves and -their children, trying for a phu had ended more than 80 years of French
New, Yprk,7mes of ?March 7, 1965, and little better life, and avoiding as much as rule in Indochina, much remained un-
New, 10, 1965, s be_printed In the of,Marc 7, 1 5, and they can the taxation and tyranny imposed changed. The French generals and diplomats
March at the conclusion of my remarks, on them as much by their own troops as by had departed, leaving their reputations mold-
Mr. President, 1 year the enemy, ering In the rice paddies. But they had
called for nt, ago today, I There are many sincere people who believe been followed by American generals and
an p to.the senseless killing that If we "pull out" of Vietnam we'll be diplomats who suffered, or were about to
in South Vietnam. From time to tiz;ie jerking the rue from under Japan e a T
l
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4746
young French officers and foreign legionnaires his civilian neighbors had asked him where American defeat in South Vietnam will find
who had soothed their frayed nerves in the he was stationed. When he said he was sta- themselves discovering reasons somewhat
cabarets and bars on Catinat Street were tioned in Saigon, the neighbor had replied: similar to those which Roy believes brought French
at D gone or resting forever beneath eatheeTiYport. V etnam.s Ta hey'rretshooting notain loth of thThee oc urrefl, Royieexplains,unot
But the slimry cemetery because of a shortage of men, guns or bullets,
long black Ba~ ha gracing the hlders prostitutes, tskin- heir helicopters U.S. Information there."
tThese were mthe Important
the arrogance the
tight he tun hair geeing the shoulders of legs The showing a showing a documentary Service entitled, `The but
and
f the
vanity
tight tunics, were still swinging war"-mtheing their legs Empire
the
political from the bar stools and still warming had been filmed by Russ auch n came amen who leaders,otheir self-delussiiontand moral weak-
The decanemperor, Bao Dzi, was living had accompanied the Vietminh battalions in ness and their contempt for the Asian enemy.
beds decadent erorrs.
in exile on the Riviera, but he had been re- the war against the French. There were therefomost are not~he aspects of ththis b o ,
placed by the Ngo Dinhs, a stiff-necked and scenes of the Vietminh, thousands of them,
self-righteous family who ruled with the un- singing as they dragged their cannons across itself, which unfolded with the grim fatalism once
m
batants bending arrogance of the ancient mandarins. the mountains toward Dienblenphu, fading oua the Greek otivestragedy and rc t co which led met
The head of the family, President Ngo Dinh into the jungle when the French planes ap-
Diem, a plump little man who waddled like peared and then rushing forward in scream- French to deliberately risk battle wi with the comm a duck when he walked, was sitting in his air- lug waves to overwhelm the French garrison. Vietminh at t Dieto and u and to Legion batit
conditioned office in the presidential palace, Many of us who saw the film were frightened thetr their best p ra valee from which so many
isolated from the people by his own choice, by it. It showed us how formidable was the failed to return.
surrounded by sycophants and security po- enemy our country was now facing. Henri Navarre, the French Com-
licemen and convinced he ruled by divine Jules Roy's account of the battle of Dien- Gentoamannerl l Chief in Indochina, decided to risk
right. bienphu Is an Important book for the Amer- battle at Chief nn Roy decide risk
In a nearby office sat his younger brother, ican reader, primarily because it will help he battle n the basis of w i classic because
e Ngo Dinh Nhu. Nhu was a French-educated him to understand his own country's often military axioms, that he could inflict a stun-
between the French ning defeat on the Vietminh there. Accord-
lo g and graceful of was delicerpet buyt, His bewildering The 9yeast off war South
fingers and nd he spoke in pow, rasping held a Ing to General Navarre, the Vietminh com-
17c million climaxed n mander, General Vo nguyen Giap, lacked the
had he svc in slow, own t l voice. for and the hu Vibrought which
cigarette
in had a viand of his own talent fo! P logistic capacity to concentrate enough.
of Comm Indochina in Communist chaos. rule troops to overwhelm the garrison. General.
the rest t, of thowever, and his contempt he was and for North left Vietnam the e economy of under
the rhe human race. Each h day he Navarre believed the French artillery and
plunging the regime further into a soli}dal Most important, the fact that the Corn- airpower would pulverize any artillery the
struggle with the Buddhist t clergy which monists had led the anticolonial struggle Vietminh attempted to emplace on the
would end in the overthrow of the family enabled them to claim It was they who had Vie hts overlooking the valley. He was cer-
brother the assassination of himself and his driven the French from the nation's sail tahei tn that these weapons, in combination with
brother 4 months later. His beautiful, wife, and that they thus constituted the true his tanks and machineguns, would decimate
poi ticalucredit This the Vietminh infantry battalions once they
Madame Ngo Dinh, who mnod d Neu gave?A them enormouswithin
an and empress of Vietnam, goaded loly. g descended into the valley itself. He thought
President of North he would be able to keep the two airfields in
her deeper in passion aifolly. into nationalist the ifeelings. peasantry,
She the valley open during the battle to supply
She had poured all ll brother-in-law
the pursuit of power and was consumed by Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, is still the greatest and reinforce the garrison. Dienbienphu
rage at those who dared to challenge her. nationalist leader in the country to much ended the search for the classic, set-piece
ruchic power French hoped to bring
She taunted the priests and dared them to of the peasantry, and the Communists drew ,which the French hoped d to b"barbecue" another of their number. deeply and successfully on this credit with battle
ri g
dest in
g
Each time a Buddhist priest spilled gaso- the peasantry when, In 1957, they launched the lido r tie elusive Commuer enemy and
line over his body and lit himself afire in what might be called the Second Indochina to smash hnn with an iron fist.
protest against the family's arrogance, the War against the U.S.-backed government of mash him and his staff grossly
restlessness and anger of the population the Ngo family. underestimated the skid and staff grossly
grew until finally the generals moved their Tens of thousands of Vietnamese men and of their enemy. They did not realezo toes
battalions into the city and the infantry women who might otherwise have shunned these Western military axioms would not
stormed the presidential palace as the tank the Communists, had also joined the fight only fail to succeed i ay against axioms utldnar t
guns barked. against the French because of an overwhelm- only fail to s ay strategy the the oltio, but
The enemy were no longer called the Viet- ing desire to achieve national Independence. wp-milit of ould actually lead to disaster.
minh. They were now known as the Viet- Among them were many of the most talented Ironically, as I recall from my 2 years
cong (Vietnamese Communists), but they and patriotic individuals in the country.
officials
'were the same black-clad little men, lean and During the war they had either been ab- in Vietnam Americanietnam as diplom a atic areporter, the the responsible
nsible military hardened by years of warfare, determined to sorbed into the Communist ranks or cleverly there knew vlittle and the earlier French
finish the revolution they had begun against and brutally silenced in the purges which there experience. e very study h
the French in 1945 and to unite Vietnam followed the final victory. Other nationalist they might If they have ssome had bothered the fatal to y it t
under their rule. They were just as cun- elements had either atrophied because they the y mig v seen e of the fatal themselves and resourceful and just as intensely refused to take either side or had joined and drawn o the bIrTench o before refl it was too late.
self-critical as they had been when they the French in the fight against the Com- the Americans one al a
the
to the In h had base, they said,
the valley of Dienbienphu.. They were still later by political means, but instead tom- iammpp tssion that
just as willing as they had been then to pay promising themselves in the eyes of the axe desnch had been attempting to main-
important price to achieve their ends and, most population because of their collaboration the re htdated colonial system g and ain-
important of all, they were again winning with the hated foreigner. were doomed to failure. They, the Ameri-
the war. Thus, when the United States assumed can, knew how to fight wars, since they nhad
At home in the United States, most Amer- responsibility for South Vietnam in 1954, defeated the Nazis and the Japanese and had
icans, just as the French before them, were the human resources the Americans could bludgeoned the Chinese Communists to a
too preoccupied with their own lives to be- work with to attempt to build a viable na- stalemate in Korea. They were also fight-
come interested in a war in a small Asian tion-state constituted a mere residue. it ing for democratic Ideals and deserved vic-
country thousands of miles away which they was a residue shrunken by years of hesita= tory since communism i? bad and democracy
felt' didn't concern them directly. Many tion, compromise, and collaboration, riven is good,
probably didn't even know where Vietnam by factions and intrigue, its moral fiber The Americans, however, did not know
was weakened by the corruption which had that the French Expeditionary Corps had
Malcolm Browne, of the Associated Press, flourished under the French in the venal usually fought with more bravery and deter-
had recently received a letter from an Amer- administration of Bao Dai. mination than 'the Vietnamese Government
ican business firm addressed to him at "Sal- Unfortunately, the United States was to troops they were arming and advising. The
gon, French Indonesia." Malcolm imme- worsen an already perilous situation by com- Americans did not realize that courage alone
diately sat down and wrote a lengthy reply, matting a series of blunders of its own. was not enough to defeat an enemy with
patiently explaining that Saigon was in a Under the pressure of a renewed Communist the cunning and resourcefulness of the Viet-
country called Vietnam, in a region called revolution, these blunders were to lead to- minh, or the Vietcong as they were now
Indochina, that there had been a long war ward the impending defeat which is now called. The Americans also forgot that
In Indochina in which thousands of French- threatening us in South Vietnam. And many Vietnamese peasants saw little differ-'
men and Vietnamese had died and that there this impending defeat, although it will in ence betwen the corrupt and brutal admin-
was another long war raging there now in all likelihood lack the drama of Dienbfen- istrators of the Ngo family regime the United
which Americans were dying. phu, may be jut as calamitous in its effects. States was trying to preserve and those who
A helicopter pilot back from leave in the I believe that historians who search in had plagued them during the earlier French
United States laughed and told how one of years to come for the causes underlying the days.
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-The basic reason for the steady growth of Cogny, that the Vietminh were concentrat- Egyptian campaign. Perhaps he thought that
Communist control and influence over the ing the bulk of four infantry divisions on this would have been paying too much honor
South Vietnamese peasantry from 1957 to Dienbienphu-a formidable force which to a man, who. bad not attended courses in
1961 had been the corruption, the nepotism, would seriously threaten the garrison. military strategy and to whom the title of
and the maladministration of the Ngo fam- "Cogny's team was accused of adopting a general was given only in quotation marks."
fly government. At the time the United spurious pessimism in order to exaggerate the Most of the American generals likewise de-
States began its massive commitment of importance of Tonkin and to warn Navarre's spised the enemy. They were fond of assert-
men, money, and prestige to South Vietnam team not to infringe on its jurisdiction." tog that the Vietcong commanders were un-
in the all of 1961, however, Washington The concentration of four Vietminh di- sophisticated Asians wlio lacked knowledge
made only a halfhearted attempt to force the visions at Dienbienphu was regarded by the of modern warfare. The Vietcong were fre-
Ngo family to carry out critically needed po- French as a "utopian project." The French quently referred to as "those raggedly little
litical and administrative reforms. The re- had calculated on the basis of Western mill- bastards in black pajamas."
forms might have won the regime the sup- tary doctrine that the enemy simply did "The Vietcong aren't-10 feet tall, they're
port among the peasantry it so desperately not have the logistic capabilities to supply only 5 feet tall," journalists were told, "and
needed. and maintain such a force far from its bases, we're going to cut them down even further
When the attempt failed, Washington and General Navarre, Roy writes, "believed that before we're through." I recall how one
its generals and diplomats in South Vietnam he would be faced with only one division, American general confidently assured me
somehow convinced themselves that the Ngo though considerably reinforced; in other that "the Vietcong are Vietnamese too and
family has been popular anyway. President words, about a dozen battalions with a few they've got the same failings as these govern-
Ngo Dinh Diem was "widely respected in the heavy guns. That was nothing to be ment guys we're supporting. You've got to
countryside," journalists were told and the alarmed about." Unfortunately for General remember that these people are all pretty
regime was rallying its people around it in "a Navarre, the Vietminh did concentrate and unsophisticated and they don't have the
great national movement" to sweep the maintain the bulk of four divisions,at Dien- military tradition we've got."
Vietcong from the country, to quote the for- bienphu, by improvising unorthodox but Many of the Americans also did not believe
mer American Ambassador in Saigon, Fred- effective means of moving supplies and over. in the mobility the Vietcong had gained
erick Nolting, Jr. whelmed his garrison. through their control and influence over the
Like the French before them, the Ameri- With similar dogmatism, General Harkins peasantry, their clever use of motorized sam-
cans placed their faith in classic Western and his staff ignored or derided reports in pans along the thousands of canals which
military axioms and in practice sought aeon- the late summer of 1963 from junior officers crisscrossed the countryside, their ability to
ventional military solution. They paid lip- in the field that the Vietnamese govern- fight at night and the stamina they had
service to the political and psychological as- ment's position in the Mekong Delta was drilled into their infantry.
pects of the war, but in their hearts they deteriorating seriously and that the vaunted Miss Higgins quotes one of General Har-
believed they could safely ignore these and strategic hamlet program which was to sep- kins' officers as saying:
somehow overwhelm the Vietcong with their arate the guerrillas from the peasantry was "What is mobility? Mobility means ve-
vast amounts of money and materiel, their crumbling under Communist attacks. The hicles and aircraft. You have seen the way
thousands of advisers, and the helicopters, reports also warned that the Vietcong were our Vietnamese units are armed-50 radios,
fighter-bombers, armored vehicles, and ar- creating large but highly mobile infantry 30 or 40 vehicles, rockets, mortars and air-
.tillery batteries they were pouring into the battalions armed with captured American- planes. The Vietcong have no vehicles and
country. made weapons which would soon pose a no airplanes. How can they be mobile?"
I remember with what confidence Secre- grave challenge to the government forces. Finally, there were the governments back
tary of Defense Robert S. McNamara assured Miss Marguerite Higgins, then covering home in Washington and Paris. The succes-
us, in a briefing at the end of his first visit the war for the Herald Tribune, whose dis- sive, weak French cabinets did not want to
to Vietnam in May of 1962, that the war was patches from.South Vietnam faithfully re- think very much about Indochina and care-
being won. Still dressed in the khaki shirt, flected the official point of view, wrote in fully avoided troublesome decisions on the
trousers, and hiking shoes he had worn dur- August of that year: conduct of the war. Nine years later, the
ing a tour of the countryside, his notebooks `But as of this moment, General Harkins administration in Washington similarly did
filled with information gathered by hundreds and his staff flatly contradict published re- not want. to.hear disturbing news about its
of questions, Mr. McNamara was certain that ports that South Vietnam's U.S.-backed fight war in South Vietnam and scrupulously
the massive American aid program, then against the Communists-particularly in the dodged politically sensitive decisions.
barely 5 months old, was already having ef- rice-rich delta-is 'deteriorating' and that "Once in a while Washington remembers
fect and that the Vietcong would soon begin. a Vietcong buildup is taking place to the that there is a war in South Vietnam," Max
weakening under the pressure. point where the Communists will be able to Frankel of the New York Times reported in
When a skeptical reporter said he could conduct mobile warfare with battalions as July of 1963. "But for long stretches, the
not believe Mr. McNamara was this optimis- well equipped as the government's." war against Communist-led guerrillas in
tic the Secretary replied: "Every quantitative As late as October General Harkins assured Vietnam fades from memory here, not be-
measurement we have shows we're winning another journalist: "I can tell you cate- cause no one cares, but because the men
th is war." gorically, that we are winning in the Mekong who care most-decided long ago to discuss it
The American commander Iin South Viet- Delta." as little as possible.
nam, Gen. Paul D. Harkins, and his staff sat That November, taking advantage of the "It [administration] concedes that Presi-
in their air-conditioned offices in Saigon and dislocation immediately following the fall of dent Ngo Dinh Diem has often treated his
waxed optimistic on the same kind of sup- the Ngo family regime, the Vietcong un- own intellectuals and officers as more danger-
posedly impressive statistics the French had leashed their battalions in a series of daz- ous than the guerrillas, that he resists the
comforted themselves with during the first zling attacks which inflicted irreparable decentralization of authority and that he has
Indochina war. They pointed to the number damage on the government's already fragile not done nearly enough to win the loyalists
of operations the Government commanders position in the delta. of his largely rural population.
were launching, to the mobility the American The junior American officers who realized "But every reluctant comment here ends
helicopters and armored personnel carriers what was happening and attempted to bring on the same note: that there is no alterna-
bad given the Government infantry, and to their superiors in Saigon to their senses, just tive, no intention to seek one, no change of
the thousands of.guerrillas they were sup- as some of the lower-ranking French officers policy and no further comment.
posedly killing with their fighter-bombers, had tried to warn General Navarre of the de- "All they want, officials indicate, is to get
artillery, and automatic weapons. Like his bacle he was creating, wasted their energy. on quietly with the war."
French predecessor, General Navarre, General Their reports aroused only irritation and The Vietminh commander, General Giap,
Harkins was a polite and urbane man who Saigon focused its attention on silencing said to Roy in 1963 as he was leaving Hanoi
had built a reputation as a brilliant, staff them instead of abandoning its own illusions. for a visit to the old battleground at Dien-
officer. Perhaps they also both shared the "Nobody believed in the strategic mobility bienphu:
limitations of the Western-trained staff offi- and logistics of the Vietminh," Roy writes. "If you were defeated, you were defeated
cer confronted with the subtleties of an "Nobody, or scarcely anybody, in the French by yourselves." Perhaps General Giap will
Asian-style Communist revplution. Army had enough imagination to guess at make a similar remark to an American writer
tranquil rooms of General Navarre's head- NEIL SHEEHAN.
He notes that Lt. Gen. Raoul Salan, chief
quarters, so it was also not tolerated in Gen- Navarr@'s predecessor as commander in in chief (Mr. Sheehan was the correspondent for
oral Harkins', headquarters or in the Ameri- in Indochina, regarded the Vietminh com- United Press International in Vietnam from
can Embassy in Saigon. In this unreal mander, General Giap, "as a noncommis- April 1962 until April 1964, and is currently
atmosphere, where doctrine and theory were sioned officer learning to handle regiments" with the New York Times.)
defended, as facts, anything which contra- and that General Navarre himself made only [From the Nation, Mar. 1, 1965]
dieted the official ,optimism was simply a halfhearted attempt to understand Gen-
ignored . or derided as false or inconsequen- eral Giap. PROSPECTS IN. VIETNAM
tial. - "Navarre should have kept a photograph (By Frederick Kuh)
Roy relates how General Navarre refused to of Giap before him at all times in his study," The United States is in a period of doubt,
b,lieve intelligence reports from the staff of Roy comments, "as Montgomery kept a pho- confusion and danger concerning Vietnam.
his subordinate in Hanoi, Maj. Gen, Rene tograph of Rommel before him during the What are the prospects?
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE arc 11, 1965'"
1. The reaction to America's present pro-
gram of airstrikes may be so intense in
other countries-in the United Nations,
Britain, the U.S.S.R. and France-that the
United States will be forced by these third
parties to come to a- negotiating table either
at the United Nations, at Geneva or else-
where. There may be a strong call for a
cease-fire and an attempt to get each side at
least privately to indicate its basic condi-
tions for negotiations. Britain has sent one
of its responsible Foreign Office officials,
George Thompson, to Moscow for talks with
the Soviet Government.
2. A massive Chinese Intervention and a
U.S. response could mean full-scale war in
southeast Asia. It would be a ground war
because Chinese intervention would move
rapidly from air to ground since its air power
is not great.
This, it is believed, would force the United
States into a ground response like Korea
and would present it with grim decisions as
to what weapons to use. Here again, third
powers would try to bring about a cease-fire
and negotiations, but this would be far more
difficult once Chinese and U .S. ground forces
were committed.
Chinese interventions could come in
phases: First, air support in attacking U.S.
aircraft and air strikes against South Viet-
nam; then the assignment of so-called vol-
unteers to North Vietnam, freeing the North
Vietnamese army to move south; finally, the
Chinese themselves might move south with
the North Vietnamese.
3. South Vietnamese initiative could take
the form either of a coup d'etat, replacing
the present government with a neutralist
regime that would invite the United States
to leave; or South Vietnamese private con-
versations with the Vietcong might arrange
a settlement behind Uncle Sam's back and
halt the war before it grows bigger.
Informed authorities regard this alterna-
tive as relative unlikely at the moment, since
the country is enjoying a temporary unity
and euphoria as a result of the American
air strikes against the north. However, it
might come as a reaction to the second al-
ternative-as the South Vietnamese became
concerned about turning the whole country
into a massive battlefield.
4. This alternative-called "very unlikely"
in Washington-would be for the United
States to pull out under domestic, for in-
stance, congressional pressure.
Two lines of development are going on
simultaneously. One is intensification of
U.S. strikes against the North, leading at
some point to Chinese Communist inter-
vention and more general warfare. The sec-
ond is domestic and international pressure
toward a negotiated solution, The key ques-
tion is whether the pressure will bring ne-
gotiations before the Chinese Intervene-
that is, at what point will the United States
be forced to stop its air strikes and sit down
at the conference table?
[]From the Progressive, Mar. 1965]
AFFIRMATIVE ALTERNATIVE IN VIETNAM
(By SENATOR GEORGE S. MCGOVERN)
To anyone taking a hard-headed, realistic
look at the situation in South Vietnam it is
somewhat puzzling that the terms "hard
line" and "soft line" seem to be reversed when
discussing that nation on the other side of
the world. Where Vietnam is concerned,
those who discount the present and offer only
hopes for the future are considered "hard"
whereas those who look at the actual situa-
tion and point to the current map of Com-
munist-controlled areas of Vietnam are ac-
cused of following a "soft line."
It is both hard-in the sense of being diffi-
cult-and hard-headed-in the sense of be-
ing realistic-to admit honestly to ourselves
what the facts are.
We are not winning in South Vietnam.
We are backing a government there that to
incapable either of winning a military
stuggle or governing its people. We are light-
ing a determined army of guerrillas that
seems to enjoy the cooperation of the people
in the countryside and that grows stronger
in the face of foreign intervention, be it
Japanese, French, or American. In this cir-
cumstance, the proposal to expand the Amer-
ican military involvement would be an act of
folly designed in the end to create a larger,
more inglorious debacle.
For nearly a quarter of a century, south-
east Asia has been torn by military and po-
litical conflict. First, there was the Japanese
invasion of World War II. Then came nearly
a decade of struggle with the French culmin-
ating in the collapse of the French army at
Dienbienphu in 1954. The French lost the
cream of their army in an unsuccessful effort
to reestablish French control over Indochina,.
U.S. aid totaling $2 billion financed eighty
percent of the French war effort.
Then came the -radually deepening Ameri-
can involvement in Southeast Asia in the ten
years after 1954. American expenditures in
Vietnam, in addition to $2 billion in aid to
the French, now approach $4 billion, and
243 American have died trying to counsel and
assist the Vietnamese forces.
Yet we are further away from victory over
the guerrilla forces in Vietnam today then
we were a decade ago. The recent confronta-
tion of the Vietcong Communist guerrillas
and the South Vietnamese army at Bin Ghia
was a painful, dramatic demonstration that
the struggle is going badly for our side. Gov-
ernment prestige was hurt seriously in that
battle. Communist stock has gone up.
Concerned Americans are asking, "What has
gone wrong?" and it seems a fair question.
in my judgment, the first answer is that
South Vietnam is not basically a military
problem but a political one, Neither the
Diem regime nor its successors has won the
political loyalty and active support of the
people of South Vietnam, especially those
who live outside town and city limits.
There are rarely military answers to politi-
cal. dilemma of this nature. Military pro-
posals in South Vietnam, whether for spe-
cial forces, strategic hamlets, insurgency pro-
grams, or more suitably-designed airplanes
are not likely to overcome the political weak-
nesses of the existing South Vietnamese
Government. Even the sophisticated weap-
ons of the nuclear age cannot overrule the
basic precepts of successful government.
This is a political problem, and it is a
South Vietnamese problem. The United
States can accomplish much through foreign
aid and military support, but we cannot
create strong, effective, and popular national
leadership where that leadership either does
not exist or does not exert itself. That is not
only expensive and impractical, it is just plain
impossible.
For 9 years the U.S. helped the Diem gov-
ernment at a cost of $8 billion. Diem's rule
was marked by the achievement of some
measure of economic stability, but prin-
cipally by an increasing political disaffection.
That disaffection was encouraged by North
Vietnam, but basically Diem's own arbitrary
rule made possible Vietcong gains. The very
fact that Vietcong strength was and still is
greatest in the Mekong Delta and around
Saigon-more than a thousand miles away
from North Vietnam-indicates that there is
basic popular support for the guerrillas
It is not isolationism, either of the old
variety or the new, to recognize that U.S. ad-
visers, however able, are simply no substitute
for a competent and popular indigenous gov-
ernment. It Is not idealism either; it is
simply realism. Only the Vietnamese them-
selves can provide the leaders and the sus-
tained support to defeat the Vietcong. The
United States can at most only hold a finger
in the dike until the South Vietnamese find
themselves. Therefore, even at this 11th
hour, when there is mounting pressure to
send more U.S. troops to South Vietnam and
enlarge the conflict, we must be hard-headed
realists.
