CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160007-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: April 1, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

Approved For Release 2003/10/10 :CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160007-5
~11>-il 7, 1955 CONGRESSIONAT. RECORD - SENA'IB
sra:ts >sc-seasav
fibs Brat step, Ise points nut, L to class
up the tributatirs that ere carrying n'utrient-
rieh rewa.gs slid lndutsriai wastes into leis
waters of the late- 'This would Blow down
the aging acceleration, but thaw is about all.
The second step would ba to matntafa the
vrater quality at present /seals,
This would mean cutting down Y mltgh
as passible on the nitrogen and phoaphoye'tit
going into the water. Sewage treatment
would Ytave to hs stepped up-~t one-quarter
to one-half over present oasts--to remove
nutzlenta. 8tudlrr have shown phosphorow
L the principal culprit, Coulter said.
A repair lob -perhaps lasting 10 years-=
waned involve dredging out bottom sediment
high trt phosphatro and lsolatl~rg those wastes
in lat3d dumps. It would involve #ervesting
+~ cs'cps of algae and aquatic growths. Itt
would involve massive catches oc the "mugh"
fish iu the lake. Whass bodies contain phoa-
phm?ous.
10 would ooa6 money, but it can bt daet.
3[T. LAZT~CHE. 11[r. President, one of
the pro}ecta of the Government's war-
on-poverty prtiF,raaf is the establishment
of Job Corps centers for women. The
purpose of these reeidentlai centt?rs is to
provide young women between the ages
18 and 31, many of whom are school
dropouts, with instruction in basic edu-
cation. vocational traininr?, home and
tasllny cite, and citisenahtp responaibilit>..
Thus far.. coaltrac is totaling ~ ~8 K mii-
ilon have been awarded by the 0i'8oe of
'1*conomle Opportunity for the eatabiiah-
A1EKlt Of the drat three ~VOmen'a eenten.
IIltirliately 25 Centers will be set up to
accommodate B.509 yotuzg Wouun.
The Groups opcratinQ the centers w!ll
receive 1#530 s month to fttd, house, and
glut 11lstructioli to each Qirl. The OEO
wilt also give each young woanan and lice
family an allowance ~ i101i a month.
This adds up to ;tI35 a#month or `7,620
s year. In additialrl, the OEO will pay
PARTICII'ATION OF NEW HA3~'- transportation costa estimated at X75 to
EIFIiI2E CLERC3Y IN T1iF1 NATIONAL 5100 Per girl.
~~ Ii,If1li'I'S MOV7~vIEfJT It may be wondered why it oasts the
taxpayers almost ;ti,000 a year per young
Mr. )wtcINTYRE. Mr. President, as a woman to operate these Government job
Senator seam the $tatte of New Hemp- - ceriters when a girl can be sent to any
attire, I have taken a great deal of pride one of the country"e 1cAdInr colleges for
at the active t}al'ticlpatian of members the academic year st a coat of less than
M the New Iiarnpsliire clergy it1 the na- one-hall that amount and to a State la-
tional civil risible movement. stitution of learning at a oost of leas than
In particular, I have been very pleased Dale-fourth that amount.
with the couragetb-
ncly, la the well-informed yuarterr In w'ath-
tngtan.
wrra ea[riviy~ w~rrn, she wishes. The drOp011t t'ate OIT the The surest evidence that Mr. Dudrnaa's tt-
There are those today who say that manpower program for 1984 was about P~ ore subatantlany correct is that ha the
the clergy had.. no Place in Alabama. 33 percent, and authorities fell that Chia Pentagon and the state nerartment there v
These; people, whom I frankly suspect of figure is a reliable estimate of the drop- mounting pressuro for the commitment to
no hixher motive than the stirring up of out rate for programs of this nature, Tp eotttheaet Asia of American infantry. The
rnlschlef fur their own personal ratiflaa- current estimate is that the I'resldrnt should
What good use have these lob CiOrpa. be prepared to wend 380,000 American ealdiers,
tl~n, have shlgled nut members Of the ^dropouts" put the taxpayers` money? lute thott!gh this would compel him to order a
1sruperietice shows that theta U WD idnle
central source of the rovolutlonafy uphsavela
of our rpoch_ What to thet0 that to Conamdn
io the It1ah rebellion, to the Jewish uprising
in Palestine. to the civil war in Cuba, to the
Arab rebellion In Algeria, t0 th0 Huk Tevott
to the Philippines2 What Is GOlamf)n to
thaw all is violent dtatwntent with. the eM-
tabllahed order and a willingness of a minor-
Sty of the dlacontented to die 1n the attempt
to overthrow it.
What hen confused reset' well-lrreaning
Americans 1s that In some of these rebeluonse
though. not bq any means 1n aU of them,
Ck,mmunlats have become the leaden of the
reballlon. But that does sot mean that they
have owned the rebetlloa. The reatetance ter
the Naals in France and Italy contained t
high proportion of Communlste among the
active partisans. But 90 years later It is
Ciexxeral de Claulle who presides over prance.
It would be well La abandon the htlt-
baked. notion that the war In southeast As1a
will be decisive for the futon of revolution-
Cry upheavals In the world. Revalutlou L a
homegrown product, and It could not be
stamped out decisively and once tar all -
eupposiug we had such deltulons of g>n-
deut-by atamphxg out Red China. In south-
east Aela wa have exxtangled ourselves In one
of the many upheavals against the old ro-
glme, and we shall not make things any Dot-
ter by thrashing around with aaceadlrtg vio-
lence.
pointed out by a Republican acnatot JOHN
i~HpMArt Ooora'a, of Aentucky. In a state-
mettt Iwt wieR (March 981, Senator Ccwrsa
said that tW II.fi. tovernment, Ilke Its td-
Yersaxlee fa Peiping sad Iisnol, L "pre-
serlbing condlUons as a prorequults to
negotiatiau which will not be accepted."
1'he Commulnals are making It a coadltlon of
a negotlatlon that the United etatas thuat
withdraw from Vietnam; we err makfn ft a
condition of s aegottation that North ~et-
nsm must withdraw from South Vletaam.
Th1s V, said Itenata~e fr^npraa, "a tir-d o[ d~-
mand from both sides for unconditional
sursender."
It ts, ttrerotan, hfahly important that the
admintatsatlon put 1tse1[ In s position where
nsgotlatlon is psrastble, granting that avers
it it did so, Hanoi and Peiping may gamble
on winning the war In order to overrun South
Vietnam and inflict 'e smashing detMt on the
United BtAtes. But regsrdlw bi what they
do, we must come into court with clean
hands. The adaxfnlstcat.ion seeds to clarify
to own position--ln order to sat !rx motion
a movement for rls fully accepted In
Wleconeln. When the ptibllc underetaAda
the issues Involved, they are intrlgned with
the human approaches antl will insist upon
them. In North Carolina the new find of
program. which places a thousand wetting
inniutes fn the commwilty each day -s ac-
cepted editorially by every newepapgf In the
diets. I am coming to believe that the old
saw that "we Can't move very far ahead O[
the public" /e n delusion and V perpetuated
by many of us In corrections fla an alibi tar
our own fallur~ to get on with the Job which
the future demands.
f.TBERALIZATION OF VETF:1tANS
PENSION LIMITATIONS-RESOLU-
'I'ION
Mr. TOWER. Mr. Prealdellt, a moat
thoughtful and important resolution was
recently adopted by Maco Steward Post
No. 20 of the American Legion, Galves-
ton, 'Pax. In order that this matter Illay
be more fully understood by other Sen-
ators, 2 ask unanimous consent that the
resolution be printed et Wlia point in the
RECOaD.
There being Ito obJection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, ae follows ;
Whereas ezlettng legtalatlon (sec. 603 of
title 39, United dtates Code) seta limits on
war veterans' Wcomea for ellglbllity to draw
the veterans pension well below the "pov-
erty" level now recognleed ae a bests for
economic opportunity needs;
Whereas many penelonera and annuitants,
because of the poverty income level set by
ezlathtg law, are not eligible to enJoy the
bcneRta of cost-of-living lnereanes granted to
nn fndlvldual under public of private retlre-
nfent, annuity, endowment or similar type
plena or programs, and same veterans moat
either Fargo or waive such paiddn Ileneflta
ee those offered under certain public or prl-
vate retlrentent plans; and
Whereas veterans with only the small pen-
elon for support find themselves In utterly
dire clrcumetancea antl ors all but humlll-
ated by a government pledged to glue roaeon-
xbla recognitioa for services readered In the
iutereet of national security: Se It
Resolved, That either the aforementlonecf
income 1lmitatlona be raised to more reason-
able levels, eo as to remove the "poverty"
penalty and atigxrta, or that a law be enacted
by the Congress to amend section 603 of
title 88 cif the United States Code to exclude
from consideration as income for the pur-
pose of deternilnfng prnefon etlglbfilty. ell
amounts pall to ari lndlvdttel under public
or private retirement, annuity, eadownrent,
or ^imllar type plans or programs, tAtten-
tioit is lnvli:ed to H.R. 6877 already offered
and scheduled for study by the Committee
nn Veterans' ARa1n. It is recommended that
this bill be amended to af[ord relief for vet-
erans who are ineligible for retlremeni. pay
under programs other than the prnslon legla-
IaLlon. l
REAPPORTIONMENT OF THE STATE
LEC3ISLATURE6
Mr. ? DOUOL.A$. Mr. PresidenC, a
well-known and respected columntat,
Doris Fleeaon, has written a revealing
article concerning the current effort to
stop the reapportionment of both htwees
of the State ]egislatures on the basis of
population.
With her usual no-nonsense ap-
proach, Miss Flceson has dug Into
the Bore of the proposals to reverse the
Supreme Court declsiona that the equal
protection of the laws guaranteed by the
14th amendment require that each citi-
zen's vote not only count, but cowlt
equally, in both houses of hie State 1e81s-
lature. She points out, correctly, that
Congress gives the appearance of hav-
ing one hand not know what the
other is doing: while Congress appears
intent on enforcing the constitutional
right of Negroes to register and to vote.
through the new Voting Rights Act, a
large number of `its Mefnbers appear
anxious to permanently deprive Negroes
and many other citizens of fhe consiitu-
tlonal right to have their vote count
equally with- that of other citizens.
This article should be widely read.
Therefore, I ask unanimous consent that
the article, entitled "ERorta To Blunt the
Urban Vote," from the 8t. Louis Post-
Dispatch of March 30, 1D85, be printed
1n the RECORD..
There being no obJectlon, the article
was ordered to be printed in the Rgcoen,
as follows:
DOllte r1,CF90N---"ErroaTa TO SLUN7 rHt
URaAN Vora ,
a votlag rights bill with a whoop and a
holler is slmultaneottaly sagaged In wrapping
up a stupendous lollipop far the efntus quo
not only 1n the Dotith but all over the coun-
try.
IL will cut dawn the value of the Negro's
vote when be gets 1t together with that of
other Atlnorltles and all the voters who cram
the urban. areas where 96 psroeat of Ameri-
cana now live. This wlll be the sRect, and
not very heavlly disguised intent, of the
sweetmeat which will nullity the Supreme
Court's "one man, one vote" ruling of June
16, 1964.
A ooastitutlona! amendment wrapper has
bees III[ed upon, and a Judiciary subcam-
mlttee on such moves L holding hearings oa
what form It should tape. However, the yea
voles were there at the start In that citadel
of coaaervatlam cif which Senator Jesrre
ICAarI.ANn 1s chalrrrxan.
TI]C CEAtral atruCture embraces the prinCl-
p1e that Slates should .be permitted to ap-
portion one house of their legislatures ott a
basis other than populstba. This immense
latitude U quellfled by the proviso that a ma-
Jorlty of the people mat vote far the change.
How this would work out In ptactlce to
unclear.
The protect, and especially the tymirlg, Is
again from the hand of the old master, Re-
publican leader 1;w[aErr DnrKSaN. DIRK9t:N la
at the peak of hb popularity for hb civil
C. E. BI.AKEYAN, rights eervloea. President Johnson's close re-
Comtnonder. latlons with him in the prattles of oolxaelfsue
THAD A. LAM, lend him a helpful coloration !A the matter
Adjutant. of prestige.
The above resolution was adopted by this DAtKessr has a valid and 100 percent Re-
opf thin Bch 19, 1986, a0 a r'sgtliar meeting publican reason for his efforts. Hb party's
pOet? rural roots are vital to Its power in many
States, uicludiog New York. 7'hut fs why the
liberal Senator JACOB JAVITH la going along
part of the way.
AlaO, DIRKSxN senses the need for haste
even on such a large and eignlAcant quee-
tton. The battle to get fair reappurtlonn-ent
by the Court'r standard has hardly been
Jolaed. N It progresses, if !t V allowed to,
the publla's underetanding of what 1s at
state will mount. Thle !s especially true of
the civil rights forces, who stand to gain the
moat under the voting rights b/11 which now
prenccuptee them.
There are many eztraurdlnary tupecla of
the tenate's haste Lo tall in Ilne llehihd
DlaKer:N'a banhet
The big dtates with their great clues are
the bane of the Dintocratle Party's strength
and must continue to be. The topheavy
ma)orltles that they have enabled the party
tp gain in Congress seem tit have n0 place
1n the thinking of Renate Ikmocratle Iwader
Mtxa MANensx.o, who once more is prepared
to awing along with his oppusitloa leader.
Reilly etaggering, however, b the Senate's
near-total lndlftereuce to the true condltlon
of the State leglelaturee In today's world.
Even casual readers of newspapers moat ob-
serve their many Internal wMkneaeee. Ex-
perts have come to question theft capacity
to deal with new and complex questions.
Tlfelr eonfllcte of interest are a cliche.
Tbese atlas out oI the poor support they get
item home as well as their poet pay.
It would appear that the Bessie should be
welcoming the wucde of change to air the
stale leglslatlve chambers and glue the States
a better chance. Instead, !t seems bent ar
defending the Indefenalble, and It U a charge
upon the whole Senate to explore what is
really being defended
1'~,F.ItDC)M ACADEMY SUP4'ORT
v j PYRAMIDIN(}
the Atlanta Constitution editorially
aouRht reason for the decline In the stra-
tegic position of the United States in
southeast Asia. Ed[Lora of the paper
view oul? air strikes In North Vietnam
as evidencing our ineptitude In the type
of warfare we have faced there, t'i-uaing
pollcymakere to shore up our pasiWan by
resort to quite a different type warfare`
one llI which we excel. But these editors
warn that in order to realise our policy
goals in Aafa, we have still to solve the
fundamental problem: How t,a win in
nonmilitary warfare.
We may win battles in the Hama of peoples,
but anises we win the peoples themselves
they will go their own way regardless of
haw the battles went. Mont South Vietna-
mese care little about ldenlogiCal terms Byte
cotxurtunism and democracy. They71 go with
the government that often them the bit
system rot meeting their cart needs.
It is more clearly stated. The Atlanta
Constitution identiflea the area of our
weak11e83:
Bofnbfng may end the shooting, but the
Vietcong may win the war. If our 000nttr-
lneurgeney eRort: 1n South Viettlam wu ln-
nttttclent, then we moat talus the lessons
learned and perfect the system, not overhwk
the lessons and abandon the system.
" "Our failure 1n Vietnam has been
primarily political, not military, and super-
flcial bombing tenant e?-see the need for some
long-range leantir;g on the part o! the Ualted
States. ? ? Pulltlcal eltectlteaess roust
sooompany It, or the ~leetafotY will ba un-
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 :CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160007-5
 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160007-5
April 1, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
favorable ones, and communism can still take
the underdeveloped world.
This states the problem very plainly.
Strategic computations Indicate that we
can hold on militarily in southeast Asia.
But it military holding action is only
temporary. Real victory will be achieved
by one side or the other through superior
application of techniques of nonmilitary
warfare-persuasion, popular conv ttion
that either one Loveriling system or the
other "offers them the best system for
meeting their own needs."
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the full text of the editorial en-
titled "United States Must Not Quit Too
Easily on Basic Problem In Vietnam,"
from the Atlanta Constitution of March
6, 1965, be printed In the Bacons at this
point in my remarks.
The Atlanta Constitution, incidentally,
has editorially endorsed the Freedom
Academy bill.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RsooaD,
as follows:
[From the Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution of
Mar. a 19651
UrNrrcn STATES MUSTN'T QuiT Too learn.: ON
BAaIC PROILRM IN VIrTNAM r
Our American tendency to leap to whole-
hog conclusions may yet dissipate and de-
stroy the hard lessons we have learned in
Vietnam.
The current bombing of North Vietnam
has reconstituted the U.S.position, in South
Vietnam. It has probably made negotia-
tions for a cease-fire possible.
If luck runs well, the United States may
awn be able to sit down across the table
from the Communists and settle the war as
we have known it.
If this had been tried a month ago, file
Communists would have been able to dero-
gate U.B. demands and ask, "If we do*'t agree.
what are you going to do about It?" Under
the old rules the United States could only
have said. "We will fight you In the peddles
for 10 more years," and might have Lad to.
Now, if negotiations come to pass. and the
Communists ask. "What are you goln$ to do
about it if we don't agree?" the United'iStat .
can reply. "We are going to remove a down
more of your North Vietnamese towns from
the map of Asia." Thus the bombing has
presented to the Communists a wholly new
encouragement to talk. seriously about peace.
This is altogether to be desired. And U
negotiations now come to pass, and end to
the guerrilla par may be in sight.
But we Americans will be throwing away
everything we have learned In Vietnam it
we jump to either of two assumptions: P9rst,
that this means South Vietnam will stay
non-Communist, and second, that this means
U.S. military counterinsurgency in the pad-
dies is a failure and that bombing alone is
decisive.
The fact Is that while bombing in con-
junction with the years of counterinsur-
gency may bring the war to a decision point,
the decision may he delusive. Pbr if we
assume trait a mere guaranteed cease-fire
and a graceful U.S. withdrawal can settle the
Communist Issue for the South Vietnamese,
we're probably wrong: they may promptly
opt for communism themselves, under the
various prevailing pressures.
Communism has long assumed it can meet
southeast Asia's needs better than free sys-
tems can, and even if the Vietcong Is forced
by our bombing to make a surfaces peace
now, their long-range assumption will per-
slat. The only real answer to the Commu-
nist assumption is to prove our own assump-
tion-that free systems can excel commu-
nism In meeting the needs of people. This
has been a major part of our 10-year ground
effort In South Vietnam, with the military
spearheading it. It has been Inconclusive.
Otherwise the bombing of North Vietnam
wouldn't have been needed. " While It has
failed in many areas of the country, however,
It has succeeded in many areas. It also is
the really meaningful combat out there. It
has been a start along the right track.
Yet if bombing of North Vietnam proves
superficially effective in bringing a surface
end to the abort-range shooting In the south,
Americans may be tempted to writeoff the
counterinsurgency, civic action, and special
forces techniques on the ground, and assume
bombing Is all we need. There are indica-
tions within the 'U.S. Army Itself that this
mistake Is about to Be made. It would be
a dangerous mistake. Bombing may end the
shooting. but the Vietcong may win the war.
If our counterinsurgency effort In South
Vietnam was Insumetent, then we must value
the lessons learned and perfect the system,
not overlook the lessons and abandon the
system.
No matter what short-term papers the
bombers may force the Communists to sign,
the long-term dispositions in southeast Asia
will be decided by the people who live there.
And if communism offers them more effec-
tive political, economic, social, and military
systems than we can muster, our failures on
the ground will endure long after our heroics
in the air have been forgotten. Our failure
In Vietnam has been, primarily political, not
military. and superficial bombing cannot
erase the need for some long-range learning
oat the part of the United States. The start
we made over the past 10 years in Vietnam
may have been one of the most valuable
strides toward realistic competition with
communism that this Nation has under-
taken. Military power is required to force
decisions. as we have learned. But political
effectiveness must accompany it, or the deci-
aims wilt be unfavorable ones, and commu-
afsm can still take the underdeveloped
world.
