CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300150001-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 11, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

May 11, 1965
Appro~e-d For Release 2003/10/14: CIA-RDP67B00446R000300150001-2
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SEr4ATE
the debt has been marked. Although market I
able issues have increased by some $25 billion
since 1959 the under-1-year debt has grown
by only $8 billion, probably at a lesser rate
than the liquidity needs of the economy. The
over-20-year debt has more than doubled,
growing from $8 billion to very close to $20
billion and over two-thirds of these long-term
securities have come out of advance refund-
ings. The average length of the debt has also
improved and at the present time is up over
a year in length, at 5 years and 3 months.
The results are shown in the volume of
financing the Treasury has to undertake.
New cash borrowings in 1964 were $111/2
billion-down substantially from the $25 bil-
lion of 1959. Maturities of coupon issues are
also down to $321/2 billion from the $421/2 bil-
lion of 1959, and in terms of public holdings
of the same down from $231/2 billion to $14
billion. The better spacing of the debt has
meant the Treasury can be in the market less
frequently and for smaller amounts.
The second major current problem of the
Treasury, the balance of payments, has com-
pounded the problem of debt structure be-
cause we np longer can afford to be isolation-
ists in our domestic monetary and debt man-
agement policies. In previous perigds of
business slack interest rates in our economy
could go to any level without any 'serious
consequences internationally. But since 1958
and 1959 when other major currencies of the
world became fully convertible, as only the
dollar had been since the early 1930's, our
short-term interest rates can no longer
fluctuate only in accordance with domestic
needs. If Treasury bill rates had declined to
as low of five-eighths of 1 percent per annum
as they had during earlier business reces-
sions we could have had a hemorrhage in our
balance of payments as short-term funds
sought higher rates abroad in equally liquid
short-term instruments. As a result, we have
consciously Increased our short-term rates
from the recent recession low of 21/4 percent
to the current level of close to 4 percent.
From a debt management standpoint this re-
quired a large increase in Treasury bills to
put upward pressure on these rates. Since
1959 we have added $20 billion to the amount
of our regular Treasury bills. To keep the
total of short-dated debt from growing by the
same amounts, coupon issues have been re-
duced in size largely through the advance
refunding techniques. As a result our short=
dated debt total has only grown by $8
billion.
At the same time as all of this was going
on the Government and the Treasury had to
be concerned with the financing of the
deficits occasioned by failure of the domestic
economy to perform at or near its potential.
The direction of Treasury response has been
to place as much of the debt increase as pos-
sible outside the commercial banks to avoid
the possibility of any inflationary potential.
This policy has also been highly successful.
As a matter of fact, of the $28 billion in-
crease in the debt since January 1961, none Of
the increase has gone into the hands of com-
mercial banks. Commercial bank holdings
of Government securities are actually down
by over $21/2 billion.
Banks have contributed to the record of
sound debt management in other ways, by
temporarily underwriting new issues thus
facilitating their secondary distribution, by
educating the public on the need for sound
financial habits and practices, and by advis-
ing the Treasury on debt management
through industry advisory committees. An-
other and vital service freely given by bank-
ers has been your aid in the savings bond
program without banker and other volunteer
support we could not point with pride to the
fact that $22 of every $100 of debt in the
hands of the public Is now In the form of
series E and H bonds. The growth of these
holdings is not dramatic on a month-to-
month basis but over the years adds up to
a large amount-more than $5 billion since
January 1961 and more than $18 billion since
1946. This record has been a tremendous
assist to the debt managers and we thank
you for a job well done.
The proper management of our public debt
in the years ahead will require careful atten-
tion, but I think we can continue to profit
by the experience of the past. The ingenuity
of the various measures which have been de-
veloped reflects credit on the men charged
with this responsibility, and you may be sure
we will continue to profit from their wisdom
and their experience. We are well aware that
debt management was a serious problem not
so many years ago, and we will remain con-
stantly on the alert in the years ahead. to
make every effort to see that it does npt be-
come one again. r
meets, have increased more than 400 per-
cent. Obviously the size of the debt alone
was not the major difficulty. The truth is
that we have been growing up to debt of
this size, and the debt itself-in terms of
its absolute magnitude-is actually much
more manageable now than it was back in
1946.
The real difficulties in debt management
were those of a structural nature. We came
out of the war with the debt well under
control and improved the situation even
further during 1946 by paying off bank-held
debt with surplus cash that was in the Treas-
ury till. The average length of our market-
able debt issues was close to 8 years and we
had over $431/2 billion of the debt maturing
oul beyond 20 years. In a sense the Treasury
lived off the fat of that good structure for
a number of years. Attempts were made to
maintain a balanced structure of the public
debt -but no consistent way was found to
keep the structure from eroding and, al-
though long-term issues were put out from
time to time, the debt gradually shortened
through the passage of time so that by the
end of 1959 the average length of marketable
debt was down to 4 years and 4 months and
the amount of debt maturing out beyond
20 years had declined from $431/2 billion to
only $8 billion.
In the meantime market forces had
brought interest rates up from the artificially
depressed level of the war years to a level
that was higher than those at the present
time. The Treasury for a time found that
It could not, because of the 41/2 percent in-
terest rate ceiling, sell any securities out
beyond 5 years. Prior to this there had been
a burst of speculation in Treasury bonds
which had led to a massive oversubscription
of the 2%'s of February 1965. This boom
ended spectacularly in mid-1958 and in the
face of the largest peacetime deficit of our
history the Treasury had a series of financ-
ings that could be called successful only in
a technical sense-the amounts needed were
raised. In fact the market was not stabilized
until late 1959 when the so-called magic 5's
were issued.
In the interval the Treasury had been able
to control the growth of the short-dated debt
that matured in less than 1 year. This had
risen from about $55 billion to about $80
billion-not an excessive increase in terms
of the money market needs-for a short-dated
security. But this control over short-dated
debt and the inability to issue long-dated
debt created a buildup in the intermediate
area so that the debt maturing in from 1
to 5 years increase from $24 billion to $611/2
billion. All of this short intermediate debt
could quickly spill into the shortest dated
debt in just a few years. The need for debt
lengthening was illustrated by a 1960 study
of the potential increase in short-term cou-
pon securities. These issues, epluding
Treasury bills, totaled $351/2 billion in 1961
and could mount to $931/2 billion by 1964 if
all the maturing debt had to be rolled over
into short-term securities.
This steady attrition in structure was
finally arrested in 1960 as the Treasury de-
veloped and tested new techniques in debt
management that have proven to be quite
successful. In the first place a larger part of
the debt has been put on an automatic basis
through the development of new Treasury
bills, tapping the 6-months market and the
1-year market. Secondly, the long-term debt
problem was met through the advance re-
funding technique. Under this technique
securities are offered in exchange for longer-
dated securities well in advance of their ma-
turity. Since its first use in June 1960 there
have been some 11 advance refunding opera-
tions and the turnaround in the structure of
MENNONITE ORGANIZATIi )) N
VIG-
OROUSLY AT WORK IN VIETNAM
.Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, daily
we read of the heroic efforts of Our
American military personnel in the
swamps and jungles of Vietnam. Today,
I wish to call attention to the valiant
work of the Mennonite Central Commit-
tee which, since 1954, has been quietly,
yet vigorously seeking to alleviate the
many health and welfare problems of
the Vietnamese people. Now, the com-
mittee is again projecting new plans to
meet emergency as well as long term
needs.
The Mennonite Central Committee has
been especially alert to the exigencies of
the vastly increasing numbers of refu-
gees who have been uprooted by the con-
flict in their villages and home areas.
The political and military significance
of such uprooted peoples, both Vientam-
ese and Montagnards, is of the first
magnitude in the struggle against com-
munism; and the contributions of the
committee to the welfare of these peoples
should not go unheralded.
It is always heartening to note such
humanitarian activities by private orga-
nizations, continuing evidence of the val-
ue of our kind of society in which the
creative genuis of private initiative is
given maximum freedom.
I ask unanimous consent that the re-
port by the Mennonite Central Commit-
tee on their Vietnam program be printed
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MENNONrrE CENTRAL COMMITTEE--VIETNAM
PROGRAM
1. REVIEW OF PROGRAM
(A) MCC, the only Protestant relief agen-
cy working in Vietnam, began working in
Vietnam in late 1954 following the end of
the Indochina War ceasefire. The program
was initially one of emergency relief and
later, in cooperation with the Christian and
Missionary Alliance Mission, a leprosarium
was erorganized at Banmethuot. In 1959,
MCC in cooperation with the Evangelical
Church of Vietnam helped build and staff a
hospital and clinic at Nhatrang.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 11, 1965
MCC relief, assistance to Vietnam, 1955-64
U.S. commodities
Value
Weight
Direct cash
(pounds)
costs
Pounds
Value
1964----------------------------- ---- ___
$475,.8,39.51
6,482,946
6,335,824
$352,628.16
$21,439.23
,
1W,3--------------------------------------
261,851.07
2,699,494
2,552,040
,
112,016.11
15
540.72
1962_____________________________.------____
235,429.63
220,149
2,106
590
116,659.99
20,009.26
1961_ -----------------------------
226,,,641. 00
2:632,877
2,525,863
149,622.22
21,630.00
1960-------------------------------- . __ __
1959
289,177.00
- 111
874
00
2,042,618
1
246
7
1992,736
,
191,646.64
34,214.00
--------------------------------------
.
,
.
,
.
54
1
187,164
59,984.33
32,004.00
1958______________________________________
120,694.73
239;-234
92,000
7,710.00
30,640.36
1957---------------------------------------
44,375.40
65,446
35,209
16,245.16
26,904.40
1966---- --------- _._
15,863?'31
91,815
83,000
6,700.00
35,426.83
1955___ _--_-_-__ ___ ____________
166,257.74
365,977
321,625
107,933.34
12,892.63
Total ____---_______--------------
_1,888,006.39
18,084,310
17,232,051
1,121,045.85
250,701.43
a medical doctor and two nurses, the Evan-
gelical hospital. and clinic at Nhatrang which
is serving 150 outpatients daily through the
clinic, more than 25 patients in the hospital
and a number of TB patients treated on an
outpatient basis.
2. Distribution of supplies: In 1964 Public
Law 480 commodities were distributed at
the rate of 525,000 pounds per month
through pastors and regional representatives
in the rural areas, through institutions such
as orphanages, and in the form of 162,000
loaves of bread baked and distributed in Sai-
gon each month to schools and orphanages.
3. Family-child assistance: Projected to
begin actual operation in May 1966. Will be
centered in area of Saigon designated as
needy by minister of social action and in-
volves casework with a child and his fancily.
II. PRESENT SITUATION AND NEEDS
(A) In spite of the growing difficulties and
perplexities in connection, with administer-
ing a program. in Vietnam because of the
military involvement, the obvious only be-
comes more obvious: the Vietnamese people
who were In need in 1954 have been reduced
to even greater need in greater numbers in
1965.
1. General population: Normal communi-
cations are badly disrupted, recent natural
disasters devastated certain areas robbing
the people of at least one crop this year,
general insecurity makes normal life routine
very difficult. The result is growing poverty
for many folk.
2. Refugees: These result from (1) Viet-
cong and (2) Vietnamese-American military
actions. Now estimated at 300,000, the num-
betof refugees is expected to grow to 600,-
006 soon. Refugees are pouring into the
Coastal provinces: (a) Vietnamese-The ma-
jor attention has been directed toward the
needs of , this group of people because of
their political significance; (b) Montag-
nards-Just as badly or even worse affected
by military actions but largely neglected by
Vietnamese Government-U.S. AID assistance.
8. Needs are both emergency and longer
term.
III: EMERGENCY PROGRAM PROJECTION
In cooperation with Church World Service
and in response to growing needs, MCC is
planning to expand emergency assistance:
(A) For the next 12-month period we pro-
ject and implement a program to meet gent, principle" to blind, disabled, and aid-to-
emergency needs. dependent-children categories should be op-
(B) This is to be done in collaboration tional, not mandatory; (c) section 1903 (e)
with the Evangelical Church, determining calling for comprehensive care for all medical
distribution locations, establishing eligibil- needy by 1975, warrants your most careful
ity criteria of recipients, securing staff and study.
facilities, and providing supervision. 8. Urges deletion of coverage for self-em-
(C) Program is to be centered in coastal ployedphysicians.
provinces where concentrations of refugees MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE OF ALABAMA
are developing. Dr. John M. Chensult, Decatur, Ala.,
(D) Program should be sensitive to areas member State committee of public health,
of neglect and particular groups not being State board of medical examiners, board of
adequately assisted; and provide for special- censors of the medical association. Associa-
Ized distributions and services. tion haa2,200 members,
A (E) Personnel-six to eight material aid Same basic position as AMA, especially
.
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SUMMARY OF MEDICARE
TESTIMONY, MAY 11
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, the Fi-
nance Committee today devoted its
hearings on the. so-called medicare bill
to testimony from the American Medi-
cal Association and five State medical
associations-those of Alabama, Penn-
sylvania, Illinois, California, and Florida.
I ask unanimous consent that there may
appear in the RECORD a brief summary of
that testimony, prepared by my staff, in
the hope that it may assist others to fol-
low the progress of the hearings.