Americans in Asia are basically aliens, of a
different race, religion, and culture. More-
over, the Vietnamese are nationalistic and
race-conscious in their outlook. As an on-
the-scene observer pointed out, "If you imag-
ine a Chinese sheriff speaking Cantonese
and trying to keep order in Tombstone, Ariz.,
in its heyday, you will begin to understand
the problem."
More American troops, in addition to the
25,000 now in South Vietnam, would not
necessarily mean more success, because vic-
tory in the Vietnam countryside depends on
accurate intelligence information, peasant
support, and quick action by Vietnamese
troops. These factors cannot be controlled
by Americans. They must depend on the
South Vietnamese, and we must recognize
that fact.
The more Americans are brought in to do
what should be the responsibility of the Viet-
namese Government, the greater will be the
tendency of the Vietnamese Government to
rely on United States advisers rather than on
able Vietnamese; the greater will be the
prestige of the Vietcong and North Vietna-
mese for holding at bay not merely their
own countrymen but also the gathered might
of the United States; and, finally, the greater
will be the grassroots reaction against Amer-
icans. In theory, our Government has rec-
ognized that the South Vietnamese bear pri-
mary responsibility for the war and civilian
policies. In practice, Americans have as-
sumed roles of increasing influence and lead-
ership with slight military gains but disturb-
ing deterioration on the local political level.
I for one am very much opposed to the pol-
icy, now gaining support in Washington, of
extending the war to the north. I am dis-
turbed by the recent reports of American air
strikes in Laos and North Vietnam.
Attacks on North Vietnam will not seri-
ously weaken guerrilla fighters a thousand
miles away, fighters who depend for 80 per-
cent of their weapons on captured United
States equipment and for food on a sym-
pathetic local peasantry. The principal foe
is not the limited industrial capacity of North
Vietnam, not the North Vietnamese who have
remained at home, nor even their training
camps and trails. It is the 30,000 individual
guerrilla fighters from North and South who
have no trouble finding sanctuary within
South Vietnam or the neighboring states of
Laos and Cambodia. Bombing North Viet-
nam is not calculated to reduce their deter-
mination, but undoubtedly it would antag-
onize many other Asians and could easily
lead to increased Communist Chinese in-
volvement in the whole Indo-Chinese penin-
sula.
The only viable policy for the United
States in Vietnam is negotiation and a po-
litical settlement. Until such time as ne-
gotiation is possible and a settlement can
be devised which does not surrender South
Vietnam to communism, the United States
would doubtless not find it feasible to with-
draw. But the aim of our current policy
must be seen as a prelude to diplomatic
settlement and not an occasion for war
against North Vietnam, or, even worse, Com-
munist China.
There are many different ways to approach
such a diplomatic settlement. Last August,
I suggested we might take up French Presi-
dent Charles de Gaulle's proposal for an
international conference, including the
United States, the Soviet Union, Britain,
France, China, Malaya, Thailand, Laos, Cam-
bodia, Burma, Canada, Poland, India, and
North and South Vietnam. More recently,
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CONGRESSIONAL
E
9
Walter Lippmann raised the possibility of Even the Soviet Union can be expected to, At this point the dangers in American
a Congress of Asia, The groundwork for give quiet support to policies designed to pre- policy become evident. It is doubtless true,
any such gathering would have to be care- vent expansion of the fighting and to reduce as S. L. A. Marshall argues in the New Leader,
fully laid and therefore, for the present, Peiping's influence in southeast Asia. In fact, that the Chinese are in no position to pour
the, first step should probably be informal new links between Moscow and Hanoi are ground troops Into Vietnam as they did in
approaches' to the Interested nations and being forget right now, both economic and Korea. But there are other things China can
preliminary private talks. diplomatic. Moscow's influence could well be do; and in any event, Hanoi would not need
What are the objectives or terms on which thrown, as it was in 1954, toward a negotiated a Chinese ground army. North Vietnam has
we might be. willing to put an end to fight- settlement in southeast Asia. a well-t ay of ing in South Vietnam? If military victory The United States certainly is not anxious which sralready at hand about
The So i et Union
is impossible-as i believe it 1s-we can for broader commitments on the Asian main- could furnish arms and planes, along with
settle only on the kind of terms that would land, but the key element in U.S. thinking is Russian "advisers."
be generally acceptable to North Vietnam. Whether a negotiated settlement would The more the war is escalated, the greater
Yet, equally clearly, we cannot simply walk merely pave the way for a Communist take- its political effects are bound to be. Granted
out and permit the Vietcong to march into over in South Vietnam or elsewhere. To that that politics is an art and not a science, it is
Saigon. question there can be no simple answer, for still
The minimum terms which might be ac- it would depend on the abilities of the South Phesible to predict that ton more paey-
ceptable on both sides would probably in- Vietnamese to form a government with o u- the greater,
ee the United States danger of exerts on destruction Hanoi to
o
elude: lar support and with the ability to cooperate North Vietnam, the more ikelyIt becomes
Closer association or confederation be- in some fields with the North without losing that Moscow will be driven closer to Peiping,
tween North and South Vietnam, not under its own independence. To be realistic any By the same token, the promising detente
a unitary Communist government from the settlement in the foreseeable future will have between Moscow and Washington will be
North, but with local autonomy for the to replace the present hostility between weakened. If the present American policy of
South as well as the North. North and South with greater economic co- widening the war and refusing to consider
Renewed trade and rail links between operation and more political acceptance, negotiations at this time forces Moscow back
North and South Vietnam, which admittedly The policies and directions that Vietnam toward the East, Communist China will be
would be most useful to the North where takes will depend on the character of the the gainer.
there is a pressing need for the food grown leadership from Saigon as well as Hanoi.
In the South. The United States can help that leadershipmind. ind. Is and the more
UnitedgStattes chtes ch sing the e the
Cooperative planning to benefit North and in a number of ways, but in this nationalistic ooins t res-
South Vietnam from the Mekong River de- era, the United States cannot offer American sion? Can battleground for little escalation produce uce the
South ent, ' For the South, it would mean leadership or American soldiers as a substi- required just a little escaproduce the
Primarily flood control,. For the North, now tute for popular and effective government controlled once it has Can escalation begun? And d fact be
outside the Mekong watershed, it could from Saigon. how fe-
mean hydroelectric power for industry. is this country prepared to pursue the one-
Neutralization of North and South Viet- IFram the New York Times, Mar. 7, 1965tray street in which it is letting itself be
nam, including guarantees that foreign THE ONE-WAY STREET trapped?
troops and military advisers would grad- The wider war which the United States Is [From the New York Times, Mar. 10, 19651
ually be eliminated, Although this is a now fighting in Vietnam is, in present cir- A NEGOTIATION Is A NEGOTIATION
key point, it. would not by any means elimi- cumstances, a one-way street.
nabs all U.S. military forces from Asia nor If the present American strategy of car- The words were mouth out of the United
would it bar AID and other civilian advisers. Tying the war to North Vietnam works, Hanoi General rejected mopo when the United
At the same time it would represent some will cease training and supplying the Viet- States ejeoted his proposal. He had income
protection to North Vietnam from the North cong and will do what it can-which may mended a seven-power conference on the
as well as the South, not be nearly so much as the United States Vietnamese conflict.
Establishment of a United Nations pres- hopes-to call off the guerrillas. Despite The State Department spokesman gave the
ence or unit in southeast Asia with the what Washington keeps saying, there really same old reply. "We still await some ndi-
right to enter every country, to guarantee Is a species of civil war in South Vietnam, cation that the aggressors are prepared to
national borders, to offer protection against It takes the now common form of revolution- talk about stopping the aggression," he said,
external aggression, and, Insofar as possible, ary guerrilla warfare, which the populace- adding that Washington would require ad-
to insure fair treatment of tribal and other in this case the peasantry-either passively vance evidence that negotiations would pro-
minorities, accepts or actively aids. So even if American duce an agreement acceptable to the United
Would such terms be acceptable to North strategy in North Vietnam is successful, there States in Vietnam. In other words, the
Vietnam? Why should Ho Chi Minh settle is no reason to suppose that the Vietcong in United States will negotiate if our terms are
for even half a loaf if he sees the prospect South Vietnam will end their Internal war accepted before negotiations begin. So why
for ultimate victory or thinks the United against whatever government happens to be negotiate?
States- might soon be ready to pull out installed in Saigon. This futile game of diplomatic chess thus
altogether? But if the strategy does not work, the remains in stalemate while the war itself
Actually, North Vietnam cannot benefit, United States will face the necessity of esca- escalates. Yet all wars, including the Viet-
any more than. South Vietnam, from apes-lating the war against North Vietnam still namese type, must end in some form of
longed conflict; both have much to fear from further. To do anything less would be to parley. The questions are when and how-
any spread of the war, even subversion or admit defeat. President Johnson and his chief that bet
Infiltration, The North Vietnamese know Yet there is inherently a tacit admission lieve tst nces is not ripe and toes present
what happened to the people and resources of failure in this new American strategy. circumstances find the United States-strong
of-North Korea during that war, became clear that the original purpose icon it as
n It is-in an policy th unfre Is to position Amer-
Moreover, although Hi Chi Minh, of North aiding South Vietnam-to help establish an policy then consider to improvo the from a
Vietnam, is closely allied to Communist independent, strong, viable, peaceful coun- van and then consider negotiation tram a
China, the Vietnamese have for centuries try-was not being fulfilled. The situation vantage point where terms can be extracted
regarded the Chinese with suspicion. Ob- was deteriorating for a number of reasons, to fit American ere demands.
vlously, Peiping's desire to exert hegemony and not just because North Vietnam was On bean bidw the game is being played
pl
over Indochina runs directly contrary to helping the Vietcong. Now the United States as if It can v won or lost. I at reality, eying
all Vietnamese ambitions. Escalation of the is trying to win in North Vietnam the war can be. no "victory" except at a shattering
war by, the United States would make North that was gradually being lost in South Viet- cost silives and ery put.
Vietman
Vietman increasingly dependent on China nam. President
speech put the problem ac-
strengthen, not Ho Chi Minh's Influence, Both sides can and do claim that no new 2, elately in a speech final made ," September
but, rather, Mao Tse-tung's, In fact, apart policy is involved. Hanoi has been helping is their "he the h Vietnamese) analysis," he said, ` iy
from China, no nation has anything to gain the Vietcong for years and the United States a on (the South o n war. They
from a long drawn out struggle in Vietnam, has been defending South Vietnam. But We the ones who have can win It a lose it,
Only
Only' China gains from continuing confusion there has been a change in degree that is so We can help se them, we can give them equip-
re as
and weakness in Vietnam. Only China great that it amounts to a change in policy: advisers, can send our men out a people
as
gains, in time and resources so that it will The war has been escalated. The United of Vietnam-against they have the OCowin mmunists people
be better able .at some future time to exert States has taken it from the ground in South President Johnson, on the contrary, has
its influence in southeast Asia. Vietnam to the air in North Vietnam, as big now changed this policy and is trying to win
France, with considerable property in a change as the decision of President Ken- the war with American arms and American
North and South Vietnam, is eager for nedy in 1961 to put a sizable number of forces on behalf of the South Vietnamese,
peace, putting economic stability ahead of American military into Vietnam. The newest This is impossible, because, as Mr. Kennedy
almost any political denouement. Great decision is to step up the war In the belief said, "it is their war"-although which has a conflict between Malay- and hope that Hanoi will be forced into a course also true that. the North Vietnamese
"-although it is of
sia and Indonesia, has never really endorsed willingness to negotiate and that China and are supplying increasing help to one side,
U.S. policy in South Vietnam. Russia will hold off.
as the United States Is to the other.
No. 40-16
R
CORD - SENATE 474
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4750 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE March 11, "196j*
senator Says, and I concur,
ontium 90 is bad, more is
The conference that secretary Thant has the food right to breathe air as nature pro- that any BARTLETT
recommended may or may not be an answer. ent to :permit him to make isolationism. While producing certain Inspiration, this
war ricon titutionall These are the people who gain a false yl ion is not at all accurate.
y-arid he is male sense of security from their State boundaries,
ing war unconstitutionally in Asia. He as if the happenings elsewhere cannot reach This is Just the beginning of the war-a
has not the slightest legal right under them. Or they may feel that artici atin war that promises to be a long one. It also
g
the Constitution of the United States to in Federal-State programs somehow Lain
will be a costly one, although the cost will
We won't see
,SO, until Congress carries out its legal 1930'6, those running the city ofDeoit felt quick results, but what
if it wants to decare out its war, that it was beneath Detroit's dignity to ac-
and
obligations, can do is ve build a strong foundation and this te will raised in support public works funds that were part of arm ourselves with sound ideas and programs
of an the national recovery program. to launch our attacks.
honorable attempt at an honorable, ne- I might say that most modern mayors, We must never lose sight of the main ob-
ggotiated settlement of that war in Asia such as Jerry Cavanagh, are not encum- jective, which is to reduce and destroy the
in which the United States, by its aggres- bered by such false pride. conditions that produce and breed poverty.
sive course of action for a long time past, They share the philosophy that we must This is why you must see to it that your
stands, in my judgment, convicted before work as partners in these efforts to help im- community action programs are not per-
the bar of world opinion as the greatest prove the lot of our citizens and their sur- mitted to become the means for local empire
threat to the peace of the world. roundings. building or just the source of well-paying
In short, we should no longer waste our staff jobs.
time in futile discussions of States rights Already, as I am sure you have detected,
and Federal rights but instead, think in there is some disenchantment with the
ADDRESS BY SENATOR .MCNAMARA terms of people's rights, methods being used in establishing some
ON ANTIPOVERTY WAR That, of course, was what we intended In community action programs.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, on March enacting legislation to battle against poverty. There is the complaint that, in some areas,
But it Is important that we do not permit the very people who supposedly will benefit
10, the- senior Senator from Michigan this war on poverty to get out of perspective. have no voice in the planning of the pro-
[Mr. MCNAMARA] delivered an address on For example, speed in Implementing these grams..
the antipoverty war before the National new programs is important, but it should not You must not, of course, permit this to
Committee for Community Development. become the overriding goal.
happen..
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4!762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
You cannot put yourselves in a position
where you impose good works on the poverty
stricken. Such an approach is doomed to
failure.
The effective implementation of the com-
munity action program will be based, in large
measure, on the willingness of local com-
munities to expand the base of decision-
making for programs affecting the poor.
Education, health, welfare, and manpower
programs can no longer be developed solely
by the social and economic elite and the
professionals on behalf of the poor.
Local community action agencies must be
prepared to experiment with the broadest
majority leader asked me to do when
I completed my talk.
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
peace in the Middle East depends on
whether the Arab- States carry out their
plans to choke off Israel's just share of
water.
Israel desperately needs more defense
arms, in order to protect herself against
the increasing threats and pressures of
the Arab States. Dictator Nasser, by
threatening to recognize East Germany,
forced the Federal Republic of West Ger-
many into canceling its arms contracts
with Israel. Approximately $37 million
of the agreed $90 million of vital defen-
sive arms will not be shipped to the
Israeli people at a time when the defense
of their country against the Arab States
is so urgently needed.
Although in 1962 we loaned Israel the
money with which to buy short-range
Hawk missiles, to counterbalance Egypt's
ground-to-air missiles and supersonic
otherwise provided Israel with military
equipment. The United States however,
does provide arms for several Arab
States.
Since the present imbalance in the
Middle East not only threatens the state
of Israel, but also is a threat to peace it-
self in that important part of the world,
I make the following proposals:
First. The United States should allow
Israel to purchase additional defensive
weapons for air defense.
Second. Since Israel has no effective
counter to Egypt's fleet of fast patrol
boats carrying ship-to-shore missiles-
which are capable of doing severe dam-
age to Israel's coastal cities-I urge that
the United States supply Israel with the
needed arms with which to defend itself
against these missile-laden boats.
Third. The United States should
declare that it views as a threat to peace
the present Arab "spite" plan to cut off
Israel's water supply.
Dictator Nasser has proven by his
actions that his intentions toward con-
quest go beyond the borders of Israel.
He continues to back the Congolese
rebels, and otherwise upset central Afri-
can conditions. He is presently central escalat-
ing his war against the loyalist forces in
Yemen, where Egyptian troops now total
50,000, more than double what they were
until recently.
I urge that the United States rally the
peopl geousetof do thwhat is morally called for,
which clearly is to move now with action
to pthe peace and balance of
power preserve e the Middle East.
possible extension of such participation. However, I think it is a healthy sign, really,
DEFENSIVE ARMS FOR ISRAEL that such comments are breaking into the Mr, SCOTT. Mr. President, in a world open so early, I sincerely hope that future not blessed with disarmament, countries criticism rings out loud and clear in areas strive to maintain a balance of defensive where such criticism is justified, strength, When the pendulum of power It is only in this way that we can prevent the dynamic and imaginative concepts that is threatened with imbalance, as it is
created these programs from being smoth- now so seriously threatened in the Mid- eyed by petty bureaucracy and from becom- dle East, I urge the United States to
ing a plaything of the professionals. We can- rally its greatest efforts to check the not afford that. We cannot afford that in swing toward bloodshed and destruction. dollars. The buildup of Communist military But most importantly, we cannot afford aid to the United Arab Republic, the that because of the human lives that are involved here, and because of the hope that abrogation of West Germany's agree- we have raised with our brave talk of war- merit to ship to Israel the remaining
ringagainst poverty third of an estimated $90 million of vital
The community action program is the key- defensive arms, and the current work in stone upon which success will be built. Syria and Jordan for diversion of Is- we will expect communities to coordinate rasp's water sources by its Arab neighbors
rate
existing se
and them to try new app oache5to o d problems. are three real and present dangers to This will not be easy in many cases. It peace and stability in the Middle East. Isfrequently difficult to break old rivalries, Tanks, planes, submarines, patrol as well as long-established patterns and con- boats, rockets, and other modern weap- cepta of how to deal with these problems. ons furnished by the Soviet Union toBut it must be done. dictator Nasser's United Arab RepublicActuany, the only limit on what can be dot Israel's western border. There is evi-
accomplished in this war on poverty is the dente, from recent hostilities on Israel's ingenuity of the local lead Congress of Soviet military ad- And by showing us in Congress that this visers' northern actually border, serving with Syria's ingenuity is virtually unlimited and effec- rive, you will make it that much easier for armed services.
us to provide the additional weapons needed Syria has increased the number of her
in the struggle for human dignity and a destructive raids on Israel's northern
stronger Nation. border; and the Syrian Government uses
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I will ask the threat of `so-called Israeli "aggres-
the Senator to close his ears for a mo- son" to sow terror among an alreadyinflamed population. merit while I make this supplemental statement about his speech. Arab commando raids on Israeli terra-The war on poverty which was encom- tort' are more frequent than they have
passed legislatively in' the bill that the been for years, and gunfire exchanges
Senator from Michigan [Mr. McNAMAeA] have increased on the Arab-Israeli bor- so skillfully guided through this body ders. Moreover, for the first time in
is being attacked in some places on a nearly a decade, Arab commandos are partisan basis. "firing up" civilians by carrying out ter-
:C say to the party of the opposition, or ror raids, such as the bombing of a farm-
those within the party of the opposition er's house and silo at Kfar Hess, on Feb- who seek to make political capital out of ruary 28.
the suffering of many thousands of pov- There are two threats which add new
erty stricken Americans, that they are terror to the raids on Israel's borders:
going to discover that the intelligence of One threat is the Palestine Liberation
the American voter will not be fooled Organization, recruited among the Arab
that brand of partisanship. I com- refugees remaining in the United Nations
b
y
mend the Senator from Michigan for his camps on Israel's borders and from the
brilliant and eloquent speech. Arab States. The second threat is the
Mr. M91VAMARA. Mr. President, I ex- United Arab command, organized in Jan-
press - my appreciation to the distin- uary 1964, as a direct weapon against
guished Senator from Oregon [Mr. Israel. It is to be financed, over a period
MORSE] for his very generous remarks, of 10 years, with over $420 million, to be
and assure him that I appreciate them contributed by Arab countries.
Very much. The preservation of peace in the Mid-
dle East is further threatened by the
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President,' I under-
Stand that another Senator wishes to
come to the floor. Therefore I will fore-
go having the Senate adjourn, as the
current work by the Arab States to cut
off the flow of all the rivers which run
front` Arab territory into Israeli terri-
tory. Premier Levi Eshkol has, called the
Jordan River -waters as "precious as the
blood in our veins," and has warned that
.VOTER REGISTRATION LEGISLA-
TION URGED
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, the role
of the United States as leader of the
free world could be lost in the streets of
Selma, Ala.
How can a nation hold its head high
as freedom's leader among the peoples of
southeast Asia when it allows its citizens
to be beaten, gassed, and flogged in its
streets because they want to vote, and
when a minister of the gospel is beaten
almost to death.
How can we plead the justice of free-
dom's cause when the oppressive police
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w'iiether it is desirable to take these jobs
away from our loyal postal clerks by
forcing private mailers to perform the
mail sorting function. I would be hope-
ful that the postal unions will let us have
their views on this subject.
If it is inevitable that the American
postal system is to become computerized,
we must be extremely cautious that auto-
mationill not_ou _outlaw the human factor.
There 4,71 no substitute for the loyal post-
man. More often than not, he is the
closest link citizens have with their Gov-
ernment. He should not be replaced by
a machine..
I am hopeful that the Postmaster Gen-
eral will withdraw the regulation which
would require the sacking of certain bulk
second- and third-class mail by ZIP code
sectional centers beginning July 1 of
this year. Merchants and business firms
which use the mails to conduct their
affairs simply are not ready for this com-
plex requirement. Mr. Gronouski
should withhold all orders of this. kind
until Congress has had a chance to
gather and weigh evidence.,
Snuffboxes
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. GEORGE D. AIKEN
OF VERMONT
IN THE SENATE, OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, since
snuffboxes and the quality of the snuff, as
it used to be found in the senate, has
been the subject of some discussion in
and outof the, press, and since our old
friend and former colleague, Ralph Flan-
ders, was the Senate's foremost expert on
snuffboxes and the quality of the snuff, in
order to try to clear up the situation-al-
though probably it never can be cleared
up satisfactorily to everyone-I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in the
Appendix of the RECORD a column which
appears in News and Notes, a publication
of the Vermont Historical Society, issue
of March 1965, the title of which is "Not
up to Snuff."
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
NOT UP TO SNUFF
As reported in a recent Washington news-
paper the furnishings of the V.S. Senate
Chamber includes two snuffboxes. It ap-
pears that the last user thereof was none
other than our former Senator, Ralph E.
Flanders. That gentleman, after 7 years' ab-
sence, returned to the Senate, not to view any
legislation but to check on the snuffboxes.
He was mortified to find that the snuff was
not fresh but dry and old. Feeling that the
Senate Members had drifted away from more
elegant habits, he stomped out declaring,
"Tradition is tradition."
This note was contributed by tongue-in-
cheek Charles Morrissey of the J. F. Kennedy
Library. The above is substantially the ver-
sion b_ 14Ir. George Dixon in the Washing-
ton Post. Below is the episode as recounted
by Senator Flanders in a letter to Mr, Dixon:
"DEAR FRIEND DIXON: I was much amused
by your reference to the snuffboxes and my-
selt in your Saturday column. It seems to
me that you ought to know' a little more
of the history of this Subject which until now
has been kept a secret from the west side
of the aisle of the Senate Chamber.
"After I had been in the Senate long
enough to feel at home, the thought occurred
to me that all new Republican Senators
should be .ceremonially indoctrinated with
the principles of the Founding Fathers.
What better ceremony could be devised than
that of taking snuff as they did so habitu-
ally? With this thought in mind I led each
new arriving Republican Senator to the
snuffbox and with him took a ceremonial
pinch of the nose-tickling stuff, at the same
time ceremonially impressing on him the
duty of following the principles of those for
whom the stuff was originally provided.
"Indoctrination was successful in every
case except one. Senator GORDON ALLOTT, of
Colorado, refused to sneeze. No matter how
much snuff he sniffed he either would not
or could not sneeze. Just what this means
doctrinally I have never been able to find
out. Physically it is unique.
"When I left I draped the shoulders of
Senator Keating with the mantle of freshman
Republican indoctrination but learned to my
sorrow that he had not at all times and
with all candidates fulfilled his responsibili-
ties. He, alas, no longer is to be seen on the
Senate floor except as a privileged ex-Sen-
ator like myself.
"This is the full story of the senatorial
snuffboxes, so far as I am concerned, though
you are right in saying that I insisted on
the material being kept fresh and snuffable.
" Sfncefely yours,
- k "RALPH E. FLANDIERS."