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Prasldent; a recent
New York Times article concurs to the
contention of our inadequacy in psycho-
logical warfare. Written by Seth S.
King, the article quotes an American ad-
viser to the South Vietnamese:
They Ithe Vletcongi always take the initia-
tive and we can only try to run around and
put out the fires.
To be perfectly honest, the Army of South
Vietnam just isn't Interested In psychologi-
cal warfare. They think it's a waste of time
even If we are willing to snake most of the
effort for them.
I ask unanimous consent that this ar-
ticle, entitled "Vietcong Ahead in Propa-
ganda War", from the New York Times
of March 17, 1965, be printed In the
Rscoan at this point In my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RscoitD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times, Mar. 14, 1965.)
We may win battles in the name of pear
-
ples, but unless we win the peoples them- V... no AHSils Ile 1'sOPAOANW- Was
selves they will go their own way regardless (By Seth S. King)
of how tl a battles went Most South Viet- BA14MZTHUOT Souris trr.TNAM March 15-
Leaflets bearing this message have been
Boating down on towns and villages In the
sparsely populated but strategically vital
Central Highlands of South Vietnam.
The leaflets have been aimed as persuad-
ing young Vietnamese who have joined the
Vietcong guerrillas to desert and return to
their families.
The effort is part of a new campaign of
psychological warfare inspired and financed
by the United States and pressed upon the
South Vietnamese Army by young American
military advisers.
The United States is planning to .spend
the large Information force already in South
Vietnam and to provide it with more Money.
In the last 6 weeks as the struggle for con-
trol of the highland's has moved into a new
phase as the Vietcong try to cut South Viet-
nam in two. The propaganda war that ahs
accompanied this drive has also been stepped
up, and once again the Vietcong appear to
have sped past the Government.
Vietcong agents have been matching the
Government at every turn, even in the dis-
tribution of expertly printed leaflets in two
colors.
Where the Government must fly over the
sector in American planes equipped with
loudspeakers, the Vietcong go into the vil-
lages and spend several days employing the
"three withs"-eating with, sleeping with.
and working with the people.
Communist guerrillas have shown unex-
pected speed and dexterity in spreading
their propaganda in the highlands..
aeons mosT ASSAILRn
A Vietcong leaflet picked up at Quaingdue.
near the Cambodian border, contained on
one aide the following: "Struggle for bet-
ter pay and guarantee of long life. Do not
support the Government In Its fighting. If
you do you will die and your life will be
wasted."
On the other side of the leaflet was a brief
newsletter telling of Vietcong successes in
the attack on the American bt at Quinhon
and in closing Route I along the coast. It
ended by saying that members Of the flov-
ernment "are fighting each other in Saigon
even now."
The leaflet was dated February 19, the day
of the most recent coup d'etat attempted In
Saigon.
Other leaflets have been found all over
the area promising "help and kind treat-
ment'" to regular soldiers who are "antti-
American" and who "throw down their
weapons "
The Vietcong have been equally quick to
turn the Government's propaganda to their
own advantages. Government troops re-
cently found booklets In a number of vli-
lagee. The cover was the same as that of a
Government booklet explaining the pro-
tected-hamlet program; inside was a Viet-
cong propaganda tract.
Since the first week In February, when
the Vietcong opened their drive to the Cen-
tral Highlands, the guerrilla Influence has
trebled in Darlac Provienee an American
adviser said.
'"They always take the Initiative and we
can only try to run around and put out the
fires," he said.
"To be perfectly honest." he went on, "the
Army of South Vietnam just isn't Interested
In .psychological warfare. They think it's a
waste of time even if we are willing to make
moat of the effort for them."
Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, if we
had instituted something like the Free-
dom Academy when the concept was first
approved by the Senate in 1900, we would
have had a facility at which to famitiar-
like co care little atsavd olQg;ge~ ;iAee, ~i~a~f q ~ w~q ~rt,{gpg}ug,#A Ize Vietnamese oGlcials with the an of
like commuLletn and de ft~h-iab T41~ ei alrb~! bei:+l~-\ilied-iG~fiIRY~~~neasroO~~Q~7E1~1C Can marVei
with the gove'oment that offers them the shields by the Communists. Your Govern- at their hesitancy to utilize psychological
best system for meeting their own needs. went will help you return to your homes." techniques in their fight against Com-
 Approved For Release
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 300160007-5 April 1, 1965
munist subversion, but one must also
marvel at why our Government has been
so hesitant to recognize that our failure
to provide pertinent training in this field
for foreign nationals who want it is
opening a void In total defense against
Communist and other totalitarian ag-
gression.
Sponsors of the Freedom Academy bill
in the Senate, Senators CABS, DOan,
DOUGLAS. Foxo, HICHINLoom. LAUSCIts,
MILLER, PROUTY, PROXMIRU, SCOTT.
SMATHCIIS, MURPHY, and myself, have, In
introducing the bill. asked Congress to
appraise U.S. global strategy in Its en-
tirety. We perceive critical fault in this
country's appraisal of contesting world
forces. As a Government, we refuse to
accredit sincerity to the long-range chal-
lenge we face.
As I have discussed this matter in
recent weeks -_ CONGRESSIONAL RMCOND
pages 4069, 4751-4743. 5278-62e1-a
whole new academic discipline concen-
trated around nonmilitary aggression has
grown to maturity over the last genera-
tion, and is functioning under Commu-
nist direction: but the United States has
not kept apace. By section 2(a) (2) of
the Freedom Academy bill, Congress
would recognize this Inadequacy. We
state:
The Communist bloc and the various Com-
munist parties have systematically prepared
themselves to wage a thousand-pronged ag-
gression in the nonmilitary area. Drawing
on their elaborate studies and extensive prag-
matlo tests, Communist leaders have devel-
oped their conspiratorial version of nonmili-
tary confuct into an advanced. operational
art in which they employ and orchestrate
an extraordinary variety of conflict Instru-
ments in the political, psychological, ideolog-
ical, economic, technological, organisational
and paramilitary areas enabling these to ap-
proach their immediate and long-range ob-
jectives along many paths. This creates
unique and unprecedented problems for the
united States in a conflict that I. being
waged In student organisations, peasant vu-
lages. labor unions. mass communication sys-
tems. in city and Jungle, and Institutions and
organizations of every description, as well as
in the world's chancelleries. Recognisifs
that nonmilitary conflict makes extraordi-
nary demands upon Its practitioners, the
Communists for several decades have iatam-
elvely trained their leadership groups and
cadres in an extensive network of basic, In-
termediate. and advanoad schools. The
Sine-Soviet conflict capacity has been im-
measurably Increased by the mobilisation of
research, science. Industry, technology, and
education. * ? ?
guerrilla, terrorist, and Insurgency conflict
now being waged In south Vietnam.
Freedom Academy, Congress would move
meaningfully toward squarely confront-
ing this threat. We propose intensive
research into a new spectrum of warfare
about which we know so little. We pro-
pose to train our people and our allies'
people in knowledge about the new spec-
trum, to improve their effectiveness in
resisting nonmilitary aggression where It
occurs. Our defense depends on these
people. They should be fully knowl-
edgeable about tactics used against us.
We do not propose to imitate Com-
munist methods. We do propose to un-
derstand Communist methods, in order
to be more effective against them.
Hanson Baldwin Concisely ass es our
strategic situation.
A great many of the new nations ? ? ?
(me) almost certainly destined to disap-
pear from the ,leap of history. Many * * ?
do not have the political, ecom mic, or mill-
tary power, or the Population. skWs and
resources to continue to exist ? r ? as In-
dependent countries.
There is underway acontest to de-
termine where allegiances in these na-
tions will be directed, Communist
powers remain dedicated to world rev-
olution.
Moscow's expansionist philosophy has not
been abandoned, though the methods of
achieving it have changed. And a new and
far more aggraaslve Communist power-Red
China-has complicated the global picture
and worsen" it.
Thus the political world we live In is still
dominated by a major Struggle between eonl-
monismt and Anticommunistn. But now
there ate several brands of communism, and
many kinds of antlcdmrgnmlem and noncom-
munires.
Where is the eootest waged?
? ? ' i n Africa, Latin America, and, most
threatened, the Middle most and southeast
Ads. Rundreds of millions of nmoommitted
peopiss-passive. Ignorant, povetta-stricken,
with no sense of Identification wi h either
side, no real sense of national loyalties-rare
the weathervanes of tomorrow's history.
The stakes are huge * ? ?.
He Identities our antagonists:
Over and above all other of melderattons,
we face a oortttnultls struggle. with no end
In sitht--against an 14pnsaive, expanslon-
ist Communist Russia and Communist
China, and against plain "have-not" nations,
intent on acquiring what we have.
Now one of the great American au. Witted whom Baldwin discusses are lead-
thoe'ities on military affairs, Hanson_W. ership groups friendly to us. They are
Baldwin, military editor of the New York friendly to us at least to the degree that
Times, has contributed his evolution.of they do not want their own governments
total U.B. strategy; and his evaluation undercut and taken over by Commu-
is consistent with these findings in the mists.
Freedom Academy bill. Writing in the We have mutual interest with these
November-December, 1964, issue of Ord- people. To the degree that the Com-
nance, Mr. Baldwin says of our position: munist stance would be strengthened by
? ? * the threat ewe face] is opportu- converting these people and their re-
nistic, massive, and unrelenting, and it takes sources to the Communist cause, so the
many fortns--ideological. political, economic, Communist potential for strength is
psychological. and military. lWe must be weakened as we help these leadership
prepared for a spectrum of cohfltct front groups maintain their own national in-
such nuclear power confrontations as the dependence from Communist subversion.
Cuban missile crisis to a twilight tear against
Communist puppets. They do not understand the method of
them as well as we can with the chal-
lenge they face, while at the some time
acquiring full comprehension of the
threat ourselves.
The problem calls for dual effort: In-
tensive research and extensive training.
1"his is what we propose in B. 1232.
What works against enactment of this
bill? Mr. Baldwin's discussion of do-
mestic factors affecting our global strat-
egy affords some insight:
The quality of idealism in the American
people, which I. reflected In our foreign
policies ? ? ? (tsl an essential and desir-
able part of the American dream. But it has
found expression In such unrealistic terms
as "to make the world safe toe democracy":
a "war to end war"; "the Pour Freedoms";
"universal and complete disarmament." And
It can and often does mean a trend toward
"do-goodism, " toward unrealistic, extreme
alms or naive goals.
Perhaps this quality explains the State
Department contention that Freedom
Academy sponsors propose to imitate
Communist methods. We emphatically
do not.
We propose to understand Communist
methods, In order to prepare our people
to counteract those methods more effec-
tively.
Mr. Baldwin poses, and then answers,
several final questions:
Where dome all this lead us? What should
our national strategy be? What should be
the principles that govern It ? ? ??
The principles should be.,
1. Collective security-not,isoiation. * ?
2. Flexibility-the avoidance of froasn
thoughts and Ideas and structures.
s. A national and Presidential will and
determination to defend our vital interests.
Power is of little value without the will to use
It.
Establishment of the Freedom Acad-
emy would be consistent with, and re-
sponsive to Mr. Baldwin's understanding.
It would lead to better comprehension of
the struggle we are in and to far supe-
rior dissemination of this understanding
among people who need it.
Mr,. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the full text of the Manson W.
Baldwin's article, entitled "VA. Global
Strategy," appearing In Ordnance for
November-December 1964, be printed In
the Rxcokn after my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the Rmcoftb,
as follows:
(Prom Ordnance, Nov. 12. 19641
U.a. OLOCAL 8?aa?eav
(Hanson W. Baldwin)
National strategy is the utilisation of all
elements of a nation's power to achieve its
objectives. It must be couched In the ac-
tive, not the passive. tense. It implies the
implementation of a course of action-not
merely the formulation of it.
The equations produced In the process of
strategy formulation do not tend themselves
to computer solutions, or to percentage cal-
culations. For we are dealing, in the last
analysis. with human beings. Whether hu-
man beings are rational or not Is a matter
of debate, but certainly It is true that the
emotions which make human beings tick are
But by far the greatest threat-one that ; aggression them. We do not This I. simply to suggest that we must be-
has eo far frustrated us---is the so-caped fully un 'i Iti~~ =0W0 t nft
t dependence upon the
war of nationAp y:".'Fora Release f2GO3111M11 Qx Q AiiBBf'fa7 4 SE -fie must not make these
 -- 1, j,,,Approved For Release 2003/10/10: CIA-RDP67B00446R000300160007-5
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6385
tool, our rules. As aids to problem solving,
computer,' qualitative The Sinn Soviet split Is serious, and ptob- Over and ntinuingcoabove a!1struggleother considewithranotionsend, we in
, quantitative and op- ably lasting. It started as s conflict of per-
sticks, and face a ,
erational analyses, oust-effecuvenees yard- tonalitiesand Ideologies. It I. the like are useful and possible that sight-against an aggressive, e~tpanChin t
But do not confuse the means with the ends. ad at some =u But lasting causes of frictioonn--in and aaguainst plain have-not nations, intent
There should be one other cautionary terms of real power rivvairle^-will continue on acquiring what we have,
caveat before we consider the factors that to exist: border problems-Central Asia, 2. The nature of the threat: Put tersely,
might go into the formulation and ample- Mongolia, Manchuria; pressures of tremen- the threat is opportunistic, massive. and un-
mentatirnr of a national strategy. This is, of dous Chinese population-760 million to a relenting, and It takes many forms--ideologl-
course, a statement of the obviolis, but billion
ofSo people close to the sparsely settled Cal, political, eeonorhic, psychological, and
nevertheless a rule which history sometimes areas viet Blberta; the obvious danger, Military.
has disregarded. That Is that no sound na- to Russia of a China lndu^trialleed and we must be prepared for aspeer
tram
tional strategy can spring fully armed*om equipped With atomic wee of coaAict--irons such nuclear power
crisis to
the brain of one man. It must, unless it is In the last decade-partieuulahiy In the past ata ght ~war against~ Communist
to be dangerously overalrnplifed or grossly 5 years-new Puppets.
at
distorted, represent the efforts of many, puler centers have But by far the greatest threat-one that
Input of y. the
been Created in our turbulent world-Fein- has so far frustrated us--ts the so-called war
scores of profeaalonal disciplines and Ing, Tokyo, New Delhi, Oalro, Latin America, of national liberation, the kind of guerrilla,
thoiunds of facts dJstilled from a nation's Africa.
treasure house of experts. It must be the A great many of the now nation--such waged in and hVietnamp conflict now being
Product of many Ideas and of the labor of as most of the African states-are nations In s. in South cal revolution: to or men--strategy, U you like, by commit- quotes, Incapable of governing them Ives- S. Technological
oglal revolution: A third factor
group action. countries almost certainly destined to diaap- ended: A-bombs. technological radar rnuclea p ^ r, stc,
Such strategy may not appear to be as pear from the map of history. Poweun.
brilliant or a? bold as the imaginative and Many of them do not have the political, plain-for The military meantm of the revolution
ambitious unilateral plans of an Alexander, economic, or Military Power, the In s tea fire time since the days of
the days of
a C+enghis t{has, a Napoleon, s Hitler. itler. But lttlon, skills, and resources reu td of the popt- the Indian wars We taco the danger of hch
ontinue to astattln; surprise attack-an attack which
when are those conquerors, and what were exist as they are now egoitituted as rode- could eliminate us as a natdoat. The tech-
the bequests--save corpses unlimited-they pendent countries. nological revolution has caused a shrinkage
left their nations? Antlcolonislirarr, one of the great political of ms
Not even the President of the United States factors of the postwar Period, has *o far been factor; foreehaortened distancesSe rapid om.-
should have-nor Is he likely to want-abso- a great unsettling and destabIleing influ- munJeattons. rapid tlorn
lute power in the formulation of national once. The technological revolution has obvious
strategy. This is too great a grant of, power The diplomat George ~ltengan.. under the political, economic, and educational Import-
to entrust to the hands of any human, no pseudonym of "Mr.- X,
matter how selfless and capable, was the original sans. The sarller World has political QLed-
The formulation and the implementation ' f' ~In u famous article in Po icy. Atmgs as as well as advantages. The acolals
m'
of national strategy, ta1TS--o[ our Cori~vn+++!w+t' Policy. Be e is on your doorstep everg morning. It hssat
of a then, must be a copse- wrote that the seeds Cl cowmunds
group elfort. and human judgment, tales within themselves their o C- do so. all men broiy, and Is unlikely v-
experience, knowledge, and emotion, as well tIon, that if we could hd qtr "~M of , r q uires great fire technological east abreast
as all the computers and technical tools and Russian power within Its fr ntlers'the taros in thtechn ifies sums ti keep st have
Methods available to modern science, must of change would " f+puPd in t al power scat race; e a nation
must have
be used In Its formulation. society to leaven Soviet Industrial power and superb skills.
skills.
egy- Sued in It sloe war 1s an art and not a and reciuce the aggressive expansion- 1%9 technological revolution means we
science. A 1 ism of Moscow. must steer between the twin rocks of diess-
sa ence A logy view of history is essential It didn't work. Communism expanded to ter-the garrison state- -a state so militarised
strate.
Consider some of the factors that hsilgence Q ecbcsiovakia, Red China, North. Vietnam, and guarded that liberties are sacrificed in
or govern the me of the factors fat ""like and Cuba, And though Soviet communism the name of securit--and the bankrupt
Lion govern a foams ltlon a for the l United hae Changed. Moscow's expansionist philos- state-a state bled whyite by expenditure for
Lion States in the Lion strategy fo
most ted ophy has not been abandansd, though the technological advance.
at r and im-
portent of these is: methods of achieving it have changed. ' And Yet we must steer the middle passage, since
2. The obsl it new and far more aggressive Oommuniat a major factor In the formulation of a strate-
tlon of d ngerouss IInstabiillityaeists A Wo d power piicttuure amend worseened icomplicated the By for our times is that the. technological
War II continued a process started In World Thus today the political world we live In re 4. A fourth factor whiched
War I-the destruction of the old order, the is still dominated by a major ^ e. he formulation wof which must
stya eeDe an an eco-
upset of the balance of power, the unleash- tween communism and antlcmmunismbe- . ~ c onethe: It can be compressed It t -
Ing of revolutionary forces. Empires. dy- But now there are severill brands of com- phrasa revolution of rising sxp ton
nestles, great states, and great princes fell monism, and many kinds of antleornrnuniam t..he "Industrialization hitherto
from power; nations that were once greet and noncommunlam. unrev and th tivns. alization of hitherto
were s11 but destroyed; others were dimin- There are many kinds of neutralist, and Many of d nbakwa
lahed In influence, there we all kinds of local and Many the backward peoples of the world.
Vacuums of power resulted, and a bipolar isms which ainla re m of lured capitalism pr and vulnerable bath cbcause of
world emerged from the ashes Cl ooWIict, aosn plicate _the main stream of and modern con mr and because of
with the United States and Soviet Russia 20 Coe axes - thebitions Kas of lunlr problem for instance; modern o mun cations to new ideas, ex-
ex-
far superior to other powers that they could the am the demagog Sukarno; poet for more than their fathers had, They
only be Called sit then tea. the machinations of Castro; Nas a Pan- want what others have.
