Congressional Record House

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300150002-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: May 10, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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W y 10, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD -, HOUSE 9643
firms submitting bids on government con- in the internal market. Prices for the goods General Treaty. An integrated industry Is
tracts must be domiciled in Venezuela. In to which the article refers shall be deter- one that, even at minimum capacity, must
the case of foreign corporations, that re- mined in the corresponding port of entry have access to the entire Central American
quirernent entails domiciliation under the into the country. market in order to operate under reasonably
provisions. of Articles 354 through 358 of Article 2. Acquisitions of nationalized competitive conditions. An integrated in-
the Venezuelan Commercial Code. Those goods shall be subject to the provisions of dustry is granted a number of special incen-
provisions require, among other things, the the preceding article. In that case, only the tives. Article VII provides in part that "the
filing of certified copies of the articles of In- surcharge provided for shall be applied to Government and other State bodies shall also
corporation (or corresponding documents) the price of said goods in the internal mar- give preference in their official imports to
and the by-laws of the foreign corporation ket. the products of the Central American in-
and the translation into Spanish and pub- Article 3. The Autonomous Official Insti- tegration industries.".
lication of the articles of incorporation, as tutes and Establishments of the Public Ad- Like LAFTA, CACM has an Executive Coun-
well as the appointment of a representative ministration shall expressly be subject to the cil consisting of a representative from each
in Venezuela with full powers to act in provisions of this Ordinance. member country, and a
permanent Venezuela for the foreign corporation, ex- Article 4. The Industrial Council shall de- tariat that carries out the adminstrative
cept the' power to dispose of the business termine the goods to which this Decree shall functions. The latter is under the direction
of the corporation. be applied and the surcharges in each case. of a Secretary General. Unlike LAFTA, the
Accordingly, foreign corporations which Article 5. The provisions of this Decree supreme authority of CAOM is the Central
are not already registered with a ministry or shall not be applicable to cases in which the American Council, consisting of the Ministers
agency and are not domiciled in Venezuela acquisition of goods produced abroad will of Economy of the five member countries.
are at a substantial disadvantage, particu- be a particular necessity in the judgment of
larly If the period allowed for the submission the Ministry of the branch in question. For Principal sources
of bids is relatively short. _ this purpose, the Ministry which may have (1) Association of the Bar of the City
The protection of existing national indus- ordered or authorized the acquisition must of New York, Committee on Foreign Law,
try and the encouragement of new industries state to the office of the Controller of the Na- Economic Integration in Latin America, 17
is the declared policy of the Venezuelan tion the reasons on which it bases its reso- Record (Supplement, June 1962).
-Government. In furtherance of that policy, lution. (2) Business International, Latin Amer-
the "Buy Venezuelan" Decree of January 9, Article 6. When Inspecting ["Al fiscalizar"j ica's Merging Market: The Challenge of Eco-
19b9 (Decree No. 512, Gaceta Official, Jan- the acquisition of goods pursuant to the Law, nomic Integration (New York, 1964) .
uary 13, 1959), a copy of an unofficial trans- the Office of the Controller of the Nation (3) Duvall, Latin American Integration
lation from Spanish of which Is attached shall apply the provisions contained herein. Developments, 9 International and Compara-
hereto, requires all government departments Article 7. Decree number 131 dated May 20, tive Law Bulletin 34 (December 1964) (pub-
and agencies and autonomous entities and 1949, is hereby repealed. lished by Section of International and Com-
establishments to purchase Venezuelan Article 8. This Decree shall become effec- parative Law, American Bar Association).
products, provided the domestic price is not tive 120 days after its publication. (4) Nattier, The Central American Pro-
over 25% greater than that of the imported Palace of Mirafiores, Caracas, the ninth of gram of Economic Integration, in Surrey and
product. January of nineteen hundred fifty nine. The Shaw (eds.), A Lawyer's Guide to Interna-
Principal sources 149th Year of the Independence and 100th tional Business Transactions (Philadelphia,
(1) Foreign Service Despatch No. 328 Year of the Federation. 1963).
dated November 3, 1961, from the United The Government Junta, (5) Pincus, The Central American Com-
States Embassy in Caracas, entitled "EX- EDGARD SANABRIA, mon Market (U.S. Department of State,
PORT: Government Tenders". President., Agency for International Development,
(2) Airgram No. A-171 dated September CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET (CACM) Washington, D.C., 1962).
18, 1964, from the United States Embassy in The five Central American countries- Cooperation United 9ln Nations, America, Multilateral Vol. xt m
Caracas, entitled "Rules and Regulations for Costa Rica, - and documents LV962). 1: Text
Bidding on Government Contracts for Pub- El Salvador, Guatemala, Icon- and documents (.
3 Alr ber of agreements which comprise or relate
O gram No. A-217 dated October 7, to the Central American Economic Integra- STRONG PORT FOR ACTION
1964, from the United States Embassy in tion Program. The two main agreements-
Caracas, entitled "Venezuelan Law Govern- TAKEN BY OUR GOVERNMENT IN
1, o R1,ric ,,,, _,...,.-_.....-_,...__~---- -.. the General Treaty of C,rntra.l Amcrinnn
States Department of Commerce, to Cravath, Trade and Central American Economic Inte- The SPEAKER
gration signed on June 10, 1958--deal speciff- pro the tempore. Under
Swaine & Moore, New York. tal within previous order of the House ouse tgentle-
(6) United States Department of Com- the ly group with (the "common eliminating trade market" or barriers CACM), man from Florida [Mr. RocExs] is rec-
merce, Venezuela: A Market for U.S. Prod- and generally with the whole
nets (1964). problem of ognized for 60 minutes.
VENEZUELA economic integration. (Mr. ROGERS of Florida asked and
Article XVI of the General Treaty con- Was given permission to revise and ex-
Decree No. 512 of January 9, 1959 tains the following provisions with regard tend his remarks and to include extra-
(Gaceta Oficial, January 13, 1959) to national treatment for construction enter- neous matter.)
(Unofficial translation from Spanish) prises (unofficial United Nations transla- Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak-
The Government Junta of the Republic of tion) :
"The Contracting States shall grant na- er, 5 days ago today, the House of Rep-
Venezuela, in exercise of the authority con- tional treatment to enterprises of other resentatives indicated its strong support
%erred upon it by its Constitutive Act, In Signatory States engaged in the construe- for the action being taken by our Govern-
Council of Ministers, tiQn of roads, bridges, dams, Irrigation Sys- ment in the Vietnam situation, as well
Whereas one of the major obstacles for our tems, electrification, housing and other
industrial and economic development con- g as in the Caribbean, when we additional
sists
ternal market; of the Central American economic infra- funds for the conduct of military opera-
Whereas a large part of the national con- structure." tions in these two areas of the world.
sumption Is vested in the Public Administra- Article III of the General Treaty contains Now that the Congress is tion; and the following provision with regard to na-
tional treatment of goods United in support of the President and our mili-
p protection policy
el Nations translation) (unofficial to leaders, it would be well to take note
which the National Government has devel- '
oped in favor of the production of the coun- "Goods originating in the territory of any of some opposition to this course which
try, the adoption of measures to channel the of the Signatory States shall be accorded became evident during the spring recess,
purchases of the Public Administration to- national treatment in all of them and shall while Members were away from Wash-
wards the market of national products is be exempt from all quantitative or other ington.
necessary; restrictions or measures, except for such On April 17, 1965, a "march on Wash-
Decrees: measures as may be legally applicable in the ington" was staged to protest our Viet-
Article 1. The Public Administration shall territories of the Contracting States for rea- nam policies and was attended by thou-
not be allowed to acquire goods abroad at sons of health, security or police control."
of college studeri and others
prices which, added to the corresponding To encourage investment, the concept of ~sands
duties which, regular import causes, plus a "Integrated industries" has been developed. saying they are in oppo osition to the
surcharge up to 26 percent ad valorem, will Integrated industries are regulated by the U.S. aggression in Southeast Asia.