Why oWe in Southeast Asia?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. LESTER L. WOLFF
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, I have
just received an editorial from Mr. Harry
F. Guggenheim, president and publisher
of Newsday, one of the Nation's leading
dailies, which I should like to call to the
attention of this august body. Newsday's
position is in consonance with mine and I
am happy to see the leadership they
have displayed in bringing our aims in
southeast Asia to the attention of the
people of Long Island.
Mr. Speaker, under leave to extend my
remarks, I include the following edi-
torial:
WHY ARE WE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA?
Recently a highly respected and patriotic
Senator, ERNEST GRUENING, Democrat, of
Alaska, said: "All of southeast Asia is not
worth the life of one American boy." The
life of an American boy is precious; so is
the life of any boy the world over.
From the beginning of time animals, in-
cluding humans, have destroyed each other.
The futility of such destruction is apparent,
especially to such enlightened human beings
as Senator GRUENING. He, however, qualifies
his position by implying that there may be
places where Americans should fight-but
not in southeast Asia. There are some who
believe that life is so precious that it must
never be subjected to loss in battle. Others
believe that there is one cause worth fight-
ing for, and that is to preserve existence as
freemen. Most Americans are willing and
ready to fight for their freedom.
Are we fighting for freedom in Vietnam?
A1115
The world ' today' is half slave under the
tyranny of dominating war lords preaching
communism. It is free only in the democ-
racies of free enterprise. The material and
spiritual wealth of the world lies outside
communism's domain.
The dictators who dominate the lands of
communism exhort and drive their people
to plunder the free world. They want to
communize the entire world-"a demand by
the sick that the healthy be cured." Khru-
shchev once said: "We shall bury you."
China's Mao holds: "There is no such thing
as peaceful coexistence."
Assuming that Communist world leaders
would destroy us if they could, how does that
justify our fighting in Vietnam 8,000 miles
from our homeland?
To preserve our continental United States
we need allies and strong military bases for
our survival. We have protection for our
Atlantic coast washed by a great ocean whose
waters join us with our allies in the free
world. Our Pacific coast is washed by waters
joined to our enemies of the Communist
world. In these waters we have strong ad-
vance island bases and allies for the protec-
tion of the Pacific frontier. Australia, New
Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, and Na-
tionalist China are at our side. Their good-
will and their lands are available for our
common defenses.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. MAURINE B. NEUBERGER
OF OREGON
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
- Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President,
problems facing the west coast lumber
industry were analyzed in an article
published in the monthly review of the
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
Although our domestic lumber industry
is faced with severe competitive pres-
sures, the Federal Reserve bank analy-
sis does not discount its future prospects
for growth and expansion. The article
emphasizes that efficient elements in the
western lumber industry promise to
maintain a healthy position, through
better utilization and increased process-
ing of timber.
I ask unanimous consent that the-ar-
ticle be printed in the Appendix of the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LUMBER: OUT ON A LIMB?
The West long has been the dominant
lumber-producing region in the Nation.
Nowhere In the world is there concentrated
on such a relatively small area of forest land
such a rich reservoir of old-growth timber.
Yet, despite its wealth in raw material and
its strong production record, the western
lumber industry has faced a number of
severe challenges over the last decade. Beset
by strong and growing competition from
other producers (foreign and domestic) and
from other building materials (wood and
nonwood), the industry has seen prices fall,
employment decline, and hundreds of small
mills go out of business. But current efforts
to improve lumber's position-along with the
trend toward greater integration with the
pulp and paper and plywood industries-offer
hope that the western forest products com-
plex will yet reach new heights of production
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A1114 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX March 11, 1965
and profit. (The lumber industry, the sector producing less than 6 million board feet an- The contrast between the trend in lumber
emphasized in the following discussion, is nually. production and the trend in these other
composed of those firms engaged in`convert- On the other hand, a substantial. part of sheet materials dramatically Illustrates the
Ing logs Into rough and finished lumber.) the district's sawtimber is not immediately changing product mix. While lumber pro-
FROM MAINE To PUGEit Bomb available for conversion into forest products duction declined 9 percent between 1950 and
because of forest management policies. Al- 1963, softwood plywood shot up by an explo-
The on birth the of heels the of twestern lumeasternber industry's most 60 percent of the forest area is owned sive 272 percent, hardboard by 157 percent,
came o
came o and managed by the Federal Government, and insulating board by 23 percent.
g grew the
decline. the heels
up with the coons about 5 percent by State and local jurisdic- Lumber has declined in the forest products
try, naturally reaching its first peak of ac- tions, and most of the remainder by commer- mix despite an improvement in its price posi-
tivity in the populous colonies along the cial forest interests. Much of the publicly tion relative to all of its major competitors
Atlantic coast (particularly Maine) and then owned timberland Is operated on a sus- except plywood. Substantial production in-
spreading inward as settlements moved back tamed-yield basis, in which the annual creases and consequent downward price pres-
from the coastline. By 1870, the Lake States allowable harvest and sale of timber is limited sures have been evident in the plywood in-
(with Michigan in the forefront) replaced to an amount roughly equivalent to the dustry-and have contributed to plywood's
the Northeast as the leading producing annual growth. Thus, a more or less even inroads into lumber's traditional markets.
region. flow of timber is available for marketing This price situation, however, has been
Yet, by the turn of the century, Great from public lands each year. unique. Prices of construction materials
Lakes lumbermen had almost depleted the PROBLEMS IN BUNYAN LAND generally have moved upward; such compet-
ing for stands in that region and had begun search- in materials as structural steel, brick, port-
States new forest reserves. The Southern On the basis of that resource foundation, land cement, building board, gypsum prod-
constituted the next obvious target for western lumbermen have amassed a substan- ucts, and metal sash all have risen relative
development, but lumbermen also began to tial record of growth, but their record none-
turn toward the vast frontiers of virgin tim- theless has masked a number of problems to lumber.
ber In the Pacific Northwest. Of course, they that have arisen in the last decade. During Obviously, then, raw material prices alone
had heard about big stands of timber' that the first 50 years of its history, the district cannot fully explain lumber's displacement.
would out 300,000 feet to the tree, but they lumber Industry registered tremendous gains Comparative costs of installation also have
had set them aside as bunkhouse myths. In production-gains which contrasted been an important consideration. Most not-
But one look was sufficient to dispel the markedly with the one-fifth decline In na- ably, lumber has found it difficult to compete
myths, and soon the lumbering families tional production during that period. But in view of the labor savings made possible
whose names had become famous in Maine district production later began to taper off; by plywood, gypsum board, sheetrock, and
and in the Saginaw and on the upper Missis- in fact, despite the record level achieved in other sheet materials for wall sheathing and
sippi were establishing saw and planing mills 1959, annual district output in the last half subfiooring.
on Puget Sound, in Grays Harbor, and along decade has failed to exceed the 18 billion Noncost considerations have also played
the Columbia River. board feet average recorded in the preceding an important part in lumber's competitive
The Census of 1910 impressively demon- 5-year period. This performance, and de- problems. Other industries have tended to
strated the rising importance of both the clining output elsewhere, depressed national develop stronger programs in the fields of
South and the West. But while the South's output by 10 percent over the decade, to research, development, trade promotion, and
relative position has since declined, the West 34 billion board feet in 1963. (Lumber out- marketing. For one reason, lumber is far
has achieved a position of dominance. put and consumption both increased in 1964, less concentrated than any other major in-
Twelfth District States, which accounted for but still remained below most earlier postwar dustry-its 20 largest firms account for a
17 percent of a record national production peaks.) smaller share of total shipments than the
of 45 billion board feet in 1910, raised their This disappointing production record has top 4 in each of the other major indus-
share to 55 percent of total production of reflected postwar developments in the rest- trial categories-and thus it encounters dif-
83 billion board feet in 1962. (The western dential construction field. Housing, after ficulties in marshaling resources for devel-
industry is a softwoods industry; in fact, all, normally accounts for 40 percent of lum- opmental and promotional work.
district States accounted for over 68 per- ber consumption, while other construction For the same reason, lumber enterprises are
cent of the Nation's softwoods production in accounts for almost as great a share of the commonly in no position to maintain large-
1962.) total. scale research facilities. About half of the
The relative positions of the major pro- As construction rose In the early postwar research undertaken today in lumber and
ducing States shifted after the region's rise period to meet the pent-up housing demand, lumber products is- financed by a handful of
to prominence. In 1938, Oregon moved the number of nonfarm starts rose to 1.4 large firms, and most of the remainder is
ahead of Washington to become the Nation's million in 1950-50 percent above the peak spent by associations and the Federal Gov-
leading producer; today, it accounts for rate attained in the 1920's-and lumber con- ernment. Firms engaged in producing ply-
nearly one-fourth of the industry's total out- sumption rose correspondingly. But in 1963, wood, pulp and paper, and various building
put. California surpa'ss'ed Washington dur- when housing starts rose to a new peak of boards have a much 'stronger record in re-
ing the 1940's to become the second highest 1.6 million; lumber consumption remained search and development and in trade promo-
producer, and it presently accounts for about below all its earlier postwar peaks. tion, largely because of the very large size of
15 percent of national production. Wash- Part- of the explanation for this sluggish- a number of corporations in those competing
ington's output has declined drastically over ness lies in the changing character of the fields.
the past quarter-century, so that it now housing market. In particular, the quantity CANADA RULES THE WAVES
supplies only 11 percent of the national of lumber consumed at a given level of con- Rising imports pose perhaps an even
total. Idaho, meanwhile, has moved stead- struction has been declining because of the greater problem for the industry today.
fly up to fourth position, with about 6 per- increasing importance of multifamily dwell- Lumber imports expanded fivefold between
cent of the total. ing units-which utilize only about one- 1947 and 1963, and now account for almost
TIMBER AND MORE TIMBER third as much lumber per unit as single- 16 percent of the U.S. market. Canada has
The district's dominant position, not only family dwellings-and because of the in- accounted for more than 95 percent of total
as a producer of lumber but as a producer creasing use of substitute materials for lum- imports over the past decade; the remainder,
of other forest products as well, is based on ber. To aggravate the situation, the decline almost entirely pine, has come from Mexico
its great reservoir of virgin timber. Although in consumption of domestically produced and South America.
the region embraces only 17 percent, or some lumber has been even more severe than the In recent years, this country has taken at
87,250 acres, of total U.S. commercial for- decline in total consumption because of least three-fourths of Canada's lumber ex-
est land, it holds 55 percent of the Nation's the rising portion of the market supplied by ports. Since 1959, in fact, Canada has sold
total footage of sawtimber. The heaviest foreign (mostly Canadian) producers. Over more south of the border than in its own
part of this stand is located in Oregon and the last dozen years, imports have risen home market. Most of these shipments
Washington, which in themselves contain 35 steadily from 5 to 16 percent of the market, have been common construction grades of
percent of the Nation's sawtimber-primarily and consumption of domestic lumber in 1963 spruce, Douglas-fir, and hemlock from the
in the Douglas-fir region west of the Cas- consequently was 14 percent below the 1950 coastal and interior regions of British Co-
Cade b1ouiftains and the ponderosa pine re- level and 10 percent less than in 1959. Prices lumbia, which in effect are northern exten-
gion east of the Cascades. meanwhile have reflected these downward sions of producing regions lying in the
This heavydensity of sawtimber is attrib- pressures; -in 1963, the wholesale price index United States. For the most part, British
utable to the concentration. of old-growth for lumber stood 3 percent below its 1951 Columbia producers are as favorably located
timbez ia,distirict States. ;' a mammoth size level and 6 percent below the- 1959 figure. with respect to U.S. markets as are their
of Western trees, in turn, helps the regional NEW HOUSING, NEW MATERIALS competitors in the Pacific Northwest.
Industry utilize larger sawmills and more The extensive displacement of lumber by One segment of the Canadian trade has
modern equipment than are in operation substitute materials undoubtedly has be- grown extremely rapidly-waterborne ship-
elsewhere. In It62, about '72 percent of come a crucial problem. Plywood, hardboard, metts from British Columbia to the Atlantic
western production-was supplied by 373 mills, particleboard, insulation board, and certain Coast. These imports compete directly with
each .producing 15 million board feet or paperboards-along with nonwood products water shipments from west coast mills. A
more. In the East, a similar percentage of such as metals, plastics, and brick-compete decade ago, about three-quarters of this
output was supplied by 80,300 mills, each with softwood In many of its Important uses. trade originated in Washington, Oregon, and
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March 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A1123
Sixty-three Congressmen Urge Full Use
of Federal Powers To Prevent Further
Violence in Selma, Ala., and Call for
Legislation Protecting the Right To
Vote
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN CONYERS, JR.
OT MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 23, 1965
Mr. CONYERS. Mr. Speaker, 63
Members of the House of Representa-
tives, 52 Democrats and 11 Republicans,
Joined on March 10, 1965, in sending a
telegram to President Johnson urging
him to use the. full powers of his office
to prevent further violence in Selma,
Ala. The 63 Congressmen also sup-
ported additional legislation which will
provide Federal remedies to those citi-
zens of Alabama. and elsewhere in Amer-
ica who are,being denied the right to
vote by discriminatory and arbitrary
methods.
I am using this previously granted
permission to extend my remarks in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD to express my
great .admiration. and respect for these
63 colleagues-and the many other
Members who have sent similar messages
to the President-for expressing their
feeling that the recent events in Selma,
Ala., have been so serious that Federal
action is piecessary.
Mr, Speaker, if you will excuse me a
certain amount of parochial pride, I
would like to point out that all the mem-
bers of the Michigan delegation, Demo-
crats and Republicans, joined in a
separate telegram to President Johnson
urging the maximum use of Federal
power to prevent further violence and to
protect constitutional rights in Selma,
Ala. I and particularly proud to serve
with a State delegation that is so con-
cerned about finally winning the struggle
to achieve human dignity for every
American citizen.
I also want to express my admiration
for those Members who made such co-
gent and eloquent remarks here on the
floor of the House about the responsibil-
ity of the Federal Government to protect
Americans using their constitutional
rights from the brutal use of power by
local police officials. I noted with great
interest that so many Members have
pointed out that the events in Selma
illustrated the critical need for Federal
legislation authorizing Federal voting
registrars, in those areas where local offi-
cials refuse to register qualified Ameri-
can citizens, Many Members have also
,discussed the need to eliminate the use
of literacy tests as a means of arbitrarily
discriminating against Negro Americans.
Mr. Speaker, I ask that the telegram
to President Johnson and the list of 63
Congressmen who signed it be printed in
the RECORD immediately following my
remarks.
We Members of the House of Representa-
tives urge you to use the full powers of your
office to prevent further violence in Selma,
Ala., against Negro Americans, striving to
gain their right to register and vote who are
relying on the first amendment's guarantee
of "The right of the people peaceably to as-
semble and petition the Government for
redress of grievances."
We feel that local law and order has broken
down in Selma, Ala., just as it did in Little
Rock, Ark., on September 24, 1957, Oxford,
Miss., on September 30, 1962, and various
Alabama,communities on June 11 and Sep-
tember 10, 1963, when two of your prede-
cessors, one a Democrat and one a Republi-
can, relied on their powers under sections
332, 333, 334, title 10, United States Code, to
suppress domestic violence, unlawful com-
binations, conspiracies depriving American
citizens of rights secured to them by the U.S.
Constitution and Federal law.
The disgraceful and arbitrary exercise of
the State police powers in Selma, Ala., on
Sunday, March S. 1965, dramatically de-non-
strated that State and local officials not only
permitted but participated in an illegal and
brutal suppression of a peaceful assembly by
Negro citizens protesting the denial of their
right to vote.
We feel confident that you will utilize all
the resources of your office, both moral sua-
sion and any Federal troops or marshals that
might be needed, to remedy the violation of
the Bill of Rights in Selma, Ala.
We further urge you to endorse additional
legislation which will provide Federal rem-
edies to those citizens of Alabama and else-
where in America who are being denied their
right to vote by discriminatory and arbi-
trary methods.
THOMAS S. ASHLEY, Democrat, of Ohio;
JONATHAN B. BINGHAM, Democrat, of New
York; JOHN A. BLATNIK, Democrat, of Min-
nesota; RICHARD BOLLING, Democrat, of Mis-
sOUri; JOHNBRADEMAS, Democrat, of Indiana;
GEORGE E. BROWN, JR., Democrat, of Cali-
fornia; HUGH L. CAREY, Democrat, of New
York; ELFORD A. CEDERBERG, Republican, of
Michigan; JAMES C. CLEVELAND, Republican,
of New Hampshire; RAYMOND F. CLEVENGER,
Democrat, of Michigan; JEFFERY COHELAN,
Democrat, of California; JOHN CONYERS,
JR., Democrat, of Michigan; JAMES C. CoR-
MAN, Democrat, of California; EMILIO Q. DAD-
DARIO, Democrat, of Connecticut; CHARLES C.
DIGGS, JR., Democrat, of Michigan; Joni C.
DINGELL, Democrat, of Michigan.
JOHN G. Dow, Democrat, of New York; KEN
W. DYAL, Democrat, of California; DoN ED-
WARDS, Democrat, of California; LEONARD
FARBsTErN, Democrat, of New York; BILLIE
S. FARNUM, Democrat, of Michigan; PAUL A.
FIND, Republican, of New York; JACOB H.
GILBERT, Democrat, of New York; EDITH
GREEN, Democrat, of Oregon; SEYMOUR HAL-
PERN, Republican, of New York; JAMES
HARVEY, Republican, of Michigan; AUGUSTUS
F. HAwxiNs, Democrat, of California; WAYNE
L. HAYS, Democrat, of Ohio; FRANK J. HOR-
TON, Republican, of New York; ANDREW
JACOBS, JR., Democrat, of Indiana; ROBERT
W. KASTERMEIER, Democrat, of Wisconsin.
PAUL J. KREBS, Democrat, of New Jersey;
JOHN V. LINDSAY, Republican, of New York;
JOHN C. MACKIE, Democrat, of Michigan; RAY
J. MADDEN, Democrat, of Indiana; RICHARD D.
MCCARTHY, Democrat, of New York; ROBERT
MCCLORY, Republican, of Illinois; CHARLES
MCC. MATHIAS, JR., Republican, of Maryland;
SPARK M. MATSUNAGA, Democrat, of Hawaii;
PATSY MINK, Democrat, of Hawaii; WILLIAM
S. MOORHEAD, Democrat, of Pennsylvania; F.
BRADFORD MORSE, Republican, of Massachu-
setts; LucrEN N. NEDZI, Democrat, of Mich-
igan; ROBERT N. C. Nix, Democrat, of Penn-
sylvania; JAMES G. O'HARA, Democrat, of
Michigan; THOMAS P. O'NEILL, Democrat, of
Massachusetts; ADAM CLAYTON POWELL, Dem-
ocrat, of New York.
OGDEN R. REID, Republican, of New York;
JOSEPH Y. RESNICK, Democrat, of New York;
HENRY S. REUSS, Democrat, of Wisconsin;
TEND RONCALIO, Democrat, of Wyoming;
JAMES ROOSEVELT, Democrat, of California;
BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, Democrat, of New
York; EDWARD R.. ROYBAL, Democrat,: of Call-
fornia; WILLIAM F. RYAN, Democrat, of New
York; JAMES H. SCHEUER, Democrat, of New
York; WILLIAM L. ST. ONCE, Democrat, of
Connecticut; SAMUEL S. STRATTON, Democrat,
of New York; HERBERT TENZER, Democrat, of
New York; FRANK THOMPsoN, JR., Democrat,
of New Jersey; PAUL H. TODD, JR., Democrat,
of Michigan; CHARLES A. VANIK, Democrat,
of Ohio; WESTON E. VIVIAN, Democrat, Of
Michigan.
Happy Birthday Wish to. Mr. Broadway-
55th
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT E. SWEENEY
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker, it is a
sincere pleasure for me today to call the
attention of my colleagues in tribute to
a man who has made himsef a legend in
his hometown and who is affectionately
known there as "Mr. Broadway-55th,"
my friend, Mr. Charlie Hronek, of Cleve-
land, Ohio.
The fine editorial in the. Cleveland
Press under date of February 17, 1965,
by its editor, Louis B. Seltzer, gives ex-
pression to the warm feelings of the
many people of Cleveland who know
Charlie and have been inspired by his
dedication to his community and his
neighbors. _
With your permission, I include the
editorial as follows:
It was something like 45 years ago and this
was the first time he had ever presided at a
meeting where there was an "imported"
speaker.
And it was the first time that I have ever
spoken formally before any public group.
We were both about the same height, and
weight, and age-and, as it turned out in
noon-hour conversation, of the same tem-
perament, and enjoyed the same interests.
We became friends.
"I will never leave Broadway and 55th," he
told me. "This is where I will make my
entire life. I love this 'Zizkov' area and want
more than anything else to help build it
along with the rest of the city."
I. confided In him my own love for Greater
Cleveland.
"Like yourself, Charlie, I have determined
never to leave Cleveland, my native city,"
I said. "Only the other day I was invited to
go to Washington. It was an attractive offer.
Marion and I decided against it.
"We want to stay here. You came to the
Broadway-55th area almost before you could
either walk or talk. You love It. The people
love you. Your work and interests will keep
you here. We both can make careers in
our own community-and let us keep in
touch with each other."
Charlie Hronek gave me a better introduc-
tion than my first speech deserved. Never-
theless, it was one of the most enjoyable
experiences of my life. And I had made a
new friend--one who was to be a friend all
of our mutual lives.
That friendship has now lasted more than
45 years. We have met many times. We
have reminisced many times. We have
talked glowingly about the future many
times. With Charlie Hronek it was always
about his beloved Broadway-55th area, and
with an affectionate intensity that multi-
plied with the passing years.
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A1124 CONGSSIONAL RECORD. - APPENDIX March 11, 1965
The other Sunday night we were once
more together, at a church sheeting (in'the
church, Our Lady of Lourdes, over which
our mutual friend, the late Monsignor Old-
rich Zlatnal, presided for so many years).
once again I was the scheduled speaker.
Once again-as many years before--Charlie
Hronek was at the speaker's table. And
once again two friends reviewed the past
and attempted to visualize the future.
After I had talked, "Mr. Broadway-55th"
slyly remarked:
"Louie, you've improved after 45 years."
"Charlie," I replied, "I had to-there was
a long way to go after that first one."
the other day Charlie Hronek had a birth-
day. Broadway-55th turned out for it. The
immigrant boy from Bohemia who has dedi-
cated his whole life to the vast neighbor-
hood he loves expressed its affection and re-
gard for him.
The people in the Broadway-55th area re-
member the endless list of things Charlie
Hronek has done. They remember how
Charlie and Leonard Smith organized the
Broadway-55th Association. How they
helped the churches, the businesses, the pub-
lic problems, inspired others to love and
affection for Broadway-55th-stimulated a
pride which has ruggedly reflected itself in
the way homes and businesses and family
gathering places have been maintained and
protected.
For 46 years Charlie Hronek has particl-
pated in virtually every important civic, relf-
gious and cultural event in the old Broad-
way area. He has been a friend to all of the
old and new leaders there for a half century.
People in old Broadway still talk about
Charlie Hronek's valiant efforts to make sure
no depositor in the old Atlas Savings &
Loan Association was hurt when it closed
during the depression of the 1930's, along
with other. banks and savings and loan com-
panies.
Honors have been reciprocally bestowed
upon Charlie by "his people"-president of
St. Joseph Society No. 156, Czech Catholic
Union; vice president of the National Czech
Catholic Union; president of the District
Alliance of Czech Catholics; past president
of Ceska Sin Carlin Hall; president of the
St. Wenceslas Day Committee, and a director
of the National Alliance of Czech Nationals.
He is recognized as one of the foremost
Czech leaders in America. Whenever the
subject of Bohemian culture is discussed the
conversation usually turns toward the great
Bohemian band organized by the young,
dedicated, and enthusiastic Charlie Hronek
46 years ago.
Perhaps one of the foremost recollections
of the people In old Broadway--and in all
of Greater Cleveland, for that matter-is how
Charlie Hronek conceived the original Idea
for the great annual Czech pilgrimage to
St. Anthony's Shrine in Chatham, Canada.
They also talk about how Charlie went on
the pilgrimage this past year and returned a
well man.
Out in the old Broadway area they do a
great deal of talking about Charlie Hronek-
the boy who came there, stayed, and gave
his heart, and life, and devotion to the
Broadway-55th area he has made so extrica-
ble a part of his whole being.
Some of us who have watched Charlie
Iironek in his lifelong dedication and cease-
less effort to make his beloved Broadway-
55th area good in both the sight of men
and God not only respect anti admire him
for It, but venerate him, also, As does every-
body In the whole old Broadway area.