Hub this bipolar condition has changed. Arablatn; the tribal warfare of Yemen; tell- Some of them, to scoomplish thle, are at-
But have been bipolar splits and defections in the gious frictions and racial problems. tempting to industrialize hitherto agrarian,
There h World, and cracks f the monoe All these local problems are influenced or undeveloped, econcanles . as to India,
West edifice l communism. In h we fno and may be exploited by communism or anti- N;ypt, and Cubs. The mixture is both po-lithic
Today a multipolar world--a world of infinite communism, with resultant back currents. litlcaaily and economically explosive.
complexity. eddies, whirlpools, rapids, ?. A fifth factor In the population explo-
The United States and the U.S.S.R. 8Iare In t+odaYs complex world the frontier, of Elan. The world's population has Increased
still the major nations of the world in terms freedom are rather well dsflned in sunope, f c 1.2 Millen In Ii to 3.9 billion ends
of power, but neither can count on Complete Except for divided Harlin and its access op- and there are no sign gns of any Imm'diaL
support from Its friends and allies. In the proaches there Is little room for political am- leveling off. One may argue one
ed one wants all West, France, Infant under De Gaulle in b ti Est transgressions to the about the world's ability to feed and clothe
achieving once again the sense of "grandeur." west of the Iron Curtain would Mayan war. and employ this vast and teeming mass; the
and greatness" which has always been an But there Is no such clearly defined iron- plain fact of the matter Is that the world
Inseparable part of french achievements, In tier in AMCa, Latin America sod, most lan`t doing it, and the immense problems-
pursuing an individual-sometime, a roll- threatened, the Middle Nast and southeast religious tabour In India, for esaw 0--be-
tary--course. The United States plays serge- Asia. Hundreds of millions of unoomilRitt,d town the dream and the This, accomplishment mali ly a lone hand in Asia. peoples--passive, ignorant, poverty stricken, causes make its d Instability. unlikely. This, tiro.
But Russia's Eastern European aateliites-- . with no sense of Identification with either Population world Increases t creases the the and the mauve o-pent- notably, at the moment, Poland and Ru- side, no real tense Cl national loyalties.-are cry g Up and revolu-
m^rrta, are restive. They are Inspired to the weathervane, of tan s history. Uonary forces against awry overnrneatt
egrea b ns for national iadepend- The stakes are huge bber, tin, oil, 6 o g ~persfo at aInnter-
ple of Tito's brltad of na- minerals, strategic position. More and more related with This ke fator Is, others. oItmight md
tional oammuniam-es distinct from the in- the tides of history have been ~t be a-
ternMioual brand dominated bnny~~+Moscow- the full In Asia; we abal forget g{~~y it scribed as a "gp~{o~fiptloal" and a pryahoipgleal
and ton to KhllysbcheMv`?p 1" ttvuOVUP R~ 10~416'I ilBiit7lliQ0L 4& idt'iQtfdb' ahfactor oiwh co the eaa well increase lnternationsl instability.
 6386
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE April 1, 1965
Prance today has joined the "nuclear club"
In a small way; In time. Paris will achieve
a significant capability. Rod China recently
detonated her first atomic device. Now that
she has. the political and psychological ef-
fects will reverberate through the Orient.
it will be a long time before Peiping
achieves a really 1 t or significant nu-
clear delivery capability. but when this oc-
cur the world may be in real danger.
Other nations soon may Join the atomic
club. With each newmem ytrhege iownos rld's.
power balance, particularly al-
fected_ shifts slightly.
7. A seventh factor is the growing chal-
lenge of Soviet aerospace power and partic-
ularly of Soviet maritime power.
Soviet strategic thought has grown from
the introverted "heartland" concept of war-
fare to the extroverted global and extrater-
restial "new look."
In the past. danger bad always come to
Russia by land. Hitler, and Napoleon before
him, almost-but not quits-conqusrod
Russia. The land marshals until relatively
recently dominated Soviet strategic think.
ing; the buffer states of Eastern Zurope
attested to Moscow's fear of land Invasion.
Today, Russia I. looking upward to sky
and apace, and outward toward the seven
seas. Her space achievements need no chron-
icling; they will Continue, and if we have
any doubts about Soviet determinaton to put
a 'Comrade" on the moon, we awake pap
morning to another disagresabIgb surprise.
Russia already has become a major air and
810400 powerr--aaaahead of is in the utiilsatloa
at Dun in
Not me well know are her
at sea. She is am" in total nano power.
first In numbers of Suubmarines, flat to
numbers of small craft.. such as mine-
sweepers. motor torpedo boats,, and coastal
defense vessels. (The United States bas
nothing like the mipaile-equipped ltomar
torpedo boate.)
Rua" Is first in
doop-seeflabi fi
both in numbers and gi*if already
operates morn omen-going l tone ern ea d
than we do, and her her total
to Pam our declining merchant >'iarln_with-
in the next two years.
Moscow plans a tremendous 'merchant
fleet-which can only be used for global
trade purpose and for the export of sub-
version as well as goods-which may aplisozi.
mate 90,000,000 to 20.00,000 genes togs by
1975-1980-the largest in the world.
The United States and all the maritime
nations of the non-CCmmuni t world face
major oompitition on the seas and in world
so much for sacra--but by no manses 411-
of the international factors drat must be
considered. in the t0nnu3at1os of it
objec-
tives and our stn{4p -
What are some of the domestic tectorsl'.
First and perhaps of greatest _ -teem
importance In the lack of national noaW_
geneity in the American Notion. We are no
longer "ono people" In the old case of 60
years ago. '!here are now major .?re1 igloua.
ethnic. and racial-as well as political--dif-
ference which cannot be easily healed (e.g.,
civil rights and the school-prayer issue).
The .growth of big government and the
trend toward centralization of power. with all
the diRculties and delays 046 ayes: redund-
ancy, and bureseseracy imply. make the
formulation of policy-and sometimes Its lea-
plementatlon---exceedingiy slow,
Command and control "systems of uncanny
global capabilities am coon a destroyer off
Cuba or direct a battalion in Vietnam, brit
It has yet to be proved that this aatralisW
Washington command port can win were.
of Congress is another factor to be Con- Here an some of our national objectives
sidered. Congress is supposed to ben the which will, of course, Influence the formula-
constitutional power to declare war and to lion of our strategy:
raise and maintain armies and navies. But 1. Economic prosperity and political free-
in the age of the technological revolution 4am, This Implies a vigorously expanding
and of 660 billion dafegse budgets. the eifec- gross national product and some accommoda-
tive power has passed from the hands of Con- tion for the racial problem, for the problem
tress to the hands of the Executive, The of automation, and for depressed area.
President can put us into war overnight by A. Maintain our global lead in Industrial
action, or Inaction; Congress can only Coun- power, particularly In the capital-goods in-
teralgli. dustrles. Easier said than done; there are
The power of the Presidency-partly be. some serious lags now-machine tools, shlp-
cause of m A communications--trans- building.
b
condo today Immense mArg-in what our 6. Stress educational quality, rather than
Founding Patbsrs intended it be. And, quantity-particularly at collegiate levels; ex-
OtN[espon ly, the personality, and the tend technical and trades training and physi-
charactv of the ident, his strength of cal fitness to lower age levels.
will, his purpose and judgment, are major- 4. Foster educational, historical, religious,
perhaps decisive-factors in strategy formu- civic, and other appropriate programs for
latlop,and particularly in Implementation. inculcation into the body and mind politic
Leadership and personality sly the s factor of the lasting values that have, In the past.
In history. groat.
The qulity of Idealism In the American made 6. Ex~d the program of Peace Corps actly-
people, which Is reflected in our foreign poll- sties and civic action----including construe-
Clem. Make no mistake, this Is an essential lion, training, and health programs by the
and deskablq peat of the American dream. Armed P'orces.
But it has found expression in such unr4414- 6. Maintain--and if possible extend-the
tic terms as "td make the world We for de- overall U.S. lead in the technological rsedu-
moCracy"; a "war to end Mae'- "the lour tion, particularly in weapons applications.
Prse cma"; "ualvermt sad:cgmplets disarm- 7. Lead the world In the "oration and
ameut" And It can Often does mean s exploitation of space and the ocean depths.
trend toward "do-goodism." toward uhrenlls- a, Maintain and improve a global and space
tic. ex reme alms or naive soak. reconnaissance, surveillance, and Intelligence
The Dead for uplanatfcp. The American system.
rs "right fg khpw" Is no only a eon- 9. Maintain qualitative and quantitative
st(tu safeguard to our tom of gov- naval and air superiority. and qualitative
ernmset'and a monitor of nt, but superiority on land.
public information about and explanation of 10. Maintain U.S. entree to the Eurasian
national objectives is essential to the attain- "rimisnds"-the Islands and coastal regions
Nmuvftzurow am Asia.
true In 1.-iii at war Ali. *e.. and possible prevent. the in-
we are Omit likely to hs,n to dohs. -th, type dustriaiisation and modern tion of Cm-
of eounaterinsrdrgency oplfilct we on, cow munlnt, Chins.
12. bploit frictions and Strains In the
b or_(u1y long-drawn-MI; way Communist world.
of attriti essen to,siascose. A.frank, it, Weaken and ultimately edimtaate Com-
prehensive, and reasoned public-Ipfor- inunkt government to Cuba.
miwon policy on the es entW parr of all branches r , ,1{. Revitalise and strengthen the Monroe
government to to mlittsg,nt of tbAt Doctrine: i.e., prevent Communist coups and
supper is the duration. Otherwise public conquests in the Western Hemisphere.
frustration or apathy or oven opposition is 16. Strengthen the Western and anti-
Corn-bound to develop. munist position In southeast Asia.
Waehingica.cell so igQCisitliily sDllsted Fundamentally the Nation's objectives
Madison Avenue Jn tl3e political might be summed up as follows:
hush' hoe madil a =retWn pt b- Globally-a more stable world (note I do
Ito support to some of Itsf nntloosa policies, not say a peaceful world).
"1'be quall of our r p~rlW li another fic-
tar' to our ootypldemoon of Dosaestteally-a nation where government
strategy. What has been Called the "orisis and machine serve ldumaaty.
of values" has innnen Contemporary his- ft may be said that these objectives repra-
tor~i-And particularly ester'n Civlil>satiou. sent merely the old formula d being against
The loss of old values, the lack of faith in sin and for Good and country. This may be
ancient symbols and old loyalties, are re- a fair criticism. But a natlce's objectives
ascted.in our crlmg rate, juvenile 40- must. "like a man's reach exceed his grasp,
itnquency, i 'tad direroo mastic, . Arid or what's a heaven fro"
the draft rejection rata of 4D to 80 percent Objectives. too, should be accorded pri-
reaects the physical as Well," the mental orities. What Is Clearly vital to the Nation's
Mums, the problemof auutomation, un- what y is attainable fa the sbaft.tum view
employment, our decaying Cities, our obeo- must be so labeled: and more distant abjec-
lescent railroads, depressed areas, inadequate tires must be so itemised. 7bo cttru we tend
education--ell at thew factor will influence to label se "vital," Interests which actually
the Capability of the peoples at the United are remote.
States for damoeratto self-government and Certainly what happens In many parts of
for the projection of national power. Africa Is not immediately vital to the United
There me. of course, other dooestic lac- States and I. not likely to become so unless
toes, which need not even the briefest elucl- time is a threat of CCesmunlst domination
datlon. Par instance: the capabilities of our of the entire continent,
economy and our Industrial base; its It may even be argued that we caramel
strengths and limitations; the capabtlltIes-of too casually power
when
our Armed Forces; their strengti and limits- we Interviewed the to ligatsaat Aalw, Is Los
lions, including ng the effects of Currant trends vital to the United States? ifs South Viet-
downgupon tradiheirng of morale and professional experience leadership experience and and the narn7 The. an the 684 motion questions
judgment; the "civillanlratiorn" of the mill- which pollcymake's must ans., when they
tsry proflpsioo; and. - ni st Important, our enunciate national objectives.
1 tatt
ff Wiles dos
l
d
on o
s
ea
What
onouil Never in the history of human oonaict strengths and capebiliittes-ou global law- our national ef)'ategy oaf usWhat should be
have so many been able to My "No"- 80,14w, ilgeDCe system,
to the principles that govern it--tbe principles
say "res." Ld~M~~ /toy
The tremendous >bct~a~~~~a9~a2fi~i~3~Hirl~ldn~Hp1~ 6~if1~ uR and the
the Presidency and a decline In the power our strategy. The principles should be:
 SENATE6R000300160007-5
1prtil, 1, 1965 Approved FNG~ftESSIONAL /RECORD RDP67BOO44
1. Collective security -not isolation. (The
lay of isolation is ended --the world needs
Js, we need the world.)
2. Flexibility-the avoidance of frosen
thoughts and Ideas and structures: no Magi-
not Line concept, no static defense.
3. A national and Presidential will and
determination to defend our vital interests.
Power is of little value without the will to
use it.
RESOLUTIONS OP RICHARABON,
TEX., CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, the
Chamber of Commerce of Richardson,
Tex., has recently adopted three resolu-
tions with which I am pleased to find
myself in complete agreement. In order
that other Senators may be advised of
the views of this active and dedicated
chamber. I ask unanimous consent that
the three resolutions be printed at this
point in the RzcoRD.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tions were ordered to be printed in the
Rrcoan, as follows:
RxsoLuTTON Or Trim RiemAZDsON CaAMaxx or
Cosassacs BOARD or Dlsscross Re Cole-
NZNWNO POLICY DSCLA*ATIOrfa or THz
PARAIDxNT AND PROPOSING A Jo*NSON Coss-
Johnson upon his strong policy declarations
for strict economy and an all-out campaign
against waste and inefficiency, in the Federal
Government; for his proposal to reshape and
reorganise the executive branch to meet more
effectively the teaks of the 20th century; for
his resolve to keep our Nation prosperous,
militarily strong, and a leader in seeking
Deaceful relation with the other nations of
his world: for his plans to pursue relent=
rely our advances toward the conquest.of
rice; his proposed new efforts to control
id prevent crime and delinquency and for
is translation of these policies and plans
&to recommendations submitted to Congress.
To implement the goat or strict economy in
is Federal Government and thus to aid In
is attainment of all Its goals, the Board of
,tractors of the Richardson Chamber of Com-
aeres suggests that the President and Cost-
rose consider jointly the creation of a strong
wnpartisan commission to be organised in
he spirit of the Hoover Commissions of the
bast; that It consist of citizens of experience
n Federal, State, and local governments but
without other odices In any of such govern-
nents; that this commission be given a
modest staff and authority to consfder the
physical records of the office of the budget
and all other Federal offices and be charged
with a duty to recommend to the President
any and all reductions of current expenses in
any such office which, In the opinion of that
commission, could be made without adversely
affecting policies of the administration with
reference to the functioning of that 01111o0
and the Services to be performed by It. We
suggest that such a commission be organised
with expected continuity of once assured by
overlapping terms of the members of the
commission. It I. submitted that an expen.
%ion of services of the Federal Government
now under consideration will substantially
increase the need of such an Independent
Rudy of the operations of each department
and agency of the Federal Government to the
snd that the dollar value of each dollar spent
may be assured; accordingly, It Is
Resolved, (1) The Richardson Chamber of
Commerce urges the establishment at such
a nonpartisan Johnson commission to Im-
plement the policies of this administration
for strict economy; (2) the appropriate of-
fiasrs of the Richardson Chamber of Com-
merce shall transmit this resolution to ap-
propriate Texas Members of the U.B. Congress.
(Unanimously adopted in regular meeting.
Mar. 15, 1965.)
RasOLVTION Or THx RicuaseSON CuASeraa Or
Cokalxaca BOAID or Dascroas Rx Aasexa-
ara TA"-HAaTLgT ACT
Whereas it has been and is an American
precept that man is a being with a tree will,
so endowed by his Creator; and
Whereas the system of free enterprise U
peculiarly and especially a cherished Ameri-
can tradition, applying alike to the business
enterprise and to the individual, to the em-
ployee, and to the employer; and
Whereas expressions of Utese propositions
are included in many acts of social legisla-
tion; they are particularly ampphadzed, for
example, In the Federal Civil Rights Act of
1964:
"Sac.703(a). It shall be unlawful employ-
ment practice for an employer-(l) to fall
or refuse to hire at to discharge any individ-
ual with respect to his compensation. terms.
conditions, or privileges of employment be-
came of such individual's raoe, color, rail-
gion, sax, or national origin.";
Whereas these itions are a fugda-
mantal part of. t11w of Texas, as seen
in a dtlons' I and 2 Of article 11307a of Ver-
non's Annotated. Civil statutes of Texas,
which was enacted in 1947 by the Legislature
of the State of Texas tn' reliance upon see-
tion 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act (Labor
Management Relations Act of 1947,99 U.S.C.
144(b).
Taft-Harty Act, section 14(b): "Nothing
In this subchapter shall be construed air au-
thorizing the execution Or oplacation of
agreements requiring membership in a labor
organization as a eondl#lgn of employment
in any state of territory in which such
execution or ieaum, b 'prohibited by
State or tet itorial law."
Article 510Ia, Vernon's Annotated Teloss
Civil statutes:
"dscrioir 1. The inhseel #'riglIt ata person
to work and bargain freely with hIs eqt-
ploysr, Individually or collectively, for terms
and eooditlons of his or ploymenit shall not
be denied or infringed by law, or by any
O ganization of whatever nature.
'Sac. 2. No person shall be denied employ-
ment on account of membership or non-
membership In a labor union.", and
Where" there now are before ow Congress
of the United states proposals aimed at
repealing 14(b) of the Taft-Hartley Act,
quoted in part hersinabgve. so that leis of
this State of Texas guaranteeing to indi-
viduals the right of free determination
whether to join or refrain from jobbing, a
tabor union, would be preempted: Therefore
be It
Resolved. (1) The Sio'hai'dson Chamber
of Commerce opposes the repeal of Section
14(b) at the Taft-Hartley Act. quoted above;
(2) the appropriate oglcers of the itlabard-
son Chamber of Commerce shall transmit
this resolution to appropriate Texas mem-
bers of the U.S. Congress.
(Unanimously adopted in regular meeting
Mar. 15, ION.)
Reeos.6riox OF Tee RICrrAieeON CHAlesss Or
Couasacs BOARD or. Dascross 43 Alls-
QUATR HsaLTa CASs son Jfa,ssRt Qrrloipfs
The provision and the utilization Of ads-
quote health servioss to citizens above "
years of No Is a Matta of interest and oon-
cern to all public spirited eltisens.
Studies, Including the 1544 Aspect of the
President's Council An Aging. indicate teat
elderly citizens as a group meet their stiffs
of living. Including health cos, much better
6387
than the younger ages and enjoy remarkably
good health for the most part. Over sixty
percent of the 18 million elderly In the
United States carry some form of voluntary
prepayment health Insurance; 72 percent of
Texas' elderly citizens are so covered.
Yet many citizens do need additional aid
such as those on old age assistance, or others
who become really burdened in meeting the
costa of an unexpected or major illness.
Those who need assistance and only those,
can get It under the Kerr-MU)s Law passed in
1960. We In Texas amended our constitu-
tion in November 1964, so " to Increase the
benefits obtainable under this 1960 law, by
those needy and elderly in Texas. Governor
Connally stated in his annual message to the
Texas Legislature In January 1965. that be
favors this solution of the problem. It gives
aid only to those In need where" the social
security approach assures aid to all em-
ployed, when they become Ill In elder years,
regardless of need and at much greater cost
to all.
On January 37, 1965, Congressman Hssi.oxo
and Congressman Cu Trs introduced identi-
cal bill, H. R. 3727 and H.B. 3714 known as
the Eldercare Act of 1965. Aid to those in
need under the Herlong-Curtis Eldercare Act
of 1965, would omelet of medical, su}'gical,
dental, hospital, nursing home, and drug
benefits rather than being limited to hospital
and nursing home care. State and Federal
funds would be provided on a sliding scale
basis, to persons aged 65 or older who are in
need, as defined by their incomes, the de-
fining limits being set by the Individual
States. Recipients would obtain policies
providing a wide spectrum of medical, surgi-
cal, and hospital benefits from health Insur-
ance companies or from Blue Cross-Blue
Shield plans. Under the proposal an indi-
vidual would pay all, part, or none of the
cost of the policy, depending upon his total
Income. Individuals. Whose incomes an
under specified minimums would home the
entire cost of the policy paid by the State
agency that would administer the program.