There being no objection, the sum-
mary was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
-TESTIMONY BEFORE FINANCE COMMITTEE, MAY
11-AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Dr. Donovan F. Ward, president, Dubuque,
Iowa:
1. Urges substitution for both basic hos-
pital and supplemental voluntary portions
the provisions of S. 820 (eldercare).
2. Objects to provision that physician must
certify hospital services for payment; facility
should certify that admission and care was
on advice of doctor.
3. Supplemental plan should be altered to
provide (a) a choice of plans; (b) State and
local administration; (c) a sliding scale of
income eligibility; (d) designation of insur-
ance carriers as- underwriters of any such
program. These are principles of eldercare.
4. Should specify "customary charges by
physicians" rather than "reasonable" costs,
a word which should be deleted.
5. Urges maintenance of present provisions
excluding radiologists, anesthesiologists, etc.
Such professional medical services do not be-
long in`a hospital benefits program.
6. Extended-care facility should be de-
fined to include any nursing home ac-
credited "as a skilled or intensive care nurs-
ing home" or meets certain American Hos-
pital Association standards.
7. Medical assistance programs: (a) States
should determine whether operation is by
welfare department or health department;
will centralize control over many aspects of
care of the sick, a basic error. Use of a
regressive tax for funding is also basic error.
Favor expansion of M.AA (Kerr-Mills) pro-
gram.
. PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL SOCIETY
Dr. William E. Flannery, immediate past
president, 12,000 members:
1. Favor cash benefits increase and the
concept of voluntary participation of med-
ical insurance subsidized by general fund
revenues, but on the whole are opposed to
the measure.
2. Regardless of age, those who are able
should pay. Tax financing should be in
proportion to taxpayer's ability to pay. Cash
benefits are preferable to service benefits,
which remove freedom to purchase that
which most adequately meets individual
needs.
3.-Administration of medical matters
should rest in the hands of those with the
highest medical training and should take
place at the lowest practical governmental
level.
4. Specialists' services in radiology, etc.,
should remain in the voluntary portion
rather than under hospital coverage.
ILLINOIS STATE MEDICAL SOCIETY
Dr. V. P. Siegel, East St. Louis, practicing
surgeon and chairman of society's legislative
committee; membership, 10,000:
Supports AMA position, stressing: (1)
should omit physicians from social security
Coverage; (2) physician specialty services-
radiology, etc.--should remain In the bill as
written.; (3) customary should replace rea-
sonable-AMA point 4 above; (4) medically
oriented agencies should have administrative
responsibility-this is not a welfare program
but a medical care program.
FLORIDA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Dr. H. Phillip Hampton, Tampa, president:
1. Requirement that welfare administra-
tion agency of State shall administer Kerr-
Mills-MAA program should be made op-
tional.
2. Approves allowing administration of vol-
untary plan by an Insurance carrier.
3. Approves exclusion of compensation for
specialists "medical services-radiologists,
etc."
4. Proposes a fund for medical education,
administration, and research supported
through voluntary contributions by physi-
cians of a portion of his payments from the
supplemental insurance plan, linked with a
pension fund for physicians who could de-
posit $3 for each $1 of such contribution, to
be treated as deferred income until paid out.
CALIFORNIA MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Ralph C. Teall, M.D., Sacramento, presi-
dent, 22,000 physician members:
1. Basic hospital benefits plan should he
separated and considered independently.
Supplementary program should be dropped
entirely. If either Is adopted, it should be
rewritten to incorporate the concept of help
related to need,
2. If enacted, both basic and supplemental
programs should be modified along lines- of
Federal employees' health benefits program.
3. The bill should emphasize and support
office, home, and outpatient care on the basis
of anticipated need.
4. The bill should be amended to substi-
tute the phrase "institutional, nonphysician
providers of service" wherever the phrase
"providers of service" occurs.
5. Concurs with other AMA recommenda-
tions: Removal of physicians from social se-
curity coverage; exclusion of specialist serve
Ices-radiologists, etc.-as now written; sub.
stitution of customary for reasonabh
charges.
CONSTRUCTION CORP.
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey
Mr.
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May 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
Despite the magnitude of the tasks and
the difficulties, it presented to so many
small co-ops and companies, REA tele-
phone borrowers are making a good
credit record. They have paid more
than than $165 million on their loans,
including $80 million on principal as due,
abut $10 million paid ahead of schedule,
and $75 million in interest. As of the
first of the year, only three of 841 bor-
rowers were behind in their payments.
There have been no foreclosures.
In my own State of Texas, the pro-
portion of farms with telephones has
gone up from about 24 percent in 1949 to
70 percent today. So far, 66 Texas bor-
rowers have availed themselves of REA
financing and already had placed in op-
eration 407 new automatic dial ex-
changes to serve rural people. The loans
provide service for an estimated' 166,000
rural subscribers.
REA engineers and planners today are
working hard on improving the quality
of rural service-what they call "up-
grading." As a result of buried tele-
phone plant and other new develop-
ments, construction costs are coming
down and service is getting better.
When REA began making loans, the
standard was for eight parties to the line.
Today the REA standard is four parties
to the line and the agency already made
several loans for all single-party service
in rural areas. All this is a far cry from
25 parties to the line that were a com-
monplace on the old rural magneto line.
Today REA is continuing to work to-
ward completion of its basic goal in the
telephone program, which is to provide
modern, adequate telephone service to
all people in rural areas who want it.
It also is committed, as it is committed
in the electric program, to the objective
of achieving this service for rural peo-
ple under rates and conditions compara-
ble to that available in towns and cities.
President Johnson has spoken elo-
quently on many occasions of his vision
of a Great Society, including both rural
and urban Americar}s. I am sure that
he envisions as a part of that society an
electric distribution network and a mod-
ern system of telecommunications that
will stretch into every corner of this
land.
I commend REA and its present Ad-
ministrator, Norman M. Clapp, of Wis-
consin, and the Secretary of Agriculture,
Orville L. Freeman, for the businesslike
way in which they are going about ful-
filling these important objectives and I
hope that they will continue to add to
their accomplishments.
THE JOHNSON PLAN FOR SOU H-
EAST ASIA-A MAJOR PS O-
LOGICAL WEAPON
(Mr. FASCELL (at the request of Mr.
KREBS) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, in his
famous speech at the Johns Hopkins
University on April 7, President Johnson
appealed to the people of North Vietnam
to renounce the endless course of battle
as a means to the attainment of better
life, and to associate themselves instead
with other countries of southeast Asia in
a peaceful and greatly expanded cooper-
ative effort for development.
Ina gesture indicative of his wise and
generous understanding of the dire eco-
nomic needs of that area, President
Johnson pledged to ask the Congress to
join in a billion-dollar American invest-
ment in this effort as soon as it is under-
way.
This was a humane and statesmanlike
proposal. It provided the people of
North and South Vietnam, and of the
an
nc
p
other countries of that area, with an and its satellites. Czechoslovakia rushed to
alternative to war and a solid hope of accept, but Moscow forbade all of its captive
achieving, through peaceful cooperative nations from participating.
effort, the betterment of the human con- "The attitude of the Hanoi regime today
dition in southeast Asia. is identical," he continued. "The explana-
Will the Johnson plan succeed in at- tion for this goes deeper than what Vietcong
taming its objective? We earnestly may still hope can be its military victory.
hope so. Before it can reach its goal, From the Communist standpoint it is in-
conceivable that North Vietnam could join
forces with the United States in implement-
The other day I read an interesting
commentary by Mr. Henry Mayers, pres-
ident of the Cold War Council, which re-
lates to this very subject. Mr. Mayers
drew a parallel between the Marshall
plan and the Johnson plan, and tried to
point out how the success of the former
should be a guide to the implementation
of the latter. The Marshall plan, in Mr.
Mayers' view, succeeded in large part be-
cause the United States had the foresight
and took the effort to sell it to the people
of Europe, thereby winning their coop-
eration and active participation.
Mr. Mayers believes that a similar job
of salesmanship must be performed if the
Johnson plan for peace in southeast Asia
is to bear fruit. And it seems to me that
his argument has much to commend
itself.
In our report No. 2 on ideological op-
erations in foreign policy, issued last
year, the Subcommittee on International
Organizations and Movements of the
Committee on Foreign Affairs stressed
that, in this day and age, the success of
our foreign policy undertaking, depends
in large part on our ability to make our
objectives known to foreign audiences, to
influence the attitudes of such audiences,
and to motivate them to action.
We have pointed out that without
proper support on the informational and
psychological level, economic and mili-
tary operations in the field of foreign
policy run the risk of meeting with
failure.
Again, in our Report No. 3 on the over-
sea programs of private, nonprofit
American organizations, released just
last week, the subcommittee has pointed
out that much of the, success of the pri-
vate American effort abroad can be
traced to the ideological image of the
organizations carrying it out. In this
case, in order to be effective, many of
those private organizations must project
and maintain a nonpolitical image.
Because of its relevance to one of the
most crucial issues of our day, I wish to
insert in the RECORD the pertinent part
of Mr. Lee Merriman's "Editor's Diary"
column which appeared in the April 21
9869
issue of the Pasadena Independent-Star-
News. The column follows:
U.S, BILLION DOLLAR AID OFFER TO SOUTHEAST
ASIA CAN FAIL FOR LACK OF ADEQUATE
PROPAGANDA
Old friend, Henry Mayers, father of the
cold war council, is a world traveler, his in-
terest and avocation being checking in for-
eign countries the effectiveness of American
efforts at psychological warfare.
He sees a direct parallel between the North
Vietnam reaction to the President's billion
dollar Asian economic relief proposals and
the Soviet reaction to the Marshall plan when
first enunciated by the general back in 1947.
"Originally," he recalled, "the Marshall
luded an offer of aid to the U.S.S.R.
i
l
ing a project whose sole purpose is to create
a vast area of non-Communist prosperity,"
Here Henry fell back on his parallel, com-
paring this problem with that of the Mar-
shall plan's early years. Communists at
first were highly successful in misrepresent-
ing it, dubbing it an American exploitation-
a U.S. takeover of Europe.
U.S. information operations in Europe were
totally inadequate to overcome this. The
situation grew worse until Pasadena's Paul
G. Hoffman become Marshall plan adminis-
trator. He recognized quickly that his first
job in Europe was selling.
A salesman himself, by ingenuity he
created an organization capable of getting
the show on the road in the average Euro-
pean's mind.
"The southeast Asian situation may be
different in many respects," Henry said,
thoughtfully, "but Communist efforts to dis-
credit the Johnson plan will be repeated.
"Red propaganda could prove a greater
hindrance to U.S. objectives there in 1965
than it was in Europe in 1947.
"Today's U.S. Information' Agency is now
far more experienced, but it is still handi-
capped by American under-rating of the part
propaganda can play in either hot or cold
war."
This Johnson plan he rates as an astute
piece of American statesmanship, welcome
cold war initiative. He thinks its objectives
will be adequately communicated to South
Vietnam farmers, thereby making an imme-
diate contribution to the political war effort
against the Vietcong.
But if the President's offer can also be
registered in the minds of the North Vietnam
masses, it may prove a major psychological
weapon. If it can also be sold by competent,
adequately financed propaganda directed to
the masses of Burma, Thailand, Laos, and
Cambodia, the Johnson plan may live up to
its sponsor's objectives.
CAB FINDINGS SUPPORT CHARGES
OF FAA IRRESPONSIBILITY
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. KREBS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, radar
air traffic control facilities were not de-
signed to give FAA employees ringside
seats to passively observe near-misses
and midair collisions. Yet, apparently
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -? HOUSE May 11, 1965
the Federal Aviation,. Agency under other, but an FAA controller has ad-
Najeeb Halaby condones and encourages. mitted that he saw the two merge on his
this amazing and shocking practice. radar screen. When planes merge on
This is the full and unmistakable im- a radar screen there can be no appre-
port of the revelations made at the CAB ciable horizontal separation.
hearings into the Eastern Air Lines crash Most of these facts were apparent from
of February 8 being conducted in New the initial statements and releases of in-
York City this week of a recent exchange formation made during the first week
of letters between the CAB and the FAA, following the February 8 crash. It is
and of a recent CAB report of another understandable, therefore, that the CAB,
near-miss incident. which-i$ authorized by statute to investi-
It will be recalled that on March 15 gate aviation accidents to determine the
I took the floor of the House to discuss facts,and the probable causes, would be
the crash of February ;8 and to sharply concerned. The CAB is also authorized
criticize the role of the FAA Administra- by statute to make recommendations to
for in the events leading up to and fol- the FAA for the purpose of preventing
lowing the tragedy in which, 84, persons accidents. On March 30, 1965, the CAB
were killed. During that speech, as well made its first recommendation to the
as on previous occasions, I charged-that FAA as a result of the February 8 crash.
the FAA Administrator, Najeeb Halaby, In a letter to the FAA the CAB's Bureau
was running a sloppy and mismanaged of Safety recommended that the termi-
program of air traffic safety. I further nal area traffic control procedures be
charged that the FAA Administrator had changed so that two aircraft may not be
invaded the jurisdiction of the CAB, convergent, or nearly identical tracks,
which is authorized under law to investi- when they are climbing or descending
gate all air crashes, and that it was at- toward each other. The letter from the
tempting to cast a smokescreen over its CAR states in part:
own responsibilities for bringing about We are concerned with radar air traffic
the near-miss involved in the February 8 control procedures used by controller per-
crash. I stated in my March 15 speech: sonnel that we believe to be inconsistent
There is some likelihood that the two with safe operating procedures. We refer
specifically
planes had a near miss, that to avoid a colli- to the procedure in which two
aircraft are placed on convergent courses or
Rion the Eastern banked sharply away from near identical tracks at a time when they are
the Pan American, and that somehow the climbing and/or descending toward each
Eastern could not emerge from the turn and other in the terminal area.