He truly Is "Mr. Broadway-55th" in every
sense of the phrsase-in every part of his
being. As a lifelong friend I join in wishing
Charlie Hronek a belated but earnest happy
birthday-and many more in the future,
The War in Vietnam-XIL
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I wish to in-
elude the 12th in a series of a report
on Vietnam by Mr. Lucian C. Warren,
Washington correspondent for the Cou-
rier-Express, Buffalo, N.Y. Mr. Warren
recently returned from Vietnam and part
XII, which appeared in the Courier-Ex-
press, on March 4, 1965, follows:
THE WAR IN VIETNAM, 7 II-VICTORY POSSIBLE
STILWELL ASSERTS
(By Lucian C. Warren)
(NOTE -Maj. Gen. Richard G. Stilwell,
who grew up in Buffalo and was graduated
from Bennett High School, ranks third in
command of the U.S. forces which are help-
ing South Vietnam in its fight against Com-
munism Infiltrators. Here General Stilwell,
a member of the 1933 class at West Point,
discusses with Lucian C. Warren, Washington
correspondent for the Courier-Express, the
complicated military and political problems
facing the Saigon Government.)
SAIGON.-Buffalo's Maj. Gen. Richard G.
Stilwell feels that victory Is possible in south-
east Asia.
"I say the war can be won," the chief of
staff of the U.S. Military Assistance Com-
mand, Vietnam, declared in an exclusive in-
terview. "It can be lost, too, but there's no
damn reason why it should."
However, there are numerous pitfalls and
obstacles that in some ways make this a war
harder to light than World War II and Korea,
the general asserted in two sessions with this
correspondent, lasting well over an hour.
The main problems, he indicated, were the
sanctuary from which the North Vietnamese
has operated to export supplies and men to
subvert the independent nation to the south.
and the political problems of a still unstable
South Vietnamese Government.
STAFF CHrer
General Stilwell is the third highest rank-
Ing officer with the U.S. military forces here,
serving directly under the overall commander,
Gen. William C. Westmoreland, and his de-
puty commander, Lt. Gen. John L. Throck-
morton. He has been in South Vietnam for
nearly 2 years, serving as assistant chief of
staff for operations until last April, when he
became chief of staff.
He is the son of the late William G. Stilwell
and of Mrs. Mina Stilwell Hamilton, of 352
Parkridge Avenue, Buffalo. His wife is the
former Alice K. Simpson of Buffalo. Mrs.
Stilwell and their three younger children, act-
Ing under orders from President Johnson
directing all military men's dependents in
South Vietnam to be evacuated, recently left
for temporary residence in Honolulu.
IN THREE MAJOR WARS
An active participant in the three major
wars which the United States has fought in
the last 25 years, General Stilwell declines
to say that this one is nastier than the other
two.
There were plenty of atrocities In the ear-
lier wars, he said.
Nevertheless, the present ground rules un-
der which the war in South Vietnam is being
fought complicates the task of winning it,
he maintains.
World War It, in which he was an opera-
tions officer for a tough hombres division and
a later assistant chief of staff for G-3 of the
22d Army Corps, was described by Stilwell as
a total engagement where our combat forces
could be fully utilized In the simple objective
of annihilating the enemy.
KOREAN STRUGGLE
Korea, where the Buffalo military man led
the 15th Infantry Regiment of the 3d Infan-
try Division in combat and later was a senior
adviser to the Korean Army Corps, was not
a total engagement of the enemy forces, Stil-
well points out. Because of the sanctuary
the Chinese Reds enjoyed north of the Yalu
River, the war in Korea was limited as to
battleground and weapons and on terms of
overall forces engaged.
"But even in Korea," he explained, "there
was no limitation on the employment of
weapons in the hands of the U.S, forces."
Incidentally, the general feels that the
United States might have gotten away with
bombing north of the Yalu River as far as the
Korean war was concerned, but there might;
have been repercussions by Russian military
threats in Europe, where NATO was still
weak.
VIEW ON MAC ARTHUR CASE
General Stilwell also believes that Presi-
dent Truman had no alternative in firing
Gen. Douglas MacArthur for insubordination,
even though General Stilwell has the greatest
respect for MacArthur as a "soldier, a com-
mander, a war strategist, and a dedicated
Patriot."
Continuing with his war comparisons, Stil-
well noted that even in Korea "we still were
fighting a conventional war, with an Identifi-
able enemy organization. It was a war where
we could plot our positions on the map and
prepare strong defenses on the ground."
The general paused, shook his head sadly,
then commented:
"But we do not have this situation in
South Vietnam. We are not directly con-
fronting the enemy on the ground. And we
are providing operational support assistance
in this battle, rather than directly engaging
the enemy."
COMPLICATED TASK
The task is immensely complicated, the
general declared, because the objective to
knock out the enemy's armed capability is
proving extremely difficult without the de-
struction also of his political organization.
As long as the North Vietnamese have their
sanctuary north of the 17th parallel, the
enemy's political organization cannot be de-
stroyed.
"Probably," Stilwell reflected, "the maxi-
mum we can expect in this war is to force
the enemy to suspend action if he finds the
engagement has become too costly. However,
I do not see how we can force him to de-
mobilize under the present ground rules."'
Frustrated by limitations on annihilating
the enemy, the United States is also frus-
trated by the nature of Its relations with its
ally, South Vietnam.
'PROBLEMS
The United States cannot exercise full con-
trol over the military or "pacification" opera
tions of the South Vietnamese Government.
A language barrier and differing cultural anc
political traditions are also obstacles to a
smooth joint conduct of the war against the
Vietcong.
Stilwell suggests the successful conduct of
the war against the Vietcong is directly re-
lated to the stability of the South Vietnamese
Government. He pointed out that the war
was going relatively well until the Diem gov-
ernment was overthrown in May 1963, after
which there was a serious deterioration of the
,South Vietnamese-United States military
position and a resulting buildup of Vietcong
strength.
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a'rch' 11, 1 165 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
.. , VITAL FACTOR
"I feel very strongly that one of-the indis-
pensable conditions for an upward trend in
our fight against the Vietcong is a stable and
strong government apparatus at the national
and provincial level," he maintains. "In the
long run, we cannot have an effective mili-
tary machine without a viable political
framework In which to operate."
The general is in agreement with an as-
sessment of the current military situation in
South Vietnam that over the last year the
United States-Vietnamese military political
efforts have gone downhill in relation to the
area and population under control by the
Vietcong.
HOPEFUL
But he made it clear that the United States
military strength has also increased and he
has hopes that if the new civilian South
Vietnamese Government becomes strong and
stable, the military tide can well turn against
the Vietcong..
"The National Government must provide
the resources with which to provide a good
framework of Government if successful mili-
tary operations are to be achieved," he in-
sists. And by a strong government, he
doesn't mean one controlled by the military.
"I feel very strongly that the chief execu-
tive must be a civilian," he said.
Given a strong government, Stilwell sees
the possibility of a stepped-up political-
Military offensive against the Hanoi-directed
war of subversion that might well force the
main bulk of the enemy to withdraw, leav-
ing only the so-called national liberation
front to operate on a small, easily contained
scale,
SUMMARY OF VIEWS
"This contest," says the general in sum-
mary, "can be resolved in a manner compat-
ible with U,S. objectives and compatible with
the desires of the local populace.
"It can be, but whether it will be or not,
depends on the collective will and determi-
nation and the energetic action of the people
of South Vietnam and America.
"Yes, the condition could arise where we
would have to pull out of South Vietnam in
defeat. But this will only happen if we are
weak and stupid in the execution of our
policies."
Not all the interview was about war.
The general spoke with great affection
about his Buffalo background.
RECALLS. SCHOOL CHUMS
A graduate of Bennett High School in 1933,
he recalled that he was chummy with a group
there that jncluded Paul J, Keeler, son of
City Judge Patrick Keeler, Clarence Buch-
wald and John. Sheldon, Keeler is now a
New York City attorney, Buchwald a Seneca
Falls busjnessman, and Sheldon an executive
of the Hewitt Rubber Co. in the Philadephia
area.
He also got to know his future wife at
Bennett and she was graduated there the
same year.
"But I really didn't have a chance with
her until I got my uniform," he said smil-
ingly. Their romance was carried on while
she was a student at Beaver College, Jenkin-
town, Pa., and he was at West Point, and
they were married soon after his graduation
from the Military Academy in 1938. The
general is proud that he later became com-
mandant at West Point.
ATHLETE
The general remembers that he went out
for track atBennett, but won no great dis-
tinction as a high school athlete. He did
enjoy, however, being a member of the West
Side Rgwin~g Club crew. And he's grateful
t0 the' late,Rppresentative WalterG, Andreyrs
of Buffalo, for his West Point appointment
after he had been recommended by a selec-
tion board consisting of the principals of
Buffalo area schools.
General Stilwell was last innBuffalo in Jan-
uary 1963, when he made the principal
speech at the Eagle Scout recognition cere-
mony.
An insight into the love the general has
for Buffalo is provided in the opening re-
marks of this talk.
REMARKS CITED
He said then:
'.'It is a great personal honor to participate
in this ceremony. It is an honor because
my roots are in this, the Queen City of the
Great Lakes.
",It is here that I, like you, participated in
the wonderful world of scouting; attended
elementary and then high school; was a
member of a church ?and. drew sustenapce
from its activities; experienced all the chal-
lenges and delights of youth, and, above all,
was molded by a Christian homeenvironment
and guided by the love and devotion of my
two parents.
"Through 5 years of college at Brown and
West Point, and 25 years of Government
service all over the world, I have become
increasingly conscious that the cumulative
intakes from my Buffalo boyhood have pro-
vided the mental, physical, and moral
foundations which have sustained me in
hours of crisis."
^ ~{ll sions and False Analogies
17 EXTENSION TENSION N OF REMARKS
HON. ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER
OF WISCONSIN ,
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. KAS PENMEIER. Mr. Speaker,
much thought is being given to our policy
in South Vietnam and many arguments
are being offered almost daily in the edi-
torial pages of the great newspapers of
this country. I found the thoughtful
analysis of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch
editorial which was reprinted in the Mad-
ison Capital Times on February 26, 1965,
realistic and helpful to me in evaluating
our policy in southeast Asia. I am in-
serting this editorial in the RECORD SO
that others can have the opportunity to
study it:
[From the Madison (Wis.) Capital Times,
Feb. 26, 19651
ILLUSIONS AND FALSE ANALOGIES
Assuming that there is still time to think
about Vietnam-that the deadly cycle of mil-
itary escalation is not yet irreversible-Amer-
loans should examine the validity of the offi-
cial rationale for the "reprisal" bombings of
North Vietnam.
The rationale is that attacks on South Viet-
namese and American bases are planned,
armed, and supplied predominantly from the
north, and that the attacks will stop if we
hit the north hard enough.
The fatal flaw in this theory is that the
major portion of the weapons used by the
Vietcong are American weapons, captured,
and turned against us. While supplies from
the north undoubtedly help the Vietcong,
there is little basis.for supposing that they
are indispenable, or that the Vietcong would
fade away if supply lines could be cut-even
if the lines could, be. cut by air action alone,
which is most improbable.
Should It not be clear by now that we are
not .dealing with a simple case of external
aggression, as the official policy of our Gov-
ernment assumes? If after 10 years'of stead-
ily increasing American aid the South Viet-
A1125,
names Gov.@xnmerLt,ls, weaker,than, it.was
before, then something other than externally
supported subversion must be involved.
All the evidence points to a high degree
of local sympathy or outright support for the
Vietcong as a major element in its success.
The bombing of North Vietnam does not
touch this source of conflict and probably
strengthens it. '
The false assumption of external aggres-
sion as the essential element in the situation
is strategic as well as tactical. It is one of
the major reasons our forces are in Vietnam.
Apologists for official policy are fond of
quoting Churchill's warning after the parti-
tion of Czechoslovakia in 1938-"The belief
that security can be obtained by throwing
a small state to the wolves is a fatal delusion."
Czechoslovakia, however, was a victim of
direct external aggression. What we face in
Vietnam is the quite different problem of an
indigenous revolution, 25 years in the mak-
ing, which has succeeded in ending French
colonialism and withstanding 10 years of
American intervention.
In such a situation even our great military
strength does not give us power to decide,
by a simple deicsion to fight, that a small
state shall be "saved." It is one thing to go
to the aid of a nation under overt attack, and
another to interfere in a local revolution, in
which the essential element is not external
aid but the people themselves. Only they
can "win the war," and after 10 years of not
winning, South Vietnam's will and capacity
to do so must.now be doubted.
Some Americans, of course, believe that
it is our national mission to police the world,
particularly to police it against revolution.
That belief, in our view, is as immature as
Isolationism was, and Indeed may well be
an overreaction to isolationism.
The United States tried to turn its back
on the world, and failed; participation in the
second world war established firmly the com-
monsense proposition that for America in-
volvement in international affairs is unavoid-
able.
But what is involvement? Some Ameri-
cans evidently swung so far from their isola-
tionist past that they regard involvement
as deciding everything for everybody, and
particularly deciding the nature and scope
of social revolution anywhere.
A role in world leadership certainly is the
American mission, but we need a more sen-
sible view of what world leadership really is.
The truth is that Vietnam does not present
a simple case of external aggression, direct,
or indirect, and a policy based on that false
assumption is bound to fail, as ours has
failed for 10 years. No matter how strenu-
ously we may justify the bombing of North
Vietnam to ourselves, and no matter how
well it might be defended as pure reprisal or
revenge, the fact remains that there is no
military solution to the problem so far as
the United States is concerned.
If we step up our attacks and the degree
of our involvement, and even if we do not
provoke Chinese or Russian intervention, all
we can really expect is to take over the
whole war from the South Vietnamese-in
other words, to occupy and govern South
Vietnam indefinitely.
What would such an occupation gain for
us? It would not serve our true national in-
terests, it would poison our relations with
half the world, and it would hamper our
freedom of maneuver in more important
areas of conflict.
Our Vietnam policy is at a dead end. Our
interests can now be served only by a polit-
ical rather than a military solution, one
that will enable us ultimately to end a profit-
less involvement in a profitless Asian land
war.. Unless President Johnson is seeking a
political solution, he is not only risking nu-
clear war but basing national policy on
dangerous illusions.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX Marc 11, 1964
Housing for the Elderly, Quincy, Mass.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JAMES A. BURKE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. BURKE. Mr. Speaker, it was my
pleasure, on March 6,1965, to be the prin-
cipal speaker at, the ground breaking
ceremonies of the housing for the elderly
in Quincy, Mass.
A new, multistory apartment building
for senior citizens is to be constructed
with a $2,583,000 senior citizens housing
loan under Public Law 88-372 from the
Community Facilities Administration.
The project is being sponsored by the
Quincy Point Congregational Church
through the Quincy Point Congregational
Church Homes. The Reverend Bedras
Baharian is the president of the corpo-
ration. This is the second such loan in
Massachusetts under Public Law 88-372
and is to serve primarily the Quincy,
Weymouth, and Braintree areas in Nor-
folk County. Under leave to extend my
remarks, I include an article from the
Quincy Patriot Ledger, Quincy, Mass., on
March 8, 1965, relating to this event:
GROUND BROKEN FOR ELDERLY HOUSING
QuINCY.-Ground was broken Saturday
for the 216-apartment building for the el-
derly which will be built at 100 Southern
Artery by the Quincy Point Congregational
Church Homes Co., a nonprofit corporation.
READY NEXT YEAR
Tenants in the new building, which will be
ready for occupancy by April 1, 1966, will be
from the middle-lower income group with
weekly pay of less than $100. Guest speaker
Congressman JAMES A. BURKE, Democrat, of
Milton, said that this group comprises 16
percent of Quincy's population. Residents
from Weymouth and Braintree also will live
in the new apartments.
Congressman Buexa noted that the build-
ing will be the largest direct-loan housing
for elderly in the State. He added that spe-
cial technology will be used to make the
apartment suited to the elderly, such as
omitting steep stairways, narrow halls and
polished floors.
Apartment trustees were called builders
with real roots in the business and commu-
nity service units by Mr. BURKE. He also
credited the Quincy Development Commis-
sion and the Patriot Ledger with encourage-
ment in the project.
Other speakers at the groundbreaking
were Quincy City Councilor President Joseph
LaRaia; Robert Fitzgerald, who represented
his cousin, Senator EDwARD M. KENNEDY;
and William A. O'Connell, executive vice
president of the Quincy-South Shore Cham-
ber of Commerce. Senator LEVERETT SALTON-
STALL.sent greetings by wire.
Mry Carl E,'Magnuson, who applied for the
first apartment 2 years ago, turned the first
sod at the ceremonies. Taking part in the
ceremonies were the Reverend Bedros Ba-
harain, pastor of the Quincy Point Congre-
gational Church; Herbert Hendry, treasurer;
Everett Besse, clerk; and the Reverend Elden
Zuern, associate pastor. The invocation was
given by the Reverend John D. Banks, pastor
of Bethany Congregational Church; and the
Reverend Albert J. Penner of the Massachu-
setts Congregational Society gave the bene-
diction.
Among the 150 guests at the groundbreak-
ing ceremonies were city councilors and rep-
resentatives of local civic groups, as well as
State representatives.
Work on the apartment project is expected
to begin this month by the Tornabene
Bros., of Newton, who bid $2,162,800. The
total cost of the project, including land,
will be $2,583,000.
My remarks at the ceremony follow:
Mr. Chairman, reverend clergy, ladies and
gentlemen, it is a genuine pleasure to par-
ticipate with you today, in these ground-
breaking ceremonies that I know mean so
much to you. On this site, you are about
to build the largest direct-loan-housing-for-
the-elderly project in this State. Of course,
it Is fitting, that with large problems, there
arise large solutions.
The Massachusetts study of our problems,
presented to the White House Conference on
Aging, said, and I quote:
"The physical nature of many modern
American homes and apartments is such that
they are not appropriate dwelling units for
older persons. - There are steep and narrow
stairways, narrow halls, highly polished
floors, weak and flimsy bathroom accessories,
etc. A special technology has developed
around the most suitable physical stand-
ards for housing for older persons."
The report went on to suggest that there
was an immediate need in Massachusetts for
8,000 to 10,000 apartments for older persons
in the low-income group, and approximately
the same for those in the middle-income
brackets.
This project we are dedicating today makes
a dent in the need for those In the lower-
middle income group, those in the under-
$5,000 bracket. I would only hope that those
listening and watching this event will take
a lesson and imitate the concept, if not the
details, of what is being created here.
There are so many fine things to point
out in this project, that I shall only remark
on a few that strike me as an example of
local wisdom and thoughtfulness, in the
preparation of this program. For one, it is
located right where people live, not far out
in the country, away from the general com-
munity. You may be insulating your elder-
ly, away from some of the noises, by putting
them in one building, but they are not iso-
lated, away from everyone else. In that,
you have shown foresight and understand-
ing of their real needs.
You have planlred an activity center that
Can absorb many of the elderly both in the
building and in the surrounding neighbor-
hood as well. I would hope that some of the
four Golden Age Clubs that meet in this
area will consider sharing your facilities and
services and possibly even provide tenants.
I would hope that some of the displacees
from the Quarry Street project will find
their way here to help resume their inter-
rupted lives in a congenial atmosphere.
You havd organized a fine board of trus-
tees, building from strength, with real roots
in your business and service community.
When I look around and see sales managers,
engineers, accountants, manufacturers, elec-
trical contractors, Insurance men, ministers,
and volunteers and service leaders of every
sort, I am reassured, since I know that the
strength of our community is represented in
the project leadership.
You have powerful encouragement from
the Quincy Development Commission and
the Patriot Ledger to further underline the
extent of your roots.
You are exploring relationships with a host
of local service agencies to help provide the
residents with the personal services that
they will need In their daily lives, without
turning the project into an all-encompassing
home for the aged. Rather, you are directing
social and medical services into the proj-
ect to meet individual need, instead of man-
aging their lives for them.
You have chosen your ground well, since
this particular area of Quincy has one of the
highest percentages of elderly in the State,
16.4 percent over 60, as of the 1960 census.
Yet you have planned large enough to help
serve the needs of Braintree and Weymouth,
as well.
In the building, your efficiencies and one-
bedroom apartments will help to satisfy the
need for efficient, safe, and sanitary housing,
far better adapted to the needs of older per-
sons.
You have turned to the Federal Govern-
ment for financing, but this is no dole.
Rather, the elderly residents themselves will
be repaying the loan over a term of 50
years in their rent, paying taxes and con-
tributing to Improving their neighborhood,
while, at the same time, helping to meet
their own housing needs. This, to me, is the
ideal partnership of people in a community,
working together toward a noble social goal,
yet helping themselves at the same time.
In particular, I want to commend your
leadership, especially Rev. Bedros Baharian,
for his inspiration, persistence, and under-
standing, in helping to make this project a
reality.
When this building is finished and ready
to open, I want you to invite me back again,
so that I can see for myself what you have
created .
May Almighty God shower His blessings
on your good works.
National Council of Churches Supports
`Immigration Reform
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR.
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965 ,
Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, the Na-
tional Council of Churches has long been
an advocate of immigration reform and
in this regard the council on February
24, 1965, adopted a resolution reiterating
this historic concern of the churches
and a reaffirmation that essential
change in our immigration policy is
vitally important to our national well-
being. In order that the Members of
this House can be kept abreast of the
general feeling on immigration policy I
am proud to include this resolution in
the RECORD:
RESOLUTION ON THE CHURCHES AND U.S.
IMMIGRATION POLICY, ADOPTED FEBRUARY
24, 1965
Whereas insights from Christian faith and
from the nature of a free society suggest
that people should be afforded the opportuni-
ties to move voluntarily for economic and
social reasons, for reuniting their families,
or for availing themselves and their loved
ones of greater opportunities; to seek asylum
from religious, social, political, and racial
persecution; and to find sanctuary from
natural calamities or oppressive occupation;
the National Council of Churches in light of
current governmental developments deems it
timely to reiterate this historic concern of
the churches and reaffirm its belief that the
United States should make essential changes
in its immigration law which will provide the
opportunities here listed.
Whereas the National Council of Churches
and constituent communions have re-
peatedly stated that the immigration policy
of our land raises inequitable racial and via-
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tional barriers, unfairly restricts the move-
ment of peoples into our country on the
basis q f. place of birth, and unjustly discrimi
nates against refugees and naturalized citi-
zens, and
Whereas the President of the United States
called upon the country in his state of the
Union address on January 4, 1965, and in his
message to the Congress on January 19, 1965,
to consider basic revisions to the Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act of 1952, along the
same lines that,. the National Council of
Churches and constituent communions have
consistently called for: Be it therefore
Resolved, That the general board of the
National Council of the. Churches of Christ
in the U.S.A. once again call upon the
churches to promote study and encourage
action which will, lead to legislation to im-
prove the immigration statutes of the United
States, so that their provisions will be more
in accord with Christian and humanitarian
principles recognizing the inherent worth
and dignity of the individual, a concept upon
which our country is founded and to which
it is dedicated; and so that their provisions
will promote the national interest of our own
and other countries as well as the welfare
of the individuals who may benefit by migra-
tion; be it further
Resolved, That the general board of the
National Council of Churches call upon the
constituent membership of the National
Council of Churches to note and study fur-
ther in mijrp specific terms the problems and
new opportunities in the field of immigra-
tion and refugee policy and take considered,
and prayerful. action to the end that barriers`
shall be removed,.wlthir;, the Limits of na-
tional and community responsibility by:
1. Using the latest census of the total pop-
ulation as the basis for determining the
number of quota immigrants to be admitted;
-2. The elimination, of the national origins
quota system;
3. The abolition of the Asia-Pacific tri-
angle;
4. The admission of persons whose skills
would be advantageous to the United
States;
5. The facilitating of family reunions;
6. The implementation of a program of
refugee admission, under established visa
procedures, so that our country would ac-
cept its fair share of the world's refugees;
7. The .enabling of persons with physical
and mental disabilities to join their families,
provided adequate safeguards are maintained
to prevent their becoming public charges;
8. The provision of more equitable and
just methods in deportation proceedings,
under due process of the law; and
9. The provision for naturalized citizens
to receive, equal treatment in every respect
with natural-born citizens; be it further
Resolved, That authorization be hereby,
granted for appropriate representatives of
the National Council of Churches to con-
sult With Government officials and agencies
and to testify before congressional commit-
tees on the basis of official policies of the
National Council of Churches concerning
immigration and " refugees-policies which
seek the good of persons, the higher interest
of the nations, and more peace, justice, and
freedom in the world.
Eulogy to, Frank X. Cull
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON, ROBERT E. SWEENEY
?OF OHIO
IN THE -0
.F REPRESENTATIVES
Thl4rsda, March 11, 1965
Mr. SWEENEY. Mr. Speaker, I was
saddened today..to, learn of the passing
of one of Cleveland's fine citizens, Frank
X. Cull, a celebrated civil trial lawyer
for more than 50 years, who at the age
of 77 had achieved the highest respect
of his colleagues and of the citizens of
Cleveland, Ohio.
Early in his career, Frank X. Cull
served on the Hill as secretary to former
U.S. Senator Robert J. Bulkley before
returning to Cleveland to build an en-
viable record in a profession that is care-
ful with its accolades.