]Iligibility for benefits would be determined
solely by use of a simple Information return
in which the applicant would list his income
from all sources.
The Herlong-Curtis Eldercare Act of 1966
would thus maintain the basic principles
that persons 65 years or older who need help
In paying for health care should receive help.
but only they, that maximum responsibility
and authority for providing such help should
be retained by the states; and that funds
from the Federal source should be from gen-
eral tax revenues; and that voluntary health
Insurance and prepayment principles should
be utilized whenever possible.
All this Is In sharp contrast with the pro-
posed Sing-Anderson principle of a compul-
sory health insurance plan whereby social
security taxes or payroll taxes on all ages of
working citizens would provide certain lint.
ited hospital and nursing home benefits to
the elderly.
Meanwhile, the provisions of time Ken,
Mille law have been accepted to greeter or
lesser degree by approximately 48 Stator and
territories. There have been inequities and
dilflcultles, but such problems existing In
some States can be rapidly overcome. In
Texas, our legislature is expected to provide
quickly for those elderly oltiaens in need of
further assistance by legislation under the
Sarr,I4lli, Act: Therefore, be it
Resolved, (1) The Richardson Chamber of
Commerce favors the enactment by Congress
of the Herlong-Curtis 1113deroan Act of 1966
and by the legislature of Texas at W~ tion
Implementing assistance to the elddHy in
Teas In peed under the Sir-Mills Act; and
opposes the pending tang-Audsesosa bill to
Congress or other like meesuraC (1) the
appropriate officers of the Richardson Cham-
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April .1, 1965, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
6333
from the, standpoint of human values others brought forth by Senators, which obligation to treat our servicemen in Viet-
and their protection. show that this is an example on the part nam with as much fairness as that extended
Let no one tell me that this Govern- of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to the men who served twcountry In Korea.
ment is going to be so coldblooded, even of unjustifiable and arbitrary Cretion. an My article by attention Jim was Lucas s drawn in this matter by
,',(1 N in the March 16
if the figures are granted to show some Washington Daily News about Capt.. F. R.
dollar savings, as`to justify this act of in- Kendrick of Arkansas, who is seeking to have
humanity. Of course it will not. We INCOME TAX BENEFITS AND MILI- this tax relief made available to our men
cannot put the dollar sign ahead of the TARY PERSONNEL IN VIETNAM in Vietnam. The article notes that Captain
d
veterans. That is granting the figures Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, a oncKendrick, a helicopter punt, has b
an
d states. to the Vietnam ese a and
of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs recent article by Jim Lucas in the Wash- once by the three times
once by tUnited States.
Mr. Driver, as being correct. And I do ington Daily News for March 16 titled, With highest personal regards, I am,
not grant it. I shall show, when I ap- "Army Hero Battles for Tax Break," de- Respectfully yours,
JOHN L. MCCLELLAN,
ht of our men in Vietnam
nc
again
li
itt
th
th
ib
,
e
g
e comm
ee o
scr
es
e p
pear before
that his statements are erroneous. who know all too well that we are en-
That was the reason I voted against him. gaged in combat there, being told by the
I knew he was given to making erroneous Internal Revenue Service that tax exclu-
statements.
When we think of the happy environ-
ment in which the veterans are living,
when we think of the shock to them
psychologically if they are moved, I am
amazed that an Administrator of Vet-
erans' Affairs would propose to distrib-
ute those veterans to other facilities,
almost as -though they were livestock,
without consideration of the human
values involved.
I put a value on this facility from the
standpoint of the economy of our coun-
try. I am satisfied, on the basis of the
evidence submitted, that it is in the
economic Interest of the United States,
as well as In the interest of carrying out
our moral obligations to the veterans.
But, says the Veterans' Administration,
there is no hospital facility connected
with the domiciliary home; therefore,
if they become seriously ill they have to
be transported to Portland. Whose fault
is that? That is the fault of the Vet-
erans' Administration. We tried for
many years to have it use a hospital
facility that was -right there. This
facility is a part of Camp White, a mili-
sion for combat pay is not available to
them.
This situation arises because section
112 of the Internal Revenue Code, which
provides for exclusion of certain pay re-
ceived in a combat zone, requires that for
the provision to become operative, the
President must designate an area as a
combat zone. This has not been done in
the case of Vietnam.
The men who served in Korea were
accorded this tax relief, and I find it dif-
ficult to distinguish that situation from
the action in Vietnam. Combat is com-
bat and no matter what we may call it,
the action is no less hazardous and the
bullets no less deadly.
I have today addressed a letter to the
President asking that Vietnam be de-
clared a combat zone so as to make sec-
tion 112 applicable to that area, in order
that we may treat the men serving there
with as much approbation and fairness
as that extended to the men who served
this country in Korea.
I was particularly interested in the
fact that the Army flier referred to in
the article was Capt. Floyd R. Kendrick
of El Dorado, Ark. Captain Kendrick
wartime camp. could become the most decorated man in
We tried to get the Veterans' Adminis- Vietnam, having received three decora-
tration to use theses facilities, without tions from the Vietnamese and one from
moving the veterans 200 or 250 miles. the United States. I salute Captain
The alibi then was that they did not have Kendrick for his brave deeds and the
enough doctors and medical personnel service he is rendering his country.
to send them to. We stopped that alibi I ask unanimous consent that a copy
because we offered them an agreement of my letter to the President, along with
or arrangement with the Jackson County a copy of the article referred to above, be
Medical Association of Medford, Oreg., printed in the RECORD.
under which the doctors agreed to supply There being no objection, the letter
them with what medical services they and article were ordered to be printed in
needed, in order to treat the veterans in the RECORD, as follows:
Medford, if they would implement and - MARCH 29, 1965.
equip the hospital facilities, most of the The Honorable LYNDON B. JOHNSON,
equipment having been moved out when The President,
Washington, D.C.
The White House
,
Camp White was closed.
MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: You will recall
We called their bluff. I am satisfied that Congress provided in the Internal
they had plans for a long time to close Revenue Act of 1954 for excluding from gross
this facility. income certain pay received by members of
So we not only have the Montana hos- our military forces while serving in a combat
pital case; we not only have the Massa- zone (26 U.S.C. 112). Congress further
chusetts case, on which the Senator from provided that this section would become op-
erative only upon designation of an area as
Massachusetts spoke earlier this after- a combat zone by the President of the United
noon; we not only have the problem in States.
New York, but we have need for a thor- As you know, such treatment was accorded
Pugh congressional Investigation of the our men who served in Korea, and it would
entire program of the Veterans' Admin- seem equally appropriate to have similar
istration. If there' is an investigation benefits extended to those serving in Viet-
that deals with the facts, the Admin- nam. The situation in Vietnam appears to
come well within the precedent established
istrator will be reversed, on the merits in Korea, and most certainly the hardships
of, the case, in my judgment, not only in endured by our men are indistinguishable.
connection with the Montana case, but I am aware that sensitive foreign policy
also In connection with the domiciliary questions are raised when an area is desig-
facility at Camp White, the Massachu- nated as a combat zone. It would seem to
setts case, the New York case, and the me, however, that we have a fundamental
WAR? WHAT WAR? IRS ASKS-ARMY HERO
BATTLES FOR TAX BREAK
(By Jim G. Lucas)
VINH LONG, SOUTH VIETNAM, March 16.-A
much-decorated Army flier in the Vietnam
war is asking Uncle Sam to give him the same
tax break given to the men in Korea a dozen
years ago.
Capt. Floyd R. (Pete) Kendrick, of El
Dorado, Ark., and Killeen, Tex., is invoking a
section of the Internal Revenue Code which
permits officers to deduct $200 a month from
their taxable income for time served In a
combat or hostile-fire zone. This would
mean $500 to $600 for most officers.
The section also provides that warrant ofil-
cers and enlisted men pay no taxes on in-
come earned in a hostile-fire or combat zone.
Officers and enlisted men who served in
Korea got those tax privileges. Men serving
in Vietnam so far have been denied them,
presumably because the United States does
not admit it is actively involved in the war.
Captain Kendrick will send the Internal
Revenue Service 10 pay vouchers from March
to December 1964. Each voucher lists $55 a
month for "hostile-fire pay."
Captain Kendrick's attorney will argue
that as a helicopter pilot decorated three
times by the Vietnamese and once by the
United States, Captain Kendrick is in no
sense an adviser but an active participant in
the war against the Comunimsts. Also, that
with escalation of the war against North
Vietnam, the fiction that Americans are here
merely as "advisers" no longer is valid.
The chances Captain Kendrick will get the
tax relief he seeks are slim. Says an IRS
spokesman:
"In order for this section to apply, an area
must be designated a combat zone by the
President by Executive order. As of now,
Vietnam has not been so designated, there-
fore the exclusion is not available."
A bill was introduced in the Senate (S.
Res. 459) on last January 12 by Senator JOHN
TOWER, Republican, of Texas, which would
designate Vietnam a combat zone for Fed-
eral tax purposes.
NOTHING
However, the Tower bill would do nothing
for the likes of Captain Kendrick and his
young sidekick, Lt. Jerry Thiels of Alex-
andria, La., who also plans to claim the
exemption, Lieutenant Thiels piloted one of
the helicopters which was sent in at Da Ngai
on December 27 to pick up the crew of a
downed chopper, a rescue operation in which
I took part.
If all of the ,decorations for which he has
been recommended are approved, Lieutenant
Thiels could become the most decorated man
in Vietnam. The Tower bill, however, is not
retroactive and would favor men serving
after its enactment over those who already
have served, been wounded, or have died in
Vietnam.
POSITIVE PROGRAMS OF ECONOMIC
GROWTH
Mr. KENNEDY of Massachusetts. Mr.
President, some 2 months ago, on the
Senate floor, I called for legislation which
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6334 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 1, 1965
would give New England, and other re- I am very pleased that this regional White House the majority of the Finance
gions of the country, the opportunity to approach to improving our distressed Committee reduced the rate to 14 per-
develop positive programs of economic and underdeveloped areas has been in- cent. Then the Treasury Department
growth. It was my feeling, and that of corporated in the legislation. even rushed out instructions to employ-
many of my colleagues, that where Ap- My particular concern with the bill.lies ers to use this lower rate on all payrclls
palachia may have required a legislative in the moderate amount of money au- even though they represented payment
priority in Obtaining special Federal as- thorized, I believe an effective growth of wages in earlier weeks.
sistance, other areas of our Nation should program of the dimension contemplated Now the taxpayers are finding that the
be similarly benefited by Federal eco- in this bill must have substantial funds. tax cut was not as much of a reduction
nomic planning and development funds. One of the major problems with Area as they were told it was, and many peo-
For New England, I recommended that Redevelopment Act and accelerated pub- ple are having to go to finance companies
a regional development commission be lie works programs in the past was too to borrow. They are being required to
established to make a broad economic little funds spread over too large an area. pay exorbitant rates of interest in Order
study of the region's needs. This study I would support efforts by Congress to to finance this unexpected obligation
would concern unemployment, poverty, increase the authorizations here. with which they have been confronted.
education, health, housing, transporta- There are sections of the bill which This is not the fault of those people.
tion, and the development of our indus- will need to be strengthened and clari- They were misled by the administration
trial and material resources. From it, fied, but, by and large, the approach of for what was obviously a political motive.
we could fashion a long-range, multistate the legislation is a good one, and it will Therefore, I believe the administration
development program on the one hand, receive my support. I am hopeful that has a responsibility to recognize that fact
and special multicounty, subregional pro- New England and other regions of our and to provide a more convenient re-
grams on the other. country will lend their support to this payment formula on the part of those
This suggestion was reaffirmed in my bill, so that we can get on with the job who were caught in this box through no
recent address to the Massachusetts of preparing a good regional economic fault of their own.
Legislature, and in many discussions program. During the last few days I have had
which I have had with representatives several meeting with representatives of
from government, industry, labor, and TAXPAYERS SURPRISED TO FIND the Internal Revenue Service and the
the academic world. The response to THAT 1964 TAX REDUCTION WAS Treasury Department. They recognize
this concept of regional and subregional
planning and special funding was tie- NOT AS GREAT AS THEY HAD BE- that this is a serious problem and is one
...
I am therefore delighted that the ad- proaches. Around $500 million is in-
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr. volved in this underwithholding.
ministration's economic development bill President, there appeared an article in We are hopeful that through admin-
introduced in the Senate today, goes as yesterday's issue of the Washington istrative procedures some correction will
far as it does, in meeting these needs for Star entitled "Nineteen Hundred and be made. I recognize that the Depart-
regional planning and economic improve- Sixty-four Trap Closes-Loans Boom in ment is trying to devise a plan, so I shall
ment. Tax Lament." wait until next week to see if the prob-
First. It recognizes the need for re- I shall read the first paragraph of that lem cannot be. solved administratively.
gional and subregional plasniing. It pro- article: I join in the hope that some relief can
vides for the establishment of regional Loan companies and banks are enjoying be granted, because large numbers of
action planning commissions to prepare an unprecedented bonanza from cash-short taxpayers are affected. The individual
long-range development programs with- taxpayers who failed to heed the warning amount involved may be only $50, $60 or
in the context of overall industrial, trans- that last year's tax cut had a built-in pit- a couple hundred dollars, but If they do
portation, recreation, and other natural fall- not have it available it represents a large
resources planning; on a multistate basis. The fact is that the taxpayers never sum.
It also provides planning funds for multi- had a chance. That pitfall was built in Furthermore, If the $400 or $500 mil-
county development districts to foster by an administration which wanted to lion that is involved is taken out of the
economic growth programs over large give the American taxpayers the impres- economy in one 30-day period, just as
areas of redevelopment. sion that they were getting a greater tax that amount may have stimulated busi-
This will give the New England States cut than that which they were actually ness as it entered the economy last year,
an excellent opportunity to study their getting. As a result, the withholding it certainly could cause a jolt to the econ-
needs and come up with viable economic rate was reduced to 14 percent although only right now.
improvement programs. the administration knew at the time it Therefore, I think the administration
Second. It provides for an expanded was inadequate. The administration would be well advised to correct the situ-
and more flexible grant and loan pro- even insisted that it be reduced to 14 ation so far as it involves the taxpayers.
gram for public improvements and Indus- percent, effective on all payrolls follow- The difficulty in which the taxpayers find
trial development, including supplemen- ing the date of the enactment of the bill. themselves is not their fault; it is one
tary grants to help the most needy com- The administration insisted that the em- which was created for them by the
munities. Of particular interest to New ployers withhold only the 14 percent. administration.
England is the provision for grants and Taxpayers were encouraged by the ad- However, if a satisfactory plan is not
loans to areas where there is a sudden ministration to spend the difference in announced by next week I shall offer a
plant shutdown or closing of a military order to stimulate the economy on the resolution which I think will remedy the
Installation, eve of the election. They wanted every- condition.
Third. It emphasizes the importance thing booming at the time of the elec- I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
of concentrating funds on projects which, tion and expressed no concern as to the title to which I have referred, written
will do the most good for an overall ultimate consequences. by Philip Shandler and published in the
growth plan for groups of areas. In my While it is true that the Internal Washington Star on March 31, 1965, e
speech in the Senate on regional devel- Revenue Service warned the taxpayers, printed at this point in the RECORD.'
opment, I suggested: at the same time it is also true that the There being no objection, the article
Our main concern is to concentrate Fed- leaders of the administration were coun- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
eral and State funds in a manner which will termanding that warning and were tell- as follows:
do the most good on a long-range basis. This ing the people, "Spend your money. Put
can only mean that we cannot stop at bor- it out into circulation. This is a bona NINETEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FOUR TR.4p
BOOM IN TAX LAMENT
ders of our communities, or of our counties, fide tax cut the Great Society has
given."
or even our States, to bolster areas of lagging ." (By Philip Shandler)
economy. We mist coordinate the potential President Kennedy had originally
of regions and subregions to lift up and recommended a withholding rate of 15 Loan companies and banks are enjoying rt
stimulate the distressed and underdevelo or 16 percent. The House a unprecedented bonanza from cash-short
centers that are the logical ones for future bill with the withholding rate fix dtat hatalast year's tax cut had a built-in pit-
growth. 15 percent. Upon direct orders from the fail.
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April 1, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE
Association adopted a number of im-
portant resolutions at its 88th annual
convention in El Paso.
The resolutions deal with such press-
ing matters as cattle prices, reapportion-
ment, screwworm eradication, farm
wages, bracero workers, and hoof-and-
mouth disease. In order that other
Senators may share the views of this
well-informed association, I ask that the
resolutions be printed at this point in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the reso-
lutions were ordered to be printed in
the RECORD, as follows:
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE, 88TH TSCRA
CONVENTION
Whereas monthly, cattle on feed reports
have been available for Texas since January
Whereas these reports prepared by the Sta-
tistical Reporting Service of the United
States Department of Agriculture are impor-
tant to the Texas Cattle Feeding Industry:
Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Texas and Southwestern
Cattle Raisers Association reaffirms the de-
sire of the cattle industry to have these re-
ports continued and commends the Statisti-
cal Reporting Service of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture for the good job it is doing
in compiling the monthly reports.
Whereas the selling of fed cattle on a car-
cass weight basis has become increasingly
important in the marketing structure; and
Whereas it is extremely important that the
weighing of the carcasses be conducted on
accurate scales and by competent person-
nel: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Texas and Southwestern
Cattle Raisers Association express encourage-
ment to the Packers and Stockyards Divi-
sion of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
that it intensify its effort to assure livestock
producers that scales used in these transac-
tions are accurate and that the individuals
operating the scales are certified weighers:
Be it further
Resolved, That the Packers and Stockyards
Division of the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture be urged to require the packer purchas-
ing cattle on a carcass basis to furnish the
seller with an accurate and complete ac-
counting of the transaction.
Whereas It anticipated that there will be
introduced into this session of Congress pro-
posed legislation that would transfer the cost
of Federal meat inspection from the Federal
Government to the meat processing industry;
and
Whereas processors operating interstate are
obliged by law to have Federal Inspection
Whereas inspection of meat is done pri-
marily in the interest of the public at large:
Therefore'be It
Resolved, That the Texas and Southwest-
ern Cattle Raisers Association inform the
members of Congress of its opposition to any
such proposed legislation when introduced,
and urge that meat inspection be continued
at Government expense and not be charged
to processors.
Whereas the Congress of the United States
and most State legislatures were originally
and, deliberately apportioned one house
by population and one house by area; and
Whereas,,this legislative structure has been
the basis of the strength of our Republic
and the hope of the free world; and
Whereas a recent Supreme Court decision,
if permitted to stand, would destroy this
American concept of fair representation; and
Wheres,s, the members of the Texas and
Southwestern.. Cattle Raisers Association be-
lieve that this decision was based on con-
siderations other than constitutional law:
Therefore be it
` Resolved, That Congress, State legislatures
and the citizenry of the United States be
alerted to the dangers inherent in this de-
cision and be urgently petitioned to adopt a
constitutional amendment that will preserve
our present legislative structure.
Whereas the 88th annual convention of
the Texas & Southwestern Cattle Raisers
Association has been advised of the neces-
sity for additional screw-worm eradication
program funds: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the entire membership of
the association be urged to give its whole-
hearted and aggressive support to the effort
to provide sufficient funds which will insure
the successful completion of private partici-
pation in this important program.
Whereas it Is anticipated that certain bills
will be introduced in the current session of
Congress to extend the minimum wage and
hour law to farm and ranch labor; and
Whereas, such legislation would create
serious problems in the operation of farms
and ranches: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Texas & Southwest-
ern Cattle Raisers Association notify the
Members of Congress of its strong opposition
to the extension of the wage and hour law
to farm and ranch employees.