be higher than, or equal to, the prices paid Multilateral Agreement of June 10, 1958, While some of those in attendance may
for similar articles or adequate substitutes which was validated by Article XVII of the well hold sincere beliefs that U.S. action
No. 83--5
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 10, 19
is wrong, let no one believe that this stration in front of the Armed Services According to the February 8, 1965, issue
demonstration was spontaneous or mere- Recruiting Station at Philadelphia. On of Spark, a newspaper issued by the
ly the identical reaction of an Impartial April 5, they picketed a lecture delivered Progressive Labor Party an the west
group of young American students. The at Johns Hopkins University by Presi- coast, the May 2 movement is circulating
evidence clearly indicates that this march dential Adviser McGeorge Bundy. And, and obtaining signatures to a declara-
was fostered and promoted by the Com- on April 17, in Washington and Johnson tion from young men of draft age, stating
munist elements in this country which City, Tex., they demonstrated again the "U.S. participation in the war is for
are hard at work to undermine the ef- against U.S. policies in Vietnam. the suppression of the Vietnamese strug-
forts of our Government in the conduct it is my understanding that they soon gle for self-determination and national
of our foreign affairs. will bring a number of university faculty independence. We herewith state our
Six groups, in addition to the Com- members to Washington to challenge refusal to fight against the people of
dis-
munist Party, U.S.A., seem to have been administration officials to a debate on Vietnam."
was Also in February, a panel
Union
most interested in the April 17 demon- Vietnam policy. held at Student
strations. They are the Progressive La- Progressive Labor Party is another Building, Michigan State University,
bor Party; the May 2d Movement; the group participating in current demon- sponsored by the Young Socialist Club
Committee for Nonviolent Action; the strations, including the one of April 17. where Stetler stated that the May 2
Socialist Workers Party; the Workers It is extremely militant, along the Marx- movement had obtained hundreds of sig-
World Party, and the Students for a ist-Leninist or Chinese Communist natures onone campus alone on a peti-
Democratic Society. Party lines. Their magazine, Challenge, tion that the students would not allow
Some members of these organizations of February 9, 1965, said: themselves to be drafted for a war in
and others who took part in the Wash- :If we demonstrate, if the organizations we Vietnam.
ington demonstration, do so from per- belong to demonstrate, if we show that we Committee for Nonviolent Action is
sonal conviction and not as followers of will not support it-if we demand in one another group which has been most ac-
the Communist Party line. But they do voice that the war be ended-then John- tive in protesting U.S. action in Vietnam.
son will not be able to get away with it. It has been supported by the Progres-
lend their support to the concern. efforts of the We can stop the war. For our own sake,
Communists is cause for cncewe must. End the war in Vietnam. Bring sive Labor Party. It was formed in 1957
Most of those participating in the the troops home. and its leaders and most of its members
Washington demonstration were college This group was formerly known as the reportedly are ardent pacifists. While
students. It would be well for every nonviolent action is the stated effort of
parent who has a son or daughter in col- Progressive Labor movement, formed in this organization, it is interesting to
lege to advise their children of the real 1962 by dissident elements of the Com- note that its national chairman, A. J.
purposes they serve when they partici- munist Party, U.S.A., led by Milton Ros- Muste, was an observer at the 16th Na-
pate in such acti vities. Too often the en and Mortimer Scheer, both of whom tional Convention of the Communist
parents are not familiar with the-activi- held positions in the New York district Party, U.S.A. in New York City in 1957.
ties of their youngsters while at college. of the Communist Party, U.S.A. Rosen He has long fronted for Communists and
And many students apparently feel that is president and Scheer is a vice presi- has in the past circulated an amnesty
If they are in agreement with the aims of dent, along with William Epton. Epton, petition calling for the release of Com-
some organization they can join in a former Communist Party, U.S.A., mem- munist leaders convicted under the Smith
activities sponsored by these organiza- ber,-left the party because he felt it was Act.
tions, without adequate study of the real no longer a revolutionary power. He This committee also sponsored the
motives of these acts and their possible was instrumental in forming another Quebec-Guantanamo Walk for Peace
consequences. Progressive Labor Party front group, the which culminated in Florida in 1964,
The organizations which participated Harlem Defense Council, during the when Government authorities seized the
in the April 17 march on Washington summer of 1964. He was arrested and boat which this group intended to use to
deserve careful study. charged with advocacy of criminal an- travel to Cuba. The group dittributto
The organization, Students for a Dem- a,rehY? literature calling on individuals to quit
ocratic Society, was the prime mover in In addition to the Challenge, the Pro- their jobs in war industry, refuse to serve
the April 17 demonstration in Washing- gressive Labor Party also publishes the in the Armed Forces, refuse to pay part
ton, as well as the Easter vigil at the magazine Progressive Labor, 500 copies of their income taxes for defense and
L.B.J. ranch in Texas. of which are reportedly sent to the Peo- especially to speak to any and every or-
The society is the youth affiliate of the - pie's Republic of China each month. A aniz tion through which they can gain
former editor of this publication has a platform for gpublicity. They
document entitled
successor League for to the the Inter er--Collegiate Democracy, Social- the stated that organization members have
been involved in trips to Cuba in viola- are also Appeal distributing greater
a the Conscience of
ist Society which was organized in 1905 tion of a State Department ban on travel
with the purpose to mobilize college pro- to that Communist country. America," which claims that torture is
fessors, students, and graduates to teach The May 2 movement also took part used by our side in Vietnam, that the
tion. Vietcong are not supplied by the North
socialism and. collective ownership of in the April 17 Washington demonstra-
property. The National Office the It was organized in the spring of Vietnamese or Red China.
Students for a Democratic Society is 1964 and planned and executed a demon- Socialist Workers Party also took part
located at 119 Fifth Avenue, New York stration in New York City in that year in the April 17 demonstration in Wash-
City, and the organization claims a demanding the withdrawal of U.S. troops ington. They follow the Trotsky line
membership of 1,700 in 44 chapters, from Vietnam. Currently, the move- and their youth branch Is known as the
The society has demonstrated that it ment is attempting to influence students Young Socialist Alliance. Both have
will render support to or receive support to demonstrate for more freedom on vari- manifested their opposition to U.S. pres-
from any organization, subversive or ous college campuses. The national ence in Vietnam, in their publications
otherwise, which has common goals with chairman is Russell Stetler, a student at and on college campuses and in demon-
the-society. Haverford College, Pennsylvania. strations. They were active in a march
As of February 24, 1965, Charles Clark This group has a film entitled "Heroic . in Boston earlier this year, protesting the
Kessinger, Jr., was national secretary Vietnam 1963," which was reportedly Vietnam policies of this Government and
.of the society. In 1963 he was a student made by the Vietcong and smuggled into also helped in the promotion of the April
of the University of Wisconsin and made the United States from Cuba. It con- march in Washington. Three national
arrangements for the guest appearance tains anti-U.S. propaganda and has been leaders of the Socialist Alliance toured
of Herbert Aptheker, a member of the shown recently at Drew University, Uni- college campuses in the East, South,
National Committee of the Communist versity of Cincinnati, University of Penn- Midwest, and Far West to urge students
Party, U.S.A. to Sylvania, and Pennsylvania State Univer- join the march.
On February 20, 1965, the society co- sity. Of the May 2 movement, Progres- Workers World Party, and its youth
sponsored and participated in demon- sive Labor has said: affiliate, Youth Against War and Fascism,
strations in Chicago and at the White The role of the Maya movement is to op- have also been active. This group was
House, protesting the war in Vietnam. pose American imperialism throughout the formed in 1959 from a splinter group
On March 5, they cosponsored a demon- world. that left the Socialist Workers Party. It
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Nay 10, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
reportedly_ has branches in Buffalo,
Youngstown, Seattle, and Los Angeles
and maintains headquarters in New York
City. They had a delegation in Wash-
ington to participate in the April demon-
stration.
The Communist Party, U.S.A. ex-
hibited its .extreme interest in the April
17 demonstration by front page articles
devoted_to.the event which appeared in
the Worker. In a directive to all party
districts dated March 31, 1965, the Com-
munist Party, U.S.A. national office de-
scribed the march as the "major point
of concentration" in the campaign in
the withdrawal of U.S. forces from
Vietnam. The party districts were told
that the main task was to get maxi-
mum participation in the demonstra-
tion. An estimated 15,000 Individuals
participated in this demonstration, in-
cluding known Communist Party mem-
bers from throughout the Nation. They
included Arnold Johnson, public rela-
tions director and Michael Zagarell, Na-
tional Youth Director of the Communist
Party, U.S.A. and George Meyers, a
member of the party's national commit-
tee. At the time of the Washington
march, in Johnson City, Tex., 45 in-
dividuals, many identified as past or
present members of the Communist
Party, maintained a vigil at the Presi-
dent's ranch.
While all of these groups except the
Communist Party itself include among
their members and followers individuals
who are undoubtedly well-meaning, the
facts are indisputable that the denuncia-
tion of present U.S. policy in Vietnam is
in accord with the Communist objectives
and contrary to the best interests of the
United States.