Frank X. Cull will be sincerely missed
by the entire membership of the Ohio
bar, and most particularly by his pro-
fessional associates in the firm of Haux-
burst, Sharp, Cull & Kellogg, with whom
he has been in practice over a long period
of years.
Rescuing the New Haven
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN S. MONAGAN
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr, Speaker, there
have been many arguments and formu-
las advanced in the effort to "rescue" the
New Haven Railroad and to safeguard
against the inconvenience to commuters
that would result from the proposed
abandonment of commuter service.
There has come to me today an edi-
torial which appeared in the March 8
edition of the Meriden, Conn., Morning
Record which contains recommenda-
tions that I find interesting and which, I
believe, are deserving of thorough study.
With permission to extend my re-
marks, I include at- this point the edi-
torisl, "Rescuing the New Haven";
RESCUING THE NEW HAVEN
In Hartford and in Washington, hearings
are open and arguments are being heard on
how to rescue the New Haven Railroad.
The bankrupt line has been losing money
steadily under its trusteeship management;
it has petitioned the ICC to allow a curtail-
ment of commuter service close to New York,
and the shape of things to come clearly indi-
cates a gradual closing down of all passen-
ger service unless something is done. What
are the alternatives, and how would they af-
fect Connecticut and the whole area served
by the New Haven?
LE'r IT DIE?
What would happen if no subsidies were
were provided, no help were given, the rail-
road were allowed to go on Its way downhill?
We could expect continuation of freight
service with gradual elimination of passen-
ger service as equipment deteriorated and
income continued to fall. Eventually we
would be forced to see takeover by the Gov-
ernment or sale as distressed assets to the
highest bidder. At worst, we could expect
complete collapse of all service with virtual
disintegration of stock and real estate; at
best, minimal operation after a period of
standstill.
New England can't afford this solution; on
this there is general agreement. Our high-
ways can't stand the load that a dying rail-
road would shift to them, our people can't
staad the loss (4, public transportation, our
businesses can't stand the attrition that
poor railroad service would force on the whole
northeast corner of the country. The New
Haven has got to be rescued.
A1127
THE R18'ICOF7 APPROACH
Senator ABRAHAM RIBICOFF, of Connecticut,
has proposed a rescue operation through a
$100 million fund to be voted by Congress.
It would be administered by the Interstate
Commerce Commission which could use it
to help the New Haven and other commuter
lines which are in difficulty. The figure
of $10 million has been used hopefully as
the New Haven's. probable Federal share, to
be matched by Connecticut and New York
which would each put in $5 million, to make
a $20 million rescue subsidy.
Subsidies are necessary to keep the road
running, and they must be provided. But
the Ribicoff bill by itself is not enough. We
are against any simple subsidy that will keep
the road running on its present inefficient
system without moving toward a construc-
tive permanent cure for the things that cause
the need for subsidy-it's just prolonging the
agony.
We also question the appropriation of $100
million on a nationwide basis to cure ills
that are basically regional-again on a sim-
ple subsidy-to-deficit pattern. The New Hav-
en is the sickest of several railroads in many
parts of the country which aren't as healthy
as they should be. Will the subsidy encour-
age them to sit back and wait for help, in-
stead of seeking more constructive ways to
compete?
MERGER
The New York Central and the Pennsyl-
vania Railroads would like to merge. Both
moneymakers at present, they aren't eager
to include the losing New Haven in their
plans, but they might be interested in buy-
ing the freight operation. Pressure could be
brought through Congress, the ICC, and State
agencies for an inclusion either of the New
Haven freight operation or the whole rail-
road.
In effect, this would be a forced marriage;
if it were carried out, the New Haven, and
especially its passenger service, shouldn't ex-
pect to get favored treatment in the new
combine. For a while, the big merged line
would absorb the losses on the New Haven
passenger runs. But considering the prob-
lem, it could hardly be expected to sink the
necessary massive amounts of capital on a
permanent basis into new equipment and
improved service; more likely would be a
continuation of the present gradual de-
terioration and a renewed petitioning for
permission to curtail passenger service.
THE NEW YORK PLAN
New York is going to be squeezed the most
and the tightest by any cutback. If com-
muter service is phased out, the traffic prob-
lem is going to turn New York City into a
shambles. For this reason, Governor Rocke-
feller came up recently with a bold new plan
for a takeover of dying railroads, beginning
with the Long Island Railroad, under a new
State metropolitan commuter authority
which would undertake a $200 million mod-
ernization program. There would be room
for other railroads and other States in a tri-
state commuter system, which would be
eligible for Federal aid under Washington's
urban transportation program.
It may be a fine plan for New York and
the LIRR. But it begins by regarding the
railroad as a commuter line, which is only
part of its value to Connecticut. This State
should be careful not to join in too quickly
to provide funds and backing to solve prob-
lems which are essentially those of New
York City.
REGIONAL APPROACH
New York has one a 'disservice to her
neighbors and the New Haven by em-
phasizing the commuter aspects of the New
Haven. Not just New York and Connecti
cut but Rhode Island and Massachusetts-
and Maine and New Jersey, too-are con-
cerned with the flow ' of goods and people
which the New Haven can and should
strengthen. The whole northeast corner of
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX arch 11, 1965
the country will be made anemic if these
vital arteries of travel and commerce are
allowed to disintegrate or to bypass us.
With increasing congestion over the decades
ahead, our loss will become geometrically
more serious.
The long-term solution of New Haven's
problems, and the long-term healthof New
England and New York, depend on the crea-
tion of acooperative agency or authority in-
cluding at least the four States served by the
New Haven. It should be a suprastate
agency, quasi-public in nature, empowered
to own and operate the railroad and to sell
bonds to the public to finance the purchase
and improvements, these bonds to be under-
written by Federal funds. The States and
Washington should undertake to underwrite
operating deficits on a fair formula for a
temporary transition period only. The Port
Authority of New York could serve to some
extent as a model.
Such an authority could, as part of its
plan, sell the freight operation, or lease
trackage and equipment to one or another
railroad. It could undertake the expensive
modernization and improvement program
which alone will enable the railroad to com-
pete with other methods of transportation.
With money and Imaginative management it
could stand a good chance of making the
New Haven again New England's main
artery---and a profitable one.
This Is the direction in which our legis-
lators and officials In Hartford and Washing-
ton must turn if they are to rescue the New
Haven. This is the package of temporary
subsidy plus long-term planning which they
must put together for the good of the rail-
road and even more for the good of the
States it serves.
The War in Vietnam-XIII
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THADDEUS. J. DULSKI
OF NEW YORE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Lu-
cian C. Warren, Washington correspond-
ent for the Courier-Express, Buffalo,
N.Y., has been writing a report on Viet-
nam for his newspaper. Under unani-
mous consent, I include part XIII of this
series which appeared in the Courier-
Express on March 5, 1965:
THE WAR IN VIETNAM, XIII=STABLE GOVERN-
MENT Is KEY TO VICTORY
(NOTE.-Lucian C. Warren, Washington
correspondent for The Courier-Express, alter
a visit to the combat zones in South Vietnam
gives a closeup look at the war there which
has left him with decided convictions about
U.S. political strategy in that far-off un-
happy land.)
(By Lucian C. Warren)
SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM.--It is popular
here and elsewhere to be critical of the way
the war against the Vietcong Communists is
being run.
Hugh Campbell, for 2 years a Canadian
delegate on the three-nation International
Control Commission that has tried unsuc-
cessfully to make the 1954 Vietnam parti-
tion agreement work, is openly scornful of
the American military effort. In a recent
article he even took out after the average
serviceman's wife in Saigon, saying that
"she takes the fur-lined mug" for "boorish-
ness, offensiveness and condescension to-
ward her 'inferiors,' " meaning the South
Vietnamese.
In Congress, rarely a day goes by that some
Senator, such as Senator WAYNE MORSE or
Senator RICHARD RUSSELL, doesn't grab a
headline by saying, "we're fighting the wrong
war at the wrong time and had best nego-
tiate some deal with the North Vietnamese."
CRITICISM
The constant barrage of criticism had re-
minded one briefing officer here of what
Titus Livius (Livy), who died in A.D. 17,
recorded in his history of Rome volume 7.
about a Roman consul's attitude toward his
armchair military critics.
According to Livy, Lucius Aemilus Paulus,
who conducted the war against the Macedon-
ians in 168 B.C., sarcastically commented
that in every circle and, truly, at every table,
there are people who lead armies into Mace-
donia, who know where the camps ought to
be placed, when and through what pass that
territory should be entered, when it is proper
to engage the enemy and when to lie quiet.
OPPORTUNITY
The Roman consul ended his diatribe by
suggesting thatif anyone was well qualified
to give advice on the Macedonia war, let him
come to Macedonia at public expense, where
he shall be furnished with a ship, a horse,
a tent-even his traveling charges shall be
defrayed.
But, Lucius Paulus concluded, according
to Livy, if he thinks this too much trouble,
and prefers the repose of city life to the
toils of war, let him not, on land, assume
the office of a pilot.
In other words, this was the angered put-
up-or-shut-up attitude of a criticism-stung
general 2,000 years ago.
The observations: Any war that is taking
a toll in casualities among the enemy in the
ratio of nearly 3 to 1 of the United
States-South Vietnamese forces is not a
failure. It can and should be higher if the
right side is to win eventually, but the
United States and its ally are learning much
about guerrilal warfare and captured Viet-
cong documents and prisoners show recogni-
tion that they are up against tough ad-
versaries.
As to the Campbell criticism of service-
men's wives, we share with Buffalo's Maj.
Gen. Richard 0. Stilwell, Army Chief of Staff
here, resentment at an unfair comment. Mrs.
Stilwell herself until her recent departure
worked as a Gray Lady in the local hospital
and as a volunteer helper In an orphanage.
DEDICATED
"The wives of career officers, be they em-
bassy or military, are every bit as dedicated
and hard working as their spouses," says
Stilwell, and I'm sure he's right.
The war is by no means won or nearly won
and our forces on the scene would be the first
to admit this. In fact, there is general
acknowledgement that even within the last
year the Vietcong have gained in both popu-
lation and area under their control.
And the ratio of the enemy's casualties to
ours is dwindling from 4.3 to 1 In 1962, to
3.7 to 1 in 1963, to 2.4 to 1 in 1964. Further-
more, the enemy's weapons are becoming
more sophisticated every day. The day of
handmade weapons among the Vietcong
seems to be over, and these days the Vietcong
are being supplied with some of the best
Chinese and Russian military weapons avail-
able, including 60- and 80,pound mortars and
59-millimeter cannons.
IMPROVING
Meanwhile our weaponry is improving, too,
but notwithstanding the fact that the United
States-Vietnamese forces have total air
superiority over the enemy, the war on the
ground is a hard-fought, close contest.
And the U.S. casualties, while still small,
are rising. Figures for a recent week's toll
showed more than 200 U.S. killed or wounded,
highest of any week in the war.
The political situation in South Vietnam
Is still unstable and the Government still
weak. As this was written, a new civilian
government had been in office only a few days
when the military started its favorite past-
time of initiating coups.
The U.S. Embassy and soldiers here are
guardedly optimistic, at least to the extent
that the new Premier, Phan Huy Quat, for-
eigh minister in. a former government, is con-
sidered an able man and his cabinet shows a
good balance in representation from various
sections of the country and ethnic and politi-
cal shadings.
ACCEPTABLE
The new civilian Government has been re-
ported acceptable to Buddhist leader Tri
Quang, whose displeasure has been a major
factor in toppling earlier governments, in-
cluding that of President Diem. But Tri
Quang is unpredictable, is definitely neutral-
ist in sentiment and thinks the United
States should negotiate with North Vietnam.
If--and this is a big if-at long last Pre-
mier Quat is allowed by the military and Tri
Quang to stay in office for a sufficient time
to develop stability and strength, this will
be reflected in a much stronger political front,
against the dedicated Vietcong.
This is the hope both of intelligent South
Vietnamese and United States forces. Then
when effective military action rolls back the
Vietcong, strong local governments can be
formed under direction from Saigon to keep
the acquired territory safe for democratic
government.
BOMBING
Along with a strong and stable civilian
government, U.S. bombing of North Vietnam
must continue, whether under the pretext of
retaliation for Vietcong attacks or in support
of outright military goals.
From the U.S. Ambassador down, top rank-
ing U.S. civil and military officials bend over
backward not to criticize past U.S. hesitancy
on this score, but once in a while a remark
like "it should have been started 2 years ago"
slips out. And all the military analyses of
eventual victory hint broadly that continued
bombings of North Vietnam territory are a
patr of the recipe for triumph.
It is unthinkable that the United States
should pull out, nor can it be a party to
any negotiated truce that will let the Viet-
cong takeover as soon as U.S. forces are
removed. Perhaps, if the United States and
South Vietnam get stronger in a combined
military political way and if the toll becomes
increasingly hard for Hanoi to bear, then it is
possible negotiations from strength might
produce a settlement with sufficient safe-
guards to maintain a democratic government
in South Vietnam.
WATCHING
But until that time, the war must go on.
The world is watching to see whether the
United States is the paper tiger the Com-
munist claim. If it becomes convinced,
then it will be Indonesia, and Thailand, per-
haps Malaya, to fall next. Communist take-
overs in Africa and Latin America would be
encouraged.
A defeat for the Vietcong would immensely
simplify the problem of the free world. Vic-
tory is possible with stronger U.S. military
and South Vietnamese political offensives. It
may take 5 to 10 years, but when the stakes
are so high, there is no substitute for vic-
tory.
Legislative Program -of the Veterans of
Foreign Wars
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 9, 1965
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
on Tuesday, March 9, 1965, the Com-
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 March 11, At bved For Rq"Cq% #4 ,JL C "7B0J
within .the Nast weeks. The President of Mississippi, the respective Governors of those From the New. York Times, Mar. 10, 1965]
the United States promised Martin States were at least accused of having de-
Luther King that the voting bill he fled Federal court orders on school integra-
tion. In the present case, the Governor of The words were hardly out of Secretary
the State warned against the march from General Thant's mouth when the United
gress and even now, members of both Selma to Montgomery and sent State troop- States rejected his proposal. He had recom-
political parties are drafting legislation, ers to the scene to prevent disorder, mended a seven-power conference on the
The demands of the. leaders. of the so- Basically, the Governor of Alabama was Vietnamese conflict.
called civil rights movement, have been taking the same position President Kennedy The State Department spokesman gave the
met and, are being met. So why the took when he sent troops to restrain poten- same old reply. "We still await some indica-
demonstrations? Why the, resort to tial violence and enforce a Federal court tion that the aggressors are prepared to talk
anarchy? order. The purpose of the Alabama Gover- about stopping the aggression," he said, add-
A month ago I appealed to the Presi- nor was to prevent violence, and he had lug that Washington would require advance
dent and to the Members of this body that the march on Montgomery be evidence that negotiations would produce an
Y abandoned for the time being as a measure agreement acceptable to the United States in
to use whatever _influence they had to of safety. Vietnam. In other words, the United States
bring a halt to these demonstrations and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on the other will negotiate if our terms are accepted be-
return to the rule of law and order. I hand, insisted upon leading the demonstra- fore negotiations begin. So why negotiate?
warned them that continued defiance tors for a brief march notwithstanding a This futile game of diplomatic chess thus
of the law could only lead to tragedy and Federal judge's order that it be deferred remains in stalemate while the war itself
it has. I am sorry for it. Now we must until the case went through the normal. escalates. Yet all wars, including the Viet-
bring an end to these disorders and we judicial process. The presence of State namese type, must end in some form of par-
troopers prevented any disturbance of the ley. The questions are when and how? Pres-
must demand that all people obey the peace yesterday. The Negro leader, in au- ident Johnson and his chief advisers believe
law of the land. To make exceptions, thorizing the march, said, the time is not ripe and that present circum-
for whatever excuse, can only lead to "We have the right to walk the highways; stances find the United States-strong as it
further anarchy, further Violence, fur- we have the right to walk to Montgomery if is-in an unfavorable position. American
ther tragedy, our feet will get us there. I have no alter- Policy therefore is to improve the position
In a column in the Washington Eve- native, and I ask you to come with me. This and then consider negotiation from a vantage
fling Star of Wednesday, March 10, was a difficult and painful decision to make. Point where terms can be extracted to fit
David Liar of e makes an eloquent case I know not what lies ahead, There may be American demands.
beatings, and there may be tear gas." On both sides the game is being played as if
for bringing about a return to law and But it is precisely the incitement to a sit- it can be won or lost. In reality, there can
order. I include this column as a part uation requiring such measures that always be no "victory" except at a shattering cost in
lives and treasure.
of these remarks: has been recognized as being within the
THE LAW OF THE LAND TODAY province of State or.city police to deal with, President Kennedy put the September aecu-
(By David Lawrence) even to the point of dispersing a nonviolent rately in a speech he made on September 2,
demonstration that has proved dangerous to 1963. In the final analysis," he said, "it is
Once upon a time the Supreme Court of the peace of the community, their [the South Vietnamese] war. They
the. United States affirmed that "freedom of are the ones who have to win it or lose it.
speech" does not include the right to cry Presigdent Johnson issued a statement re-
"Fire" in a crowded theater. grettin the violence that occurred in Selma We can help them; we can give them equip-day.
ment; we can send our men out there as
declared that " Today the principle is being tested in on Sun
y
advisers, but they have to win it-the people
everywhere join in deploring the brutalit
Alabama, where the right to demonstrate brutality of Vietnam-against the Communists."
has been insisted upon even in the face of with which a number of Negro citizens of
the fact that street parades in a tense situa- Alabama were treated when they sought to President Johnson, on the contrary, has
tion_ can incite to violence, dramatize their deep and sincere interest in now changed this policy and is trying to win
Plainly there is among the people a lack attaining the precious right to vote." the war with American arms and American
of understanding of fundamental constitu- But the President guardedly omitted an forces on behalf of the South Vietnamese.
y This is ims their because, as Mr. Kennedy
tional principles. These give every citizen criticism of the acts of the demonstrators
the right to express himself freely, though who defied the police and caused the latter course also is true their that the he North Viet is name se
his views may be unpalatable to others, but to use force. While Johnson defended the ps
the moment the actual utterance of such right to demonstrate, he failed to express an are supplying tncieasing help to one side, as
the United States is to the other.
views, occurs under conditions that inflame concern over the kind of disturbances of thy e
people to violence, the law steps in and ap- peace that can and often do result from The conference that Secretary Thant has
plies a restraining hand. street demonstrations, recommended may or may not be an answer.
After it Federal judge had issued a ruling Many of the pressure It certainly deserves a more sympathetic ex-
ion ordering parade from Selma they are engaged in nonviolent demonstra_
to Montgomery to be deferred at least until tions. But, while this may be their intent There must be many Congressmen who are
Thursday. when A. r Bari" ,a L_ t _, _
_
_
b je
and
muen ieaas to violence. on going ahead anyhow in deflnance+of the States have alconstitutI nal right and obli
court order. gation then to step in and order the dis-
Yet these same demonstrators argue that persal of the demonstrators. This is the true
they are being deprived of their civil rights, law of the land today.
and they evidentl
fe
l thi
y
e
s gives them u
n-
limited privilege to disturb the peace.
When the police attempted a'few days ago
to break up the mob in Selma and took
stern measures to do so,. the officers were
charged with brutality. Accusations were
then voiced on the floor of Congress against
the police, and demands were made for this
dispatch of Federal troops to Alabama.
Most of those who spoke on the subject
ignored the fundamental, fact that the right
to demonstrate does not include the right
to incite anybody to violence.
But Attorney General Nicholas deB.
Katzenbach, in a question-and-answer
per-
iod after a speech at the Women's National Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, the New
Press Club yesterday, rightly explained that York Times published an editorial on
the Federal Government does not have the March 10, 1965, regarding the reaction to
constitutional power to send troops into any Secretary General Thant's suggestion
State unless there ,,is a "total breakdown" about negotiations in Vietnam. The and
order
"total ness"w by State officials d to maintain iorde Times observes, "This futile game of
He said that the primary responsibility for diplomatic chess thus remains in stale-
keeping the peace rests with the local au- mate while the war itself escalates." I
thorities. recommend that my colleagues read the
In the instances when, the Kennedy ad- following editorial from the New York
ministration sent troops to Alabama and Times:
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
sues-all the issues-were made clear to
them. The American public has not been
sufficiently informed and it cannot be until
President Johnson speaks to the Nation.
No one can ask that he tell exactly what he
plans to do, or that he divulge military se-
crets, or say just what terms would be ac-
ceptable, but when the President does not
speak the people lack leadership. They have
become confused while the Vietnamese con-
flict has become crucial and dangerous.
Flood Damage Report for County Hits
$5,597,426
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. AL ULLMAN
OF OREGON
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 8, 1965
Mr. ULLMAN. Mr. Speaker, the rec-
ord of damages to the Northwest con-
tinues to be compiled as Oregon and the
?A1131
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pp 11, 1965
An estimated $15,440 Worth of livestock
was lost in the flood in the county.
It win cost $19,260 to replace destroyed
buildings and another $11,777 to repair the
damaged structures.
Machinery lost during the flood or ren-
dered useless because of water damage totals
$5,035. Repairing damaged machinery will
cost $3,953. As of a week ago $170 has been
spent on machinery repairs.
To replace washed-out fences in the county,
$47,828 is needed. Another $28,332 is re-
quired for repair work. So far only $150
has been spent on fence repairs.
The estimated crop lose for Grant County
totals $235,846. Hay lost is reported at
$119,322. This estimated crop loss and loss
of aftermath grazing and permanent pas-
ture is for 1965 only. Hay loss was figured
at $30 per ton and grazing loss at $4.50 per
animal unit per month. Nearly 4,000 tons
of hay was lost during the flood.
Inconvenience cost amounted to $71,499.
This cost is associated with flood fighting,
loss of livestock weight, housing and feed-
ing people during the flood and general in-
convenience associated with or because of
the flood. Most people would not put a
dollar value on this type of an item for the
report.
Loss of supplies such as lumber, fence
posts, spools of wire, and firewood was esti-
mated at $27,873.
Bunch, former assistant county agent for
Grant County, and who has recently com-
pleted his masters degree requirements at
Oregon State University, headed the damage
report project. Ray Brisbois handled much
of the home and business damage survey.
The county agent at large made up the
report forms and arranged the numerous
meetings throughout the county to help
ranchers to complete the reports.
County agent Bill Farrell served as a
coordinator between the project report and
the county Emergency Action Committee
(EAC). The EAG was headed by cochairmen
C. L. (Buck) Smith and Jim Maple. Larry
Williams was also active in the project.
Heading the subcommittees of the EAC
were: Erving Stanbro of Prairie City; Bob
Sproul of Mount Vernon; Alvin Brown of
Daytonville; Joe Officer of Izee; Rho Bleak-
man of Monument, and Tom Colvin of Ritter.
other States, involved in the record De-
cember-January flood, work toward com-
pletion. of assessment and plans for
rehabilitation.
Currently the Subcommittee on Flood
Control, Committee on Public Works, is
considering means of legislative relief for
our disaster stricken part of the Nation.
It is altogether timely, therefore, to in-
clude in the RECORD the latest damage
assessment of only 1 of the 18 counties
in my Second District of Oregon. This
report of Grant County damages was
ably reported in the Blue Mountain
Eagle :
tFrom the Blue Mountain Eagle, John Day,
Oreg., Feb. 25,19651
FLOOD DAMAGE REPORT FOR COUNTY Hrrs
$6,597,426
Damages caused by the recent floods total
$5,597,426 for Grant County. River and agri-
culture repair costs and flood loss amounts to
$4,879,547.
Home damage in Grant County is $222,-
372.90; business damage stands at $557,069.
Damages represents nearly one-tenth of the
true cash value of $60,727,124 for the county.
The cash value of the county will be less
for the next fiscal year due to the flood loss,
says James Allen, county assessor. Reduced
livestock valuation and the loss of two mills
in Mount Vernon will lower the cash value
of Grant County for next year.
An extensive survey compiled by Tom
Bunch, county agent at large, revealed
heaviest damages were inflicted on the
streambanks of the John Day River and its
tributaries. An estimated $2,413,256 is
needed for new work for the streams. So
far, $15,365 has been spent on channel work.
The report has been used to acquire addi-
tional Office of Emergency Planning (OEP)
and Agriculture Conservation Program (ACP)
funds.
Replacing the washed out riprap and
levees that were installed prior to the recent
flood will cost $165;740. To repair damaged
levees and dikes, to clean debris from the
river and to reshape the channels will cost
at least $628,829.
Land eroded away or damaged, by sheet
erosion was valued at $249,1053. To fill in the
newly created gullys across fields will cost
$29,048.
Another $217,440 will be needed to clean
up debris and to smooth out the silt and
gravel deposits on the crop lands.
Cost to replace, and rebuild washed-out
private irrigation ditches is $29,894. To clean
the ditches that are repairable will cost
$59,888.