It crashed into the sea.
This likelihood was supported by the The reason for this concern on the
where Bastern e CAB is that
statements t of airliner the who l saw the the Pan are t a climbing or descending, o , or two planes
one
dive into the sea and from the evidence toward climbing eac and the other is descending, the
that the two planes were headed toward towaard each other is i
other in the dead of night, at ap- aration to exists, whether sep-
each r, even hevn when any y vertical they observe
obser ve
proximately the same altitudes at the the other aircraft and are advised of the
the time of the crash, relative altitudes. This is particularly
But, Halaby zooming onto the scene, , true at night and near terminal areas.
the FAA quickly denied any possibility And these are precisely the circum-
of a near-miss, insisted that the planes stances surrounding the February 8
were vertically separated by at least 1,000 tragedy. The CAB In its letter goes on
situa-
feet-the minimum legal separation-- to state that in response and horizontally separated by 3 miles. toe traveling
and tion, when the pilot of a plane traveling
Halaby then increased the vertical sep- toward another plane cannot tell
oration to 1,700 feet. Testimony received whether there is any vertical separation
by the CAB this week flatly contradicts between the two, there may be an avoid-
these self-serving statements by the ance maneuver to escape a collision that
'FAA. This testimony revealed the fol- only appears imminent. This, says the
lowing facts: CAB, could result in a greater possibility
First. The Eastern and the Pan Amer- of collision,
loan came within 200 to 500 feet of each The CAB then sets out two specific
other. One of the Pan American pilots recommendations in its message to the
testified that the Eastern "seemed to be FAA:
diving down straight at us." (a) When radar services are provided to
Second. An FAA controller saw the known IPR departing and arriving traffic in
radar images of the two planes merge terminal areas, divergent track separation
on his screen. be provided; and
Third. A detailed examination of the (b) That climb or descent headings shall
wreckage revealed no preimpact failure not be assigned which would result in, track
of the aircraft structure, engines, or sys- divergence between inbound and outbound
terns. aircraft on the order of less than 30?.
Thus in the testimony received so far In other words, the CAB definitely be-
the FAA statements that the planes were lieves that two planes, inbound and out-
vertically separated by, from 1,000 to bound from an airport, should not be
1,700 feet has been shown to be without placed on courses which will cause one to
"foundation. In fact, the planes were fly over the other unless there is at least
within 200 to 500 feet, according to the a 30? divergence. In view of the
eyewitness testimony of two pilots February 8 crash, when one airliner did
trained to observe such things. Simi- fly directly over the other and in which
larly, the FAA statements, that the planes a near hiss did play some part, such a
were horizontally separated by 3 miles safety requirement seems to me to be en-
has been shown to be utterly untrue. tirely reasonable.
One plane not only flew directly over the In this light, the response of the FAA
to the CAB's recommendations is en-
lightening. The FAA in its reply dated
April 14, 1965, summarily dismissed the
recommendation of the CAB. Cocksure
and arrogant as ever, the FAA under the
leadership of Najeeb Halaby, replied in
its letter:
We firmly believe that our current proce-
dures are adequate and consistent with safe
operating procedures. Since we can see no
justification for any change, we propose to
take no further action on your recommenda-
tion at this time.
This, in my judgment, is an intoler-
able situation. The CAB is attempting
to diligently perform its statutory duty
to investigate air collisions and make
such recommendations to the Adminis-
trator of the FAA as will tend to prevent
similar accidents in the future. The
overall objective of the law in this re-
spect is, of course, to improve aviation
safety. But Halaby is frustrating and
opposing the CAB and defeating the
goal of aviation safety by the rigid and
inflexible position he has taken.
As .if the evidence that demonstrates
the incorrectness of Halaby's position is
not weighty enough, over the weekend
still another instance of a near-miss
brought about by FAA procedures has
come to light. The CAB issued a report
on Saturday, May 8, blaming the FAA
for putting two planes on a collision
course over Springfield, Va., last Septem-
ber. According to the CAB report, an
FAA control center was directing the
planes in cloudy weather, but it failed to
provide adequate separation between the
planes and failed to warn either plane of
the other's presence. One of the planes
was a United Air Lines Viscount with 42
persons aboard. It was descending for
a landing at National Airport when the
incident occurred. Had the alert pilot
of the Viscount not seen the other plane
and suddenly pulled his plane up, the
two planes would have collided in a mat-
ter of seconds. As a result of this eva-
sive maneuver the lives of everyone
aboard the planes were saved, although
two stewardesses were injured.
Mr. Speaker, when I stated on March
15 that there was a near-miss involved
in the February 8 crash of the Eastern
airliner near New York, and that the
FAA Administrator had some respon-
sibility for it and that the FAA Admin-
istrator has been responsible for many
near-misses in the past, I was met with
a good deal of criticism. I was told that
such a charge could not be true. But
the charges I made on March 15 were
true in every detail. In fact, if anything,
I understated the case. For I would not
have believed that even Najeeb Halaby
would be so stubborn and unwilling to
admit a mistake that when requested by
the CAB to change an air traffic proce-
dure for the sake of greater safety and
the prevention of air collisions, he would
summarily refuse. Iwould not have be-
lieved that rather than comply with a
CAB request for greater air safety he
would stick to his old outdated traffic
procedures. I would not have believed
that any person would be so callous and
indifferent to the welfare of the general
public that rather than admit a mistake
the FAA Administrator would cause his
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May 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
agency to retain an obsolete and out-
moded air traffic procedure which could
have well caused the deaths of 84 persons.
Still, I have been criticizing the FAA
and Najeeb Halaby for 3 years because
the ineptness of his administration and
the dangers to the flying public have
been obvious to me. I have seen the
rigidity and the indifference of the FAA
operate in my own district where Halaby
has ordered the abandonment of a new
FAA Air Traffic Control Center. The
unreasonableness of Halaby now threat-
ens the safety of my constituents and all
persons who fly in the San Antonio area.
For if the San Antonio center is in fact
abandoned and closed, I could not as-
sure the public that the excellent air
safety record of this area would con-
tinue. If this center is in fact closed
I could not assure the public that the
excellent air safety record of this area
would continue. If this center is in fact
closed down, I will pray to God that I
am wrong.
But I do not want to be proved right
by the twisted, smoking metal and the
charred, indistinguishable bodies of an
aircraft collision. For this reason, I am
asking the new Administrator of the
FAA to completely reexamine the deci-
sion to close the San Antonio center. I
am confident that when the facts are
scrutinized Halaby will be proved wrong
again.
It is true that Halaby has been re-
placed as FAA Administrator. Now we
have to get rid of Halabyism as well.
With unanimous consent, I am insert-
ing in the RECORD four stories from the
New York Times reporting the CAB
hearings into the February 8 crash, dated
May 5, May 6, May 7, and May 8, written
by Edward Hudson; copies of the letter
from the CAB to the FAA dated March
30, and the FAA reply dated April 14; a
story from Aviation Daily commenting
on the two letters dated May 6; and a
story from the Sunday Star reporting
the CAB report on the near-collision over
Springfield, Va., dated May 9:
[From the New York Times, may 5, 1966]
PILOT CITES DIVE BY DOOMED PLANE-PAN
AM CAPTAIN TESTIFIES ON CRASH THAT
KILLED 84
(By Edward Hudson)
An Eastern Air Lines DC-7B that crashed
off Jones Beach on February 8, killing all 84
aboard, came within 200 to 500 feet of a Pan
American jetliner and "seemed to be diving
down straight at us, the pilot of the Pan
American plane testified yesterday.
The pilot, Capt. Robert A. Marshall, of
Miami, was one of six witnesses who testified
on the opening day of hearings by the Civil
Aeronautics Board on the cause of the
tragedy. The hearings, which are scheduled
to last through Friday, are being held in the
building of the United States Mission to the
United Nations, at 799 United Nations Plaza.
The Eastern plane plunged into the Atlan-
tic Ocean 6.7 miles south-southeast of Jones
Inlet at 6:27 p.m., 7 minutes after takeoff
from Kennedy International Airport. The
plane was en route from Boston to Atlanta.
Its next stop was to have been Richmond,
Va.
Taped radio conversations released shortly
after the accident had indicated a near-
miss. While one Pan American pilot re-
ported that "we had a close miss here," a
second stated: "He was well over the top of
us. And it looked as though he went into
an absolute vertical turn and kept rolling."
EVASIVE MANEUVER SHOWN
The idea that close call had indeed been
experienced by the two planes was given
further weight at yesterday's hearing by
Captain Marshall's description of the en-
counter, and by evidence of an evasive ma-
neuver shown by the Pan American jet's
flight recorder.
Furthermore, a CAB statement introduced
in evidence reported that an unidentified
air traffic controller who had been guiding
the Pan American jet at one point saw then
radar images of the two planes merge on his
screen.
The merging of two targets is by itself not
necessarily an indication that a collision is
imminent since planes can be at different
altitudes. However, the controller's report
did conflict with Federal Aviation Agency re-
ports just after the crash that its controllers
had not seen the planes closer than 3 miles,
The vital question that remained unan-
swered yesterday was this: If the Eastern
plane did descend toward the Pan American
jet, what caused it to do so rather than con-
tinue its climb on its outbound journey?
At the time the Pan American jet was in-
bound toward Kennedy Airport and descend-
ing. It was night and though both planes
were guided by radar controllers on the
ground, each had been told of the other's
presence and had acknowledged seeing each
other.
The CAB's investigator-in-charge, William
L. Lamb, testified that a detailed examina-
tion of the wreckage, of which 62 percent
was recovered by divers, revealed no pre-
impact failure of the aircraft structure,
engines or systems. Medical histories of the
Eastern crew showed all had been in good
health at their last examinations.
`DISORIENTATION' A POSSIBILITY
Experts raised the possibility that the
Eastern pilot, Capt. Frederick It. Carson, had
become disoriented, had mistakenly believed
that the Pan American jet was at his altitude
and had dived to avoid the jet. One pilot
testified there was no horizon visible that
night.
The Civil Aeronautics Board announced it,
would conduct a study of such "spatial dis-
orientation." The results will be entered
into the record at a later date.
It was also disclosed that the Board had ex-
pressed concern about the Federal Aviation
Agencys radar air-traffic-control procedures,
in a letter dated March 30. The letter was,
not made public.
The hearing here will resume at 9:30 a.m.
today. G. Joseph Minetti, of the CAB, is
presiding.
[From the New York Times, May 6, 19651
CRASH SPURS A BID FOR NEW AIR RULE-CAB
WOULD END VERTICAL PASSING IN AIRPORT
AREAS
(By Edward Hudson)
A change of air traffic rules, apparently
prompted by the crash of an Eastern Air
Lines DC-7B off Jones Beach last February
8, has been recommended by the Civil Aero-
nautics Board to the Federal Aviation
Agency.
But the FAA, which operates the air traffic
system, has refused to make the change and
has told the CAB which is investigating the
9871
The letter, from B. R. Allen, director of
the CAB Bureau of Safety, to Clifford P. Bur-
ton, acting director of the FAA's Air Traffic
Service, was made public by the CAB during
the second day of hearings by that agency
into the cause of the Eastern crash. An
FAA lawyer had referred to the letter on
the first day of the hearing and reporters had
asked for copies.
The Eastern plane, bound for Richmond,
Va., plunged into the Atlantic Ocean 71/Z
miles south of Jones Inlet, killing all 84
occupants aboard. A minute or so before the
crash, according to the Pan American crew,
the Eastern craft crossed the jet's path in a
near-vertical right bank, coming so close that
it caused the two jet pilots to fear a collision.
The jet pilots both said they saw a "rapid
deterioration" of the Eastern craft's altitude
seconds before the reported near miss. No
evidence has been introduced yet in the hear-
ings to expain why the Eastern plane fell.
However, pilot representatives have ques-
tioned whether the Eastern crew, seeing the
lights of the Pan American jet at twilight,
were deceived into thinking the jet was at
their altitude and reacted by diving.
A Braniff pilot testified Tuesday that a
right turn under such circumstances would
make another craft off to the right appear to
be above him rather than below.
This still would not explain how the East-
ern craft wound up in the ocean. One par-
ticipant in the hearing speculated privately
that the Eastern craft, already banked on one
wing, might have been caught in the turbu-
lence of the jet's wake and thrown out of
control, from which it could not recover in
3,000 feet.
The CAB had announced at the hearing's
start that it would study sensory illusions by
pilots at night.