It is paradoxical that the followers of
these organizations apparently place a
greater trust in the propaganda emanat-
ing from Communist sources than they
do in the policies of their own country.
It is alarming that so many young people
from our colleges could be gathered to-
gether for these demonstrations without
realizing they are being used by the
forces which would see us destroyed.
Sincere Americans have every right to
protest any action of their Government
with which they disagree. We live in a
free country where every citizen has that
right. Nor are we insinuating that every
organization or individual who protests
is an agent of the Communist Party.
But knowingly or not, they are partici-
pating side by side with Communists
working to bury us. That they are being
used by agents of the Communist move-
ment is apparent, and every effort must
be made to acquaint the American people
with the real motives, behind large group
actions against U.S. policies in Vietnam.
No doubt we will soon see similar demon-
strations regarding our stand in the Car-
ibbean, and elsewhere, any time we stand
up to Communist threats anywhere in the
world. We must identify those behind
these movements, call them to the at-
tention of every citizen and make every
effort to acquaint American students
witk.the threats which are posed to the
RUMANIAN INDEPENDENCE DAY
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Ohio [Mr. FrIGHAN1, is recog-
nized for 15 minutes.
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, the 10th
of May has been observed as Rumanian
Independence Day for the past 87 years.
Rumania as a nation won recognition of
her national independence at the Con-
gress of Berlin on May 10, 1878, but only
after bloody sacrifices and heroic deeds
in the war between imperial Russia and
the Ottoman Empire. Significantly, and
ironically in light of present events, the
Rumanian people turned back to the
Ottoman Turks after they had inflicted
two critical defeats on the imperial Army
of Russian Grand Duke Nicholas. Ru-
mania's reward was recognition of her
national independence by the great pow-
ers of Europe.
It was 20 years ago last March 6 that
the new imperialism of Moscow seized
the Rumanian nation by fraud and vio-
lence and robbed her people of freedom
and national independence. In typical
Russian style, Vishinsky, an agent of the
Kremlin, announced that the Rumanian
Government no longer existed and that it
had been replaced by a new regime, a
regime of Communist puppets. This ac-
tion was backed up by the tanks and
guns of the Red army and occurred only
after a Russian campaign of terror and
violence among the Rumanian people.
From this it is obvious that the Rus-
sians have no respect for history, that to
help them in their hour of crisis is to in-
vite their ungrateful and deceitful ac-
tions at a future date. That is the
lesson we learn from the events of 1877-
78 when Rumania held back invasion of
imperial Russia by the Ottoman Turks
and the events of 1945 when imperial
Russia robbed the Rumanian people of
their national independence.
The United States has had its share of
harsh experiences with the imperial Rus-
sians. In 1917-18 we provided Russia
with military supplies and funds to de-
fend itself against imperial Germany.
From 1918 to 1921 we provided the food
to prevent famine in Bolshevik Russia-
hoping to win their friendship. As a
reward our humanitarian program was
branded as a spy operation and dis-
banded as soon as the threat of famine
had been defeated.
In 1939 the imperial Russians and Nazi
Germany made a secret pact to launch
World War II and to divide all of Europe
between the tyrants. When the Nazis
later invaded the Russian empire, we
rushed to the aid of imperial Russia and
embraced her as an ally. We poured
out over $20 billion in loans and lend
lease-all to save the imperial Russians
from certain defeat. We fought to liber-
ate all of Europe from the tyrants whip
only to defeat Nazi Germany and then
to be immediately confronted with
wholesale Russian subversion and ag-
gression directed at the conquest of all
of Europe.
Every American is aware of Russian
directed subversion and, aggression in
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9645
Korea, Vietnam, Africa, Cuba, the Do-
minican Republic, and elsewhere since
the end of World War II. Despite this
record there are people who call out for
more efforts to win the. friendship of the
Russians. There are even people who
still believe that we can win Russian
friendship if we remain quiet about the
fate of the people in the captive nations
of Europe and Asia. But the record
shows the only possible friendship with
the Russians is based upon submission to
their demands.
The people of Rumania know the full
meaning of friendship-Russian style.
They have lived under that forced friend-
ship for 20 years. During that time they
have seen the Russians liquidate their
Rumanian quislings, those Rumanians
whose friendship was based upon the
alleged bond of Communist ideology.
Communist ideology is always subservi-
ent to the demands of the Russian em-
pire. They have experienced the plans
and schemes of the Russians to change
the character of the Rumanian people by
remaking them into Soviet people. In
other words, they have lived through the
20th century Russian nightmare and
there is every reason to believe the char-
acter, the spirit, and the rich traditions
of Rumanian life remain alive in the
hopes and aspirations of her people.
How else can we account for recent de-
velopments in Rumania? There is no
denying the fact that the Rumanian peo-
ple are becoming more bold and out-
spoken in their opposition to Russian
domination of their homeland. Popular
feelings on this issue have reached such
a stage that even leading members of
the imposed Communist regime have
made anti-Russian statements and have
also made attempts to create the public
impression that they are not wholly
owned agents of Moscow. It is reason-
able to conclude that the Russians with
their reactionary system of colonizing
other nations, have become so unwanted
that even their trained quislings are at-
tempting to disassociate from them.
No effort on the part of the imposed
Communist regime in Rumania to eon-
vince the Rumanian people that their
country is free and independent can suc-
ceed. The people know they are not free
and that their national independence has
been robbed by Moscow. The People of
Rumania will not be satisfied until they
are complete masters of their destiny,
until traditional Rumanian culture is al-
lowed to flourish and until full and open
relations with the Western World are
resumed.
World events are moving in a direction
favorable to Rumania and the other
captive nations. Russian instigated ag-
gression through so-called wars of na-
tional liberation, such as is taking place
in Vietnam and as was attempted in the
Dominican Republic, has aroused the
free world from its temporary slumber.
Cuba has provided our people with a
striking example of the end results of
such wars of national liberation, That
Russian base of operations in the West-
ern Hemisphere now threatens many
countries in Latin America.. President
 9646
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 10, I
J'ohnson's action in both Vietnam and under the coercive ideology of commu-
in the Dominican crisis serves notice nism. Freedom was destroyed, and all
that we will not stand idly by while Mos- hope for a better future and a future in
cow robs more nations of their freedom freedom was dissolved.
and independence.
Meanwhile, imperial Russia is charg-
ing the United States with imperialism
for defending the freedom and independ-
ence of Vietnam and the Dominican Re-
public. Our actions to defend human
freedom have been labeled by Moscow
as acts of aggression. It is time that we
exposed the nature of Russian imperial-
ism and the manner in which the myth-
ology of communism is used to expand
the empire of Moscow.
Congress can provide the forum for
that long overdue exposure by authoriz-
ing a Special House Committee on the
Captive Nations. Such a - committee
could put the labels of imperialism and
aggression where they properly belong-
on the unchanging Russians. The one
remaining empire In the world cannot
stand the test of full exposure. Such
an exposure would renew the hopes and
aspirations of millions of non-Russian
people throughout the captive nations.
It would serve notice that we have not
forgotten them and would be a certain
assurance that we do not seek Russian
friendship at the expense of continuing
enslavement of the captive nations.
Moreover, It would put imperial Russia
on the defensive as the seat of the last
vestige of colonialism and reactionary
exploitation of nations and people.
- The 10th of May is not being officially
celebrated in Rumania today. Moscow
would not permit it and the Communist
regime in Bucharest could not endure the
consequences. But the people of Rum-
mania will remember this day and they
will observe It In their own way despite
the commands of Moscow or the coun-
terplans of the Rumanian Communist
regime. Today is Rumanian Independ-
ence Day. And it will be so observed
long after the Russian nightmare is
ended.
Mr. HOWARD. Mr. Speaker, today,
May 10, we commemorate the anniver-
sary of Rumanian independence. After
centuries of domination by the Ottoman
Empire, the people of Rumania had at
long last achieved their freedom. It Is
ring that we in this Chamber, Mr.
Speaker, take a few moments in our busy
schedule of legislation to pay tribute to
Rumania and to her people on this great.
nationaI holiday.
'Ihe Rumanian people today, as they
were before declaring their independence
from the`Turks; are a people living in a
state of national oppression. Since 1945,
Rumanians have known nothing else but
the tyranny' of communism and all its
evil works. At the close of that last
great war It was the hope of all freemen
that there would no longer be any other
dominating tyranny in the world. It
was the hope of many who had fought
in that great lindterrible war that a new
age had dawned for Mankind.