Company ditches damage figure is esti-
mated at $100,000 to :replace destroyed
ditches and to repair damaged ditches.
Work needed to meet the potential weed
infestation in areas covered with silt or
gravel deposits or that have been scoured will
cost $185,000. This is the latest estimate as
many people did not report potential weed
infestation on their land.
Stock water damage report may be low but
the report indicates that it will cost $1,590
to replace ,irrigation and stock water ponds.
To clean up and repair the ponds will cost
$21,591.
Damage to private roads will cost $23,471
to repair. Replacement cost of the washed-
out. roads is estimated at $7,237.-
A total of $165,099 Is necessary to replace
private bridges in Grant County. An addi-
tional $63,251 is needed to repair the par-
tially damaged bridges and to reshape cross-
ings. As of last week when the damage re-
ports were filed $4,490 was already spent on
bridge repair. Part of this figure includes
work done following the Christmas flood.
The cost to replace washed-out bridges was
calculated at $6 per square foot.
Another Citizen Does His Duty
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
ANOTHER CrrIZEN DOES His DUTY
(By Hal Nelson)
Almost a year ago, on August 10, 1963, Joe
Nash's curiosity was aroused by suspicious
actions of a man in a telephone booth on
Seventh Street.
The next morning, when he saw news-
paper stories about two Indianapolis men
arrested on charges of robbing a North
Second Street phone booth, Joe realized that
one of the suspects might have been the man
he had seen on Seventh Street.
Joe was in Rockford at the time on a vaca-
tion from Mexico City where he is travel edi-
tor of the English-language Mexico City
News.
It would have been easy for Joe to have
decided that the arrest of the two men with
$2,376 in nickels, dimes, and quarters in
their Indiana-licensed car was none of his
business. In these days of apathy and fear
of involvement in police matters, many a
good citizen would have taken this course.
But Joe has a strongly developed sense of
citizen responsibility. Rockford remains his
hometown, his legal residence even though
he has worked in Mexico City for many years.
He felt he should report what he had seen
to police. He made a positive identification
of one of the suspects, gave police a state-
ment, promised the State attorney's staff
that he would return to testify if needed.
The two suspects were indicted. A trial
date was set. Joe arranged to leave his job
in Mexico City long enough to fly to Rock-
ford to testify. But he learned the trial had
been delayed when he arrived here. An-
other trial date was set. Before he could be
notified, Joe had left on a 2-week trip into
sections of Mexico where primitive commu-
nication made it impossible to reach him.
The case finally came to trial last week.
Joe had extended his vacation 3 days in order
to testify. He told his story in circuit court
after spending hours in the stifling witness
room.
Defense attorneys objected to Nash's testi-
mony-and the judge ordered most of it
stricken.
The jury deliberated 6 hours; then re-
turned a verdict of guilty.
Was it worthwhile, this expenditure of
time, effort, nerve energy on the part of a
private citizen in a matter which did not
personally concern him in anyway?
We didn't ask Joe this question. His ac-
tions revealed his answer.
But what about the rest of us? Would we
have done it?
That's a question we all should ask our-
selves. It's much easier to close our eyes and
ears and stay out of such matters.
Yet, if we want to live in a country of law
and order, of freedom from fear, of liberty to
move about without restraint, it's time that
more of us follow the course that Joe did.
Mr. ANDERSON of- Illinois. Mr.
Speaker, I wish to call the Members' at-
tention to an editorial which appeared
in the Rockford Morning Star, Rockford,
Ill., on July 26, 1964. This editorial was
written by Hal Nelson, associate editor
of the Rockford Morning Star, who was
just named as the recipient of a Free-
doms Foundation medal. _
In recent weeks we have heard several
reports of witnesses refusing to become
involved in arrests because of the "in-
conveniences" that might result for
themselves. Thus this story of a citizen
going out of his way to aid in the arrest
and conviction of persons involved in a
robbery even though it meant consider-
able expense and personal hardship
affords a lesson for all who consider
themselves good citizens.
Selma Now Joins List Headed by Little
Rock
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WESTON E. VIVIAN
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. VIVIAN. Mr. Speaker, we have all
been dismayed and shocked by the bar-
baric attack upon peaceful demonstra-
tors in Alabama on Sunday. Sunday's
brutality poses a threat to all Americans.
I wish to bring to the attention of the
Members, the comments of the editors
of a newspaper in my district-the Ann
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'le"ue ,,.: fit r ,
nce
A1137'
s area matter of deep concern. 'gassed unarmed and unoffending citi- throughout Alabama almost without ex-
11 May I just say that, for very personal rea- zens has been a cause for grave alarm ception compared most favorably with
sO1is?, 'I am happy that it was not in effect for our Nation. Had it not just hap- the increase in Negro registrations in
at the turn of the century. For perhaps
if it were, twp young people from Eastern paned, it would be unthinkable in this other sections of the Nation including
Europe- ght not have been able to come day and age that police who have sworn New York, Michigan, and California.
to this' Country, settle here, marry and raise to uphold the law and protect the citi- What then is the purpose of these con-
'eight children to enjoy America's blessings zenry could turn on them with a violent tinning demonstrations in Selma? The
aa4 in some irieasure, I trust, bring credit attack. purpose was well set out and a blueprint
to her good name. The right of citizens to assemble peace- drawn for the demonstrations, a blue-
Immigration is a matter of law-of natural
aril fully and to petition their elected officials print which included plans to provoke rovoke the
tiop gives positive law. Just as the Constitu- expression to the natural rights for redress of their grievances is as old arrest of the civil rights leader and to
O_r man; so also should the immigration law as free government and as plain as the incite violence. The purpose was to
......,.,..._ Coneti' , . --
be In H:ncord with the inali
n
bl
e
a
e
right of migration. It is within, the frame-
Work of law that the phenomenon of immi-
gration has to take place. If the law is not
flexible enough to allow the problems of im-
migration to be faced on the human level in
a just and compassionate way, then the law
should be modified.
But' immigration is not only a matter of
law; it is far more poignantly a matter of
people. The most direct problems that are
faced are neither political nor technical; but
questions which the human and social ac-
tuality, pose. As Pope John said elsewhere
inPacem in Terris:
"The sentiment of universal fatherhood
which the Lord has placed in our heart
makes us feel profound sadness in consider-
ing the phenomenon of political refugees, a
phenomenon which has assumed large pro-
portions and 'which always hides number-
less acute sufferings."
We may say the same regarding all persons
who have been uprooted, who have to be re-
settled'a.ndreadjusted to a new way of life.
U~ i+u.liaa; ~NUiiVU In auppore or a
the responsibility to protect its citizens, Federal election law. The blueprint was
both Negro and white, in the exercise of set forth in the National observer of last
that right. Monday, March 8, and I include the arti-
But Gov. George C. Wallace has in- cle at this point as a part of these re-
stead chosen to meet peaceful protest marks:
with armed force, and by so doing has A CHANGE IN TACTICS: A MASTER PLAN GUIDES
brought shame to his State and to our NEGROES IN ALABAMA, SETS NEXT MOVES
Nation. Leaders of the Negro voting drive in Ala-
With the enactment of the civil rights bama are nearing a decision on whether to
law of 1964, the perpetrators of bigotry employ their most dramatic strategy: An all-
and discrimination should have recog- Negro election of legislators to challenge the
nized the end of a shameful era and the seating of the state's regularly elected law-
beginning of a new era in which all citi- makers.
tens shall enjoy the rights and privileges The strategy is embodied in an elaborate
granted them under the Constitution. blueprinw titled project for Alabama, that
The consensus of responsible Americans document obtained bya the A Nacop th
t onalf Ob-
is denouncing racial prejudice; the clergy server shows that the current voter-registra-
who went to Selma and the white citizens tion drive in Selma and nearby communities
of Alabama who protested the recent in- is following the blueprint closely.
famous events speak for the great ma- The election strategy calls for Negroes to
jority, who will no longer tolerate dis- challenge the seating of white legislators
--
_
_ -
-
_
________
__- va usa ucuaaa C4 1Gl:Vs-
maintain national parishes to meet the nines that the tide is turning against The idea is to rally the State's Negroes-
needs of immigrant peoples. These parishes bigotry, and unless the Negroes living in most of them are not registered to vote
enable these people to preserve and Alabama be given their right to vote in Alabama's lec i o el Civil rigf is a leaders
Ne-
strengthen their religious life and customs, then there is hope enough election. Civil vote to leaders
and 'to enjoy the great consolation of tor- no other course of action hope enough Negroes would vote to give each
shiO In and to no confessing n their mother left to the Congress but to enact strong legislator they choose more votes unofficially
tongue, They have provided in the course of voting rights legislation, providing for than the regularly elected legislator got in
time for the transition of the children of whatever is necessary to insure that Ne- the same district. Rights leaders would then
these people into the more general American gP0@S be given the unqualified right e- argue that the regularly elected legislators
way of life which has thereby been greatly vote. And I hasten to add that I would were not duly elected because Negroes, who
enriched. be a strong supporter of this action. could have outvoted the registered voters,
The physical, psychological and spiritual were denied the ballot. specifies well-being of immigrants, whether voluntary The blueprint should be set eachtas that
or refugees, should concern all of us. Ex- with must be
district
the Idea ea of top f top tat for each
perience has shown that even so human a ping the
number or ena-
thing as having a familiar meal may be a Selma Demonstrations Proceeding gotten th, the white representative The n scna-
matter of great importance to a recent ar- According to Blueprint thiIn that otvote The blueprint calls
rival. Far more important are his family ths the freedom vote campaign.
ties, his manner of worship, his loneliness If the legislators elected by Negroes are
and heartaches of separation, and his feel- EXTENSION OF REMARKS not seated, the blueprint declares that "dem-
Ings of inferiority. OF on.5-trations should ensue until legislatures
Let us accept the reality of immigration elected by the freedom vote attain their
and`the responsibilities that it brings taking HON. JAMES D. MARTIN rightful seats, or until people can freely reg-
as our counsel the words of Isaiah the OF ALABAMA Ister
Thus
prophet (Isaiah 58: 7, 8) : IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thus the those Reverend leads Martin oter-re King,
i hare thy bread with the hungry, and do and campaign leading the vtn uceaa
bring the neey and the harborless into thy Thursday, February 25, 1365 neon campagn with him would introduce a
house. When? thou shalt see one naked, Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. Speak- new tactic the racial toruogle. The Rev-
the Alabama
cover, him and despise not thy own flesh. er, no right thinking American can be projtrendect Jam for James Dr. K Dr. K,ings Southern g's r
Then shall thy light break forth as the
Christian
morning ^ * * and thy justice shall go be- happy with what is going on in Selma, Leadership Conference, acknowledges the
fore thy face and the glory of the Lord shall Ala. We are witnisssing a complete plan. But he told the National Observer that
gather thee up." breakdowlll of law and order. We wit- if Congress passes legislation now being
SPEECH
I . R(Y H. McVICKER
Protection of Voting Rights
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ueSC. March 9, 1965
Mr. MCVICKER., Mr. Speaker, the
-news of the past few days in Selma, Ala.,
'where police have beaten, mauled, and
tresident of the United States to halt
further marches, For what? To gain
the right to vote for$egroes?
I am sorry to say, Mr. Speaker, this is
not the ,objective of the. Selma demon-
strations and never has been the objec-
tive, Beffi;e these demonstrations ever
started, Negroes in Alabama had the
right to vote. The-registrars of the city
of Selma were making every effort to
comply with the voting provisions of the
civil rights law which Congress passed so
overwhelmingly last year. The increase
in Negro registrations in, Selma_ and
CONFERENCE IN WASHINGTON
Dr. King was in Washington at week's end
to discuss the proposed legislation with
President Johnson. Before the meeting, the
White House announced that the legislation
is "still being checked out" by the Justice
Department before the President sends it
to Congress in a special message.
The legislation is expected to place a
moratorium on the use of literacy tests and
provide, as a last resort, Federal registrars to
register Negroes where local officials won't.
Such a bill has a good chance in Congress.
RUSSELL LONG, the Democrat's assistant floor
leader in the Senate and a southerner him-
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A1138 CONGRESSIONAL RE -
self (Louisiana), indicates he'll support new barriers that keep Negroes from full partic- published an article on the state
voting legislation. And EVERE'T DmxsEN, of ipation in the government." deserves careful Paper attention vietnam
The
Illinois, Republican Senate leader, declares Also, the King-Douglass workshops pro- which
his support. True, a Senate filibuster by vided for in the blueprint are being orga- article follows:
southerners still is possible; the Senate Rules nized. This, the Reverend Mr. Bevel declares. TILE WHrrE PAPER
Committee in a 5-to-4 vote last week, de- will be the beginning of a "different move-
feated a proposal to make It easier to cut off ment" in the racial struggle. It will "com- The best that can be said about the State t's
Vietna that
Senate debate. Presently, a two-thirds bine the nonviolent philosophy of ff Frederick Depart ent un white papego The worm is that
majority vote is required to shut off Senate with the political philosophy
groes to lead in- it is contradictory, illogical, and misleading.
debate. Douglass" in preparing Negro
Alabama civil rights leaders are eager for tegration activities in Alabama. Frederick It has a desperate purpose: to prepare the
Douglass was the escaped Negro slave who moral platform for widening the war. The
tme rem n the legislation. to here is little Won historical fame in the Civil War and bombs which United States and South Viet-
dates remaining before May 4 get nry Reconstruction eras for his speaking and namseattackers hurled at North Vietnam
dates picked and the e freedom vote machinery writing on behalf of the Abolitionist cause. last week were probably being loaded as the
in operation, should they go ahead with the His political philosophy, according to the white paper was distributed In Washington.
plan. The blueprint calls for a state con- Reverend Mr. Bevel, was that racial problems Still, American sensibilities demand some
dates. in the South never would be solved until small assurance that precipitous acts of war
of Alabama Negroes to select candi-
dates. Then advertising ertand handbills are 10,000 Negroes had Federal protection. spring not from blind frustration but from
dFreee om athe candidates, to edie- A LACK OF LEADERS considered judgment. The white paper at-
tributed, tm Army Negroes Handbooks" are s be deo out all of tempts to prove that escalation is the only
been aalack of lack reasonable rspoilse to a war which is quite
and are to be registered for the A major blueprint has hindrance
the e unofficial vote. simply a case of flagrant aggression by North
RTERS IN MONTGOMERY numbers of trained leaders. The problem of Vietnam.
An@vA the staff people ie would use for some Not even the North Vietnamese would deny
The project would be coordinated through these things are tied d up with other things s that they have given the Communist Viet-
would project office in Montgomery. The office going on now," says the Reverend Mr. Bevel. tat h the south some measure of military
would dispense money, cars, and buses, Leadership and organization called for in enoough to
registration forms, press releases, and cam- the blueprint are extensive. There are to be aid find and mpurely oral civil support. war It t is history hard aug to
in-
paign materials for the freedom vote. "precinct workers, block captains, and block find a this century internal , conflicts
It also would provide speakers and formats workers" to rally Negro voters throughout
for mass meetings. In addition, according the State. The blueprint calls for an f'Op- are attended by international kibitzers on all
sides- in the Congo, the Yemen, and Cuba
co the blueprint: "All legal and medical help leaders Dialog," through which Negro no less than In Vietnam. But the State
can be secured through the project office; leaders communicate "with the white tom- is out toprove much more than this includes bonds, payment fines caused Inanities, informing them of our frustra- Department meddling: North Vietnam, it says, "has used
by harassment, and doctor bill s7. ' tions and objectives in going to jail and con-
Harassment not only is expected; it is ducting freedom registration." There is to every at icaref resource of ully its s own g g programovernment to carry
to con-
blueprint. upon in the project for Alabama be a speakers' bureau to conduct mass meet- out its North Vierogra of con-pla
s blueprint. The freedom vote section of the ings "to make crystal clear the objectives of out it cealed to seize on. tVi south is commit lit-ent document is preceded by a freedom registra- the statewide project." There are to be film tom tal (oqually total? or more total?) than
established. Maps showing was the commitment of the regime in North
manmeasection, outlining the part the overall
the offices are to nonviolent
Selma that has been en underway in Korea in 1950." Then begins a "summary
Sea area. "Arrests blueprint, continue over Negro precinct divisions for the elections of the massive evidence of North Vietnamese
months," says the he blueprint, "to create in- are to be prepared. A newspaper, the Ala- a ession," in 64 chart-filled and icture-
P
terest in the freedom registration and free- hams Citizen, is called for. A list of 22 key
ad vote: ' The plan specifies that "arrests staff positions is the blueprint, adder padded p es.
and violence should be Interpreted as an tion to o a special provision for 20 "volunteer All the State Department's Himalayan
labor has brought forth a mouse of an argu-
ment. of freedoms fought for and won workers that will receive $10 a week." ment. The first conclusion made is that
in the Revolutionary War, but able to exist BOYCOTT IDEA STUDIED North Vietnamese infiltrators make up the
today because officials are not responsible to Much of this remains to be carried out, bulk of the Vietcong forces, and 19 cases
citizens of the State, those citizens not hav- but it is being done. Six counties now have are cited as proof, complete with photo-
Ing the right to equal representation or the nonviolent training workshops; these even- graphs of the men, their military history
right to vote." tually are to exist throughout the State. and dramatic narrative, "Then the more
ARREST ACCORDING TO PLAN And research is underway on one of the most than 300 men began walking to the
The blueprint even includes the assump- potentially effective weapons indicated in south. * * * They marched by day, rested at
tion that Dr. King would be jailed-as he the blueprint: An economic boycott, aimed night." But of the 19 infiltrators, 16 are
was. Toe blueprint declares: "After Dr. particularly at "new and expanding indus- South Vietnamese natives who were return-
King is in jail, a letter dealing with bomb- tries" in Alabama. The blueprint calls for ing to their homeland, 1 is unidentified
lugs, violence, not being represented, etc., "an analysis of the economic situation of by place of birth, and only 2 are North
should be widely distributed. to Negroes in Alabama * * * searching out the point Vietnamese. All were captured in either
Alabama (letter from the Selma jail). At where a boycott would be most devastating." 1962 or 1963, although the white paper can't
the proper time, the advisory board and Some white leaders in Alabama have ob- be that outdated; it contains other material
project leaders shall formally declare that tained copies of the blueprint, studied it, and about 3 weeks old. In a very short section
the problems of Selma and other similar cited it as evidence that there is nothing which appears to be an afterthought, six
Black Belt areas will only be resolved when spontaneous about the Negro activities. But more infiltrators of North Vietnamese origin
Negroes participate in the government of Negro leaders see such extensive organization are named, without photographs or military
as necessary for those activities to get re- history. They provide the only evidence for
Alabama." sults. Declares the blueprint unequivocally: the paper's contention that "as many as-75
But Dr. King did not write the letter from "The Negroes of Alabama will be organized percent of the more than 4,400 Vietcong who
the Selma jail. According to the Reverend into a unit that can effectively carry out a are known to have entered the South in the
Mr. Bevel, it and some other publicity plans statewide nonviolent campaign." first 8 months of 1964 were natives of North
contained in the blueprint, such as the purr The blueprint was drawn up by Negro Vietnam."
chase of newspaper ads in 21 heavily Negro leaders last September immediately after a Figures are given to support the State De-
counties, were dropped because the move- Negro church was bombed in Birmingham. aprtment's claim that infiltrators from the
tent got better press coverage v Alabama The Reverend Mr. Bevel relates "We asked North-allowing for casualties-make up the
Bevel: e"Alaba ne sp the been cry ourselves, what can we about Alabama?" majority of the so-called hard-core Vietcong.
"Alabama newspapers have been very blueprint is their ewer. But the white paper conspicuously ignores its
our aiming what is going on and GERALD GEORGE. own advice; it does not allow for casualties
decent in
tionedlg our aims go the people." He men- particular. among the 19,500 confirmed and 17,650 esti-
ut h the s "If the News in pclari clarify mated infiltrators of the past 5 years. Allow-
But positions adds, "If the papers ass fail statements, The Vietnam White Paper ing for the generally accepted Vietcong
ads)."s, then casualty rate of 50 percent, half of the in-
our will or carry, our
we will haDE DECLARATION do ItrO OF ads)." EXTENSION OF REMARKS filtrators must be removed from battle each
rts of OF year. In the hard-core Vietcong force of
Other parts of the OF the blueprint, however, are 35,000 and the full army of 115,000, that
being carried out as specified. The "Declara- HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN leaves a current total of only 4,200 confirmed
ration of Freedom" that the blueprint says and perhaps 3,300 more estimated in-
the advisory board should draft and present OF NEW YORK filtrators-of whom perhaps fewer than hall
to Gov. George Wallace is ready. Negroes IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES are native North Vietnamese.
from throughout the State will got to the Thursday, March 11, 1965 But the State Department would have it
statehouse in Montgomery Wednesday to both ways: even if careful readers of the
present the declaration, which will ask that Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, the New white paper should discover that North Viet-
Governor Wallace "immediately 'remove all Republic magazine of March 13, 1965, namese aid the Vietcong in roughly the same
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 March 11;4 b?yed For Rel6e(R%3/SIGNAL (RECORD ~~AP ENDIX 160024-6
proportion that Americans aid the govern- the Vietcong killed 1,359 civilians last year.
meat troops, they are assured that, mere According to our allies the South Vietnamese,
numbers are unimportant. The. infiltrators and not reported in the white paper, the
are as tough as tigers, and 10 feet tall. "The United States kills about 20,000 villagers and
infiltration of. 5,000 guerrilla fighters in a volunteers every year, largely by napalm
given year is the equivalent of marching bombing. The white paper cites as evidence
perhaps '50,060 regular troops across the of North Vietnamese involvement a report of
border," cautions the State Department. the International Control Commission for
Though the Vietcong, fights against all the Vietnam, which criticized Hanoi's activities
State Department holds dear, neither napalm in June 1962. The paper does not include
in the south nor bombs in the north seem item 20 of the Commission's report, however,
to shake its determination. What the white which charges both the United States and
paper does not explain is the stubborn tour- South Vietnam with violating the 1954
age and tenacity of the Vietcong of whatever Geneva Agreement on Indochina. Nor does
provenance or hardness of core, year after it mention the Commission's reported criti-
year, for none of the usual rewards and cism on February 13 of American attacks on
against staggering odds of survival. North Vietnam, which were called unjusti-
The second conclusion the white paper fled. The paper destroys all credibility when
draws is that war materiel from North Viet- it selects those findings of the Commission
nam and its Communist-bloc allies is pouring which seem to help its, case, and then ignores
into the south. The paper is crowded with those which contradict it.
photographs of weapons, like a mail-order To misunderstand the war in Vietnam is
catalog, to bring home the full impact, to condemn the United States to dishonor,
But the long inventory of all Communist- defeat, or worse. The white paper repeats
made weapons captured from the Vietcong in the misunderstandings of the last 6 years,
an 18-month. period from June 1962, to Jan- and compounds them with deception. It is
tiary.29, 1964, includes only 22 crew-served no good pretending that there is no civil war
weapons (mortars, recoilless rifles, etc.) and in progress in South Vietnam, and that the
155 smaller arms, hardly enough to equip 1 whole bloody business would end if North
of the 139 Vietcong companies. These weap- Vietnam would "leave its neighbor alone."
ons could have come from anywhere, includ- There is no point in maintaining the fiction
ing Alexandria, Va., where a private arms that the United States is involved "at the
supplier lists almost all of the items men- request of the people of South Vietnam," as
tioned. , Communist weapons captured from the white paper does. There. is no demo-
the Egyptians by Israeli soldiersIn 1956 turn cratic way for the people of South Vietnam
up regularly on the open market, in enough to express themselves-Diem and his succes-
quantities to allow any government to prove sors have seen to that. If asked, and they
Communist. involvement in the rebellion of will not be, the people of South Vietnam
its choice. would doubtless want to send,..everyone
Before it became necessary to deny the away, Americans, Vietcong regulars,- and
existence of a civil war in South Vietnam, North Vietnamese. The white paper says
Ameah military men admitted that about that this war is not like any others; that is
unwittingly supplied by the United States by
loss, theft, or, sale by enterprising South
Vietnamese. It now appears that the ex-
perts were wrong; if only 177 foreign weap-
ons could, be found in Vietcong hands in
19 months, the enemy must be 99 percent
equipped with American materiel. Ob-
viously no believable case for a claim of mas-
sive .arms infiltration could be built on the
official list in the white paper, even
stretched as it is by the inclusion of every
b
ll
t
u
e
, messkit, and pair of socks. And
so, quite providentlally, a larger supply of
infiltrated arms was found in a sunken
North Vietnamese junk in a southern harbor,
just as the white paper was being prepared.