In its letter .the agency said that pilots
often found it difficult to judge vertical sepa-
ration when they were on opposing courses-
with one plane descending and the other
climbing-particularly in an airport area at
night.
The response to this situation," it said,
"may be an avoidance maneuver to escape a
collision that only appears imminent, al-
though altitude separation exists."
The CAB closely questioned FAA witnesses
yesterday on whether proper and sufficient
guidance had been given the two planes.
The letter, from B. It. Allen, Director of the
CAB Bureau of Safety, to Clifford P. Burton,
Acting Director of the FAA's Air Traffic Serv-
ice, was made public by the CAB during the
second day of hearings by that agency into
the cause of the Eastern crash. An FAA law-
yer had referred to the letter on the first day
of the hearing and reporters had asked for
copies.
[From the New York' Times, May 7, 19651
Two DIFFER ON PATH OF DC-7 IN CRASH-
TRAFFIC TESTIMONY FOLLOWS PILOT REPORT
OF NEAR-MISS
(By Edward Hudson)
Two air traffic controllers who were on
duty when an Eastern Air Lines DC-7B
crashed last February 8 off Jones Beach
made conflicting statements yesterday on the
relative flight paths of the Eastern plane and
a Pan American jet just before the crash.
;astern trait
and consistent with safe operating practices. a -- minute " or "?` so before 11 ore with the the DC-7B plunged
The CAB, in a letter to the FAA dated last into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 84 occu-
March 30, recommended that the FAA pants on board. He said the DC-7B went by
abandon a procedure that allows an out- In a near vertical right bank, only 200 to
bound plane in an airport area to climb over 500 feet away.
the path of a descending inbound plane. The discrepancy in controller statements
This corresponds roughly to the traffic pat- bears on the question of whether adequate
tern in the Eastern accident. The Eastern separation was being provided for. the planes
propeller plane, outbound from Kennedy In- by Federal Aviation Agency traffic controllers.
ternational Airport, was steered by FAA The rules require 1,000 feet vertical separa-
radar controllers from an easterly to a south- tion or 3 miles horizontal.
erly heading-in the general direction of a While one radar controller said he had
descending inbound Pan American jet. guided the Eastern craft to pass to the
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9872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE May 11, 1965
east of the Pan Am jet, a second radar con- cated that the midair encounter took place separation exists. This cofiff ri"Mult in a
troller said he saw the Eastern craft to the at 3,000 feet, and the jet's flight recorder in- greater possibility of collision. In addition,
west of the jet. It had previously been dicated sharp maneuvers at this level. the practice of placing two aircraft moving
brought out that the second controller bad THEORY OF ILLUSION in a vertical plane on the same, or nearly
seen the radar targets of the two craft Did the Eastern pilots have an optical the same, track in opposing directions, under
touch. visual flight conditions, sets up the possibility
THIRD DAY'OF INQUIRY illusion that-Pan Am's lights were at or above of loss of control of personal injury if for any
them and dive instead of continuing a climb? reason one of the aircraft executes an unex-
The conflicting versions emerged on the A major study of such illusions has been be- pected maneuver for apparent collision avoid-
third day of a Civil -Aeronautics Board in- gun by the CAB, it was announced at the ance.
quiry into the disaster. hearing. It is the Board's belief that these poten-
Statements by several other controllers Another question is: Why was there not tially hazardous situations can be elimi-
during the hearings coincided with that of horizontal separation? A radar controller nated with little or no derogation of air traf-
the first controller, Peter Angelone, who was who guided Eastern said he had seen Eastern fic control efficiency, since the altitude levels
guiding Eastern on its outbound journey go safety across Pan Am's bow and turn right, of known IFR traffic in terminal areas are not
from Kennedy International Airport. winding up 4 miles east of the jet and, at extensive and the control of both the out-
The conflicting observation by the second his last glance, moving away from the latter bound and inbound traffic is vested in the
controller,-John D. Zagami, supported a con- craft. same control facility. Exchange of informa-
tention by the pilot and copilot of the in- A second radar controller has testified, tion and coordination between the departure
bound Pan American jet that the Eastern however, that he saw Eastern's and Pan Am's controller and the arrival controller, there-
plane was to the west of the jet as It came radar targets meet on his scope, with Eastern fore, should not be difficult or burdensome.
toward it after turning., slightly to the west of Pan Am. Accordingly, the Board recommends that
Mr. Zagami was to ave been the next The Pan Am pilot, Capt. Robert A. Mar- (a) when radar services are provided to
controller in line to take control of Eastern, shall, was questioned closely as to whether known IFR departing and arriving trafflic in
However, the Eastern crew made no radio he had delayed for 55 seconds a 20? terminal areas, divergent track separation be
contact with Mr. Zagami. The plane turn to the left given by a controller less provided, and (b) that climb or descent head-
plunged Into the ocean less than 2 minutes than a minute before the apparent close miss. ings shall not be assigned which would re-
after the crew had signed off its radio con- Captain Marshall never admitted a delay but sult in track divergence between inbound
versation with the first controller. said any maneuver he had flown was to and outbound aircraft on the order of less
Mr. Angelone said he had guided the East- separate the two planes more. than 30?.
ern airliner into a turn from east to south Sincerely yours,
after it had crossed the "bow" of the ;'an FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY, MARION F. RoscaE
aehyj. jet, He said which he was northwestward
could not recall seeing den the - Washington, D.C., April 14, 1965. (For B. R. Allen,
c
Eastern plane complete the turn, but he last Mr. B. It. ALLEN, Director, Bureau of Safety ).
remembered it 4 miles east of the jet. Director, Bureau of Safety,
Civil Aeronautics Board, [From Aviation Daily, May 6, 19651
ATC PROCEDURE MAY HAVE LED To FATAL EAL
From the New York Times, May 8, 1965] Washington. D.C.
DEAR M ALLEN: This is in reply your CRASH, CAB IMPLIES
PEAIL IN JET WAKE NOTED AT INQUIRY- letter dated March 30, 1965, regarding g radar
EAL INSTRUCTOR PILOT GIVES VIEW AT air traffic control procedures. FAA's air traffic control procedures may
CRASH HEARING We do not concur in the recommendations have set up an apparent-collision situation
(By Edward Hudson) contained in your letter. After thoroughly which led to the crash of an airliner in New
An instructor pilot of Eastern Air Lines reviewing your conrnments we do not agree York in February, a letter from CAB to FAA
testified yesterday that there was "a good that the proposal would not derogate air implies.
possibility" he could lose control of a plane traffic control efficiency. On the contrary, The March 30 letter from CAB's Bureau of
if he were to fty-through the turbulent wake it would have an adverse impact on our over- Safety, made public yesterday, recommended
of a jet' while in an extreme bank. all method of providing radar air traffic con- that FAA change the terminal area traffic
The testimony by Robert S. Kraskey, East- trol services, as well as significantly reducing control procedure in which two aircrafts are
erg's manager of flying, came on the fourth the capacity of the system. placed on convergent courses, or near-iden-
and final day of hearings into the crash We firmly believe that our current proce- tical tracks, when they are climbing and for
last February 8 of an Eastern DC-7B pro- dures are adequate and consistent with safe descending toward each other. The recom-
peller craft off Jones Beach. All 86 aboard operating practices. Since we can see no mendation, rejected by FAA, grew out of
died. justification for any change, we propose to CAB's investigation of the February 8 crash
A minute or so before the crash the DC-7B take no further action on your recommenda- of an Eastern Air Lines DC-7B which killed
apparently had a close miss with a Pan tion at this time. all 84 persons aboard.
American jet on a nearly opposite course. Sincerely yours, When one plane is climbing and the other
The jet's two pilots have stated that they CLIFFORD P. BURTON, descending, CAB said in the letter, "it is
took evasive action to avoid the DC-7B as Acting Director, Air Traffic Service. often difficult for pilots to judge whether
it passed 200 to 500 feet overhead in a ver- vertical separation does or does not exist
Veal bank, slightly nose dowel. MARCH 30 ,1965. even though they observe other aircraft and
Both jet pilots said they had feared the are advised by air traffic control of relative
the Eastern would plane strike had their craft. They said Mr. Acting CLIFFORD P. Director, Air BURTON, Traffic Service, Federal altitudes * * *. The response to this situa-
tion may be an avoidance maneuver to escape
the appeared to las e alti-
tilde just before the encounter. Aviation Agency, Washington, D.C. a collision that only appears imminent '* i, *.
NEAR MISS EMPHASIZED DEAR MR. BURTON: Relative to your tale- This could result in greater possibility of
phone conversation with the Chief of our collision * * *. In addition, the prac-
As became ro apparent that Board hearings Operations Division, Mr. Joseph C. Zacko, on tice * * * sets up the possibility of loss of
that the invests- March 29, 1965, we would like to elaborate control if * * * one of the aircraft executes
gating agency's primary interest had been further on the subject of radar air traffic con- an unexpected maneuver for apparent colli-
the reported near miss and why it occurred. trol procedures. We are concerned with radar sion avoidance."
The questioning of 2 dozen witnesses delved air traffic control procedures used by control-
almost exclusively In this area. ler personnel that we believe to be inconsis- The letter, and FAA's reply dismissing the
At the hearing's outset, G. Joseph Minetti, ant with safe operating ractices. We refer suggestion, were made public yesterday at
a CAB member,,appeared to rule out me- specifically to the procedure in which two air- CAB hearings in New York.
chanical trouble. He said recovered DC--7B craft are placed on convergent courses or near Testimony at the hearing has reinforced
wreckage had shown no preimpact failure identical tracks at a time when they are reports immediately after the accident that
of structures, engines, or systems of the climbing and/or descending toward each the Eastern pilot pulled up sharply to avoid
plane. other in the terminal area. In a situation a nearby jet, then lost, control of his aircraft.
At the time of the alleged near miss, it was in which one aircraft is in climb attitude CAB's letter, signed. by Marion F. Roscoe,
dark, the weather was relatively clear and and the other in descent attitude, it is often Deputy Director of the Board's Bureau of
Eastern had just returned right from an difficult for pilots to judge whether vertical Safety, and addressed to Clifford P. Burton,
e6bterly to a southerly heading. Pan Am had separation does or does not exist, even though acting director of FAA's Air Traffic Service,
been flying north northwest, Both planes they observe the other aircraft and are ad- said "It is the Board's belief that these po-
had been guided by radar controllers and vised by ATC of the relative altitudes. This tentially hazardous situations can be elimi-
had acknowledged seeing each other. problem is particularly acute In the terminal nated with little or no derogation of air
--Eastern was outbound from Kennedy In- area during nighttime operations, and is Com- traffic control efficiency."
ternatlopal Airport and Pan Am was inbound pounded when either or both aircraft turn The Board recommended specifically that
One of the major mysteries is how the two on the landing lights for identification pur- "when radar services are provided to known
planes could come so close in altitude. East- Poses. IFR departing and arriving traffic in terminal
ern's last .altitude report, just before its last Thee response to this situation may be an areas, divergent track separation be provided
turn, was that it was "out of 3, 760" feet in avoidance maneuver to escape a collision that and climb or descent headings not be
its climb. Members of the Pan Am crew indi- only, appears imminent, although altitude assigned which would result in track diver-
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 May 11, 1965
gence bet"?en inl ound and outbound air-
craft on the order of less than 30 degrees."
"We do not agree that the proposal would
not derogate air traffic control efficiency,"
Burton said in an April 14 reply. "It would
have.an adverse impact on our overall meth-
od of providing radar ATC services, as well
as significantly reducing the capacity of the
system. We firmly believe that our current
procedures are adequate and consistent with
safe operating practices. Since we can see
no justification for any change, we propose
to take no further action on your recom-
mendation at this time."
[From the Washington (P.C.) Star, May 9,
1965]
NEAR-MISS BY TWO PLANES BLAMED ON
CONTROL UNIT
The Civil Aeronautics Board yesterday
blamed the Federal Aviation Agency's con-
trol center here for putting two planes, one
with two persons aboard, on a collision
course over Springfield, Va., last September.
The CAB said the control center was di-
recting both planes in cloudy weather.
The Center, CAB said, not only failed to
provide adequate separation between planes
but also failed to warn either plane of the
other's presence.
George L. Donnahoo, of 724 Pinehurst
Avenue, Fairfax, Va., was the pilot of the
larger plane, a United Air Lines Viscount de-
scending for landing at National Airport
with 42 aboard.
TWO STEWARDESSES HURT
Seeing a light military plane ahead, he
suddenly pulled the Viscount up, causing
serious injury to two stewardesses.
The CAB said calculations indicate the
two planes were closing at about 385 miles
per hour and would have hit within a min-
ute, the Associated Press reported.
The other plane-whose identity remained
a mystery in the initial reports of the near
miss-was listed in the CAB report as an
Air Force light twin engine plane flying from
Andrews Air Force Base to Dulles Interna-
tional Airport at 3,000 feet.
NO INDICATION ON RADAR
The CAB said the FAA center failed to
warn the planes because the center's radar
did not show the danger. Present systems
do not indicate the altitudes of planes di-
rectly to the control center.