.But we were all mistaken. Our hopes
ore soon dashed when we observed with
!A$teril l urope by a new world tyranny,
(Ain>SutYimli. ` Rumania, Poland, and all
the other states of Eastern Europe fell
In the past few years great changes
have taken place in the Communist
world. Forces of diffusion have been at
work, eroding away the once total power
that the Soviets had once held over East-
ern Europe. One of the states that has
experienced the full impact of these
changing currents of history has been
Rumania. During these years Rumania
has exerted to a remarkable degree its
independent role within the Soviet bloc.
It has insisted upon a separate economic
future quite apart from the rigidly im-
posed structure established in Moscow.
It has played off with great skill the
Chinese against the Russians in the in-
terplay of intrabloc politics, and thus
have been able to establish some degree
of independence from Moscow. Russian
influence- is on the way out In Rumania.
Even the learning of the Russian lan-
guage is no longer compulsory, and
Western languages are gaining their pre-
1945 favor in the Rumanian education
system. Moreover, Rumania has been
establishing greater ties with the West.
These are considerable changes.
There can be no mistake about that.
But it would be a mistake to read too
much into these changes; for Rumania
remains Communist and its government
is intolerably totalitarian. Nonetheless,
Rumanians are exerting greater inde-
pendence from the bloc than ever before,
and this in itself constitutes a diminu-
tion of overall Soviet strength In Europe.
On this anniversary of Rumanian in-
dependence, it gives satisfaction to wit-
ness these changing events in Rumania.
Let us all hope that the trend will enlarge
to a degree that at some time in the fu-
ture Rumania and her people will at long
last be free from communism itself.
Mr. MCGRATH. Mr. Speaker, the
steadfastness with which the Rumanian
people continue to defy their Soviet mas-
ters Is emphasized by the fact that al-
though yesterday, May 9, is decreed their
national holiday, Rumanians continue to
celebrate May 10, their traditional na-
tional holiday, in their hearts.
Today, the good wishes and heartfelt
support of all Americans go out to the
Rumanian people-those within Ruma-
nia clandestinely marking this triple ob-
servance, and those outside their home-
land who are free to mark this occasion.
On May 10, 1866, Prince Charles
of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was pro-
claimed Prince of Rumania, thus found-
ing the Rumanian dynasty. Eleven years
later, on May 10 1877, the principality
of Rumania proclaimed her independence
from the Ottoman Empire, and 4 years
later, on May 10, 1881, Charles I was
crowned King of Rumania.
During the ensuing years, Rumanians
have cherished the 10th of May as their
national holiday, and today it remains
the symbol of their perseverance to reach
their ultimate goal of freedom and well-
being. Even the oppressive Soviet rule
which they have lived under since 1947
has not been able to alter the signifi-
cance of this date, despite the fact that
the present government decreed that May
9-the anniversary of the Soviet victory
over Nazi Germany-as the official Ru-
manian national holiday.
To these valiant people--our allies in
two World Wars, we extend our good
wishes on this holiday, of their hearts,
and hope with them for the day when all
Rumanians may again celebrate May 10
openly.
Mr. KREBS. Mr. Speaker, from time
to time we have unusual opportunities to
reflect on the sad fate that has befallen
some of the older nations of the world.
This day Rumanian people throughout
the free world are pausing to commem-
orate the independence of Rumania on
May 10, 1877. But unfortunately the
people of that nation are today not free
to celebrate an independence from rule
established without consent of the gov-
erned.
As a nation that during two world
wars saw action alongside the Allied
Powers, Rumania has to this day re-
tained a zeal for independence and free-
dom. While there is presently little op-
portunity for genuine expression of that
independence in Rumania, I am sure my
colleagues will agree that no nation can
long be forced to suppress its rightful
goal of independence from foreign domi-
nation.
I therefore want to join my fellow
Members of Congress In saluting the
Rumanian people on this anniversary.
And I take this opportunity also to assure
the people of Rumania that the United
States still remembers the gallantry of
its service with the Allies and to wish
them a quick return to earlier days of
freedom and independence.
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, through-
out' its history Rumania has been at the
crossroads between East and West.
Partly for this reason, and partly because
of the fact that the country is both fer-
tile and rich in natural resources, Ru-
mania remained divided among her pow-
erful neighbors for nearly 400 years up to
the latter half of the 19th century.
During all that time, since its conquest
by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th cen-
tury, Rumania was part of the Ottoman
Empire, and Rumanians were subjected
to the oppresive rule of Ottoman sultans.
Through Turkish misgovernment and
misrule Rumanians suffered greatly, but
they never gave up their ideals, and they
worked hard for the attainment of the
national goal, their freedom.
In the middle of the last century, after
the Crimean War, they attained part of
their goal. In 1856, Rumania secured au-
tonomous status, and its only direct tie
with the Ottoman sultan was the pay-
ment of annual tribute to the sultan's
treasury. But the Rumanian people
wanted to get rid of this one remaining
tie, and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-
78 offered them the opportunity to do
this. When that war was raging, on
May 10, 1877, the Rumanians pro-
claimed their full independence of Tur-
key and fought for its realization. The
Rumanian forces joined the Russians in
that war against the Turks, and at the
end of the war their newly won inde-
pendence was recognized by the Congress
of Berlin. Such was the rise of free and
independent Rumania 88 years ago.
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S RECORD - LOUSE 9647
Since those exultant days Rumanians The United States, which will always sides being of material help to the Rus-
have had their tips and downs. They be stronger because of the contributions sians. Rumania's independ
were involved in the First World War, made by its citizens of Rumanian back- recognized by the powers n thecenTreatywas
fighting on the side of the Allied and as- ground, realizes that the Communist of Berlin, a year later, but she was re-
sociated powers, and in the end succced government of Rumania is not a reflec- quired to cede Bessarabia to Russia.
in having their territorial claims recog- tion of the will of the Rumanian people. Today on another independence day,
nized by the formation of a greater Ru- We realize that the Rumanian people Rumania finds herself subjugated by a
mania. They were then quite content themselves have not changed in their foreign power. That power, of course,
with their lot and were doing well during love of liberty. We shall do everything is the Soviet Union, which installed com-
the interwar years. They were also in- prudently possible to hasten the day munism by force and trickery in the
volved in the last war, and they were the when all peoples have the opportunity closing stages of World War II. But Ru-
victims of-both, Nazi and Soviet aggres- to live in liberty and enjoy freedom. manians are showing that old spirit of
sions. Before the actual end of that war Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, independence that comforted them so
Rumania was brought into the clutches the historic step taken by the gallant in- much in their turbulent past. Rumania
of the Kremlin, and for nearly two dec- habitants of Rumania 88 years ago, dur- is eager to trade with, and learn from,
ades Rumanians suffered more under ing the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, the West, and it has shown a readiness to
unrelenting Communist totalitarianism constitutes a significant landmark in the do so regardless of Soviet pressure. But
than they had under other alien rules in turbulent history of the Rumanian surely this will not be enough. Surely
the past. The rich resources of the coun- people. Rumanian will _
try were taken over by Soviet authorities, On May 10, 1877, the Rumanians pro- bringgwith t true freedom again,
p
and were exploited by them. A Commu- claimed their Independence from the by all Rumanians. That is really the
nist system, of government, with all its Turks. In the ensuing war, they were lesson of. this Rumanian Independence
attendant evils, was imposed upon the victorious and the subsequent peace Day.
Rumanian people. Collectivization, regi- treaty guaranteed Rumania's freedom of Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, my col-
mentation, and nationalization were car- Independence. Thus, that daring act of leagues of the House, today, May 10, is
rier out with an iron hand and the people May 10, 1877, marked the independence the traditional national holiday of the
had no choice but to obey the dictatorial day of Rumania.
decrees.
Since those distant d Rumanian people. It commemorates
Until recent years the country was have experienced the joy ofsfre Rumanians
and mari ay when,
declared 18 het the Independence
.
practically sealed off from the West, and the woes of foreign tyranny. Today they During the following year that nde-
Rumanians were prisoners in their own are grievously deprived of freedom in pendence was recognized by the.powers
country. They endured many hardships their homeland. Communist totalitarian of Europe in the Treaty of Berlin. The
and prayed for their liberation from dictatorship has eliminated all vestiges culmination of ' Rumania's hopes and
Communist tyranny. Fortunately, today of independence there, but happily the dreams, hopes and dreams sustained for
there is considerable change for the bet- Rumanian people have not given up their hundreds of years, through a variety of
ter. The iron hand of communism is hope for eventual freedom. , was realized .
somewhat relaxed; in matters of trade Let us not forget the 10th of May when nYeti RumaniaS like so many at of sthe
and commerce they seem to have re- the Rumanian people demonstrated to states of southeastern Europe, was faced
gained some freedom, and the country the free and independent peoples of the with massive internal problems, and was
is not as effectively sealed off from the world that centuries of oppression and bedeviled, as were so many of her neigh-
West as it was until a few years ago. suffering had not dimmed their hope for bors, by conflicting territorial claims,
On the 88th anniversary of? Rumanian freedom, and their willingness to fight and bewildering ethnic heterogeneity.