In the annals- of mystery ships, this one
poses a fine puzzle. Perhaps the combined
United States and South Vietnamese naval
patrols are more inefficient than is usually
conceded, but the ship was the first en-
A1139
Mr. Speaker, on March 5, the Honor-
able Robert F. Wagner, mayor of the
city of New York gave an address at the
Third Annual Intercollegiate Urban Af-
fairs Conference at Long Island Univer-
sity in which he discussed urban renewal
problems in New York and other cities
and some of the solutions required to
meet present and future challenges.
I include the mayor's remarks below
so that everyone concerned with urban
renewal may benefit from his wisdom
and insight into the subject:
REMARKS BY MAYOR ROBERT F. WAGNER AT
LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY-THIRD ANNUAL
INTERCOLLEGIATE URBAN AFFAIRS CONFERENCE
Not so long ago cities were considered the
proudest product of civilization. They were,
in fact, its birthplace. In ancient times,
Babylon, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Athens,
Rome, and in later times, Constantinople,
Paris, London, Budapest, Warsaw, and fi-
nally, San Francisco and New York were
jewels in the crown of civilization.
A hundred years ago, the American theo-
logian, Theodore Parker, wrote: "Cities have
always been fireplaces of civilization, whence
light and heat radiated out into the dark,
cold world."
James Guthrie, the Scottish theologian,
wrote: "I bless God for cities. They have
been His lamps of life along the pathways of
humanity and religion. Within them science
has given birth to her noblest discoveries.
Behind their walls freedom has fought her
noblest battles. They have stood on the sur-
face of the earth like great breakwaters roll-
ing back or turning aside the swelling tide
of oppression. Cities, indeed, have been the
cradles of human liberty."
wars of our generation, this one cannot be In recent years however, cities have be-
settled one way or the other by military ac- come the chief problem and challenge of
tion. The white paper cannot change a civilization. The question today is, can they
complex political conflict into a simple case survive the problems of their populations?
of aggression over a border. Almost all cities are faced with critical
Mayor Robert F. Wagner Discusses the
Problems of Urban Renewal
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. HUGH L. CAREY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Countered in the history of the war. In any Mr. CAREY. Mr. Speaker, few prob-
case, it hardly merits the full-throated treat- lems presently confronting the country
ment afforded by the white paper. The ship exceed in seriousness and importance
was about the size of a Coast Guard cutter, those that must be dealt with and solved
or slightly larger than the original Santa in the area of urban renewal.
Maria, carrying about one-seventieth of the To some extent, every metropolitan
tonnage of a standard World War II Liberty area in the United States is faced with
ship. In relation to the amount of arms
supplied regularly to the South Vietnamese challenges of a rising population and in-
in-
by the United States, its supply was insig- dustrial development. New York City
nificant. is confronted with a highly unique prob-
The white paper fails to sustain its two lem in that it is one of the few major
major contentions, that there is a large, mili- cities in the country where the move-
tarily crucial ,infiltration of both men and menu of middle-class families back to
materiel from Hanoi. It also fails to make metropolitan area exceeds the counter
its political points. The State Department imigration toward the outlying suburbs.
claims that hostilities in South Vietnam be- The problems we face, therefore, require
gan in 1959, as "a brutal campaign of terror
and armed attack, inspired, directed, sup- immediate and effective solutions.
.plied, and controlled by the Communist re- The office of the mayor of New York
gime in ILanoi." But it. was the late Presi- has frequently been characterized as
derit Dleln's abolition of the elected village carrying responsibilities second only to
councils in 1956. Which made South Vietnam those of the President of the United
a true dictatorship and alienated a sizable States. Certainly, in the area of urban
proportion of the population. In response, renewal, no public official is better quali-
the rebellion began early in 1957. It is still fied to speak with authority than the
an ugly war. According to the white paper, mayor of our eUy.
problems today. This is not only a nation-
wide, but also a worldwide, phenomenon.
Within the past 20 years millions of people
have streamed into the cities from the coun-
tryside and villages. In the Western coun-
tries, hundreds of thousands of pebple have
simultaneously moved out of the cities into
the suburbs. The people moving into the
cities have been, for the most part, the poor
and the largely dispossessed. Those moving
out of the cities have been the emerging and
the emergent middle class.
This phenomenon has occurred and is oc-
curring on every continent, in every latitude.
As a matter of fact, it has been proceeding at
a greater rate in Japan and the Soviet Union,
for instance, than anywhere in Western Eu-
rope or North America.
In the first 50 years of this century, the
total population living in Asian cities of
100,000 or more increased from 19
4 million
.
to 105.6 million, a gain of 444 percent. In
Africa, the population living in cities of
100,000 or more increased from 1.1 million to
10.2 million, a gain of 827 percent.
Only 50 years ago, in the United States,
S0 percent of the people lived in cities. To-
day that figure is creeping toward 80 percent.
By 1980, only 15 years from now, it is reliably
estimated that 90 percent of all the inhabit-
ants of the United States will be living in
urban areas.
Turning again to the worldwide urbanized
picture, the projection is that during the
1960's, 200 million people will move into the
cities of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The
rate of urban growth in Asia today is 400 per-
cent higher than in the West, and the move-
ment to the cities there is only beginning.
What do all these figures mean for us in
the United States, and especially for us here
in New York City?
They mean that the United States has
been, touched,; by a worldwide tidal wave of
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A1140 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - APPENDIX
population movement, impelled by worldwide whose governmental operations are more tion and pilot projects need to be expanded
forces. open and available for inquiry, comment, and increased In numbers, and the results
Professor fi dt ard,.one of the and criticism. broadly applied.
oprovocative Sav o of Hesv
second city largest government enterprise in tions toeourr pro. b ems.vi As far as the war
most. the bjsubject of our day, thinkers
ge ed atthe of urbanization, has sug-
to our country. The only larger one is the Gov- on poverty is concerned, its overall purposes
Bested that the movement of poor people into
the central cities has been due to the avail- ernment of the United States. Our annual are true and clear, but its strategy and tac
ability of housing abandoned by the exodus budget is $31/2 billion, larger than the budg- tics remain to be fashioned and tested. h of middle-class families into the suburbs. I ets of all but a very few countries in the of ure housing pInroble
the aspeusct
New York cri itical
seriously question the order in this causal' world today.
relationship. I would not be so brash as to describe the ing problem is Indeed severe and critical by
As a matter of fact, I have read many ex- city government or its services as having at- our own standards. Yet we in New York
planations of the worldwide population tained the pinnacle of perfection. We have have shown the way to the Nation in hous-in pub movement, but we can overlook for the far, far to go to reach that point, And Enough newyhousing has li -aid co trusted
moment why it happened. It has happened. doubt if this government or any government
In New York City, the crest of both the made up of human beings ever will. But In New York City within the past 10 years
outgoing and the incoming movement seems that Is neither an excuse nor a justification to house the entire city of Balitmore. To-
to have passed. By building more and more for relaxing In our efforts to improve and day, we have substantially less substandard
Government-subsidized middle-income hous- secure improvements. There are many Im- housing, in total number of units, than we
ing at reasonable rates, we are inducing more provements which can and should be made. had 10 years ago. It is still a fact, however,
and more middle-class people to move back Many improvements are in the process of be- that I housing wammkers live
s. Some o-
from the suburbs into the city. ing made-all the time. s There is substantial evidence that at the We in New York City and all cities are these are slums, but some are not. Never-
present time more middle-class. families are confronted with an explosion of problems. theless, we cannot be satisfied until there
moving back into the city from the suburbs, One of these is the problem of crime. Crime are no more slums, and no New Yorker needs
than the other way around. New York City rates have been rising in almost every coun- to live in substandard housing.
is one of the few major cities in which this try in the world. The United States is no In general, I would say that we in New
seems to be true. exception to this trend. Moreover, in the York City are on top of our problems, in the
There are several factors contributing to United States, the upward crime rate has sense that we are actively coping with them.
the movement of the middle-class people occurred not only In all Of the cities and We are overcoming some of them. This is
back into the cities. One is that, we are suburbs, but also in the rural areas, too. neither fth pla noetailr the
I woca ion fooweveo
building middle-class housing. Another is Interestingly enough, among the cities, go
that suburban problems in some suburbs the increase in the crime rate has been less that I would be glad to have New York City's
t of
have become worse than city problems. The in New York City than in most other cities. record in major regard compared
the II with Sattof
mushrooming growth of the suburbs has It has been going up here, too-but at a any other city in
presented them with shortages of community significantly lesser rate than in Los Angeles, orln the worn to having more of almost every-
facilities with which they cannot cope. for instance, or in Washington, D.C.
Moreover, many of the more adventurous of I take little comfort from relative statistics thing than any other city, including prob-
the poor have been moving into suburbia, in this regard. New Yorkers are interested lems, we also have more critics--and they
too--adding to the problems of already over- not in the statistics from other cities, but have incomparable facilities for expressing
burdened suburban governments. Today, in the actual conditions of safety and se- themselves.
suburbanization is as much a problem to curity in the streets and subways. We are Let me turn from the negative to the post-
the suburbanites as urbanization is to the doing everything in our power and shall con- tive, and from New York City to all cities-the urbanites. Indeed, these two phenomena tinue to do everything in our power in this from cthe hallenge frnt the engener posed by
are approaching the point of merger. city to grapple with this problem-with both g
The cost of government has zoomed up- its root causes and its manifestations. urbanization is a universal one. Urbaniza-
ward. The demand for additional city serv- However, the universality of the increas- tion is probably the greatest revolution of
ices has multiplied many times. The need ing crime rate must be kept in mind in our our era. It is closely related to the world-
for vastly expanded and radically new ap- approaches to this problem as well as to other wide social revolution in which we are
aspects problems
In New York p City, our problems fall into world tidal wave. The World Health Organ-
to , of involve
costs which are reaching beyond present tax a number of categories which include inter- ization calls it the population imposion. It
and revenue resources available to many local group tensions; family and community disor- is a bursting inward, rather than outward.
ganization; neighborhood blight-including This implies that a force has been released.
governments.
Actually, ew York City is ahead of most blight of housing and neighborhood facil- Indeed it has. The problem is to capture
other cities both in the size of its tax base ities; hard-core unemployment; illiteracy and manage that force, and to channel it
and in the extent, variety and quality of and lack of skills; lack of jobs for the Into hconstructive as been sa18u purposes.
the city is the mirror
services offered, compared to those in other unskilled; de facto school segregation based of ciilszeion. The writer Wolf Schneider
on de facto housing segregation; and, finally, "The mIn~New York City our economy is a dynamic inadequacies and shortcomings in the educa- inchis book Man hasty as Mthean's Pate, a tot-
and. pulsating one-full of vigor and growing tional system to'meet the current challenge. re* r This is quite an array of problems, and I mendously` enlarged image of himself. The
power. haven't listed them all. Nor in this listing city is as good and as bad as he is."
Last yee em single nt topped the 1963 have I mentioned, as I did earlier, the sky- The city is still the meeting place for minds January mark for overy sr, we month from t month rocketing cost of government. and ideas. It is the radiation post for most
through November, which is the latest month I wonder who, in all honesty, would say communications-mass and nonmass.
for wolf perc are available. Unemployment that these problems are susceptible of solu- The description given our cities by some
fell half a percentage point. critics is one of decay, crime and poverty-
In 1964, the value of new building con- tion by any collection by simple formulas. conformity on the one hand and misery on
struction declined from 1963. But the esti- It is clear that since the problems originated the other. Actually, this is a distoorted
mated construction cost of building plans outside the borders of the cities, the city the of a caricature int a
flied last year-which Is the real indicator governments cannot be expected to cope with cimage-more
haracterization.
for the future-was up from $598.2 to $693.4 them unaided. Indeed, the Federal Govern- Of course, the cities are overwhelmed with
million, an increase of more than 16 percent. ment is finally asserting its intention of com-
Last year's retail sales totaled $12.2 bil- ing to the aid of the cities in significant ways new problems. But solutions will be found.
lion dollars. Our wholesale houses marketed on a significant scale. This, I believe, Is the Progress will be made. I wouldn't be trying
$45 billion worth of goods. We are incom- trend of the future. to stretch 12 years as Mayor of, New York
parably the largest single manufacturing It is clear that action must be taken. The into 16 years if I weren't full of hope and re-
center in America. We produced 11 percent order of the day must be to attack these prob- solve that this would be so.
of the national total last year. In the past lems. There can be no dallying with them. An old friend of mine, Charles Abrams, in
10 years we have built 1,500 new factory Indeed, they must be attacked comprehen- a recent book entitled, "Man's Struggle for
buildings. We have over 3$,000 manufactur- sively and in a coordinated manner. That Shelter In An Urbanizing World," put it
era in New York City today, a payroll of $5.3 is one of the meanings of the war on pov- rather well. I quote his paragraph:
billion, erty. "The city that cradled freedom in the older
New York City, throbs with cultural vital- To meet these problems a mobilization of Industrial areas may yet cradle it in the new.
ity, and with social and political vitality, too. research, study, and scholarship has been But the city with its privations, its poverty,
There Is no city: whose population groups going on for some time. I know that Long homelessness, and overcrowding also offers
are more self-assertive and aggressive in sup- Island University has been in the forefront more dangers today than in the past. Time is
port of their rights-and no city with as of these endeavors, essential it the institutions 'which the city
many channels for public expressions of view- Study, discussion, and research Into these reinforces are not to weaken, and if today's
point, protest, or demand. There is no city problems must be intensified. Demonstra- masses are not to become tomorrow's mobs.
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 March 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
At stake are the fate of the emerging socie-
ties, the freedoms they might help nourish'
and sustain, and the peaceful progress of ria-
tions within their own borders.`
Five hundred years ago, William Shake-
speare wrote, "The people are the city." Yes,
they are. In undertaking to resolve the prob-
lems of the city, we need to resolve the prob-
lems of the people.
This is our supreme challenge and our
purpose.
Our Heritage
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN B. ANDERSON
OF u,zxwoTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr.
Speaker, in November 1963, the city of
Rockford, Ill., held a communitywide
Thanksgiving program. To see a large
city and its residents joined in a public
display of thanksgiving was indeed an
inspiration for all who participated and
observed the program.
Mr. John W. Grimes, then editor of
the Rocktorcl Morning Star newspaper,
now retired, wrote the narrative for a
dramatic and musical production entitled
"Our Heritage," which set the tone for
the program. Over 500 persons were In-
volved in this single production.
Mr. Grimes' narrative has just been
awarded a 1964 Freedoms Foundation
Medal. Therefore, it is ' indeed a privi-
lege, Mr., Speaker, to ask the Members
to read and contemplate this moving
review of our history and the promise
it holds for our future.
The narrative follows:
Qua IimnVAO5
In the bone-chilling cold of a winter dawn,
a little ship stood at anchor off the New Eng-
land coast, Its patched sails drooped in their
rigging like the wings of a tired bird. It was
not a pretty ship nor a romantic ship as it
rode into the slow swell of the ocean, utterly
weary from the long voyage.
It was not a ship of discovery nor a ship of
conquest. No flags or pennons greeted the
sunrise. It was solitary in these uncharted
waters. Behind it were leagues of wintry sea;
before it lay a cold and unknown land.
But had you been able to listen, you would
have heard from the cramped and dingy
space below decks the plaintive tune of a
thanksgiving hymn. And you would have
heard a prayer of thankfulness uttered over
a table, sparsely laid with food: "For these
mercies, Lord, we thank Thee."
Though weathered by the long and danger-
ous voyage, its sails discolored by salt and
storm, its rigging raveled, the Mayflower was
a beautiful ship that morning, glorified by
those prayers of thanksgiving that, rose from
And the Mayflower became A beautiful ship
in our national story, white of wing, and fleet
on the water, a symbol of people voyaging to
a new land, a free land, a fair land, and rais-
ing their voices to God for His mercies and
bounties,
Countless Mayflowers have made their voy-
ages to America's shores and anchored in
myriad ports. Across the centuries, countless
pilgrims, seeking freedom and opportunity
and the_ right to worship according to con-
science, have seen-, breaking day reveal a new
land-this beautiful America. And countless
hearts have raised prayers of thanksgiving for
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Whether the date of its sailing from an old
world be remote or recent, a Mayflower, a Pil-
grim ship, a ship with its bow set toward
freedom, is in the heritage of each of us.
So we are all joined together in a congrega-
tion of thanksgiving, a thankful and devout
nation, remembering alike the mercies of
God and the sacred place our forefathers
gave to the worship of God.
Speaking of his nation, in Bible times, the
Psalmist wrote, "God is in the midst of her;
she shall not be moved."
From America's. earliest history, God has
been in our midst. Our greatest leaders have
prayed to Him for guidance. General Wash-
ington, in the snow at Valley Forge; prayed
in anguish when the fortunes of a new re-
public were at ebb. Lincoln, in the long
night vigils, prayed when he awaited dis-
patches from the battlefields. As a Nation,
in the torture of Pearl Harbor, we prayed.
In our charters of Government, in our
State papers, in the proclamations of our
statesmen, we recognize the presence of God
in our nationhood.
Each November, we set aside a day of
Thanksgiving. There is no conflict here be-
tween church and State. By common con-
sent, our Nation offers its thanks to God for
His Goodness. As a Nation, we "enter into
His gates with thanksgiving and into His
courts with praise." Thanksgiving Day is
an observance not of victories, not of proud
events in our history, but of that sacred tie
to God's providence which has been part of
our national life from the beginning of our
history.
"God is in the midst of us," in our
churches, our cathedrals, our temples; God
is in the midst of us in our striving to make
ours a better land.
Our country won its political freedom in a
long and cruel war, the American Revolution.
Fifes shrilled and drums beat as the con-
tinentals, in nondescript garb, assembled to
learn the rudiments of military skill to give
battle for liberty. But hunger, anguishing
cold, division, frustration, even treachery,
marked the course of these long years of war.
Human fortitude needed the sustaining
power of God's hand; human sorrow needed
His comfort. Men prayed, and it was as if
their words addressed to God became the
building blocks of a great temple memorializ-
ing our faith in God.
It was not poetic fancy that had inscribed
on the Liberty 'Bell a verse from the Bible,
"Proclaim Liberty." That verse from Le-
viticus was in the deep music of the bell as
it spoke in courageous challenge when the
Declaration of Independence was signed, and
spoke again in solemn triumph after the sur
render of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
The sacrifices and suffering of that war had
deepened America's faith in God, and at a
divinely propitious time. The statesmen
of a young Nation were meeting in conven-
tion to give constitutional form to the
kind of government we should have. And
the pioneers were already on the march
across the mountains to lay claim to the
fair land that was now our heritage and our
responsibility.
Our deepened faith made us a God-fearing
country. That faith worked in the conven-
tion to give us a constitution that made our
government of the people, by the people, for
the people. It worked in the westward
march of a young Nation to make our goal
more than the appeasing of hunger for land
and wealth; to make our goal the creation
of an American civilization.
In the halls where our charters of govern-
ment were written, in the little wagon trains
crossing the eastern mountains, we learned
that freedom under God has responsibilities.
Because we were a God-fearing people,
neither the oligarch in government nor the
marauder on the frontier took command of
A1141
our fortunes. "-Our land, our' future, our
destiny lay before us to be trusted wisely or
to be wasted. We learned restraint, and
we learned that true democracy of working
together.
The pioneers who marched westward
sought farms and homes and shops. They
brought their skills, their inventions, their
diligence. Their homespun goal was an
orderly and productive life. Their dream
was a culture available to all men. They
built schools and academies for their chil-
dren and laid deep and lasting foundations
for education. Scholarship flowed westward
in an increasing stream. Libraries and
lyceums flourished. And colleges to which
unsung and dedicated scholars gave their
lives sprang up in such numbers that no
ambitious youth was more than a day's
horseback ride from academic groves.
But always, there were churches, rude and
humble in their beginnings, but rising in
a thousand spires as men paid their tithe to
God. They were the symbols of God in the
midst of us.
But there grew up a great division among
the States. Debate became more angry. A
solution in debate failed and our Nation was
involved in civil war.
Our very nationhood was put to the test.
There were prayerful men and God-fearing
men on each side of the battle line. We
look back on that cruel war from the van-
tage point of a hundred years, and we have
occasion to give thanks that the wounds
were bound up. Because there were God-
fearing men on both sides, we were spared
the horror of a war without conscience. Out
of the.crucible of civil war, war between
brothers, came the word of Lincoln's Second
Inaugural address: "With firmness in the
right as God gives us to see the right."
Those words carried us through the
chaotic Reconstruction days. God was still
in the midst of us, giving vision to those
who sought His guidance. What Lincoln
gave us in those words was a new theme of
social righteousness. Not social justice,
which smacks of legalism, nor a social gos-
pel which seeks to impose its dictate, but
social righteousness which wells up in the
God-fearing individual when he seeks God's
guidance and fits his life to that inner chart.
Lincohi's words are with us today as we
face new problems which cannot be solved
by compulsion or in anger, but as we are
firm in the right as God gives us to see the
right.
The Prophet Micah said that God's re-
quirements were these: that we deal justly,
love mercy, and walk humbly with our God.
Our great thanksgiving in this year and
hour must be for that precious heritage of a
God-fearing land. And our great avowal
must be that we continue as a God-fearing
people.
We are all voyagers, pilgrims, explorers,
looking to the future. As the mists rise, we
see revealed the shores of a great land. The
once bleak coast now rises in towers. In-
land, a fair country stretches away rich with
churches, homes, farmsteads, schools, indus-
trial plants, railroads, and highways. There
are myriad cities with parks and play-
grounds-and great halls of culture and the
arts.
This is our land; the land God-fearing
people built by keeping their faces turned
toward the light. This is the heritage cour-
age and toil and prayer and self-discipline
have given us.
Our prayer of thanksgiving should be
joined to a prayer of new dedication. Our
heritage shall not be lost. This faith that
God will stand in the midst of us, as we meet
new problems, shall not be abandoned.
God guided us as a nation toward ideals
of education and culture and for that con-
cord of high purpose which alone can make
us act as good citizens for the common good.
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A1142 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX March 11, 1965
Lord God of Hosts, be with us yet, lest we
forget, lest we forget.
We offer our thanks and we make our
avowal. Our land shall not be less beautiful
for our having lived in it. Its dream shall
not be less because we fail to have vision.
its faith in God shall not diminish because
we abandon faith. God is in the midst of us.
We shall not, be moved.
NSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 11, 1965
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, I wish to
bring to the attention of my colleagues
an article an the recently published State
Department white paper on Vietnam.
The following article appeared in the
I. F. Stone's Weekly for March 9, 1965:
[From I. F. Stone's Weekly, Mar. 9, 1965]
A REPLY TO THE WHITE PAPER
That North Vietnam supports the guerril-
las in South Vietnam is no more a secret
than that the United States supports the
South Vietnamese Government against them.
The striking thing about the State Depart-
ment's new white paper is how little support
it can prove. "Incontrovertible evidence of
Hanoi's elaborate program to supply its forces
in the south with weapons, ammunition, and
other supplies," the white paper says, "has
accumulated over the years." A detailed
presentation of this evidence is in appendix
D; unfortunately few will see the appendixes
since even the New York Times did not re-
print them, though these are more revealing
than the report. Appendix D provides a list
of weapons, ammunition, and other supplies
of Chinese Communist, Soviet, Czechaslovak,
and North Vietnamese manufacture, with the
dates and place of capture from the Vietcong
guerrillas, over the 18-month period from
June 1962 to January 29 last year when it
was presented to the International Control,
Commission. The Commission was set up by
the Geneva agreement of 1954. This list pro-
vides a good point at which to begin an anal-
ysis of the white paper.
THE PENTAGON FIGURES
To put the figures in perspective, we called
the Pentagon press -office and obtained some
figures the white paper does not supply-
the number of weapons captured from the
guerrillas and the number lost to them in
recent years:
Captured from
guerrillas Lost to them
Year
1962 ----------
4,800
5,200
Year
1963 ----------
5,400
8,500
Year
1964 ----------
4,900
13, 700
3-year total-- 15, 100
27, 400
In 3 years, the guerrillas captured from
our side 12,300 more weapons than they lost
to us. -
What Interests us at the moment is not
this favorable balance but the number of
guerrilla weapons our side captured during
the past 3 years. The grand total was 15,100.
If Hanoi has indeed engaged in an "elaborate
program" to supply the Vietcong, one would
expect a substantial number of enemy-pro-
duced weapons to turn up. Here is the sum
total of enemy-produced weapons and sup-
plies In that 18-month tally to the Control
Commission: 72 rifles (46 Soviet, 26 Czech);
64 submachineguns (40 Czech, 24 French
but "modified" in North Vietnam); 15 car-
bins (Soviet); 8 machineguns (6 Chinese.