A United Air Lines spokesman said the
stewardesses injured were Valerie Whitting-
ton, who lived in the Washington area, and
now is married and Carla Burns, of Pitts-
burgh. Miss Whittington's back was in-
jured. Miss Burns is working as a United
stewardess again.
"LET KING GO TOO FAR," JOHNSON
TELLS SENATORS
(Mr. WAGGONNER (at the request
of Mr. KREBS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker,
there have been few occasions on which
the President and I have agreed on the
subject of the behavior of Martin Luther
King, but when he recently commented
that he had let him go too far, he struck
a responsive chord with me. I would
hope that this statement, recorded in the
New Orleans Times-Picayune of April 19,
1965, means that the administration
plans to take back some of the free rein
it has allowed King to have in the past.
If so, it is a long overdue and a welcome
move.
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CONGRESSIONAL
RECORD - HOUSE
With unanimous consent, I would like
to insert the story telling of the Presi-
dent's change of heart:
"LET KING Go Too FAR," JOHNSON TELLS
SENATORS
(By Sarah McClendon)
WASHINGTON.-President Lyndon B. John-
son, in talking with Senators at the White
House a few days ago (April 13), said "I let
Martin Luther King go too far."
The remark, made in the presence of some
southern Senators, astounded them.
Some in the audience said they did not
hear it. Others well noted it.
At the time, the President was reportedly
talking about entirely different matters.
The almost aside remark came as he was
discussing Vietnam, telling how he did not
like to be pressured, and would not submit
to it.
"FOREIGN AID HELPS PEOPLE-NOT
GOVERNMENTS"
(Mr. MATSUNAGA (at the request of
Mr. KREBS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker,
judging by the tenor of the letters which
I continue to receive, in the face of over-
whelming evidence to the contrary, there
are still those who apparently think that
foreign aid means sending bales of money
to foreign governments.
Nothing could be further from the
truth.
In the first place, we do not send
money in today's foreign aid program.
We send American-made goods and serv-
ices-goods and services which the devel-
oping countries need to get on their own
feet-things like DDT for malaria con-
trol, farm equipment, generators for elec-
tric power, bulldozers for roadbuilding,
schoolteachers, technicians, and agricul-
ture experts.
In the second place, our foreign aid
program is not basically designed to help
other governments. It is designed to
help other people.
When we talk about aid, we are not
talking about dollars or foreign govern-
ments.
We are talking about ways to help the
people of other lands learn better ways
of building things, better ways of growing
things, better ways of educating their
children, better ways of improving public
health, better ways of public administra-
tion-and in general, better ways of
living.
Foreign aid deals with people, down-
to-earth problems, and practical solu-
tions.
AID technicians all over the world are
sharing American know-how with the
people of the developing countries:
Like Charlie "Chicken" Davis who
helped the people of Nigeria learn better
ways of producing chickens and eggs,
bringing about a major advance in the
country's economy.
Like Nasser Lateef who worked with
the people of Tunisia to develop improved
methods of horticulture which have revo-
lutionized the tomato paste industry of
that country.
Like Edgar "Pop" Buell who has helped
the people of Laos learn better methods
9873
of raising crops, building schools, and ir-
rigating their farms.
Like Paul Zehngraff whose work with
the people of West Pakistan in planting
trees, rather than crops, on the skimpy
mountainsides resulted in a thriving tim-
ber industry.
Like Paul Foster, an AID housing plan-
ner in Peru, whose work with the people
in that country to establish savings and
loan institutions have enabled thousands
of workers to own their own homes.
Like Earl Brockman whose work with
the people of Vietnam has resulted in
putting some 35,000 families in the pig-
raising business.
And like another AID technician whose
work with the people of Korea resulted
in efficient, economical rat control meth-
ods which saved thousands of tons of
grain for Korean farmers.
These are just a few of the unsung
heroes of our foreign aid program-
American technicians who are working
daily side by side with the people of the
recipient countries to improve their
methods of doing things, to help them
meet their own needs in better ways.
Technical assistance is AID's primary
instrument for the development of hu-
man resources and skills.
There are other examples of how for-
eign aid meets the needs of people.
In Latin America, surplus agricultural
commodities from the United States are
being used to feed some 10 million school-
children through the Operation Ninos
program of the Alliance for Progress.
The number of children and adults
learning to read and write and acquir-
ing skills through AID assistance runs
into the millions.
Foreign aid is also helping to eradicate
malaria, measles, and other diseases
throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin
America,
Mr. Speaker, as a direct result of our
people-to-people foreign aid program, in
the last 3 years alone, we have erected
280,000 hospitals and health centers, built
or improved 120,000 miles of roads, and
established 110,000 wells and water sys-
tems.
This is truly aid to people in the ful-
fillment of their hopes and dreams for a
better world. And, it is a wise invest-
ment in our own security. Our foreign
aid program offers irrefutable argument
that the United States is interested in
the welfare of people who need assist-
ance.
ADDRESS OF THE HONORABLE
JAMES KEE, OF WEST VIRGINIA,
AT 41ST ANNUAL MOTHER'S DAY
SERVICES AT ARLINGTON NA-
TIONAL CEMETERY
(Mr. STAGGERS (at the request of
Mr. KREBS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, last
Sunday, May 9, the American War
Mothers held their 41st annual Mother's
Day services at Arlington National Cem-
etery. The program, as usual, was in-
spiring, and brought back vividly to mind
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9874 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE May 11, 1965
the sacrifices made in the best traditions In the Dominican Republic we have great power in a reckless or a cat. Nd manner.
of patriotism during all our history, and 20,000 military personnel on duty with 12 We have no desire to expand the conflict. We
known fatalities. will do what must be done. And we will do
particularly in the current century. The Within the past half-century, the United only what must be done."
mothers in attendence at Arlington last States has found it necessary to become an Last week the Congress clearly affirmed the
Sunday represent the strongest force active participant in the two greatest wars resolve of the American people.
looking toward the establishment of a in the history of the human race-the First Those of us participating in these cere-
perpetual peace that will make further World War and the Second World War. monies today are grateful to our country
sacrifices unnecessary. When the guns had ceased sounding in because of the abundant life we are able to
The program was participated in by World War II, the civilized nations of the enjoy in this land of the free. But we are
various agencies of the National Govern- earth joined together in forming the Unit- even more proud of our spiritual heritage
meat. The principal address of the day ed Nations in the hope that after centuries of the fact that as President Johnson said
p P of bloodshed, mankind could find a substi- we believe that our pledge is a debt of
was delivered by the Honorable JAMES tute for armed conflict in the settlement of honor. We promised our partners in de-
KEE, Representative from the Fifth Coll- disputes between nations. Yet, less than mocracy to aid them against aggression.
gressional District of West Virginia. Our 5 years after this pact was signed, the Unit- That pledge is now being redeemed.
friend and colleague is the third mem- ed States found itself engaged in a bit- The great significance of Mother's Day is
ber of a distinguished family to be ter war against Communist aggression in emphasized by the fact that within a- few
chosen to represent the citizens of far-off Korea-a conflict brought on because short decades, it has come to occupy a place
West Virginia in the Halls of Congress, the Communist nations cynically violated alongside Christmas, the Fourth of July,
their pledge in the United Nations to respect and Thanksgiving in the calendar of Amer-
and his address' on Sunday shows why the rights of other countries. ica's consecrated days. It is an observance
he is so popular among those who know And now again, as these ceremonies are frankly based on sentiment, in fact, the
him. It was eloquent and at the same being held, American lives and American dol- most sacred sentiment that may be found
time forceful, and was received with evi- lays are helping a friendly nation to fight in the heart of a human being. The man
dent appreciation and enjoyment by his off another vicious Communist aggression woman Who cannot recall the warm lose
audience. I believe the Members of the in the far Pacific-this time in Vietnam. of a devoted mother lost
of the human trithaelrir
House would find it more than usually Thus the record shows four wars in less precious part
than half a century. What common thread The United States Is strong in its men-
impressive, and I therefore insert it in runs through all these conflicts? The an- power and strong in its material resources,
the RECORD at this point: swer is, That not one of these wars was of but the major source of its strength is the
ADDRESS OF THE HONORASLE JAMES KEE, OF our making. The United States has not love and loyalty of its millions of citizens.
WEST VIRGINIA, ON THE 41ST ANNUUA MOTH- been guilty of a single act of aggression or This meeting here today has a deeper pur-
ER's DAY SERVICES ON MAY 9 AT ARLINGTON wrongdoing that helped to bring on World pose than a mere gathering together to pay
NATIONAL CEMETERY, CONDUCTED BY THE War I, or World War It, Or the war in Ko- tribute to the war mothers of America or
AMERICAN WAR MOTHERS rea, Or the present ugly struggle in Viet- to hear once again the glorious story of
An i'a' ast The purpose of this gather-
r
s
i
Madam Chairman, General Johnson, mem-
bers of other national patriotic organiza-
tions, especially the national guard of honor
of the American Legion and the national
honor guard of the Veterans of Foreign Wars,
slid most important, members of the Amer-
ican War Mothers, and distinguished guests
all. it is a privilege to have this opportunity
s
ug
lords of Japan. We entered
Staggers, the distinguished dean of our West because we had given V- pledge -., demonstrates our obligation to those to
Virginia congressional delegation, and it is the friendly people of South Vietnam to pre- whom we owe our entire future as a nation.
an honor to 'join with you on this 41st serve their liberties against unjustified at- Since its humble beginnings nearly two
annual Mother's Day ceremony. tack. This was the motive which inspired
Of the 339 organizations chartered by a the sending of American troops to Vietnam centuries ago, this Nation has been able to
special act of Congress, including the first by former President Eisenhower, the send- grow and prosper because in each genera-
charter issued in the year 1791, I know of ing of more troops by the late President tion there have been men and women will-
none which has so completely justified this Kennedy, and the sending of still more ing to sacrifice their lives and their fortunes
confidence as has the American War Mothers, troops by President Johnson. Our word of to insure its preservation. May it always
It is appropriate that we recognize those honor is at stake in Vietnam and our peo- be so. May we hope' that for untold cen-
mothers--mothers of men and women who pie and our Government believe in the tunes devoted citizens will gather each year
have served and are serving in our Armed sacredness of our word of honor. in this hallowed place to renew once again
their pledge of love and loyalty to our coun-
Forees. Why are American soldiers in Vietnam? . tr Ma we ho e that the observance of
Especially should we remember those won- The best answer to this was given by Presi- y y p
derful mothers who founded the American dent Johnson in his recent message to Con- Mother's Day will continue as long as life
War Mothers on September 1917. ess asking for more funds to support our exists on this planet.
We 29, Frank should also remember Mr. Frank Her- forces there-an explanation so eloquent that In conclusion, I believe that Pat O'Reilly
I quote a of this historic message: had each of you in mind in writing the
we signed the Southeast Asia Poem, "A Wonderful Mother." I believe
Mother's 's Day, affectiona"tely who known arranged "the ` for your father firsstt 4In 1954 part
observance of Mother's Day here at Arling- Collective Defense Treaty. That treaty com- this poem expresses the gratitude held as
ton National Cemetery in 1924, as a tribute mitted us to act to meet aggression against close and dear by a grateful nation:
to beloved children whose lives had been South Vietnam. The U.S. Senate ratified "A WONDERFUL MOTHER
lost in the service of their country. that treaty and that obligation by a vote of "God made a wonderful mother,
We should, again, thank those whose un- 82 to 1. A mother who never grows old;
selfish efforts resulted in obtaining your con- "Less than a year ago the Congress, by an He made her smile of the sunshine,
gressional charter on February 24, 1925. almost unanimous vote, said that the United And he molded her heart of pure gold;
It is entirely fitting and proper that we States was ready to take all necessary steps her eyes he laced bri ht shining
the final resting place of our servicemen and "That resolution of the Congress expressed In her cheeks, fair roses you see;
our servicewomen, who have now gone to support for the policies of the administra- God made a wonderful mother,
their eternal reward-those who gave their tion to help the people of South Vietnam And he gave that dear mother to me."