Independence Day let us all hope and for their national independence. Though Despite these handicaps the country
pray that this spirit of relaxation and today once more they are robbed of their made notable economic and political
toleration will continue and eventually freedom, and are enslaved by Moscow- progress in the period from 1878 to 1918.
the Rumanian people will regain their dominated forces In their homeland, i am After the end of the first World War, in
full freedom. confident that. they will again regain which Rumania participated on the side
Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, on the their freedom and live happily in their of the Allies, the country made spectacu-
10th of May, the anniversary of the beloved Rumania.
day in 1877 when the Rumanians pro- Mrs. KELLY. Mr. S e lap economic progreic. New industries,
claimed their liberty from the Turks, our we Americans are among the most highly tal supported ed domestic
extensively, and gforegn
thoughts turn to the Rumanian people educated peoples in the world, for many trade expanded substantially. Political
of today. Although. the dissension in of us the history of Eastern Europe is a life flourished, parliamentary institu-
the Communist world and the rift be- huge blind spot. We seldom realize that tions grew stronger, and a number of
tween the Soviet Union and Communist the nations and peoples of Eastern Eu- Rumanian statesmen made a signifi-
Chna have recently permittd Rumania rope had to struggle long and valiantly cant mark on the world scene, particu-
a slight margin for nationalistic action, before they attained independent status. larly M. Titulescu at the League of Na-
Rumania is still a captive nation of the Overrun by Turks or Russians in an tions. Rumanian foreign policy was pro-
.Soviet Union. The Rumanian people are earlier day, the peoples of Eastern Eu- French in orientation; In fact Rumania
still under the control of communism, rope became pawns in the political power was allied with France in one of the
an alien movement which could never game as it was played by the Western many pacts by which the latter sought to
stay in power without the proximity of, nations, Russia, and the Ottoman Em- safeguard her security against a poten-
the Red army. They suffer from the pire. German.
failings of Communist economic and Throughout this long twilight period, tially
But rwithcthe onset of the depression
agricultural policies. For example, 90 the Rumanian people tenaciously held to and the rise of Nazi Germany, Rumania
percent of Rumania's agriculture is col- their idea of nationhood. Their tenacity came under increasing pressure from
lectivized and the yields remain pathet- was rewarded when, at the end of the antidemocratic forces, both within and
ically low in sharp contrast to the boun- Crimean War, the powers recognized the without. Eventually these pressures
tiful surpluses of our own farms. autonomy.of Wallachia and Moldavia, proved too much for Rumania's demo-
As Rumanians who live in the free the Turkish provinces that were to make cratic forces, and she lapsed into a royal
world and Americans of Rumanian de- up the Rumanian state.
scent celebrate the anniversary of Ru- But the leaders of Rumania knew the of dtatorship, which was followe by Fascist oriented elements. I twas this
manian independence, it is my hope that temper of their people. They knew that government which took Rumania into
the people of Rumania will be heartened both peasant and intellectual would not the Second World War on the German
by the evidence that their plight has not be satisfied short of outright ndepen- side and which was overthrown by a
been forgotten. It is my hope that they dence. In the Russo-Turkish War of popular uprising led by King Michael.
too will remember that their ancestors 1877 they saw their opportunity, and on But the hopes which the popular young
lived under foreign domination for more May 10 of that year declared Rumanian king aroused were soon to be dashed.
than four centuries, yet they were at independence to be an accomplished fact. The Soviet Union, having conquered the
last successful in regaining their inde- Rumanian 'troops were skillfully em- territory of Rumania in its advance
pendence. played to gain political advantage, be- against the Nazi legions, was determined
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9648 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 10, 1 mL
to 'control the count!? together with the ished, the peasants received ownership their legitimate aspirations for inde-
rest of Eastern Europe. Having rid of and, voting rights were broadened pendene for their homelands constitutes
set of totalitarian and compulsory education was Insti- a major weakness in the Soviet imperial-
themselves masters, the of one Rumanians- were to find tuted. A liberal constitution was estab- pist ies aire. Self -determination n our foreign policy
that set replaced by another- With the lashed in 1866.
establishment of the Rumanian Peoples This newly won independence was which must be maintained until all the when
the
Turks however, a war in 18RussiTns nations tenslaved iepen Communist tyranny
ans Republic in 19447all it vestiges of a free threatened,
and we Rumanian Government allowed Russian The illegitimate Rumanian Govern-
society history But if history is relevant; at all. and
believe that it is, the Communist regime forces to enter its territory for the PUT- ment flaunts the will of the Rumanian
which presently rules Rumania will dis- pose of defense against the ancient op- people and is not a freely elected admin-
appear into the mists of time. Not today pressors, and Rumanian forces fought istration. Therefore, Mr. Speaker, we
or t morrow, let us have no illusions on bravely along with those of Russia. But must do more than merely commemorate
thAt score. But eventually this will come the Russians showed no gratitude and in this and other national holidays of the
to `pass, for communism Is alien to all a manner that has become familiar to captive nations. We must take positive acti
h the Rumanian national traditions. In the us, they used the e Of Boo un ty to demand nthe d Hou se of Rep a e i atee should cake is
long run, the Institutions which nurture and take parts man's spirit survive, and those which compliance of other European powers. to approve the resolution of the gentle-
the peG- man demean it, perish. If we believe this in spite of this able afters this episodento enjoy est bl sh ng aeSpecial Hou a Committee
truth, we can be certain that a day will pie were
Come when Rumanians ' can celebrate a period of freedom from outside oppres- on the captive Nations. with
the their national independence on their slonn.~R the nia Germans fought m World W~iei
native soil, and not in exile. In the' i
meantime we salute the courage and And again the Russians, before and after USE OF FOOD AND FIBER PROD-
tenacity of the Rumanian people, just as the Bolshevik revolution, attempted to UCTS RIN THE IRI- PRO-
We 'salute these same' qualities in the use the situation to take Rumanian GRAMS
people of every country eying under territory. tyi ana ween the two wars Rumania The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
l
~_ ~++Ir.O'HARP~ of 111inois: Mr. Speaker, alined itself with the West, but when previos order of the House, the gentle-
!viay "10 Is the national holiday of the the Nazis and Communist Rssians con- man from Wisconsin [Mr. STALBAUMI, the eat is
Rumanian people.`-" It is a date which eluded their short-lived agreement to di- recognized for 15 minutes.
one Mr. STALBAUM. Mr. Speaker, I have
fr eimands the respect of ail who clherish vide up tRumheellppess eople y of Eastern
freedom and who hold steadfastly to its a i pe aken by Russia. Rumapia's in- today introduced a bill, which would per-
ideals regardless af' cost. mit the Department of Agriculture to
The people of Tumaniahave along and dependence could not survive the ensu- use food and fiber products produced by
interestinghistory dating back to days of ing struggle and the Russians finally our American farmers, even if not in
ancient Rome. From that time to the satisfied their greed by taking control of surplus, for title III of the food-for-Peace
present they have maintained their dis- all of Rumania. program and for tho a domestic pro-
tinetive cultural and linguistic qualities. On this occasion of the anniversary of r for which they supply stir pr i-
But their political development, due to Rumania independence we desire to let tigrams es.
the facts of geography, has been tragic- the Rumanian people know that we have While my prime concern relates to
al'Cy Impaired by the insensitive forces not forgotten them and do not consider the foreign activitiesc and the vital use
df'g t power rivalry and greed. their struggle for freedom to be at an of this production in our foreign pro-
'I'hr s Christian nation was a constant end. Although, despite the strict on- grams, the problem was most sharply
object of Turkish aggression and after fines of Soviet control today, we see called to my attention recently by a
Many valiant struggles came under Otto- Rumania is attempting to move toward condition which developed in the do-
mttn` domination in the 17th century. a degree of economic freedom that can mestic food programs. My bill covers
But this domination did not have even only serve to loosen the bonds which both of these areas.
the saving grace of protection. Ru- some day mst disappear. Recent years On the domestic scene, a situation,
butter was
which
ma,nian territory was caught up in the have seen Rumania forging ahead coo-winter
nner
augurs pIrea ons of ,
three u r neandboAut a. fo machiev'ementaof point cal as well aell s longer` cast ons dered a surplus commodity. a , the use of s dairy
Fares-Russia, Turkeyey, the
end of the 16th century the day of Independence in 1877 the R ssi titut an independen a foriRumaniaoon in certaintof the dome tic een i progmmsproductwas
'scan forces entered Rumanian territory a May 10 not far removed from 1965. iscooneinDepartme ed, nd t ofve beenltu a this
at Least 13 times, usually staying for Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, to-
periods of 5 or More 'years. day I wish to join in the commemoration past week, will not; be resumed again
Most of?the country remained under of Rumanian Independence Day. Ru- until July 1.