Whereas the farm and ranch labor situa-
tion has deteriorated rapidly; and
Whereas there is an ever increasing need
on U.S. farms and ranches for supplemental
foreign workers: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Texas & Southwest-
ern Cattle Raisers Association recommends
that administrative procedures be adopted
by the Federal Government to permit the
admission of such workers into the United
States under existing provisions of the im-
migration laws.
Whereas eradication of screwworms in the
South and the five States of the Southwest
has been accomplished and demonstrated
for a period of 13 months; and
Whereas State and producer funds have
supported 50 percent of the costs of a hold-
ing action and movement of the program
into an international area; and
Whereas the screwworm program has be-
come a Federal responsibility on the basis
of dangers of reentry only: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Congress of the United
States be urged to make provision for the
financing of a program to protect the live-
stock and wildlife of the United States for
the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1965.
Whereas the 89th Congress of the United
States has before it a request for a supple-
mental appropriation for the continued op-
eration of the screwworm eradication pro-
gram in the Southern and Southwestern
States and Mexico; and
Whereas the State of Texas and the live-
stock producers of the several States are
contributing $550,000 in matching, non-
Federal funds; and
Whereas the continued success or failure
of this important program depends upon
the availability of these Federal funds re-
quested: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Members of Congress
be urged to take prompt action in provid-
ing the necessary Federal funds at the earli-
est possible date and be informed that the
Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers As-
sociation considers this matter to be of
maximum importance.
Whereas we commend our regulatory offi-
cials for their excellent work in preventing
entry of foot-and-mouth and other exotic
6391
and highly contagious diseases into the
United States, to the end that the health
status of the cattle in the United States, is
the envy of the world; and
Whereas the Canadian Department of Agri-
culture has announced it will allow direct
importation of live cattle from countries
known to be infected with foot-and-mouth
and other highly contagious diseases: There-
fore be it
Resolved, That we express grave concern
over the Canadian action and urge our Fed-
eral officials to protest and request the Ca-
nadian Government to rescind its action;
and be it further
Resolved, That we strongly urge the U.S.
Department of Agriculture not to permit
entry of cattle from countries which open
their borders to cattle from countries known
to be infected with foot-and-mouth or other
highly contagious diseases.
Whereas the ranch and farm producer is
suffering severely from an increasingly nar-
rowing profit margin; and
Whereas this condition is due primarily
on the one hand to a low sale price
for his product and on the other hand to
a high cost of production resulting from an
increasing cost of labor, equipment, supplies,
and increasing State and local taxes, partic-
ularly ad valorem taxes: Therefore be it
Resolved, That the Legislature of Texas be
urged to adopt legislation which would pro-
vide that, as the urban population of the
State expands int'b areas in which the land
historically has been used for farming and
ranching purposes, the tax assessing agencies
be required to evaluate for tax purposes
lands historically and currently used for
agricultural and livestock purposes on the
basis of the agricultural productive value of
the land rather than on an inflated value
related to the speculative growth of urban
development onto the land at some future
date.
GOPIATION
Mr. BARTLETT. Mr. President, last
Thursday the senior Senator from Ken-
tucky [Mr. COOPER] performed an im-
portant service to the country when he
spoke on Vietnam. He pointed out that
while we speak of our willingess to go to
honorable negotiations, at the same time
we prescribe "conditions as a prerequisite
which will not be acceptable." We are
demanding, in fact, something close to
unconditional surrender.
Walter Lippmann, in his article pub-
lished today, gives the Senator's speech
the attention it deserves.
Consistently over the darkening
months of the Vietnam crisis, Walter
Lippmann has spoken in clear and rea-
soned tones. He has not simplified the
complex, nor has he avoided the un-
pleasant. Our policymakers would not
lightly dismiss what this wise man says.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent
that his article of today, April 1, be made
a part of the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TODAY AND TOMORROW: THE BASIS OF
NEGOTIATION
(By Walter Lippmann)
The cardinal defect of the administration's
conduct of the war in Indochina has been
pointed out by a Republican Senator, Joxrr
SHERMAN COOPER, of Kentucky. In a state-
ment last week ( arch 25); Senator COOPER
said that the tY.S. Government, like its ad-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE April 1, 1965
versaries in Pieping and Hanoi, is "prescrib-
ing conditions as a prerequisite to negotia-
tions which will not be accepted." The
Communists are making it a condition of a
negotiation that the United States must
withdraw from Vietnam; we are making it a
condition of a negotiation that North Viet-
nam must withdraw from South Vietnam.
,,This is," said Senator CooPEa, "a kind of
demand from both sides for unconditional
surrender."
It is, therefore, highly important that the
administration put itself in a position where
negotiation is possible, granting that even if
it did so, Hanoi and Peiping may gamble on
winning the war in order to overrun South
Vietnam and inflict a smashing defeat on
the United States, But. regardless of what
they do, we must come Into court with clean
hands. The administration needs to clarify
its own position-in order to set in motion
a movement for negotiation and, failing that,
to put the onus of prolonging and widening
the war unmistakably on our adversaries.
There is a mistaken impression in this
country that we are ready and willing to ne-
gotiate but that the other side is imposing
intolerable conditions; namely, that we
should withdraw our forces before the nego-
tiation begins. Senator COOPER rejects the
Communist condition, as do all of us who
have been actively interested in this ques-
tion. We cannot withdraw our forces until
there has been a political settlement in Indo-
china, a settlement which promises to last
because it serves the primary interests of
all concerned.
But what, as a matter of fact, is our posi-
tion? It is that before negotiations can take
place, the north must demonstrate its readi-
ness "to leave its neighbors alone." Secre-
tary Rusk has avoided a precise definition
of that phrase. We know that "illegal infil-
tration of military personnel and arms" Is
considered to violate that condition. That
"leaving your neighbors alone" means also
withdrawal of Infiltrators who are already
there has at times been suggested but never
formally stated.
Senator COOPER says of this position: "I
think it unlikely that the Communists will
agree to this condition for negotiations, as
we will not agree to their condition that the
United States withdraw."
What Senator COOPER is asking the admin-
istration to do is what was done in the Ko-
rean war: "No such conditions were im-
posed by either side prior to negotiations, but
a cease-fire was sought." Until the admin-
istration comes around to this position, its
diplomacy will be confused.
Last week. (March 25) the President issued
a statement that "we have said many times-
to all who are interested in our principles for
honorable negotiation-that we seek no more
than a return to the essentials of the agree-
ments of 1954-a reliable arrangement to
guarantee the Independence and security of
all in southeast Asia."
This is rather puzzling. The agreements
of 1954 were reached at Geneva in a confer-
ence In which there participated not only
the Indo-Chinese states but also Russia, Red
China, Britain, France, and the United States.
The agreements ended the fighting between
the French Union forces and the Vietminh
in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. These
states were to become independent countries,
with Vietnam partitioned at the 17th paral-
lel into two zones pending general free elec-
tions to be held by January 20, 1956.
The cease-fire agreement was signed by the
military commanders. But in addition, the
Geneva Conference issued a final declaration,
dated July 21. This declaration contained
the following principles of settlement. One
of the principles was that the cease-fire pro-
hibited the "introduction into Vietnam of
foreign troops and military personnel as well
as of all kinds of arms and munitions." The
Geneva declaration went on to say that "the
military demarcation line is provisional and
should not in any way be interpreted as con-
stituting a political or territorial boundary."
Furthermore, the declaration said that "gen-
eral elections shall be held in July 1956,
under the supervision of an international
commission."
The United States did not sign the final
declaration. But the Under Secretary of
State, Gen. Bedell Smith, made a "unilateral
declaration" which said that the United
States supported the agreements and that
"in connection with the statement in the
declaration concerning free elections in Viet-
nam, my Government wishes to make clear
its position which it has expressed in a dec-
laration made in Washington on June 29,
1954, as follows: 'In the case of nations now
divided against their will, we shall continue
to seek to achieve unity through free elec-
tions supervised by the United Nations to
insure that they are conducted fairly.'"
The United States encouraged the Diem
government in Saigon to refuse to hold the
elections of 1956, almost certainly for the
quite practical reason that they would have
been won by the Communists.
Considering the essentials of the 1954
agreements, it is not easy to understand what
it means to say now that "we seek no more
than a return to the essentials of .the agree-
ments of 1954." I am afraid it means that in
the diplomatic conduct of the war in Viet-
nam, the diplomatists have not been doing
their homework.
A FEDERAL FISCAL PROGRAM FOR
SOUND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, one of
the most distinguished publications in
my State, West Texas Today, a magazine
of the West Texas Chamber of Com-
merce, printed in its March issue an ar-
ticle of major importance which I call
to the attention of the Senate.
The article is entitled "A Federal Fis-
cal Program for Sound Economic
Growth." It is a result of studies, by
the Federal finance committee of the
Council of State Chambers of Commerce,
of Federal spending and tax policies dur-
ing the postwar period.
The article makes this sage observa-
tion :
The Nation must choose between uncon-
trolled Federal spending, chronic budgetary
deficits, excessive taxation, continuing price
inflation, and the instability of an over-
heated economy, on the one hand; and
rational spending policies, budgets ordinar-
ily balanced, moderate taxation, a dollar with
stable purchasing power, and a soundly
based, healthy, growing economy on the
other.
The article then makes some most
worthwhile suggestions about how the
second situation described above can be
reached. I ask unanimous consent that
the entire article be printed at this point
in the RECORD, so that other Senators
may be advised of these vital views.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A FEDERAL FISCAL PROGRAM FOR SOUND Eco-
NOMIC GROWTH-FINANCIAL REFORMS
NEEDED BADLY, COUNCIL OF STATE CHAMBERS
SUGGESTS
INTRODUCTION
This Federal fiscal program for sound eco-
nomic growth is the result of studies by
the Federal finance committee of the Coun-
cil of State Chambers of Commerce, of Fed-
eral spending and tax policies during the
post-World War II period. It is a revision
of similar programs published in 1945, 1943,
1956, 1957, 1960, and 1961.
In the fiscal year 1948 Federal spending
fell to $33 billion-the lowest post-World
War II level. The Korean war and the at-
tendant rearmament program, together with
increased nondefense spending, raised ex-
penditures to $74 billion in 1953. In order
to finance this increased spending, Congress
twice raised the tax rates on incomes of in-
dividuals and corporations, Increased variocs
excise tax rates, and imposed a further tax
on corporate incomes in the guise of a, so-
called excess profits tax. After termination
of the Korean war, Federal expenditures de-
clined for 2 years to $64 billion in 1955 and
some tax relief was accorded individuals and
businesses.
Since 1955 Federal spending has risen
every year but one. During the 5 years
through 1960 spending rose by $12 billion to
$76 billion. Then in the next 4 years
through 1964, expenditures rose by $22 billion
to $98 billion for an average increase of $512
billion a year. With this spending rise ap-
parently halted for 1965, Congress enacted
an overall $111/2 billion tax reduction for in-
dividuals and corporations effective over 2
years, calendar 1964 and 1965.
The rise in total Federal cash payments,
including the social security and other trust
fund operations, is even more phenomenal
than the growth of the administrative
budget. Federal cash payments to the pub-
lic soared from $36 billion in 1948 to $94 bil-
lion in 1960 and to $122 billion in 1966.
This latter amount is an increase of 239 per-
cent over 1948 and 30 percent in just the last
4 years.
Also reflecting a tremendous growth dur-
ing this period is the Nation's indebtedness.
Public debt, including Federal, State, and
local, rose from $270 billion in 1948 to almost
$400 billion in 1963, and over the same period
net private debt grew from $201 billion to
$753 billion. Thus, the total national in-
debtedness had reached $1,150 billion in
1963 and is even greater now.
Moreover, the Federal public debt of $315
billion is only a minor fraction of the actual
accrued obligations of the Federal Govern -
ment based on existing legislation and past
commitments. The unfunded accrued lia-
bilities include $30 billion for military re-
tirement, another $30 billion for civil serv-
ice retirement, and the astronomical total of
about $400 billion for the social security
program. Obligations for veterans' pensions.
disability compensation, and other benefits
come to' about $300 billion. These un-
funded commitments together with the
Federal public debt total 1 trillion, 75 bi'-
lion dollars. This is the real magnitude of
the Federal obligation for past services.
The national economy has, of course,
grown considerably since 1948 but not in
proportion to the growth in Federal spenc.-
ing. While administrative budget expendi-
tures and total Federal cash payments had
risen 197 percent and 239 percent, respec=-
tively, by 1964, the gross national product
rose only 141 percent and national income
only 130 percent.
FINANCIAL REFORMS ARE NEEDED
The Nation must choose between uncon-
trolled Federal spending, chronic budgetary
deficits, excessive taxation, continuing price
inflation, and the instability of an overheated
economy, on the one hand, and rational
spending policies, budgets ordinarily ba'-
anced, moderate taxation, a dollar with
stable purchasing power, and a soundly
based, healthy, growing economy, on the
other.
Our economy seems always to be in a state
of crisis. There is never enough employ-
ment, many families have inadequate In-
comes, living costs keep rising, and the un-
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 .Kpru 1, 1565 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SFNA'rp 6423
It is my belief that the immorality of pressures. President Kennedy approached Mr. YARBOROUGH. I desire to com-
rnost contraceptive devices lies in the fact the matter somewhat less gingerly. In 1963, mend the distinguished Senator from
that they prevent the sex act from proceed- he lauded the fertility studies being con-
ingto its normal culmination. The end of ducted by the United Nations and the Na- Alaska for the able speech hn making,
a thing being its nature, in the Aristotelian tional Academy of Sciences, and, going one for the information he is s bringing to the
sense, such an intervention is therefore step further, approved a memorandum of Senate, and for the thoughts he is ad-
against the nature of the act itself. In my Secretary of State Dean Rusk informing for- vancing.
opinion, the pill does not intervene in the eign aid missions that the United States Mr. President, I believe that the prob-
sex act; it merely fosters certain conditions would be receptive to requests for some forms lem which the Senator from Alaska has
permitting the act to proceed to its normal of aid in population planning. Now it would touched on is at the bottom of the rea-
end, although conception-because of the appear that President Johnson is going to son for so much poverty on this earth.
absence of ova-will not ensue. allow the Government to play an even more
I am not a professional moralist, and the active role. r Populations g hoil over the world are ore-
professional moralist probably would tear me Why has the Government gradually shifted racing the growth of their industrial re-
to tatters. I have hoped t}1 a professional its position in the past few years and, spe- sources. In South America, I know that
moralist eventually would come around to my cifically, why is President Johnson appar- there are some populations which are in-
viewpoint, agree with me upon the validity ently confident that increased population creasing at the rate of 5 percent a year.
of the distinction I make, and thus morally planning aid will not set off a domestic po- As the population growth increases, the
justify the use of the pill. litical reaction? The most plausible answer per capita average will be lower and low-
However, after listening to the papers is doubtless the great consensus throughout er and lower each year. Consequently,
presented at this conference, I am better the world and in the United States that the unless somethin
educated and I now realize that the pill economic and social well being of the under-
tion growth g is through dnt intelligent about thods
alone will not solve the problem. In answer developed nations will depend, in great part, lligent meethods
to a question from the floor, Dr. Berelson on their ability to slow down the population to solve the economic ills of the world, I
conceded that oral contraceptives have not growth rate. But of equal significance, from can see nothing but trouble ahead for
proved to be entirely acceptable in the pilot a political point of view, is the fact that most the human race.
projects to which he referred in his paper, Catholics are now inclined to agree with this The Senator from Alaska is making a
but he was most hopeful about future results. consensus; thus a major source of opposition most intelligent, perceptive, and enlight-
1, for one, cannot see why we, as members has lessened. Two signs of a change in erring speech, and I hope that it will be
of a pluralistic society, cannot support this Catholic attitude are suggestive: In Latin
policy. read all over America. I congratulate
America, reportedly, the Catholic hierarchy
"We have twice as many people as we
had a little over 60 years ago on this globe,
but we have them on a smaller, more inter-
dependent globe, where they are more aware
and where what they do may threaten our
peace and security * * * because we now
have so many more people, we are going to
have more-how many? No one can really
tell but the base is bigger, and 2 times 4
Is bigger than 2 times 2, Our capacity to
control death has thus far been greater,
cheaper, and easier than our capacity to
increase the production of the wherewithal
by which the people who did not die might
live better."
Father Drinan summarized existing dilem-
mas in both U.S. domestic and U.S. foreign
programs concerned with population con-
trol, as they relate to Catholics. In,conciu-
stion, he said:
"In thinking of the problems associated
with an exploding world population it might
has cooperated in population study projects him for his leadership on this problem.
underwritten by American foreign aid funds; Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
at home, in a related Issue, the use of Fed- sent that my name may be added as a co-
eral funds to establish a few birth control sponsor on the bill with the other Sena-
clinics in cooperation with municipal gov- tors whose names the Senator from
ernments has not elicited strong Catholic Alaska has read.
opposition. Clearly Mr. Johnson has sniffed The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
a change in the direction of the wind and objection; it is so ordered.
plans to act accordingly. Mr. GRUENING. I thank my friend,
Tp be sure, there has been some Catholic the Senator from Texas [Mr. YAR-
opposition to. the President's intention as
expressed in the state of the Union message. BOROUGH], for his valuable assistance,
Msgr. John C. Knott, of the Family Life Bu- and for his not unexpected remarks,
reau of the National Catholic Welfare Con- which are always in the public interest,
ference, felt compelled to deny that the as I have listened to them in the 6 years
church has changed its position on the im- I have been fortunate enough to be in
morality of artificial contraception and to the Senate with him.
recall the 1959 statement of the American Mr. YARBOROUGH. The Senator is
bishops, which said that "Catholics will not very kind and I thank him for his com-
support any public assistance, either at
home or abroad, to promote artificial birth meet.
prevention." There is little reason to think Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, will
that the bishops have changed their post- the Senator yield?
tion o
thi
n
s point But then neith Mr GRUENING I
.er can.. am happy to yield
by considering both the principle that it be doubted that Catholics have become far to the Senator from Maryland.
responsible parenthood is a moral impera- less vocal in their opposition; not support, Mr. TYDINGrS. Mr. President, I
tive and the commitment which the church but tacit acceptance is probably now the pre- commend the distinguished Senator from
has made to respect and honor the religious veiling mood. Monsignor Knott also de- Alaska for his forthright statement and
liberty of all men. If Catholic thought on rided the expression "population explosion"
fertility control commenced with these two as unscientific. Many demographers would his courage in a field which has far too
moral principles it might result in judg- agree with him on this semantic point, but long been declared to be politically taboo;
meets substantially different than many of there are very few who would accept his namely, the field of population control.
the conclusions enunciated by Catholics up judgment that any prediction beyond the I question what will happen to our way
to this point in the ongoing worldwide next 10 years is pure speculation. And there of life if we do not face realistically the
debate regarding what humanity should do are very few who feel that the present gen- problem of the population explosion. I
to prevent its own suicide by overpopula- eration can afford to Ignore the present invite the attention} of every Senator to
tion." projections, however subject they may be to the
We convened, to hear suggestions about unforeseeable changes. crime problems we face with r ur great
at
avenues that should be explored in seeking There will be no short cuts to a decent and social
particular unrest in our reo
solutions, and also to be forewarned about standard of living for this generation and urban areas, in particular the problem of
undesirable avenues which would lead only those to come. A reduction of population juTime delinquency.
to moral, sociological, or psychological cul- growth, no matter what means are em- Time and time t agoin of have been
de-sacs. I think we have achieved those ployed, cannot be accomplished overnight. faced with the situation of a young boy,
objectives.