-PAT O'REILLY.
lives in service in order that American can against attack-a policy established by two
t
s.
continue to move forward for the benefit of previous presiden
the generations yet to come. "Thus we cannot, and will not, withdraw
Because of their supreme sacrifice, Madam or be defeated. The stakes are too high, the
Chairman, we' are all here today to pay re- commitment too deep, the lessons of history
spectful tribute to your 20,000 mothers, in- too plain.
eluding the 1,874 Gold Star Mothers who "At every turning point in the last 30
are members of your organization. years, there have been those who opposed a
As we look 'back through the pages of our firm stand against aggression. They have
own history, we find as of October 7, 1964, always been wrong. And when we heeded
a total of 31.,463,000 participants iri all of cur their cries, when we gave in, the conse-
nine wars, with 972,000 deaths in 'service. quence has been more bloodshed and wider
Today we have 45,000 military personnel war.
on duty in South Vietnam with 360 known "We will not repeat that mistake. Nor
fatalities from hostile forces. will we heed those who urge us to use our
,
p .
e
nam. Our country fought in these wars
because liberty was at stake. It fought to ing is to relight once again the sacred flame
preserve the liberty of its own people and of patriotism--to remind both ourselves and
the high duty in-
the liberty of all peaceloving peoples on this our fellow i ov citizens of country.
globe. The fact that you have resented a special
The war in Vietnam is just as much a award in honor of our country's military
and the the war war serving in South Vietnam to Gen. Harold K.
astruggle Hitler er and tyranny
Mussolini was
against gai
gle Johnson, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, .repre-
thi
str
ELLIS ISLAND IS ADDED TO STATUE
OF LIBERTY MONUMENT
(Mr. GALLAGHER (at the request of
Mr. KREBS) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, I
have just come from the White House
where I watched President Johnson sign
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Mr. Speaker, does this charge bear out sidiaries or divisions some 600 retail food their more or less honorable exit from the
the advertisement's statement that the supermarkets in the southeastern part of scene they dominated for so long.
committee-of which Mr. Davis is co- the United States.
chairman-and the members of it de- have the whole sorry SEEDS OF THE TROIIenc
sired to "safeguard an employee's right Mr. Speaker. It is a storyofharshUn' &s doors, it that was clear clear that international
while e a conference its
t a few nations
to make a free choice regarding union principled, abusive breaking of the Taft- were in effect ushered into a new life of inse-
membership"? Hartley Act by a company whose presi- cure independence, more substantial gains
Third, did Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc? dent now serves as a cochairman of a went to an ambitious and ruthless group
illegally interrogate employees as to their "National Committee To Keep the Taft- who, from the very beginning, nurtured the
design of retirin desire for a union? The U.S. court of Hartley Act Intact and Protect Funda- 'regime with their own new form ofcolonial-l
appeals says it did, and that it should mental American Rights." ism, the Communist colonialism, which is
not have interfered in- It is a sad day indeed, Mr. Speaker, even more exacting and more destructive of
Matters of union membership (discussion when a company which has broken a liberty. Thus the triumph of freedom was
of) the nature of extent of union activity, national law, and unlawfully abused its less real than it was made to appear. In fact,
or (the dissuasion of) employees from join- employees,
ing or remaining members of a union or piously preaches about pre- as a result of the 1954 Geneva agreements,
otherwise to interfere with the unionserving a law it has so flagrantly frontiers further southward 17th parallel, while
right to self-organization. statutory protecting the rights to o the the west, the unlawful Communist occu-
and interests of the American working- pation of northern Laos continued and was
Mr. Speaker, does this finding bear out man. This sorry incident may well serve later expanded despite provisions to the con-
the statement of the committee-of as a warning to the Members of this trary of the same agreements.
which Mr.. Davis was cochairman-and House that not all those who proclaim Thus the seeds of present troubles in
its members that it is in favor of placing their devotion to the rights of the indi- southeast Asia, particularly in South Viet-
reasonable restraints on the powers of vidual workingman, and to his right to nam and Laos, must be traced to the past
each group involved? work, deserve either the respect or atten- the neglect andnc calo agrmeleemism of 1954,anagement which also
Fourth, and last, did Winn-Dixie il- tion of the Nation. legally sanctioning a Cbn
legally threaten reprisals against em- legally Vietnam a Communist state powers
ployees, including the threat to close North Vietnam gave the Communist powers
the store if the employees there voted a convenient base for further expansion.
for a union? If Winn-Dixie did, then Southeast Asia's Chance for Peace: A ference To many on In n `.'dochhi ocnna, , a that clear fareon-
realization
it is guilty of a dastardly action, threat- dawned unmistakably that the Communists
ening reprisals against a group which Thai View would not u content ntw th their new extending
ac-
cannot defend itself, and which fears thenitfurt boa were bet upon extend enc
that its very means of livelihood might EXTENSION OF REMARKS the then necessity of tto without stem the Ches. Commue
-
be taken away. The court said: or cessity expanionist trying ryi was. how nist We find substantial evidence on the rec- HON. organization tides to this w? how
ord supporting the Board's conclusion that . PETER H. B. FRELINGHUYSEN ? organ came into being.
respondents violated section 8(a) (1 From its ts inception, SEATO inherited a
) (of the of NEW JERSEY
-
Taft-Hartley densome legacy of deep division, of in-
threats of reprisal, Act) by lncludine interrogation a threa t + 1 r, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stability and notably of boundless rann'lty
,'
, ~Veu ''Yepm~iieento st bravely s ned r-
ene employees authorized the union to be- Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. Speaker itself Lithe m
come their bargaining representative. omentous task of resi s sting fur-
come appeared in the Washington Sun- they Communist aggression through collec-
Does this square with the assertion of day Star
delivered by 1965, an interesting chtive means of al-
lenge came some 6 years later swhen l Com-
Mr. Davis, as a member of the commit- y the Foreign Minister munist aggressors, 'seeking a more convenient
tee, that he desires to assure the funda- of Thailand, Thanat Khoman, at a re- access for their infiltration into South Viet-
mental right of every American to work cent meeting of the Council of Ministers nam threatened to overrun Laos. SEATO,
in his chosen occupation? of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organiza- then, racked by incohesion and undermined
Can it be said, Mr. Speaker, that it tion in London. from within, hesitated and faltered. Evi-
was only one store of a number of stores The speech, which I am sure will be dently the organization was not up to its
owned b
of s
th
b
Wi
t
y
e
u
s
nn-Dixie Co., Inc., which
antial value to all Members of
did these dastardly things, and that Mr. Congress, follows:
Davis, as president of the company can- SOUTHEAST ASIA'S CHANGE FOR PEACE:
not be connected with the action of one A THAI VIEW
of Its stores? (NOTE.-As assessment of the dangerous
No, Mr. Speaker, as the U.S. Court situation in southeast Asia and particularly
the United States role there is contined In
of Appeals, Sixth District, Cincinnati this speech by Thailand Foreign Minister
said: Thanat Khoman. It was delivered last Mon-
The parent corporation, respondent Winn- day to the Council of Ministers of the South-
Dixie Stores, Inc., is liable together with its east Asia Treaty Organization in London.)
susidlary for the unfair labor practices Ever since the Second World War came to
found with respect to the Owensboro store, an end, southeast Asia has enjoyed little if
It further said that: any peace. While legitimate nationalistic
aspirations respondents have common officers, di- merge asree and independent nations lother
rectors, and operators; that the common aggressive and expansionist forces have re-
directors and operators formulate and admin- lentlessly been at work attempting to exert
ister a common labor policy for both respond- their influence and to bring these new en-
ents; that the same directors sit as the ulti- tities within their orbit of authority.
mate managerial authority for both the par- The main attacks were directed against
lent and subsidiary; and that the basic the former colonial territories, hitherto
labor relations policy of the subsidiary ema- known as Indochina, probably because their
nates from the headquarters of the parent former rulers, failing to realize the deep
corporation in Jacksonville, Fla. yearnings, of the subjected peoples to be mas-
ters
In order to realize the extent of the welcome until heydm t with varmilitarytd's-
dangers inherent in the actions of the aster in the battlefield of an unknown little
Taft-Hartly busting company known as spot in Vietnam, Dien Bien Phu, which since
Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., it must be re- then has been glorified as a landmark of vic-
tory for liberty over the unenlightened form
for as the U.S. Court of Appeals, Sixth of western colonialism. The results of that
District, Cincinnati, said: famous battle made the position of the then
colonial rulers untenable and the latter had
Respondent Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., a to bow to the inevitable. The 1954 Geneva
Florida corporation, operates through sub- Conference was then called to arrange for
which Communist powers also took part.
With proper perspective, the outcome of that
conference which some naively thought to
be the pattern of peace for southeast Asia
and perhaps for the world, could be now
more properly assessed. The Communist
elements which, as a result of the Geneva
agreements of 1962, secured a legal foothold
in the coalition government of Laos, as could
be expected, were not satisfied with the gains
they had made there. Consequently, hold-
ing that Laos was only a secondary target
which would be easily taken if the main
target were to fail, they escalated their cam-
paign of terrorism as well as their military
activities in South Vietnam in the hope
of delivering what they thought to be,the
"coup de grace" to South Vietnam which
they have always held to be their primary
objective of colonial expansion.
On this occasion, I should like to pay the
respectful tribute of the Thai Government
and people to the gallant men and women of
South Vietnam and the United States who
gave their lives to uphold the cause of peace
and freedom in South Vietnam. May I add
how heartening it is to us all the decision
of the Government of Australia to send a
contingent of Australian forces into South
Vietnam.
Although South Vietnam is actually a
protocol state placed under this Organiza-
tion's protective umbrella at the insistence
of its former colonial rulers, SEATO has
shown little, if any, ability to deal with the
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CONGRESSI
changes in adopted
for the wllingne s of In a fact, been for the future Fore after expenedwhat theiThat Houses.loSomeaofwthe adopted
emerency.
tion, the United States, to assume responsi- people desire most is not to have their names through the recommendations of the La-mem
, but bity and to acct sacrifices for the defense
South Vietnam that nation may well have lives iasfee men rand torbe able ltoe h pe implementedoand cothers have have been out
long been lost to the Communist aggressors. their own destiny. However such a desire for grown by reason of population explosion
As we meet here today, I hope none of us peace, and constructive approach to inter- and the numerous additional functions as-
will fail to realize how + ttheal utcome swill canational problems have not been recipro- sumed ted, and every gesture of conciliation and the duiestwe Ohaveetodayeneveryeveneuc-
k ed to the Members in 1946.
in Vietnam is .Ind a
transcend the borders of that country and reasonable solution is taken as a sign $e v nes c But at that time he Members did not,
is bound to affect not only southeast Asia ness and met with arrogant aggressive
the entire free world. from the Communists. Thailand, in effect, nor could not realize that the next 20 years openly
scientific
What, then, can this Organization do? guerrilla warfare been
within its territory threatened with advancement of modern aofficeicinventions, would bring Obviously our duty is not, and cannot be, CHALLENGE computer systems and work-saving devices,
to borrow that famous expression, "to preside MUST FACE most of which were totally undreamed of
over the liquidation" of either South Viet- Under these circumstances, there remain during the days of World War II.
nom, or; for that matter, of free southeast few if any other alternative but to face the For example, in 1965 our annual budget
Asia, in favor of the Communists. Rather, challenge to our free and independent exist- has risen to approximately 100 billion and
we are committed, singly and collectively, to ence with determination. our gross national product in 20 years has
defend southeast Asia against Communist At this grave hour, the Thai nation hopes increased from national billion to approximately
billion. (Secretary Dillon predicted
aggression and to help keep that region free. that its friends and allies, as well as other $ Increased
RESISTING-. boMMt?NISTS free peoples, realize that Thailand's future that figure would be reached by the end of
as that of southeast Asia will also have a deep 1965.)
For that purpose, that is needed is much bearing on their own freedom and well-be- the long program of hearings which
this r bhe long program of ins agd whit l
less good, advice or wise counsels, which ing. If we fail to close our ranks we will be After
have been flowing rather liberally and gratut- encouraging the actual or potential aggres- this co mittee is scheduling, a and lea-
tously these resist few uni t, encroach a - sors to become bolder to the point of plung- islative procedures will, no doubt, be made
determination to llin ness to take necessary in the world into a hostility which none of which the House and the Senate will adopt
motto and the willingness to take necessary us desires. By remaining firm and resolute, in order to carry out the intentions for which
risks and even se m too sacrifices. To some, the risks we are taking are infinitely smaller this joint committee has been organized,
the price may seem too high to stand they firm may than the ones we may face later, if through I predict this committee, in its report, will
prefer to retreat rather than to . lack of conscious realization and indecision, make recommendations to the various gov-
lear ed and are the peophle who have not we choose the temporary expedient of yield- ernmental departments, including the Bu-
lessons will pn sod a never learn in to threats and retreat. Let the name of reau of the Budget, to forward systematically
lessons e , f history and today they may failed that south German town, Munich, be a con- to the desk of each Congressman and Sen-
toe ke aps those Who, s 30 years ago, failed stant reminder to us all that appeasement is
ro ~riate measures when a few ator, a simple abbreviated breakdown of el
to l
l taus app 1 still the surest way of losing peace. appropriations properly bracketed as to "pur-
made into pose for expenditures" so that each Congress-
the Rhineland. Ins divisions moved
-equipped Wort d. In b doing they made the man can understand the purposes for every
holocaust World War become a certainty and dollar appropriated in our annual gigantic
Second
paved the way for a terrible
which more than n 20 million b human n beings in w m Joint Congressional Committee Hearings budget oommitt $100 the ad-
were immolated. ""They should be responsi- visabelic of saving time on lengthy the and
bit, if not before the law but in their con- EXTENSION OF REMARKS tedious rollcalls and quorum calls by the
poseless science for loss. this Across grievous the and Atl antic, tntic, c, these se of possible installation of modern electrical sys-
example, a 5-
people are known as "doves" who claim to be HON. RAY J. MADDEN tems
s congressional for r that that pu purppoodse. and For example, aver-hou to the the apos htles so of. peace. III fact, by latter too OF INDIANA age for rollcalls or quorum calls will waste
ms
fortify themselves and with the allowing flesh the latter t and blood IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES approximately 70 congressional days in a
12-month session of the Congress.
off their victims, they are deserting and even Tuesday, May 11, 1965 Possible recommendations, after testimony
betraying the cause of peace. If we allow
yang
them,, these apostates who bear in their con- Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, yester- is and re takend, , c could be the cumb worked erso out me for s siibmpliplifying
seu which has epand subco it-
seience the responsibility for the loss of so day the special Joint Committee on the and
m ny human lives will again send even more Organization of Congress opened its son in some of the House and Senate corn-
millions of people to their doom. hearings in the old Supreme Court Inittees.