Turkish oppression, and at one point the mania achieved its independence on May To many of s familiar with dairy pro-
Russians and Turks signed an agreement 10, 1877, and retained its freedom until duction patterns, this move by the De-
for joint control over the territory. This 1947, when King Michael was forced to partment of Agriculture to halt the use
Came after the wave of democratic na- abdicate by the Communists. of butter, while perhaps technically cor-
tionaltst revolutions tat swept Europe Rumanians in the free world who ob- rect as to interpretation of the law, made
in 1848 in which the Rumanians and serve their enslaved nation's national little sense when related to normal pro-
many other oppressed nationalities at- holiday each year with great devotion duction activities. No one denied ghat spring flus tempted to wn their freedom. are also diligently working in coopers- wfthi proew months, as the the markesh
As Turkish power began to decline it tion with representatives of other cap-olk h inevitably
g of
y. But rthe~rise b f RuRussian ssian of e resnations torngtfreedom e to common tie acwe would cumulat nng.inYesee a surplus of t, the Departm ntt
po erInt
power in this area arosed the interest of lands. It is a txagedy that the Ruma- Agriculture was not in a position to con-
lrngland and France and, when Russia nian people who suffer under Communist tnue the program, even with an antici-
M ai dd pe mit thaccontiing of proiii
invaded Rumania, once again it least to tyranny are prevented from celebrating wd us f
'the Crimean War and the defeat of g vernment seeks to obliterate a spuch grams under those circumstances. eir holiday, but their Russm. traditional observances of Rumania's In the food for peace program, we find
Stored tf the Rumanian te Part' wa d an even greater challenge. The food for
has now completed a full
restored oherngs the Treaty of Paris and grMt past.
througho tethe decades We h ve this experiience to draw
V, new
anderr Cuzs showed whatrt pe iRuma Tian they increased interest delighted
people would do if given the chance to United States in the cause of to captive upon. The program has been refined
govern themselves. Serfdom was abol- peoples of communism and the fact that through the years and there is basic ac-
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May 10, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
ported in the Washington Daily News of ROLLCALL NO. 99
April 28, are raising the property assess-
ment 11 cents, a hefty increase in the cit-
izens' tax burden. So, when interest
rates go up, there is always a predictable
burden on the average citizen in his an-
nual tax bill. This will always result.
The Prince Georges example may very
Well be multiplied 10,000-fold in every
congressional district in all 50 States be-
fore the Fed's latest tight money cam-
paign runs its course and triggers
recession, a rise in unemployment and
poverty, and requires more Government
programs.
The newspaper articles follow:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Mar. 3,
1965]
INTEREST RATE RISES ON Cov rrr's BONDS
Prince, Georges County sold $18.3 million
Worth of school and road bonds yesterday
at an interest rate of 3.234 percent, a higher
rate than on its last two yearly sales.
The interest rate, averaged over the 25-
year life of the bonds, was also markedly
higher than the 3.06 percent rate obtained
by Montgomery County on $10 million in
bonds January 12.
The low bid was made by Chase Manhat-
tan Bank & Associates, one of six bidders.
This year's interest rate is slightly higher
than last year's 3.138. The county obtained
its lowest rate, 3.019 percent, 2 years ago.
Bond Counselor Edward O. Clarke of the
Baltimore firm of Smith, Somerville & Case,
said Prince Georges was caught by "an un-
fortunate change in recent weeks."
"From what our bond counsel has told us,"
Acting Commission Chairman M. Bayne
Brooke said, "the bond market has been off
during the past month and compared with
other comparable sales we did very well
indeed."
Moody's Investors Service Bond Survey,
which reports nationally on municipal bond
sales, reported last month that after yester-
day's sale, the per capita debt in Prince
Georges would be $299 and the total Indebt-
edness, would be 11.4 percent of the total
assessed valuation.
"These ratios, while not low, are amply
protected by the rising tax base," Moody's
said.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
Apr. 28,19651
UP 11 CENTS PER $100; PRINCE GEORGES HIKES
TAx RATE
Prince Georges property taxes will go up 11
cents-to $2.79 per $100 assessment-in June
to finance the $95.4 million budget adopted
yesterday by the county commissioners. '
Original spending requests from depart-
ment heads would have hiked taxes nearly 40
cents, but the commissioners trimmed away
$1.8 million and found nearly $1.5 million in
new revenue and savings. Last year's budget
was $81 million.
The continuing boom in the county, one of
the fastest growing areas in the Nation, hiked
property values from $1.316 to $1.551 billion
last year, adding more than $3 billion in tax
receipts.
In their 6-week study of the budget, the
commissioners cut $1.1 million from school
requests; $250,000 from police spending (de-
spite adding the 46 officers); $150,000 from
roads; and $80,000 from the county hospital
subsidy.
Actions by this year's legislature will give
the treasury an extra $1 million from a prop-
erty sales levy increase, and $390,000 in addi-
tional State education aid. A new insurance
program will save $36,000 on premium pay-
ments.
Takoma Park will pay a $2.77 property rate,
reflecting a 2-cent allowance for the city's
own library system.
(Mr. BRADEMAS (at the request of
Mr. Lovz) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point In, the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. BRADEMAS. Mr. Speaker, I was
unavoidably absent for rollcall No. 99,
the Health Research Facilities Act. I
was on my way back to Washington from
New York City where this morning I was
chairing hearings of the General Edu-
cation Subcommittee of the Committee
on Education and Labor on H. R. 7177
and related bills to extend the Juvenile
Delinquency and Youth Control Act of
1961.
Had I been present for roilcall No. 99,
I would have voted "aye."
THE PROBLEM OF SILVER AND
COINAGE
(Mr. BARING (at the request of Mr.
LovE) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the REcolur
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, there has
been a great deal of discussion in recent
months about the problem of silver and
the coinage. Much has been said in
this body, and much has been said in the
Nation's press.
For many months the Treasury De-
partment has been conducting a study,
and it is sincerely hoped by all concerned
that the Department's recommendations
will be sent to the Congress as soon as
possible.
We have heard a great deal of talk
about how our silver stocks are dwin-
dling, and the Treasury has been warned
that if a change is not made soon in the
silver content of our coins, we will run
out of silver in a few years. Some have
gone so far as to recommend that all
silver be removed from our coins so that
Treasury stocks and new production
would be available for industrial uses.
Some have even gone so far as to main-
tain that silver is too precious a metal
to be used in our Nation's coins. Yet
these same people do not find silver too
previous to be used In knives and forks,
although such use can hardly be called
a critical national defense need.
When listening to these arguments, I
suggest that my colleagues ask them-
selves the question, "What is the most
important use of silver?" Certainly we
need silver in the manufacture of pho-
tographic materials, in solders and braz-
ing alloys and in electrical and electronic
products, In 1963 space and defense ap-
plications consumed at least 8.5 million
ounces. The use of silver in the fabrica-
tion of sterling and plated ware is an im-
portant application, although no one
would' seriously regard it as the most,
important use of this precious metal.
I firmly believe-and I am convinced
that this belief is shared by millions of
Americans-that one of the most im-
portant uses of our silver, if not the most
important, is its use in our coins. The
fact that the American citizen knows
that his dime, his quarter and his half
dollar contain silver gives him confidence
in these coins and confidence in our en-
tire monetary system. Some jeer at this,
pointing out that there is as much con-
fidence in a $10 bill as there is in a dime,
which by virtue of its silver content has
intrinsic value. Some say there is no
logic to this belief ; some call it emo-
tionalism or old fashioned. Perhaps, but
the attitude of the American citizen to-
ward his money is of vital importance
in today's economic world as it has been
throughout the history of our Republic,
Many of my distinguished colleagues
from the West have expressed this view
far better than I, and what has been
the answer? Some have said that the
feeling for sound money, the love of
silver money, is a vestige of the past and
is only reflected by the people in the
West where much of our silver is mined
today. There is no doubt that we in the
West have been more outspoken on this
subject, but I do-not believe our citizens
in other parts of the country would sup-
port the complete removal of silver from
our coins. I have had collected for me
some editorials from newspapers pub-
lished in some of our non-Western States.
which substantiate this view. Some of
these papers are large and some are
small.