,,EXHIBIT 2
[From Commonweal, Jan, 22,
POPULATION PLANNING
In his state-of-the-Union message, Presi-
dent Johnson said that it would be the aim
of his administration "to seek new ways to
use our knowledge to help deal with the ex-
plosion in world population and the grow-
ing scarcity in world resqurces," This pass-
age in the message was short, but its impli-
cations are wide-ranging. President Eisen-
hower, one recalls, specifically rejected the
idea of Federal funds being used to aid for-
eign countries in coping with population
or would such a reduction, taken by itself, technically a juvenile, that is, one under
solve the vast economic and educational the age of 18, who becomes delinquent,
problems facing the underdeveloped nations. and we seek to find the reason for his
For all that, there is an urgent need for re- delinquency. When we look back in the
search and for the Coordination of all those record, we often find that the youngster
groups and nations concerned with popula- has no recollection of having had a
tion. The President proposes to throw more
Federal resources behind these needs. It is father, or that he grew up in surround-
hard to see how he can do otherwise; and ings in which he was not wanted, or in a
it. becomes increasingly hard to see on what family where he was one of many chil-
grounds Catholics can oppose his decision, dren who were not wanted.
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, To be specific, several weeks ago I was
making
will the Senator from Alaska yield? a study tour through the Dior
Mr. GRUENING. I yield with pleas- Children. I talked Columbia w with h some Home for
me persons in
ure to my friend the Senator from Texas. the home About a young boy who was a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORP`- SENATE April 1, 1965
truant. The boy had been absent from resent being told what to do. He just looks cause. .He is a cosponsor of the bill.
school a great many times. When he was at his teacher with a blank stare. He was one of the first persons who came
Why should a 6-year-old boy look athis to me when I was discussing the sut-
in school, time after time his teacher teacher with a blank stare in the wonder ject and said he wanted to cosponsor
would notice that the boy was sleeping world of polished desks, books, a green- the bill. He has given a great deal of
in class. tinted blackboard, chalk, Crayons, a record field A study of the case showed that the player, the scrubbed faces of other chil- most thought to
and I . His very assistan t fce to
little boy was the eighth child in a family dren?
with no father. There was only one bed This Is what the caseworkers reported: him.
for all eight children. The boy, the Dennis never saw his father. He vanished I am hopeful that we may hold hear-
youngest boy in the family, was forced before he was born. Dennis never asked ings on the proposed legislation, and
about his father. He doesn't know what a that we may get favorable action on it
to sleep on the edge of the bed, and every father is. The mother works. Dennis is dur e 89th Congress.
so often, all during the night, he would supervised by a 67-year-old woman In the
be bumped Uia pu io 1 ~~ r"Y
The problem of Of population control re- bakery. Dennis is more affectionate toward MESS IN VIETNAM-IX
,- . +her than she is to him. What is the
great cities, our slums, no yelling or screaming. What marks did
Saturday Evening Post is admittedly a
our social disorganization, our juvenile Dennis get on the social prediction table? magazine with conservative or perhaps
delinquency. Supervision by mother, 57.5, discipline by
Recently the New York City Youth mother, 82.9; cohesion of the family, 61.3; middle-of-the-road leanings and reflects
Board decided to test the basic philos- total, 201.7; or an 89.2 probability of becom- the moderate views of great numbers of
ophy of the Glueck Social Prediction ing delinquent. our fellow Americans. All the more in-
Table. They wished to test how closely Why is there no rating for the father? teresting then and significant that in
related the juvenile delinquency rate was In this instance, as in so many other its current issue-that of March 27--it
to the factor of a stable family life, instances, the father is only the inpreg- carries a most revealing article on the
whether a child enjoys the affection and nator. He vanishes. He wants no re- mess in Vietnam entitled Vietnam:
supervision of a father and a mother, sponsibility for his acts. He is never Where Do We Go From Here?" by Stan-
and particularly a father. They made around to give his little boy a Bible, to ley Karnow. Its subtitle says:
an exhaustive comparative study of 500 buy him an ice cream cone, to take him More and more Americans are being killed,
delinquent and nondelinquent boys. It to the zoo, to tell him what is right or and almost every battle plan has been tried.
was an interesting study, conducted over wrong, or to give him any guidance, any While this article is factual, it reveals
a long period of time. love. most tellingly what confusion and folly
In one area, the Bronx, which is a The differences in the accuracy of the are being compounded incidental to our
constituency of the distinguished junior predictions of nondelinquency, because military presence there.
Senator from New York [Mr. KENNEDY], of a stable family life as between the The. article concludes with the sen-
young boys were studied as they enter white and the colored children were most tence:
the first grade and they were studied all interesting. The predictions were 100 And a- weary young American diplor iat
the way up to the time they reach the percent accurate with relation to the told me, "I'm all mixed up. We work a
age of 18. Predictions were made as to white children and only 93 percent ac- 12-hour day, go home to a couple of drinks
what would happen to those young boys, curate with relation to the Negroes. It and ask ourselves-what the hell are we
in the area of delinquency or the com- was interesting to note that In relation doing here?"
mission of crime, based upon the social to cases in which the predictions were not That is perhaps as pertinent a ques-
environment or the background of a boy accurate with respect to the colored chil- tion as is being asked today. Why are
as he entered the first grade. The results dren, in three of those cases it was be- we there? We are there because of an
bear out the point which T. believe the cause a grandmother moved In and unhappy folly bequeathed us beginning
distinguished Senator from Alaska and saved the child from the probable con- with John Foster Dulles, whose role as
is
many other Senators have tried to make, sequences of being rejected at an early Secretary of State was in many respects
subsequently
nai-ely, that when there comes into the age.
world a child who is not wanted and. who The problem of population control, disastrous, , J and ohn F. because Kennedy and Lyn-
Is not planned for, serious trouble and family planning, and the giving of infor- don B. Johnson, haee unfo and Lyn-
social wo
social unrest are invited. One particular mation and knowledge to people hits taken the mistaken have of Secretary
case which I should like to discuss in- home in the United States. We do not McNamara and other war hawks and
volved a little boy who was. called by the have to go to Europe, to South America McNa
, have margin us into a war mess, the
name of Dennis James-though, as with or to Asia or Africa; we see it here in elution of which becomes daily more
other case histories, the name is ficti- the heart of any of our great cities. difficult.
tious. Dennis was given no chance for i commend the distinguished Senator should never have gone into South
survival based upon the social factors of from Alaska for his fights in this area. We
his environment. The social factors He is making great progress. I believe Vietnam first after the
basically were whether or not the boy there are changes. I hope that before French shou defeat with r its 1175,000 place, into South
have stayed in,
had a stable family life, whether or not long we shall have a complete recogni- We never r I have urged, and and
should defeat now, the has the distinguished senior Sena
he had a mother and a father who loved tion of the responsibility to give out fam- we should
him and gave him affection, and disci- ily planning information and to help from Oregon [Mr. distinguished
MORSE], r ena a
pline, things which every child needs, particularly our own people who are ig-
and deserves. norant, and who do not even realize in year, make every effort to wage peace: as
I should like to read for the RECORD a many areas and in many cases the facts actively as we have waged war. We
portion of that case study as it was re- of life insofar as the reproduction of the have violated section 33 of the United
ported in the New York Times magazine species is concerned. I am hopeful Nations Charter. We supported, in vio-
of January 31, 1965, in an article by Mr. that before too many months go by we, lagtion of the 1954 agreement, the re-
Julius Horwitz, because I think the facts shall face up to the problem realisti' fusal of the South Vietnam Government
stated speak louder than words. We are cally and make some real progress in this to hold the elections scheduled for 1956.
referring now to the youngster whose area in our own great cities with respect We should withdraw on as honorable
name, for the sake of the article, is Den- to the problems of social unrest, slums, terms as possible, but withdraw we
his James. Mr. Horwitz stated: juvenile delinquency, and related areas. should, as far as our military activities
His first year of school started with a Mr. GRJENING. I thank my friend are concerned. Our security is in nowise
prophetic boom, for nothing in his existence the junior Senator from Maryland for imperiled by what happens in Vietnam.
had prepared him to accept school, to feel his very valuable contribution to this Only if it were would our military in-
that school was important. This is his discussion. He has introduced the hu- volvement be justified.
teacher's observation in the first grade: man factor, the personal factor, the spe- The war in Vietnam will never be won
cific case, the individual tragedy, which by military means. It is a civil war in
Denni rible fi hter. H Is does not impossible.
work. He HIse a can't t
rible wthe . rest st with of the class. He can't be is so closely related to the whole prob- which we have, regrettably, taken the
sit
put in line with another child. He seems to lem. I welcome his assistance in a good least popular side, have installed and
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April RECORD - SENATE 6425
supported puppet governments with little South Vietnam's problems outside it bound- also finances imports of medicine, milk, gas-
popular support, and, in consequence of aries" And across the world the danger 6f oline and other products, sold locally to raise
the intensification and escalation of mili- a bigger war brought new appeals for a set- the cash that pays South Vietnamese officials
Lary action, have brought about the tlement. Pope Paul warned that "the hour and an armed force now expanding to 600,000
death of
ha e9 brouaht and count- is grave," and pleaded that "innocent pop- men. As one American economist puts it:
ulations be spared," while U.N. Secretary "The war is Vietnam's biggest d r.
less Vietnamese, including women and General U Thant appealed to both sides to Nor is there, on public record ataleast, any
children.. We have now made it our war, move "from the field of battle to the con- end to U.S. aid. When he arrived in Saigon
abandoning the earlier premise that we ference table."
in early July, Taylor told Vietnamese officials,
were there merely to help South Vietnam In this continuing dilemma of how to win "I'm here to assure you of our unstinting
stinting
maintain its independence. or end the Vietnamese war, the American support. There is no time limit in that
I ask unanimous consent that the ar- most intricately involved is a tall graying commitment."
title from the Saturday Evening post, officer who combines the unique qualifica- But doses of American money, equipment,
title entitled "Vietnam; Where Do We GO tions of combat hero, scholar, experienced know-how, gallantry-and blood-have not
From i" be negotiator, and former Chairman of the Joint arrested Vietnam's steady slide downward.
Her printed at this point Chiefs of Staff. Yet when he gave up the On the contrary, Communist rebels are
in my remarks. Nation's top military job to become U.S. am- stronger, more pervasive than ever, while the
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. KEN- bassador to Saigon 9 months ago, Gen. Max- country's leadership fragments in a despair-
NEDY of New York in the chair). With- well Davenport Taylor knew that the prob- ing confusion of internecine rivalries. Fac-
out objection, it is so ordered. lem confronting him was nearly insoluble. tious politicians, army officers, students, Bud-
(See exhibit L) He remarked rather wistfully, "I am ex- dhists, Catholics and others, seemingly un-
i(Se xhibit ING. Mr. President, I pendable." concerned with the Vietcong threat at their
Taylor's appointment was almost pre- gates, whirl in a chaos of intrigue and vio-
likewise ask unanimous consent that an ordained, for Taylor himself played a large lence.
excellent article entitled "War With part in planning the present American If there was ever the chance for a fresh
China: Why U.S. Policy in Asia Is strategy in Vietnam. Originally he had been start in Vietnam, it was after the collapse of
Wrong," by political Hans e fist who orgenthau, the one of General Eisenhowerrsrachmost ted daring Into the regime of the dictatorial President Ngo
combat commanders. He Dinh Diem (the Post, Dec. 21-28, 1963). But
of the Center for the Study of American Normandy at dawn on D-day, the first Amer- the inexperienced military leaders who over-
of the
and Militar Study of the. ~7ni- ican general to fight in France. In Italy he threw Diem had no positive plan for running
Foreign of MilO, be p oliced at the Con- slipped behind enemy lines on an intelligence the country or winning the war. And the
mission to Rome-running risks that were, United States, maintaining a hands-off policy
clusion of my remarks. Eisenhower wrote afterward, "greater than I
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without asked any other agent or emissary to under- ous a attempt t tom politics, made them. Am-
objection, it is so ordered, take during the war." As U.S. Army Chief Of bassador bas at Henry Cabot manage Lodge, coach for ex or example,
pilee,
(See exhibit
2.) Staff, however, Taylor fought President did id little more than persuade Gen. Duong
' EXHIBIT 1 Eisenhower's plan to reduce Army strength Van Minh, the reluctant chief of state, to
and to rely primarily on nuclear weapons.
VIETNAM: WHERE Do WE Go FROM HERE? Resigning in 1959, he wrote "The Uncertain deliver Nor public speeches.
MORE AND MORR AMERICANS ARE BEING KILLED, Trumpet," outlining the strategy of "flexible Vietnamese Nor could political American Officials maneuvers. a with
AND ALMOST EVERY BATTLE PLAN HAS BEEN response" as an alternative to "massive retal- . Late in
TRIED. AT THE CENTER OF THE CHAOS STANDS iation." His thesis attracted John F. Ken- January 1964, when a goateed young field
AN EXTRAORDINARY U.S. AMBASSADOR Tnedy, he Pen did ,aaftersallll,, ipressive scholarship.
f w turned up in Saigon, rumors spread that he
(By Stanley Karnow) gon generals who subscribe to the would stage another coup
'etat Some of the children wore jungle camou- Spiegel Berlin "rages- a d col. But his
fiage uniforms, and some held dolls, and all " and Paris' "LeFigaro," or read `ured the U.S. Embassy that Khanh was
s
of them had name tags tied to their clothes. Following Kennedy's election, Taylor be- merely visiting his dentist.
One boy, with shaggy hair and a rumpled came his special military adviser, and in late A couple of nights later, however, Khanh
sport shirt and a bewildered look in his eyes, 1961 he went out to Vietnam to assess the telephoned Ambassador Lodge to announce
carried a large Chinese junk under his arm. growing Communist insurgency there. Tay- that he was indeed staging a coup in 3 hours.
Shepherding them aboard the waiting air- for saw that routine police Operations were "What could we do?" recalls a U.S. diplo-
craft at Saigon's Tan Son Nhut Airport were doomed to fail. He recommended a broad mat involved in that hectic night. "If we'd
the mothers with hastily wrapped bundles military, economic, and political counter- Vied to stop him and then he succeeded,
and s packs of apa of diapers. These ere the insurgency drive, to be sustained by U.S. we'd have been in the doghouse. So we just
soldierd being evacuated from South Vieand t- money and weapons, thousands of advisers went along with him."
nom last month u ed emergency airlift let- and hundreds of American-piloted helicop- Like Diem in previous years, Khanh be-
inan ters to make the Vietnamese Army mobile. came "our boy." Washington set out to
President Johnson called "Clearing the decks." And with this program-a winning program, bulwark him with more money, equipment,
One of them, 13-year-old Stephen Sutherland, official publicists called it-the United States and manpower. Defense Secretary Robert
was typically cool about the operation. made its large-scale plunge into Vietnam. McNamara took him on a barnstorming
"Life," he said, as he,bbarded a plane for The U.S. mission in Vietnam today is the tour. Indeed, so much depended on him that
Hong Kong, "just isn't going to be adventur- most formidable American "peacetime" estab- McNamara said, "If Khanh goes, the United
ous any more." lishment ever assembled abroad. As his States will need a new Secretary of Defense."
The evacuation clearly marked the begin- deputy, Taylor has no less a figure than It was largely to hearten Khanh, too, that
ning of a new phase in the long and ugly Deputy Under Secretary of State U. Alexis President Johnson picked America's top gen-
war in Vietnam. For months, indeed years, Johnson, an unruffled Far East veteran who eral as ambassador when Lodge decided to
the United States had been failing to win a ranks fourth in the State Department hier- join the presidential campaign at home. As
war it had pledged to win. Despite about archy. Taylor's military executive is a originally conceived, Taylor's task was to
25,000 American troops serving as advisers rugged, gung-ho combat officer, Gen. William "hold the fort" in Saigon until after the U.S.
to the 200,000-man Vietnamese army, despite C. Westmoreland, former superintendent of elections, then turn it over to Deputy Am-
U,S. aid and supplies, despite unchallenged West Point and, at 50, the second youngest bassador U. Alexis Johnson.
control of the sea and skies, increasingly four-star general in the U.S. Army. Taylor's relationship with General Khanh
large areas of Vietnam had fallen to the Taylor's operation covers an extraordinary started coolly, however, and soon degenerated
Communist Vietcong guerrillas. As a time range. There are Vietnamese-speaking anal- into undisguised hostility. Status and age
of decision seemed to near, Russia's new Pre- ysts of Communist tactics, and experts in pig divided them. Taylor was a general when
niter Aleksei Nosygin flew into the North breeding, well digging, housing, and hygiene. Khanh was still in high school. Until a
Vietnamese capital of Hanoi-just as Presi- There are surgeons and schoolteachers, ac- short while before, Taylor had managed the
dent Johnson's chief security aid, McGeorge countants, mechanics and even disc jockeys, world's greatest arsenal. He wears 10 rows
Bundy, was visiting Saigon. But if there to keep up morale. Ordnance technicians of ribbons, testimony to a brilliant war rec-
was any hope that these high-level visits are testing such esoteric weapons as high- ord. Khanh was a soldier in the French
heralded a negotiated settlement, those hopes velocity Armalite rifles, weird needle-bombs colonial army that lost a war fighting against
ended in a crash of explosives-a Vietcong and infrared cameras that peer through cam- Khanh's own people.
raid that killed eight Americans near Pleiku; ouflage. Undercover operatives staff a dozen Their dissonant personalities aggravated
American retaliation with a bombing strike secret networks with James Bond labels like the difficulty. Taylor, fashioned by 40 years
in North Vietnam; another Vietcong attack Smiat, for special military intelligence, or the of Army life, leans to formality; Khanh is
that killed 20 GI's, and yet another Amer- apparently innocuous central registry detach- gregarious, talkative, vain. Taylor's aloof-
loan bombing. ment,, which supposedly spies on spies. ness congealed Khanh as much as Khanh's
The unexpected raids on North Vietnam The United States pours almost $2 mil- swagged repelled Taylor. They settled into
easily achieved their military goals, but, as lion a day into this effort. It takes the shape addressing each other as "your excellency,"
one U.S. general put It, "you cannot solve of aircraft, tanks, guns, and t?Dpmunition., I anti. llaIVI ozi,ce quipped, "Ambassador Tay-
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6426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE April 1, 1965 .S. military for is so mucholder than I am that we can't Deesnptiteavigorous U.S.urging, the Vietnamese managetbetter.e State Department officia s
twist together."
The relations between them were further area commander declined to send help. The question CIA intelligence evaluations, while
frayed by apparent contradictions in U.S. trapped unit fought its own way out, leaving CIA agents moan that their reports are ig-
aims. Taylor's first serious clash with 4 dead and 25 captured. "We argued all nored. Civilian AID operatives resent mili-
Khanh, last July, arose over the issue of night, but it was like talking to a wall," an tary intrusion into economic and social pro-
escalating the war into North Vietnam. For American officer recalled. "That colonel had grams, and there is even squabbling within
months Washington had repeatedly hinted the lines drawn on his map, and he wouldn't therm charge itself.
armed i U.S. aArmy orce of-
at enlarging the conflict. President John- change them for anything."
son warned Hanoi against playing "a deeply In southern Chuong Thien Province soon tars are too fragile for attack operations.
dangerous game," and U.S. Air Force Chief after, a government infantry battalion Statistics on damaged choppers, an Arms
of Staff Gen. Curtis Le May declared that walked into a similar Vietcong -nrl some 20000 bcolonel counters, y the Air Force."
the manure pne.?? when
similar statements to a Saigon crowd how- them. "Why were they caught?" growled a
ever, Taylor clamped down on him in sev- U.S. general. "Because they don't send out
eral terse talks. His honor bruised, advance patrols or watch their rear and
Khanh retreated, muttering that Vietnam flanks. Of course we try to tell them. We
was "independent" and "free in its actions." beg, cajole, plead. We cry, we stomp, we
Somewhat later, when Khanh tried to even bring them ice cream. But we haven't
create a dictatorship, Taylor assented, say- succeeded"
tog he favored moves "to strengthen the A mood of distrust, mingled with frustra-
government. * * ?" But after Khanh's at- tion and bewilderment, gnaws at senior U.S.
tempt resulted in bloody riots, Taylor con- officials, Taylor among them. The indefin-
fided to Washington reporters that Khanh able feeling of doubt has, almost instinc-
"is a very impetuous young man (who) fre- tively, impelled the U.S. mission to drift
quently has overshot his capabilities * ? ? away from the Vietnamese, to adopt a vast,
in the political field." detached life of its own. For every American
Khanh eventually yielded to a civilian in the field, there are six or more in Saigon.
government but kept control of the army. In part, the gigantic American headquar-
Yet his bitterness toward Taylor persisted. ters was imposed by Washington, which
Predictably, the Khanh-Taylor tensions seems to equate strength with size. But it
erupted again In a full-scale crisis in late also mirrors Taylor's own inclination for
December. large staff setups.