APPEASEMENT WON'T WORK chamber in the Capitol Building. The inexcusable and extravagant time
Though we live far a'way from "Europe, Members of Congress will be heard which has been wasted on unnecessary fili-
therefore less likely to profit from the wise over the next two weeks if they so desire monks, can also w i h xte by this o
dqm of that continent, we profoundly realize to appear before the joint committee.
free no nation, on,bee it As cochairman of this committee i am mittee in order to save the time of both
be bough or 3
that nowadays
Houses and the expense to the taxpayers.
by tdays; as
sacrifi ficing the - a -past,
South 'ifietnam o'r southeast Asia or, for that submitting the statement made by me Also some recommendations seem appro-
matter, any other nation in the world. On at the opening hearings: priate to develop a system whereby commit-
the contrary, the chances for an enduring OPENING STATEMENT OF CONGRESSMAN RAY tees can begin work immediately after the
peace will become greater if we can see to it J. MADDEN, COCHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT convening of a new session of Congress. By
upon
can proceed to act upon
thaton' aggressions form` il notions, either COMMITT E ORGANIZATION
owithin coign peeks after act the con-
overt t or or convert t form, will not be profits- Coxcasss le rsla,tion within a few weeks
ninin of Congress.
Rather we should make it clear beyond
aid explore the advis-
The
doubt that those who commit them will be Congress this joint co acted wisely congressional committee when it I to authorized hold c made to pay dearly for their mischiefs. Only hearings and make recommendations on ability of establishing a code of ethics,
thus can southeast Asia, Europe, and indeed streamlining and modernizing the legislative eliminating interest o fabulous cmbersg andxn.umee-
the whole world enjoy peace and tranfluility. procedures of' both branches of the U.S.
THtTLAND'S ,ROLE Cong~'ess. ous other areas which could eventuate a
In so saying, let it be well understood that Ofi. only one occasion in modern history great saving to the American taxpayer.
there are no warmongers in my country. We of our Government has this legislative step Our forefathers, in the colonial days, de-
are too close to the scene of battles not to been taken, and that was over 20 years ago cided on a 2-year term for the Members of
know that shocrld a large scale conflict break when Congress passed the Legislative Re- the House of Representatives. Since that
out "in the area, Thailand, as other nearby organization Act of 1946. The LaFollette- time, practically all offices on city, county,
nations, could hardly enjoy immunity from Monroney joint committee was primarily and State level have been extended to 4-year
the effects, ofs'uch a conflict. That is why, responsible for this act. We are, indeed, terms. The committee could explore this
er`Ylaps more -than `maim other nations, the fortunate to have Senator MIKE MONRONEY angle progressively and if the Congress saw
Thai Government and people have every rea- as a cochairman of this joint congressional fit, it could, under its own authority and
son to work far a peaceful solution to the committee, since he was in 1946 a Member jurisdiction, adopt a recommendation for an
earl er comml tee, t e amejudment to the Constitution extending
Members of the House of Rep e-
pr sting problems, rather tfiri `allowing the of the rl LaFollette. of hecochairman,
rift toward an Senator
amed tense situation, d
conflict. We indeed pproles; as Presi- The LaFollette-Monroney committee made sentatives to 4 years. When a Member IS
dent Johnson so'generov(sly' uggested, to see a remarkable contribution to the functions sworn into office in January, after his No-
the resources of our nations devoted to the of Congress by reducing the permanent com- vember election, he is then within 12 months
improvement of human Welfare and to the mittees of the House from 48 to 18. It also of another campaign and a great deal of his
realization of man's age-old hope for a bet- made a number of other valuable recom- time and money is spent on and wasted in
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1a;y 11, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL, RECORD - APPENDIX
ers is the Rural Cooperative Power As=
sociation of Elk River, a generation and
transmission cooperative, which is oper-
ating the first nuclear power facility built
mile, whereas the class A and B com-
mercial utilities in Minnesota averaged
38.7 consumers and $8,599 per mile.
The Minnesota rural electric coopera-
tives are also handicapped by a lack of
diverse loads and large power consumers.
And they operate as isolated systems,
which adds to cost and difficulty of oper-
ation.
Their principal handicap at the out-
set was the high cost of wholesale power.
Some of the early cooperatives were
asked to pay more than 2 cents per kilo-
watt-hour at wholesale. Fortunately,
the availability of power from Federal
dams on the Missouri River helped to
reduce somewhat the high power costs
for Minnesota rural electric cooperatives.
The availability of REA loans for gen-
eration and transmission facilities also
is helping to bring this cost down.
In finding ways to surmount their
handicaps, the Minnesota rural electric
systems have fully justified the confi-
dence of their organizers and members
with outstanding performances in almost
every phase of operation and service.
By January 1, 1965, REA borrowers in
Minnesota had made a total of $140,-
988,227 in payments on their Govern-
ment loans. The payments included
$64,802,835 repaid on principal as due,
$12,950,685 of principal paid ahead of
schedule, and interest payments of $33,-
234,707. No borrower was overdue in its
payments.
Consumers served by REA borrowers
in the State are using increasing
amounts of electricity on their farms and
in their rural homes and businesses. In
1954, the average monthly consumption
Per consumer was 293 kilowatt-hours.
By 1964, the average had risen to 560
kilowatt-hours. The continuing objec-
tive of REA borrowers in Minnesota is to
provide the electric service required by
their consumers under rates and condi-
tions comparable to those available in
urban communities.
The growth in power consumption
points up one of the principal concerns
of rural electric systems as they plan for
the future-the assurance of an ade-
quate supply of power at low cost. The
power requirements of all REA-financed
rural systems rose from 30 billion kilo-
watt-hours in 1960 to 41 billion in 1964.
Looking to the future, REA estimates
that its borrowers will need at least 65
billion kilowatt-hours by 1970, 87 billion
kilowatt-hours in 1975, and 116 billion
kilowatt-hours in 1980.
For Minnesota borrowers, power re-
quirements will rise from the 1.7 billion
kilowatt-hours of 1964 to 2.7 billion kilo-
watt-hours in 1970, 3.4 billion kilowatt-
hours in 1975, and 4.3 billion kilowatt-
hours in 1980. By 1985, incidentally, the
Minnesota rural systems will require 5.3
billion kilowatt-hours, or more than three
times the total for 1964.
These estimates underscore the fact
that the task of rural electrification is far
from finished. In the 30-year-old REA
program,_as with our highways, the job
is not finished when the initial system is
built.
As REA Administrator Norman M.
Clapp has pointed out, along with their
total power requirements, the capital re-
quirements of REA-financed systems will
increase in the years ahead. Mr. Clapp
A2303 -
has said that REA borrower systems may
need as much as $8.1 billion in new capi-
tal between 1965 and the end of 1980.
In 1980, the REA borrowers may need
as much as $675 million for investment
in new facilities to serve their consumers.
I regret that time is not available for
me to discuss the accomplishments and
needs in Minnesota and the Nation ade-
quately or fully. I do wish, however, to
state that rural electrification progress
has been facilitated in our State by the
close cooperation of all types of power
suppliers. The power cooperatives in
Minnesota are working with the commer-
cial utilities in the creation of power
pools and the planning of future facili-
ties for maximum economy.
The people of Minnesota know the
value of the REA programs and are
grateful for the opportunity to enjoy
rural electric and telephone service at
rates which would not be possible except
for the favorable terms which the Con-
gress has made available. In reviewing
the history of the REA programs, we are
Impressed that the Government used its
credit to help rural people gain the bless-
ings of rural electrification and later to
help rural areas get modern dial tele-
phone service. There were risks, great
ones, but farmers and other rural resi-
dents took much of the risk out of the
programs ' by their enthusiastic recep-
tkan of ` electric power and telephone
Service.
So It is with pride that I call attention
to the groat achievements made under
the REA programs in -Minnesota.
Despite criticism of REA, we in Min-
nesota have seen no `evidence that the
rural electrification program" has turned
away from its original purposes. In
Minnesota, five out of every six farms
today receive electric service from REA-
financed rural power systems. The
partnership of local people with their
Federal government was the means by
which rural Minnesota was able to enter
the wondrous electrical age. In 1935,
when REA began, only 6.8 percent of
Minnesota's farms had central station
electric service. For the Nation, the
percentage of farms so electrified in 1935
was `10.9 percent. Today, 99 percent of
our Minnesota farms have central sta-
tion electric service, against 98 percent
for the entire Nation.
Today, the Minnesota rural electric
borrowers are operating almost 85,000
miles of line, 'both distribution and
transmission,, to serve almost 250,000
farm and other rural consumers. About
one-half of these rural consumers are
farmers:
Because Minnesota farmers have
found cooperatives an effective means of
solving tough problems, 52 of the 54
Minnesota electric borrowers under the
REA program are rural electric coopera-
tives. The other two are "municipal-
ities-Litchfield and New Prague-which
used REA financing to serve rural needs.
The loan to New Prague has been fully
repaid.
The first REA loan in the State was
approved in September 1935. Since
then, REA has approved loans totaling
$248 million. REA had advanced $191.8
million of this amount on December 31,
1964.
it must be recognized that the job-of
rural electrification In "Minnesota has
been made difficult by the built-in handi-
caps which are found In so many rural
areas of this country. The Minnesota
rural electric systems have-had to con-
tend with low constltner"density per mile
of line, 2.8 consumers for the Minnesota
cooperatives, compared with 3.3 con-
sumers per mile for all REA borrowers.
As aresult, the Minnesota borrowers,
despite their great progress; have aver-
aged annual revenues of only $480 per
Crime Rate a Growing Menace
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
01,
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 5, 1965
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. Speak-
er, the growing crime rate in America is
becoming the tragedy of our age. Our
country faces many crucial problems,
probably more now than at any time in
our history; but the wave of crime, in my
opinion, supersedes almost any other in
the terrible results it will have upon our
Nation's future.
Nowhere is this fact more glaringly
apparent than here in Washington. We
must take immediate and the most de-
termined steps to come to grips with
America's crime problem.
I insert in the RECORD in this regard a
recent column by David Lawrence which
contains a brief but terribly tragic story
for us all to consider:
PRESIDENT JOHNSON SHOULD TAKE STERN
MEASURES To COMBAT GROWING CRIME WAVE
IN THE COUNTRY
(By David Lawrence)
WASHINGTON -President Johnson is to be
commended for sending marines into Santo
Domingo to protect the lives of 1,200 or more
Americans and European nationals-but
there are those who say he hasn't gone far
enough. They point to the tens of thousands
of Americans living in Washington, D.C., who
need similar protection, particularly at night.
Even servicemen in military installations
near large cities are being warned, because
of at least two or three persons.
The situation In, the District of Columbia
is not far different from what it is in other
parts of the United States. But it so hap-
pens that the President has complete author-
ity to govern the National Capital and to use
Federal troops as policemen to protect the
lives of the residents. Many marines and
soldiers in the Regular Army have no heavy
duties at their military bases or barracks and
could be employed to guard the lives of
American citizens in this country, especially
in the evening hours.
The tragedies are numerous. Here is an
excerpt from a letter just received by this
correspondent from a serviceman who has
fought gallantly for his country:
"My wife and I both worked our way
through college. We lived and worked in the
District of Columbia, where she was gradu-
ated at the Southeastern University and also
attended the Corcoran School of Art. She
was a talented artist, accountant, and legal
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bus in Southeast Washington, where we lived.
A teenage colored, boy ran up behind her
and slugged her, viciously with a brick or
club, knocking er down on the walk, and
almost broke her arm when he jerked the
purse off her arm. She was covered with
blood and hospitalized nearly a Week.
"Last August 25, 1.964, she went out of the
apartment about midnight with a flashlight
looking for her cat. She was 55 years old.
A 20-year-old Negro grabbed her around the
neck with an arm lock and attempted to
drag her into the nearby woods to rape her.
When she screamed for help, he stabbed her
four times with some vicious, narrow daggers,
almost like ice picks. She died 12 days later
in the hospital. Although she was given
many blood transfusions and operated upon
by the best doctors in Washington. Service-
men in the Department of Defense gave 16
i
p
nts of blood to the hospital in her memory.
There is no use my attempting to tell you
how terribly I feel about this: I cry all the
time about losing her, and just scream when
I think of the attack by this vicious brute.
"The police did a good job catching him,
but he hasn't been convicted yet and may
beat the case, although they found her wrist-
watch in his pocket. He has been In jail 6
months waiting trial.
"There is nothing more to add. It is really
a matter of the survival of our country, if
the crime wave isn't stopped. In the mean-
time merchants are being shot to death and
policemen maimed right here in the shadow
of the Capitol.