Here is a quote from an editorial in
the Lakeland, Fla., Ledger of March 4,
1965:
The Ledger suggests that U.S. mints be
operated to serve the public at large, and not
cater to the special interests of a relatively
few persons. We submit that these two re-
forms alone--elimination of the mint mark
and of the date from the design of coins-
would go a long way toward solving the coin
shortage. Perhaps enough, even, to permit
the continued use of unadulterated silver.
We believe that a sudden change to some
base metal or plastic in our dimes, quarters,
and half-dollars would have a bad psycholog-
ical effect on the public respect for all U.S.
currency.
An editorial from the Atlanta, Ga.,
Times of March 28, 1965:
With the continuing devaluation of the
American dollar through inflation, and the
ever-upward spiral of wages and prices, it
is a questionable action to remove silver
from our coins.
Here is a quote from the Greenfield,
Ind., Repprter of January 30, 1965:
The feel, the sound, the sense of value and
security in our present coinage are important
roots of our American stability. Real silver
money will help us retain our self-respect
both at home and abroad.
From the Baton Rouge, La., Advocate
of February 4, 1965,
The public has been accustomed to the
idea of some coins, nickels and pennies, be-
ing made of different kinds of metals.
Coins of a different metal would buy as
much or as little as they now buy. But the
,appearance of the coins, and ultimately the
psychology of their users, still must be con-
sidered. These considerations favor an even-
tual reduction of the amount of silver in
small coins rather than elimination of its
use.
Here is what the Niles, Mich., Star said
on March 22, 1965:
If the coinage is to be stripped of its silver,
then Washington may be assaulting the faith
of the American people to continue to be-
lieve in the progress of this economic system.
One of the most significant editorials
that has crossed my desk is from the
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9654
April 5, 1965, Watertown Times, of Wa-
tertown, N.Y. It is entitled, "Keep Silver
in Coins," and I would like to present it
to you in its entirety
Disturbing the present composition of sil-
ver coins, which has existed since 1798, is
considered dangerous, despite a necessity to
relieve the shortage, one which becomes more
serious year after year. So far no corrective
measures have been undertaken. Sugges-
tions have been made that the composition
of the coins be drastically changed so that
there will be less silver used.
Simon D. Strauss, vice president of the
American Smelting & Refining Co., had some
interesting remarks to make in a speech be-
fore the New York Society of Security Ana-
lysts. He is emphatically opposed to aban-
donment of silver coins in favor of some
other metal that is less scarce.
Mr. Strauss warns: "The lesson of history
is that when currency of intrinsic value dis-
appears completely from the monetary sys-
tem, in due course the currency of that na-
tion loses substantially all of its value. This
was true as far back as the ancient Greek
city-states and the Roman Empire; it was
true of Germany, Japan, and Italy as recently
as World War II."
Mr. Strauss pointed out that the United
States has inherited a coinage that has sur.-
vivea unchanged since 1792, adding: "In
that year When Alexander Hamilton, the first
Secretary of the Treasury, asked Congress to
authorize the minting of coins containing
90 percent silver and 10 percent copper,
he hit upon a composition that has met all
the tests of a satisfactory coinage. Silver
coins are attractive, durable, hard to coun-
terfeit, and meet the psychological need of
the public for a coinage of real value that
carries the ring of authenticity."
The Government needs to find other means
to relieve the silver shortage than to re-
duce or eliminate entirely the amount used
in the composition of the silver coins. There
is little question that once the public is told
of plans' to distribute new coins without
silver, hoarding of the silver coins will move
at it much faster pace and eventually none
will be found in circulation.
Disturbing the present Composition of the
silver coins is dangerous, and any idea of
making a drastic change should be aban-
doned. Other avenues must exist to find
a way out to relieve the shortage. Eventu-
ally, the Government will unearth a plan
but in the meantime it must realize that the
risk is too great to tamper seriously with
the present composition of our silver coins.
Mr. Speaker, there is no need to re-
move silver entirely from our coinage.
Certainly the silver content must be re-
duced,' but it is vital that some silver be
retained in our coinage. By reducing the
silver content to one-third, the Treas-
ury's silver reserve for coins would be
approximately tripled. There are some
1.9 billion ounces of silver currently out-
standing in coins. Many of these coins
will be recovered over the years ahead,
and this silver can be used for new low-
er content coins. The producers of sil-
ver have announced new production in-
creases within the next 4 years which
would increase free world silver produc-
tion by 18 percent.
This new production along with pres-
ent Treasurer reser' es and silver ob-
tained from melting present coins will
provide a long-term supply of silver for
our Nation's coin needs as well as the
needs for industry and the arts.
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 10, 1965
A BILL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
WATER SYSTEMS IN RURAL AREAS
(Mr. BANDSTRA (at the request of
Mr. Love) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. BANDSTRA. Mr. Speaker, I am
today introducing a bill that would estab-
lish, under the Farmers Home Adminis-
tration, a program for Federal grants to
aid in the development of water systems
in rural areas.
An adequate water supply is one of the
greatest needs of rural America. A small
community in a rural area may possess
good sites for industrial development,
good transportation, good communica-
tions, and good government.
However, if it lacks an adequate and
dependable water supply, the community
cannot hope to keep up with the economic
growth taking place in so many parts of
the Nation.
Past experience has shown that the
Federal Government can play an im-
portant and constructive role in promot-
ing rural development. The Rural Elec-
trification Administration, for example,
has demonstrated that it is possible to
bring the power resources of an indus-
trialized society to rural areas.
The purpose of this bill is to make sure
that small towns and farming areas have
the opportunity to make the most of their
water resources and to share in America's
economic growth.
The bill would amend the Consolidated
Farmers Home Administration Act of
1961, as amended in 1962 by Public Law
87-703 and Public Law 87-798.
The bill, first of all, provides for the
authorization of Federal grants totaling
up to $25 million in any fiscal year to
help finance protects in rural areas for
the storage, treatment, purification, or
distribution of water.
These grants would be available to
public or quasi-public agencies and non-
profit corporations for development of
water systems in areas where there is a
community of less than 5,000 population.
Secondly, the bill would authorize Fed-
eral grants of up to $5 million in any fis-
cal year for comprehensive planning in
the development of rural water systems.
A similar bill, S. 1766, has beefs intro-
duced in the Senate and has gained
strong support there. I am hopeful that
my fellow Members in the House of Rep-
resentatives will recognize the need for
this legislation.
(Mr. OTTINGER (at the request of Mr.
LovE) was granted permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. OTI' LAGER'S remarks will ap-
pear here ft r In the Appendix.]
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S POLICY ON
VIETNAM IS A POLICY FOR PEACE
(Mr. BYRNE of Pennsylvania (at the
request of Mr. LovE) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD, and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. BYRNE of Pennsylvania. Mr.
Speaker, the following editorial from the
great Philadelphia newspaper, the Phil-
adelphia Inquirer of April 29, 1965, deals
with one of the most important problems
facing the country today and calls to the
attention of the people of America that
President Johnson's policy in Vietnam is
a policy to bring about world peace and
should be supported by all peace-loving,
freedom-loving nations.
The editorial is as follows:
IN QUEST OF NEGOTIATION
It is easy enough for the critics of Presi-
dent Johnson to talk, in the abstract, about
negotiating a peaceful settlement in Viet-
nam.
The President, however, cannot deal in ab-
stracts. He must work with realities. He
cannot simply ignore the obstacles to peace.
He must overcome them.
He is confronted with the extremely diffi-
cult problems of how to get meaningful nego-
tiations started and how to achieve a bona
fide peace that will be something more than
merely a camouflaged surrender to Commu-
nist conquest. ,
In his forthright opening statement at
Tuesday's news conference, and in sub-
sequent answers to questions, President
Johnson came to grips with these problems.
With timely and appropriate reference to
the appeasement of Hitler at Munich in 1938,
which prepared the battleground for the Sec-
ond World War, Mr. Johnson applied the les-
son to Vietnam. "To yield to aggression," he
said "brings only greater threats and brings
even more destructive war. To stand firm
is the only guarantee of a lasting peace."
The U.S. strategy in Vietnam, fundament-
ally, is to bring about a peaceful settlement,
within the framework of freedom, by con-
vincing the Communist North Vietnamese
that there will be no cheap and easy victory-
or, in fact, any victory at all-by force of
arms.