With surreptitious skill, Khanh had mo- Taylor observes a tight, busy schedule.
bilized a group of young officers into die- He gets to his fifth-floor office at 8 a.m.,
solving the High National Council, a shaky lunches sparingly on a sandwich or Metrecal,
pillar of the latest civilian regime. This and works until early evening. In contrast
time Taylor dropped all. avuncular pretense to Lodge's solitary, often secretive tactics,
and turned back into a four-star general. Taylor relies on his staff. He plays tennis
He summoned the young Vietnamese soldiers once or twice a week with junior employees,
to his office and berated them. Then, in carefully reads their memorandums, and fre-
an angry conversation, he flatly told Khanh quently interrogates them on details.
to leave the country. With its accent on discipline, Taylor's
Khanh riposted with equal fury. He ac- Pentagon approach has also eliminated ad-
cused Taylor of meddling in Vietnam's in- venturous but valuable nonconformists.
ternal affairs, adding, "If he does not act One tough ex-officer, who first parachuted
more intelligently, the United States -will into Vietnam during World War II, knew the
lose southeast Asia and we will lose our Vietnamese leaders so intimately that one
freedom." night last September he personally dissuaded
Eventually, Vietnamese and American of- a rebellious Vietnamese general from staging
ficlals patched up a compromise of sorts, a private revolt. That initiative, along with
but It brought no stable government to other unconventional gestures, earned him
Saigon. At one point Khanh staged an- a quick transfer to Africa. Said one of Tay-
other coup (the fourth In the 15 months lor's deputies, "We don't want any Lawrences
since Diem's downfall). But no sooner had of Asia."
Like a chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
hanh installed a new cabinet of his own
1i
choice (the ninth post, Diem regime) than Staff, Taylor presides over a weekly meeting
rival officers launched another coup against of the U.S. political, military, aid, intelli-
Khanh. The general beat off that threat- gence, and information chiefs. Drawing
only to find himself voted out of office by the from an agenda, this "Mission Council" may
Armed Forces Council, which also demanded discuss ideas for, say, a new currency ex-
change rate, or radios to reinforce psycho-
untr
c
th
h l
y.
o
eave
e
that Khan
If Taylor had political problems, his mili- logical warfare.
tary situation was no better. It was not for Staff it," says Taylor if the suggestion
lack of American talent. The U.S. military seems plausible, and it goes to a lower
chief, General Westmoreland, is an eagle- echelon committee composed of different
faced ex-Eagle Scout with superb combat U.S. agency delegates. A week or more later
credentials-"one of the best soldiers in the the committee returns to present a prepared
business," as Taylor rates him. Severe, ab- project for the council's verdict-or what is
stemlous and energetic. Westy blends epic called "concurrence or noneoncurrence."
courage with perennial self-betterment. On American concurrence is not enough, Kow-
a jungle strip in central Vietnam recently, he ever. A Vietnamese council must also agree,
sat upright and unflinching as Vietcong gun- and in joint sessions with U.S. representa-
fire ripped into his light aircraft. His com- tives, it almost always does. "After that,"
ment later was typically terse: "I learned a explains an American official, "we're in the
lesson about airfield security." mysterious Orient. The Vietnamese come
But U.S. advisers are baffled by the be- back to tell us what we want to hear-that
e_ our 'psywar' radios are converting the peas-
Whe
d
m
w
e
n r
ar
s.
tna
ese
havior of their Vi
vie
Vietnamese battalions rumbled into ants, or they're growing giant aspidistras
Saigon for a coup d'etat not long ago, four with our fertilizer. We never really know,
American advisers went along, totally un- but we've deluded ourselves into believing
aware that they were beaded for mutiny. At that we've accomplished something."
the same time, a U.S. Ranger captain on an. Cumbersome and ambiguous as it Is, the
operation nearby was suddenly abandoned as whole process is further marred by intra-
his Vietnamese unit rushed off to join the mural U.S. bickering. "We criticize the Viet-
revolt. namese for their rivalries," says a high-rank-
Under the ground rules, the Vietnamese lag U.S. officer, "but our own agencies are not
need not heed U.S. counsel-and they often setting an ideal example."
exercise that prerogative. Sweeping an area Indeed, each American agency Is promoting
35 miles north of Saigon recently, a govern- itself. The CIA handles certain paramilitary
ay .v
break out again.
Back in 1.961, when he first surveyed Viet-,
nam, Taylor foresaw that his recommended
counterinsurgency program "might not be
sufficient." In that case, he envisaged soma
supplementary form of action against the;
Communists beyond -South Vietnam's bor?
ders. But not until last fall, as Vietcong
pressure mounted and the Vietnamese re.
gime floundered, did he finally regard it a.;
imperative to enlarge the war.
On a visit to Washington in late November,
Taylor suggested two operations to President
Johnson: (1) Retaliatory forays Into North
Vietnam for Vietcong terrorism against
Americans or attacks against U.S. installa-
tions; (2) air strikes against supply lines
and staging areas in Laos, possibly phasing
into hits on such North Vietnamese targets
as bridges and powerplants.
The President was cautious. He worried
"about the consequences of getting American
troops into a war with 700 million Chinese."
"And when a brigadier general can walk
down the street in Saigon and take over the
government without firing a shot," he also
said, "I don't know how much offensive we're
prepared to launch."
After a full-dress review of the situation,
however, President Johnson conceded in
principle to limited escalation-on condi-
tion that the Vietnamese generals and poll-
ticians in Saigon stop wrangling. In his
view, it made no sense to attack the north
if the south wasn't stable.
Returning to Saigon, Taylor conveyed that
message to the Vietnamese. The rival gen-
erals continued their Intriguing. Buddhist
leaders fasted to protest against what they
called U.S. political interference, and sta-
dents rioted, shouting, "Down with Taylor"
and "Taylor go home." They rampaged
through the streets of Saigon, encircling tie
U.S. Embassy and smashing the U.S. Infcr-
mation Agency's windows.
Taylor's anger at the mess was evident
when a visitor asked him, "What do we do
if some future Saigon government invites
the United States to leave South Vietnam?"
Without hesitation, Taylor answered, "We
leave,"
But the United States had no intention of
being forced out of Saigon. And out of that
determination evolved the feeling tr.at
whether or not the South Vietnamese gov-
ernment was stable, some kind of action
would have to be taken against the north.
Messages went back and forth between the
U.S. Embassy in Saigon and the White House
until President Johnson gradually carne
around and told Taylor the United States
would attack the north "on the next appro-
priate occasion." As Taylor has since e~x-
plained, "Once that decision was reached, all.
that was required was a circumstance that
justified reprisal. The Vietcong handed us
the chance at Pleiku and again at Qutnhon,
and every time it's handed to us again In the
future we are going to hit back harder and
harder and harder."
Taylor had not been given a blank check,
however. His request for air strikes was
significantly reinforced by the fact that Mc-
George Bundy was on the scene and visited
Pleiku after the attack. Caught up in the
atmosphere of blood and tension, he slxp-
ported Taylor's appeal to Washington. But
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s Sou=au jud
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e
wants to limit strifes oil gment. no one man this position that we would not presume to
North Vietnam and can have a monopoly of that judgment. control the way in which that sovereignty
avoid "a wider war." More particularly, the President cannot have might be exercised. If, for Instance, the Viet-
Yet the quandary remains, a quandary for It under present conditions. cong should take over the government in
Johnson, for Taylor, and for America Itself. It must be obvious to anyone who is ac- Saigon without support from the North or
Rarely In their history have habitually buoy- quainted with the President's principal ad- if a South Vietnamese government should
ant, self-confident Americans confessed to visers that the most powerful advice he gets come to any understanding with the North
sixth perplexity, uncertainty and despon- seeks the extension of the war, and that it through which the country would be united
dency. "I've found the situation here more is hardly anything more than his innate under Ho Chi Minh, we would not intervene.
complex than I ever visualized it would be," good. sense that has thus far prevented these
says General Westmoreland. "The political advisers from carrying the day completely. most The other answer to our question has been
dimension and psychological flavor have The President ought to than clearly formulated by the Secretary of
been a revelation." And a weary rather than Defense when he said on February 18 that
ry young regret, those voices from Congress and the "the choice is not simply whether to con-
American diplomat told me, "I'm all mixed public at large which give arguments and tinue our efforts to keep South Vietnam free
a . We workinfa 12-hour s and. ask day, go vhome t to support to his sound instinct. The Presi- and independent but, rather, whether to
the hel a coupl e are we doing here?" dent would no doubt have personally an continue our struggle to halt Communist
easier time of it, but only in the short run, expansion in Asia." It is the same answer
IAxxTT 2 if his Vietnamese policies were not exposed Senator DODD has given at length in his Sen-
to criticism. Yet what the President must ate speech of February 23. This answer is
WAR Wins CHINA?-WHY U.S. POLICY IN seek is not the convenience of one day but tantamount to saving that we shall oppose
ASIA IS WRONG the approbation of history for all time to communism in South Vietnam or wherever
(By Hans J. Morgenthau) come. President Johnson is as conscious of else we find it in Asia, by military means if
It illuminates the many misunderstand- his historic mission and of his place in his- necessary. In other words, we shall contain
ings that beset our Vietnam policy that in tory as any of his predecessors. Why, then, communism in Asia, as we have contained
order to criticize that policy in public one has does he in this instance not practice what it in Europe. Other official spokesmen, such
first to ustif one's he knows to be right? rc
President himself has declared such crticism The answer to this question is to be found of March 16, have State Ball In thhis e speech
to be unhelpful and even damaging. A for- in the other argument In favor of silently thought less concisely by defining our mis-
mer President has. supported him, and many rallying behind the President. It is the sion in Asia as the defense of freedom;
eminent men interviewed on television and conception of consensus. Certainly the po- that is, of non-Communist governments,
elsewhere have at least Implied that to sup- litical health of the Nation and the effective- against communism.
port these policies was the only decent thing ness of government are greatly enhanced It is obvious that these two positions are
to do under, the circumstances. This Pori- when the policies of the Government are irreconcilable. For if one takes the Secre-
tion is incompatible both with the principles supported by the great mass of the people. tary of State at his word, then we are
of democracy and the requirements of sound But consensus is a means to an end, not an engaged in a limited undertaking which
policy formation. end in itself. Here is one of the differences could be liquidated through a negotiated
The Constitution assigns to Congress the between a totalitarian and a democratic so- settlement without too much difficulty. If
right to declare war. How can Congress dis- ciety. In the former, dissent is a moral vice Hanoi made a gesture toward noninterfer_
charge this function if its Members and and a political crime by definition and, con- ence in the affairs of South Vietnam, we
the citizens who have elected them are pre- versely, consensus is the ultimate good. In could find a formula which would allow us
eluded, from discussing the merits of the a democracy, the ultimate standard Is the to disengage ourselves from South Vietnam.
issues which might lead to war? The Con- soundness of policy for the support of which If, on the other hand, one takes the Secre-
stitution implies that Congress has a choice popular consensus is sought. tary of Defense at his word, then we are
in the matter of war. How can it make that The democratic statesman is faced with an engaged in a global crusade against com-
choice if neither it nor the people it rep- inevitable dilemma if he cannot get popular munism which we. must fight wherever we
resents have the right to debate the Issues? support for the sound policies he would like find it. Consequently, there is no pos-
To say that the most momentous issues a to pursue. He will choose the easy disastrous sibility for a negotiated settlement, and we
nation must face cannot be openly and way out if he sacrifices sound policies on the shall stay in South Vietnam as long as com-
critically discussed is really tantamount to altar of a fleeting popularity. If he chooses munism threatens to expand in Asia; that is,
saying that democratic debate and decision to pursue the policies he deems to be right indefinitely.
do. not apply to the questions of life and against the opposition of the popular con- There can be no doubt, on the basis of ex-
death and that, as far as they are concerned, sensus, he must seek to change the consen- ternal and internal evidence, that the. posi-
the people have given carte blanche to one sus in favor of his policies in order to be tion of the Secretary of Defense is at present
man' able to pursue them. Doing this, he risks in the ascendancy in our Government. It is
:Rot only is this Position at odds with domestic political failure, but if he succeeds with that position, therefore, that I am here
the principles of democracy, but it also re- domestically, he will gain the immortality of concerned. I am emphatically opposed to it
moves a very important corrective for gov- a great statesman.
ernematal misjudgment. Would Great
George Washington knew how on two grounh because of the ibecause of
Britain have been better off if in the months this dilemma of democratic statesmanship. sresfrom Which it derives, and because of
its its likely consequences.
preceding and following the outbreak of He proclaimed the neutrality of the United The intellectual errors of that position are
the Second World War Churchill had kept States in the War of the First Coalition two: misunderstanding of the nature of
quiet disand astrous dethought hi Chamberlain, how- against revolutionary France in 1793, while contemporary communism; misunderstand-
ever Chamberlain govhis policies iee to out ? the popular consensus fervently wanted him ing of the policy of containment. .
The m the midst rg war; it the duty to join France In that war. For weeks, We are in Asia in order to contain com-
of In of was the opposition to fee crowds roamed the streets of Philadelphia munism. But what do we mean by com-iet b the op Should the p man Red rally clamoring for Washington's head, and John munism? To answer that question we must it? have kept silent in 19 the instead of g Marshall reports in his biography of Wash- take a critical look at the two equations
a resolution ngton t peace without an- impeachment had not been tabled in Con- Asian policies. On the one hand, we have
day indeed thought Germ n Government but history of the gress, it would have passed with an over- equated communism with the power of
day he y whelming majority. Yet If Washington had China; on the other hand, we have equated
that.t Parliamentary opposition had better made consensus the ultimate yardstick of communism anywhere in Asia with Chinese
judgment than the Government. In the his policy, he would have gone down in communism. Yet what has been true of
years preceding Pearl Harbor, this country history as the wrecker, not the father, of his the Soviet Union in Europe has proved to
engaged in a great debate about the best country.
foreign policy to follow., Did the counts d true also h r o in Asia: that the basic
bp
not benefit from this clarification of the Two DIFFERENT ANSWERS di rection of her poli cies 1s determined ri-
rioues and was its later unity not in good A critical assessment of our involvement marily by her traditional national interests,
measure founded upon it? In Vietnam must start with the question, and that communism only adds a new dy-
Two main arguments are advanced in favor Why are we involved in Vietnam? Spokes- namic dimension to the means by which
of the proposition that the people should men for our Government have given two dif- those policies are to be achieved. In other
rally behind the_President and not criticize ferent answers. One answer is implicit in words, the fundamental fact in Asia is not
his Vietnamese policies. One is that only the Secretary of State's often repeated state- that China has a Communist government
the President has all the facts and therefore ment that our military mission in Vietnam but that she has resumed her traditional role
ozlly he has the right to judge. The truth will end when North Vietnam leaves its as the predominant power in Asia. That
is that nobody has all the facts and nobody neighbor alone. In other words, we are in that power has been. restored under Com-auspices ne~ them.,all. What both the President Vietnam in order to protect the independence o munist
anti-communist is the only relevant fact for his. Critics need and have are the relevant of a sovereign state. Once that sovereignty our crusaders. Yet it is
s
facts, and what they need more than any- is assured we can go home. It follows from of Asia 8wh1 h, from Japanto Pakistan, ibe-
No. 59-23
6427
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 1, 1965
hold with awe and admiration the new version. These fact-li1dd in up to a threat nature and oeestabl sh favorab a conditions for asnego
Chinese power and try to come to terms which is primarily ary
with it. to be countered primarily by military means. 'dated French withdrawal, and the concen-?
The identification of Asian with Chinese None of these factors are present in Asia. tration of the French forces in strong point:;
communism is similarly the result of the The threat here is not primarily military like Dienbienphu was to serve the protection
crusading opposition to communism as a but political in nature. Weak governments of those armed forces from uncontrollable
political philosophy and a way of life. Such and societies are exposed to Communist sub- guerrilla actions. Is Danang destined to
identification is justified in philosophy and version, which may or may not be an ex- become the American Dienbienphu? And if
ethics, but it has no place in foreign policy. tension of Chinese power, as Chinese power it is, shall we follow the French example
For it is an obvious fact of experience that may or may not be carried abroad by com- and withdraw, or shall we go forward until
in the conduct of our foreign policy we are munism. Military containment has no bear- we encounter China? It is here that the
not faced with one monolithic communism, ing upon such a threat. Thus SEATO has ambiguity of our present policy comes into
but with a number of different communism& been irrelevant to the expansion of Chinese play.
whose character is determined by the char- influence into Indonesia and Pakistan. More The extension of the war into North Viet-
acter and the interests of the particular particularly, China can, in the present state nam can be interpreted as an attempt to
nation embracing it. Thus we find in Asia, of her development, be hurt but not de- create in Hanoi the psychological precondi-
as elsewhere, different kinds of communism stroyed by nuclear weapons. tion for a negotiated settlement. But it can
whose relations to China and the Soviet But even if the threat emanating from also be interpreted as an attempt to change
Union range all the way from complete inde- China were primarily military in nature, it the fortunes of war in South Vietnam by
pendence to complete subgervience. To could not be contained through the defense rupturing the assumed casual nexus between
treat all these communisms alike on the of accidentally selected local outposts at the policies of Hanoi and the victories of
assumption that they are all equally sub- the periphery of China. For since the as- the Vietcong. This casual nexus is a de-
servient to either China or the Soviet-Union cendancy of China in Asia is due primarily lusion, which has been given the very fiimuy
or to both is the height of doctrinaire folly. to its cultural and political predominance, appearance of fact through the white paper
In its intellectual debility, it is no different it is futile to think that one can contain of February 28. A policy derived from such
from the doctrinaire excesses of a vulgar that predominance by militarily defending a delusion is bound to fail. Yet when it has
Marxism which sees the capitalistic world South Vietnam or Thailand. That Chinese failed and when failure approaches catastro-
as "a monolithic monster bent upon the predominance is as much a fact of life as Is phe, it would be consistent in terms of that
destruction of communism. American predominance in the Western Hem- delusionary logic to extend the war at 11
Not only is such. an attitude of indiscrimi- isphere, and our attempts to contain Chi- further. Today, we are holding Hanoi r
nate hostility intellectually untenable, but nese predominance in Asia through local mil- sponsible for the Vietcong; tomorrow we
it also precludes any possibility at diplo- itary operations is about as sensible as would might hold Peiping responsible for Hanoi.
matic maneuver, subtle bargaining, and tol- be China's trying to contain the American "At the first step you are free, at the second
erable accommodation. In other words, it predominance in the Western Hemisphere by you are a slave."
renders impossible the conduct of a foreign committing her military forces in defense To call attention to these implications of
policy worth of the name. 'One only needs of one or the other of the Latin American our present policies has nothing to do with
to consider in the light of such opportunities countries. pacificism, isolationism, appeasement, and
for Whoever wants to contain American pre- softness on communism. The difference be-
creative diplomacy the present relations tween calling to these implications
must g
h
am
ere
among the United States, the Soviet Union, dominance in the Western Hemisp
C iv,., North and South Vietnam in order to strike at the very sources of American power;
inair he
dent -
a in
f
lf
g ?___" _
-----
e
-de
see ho se
sading attitude toward communism is. In- conclusion applies to the containment of
stead of bombing North Vietnam because we China. Thus the policy of the peripheral
don't know what else to do, we would at military containment of China leads with
least have a chance at bending the situation logical necessity to war with China. Such
in southeast Asia to our rationally defined a war cannot be fought with even a remote
interests if the President were advised by a chance for success from the air and the sea;
Richelieu, a Talleyrand., a Bismarck or-why it must be fought and won where the sources
goabroad?-a Hamilton. of Chinese power tie, that is, on land. It
ht
-
io nen trie to fight it.
foug
must
as
now, when we have still the freedom of
choice, and of stumbling unawares deeper
and deeper Into a morass from which there
is no retreat, is the difference between. pru-
dence and recklessness; between a rational?
discriminating understanding of the hier-
archy of national interests and the power
available for their support, and a doctrinaire
emotionalism which drowns all vital dis-
tinctions in the fervor of the anti-Coinmu-
nist crusade.