2 North Vietnamese); 5 pistols (4 Soviet, 1
Czech); 4 mortars (Chinese); 3 recoilless 75-
millimeter rifles (Chinese) ; 3 recoilless 57-
millimeter guns (Chinese) ; 2 bazookas (1
Chinese, 1 Czech) ; 2 rocket launchers (Chi-
nese); and 1 grenade launcher (Czech) for a
total of 179. -
This is not a very impressive total. Accord-
ing to the Pentagon figures, we captured on
the average 7,500 weapons each 18 months in
the past 3 years. If only 179 Communist-
made weapons turned up in 18 months, that
Is less than 21/2 percent of the total. Judg-
ing by these white paper figures, our military
are wrong in estimating, as they have in
recent months, that 80 percent of the weap-
ons used by the guerrillas are captured from
us. It looks as if the proportion is consid-
erably higher. The material of North Viet-
namese origin included only those 24 French
submachineguns "modified" in North Viet-
nam, 2 machineguns made in North Vietnam,
16 helmets, a uniform, and an undisclosed
number of mess kits, belts, sweaters, and
socks. Judging by this tally, the main re-
taliatory blow should be at North Vietnam's
clothing factories.
NOT ENOUGH FOR A BATTALION
There Is another way to judge this tally
of captured Communist weapons. A Com-
munist battalion has about 450 men. It
needs 500 rifles, four 80-millimeter mortars,
eight 60-millimeter mortars, and at least 4 re-
coilless rifles. The weapons of Communist
origin captured in 18 months would not
adequately outfit one battalion. The figures
In the appendix on ammunition captured
provides another index. We captured 183
(Chinese) shells for a 60-millimeter mortar.
This fires about 20 shells a minute, so that
was hardly enough ammunition for 10 min-
utes of firing. There were 100,000 (Chinese)
cartridges for 7.26-millimeter machineguns.
That looks impressive until one discovers
on checking with knowledgeable military
sources that these machineguns fire 600
rounds a minute. A machinegun platoon
normally has four machineguns. This was
enough ammunition for about 40 minutes of
firing by one platoon. Indeed, if the ratio
of Communist-made weapons captured is
the same for weapons used, then only 121/z
days of those 18 months were fought by the
guerrillas on the basis of Communist-made
supplies.
If these figures were being presented in a
court of law, they would run up against
a further difficulty: one would have to prove
the arms actually came from the Communist
side. There is a worldwide market in sec-
ond-hand weapons. One can buy Soviet,
Czech, and Chinese Communist weapons of
all kinds only 2 miles or so from the Penta-
gon at Interarmco, Ltd., 7 Prince Street, Alex-
andria, Va. Interarmco, one of the world's
foremost dealers, can provide more Commu-
nist weapons than we picked up in 18
months on Vietnamese battlefields. Inter-
armco's East European Communist weapons
come in large part from the huge stocks of
Soviet and Czech arms captured by the Is-
raelis in the Suez campaign. It has Chinese
Communist weapons captured by our side in
the Korean War. It also has, of course, a
wide selection of our own military' surplus.
This has turned up in strange places.
For example, a book on the Algerian war,
"Les Algeriens en guerre," by Dominique
Darbois and Phillippe Vingneau, was pub-
lished in Milan in 1960 by Feltrinelli. It
shows pictures of FLN (National Liberation
Front) Algerian rebels wearing U.S. Marine
Corps uniforms from which the "USM" and
the eagle and globe insignia have not even
been removed. It shows Algerians carrying
U.S. 80-millimeter mortars and U.S. .50-cali-
ber machineguns. Such photos could have
been used by France to accuse the United
States of supplying the Algerian rebels.
The State Department's white paper says
"dramatic new proof was exposed just as this
report was being completed" in the discov-
ery of a suspected Vietcong arms cargo ship
on February 16. The New York Times com-
mented astringently on this in an editorial
February 28:
"Apparently, the major new evidence of a
need for escalating the war, with all the
hazard that this entails, was provided by the
sinking in a South Vietnamese cove earlier
this month of a 100-ton cargo ship loaded
with Communist-made small arms and am-
munition. A ship of that size is not much
above the oriental junk class. The standard
Liberty or Victory ship of World War II had
a capacity of 7,150 to 7,650 tons."
The affair of the cargoship is curious. Un-
til now there has been little evidence of
arms coming in by ship. A huge fleet of
small vessels patrols the coast and there have
been glowing stories in the past of its effi-
ciency. "About 12,000 vessels," the AP re-
ported from Saigon (New York Times, Feb.
22) "are searched each month by the South
Vietnamese coastal junk patrol force but
arrests are rare and no significant amounts
of incriminating goods or weapons ever have
been found." This lone case of a whole ship-
load of arms is puzzling.
NEW NORTHERN INFILTREES CITED
The white paper's story on the influx of
men from the north also deserves a closer
analysis than the newspapers have given it.
Appendix C provides an elaborate table from
1959-60 to 1964 inclusive, showing the num-
ber of "confirmed military infiltrees per year
from the north. The total Is given as 19,550.
One way to measure this number is against
that of the military we have assigned to
South Vietnam in the same years. These
now total 23,500, or 25 percent more, and
1,000 are to be added in the near future.
The number of North Vietnamese infiltrees
is "based on information * * " from at least
two independent sources." Nowhere are we
told how many men who infiltrated from the
North have actually been captured. There
is reason to wonder whether the count of in-
filtrees may be as bloated as the count of
Vietcong dead; in both cases the numbers
used are estimates rather than actual bodies.
The white paper calls the war an Invasion
and claims "that as many as 75 percent of
the more than 4,400 Vietcong who are known
to have entered the South in the first 8
months of 1964 were natives of North Viet-
nam. But a careful reading of the text and
the appendixes turns up the names of only
six North Vietnamese infiltrees. In part I
of the white paper, section B gives "individ-
ual case histories of North Vietnamese sol-
diers sent south by Hanoi but all nine of
these are of South Vietnamese origin. The
next section, C, is headed "Infiltration of
Native North Vietnamese." It names five In-
filtrees but one of these is also from the
south. That leaves four North Vietnamese
natives. Then, in appendix C, we are given
the case histories and photographs of nine
other Vietcong sent south by Hanoi. The
report does not explain which ones were orig-
inally from the South but it does give the
names of Provinces in which they were born.
When these are checked, it turns out that.
only two of the nine were born in North
Vietnam. This gives us a total of six
northern infiltrees. It is strange that after
5 years of fighting, the white paper can cite
so few.
None of this Is dicussed frankly in the
white paper. To do so would be to bring
the war into focus as a rebellion in the South,
which may owe some men and materiel to
the North but is largely dependent on popu-
lar indigenous support for its manpower, as
it is on captured U.S. weapons for its supply.
The white paper withholds all evidence
which points to a civil war. It also fails to
tell the full story of the July 1962 special
report by the International Control Commis-
sion. Appendix A quotes that portion in
which the Commission, 2 to 1 (Poland dis-
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C :._.. t A1143
denting) declared that the North had in spe- ments of the Geneva agreement by the intro- era resulted, productive of such great per-
ciflc instances sent men and material south duction of arms and U.S. servicemen." For sonalitiea, as Leonardo Da Vinci; Buonarroti
in violation of the Geneva accords. But 4 years after Geneva, both North Vietnam Michelangelo, Nicolo Macchiavelli, Della
nowhere does the State Department mention and China followed the "peaceful coexist- Robbia, Raphael, Francesco Petrarca, Ben-
that the same report also condemned South ence" policy while the United States turned venuto Cellini, Galileo, Pope Julius II, and
Vietnam and the United States, delcaring South Vietnam Into a military base and a many, many others.
that thgy had entered into a military al- military dictatorship. It is in this story the It was a rich period which influenced art,
liance in violation of the Geneva agreements. white paper does not tell, and the popular philosophy, science, government, the pro-
The United States was. criticized because it discontent it does not mention, that the re- fessions, religion and ecclesiastical law.
then had about 5,000 military advisers in hellion and the aid from the north had their Great changes in the mode of living and
South Vietnam. The Geneva accords limited origins,
he United States military mission to the ci roze. bee brought were in all of
produced-
684 in Vietnam at the time of the 1954 cease- learning The espt respected, commerce were flourished,
The United States and South Vietnam was respected, commerce flourished,
were also criticized by the ICC for hamstring- Speech Delivered by the Honorable Syl- many wonderful books were written, and
ing the Commission's efforts to check on im- great art masterpieces were created. Crea-
ports of arms in violation of the Geneva ac- nester J. Garamella, National President tive skill indeed marched forward.
cords. of the Italian Executives of America, The Renaissance began by looking back-
The reader would never guess from the ward into the past the before long it was
dg
white paper that the Geneva accords prom- Inc., On the Occasion of the Anniver- looking forward into the Mfuture. iddle Abridge
ised that elections would be held in 1956 to sary of the Birth of Amerigo VeSDUCCI V? created between the Middle Ages and
reunify thA ~.,,,,,+.... .,,,.... ...,.,
least mentioned the elections, though same- How how managing to make them seem a plot. EXTENSION OF REMARKS the present-day efforts of our President-
"It was th
L
C
d
'
e
yn
ontmunists
calculation," the of
on Baines Johnson-who has looked
blue book put it, "that nationwide elections into our present and is creating a bridge
scheduled in the accords for 1956 would turn HON. JOHN J. ROONEY to our future?
all of South Vietnam over to them. The OF NEW YORK Just as a new Christian civilization re-
authorities in South Vietnam refused to fall sulted from the pioneei
r
n
irit of the
into. this well-laid tra IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Renaissance so will-
the pioneering oP spirit
omits mention la dhe trap.,' The white paper
p?" the
g sparchitect
elections altogether and Wednesday, March 10, 1965 of the Chief Exe the
cutive
says, "South Vietnam's refusal to fall in with Renaissance of the 20th century-lead us to
Hanoi's scheme for Mr. ROONEY of New York. Mr. a better way of life-with a distinct differ-
peaceful takeover came as Speaker, yesterday evening, March 9, ence, however.
a heavy blow to the Communists." This is
not the most candid and objective presenta- 1965, I had the great honor of being the The Rene, the rk not touch the comr mon tion. From the Viet Minh point of view, the guest of the Italian Executives of Amer- people, the working masses touch the poor
failure to hold the elections promised them ica, Inc., at a dinner commemora and
ting the and the needy. It considered only the no-
when they laid down their arms was the see- 511th anniversary of the birth of the bility and the aristocracy,
and broken promise of the West. The earlier great hero and explorer, Amerigo Ves- ton heshevery ne hand
he rich andGreat the poor
one Was in. 1946 when they made an agree- pucci. alike, the lowly, the uneducated, the ill
ment to accept limited autonomy within the A very interesting and stirring speech housed, the sick, and those at the very top
French union, and welcomed the returning was delivered at the dinner by the Hon-
French tr9ops as comrades of the liberation, of the ladder of success.
Most of the French military did not want to orable Sylvester J. Garamella, national et is the first truly Great lives of Society the most
recognize even this limited form of independ- president of the Italian Executives of humble h loci an touching the lives the -
ence, and chose Instead the road which led America, Inc. Under the permission and of the greatest-with opporor_
after $ years of war to DienbienPhu, heretofore tunity for everyone-the right to a job, to a
granted me by unanimous decent living wage, to proper medical care, to
THAT ECONOMIC MIRACLE AGAIN consent of the House, I include herewith assistance in old age, to comfortable hous-
The most disingenuous part of the white Commissioner Garamella's remarks: ing-where the children of the poorest
paper is that in which it discusses the origins ADDRESS OF HON. SYLVESTER J. GARAMELLA artisans have an opportunity for education-
of the present war. It pictures the war as an As national president of the Italian Execu- where all race, society is enriched without
re-
attack from the north, launched in despera- tives of America, I want, at the very outset, gard to race, color, or creed-where we will
ill
tion because the "economic miracle" in the to congratulate Elio Grande, who has so enjoy a fluorescence in art, literature, music,
south under Diem had destroyed Communist capably spearheaded the organization of the and the sciences.
Amer-
hopes of a peaceful takeover from within. District of Columbia chapter information of Where do the It panorama the Even the strategic hamlets are described as the "Executives"---and arranged this fine foa now fit into th is f panorama of the Great Soci "designed to improve the peasant's liveli- dinner tonight. To you, and to your fine symbbool lof the the a22 re, million you will, a segment, a
hood" and we are asked to believe that for membership, Elio, I say "Benvenuti." I sym the Americans a Italian
est
the first time in history a guerrilla war spread know that you will lend great credit to us heritage in the United States-the largest
not because the people were discontented but all and that your chapter will grow in num- ethnic hminority as helped id our Guild our railroads,
because their lot was improving, bers, and that it will become one of the bul- which has build our helped In
The true story is a story of lost opportu- warks of our organization-helping us to mined our coal for industry bring th ,is land helped the
nities. The Communist countries acquiesced carry out our aim to "present the true image st many ways to today-which yand to ced
in the failure to hold elections. Diem had a of 22 million Italo-Americans in the United men it enjoys
ent of whom has can be
chance to make his part of the country a States to the public through all media of men in government
Such of whom can all be
democratic showcase. The year 1956 was a communication." proud-men such as we honored today at
bad one in the north, There was a peasant Our organization is a nonpartisan bne, the Italian Embassy when the executives
uprising and widespread resentment among comprised of executives, whose membership presented this tablet to His Excellency, Am-bassador the intellectuals over the Communist Party's is open to anyone, Italian or not, of any Sergio Fn, living ad, r repp-
heavyhanded thought control. But Diem on political persuasion, who is interested in American Congressmen, living and dead, -
the other side of the 17th parallel was busy helping us communicate this true image to resenting all political parties since Frances
erecting a dictatorship of.his own. In 1958 the American public. B. Spinals who served from 1887-91-all men
he abolished elections even for village coun- In considering what I would say this eve- di diarged on their and a ands i to service who In office with
ciis. In 1957 his mobs smashed the press of ning, I thought of many topics and subjects. credit rto themselves t andptheir heritage.
the one legal opposition, the Democratic Bloc, Somehow one kept predominating in my Leading the list is Hon. JOI31-1 O. PASTORE,
when it dared criticize the Government. mind. I certainly wanted to talk about our U.S. Senator from Rhode Island, who only
That was the beginning of a campaign to "Executives," but I kept seeing the pano- recently distinguished himself as the keynote
wipe out every form of opposition. It was rama of our President's program for the speaker at a national convention, who elec-
this campaign and the oppressive exactions creation of our Great Society-I remembered trilled the country with his dynamic oratory
imposed on the peasantry, the fake land re- the Renaissance and began comparing it to before the television cameras in that jam-
form, and the concentration camps Diem set the Great Society-I will now, therefore, for packed auditorium-I would like to read the
up for political opponents of all kinds, which just a few moments, discuss with stirred ever-wider rebellion from 1958 onward don Baines Johnson-the masterya chitect JOHN names on OtPis tablet:
in the grassroots before North Vietnam gave of the Renaissance in the 20th century." . of New of Rhode Island; JosErx
support. It was this which drove opposition- As you know, the Renaissance was the re- of ADDABBO, New Jersey; y; New York; Hugh of New York; New York;
;
Sets of all kinds into alliance with the Com- birth of the Golden Age of humanism and of and F. ANNUNZIO, of f Anthony Caminetti
Illinois; ~i o, o
munists in the national liberation front, the arts. It began in Italy, the cradle of of California; Louis J. Capozzoli, of New
Long before the north was accused of inter- civilization and the seat of the Old Roman York; Anthony Cavalcante, of Pennsylvania;
ference, its Government was complaining to Empire. It then spread throughout all of Peter A. Cavicchia, of New Jersey; Louis Gary
the Control Commission of "border and air- Europe. A spirit of general elevation and Clemente, of New York; SILVIO O. CONrE, of
space violations by the south and infringe- enlightenment was created and n._ happier Massachusetts;, Albert. Cretella, of Connecti-
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NC~REggI6NAL~2yC PAS
A1144 pp Co
cut; EMILIO Q. DADDARIO, of Connecticut; bates of the Senate and House of Representa- her, or to an authorized extension of his own Tha Thomas D'Alesandro, Jr., of Maryland; Doml- tives, as furnished by the Official Report t s of re marks: P Ovid eed, d or rt no d d ess, speech
NICK V. DANIELS, of New Jersey; JOHN H. the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, in 71/2 -point type; or article DENT, of Pennsylvania; George A. Dondero, of and all matter included in the remarks or to the sine die adjournment of a- session of
Michigan; DANTE B. FASCELL, of Florida; PAUL speeches of Members of Congress, other than Congress may be printed in the CONGRES-
MFaro,OBcRuof New York; and Faster Furcolo, of abed other matter authorized to becinsert d 10(b). Makeup of the Appendix.-The Ap-
ROBERT N. . GIAIMO, of Connecticut; Peter C. In the RECORD shall be printed in 61/2-point pendix to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD shall be
Granata, of Illinois; Fiorello La Guardia, of type; and all rollcalls shall be printed in made up by successively taking first an ex-
New York; James J. Lanzetta, of New York; 6-point type. No italic or black type nor tension from the copy submitted by the
ROBERT LEGGETT, of California; Roland V. words in capitals or small capitals shall be Official Reporters of one House and then an
Libonati, of Illinois; Vito Marcantonio, of used for emphasis or prominence; nor will extension from the copy of the other House,
New York; GEORGE P. MILLER, of California; unusual indentions be permitted. These re- so that Senate and House extensions appear possible
throughout JOSEPH G. M New Jersey; Albert P. strictions do not aly to
from thofficiale printing of or
or legal the Appendix. The sequence for each House
Marano, of Connecticut; PETER Vincent ncent L. PR., f quotations sible the
order sano, of Maryland; yland; PETER W. RODrS70, JR., of documents or papers of which a literal repro- follow as ei iniwhich thescopy comes from
New Jersey; TEND RONCALIO, of Wyoming; duction is necessary. arrangement
Alfred E. Santangelo, of New York; James P. 3. Return of manuscript.-When manu- the Official Reporters of the respective
Scoblick, of Pennsylvania; CARLTON J. script is submitted to Members for revision it 'Houses.
SICKLES, of Maryland; Francis P. Spinola, of should be returned to the Government Print- The Official Reporters of each House shall
New York; Anthony F. Tauriello, of New Ing Office not later than 9 o'clock p.m., in designate and distinctly mark the lead item
York; and J. V. VIGORITO, of Pennsylvania. order to insure publication in the RECORD is- among their extensions. When both Houses
Today is the 511th anniversary of the birth sued on the following morning; and if all of are in session and submit extensions, the e lead
changed
Hou of a great Italian-Ameri Vesperal-who said Specified, manuscript Is toe uthoriz dmto tot e o herin alter ate issues, withethe in-
Ca the first sight Cape e ursp saw Cap pe Kennedy, from which our space ace explor- withhold it from the RECORD for 1 day. In no Pleated lead item of the other House appear-
ations are so successfully being conducted- case will a speech be printed in the RECORD of ing in second place. When only one House
under the aegis of our National Aeronautical the day of its delivery if the manuscript is is in session, the lead item shall be an ex-ht. Space Administration and the guidance of furnished ished Tabular later matter than 12 Theock midnig uscript of tension submitted by a Member of the House m in session.
our President, and where new horizons are speeches containing tabular statements to be This rule shall not apply to extensions
constantly being achieved. published in the RECORD shall be in the withheld because of volume or equipment
The Great Society will, also under the limitations, which shall be printed immedi-
horizons in Baines living-the Johnson, macarry ster aster 7 o'handsclock of p.mthe., to Public insure Printer not later lnttr the fol- than ately following the lead items as indicated
us to guidance
new of Lyndon
us
architect of this Renaissance in our century lowing morning. by the Official Reporters in the next issue of
can expect to find support, inspiration, and 5. Proof furnished.-Proofs of "leave to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, nor to RECORDS
cooperation from Italo-Americans through- print" and advance speeches will not be fur- printed after the sine die adjournment of the
out the country and from organizations such nished the day the manuscript is received but Congress.
Estimate of cost.-No extraneous matter
as ours. will be submitted the following day, whenever 1
I am sure that when the story of our future possible to do so without causing delay in the in excess of two pages in any one instance
is eventually written in the pages of history, publication of the regular proceedings of may be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
that the Italian-Americans will have ac- Congress. Advance speeches shall be set in by a Member under leave to print or to ex-
quitted themselves with honor, ability, and the RECORD style of type, and not more than tend his remarks unless the manuscript is
dedication. six sets of proofs may be furnished to Mem- accompanied by an estimate in writing from
bers without charge. the Public Printer of the probable cost of
6. Notation of withheld remarks.-If man- publishing the same, which estimate of cost
uscript or proofs have not been returned in must be announced by the Member when
LAWS AND RULES SIO PUBLICATION time for publication in the proceedings, the such leave is requested; but this rule shall
THE CONGR ELESSIONAL RECORD RD Public Printer will insert the words "Mr.
CODE OF LAws OF TIIE UNITED STATES addressed the Senate (House or Com- grams, apply to excerpts from letters, tele-
ams, or articles presented in connection
TITLE 44, SECTION 181. CONGRESSIONAL mittee), His remarks will appear hereafter g ms speech delivered in the course of de-witiva RECORD; ARRANGEMENT, STYLE, CONTENTS, in the Appendix," and proceed with the bate or to communications from State legis-
AND INDExES.-The Joint Committee on printing of the RECORD. latures, addresses or articles by the President
Printing shall have control of the ar- 7. Thirty-day limit.-The Public Printer and the members of his Cabinet, the Vice
rangement and style of the CONGRES- shall not publish in the CONGRESSIONAL President, or a Member of Congress. For the
SIONAL RECORD, and while providing that RECORD any speech or extension of remarks purposes of this regulation, any one article
it shall be substantially a verbatim re- which has been withheld for a period ex- printed in two or more parts, with or with-
port of proceedings shall take all needed ceding 30 calendar days from the date when out individual headings, shall be considered
action for the reduction of unnecessary its printing was authorized: Provided, That as a single extension and the two-page rule
bulk, and shall provide for the publics- at the expiration of each session of Congress shall apply. The Public Printer or the Official
tion of an index of the CONGRESSIONAL the time limit herein fixed shall be 10 days, Reporters of the House or Senate shall return
RECORDsemimonthly during the sessions unless otherwise ordered by the committee. to the Member of the respective House any
of Congress and at the close thereof. 8. Corrections.-The permanent RECORD is matter submitted for the CONGRESSIONAL
(Jan. 12, 1895, c. 23, ? 13, 28 Stat. 603.) made up for printing and binding 30 days RECORD which is in contravention of this
TITLE 44, SECTION 182b. SAME; ILLU5- after each daily publication is issued; there- paragraph.
TRATIONS, MAPS, DIAGRAMS.-NO maps, dia- fore all corrections must be sent to the Pub- 12. Official Reporters.-The Official Report-
grams, or illustrations may be inserted in lie Printer within that time: Provided, That ers of each House shall indicate on the manu-
the RECORD without the approval of the upon the final adjournment of each session script and prepare headings for all matter to
Joint Committee on Printing. (June 20, of Congress the time limit shall be 10 days, be printed in the Appendix, and shall make
1936, c. 630, ? 2, 49 Stat. 1546.) unless otherwise ordered by the committee: suitable reference thereto at the proper place
Pursuant to the foregoing statute and in Provided further, That no Member of Con- in the proceedings.
order to provide for the prompt publication gress shall be entitled to make more than
and delivery of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD one revision. Any revision shall consist only PRINTING OF CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
the Joint Committee on Printing has adopted of corrections of the original copy and shall EXTRACTS
the following rules, to which the attention of not include deletions of correct material,
Senators, Representatives, and Delegates is substitutions for correct material, or addi- It shall be lawful for the Public Printer
respectfully invited: tions of new subject matter. to print and deliver upon the order of any
1. Arrangement of the daily Record-The 9. The Public Printer shall not publish in Senator, Representative, or Delegate, extracts
of R any the full report or from the the CONGRESSIONAL
the D cote tperson
same l paying RECORD,
daily Printer as arons the contents of the CONGRESSIONAL
the
hereof
the daily ly RECORD D as follows: : the Senate e pro- p Y committee or subcommittee ordering
eeedings shall alternate with the House pro- when said report or print has been previously (U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 185, p. 1942).
ceedings in order of placement in consecu- printed. This rule shall not be construed to
tive issues Insofar as such an arrangement is apply to conference reports. CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY
feasible, and the Appendix and Daily Digest 10(a). Appendix to daily Record.-When
shall follow: Provided, That the makeup Of either House has granted leave to print (1) The Public Printer, under the direction of
the RECORD shall proceed without regard to a speech not delivered in either House, (2) a the Joint Committee on Printing, may print
alternation whenever the Public Printer newspaper or magazine article, or (3) any for sale, at a price sufficient to reimburse the
deems it necessary in order to meet produc- other matter not germane to the proceed- expenses of such printing, the current Con-
tion and delivery schedules. ings, the same shall be published in the Ap- gressional Directory. No sale shall be made
2 Type and style.-The Public Printer shall pendix. This rule shall not apply to quota- on credit (U.S. Code, title 44, sec. 150, p.
print the report of the proceedings and de- tions which form part of a speech of a Mem- 1939).
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160024-6