President Johnson continues to take the
initiative in opening the door to negotiation.
"I say again that I will talk to any govern-
ment, any where, any time, without any con-
ditions, and if any doubt our sincerity, let
them test us."
It Is hard to imagine how the door could
be opened any wider.
We hope the chronic critics of administra-
tion policy laid down their signs of protest
long enough to hear the President's words.
It would be a refreshing change of pace if so-
called proponents of peace would get behind
the President in his quest for a peaceful
solution.
Cooperation from allies would be helpful,
too. Charles de Gaulle's latest outburst of
caustic comment, denouncing U.S. efforts to
stem the tide of Communist aggression in
southeast Asia, is a vicious kind of sniping
that hurts the chances for peace;
.An international conference may be taking
shape in Cambodia--a parley that could lead
to negotiations on Vietnam. The U.S. State
Department has served public notice of this
country's willingness to participate. Presi-
dent Johnson's renewed bid for negotiations
is well timed and could produce affirmative
response.
THE COLD WAR AND THE "R"
FACTORS
(Mr. ZABLOCKI (at the request of
Mr. Lovx) was granted permission to ex-
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A2259
negotiation can best be achieved by the
methods and plans that he has laid.
Had the-President never stated that he
was pursuing a course which he per-
sonally believed would permit the earliest
possible convening of negotiations, I
would have no choice but to vote against
his actions thus far. But in the context
of his avowed purposes, I believed that
he was entitled to pursue his course with
the support of the people of the State of
Hawaii, as cast by my vote as one of its
representatives.
Further the President has stated to the
Congress that without its overwhelming
vote of confidence, his actions are subject
to the interpretation by the Government
of North Vietnam as not having the full .
support of the American people. He has
explained that his hand would be weak-
ened in h!T efforts to bring the parties
to the conference table. His case is
irrefutable. Any leader without the sup-
port of his people cannot display the
resolution and conviction that this kind
of crisis demands..
And so, though I am first and foremost
committed to the cause of peace, I cast
my vote in support of the President; that
I do in fact believe his intent to seek a
negotiated peace in Vietnam. As an
elected representative of the people of
Hawaii I could not let my feelings as an
individual outweigh my responsibilities
at this point, and so I had to say to the
President that we of Hawaii do have con-
fidence in his integrity and sincerity to
achieve the ends of peace by means of
negotiations.
The President said to the Congress in
his May 4 message:
For, in the long run, there can be no mili-
tary solution to the problems of Vietnam.
We must find the path to peaceful settle-
ment. Time and time again we have worked
to open that path. We are still ready to talk,
without conditions, to any government. We
will go anywhere, discuss any subject, listen
to any point of view in the interests of a
peaceful solution,
This was the basis of my vote of
confidence.
Food Prices
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. WALTER F, MONDALE
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I rise
to call the attention of Senators to a sig-
nificant article recently published in the
Minneapolis Tribune. Miss Sylvia Por-
ter pointed up one of today's most im-
portant facts: that food, whether the
most costly or the least expensive brand,
is today far and away the greatest single
bargain in America.
I command Miss Porter's report to
Senators as.another verification of the
benefits which American agriculture has
brought, to all of us. All Americans
benefit when American agriculture is
producing abundantly and efficiently.
Therefore, I request unanimous con-
sent that Miss Porter's article be printed
in the Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Minneapolis Tribune, Apr. 13,
19651
FOOD FOR Tr:IOijGHT ON GROCERY PRICES
(By Sylvia Porter)
NEw Yoaxx, N.Y.-How much money could
you save on your food budget if you ignored
quality and convenience and traded down
instead of trading up? To answer this ques-
tion, I went through a typical supermarket
last week with one shopping list and two
carts. Into the "bargain" cart I put the
least expensive brand of each of 25 items,
and into the "splurge" cart I put the most
costly brands.
Price alone dictated my selections, but
none of the items was an advertised special.
When I checked out my two carts, I found
my bargain basket cost $20.01 and my splurge
basket came to $36.74-a difference of $16.73,
or 84 percent.
Here's my grocery list, with the high and
low prices:
Frankfurters (2 pounds)---------------
$1.60
$1.15
liamburger (3 pounds)----------------
2.97
1.47
Liver (2 pounds)----------------------
1.98
.78
Bacon (2 pounds) ---------------------
1.80
1.14
Steak (3 pounds)----------------------
4.47
2.07
Eggs (2 dozen) ------------------------
.99
. 74
Butter (2 pounds)---------------------
1.62
1.38
Milk (8 quirts) -------------------
2.16
1.63
Coffee (3 pounds) ---------------------
2. 79
2.13
White bread (2 loaves)-----------------
.66
37
Frozen orange juice (4 6-ounce cans) ---
1. 10
:79
Frozen peas (6 packages) --------------
1.86
95
Pears (2 large cans) --------------------
.98
.66
Mayonnaise (large jar) ------- ----------
.69
43
Vegetable soup (4 cans)---------------
.98
:27
Cat food (3 cans) ---------------------
.70
29
Tomatoes (2 large cans) ---------------
.70
:49
Salad oil (1 quart) .--------_
1.15
.69
Beer (6-pack) -------------------------
2.70
83
Cookies (1 box)-----------------------
.40
:29
Onions (3 pounds) --------------------
.60
.25
Spaghetti (2 boxes)--------------------
.50
.43
Potatoes (10 pounds) ------------------
1.75
.94
Liquid detergent (1 quart) ------------
.87
.49
Flour (6 pounds)----------------------
.63
.45
i Powdered.
Food prices have been rising from year to
year but at a much slower pace than our
personal incomes and our overall living costs.
Personal incomes have soared 145 percent
since 1949, but food prices have climbed
only 15 percent-and today food takes an
all-time low of 18.5 percent of our take-home
pay.
Admittedly, most of us don't want to shop
strictly for bargains. We want quality and
convenience, we're willing to pay the price.
But, as my supermarket experiment and
the national figures on food price trends
underline, food is one of the greatest single
bargains In the United States today-any
way you count it.
Fifth District Voters Support President's
Position in Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JOHN S. PM NAGAN
OF CONNECTICUT
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
'Monday, May 10, 1965
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. S' eaker, each
year during the past 5 years I have con-
ducted a poll of public opinion in the
Fifth Congressional District of C:)nnec-
ticut, which I have the honor to repre-
sent. I have just completed a tabulation
of the returns on my most recent ques-
tionaire which covers 14 major issues
confronting the Congress and the admin-
istration and never before has the ques-
itionnaire turned up a more significant
registration. of public opinion than the
current one. It is particularly note-
worthy because of the nature of the re-
sponse to the questions concerning Viet-
nam.
I include in the RECORD the complete
chart of the results of my questionnaire,
but I want to call particular attention
to some of the highlights. On the issue
of Vietnam, 38.8 percent or a plurality
of those answering favored intervention
in strength by U.S. forces, 36.4 percent
opposed such action, 24.8 percent ex-
pressed no opinion. The answers become
more significant and I am sure that the
President will take comfort in the knowl-
edge that 68.6 percent flatly opposed
withdrawal of U.S. support from South
Vietnam and 62.6 percent favored ex-
pansion of our present support program
for the people and army of South Viet-
nam.
While this study is the fifth which I
have conducted, it is the first report of
sentiment from the redistricted Fifth
Congressional District, the boundaries of
which became effective with the conven-
ing of the 89th Congress.
I am happy to tell you that my con-
stituents are continuing to demonstrate
a gratifying interest in the problems of
government. In response to approxi-
mately 20,000 questionnaire cards dis-
tributed by me, at no cost to the Govern-
ment, I received a total of 3,300 returns
or 16.5 percent and these were mailed
to me by my constituents at their own
expense. In addition, I received hun-
dreds of letter from constituents who
commented at length on the issues listed,
having found unduly restrictive the con-
finement to the "yes" or "no" of the
printed questionnaire. -
I am grateful to the people of my dis-
trict who have assisted me by their par-
ticipation in this survey. While I do
not look upon these returns as an offi-
cial mandate, they are helpful guides
and indicators of public opinion trends.
I shall, of course, continue to exercise
my own judgment in voting on the issues.
I want to point out the heavy regis-
tration of support for revision and im-
provement of presidential and vice-pres-
idential succession and inability laws and
for a 60-day limit on presidential cam-
paigns, which have been two of the sub-
jects in which I have taken a very per-
sonal and particular interest. Among
other subjects in which I have initiated
legislative action and which have won
strong support in the survey are an ac-
celerated program of Federal assistance
for local-State effort to curb water and
a