France owes more to Mendes-France who
liquidated the Indochinese War, and to De
Alas, the President of the United States towinning i ., _ .,------- -?
Gaulle who stopped the fighting in Algeria,
Instead, he Is advised
o such advisers
t that all our leaders
h
h
i
.
,
n
as n
e po
It is beside t
"to continue our struggle to halt Commu- past and present, even those who have than to those who wanted to continue fight-
nist expansion in Asia," regardless of its deemed a war with China inevitable, have ing without regard for the limits of their
character, its aims, its relevance to the in- recoiled from the idea of sending millions country's interests and power. Those ifew
terests of the United States. For such sim- of American soldiers to the mainland of Asia who warned Athens against the Sicilian ax-
ple-minded conception of the enemy, the to fi ght. President Eisenhower said on Feb- pedition, which was to become the grave of
complexities and subtleties of diplomatic nary 10, 1954, that he "could conceive of Athens' greatness, were better patriots than
manuever hold no promise. It needs an in- no greater tragedy than for the United States its promoters. To point to the likely conse-
strume crude nt as simple, indiscriminate, and to become Involved in an all-out war in quences of present policy is, then, not only
crude as itself, and it has found such an in- Indochina," and General MacArthur, in the a right, which ought not to require apologetic
strument in the policy of the peripheral mill- congressional hearings concerning his dis- assertion, but it is also a duty,,: burdensome
Lary containment of China. Here we are in missal and in personal conversation with yet inescapable.
the presence of the other intellectual error President Kennedy, emphatically warned
that dominates our Asian policy. against sending American soldiers to the
It seems to have been the curse of our Asian mainland to fight China. We are here
foreign policy since the end of the Second concerned not with the intentions of states-
World War that it has become the victim of men but with the inevitable consequences of
its own success. The Marshall plan was their policies. None of the statesmen who
eminently successful in Europe, and so we made the fateful decisions' In July and
have fashioned a global policy of foreign August, 1914, could have looked back in
aid on the assumptions of the Marshall plan. November 1918, on the European scene and
The policy of containment was eminently said, "II planned it that way." Yet what
successful in Europe, and so we have ex- happened in Europe during the First World
tended it to the rest of the globe. War was the inevitable result of what states-
Yet the factors which made the policy of men decided at its beginning, without want-
containment a success in Europe are present Ing or even imagining the consequences. As
nowhere else and least of all in Asia. First, a Mephistopheles said to Faust: "At the first
line could be drawn across the European step You are free, at the second you are a
Continent which clearly delimits the west- slave."
ern borders of the Soviet Empire. Second, In Vietnam today, we are in the process
two armies face each other across that-line of taking that fateful first step. At the mo-
of demarcation, which is guaranteed symboli- ment of this writing, at least, our policy is
cally by the presence of American troops still ambiguous. On the one hand, it seeks
and actually by the nuclear power of the to create a positionof strength from which
United States to which the Soviet Union is to negotiate. There is an ominous simularity
vulnerable. Third, to the west of that bound- between this attempt to fashion somehow
ary there lies an ancient `civilization which out of the wreckage of a lost war a favorable
was but temporarily in disarray and proved negotiating position, and the French policies
itself capable of containing Communist sub- leading to the surrender at Dienbienphu.
COOPERATION BETWEEN AGENCY
FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
AND CREDIT UNION NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION
Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President,
January 1965 marked the beginning, of
the fourth year of cooperation between
the Agency for International Develop-
ment and CUNA International, the
worldwide association of credit unions,
formerly known as Credit Union Na-
tional Association. Many of my col-
leagues in the Senate know of the
accomplishments of credit unions in the
United States. In my own State, there
are well over 300 credit unions, with
some 215,000 members, providing the
traditional facilities of a safe place to
save and a low-cost source of loans.
The rapid growth of credit unions in
the United States is now being matched
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[From the New York Times, Mar. 31, 1965]
END Or CHEAP FARM tAeO3
Secretary of Labor Wirtz sharply reflected
the expressed intention of Congress when he
told importunate corporate farmers that
they could never again expect Government
authorization is?r the mass import of cut-
rate foreign labor to harvest American crops.
No crops will spoil if the growers finally
fate up to the need for a substantial in-
erease in the wages that have for so many
years made migratory farm laborers the
country's _ most exploited workers. Their
average earnings have never come to much
more than $1,000 a year-a third of the level
President Johnson has taken as the dividing
line between poverty and decency.
,Even a doubling of farm wages should
mean little in costs to consumers. A recent
survey by the Labor Department found that
the field labor cost for picking oranges was
1 to 2 cents a dozen, as against a retail price
of 50 to 72 cents at big city markets. For
lettuce the ? picking cost was a little over
1 anent a head, the retail sales price 23 cents.
The farm laborer can move far up the eco-
nomic ladder Without any profound impact
on the pocketbook of this best fed of I%_
tions.
Mr. DICKINSON. Mr. Speaker, o;i
Tuesday of this week I spoke in this
Chamber on the recent Communist-in-
spired racial disturbances- in my State.
I mentioned that Martin Luther King
has been and continues to be surrounded
by Communists and Communist sympa-
thizers.
In yesterday's Washington Daily News,
on the same page on which there was an
account of my remarks, Mr. Ted Knap,
a Scripps-Howard staff writer, reported
the following:
INVESTIGATORS SAY: REDS BORE INTO RIGHTS
MOVEMENT
(By Ted Knap, Scripps-Howard staff writer)
Government investigators confirmed today
that there is some Communist infiltration of
the civil rights movement.
As to the extent of this infiltration, in-
formed sources in the Justice Department,
Senate and House agree:
It is more prevalent in the organizations
of militant young Negroes than the larger,
mature civil rights groups.
It is "substantial," though not to the ex-
tent of taking over the movement, or even
coming close.
It is effective in inciting situations which
hurt the United States when propagandized
overseas, particularly in Africa.
tional television while appealing for ad-
ditional funds to finance more. demon-
(Mr. POOL, asked an was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. POOL. Mr. Speaker, men in their
greed seldom consider the far-reaching
consequences of, their avaricious deeds,
Time and again they see fit to profit
through maritime trade in time of war.
It happened during the world wars, it
happened during the Cuban crisis, and
such is also the case in North Vietnam.
Many of our stanch allies are sending
ships into North Vietnam while our
forces are struggling to maintain a ves-
tige of democracy in the south of that
nation.
And not only are these foreign ships
profiteering at the expense of our mili-
tary effort and the American merchant
marine, but they are doing so with Amer-
ican goods in'some instances. I am to-
day proposing legislation to amend the
Merchant Marine Act of 1920 in order
to prohibit transportation of articles by
foreign vessels who engage in commerce
with the Communist dominated nation
of North Vietnam.
This law will not force the cessation
of such base conduct-on the part of our
allies-that is beyond our legislative
power-but at least it will focus attention
upon this problem, this gross disloyalty
to the cause of liberty permitted to pri-
vate citizens by their governments.
Even though this commerce may mean
little at present to the economy of North
Vietnam, the far-reaching consequences
of greedy men may eventually contribute
to the loss of liberty by entire nations.
RACIAL DEMONSTRATIONS IN, AL .
BAMA COMMi71`TIST INSPIRED .
(Mr. DICKINSON asked and was given
permission to address the House for I.
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
CONGRESS
The question of Communist infiltration in
the civil right movement was raised yester-
day in Congress. Chairman EDWIN E. WILLIS,
Democrat, of Louisiana, of the House Un-
American Activities Committee, in announc-
ing an investigation of the Ku Klux Klan,
said "Communist influence" is also involved.
The committee has traced Communist
agitation among Negroes back to the late
twenties, when Stalin decreed that the Com-
munist Party, U.S.A., was to organize a Negro
government in the South that would secede
from the Nation.
In 1959, Khrushchev switched to a line of
"full integration" for the Negro and Com-
munists were urged to infiltrate Negro
groups.
Here's how the Government sources de-
scribed Communist penetration of the main
civil rights organizations:
Urban League: "Always has been clean."
NAACP: "Kicked them out years ago."
Southern Christian Leadership Confer-
enoe: "Martin Luther King discourages them;
kicked out one Communist who had been an
SCLC leader."
CORE: "Fairly clean. Jim Farmer won't
tolerate them, but there are some Com-
munists in lower echelons."
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commit-
tee: "Irresponsible * * * allows Commu-
nists."
Freedom Now Party: "Welcomes Commu-
nists."
Muslims and Black Nationalist: "Welcome
Communists, particularly of the Chinese line.
Small in number."
The Government officials expressed con-
cern about fringe groups that latch onto the
civil rights movement as an excuse to agitate.
They mentioned the Progressive Labor
Movement, whose members regard Russian
communism as bourgeois, and W. E. B.
Dubois Clubs, Trotzkylte groups springing up
on college campuses. PLM leaders were ac-
tive in the Harlem riots last summer.
As the article states, sources within the
U.S. Government describe the St] Slent
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee as
'irresponsible * * * allows Commu-
nists.'
Mr. Speaker, last Thursday, at the end
of the march on Montgomery, the Rev-
erend Ralph Abernathy, first lieutenant
to Martin Luther King, stated on na-
_ Bring your contributions by the table up
here before you leave or send them to the
office of the SCLC (Southern Christian Lead-
ership Conference) at 714 Auburn Avenue
NE., Atlanta, Ga.; or send them to the Stu-
dent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in
Atlanta. Either way, it will go to the move-
ment.
Mr. Speaker, this is just one more ad-
mitted link between the racial troubles
in Alabama, Martin Luther King, and
the Communist Party. This proves be-
yond doubt that the money received goes
to a common pot, and that there is really
no difference in SNCC and "King" Mar-
tin Luther's Southern Christian Leader-
ship Conference.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER RECREATIONAL
. AREA
(Mr. HUNGATE asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks and to include an editorial.)
Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, I
should like to call the attention of the
House to an editorial written by Art Hig-
gins, editor of the Quincy Herald-Whig,
Quincy, Ill., on March 21, 1965. He urges
completion of a Mississippi River Recre-
ational Area plan originally introduced
by my predecessor, the late Clarence
Cannon. I think the points he makes, in
favor of such an overall federally estab-
lished park, are well taken; and under
the leadership of our present great Sec-
retary of the Interior, Stewart Udall,
such a program would be of great bene-
fit to our entire Nation.
For 20 years, the 10 States bordering the
Mississippi River have been actively seeking
creation of a national parkway along the
shores of the Nation's greatest river.
Still, when the parks for America pro-
gram was set up this year, the river play-
ground was omitted.
Other projects, numbering 12, are newer
and each would serve fewer persons within
1 day's journey or less.
The Mississippi plan was introduced in
Congress by the late Representative Clarence
Cannon two decades ago. A national parks
study was ordered. Preliminary plans fol-
lowed a report on the study. But the job of
procuring land and building roads was left
to the several States.
Some progress has been made in some
States, but there has been little coordina-
tion. With 10 States involved, it is clear
only the Federal Government can accom-
plish the job within the span of the present
generation.
Further, if each State is to develop the
parkway in its own way, there will be 10 dif-
ferent types of facilities. Yet the hope is to
provide a playground from Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico, along the great river and
through some of the most scenic territory in
the United States.
The park expansion plan is worthy. It is
long overdue. Not since the days of Gifford
Pinchot has there been real enthusiasm in
the Federal parks program. And since that
time our national population has doubled.
Vacation travel has grown much more
rapidly than has the population. When
Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt envisioned
playgrounds in our vast public domain, only
a few thousand persons annually traveled
to the Nation's scenic sports on annual vaca-
tions. Now, almost everyone has a vacation,
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-COI GRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
and-many millions each year take trips of
from 1 to 8 weeks or more and travel from
a few hundreds to 20,000' miles or more.
The number of visitors to the country's
famous scenic areas doubles each. 3 or 4
years.
Of the 12 proposed new park areas 7 are
in the West or Southwest, 3 are In ,-the *ast
and only 2 are in the Middle West. The
greatest number of new parks thus will be
in the least populous areas.
Of the two projected midwestern parks,
one is in Michigan and the other in northern
Indiana, on the shore of Lake Michigan.
Nothing is planned for the immediate
Mississippi Valley, perhaps the most inter-
esting part of Middle America.
The great river road, the highway that will
serve the parkway, has been-marked through
Illinois and some otlier'States. But. with
some exceptions, it leads to nothiig. The
heart of the program is the recreational cle-
velopment in a vast parkway system. There
were to be access points to the river,
beaches, boating facilities, picnicking and
outdoor sports facilities.
Few of these now are available. Only the
Qorigress can bring order and action to the
Mississippi River parkway plan.
It is not too late to include it in the new
program.
prices, repair bills, living expenses, or
doctor and hospital bills, in the same
period of time covered by the report.
One can only be thankful that the
Washington Post makeup man had a
keen sense of humor and placed along-
side the article another one on the same
'company complaining of a decrease in
earnings because of poor underwriting
results in the auto casualty insurance
field.
Automobile accident victims are seek-
ing and obtaining relief in such numbers
that last year the Geico net earnings
after faxes were a mere $6.2 million or
$1.93 a share as compared to $6.6 million
or $2.5 a share in the preceding year.
'T'he company's underwriting profit last
year was $3.7 million as opposed to $6.1
million underwriting profits the preced-
ing year. Total company assets in-
creased 16 percent last year to $171.8
million. Net investment income before
taxes increased 8.2 percent to $4.3
million.
In view of such profitable conditions,
ffter taxes, and the tragic decline the
aempany finds in our moral values and
standards of ethical conduct, you might
expect the annual report to indicate
premium reductions to set the proper
tone for leadership in ethical standards
and/or a report of substantial contribu-
tions to research foundations, medical
and legal professional groups to eradi-
cate- aberrant miscreants. Not so.
The 1965 outlook is highly favorable
according to Geico's annual report.
Its president says 1965 should bring
further premium rate increases in num-
erous States which will improve under-
writing profits. They predict that Geico
premium income and the number of
policyholders will set new records, that
investment income will increase 25 per-
cent.
The National Association of Claimants
Compensation Attorneys, the Missouri
Association of Claimants Compensation
Attorneys, and such leaders of the bar
as J. E. Clarke, attorney of Elsberry,
Mo., a director of that association, will
remind this body and the American pub-
lic that not only are they the ones who
must bear the costs of increased auto
insurance premiums but on any given day
they may find themselves the tragic vic-
tims of such an automobile accident and
should recall that living expenses, doe-
tor, hospital, and garage bills cannot be
paid with homilies.
VICTIMS OF AUTO ACCIDENTS
flair. H1 NGATE asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point In the RECORD and to include ex-
.traneous matter.)
Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, I should
like to call the attention of the House
to a matter of great concern to all Amer-
leans and particularly those who operate
or ride In motor vehicles. The tragic
v tims of accidents on our highways are
no* suffering a flank attack. I respect-
ftilly call attention to two articles print-
ed side by side on page A22 of the Wa$h-?
ington Post, Sunday, February 28, 1965.
One calls. attention, In headlines to the
"Tragic Decline in Moral Values" and
ag$ails "A Rise in Fake Claims." The
.article continues:
"Fraudulent and padded claims likewise
increased in 1964," top Oeico executives
eaid.' "The industry continues to be muicted
by the small but tremendously costly mi-
nority of policyholders, claimants, and
garage owners who present exaggerated or
fraudulent claims, in some cases with the
aid of doctors and lawyers who sully the
ethics of their honorable professions by
abetting or even Instigating these mal-
practices.
"It Is unfortunate that, despite the efforts
of our industry and the educational articles
printed by many great newspapers, the gen-
eral public is still not aware of the fact
that these unscrupulous practices penalize
all persons who buy Insurance by contribut-
ing to the need for higher insurance rates.
It is the responsibility of all citizens, and
particularly the ethical practice committees
of the great professions, to help stamp out
these evils."
It also assails "excessive jury awards
in personal jury suits," although one
would assume that any jury award which
vr4-truly excessive would be reversed by
the appellate court. The broadside
slant at the medical and legal profes-
is unencumbered by specific facts,
navies, and supporting evidence. The
plethora of comparisons on increasing
costs of claims contains no statement of
the increases occurring in automobile
UDALL PILL TO PROVIDE FOR CER-
TAIN REORGANIZATIONS IN THE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDU-
CATION, AND WELFARE
(Mr. UDALL asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous material.)
Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, today I in-
troduced a bill to reorganize certain
functions in the Department of State
and the Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare In order to bring about
better coordination of activities con-
April 1, 1965
cerned with population growth in tlals
country and abroad.
The bill also provides for a Januixy
1967 White House Conference on Pop-
ulation and assistance to States which
want to hold conferences prior to the
national gathering.
A similar bill is being introduced in
the Senate, cosponsored by Senators
GRUENING, BASS, MCGOVERN, TYDINGS,
and others.
Earlier this year I introduced House
Concurrent Resolution 56, requesting s.p-
pointment of a Presidential Commission
on Population. The resolution is pat-
terned after the one introduced in the
88th Congress jointly by Senators
GRUENING and CLARK, both of whom have
given fearless and pioneering leadership
in this field.
Today's bill is aimed at improving
coordination of presently authorized
population programs within the two De-
partments named and to encourage dia-
log on the issue.
In his state of the Union message, the
President gave new and bold stimulation
to the discussion of a problem which
most everyone recognizes exists. This
one sentence may have been one of the
most significant statements issued by a
President. He said:
I will seek new ways to use our knowledge
to help deal with the explosion in world
population and the growing scarcity in world
resources.
With these words the President has
opened the way for free and open discus-
sion about the problems brought on by
the world's population growth. Almost
overnight the climate for discourse has
changed. As late as last summer I had
serious qualms about public reaction to
a Member of Congress expressing con-
cern with the world's burgeoning poru-
lation. It was, I thought, a dangerous
political topic.
But on August 10 I sent out thousands
of copies of a newsletter on the subject
and the immediate mail response con-
vinced me that on this issue our citizens
are not only ready but anxious to hear
debate in the American tradition. Peo-
ple are often ahead of their leaders and
I am convinced this is the case with the
population explosion problem.
Mr. Speaker, I request permission to
have printed at this point my August 10,
1964 newsletter entitled, "A Time Bomb
Called Population."
A TIME BOMB CALLED POPULATION
In this presidential election year heated de-
bate will be waged on a multitude of current
and pressing problems. But conspicuously
absent from issues to be discussed is the one
which may well be our most urgent prob-
lem-the time bomb called population.
As Mark- Twain might have put it: Popu-
lation is something everybody does some-
thing about but nobody talks about. I n-
tend to talk about It.
During a recent press conference, in dis-
cussing sharply increased school district and
local taxes, I cited some startling statistics
and commented that a great many of our
local, national and international problems
originate in one way or another in the "popu-
lation explosion." When I finished, a re-
porter asked, "Congressman UDALL, what are
you doing to help solve this problem?"
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