"Would use of the marines and troops be
possible to stop the crime Wave? Should all
men, be fingerprinted? Should criminals be
deported? Surely there must be some solu-
tion to, save our country. It is more danger-
ous to walk the streets of Washington, D,C.,
than anything I faced in World War II or
the service during the Korean police action,
and I have nine campaign ribbons and lived
through it, only to find my wife murdered
in front of our home in Washington, D.C."
It would cost the Government of the
United States hardly, any extra funds to allo-
Rumanian national holiday. This is the """"~~ ' ue not war at tee Might
day which honors the achievement of Time
Rumania's independence from Ottoman
oppression and the founding of its king-
dom. The observance by the free world
is to signify to the Rumanian people be-
hind the Iron Curtain that they have not
been forgotten and will not be forgotten.
The American people share the hopes
and aspirations of the Rumanian people
for national liberty. On this commemo-
ration of the 10th of May, we hope they
will find new strength in their determi-
nation to celebrate the freedom and in-
dependence they rightfully earned nearly
a century ago.
Three Hundredth Anniversary of Staten
Island Reformed Church
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN M. MURPHY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, may 10, 1965
Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr.
Speaker, the Staten Island Reformed
Church celebrated its 300th anniversary
this, year and on May 2 at the 4 p.m.
service a beautiful plaque was unveiled.
The plaque reads:
In 1665 a small group of the first Dutch
settlers to come to the shores of this Island
banded together for the worship of Almighty
God. Through three centuries, faithful men
and women have continued this ministry to
the community, the Nation, and the world.
cate troops to the major cities of the United John M. Braisted, Jr., district attorney
States for night patrol duty. They could for Richmond County, and a member of
travel in automobiles and make tours every the Reformed Church, played the organ
few minutes in all sections of a city. Eventu- for this historic service.
ally, of money hi rtates would have to ap-
propriate A message from President Johnson to
y permanent patrols by Rev. Jack Hascup, policemen of their own. But it might require pastor, was delivered
months and months, if not years, to organize by me as follows:
such additional forces. There could, how- THE
ever, be some immediate relief through the
use of Federal troops. Rev. JAcK HASCUP,
The administration is studying the whole The Reformed Church
question of how it, can be of help in getting Staten Island N Y
WHITE HOUSE.,
Washington.
of Staten Island,
better police protection for the entire coon- I have learned with much pleasure from
try., But the project has not been given Congressman MURPHY that the Reformed
priority over everything else, and, while Church on Staten Island is observing the
studies and surveys are being made
many 3
,
00th anniversary of its founding.
Americans are losing their lives. On this joyous and memorable occasion
If the President were to send to. Congress you may recall with pride and satisfaction
a message demanding immediate appropria- the many fruitful
and to vice rendered
tions for the benefit of the States so that an your church to God years of
your commu-
emergency project for increasing the police nity.
forces could be put into operation, it would ty.
unquestionably be approved by American members amembers happly to
my s my to heartiest exsgre e ynetin ggse aannd to your
public opinion. For the war on crime de- warm
serves the highest priority on the list of congratulations. I hope that the years ahead
domestic projects before the administration yo
will be u and replete for rthe members abundant of your of y br drugs for
today. ou`nour church.
The 10th of May
SPEECH
HON. JOHN V. LINDSAY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 10, 1965
LYNDON B. JOHN15ON.
The church services were edifying and
enlightening to all who attended. In the
front row of the church, seven little girls
in Dutch costumes set the tone for the
occasion and they were a reminder to
all that although costumes and mate-
rials have changed, the principles and
faith in our heritage and religion have
not.
The former pastor of the ch
h
urc
from
Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, each 1948 to 1959, Rev. Cornelius Vander
year on the 10th of May, the people of the Naaid, gave the principal address.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
F
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 28, 1965
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, the
most recent issue of Time magazine, now
on the stands, carries in its weekly fea-
ture, "Time Essay," an excellent analysis
of why the United States is in Vietnam,
and why it should remain there.
The essay, entitled "Vietnam: The
Right War at the Right Time," places
in the most succinct and logical manner
that I have seen to date the justification
for President Johnson's bold determina-
tion to resist Communist aggression in
Vietnam.
I believe Time magazine has rendered
an imposing public service by raising
the six most frequently asked questions
about America's policy in Vietnam, and
then methodically answering these ques-
tions with arguments that, in my judg-
ment, leave little room, if any, for re-
buttal. ,
It is particularly noteworthy that Time
magazine recalls the arguments of those
who have been most critical of President
Johnson's policy, and then proceeds to
show how wrong they had been in the
past in their criticism of other instances
in American foreign policy. Mr. Walter
Lippmann, noted American columnist,
who has been highly critical of President
Johnson's Vietnam policy, is quite prop-
erly singled out by Time magazine as
being the same Walter Lippmann, who
during the Greek crisis of 1947-49, would
have abandoned our gallant wartime ally,
.Greece.
Mr. Speaker, it is my hope that all
Americans would have an opportunity
to read this excellent Time magazine
analysis in order to have a more thor-
ough understanding why the United
States must take the steps we are taking
in Vietnam, and why President Johnson
deserves our undivided support in his
effort.
Mr. Speaker, the Time essay follows:
TIME ESSAY: VIETNAM-THE RIGHT WAR AT
THE RIGHT TIME
The Caribbean is closer to U.S..shores than
the South China Sea, but despite the nearby
uproar in the Dominican Republic, the cru-
cial test of American policy and will is still
taking place in Vietnam.
By and large, U.S. public opinion seems
strongly behind Lyndon Johnson's unyield-
ing strategy of bombing the North and
stepped-up ground action in the South. At
the same time, an insistent--if by no means
unanimous-chorus of criticism is heard,
particularly on college campuses, from fac-
ulty as well as students. Teach-ins, peti-
tions, and picketing get headlines. Most of
the critics argue that the United States
should stop the bombing and get out quickly,
giving an odd combination of pragmatic and
supposedly ethical reasons.
The pragmatic reasons add up to the no-
tion that the United States either cannot
win or need not win in order to safeguard its
interests. The moral objections are often
weakened by the fact that, whUe the critics
condemn the use of force against North Viet-
nam, they either condone Or ignore it in Other
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~~S~iVi~"~LGRD APPENDIX A2305
situations-such as Sukarno's guerrilla war ment throughout the world, hopes to win continues and the German Government
against Malaysia, Red China's conquest of that control by showing that "wars of lib-41/2 to Tibet or, most important, the Vietcong's own eralization" pay off. Russia, on the other now has as more yef t e locate these
terror against South Vietnamese peasants, hand, is unwilling to give up the hard-won the German s a result of the extension of
QUESTIONS of REALITY detente with the West, which permits Mos-
cow the Gerstatute of limitations.
Herewith a discussion of the six principal greater concentration on internal de- In a recent letter to the Procurator
arguments. velopment, in favor of the Chinese hard line. General of the Soviet Union and the Min-
The struggle in Vietnam is a civil war and Should Mao prove his point by winning in ister of Justice of Poland, the chairman
th
the United States has no ro interfere. South Vietnam, Russia might well be forced and executive secretary of the Jewish
thetthere are elements right a stir war into greater militancy. Labor Committee requested
Certain: Many Vietcong are not hard-line Asia is not of vital importance to the those Gov-
two
present. g aasocial e United States. After all, so runs this argu- officials to furnish to the German G mm n sts but nationalistic s and land reform ment, the United States is not omnipotent. ernment whatever documents which may
and reariss es whose cl elsewhere, the Walter Lippmann contends that Asia is legiti- be in their possession concerning Nazi
local revniuc oe aims ion has But include
been captured by co me mately the sphere of Chinese influence, just war criminals.
munism.
localisri. The Vietcong have some autonomy, by CO as the Western Hemisphere Is America's = I commend to the attention of our col-
are Vietco, dhav some and supplied That contention is questionable. Since the leagues the following statement issued by
b North Vietnam. In the Communist e- early 19th century, the United States has the Jewish Labor Committee containing
bellions in Greece and Malaya, for example, to
grown to sur en e. major Pacific China power; the text of the letter:
almost identical arguments were heard; these to surrender the Pacific to China now makes
were called civil wars in which the United no more sense than surrendering it to Im- JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE Asxs POLAND AND
re<
S
tates was supposedly backing reactionary
regimes that lacked popular support and
could not win. And yet in both cases, when
outside Red help was shut off, the rebellions
collapsed. Because the West has lately
learned to live With Communist regimes that
have been forced to cut back their export
of revolution, it is sometimes forgotten that
communism still remains an international
aggressive movement, that infiltration and
subversion remain realities, not words to
frighten children, No struggle in which
communism is involved is ever truly a civil
war.
The South Vietnamese people don't care
whether they live under communism or not,
as long as they get peace. Obviously they
desperately want peace, and they need more
positive hopes than just anticommunism to
keep them going. But after a decade, South
Vietnam's army is still fighting, and sustain-
ing casualties proportionately higher than
U.S. casualties in two World Wars. This is an
amazing fact, recently heightened by the de-
cline in Government desertions, and in the
increase in new recruitment.
The United States cannot fight for democ-
racy by backing more or less undemocratic
regimes in Saigon. A democratic regime is
hardly possible in a war-torn country with-
out much democratic tradition. What the
critics fail to admit is that even a bad non-
Communist regime is usually subject to
change, but once a Communist regime is es-
tablished, it is virtually irreversible. Taking
up the argument that the integrity of U.S.
democracy at home depends on an end to the
war, Columnist Max Lerner, himself a pro-
fessor, recently replied: "No, it depends on
not flinching from the reality principle, on
maintaining clear goals without hypocrisy,
and in showing that democracy has what it
takes for survival against ruthless forces both
at home and abroad."
North Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh might turn
into the Tito of Asian communism. This is
possible, but only if Red China chan
es it
g
he r
s
nationalist-expansionist direction. Tito's
Y
ugoslavia is separated by 200 miles of
Carpathian wilderness from Russia, while
North Vietnam has a common frontier with
China. Moreover, the Chinese have tradi-
tionally pushed south, Ho, whose basic
training and sympathies derive from the So-
viet Union, is now 75; most of his rising lieu-
tenants are pro-Peiping. A Vietnam united
under Communist rule would, for the fore-
seeable future, remain a Peiping satellite,
It is absurd to suggest that after winning all
of Vietnam the Communists would then sit
back and turn "mellow." Inevitably, they
would seek d
omination of the whole area,
and there: is no sign that they would be re-
sisted except in Thailand-and even here the
Red pressure would be enormous.
U.S. escalation, in Vietnam is pushing Red
China and Russia together. Despite some
parallel warlike noises from Moscow and
Peiping, there Is little to support this belief.
China seeks to control the Communist move-
southeast Asia gone, the United States would v~iee
NEW YORK.-The Jewish Labor Committee
rapidly approach a point where it might have has called upon the Governments of Poland
no foothold in Asia from Okinawa to Aus- and Soviet Russia to make available to Ger-
tralia. Beyond that, the argument cannot many documents naming Nazi criminals who
be sustained in the light of modern weap- have not yet been prosecuted.
onry: geographic spheres of influence are In a letter to the Polish and Soviet Minis-
simply not pertinent in an era of ICBM's. ters of Justice signed by Adolph Held, chair-
The Chinese themselves pay no attention to man, and Benjamin Tabachinsky, executive
the theory, as is shown by their activities in secretary, the JLC stated that the 41/2-year
Africa and Latin America, extension of the statute of limitations on
DANGERS OF INACTION Nazi crimes made it necessary that the Ger-
The chief immediate demand of the critics man police authorities act with all delibera-
is that the United States negotiate. But ate speed if the criminals are to be brought
such an argument leaves out of account the to justice.
fact that the Communists use negotiations The JLC leaders pointed out that the Ger-
only as a tactic to make further gains- man authorities have repeatedly stated that
unless they are forced by superior power or they would have had better results in their
self-interest to stick to their bargains. They research for Nazi criminals if they had the
quickly broke the Geneva agreement of 1954 information that was possessed by the Polish
and the Laos agreement of 1962 by refusing and Russian Governments. At the end of
to withdraw Communist guerrilla forces. 'Do- World War II, tons of German documents
pite vague talk, no one has advanced even were captured by the invading armies from
the outlines of an international arrangement the East and removed to Warsaw and Moscow.
that could keep South Vietnam secure from In their communication Messrs. Held and
communism. Hanoi and Peiping show no Tabachinsky stated to the Russian and Pol-
sign of considering any international agree- ish officials: "We feel sure that you too have
ment except the kind of neutralization that the greatest interest in seeing to it that the
would put the Vietcong in a position to cap- criminals of the Nazi-Hitler period should be
tore power in Saigon. apprehended and brought before the bar of
Obviously, after overcoming his early hesi- justice for their crimes."
tation, Lyndon Johnson will not allow the The JLC letter concluded with the request
United States to be pushed out of Vietnam. that photostatic copies of the documents pos-
For if that were to happen, Americans would sessed by the Russians and Poles be promptly
only have to make another stand against made available to the law enforcement au-
Asian communism later, under worse con- thorities "thereby helping to eliminate all
ditions and in less tenable locations. As obstacles to the punishment of those Nazi
Demosthenes said about expansionist Mace- criminals who have thus far escaped Justice.
donia in the fourth century B.C.: "You will The following is the text of the JLC letter.
be wise to defend yourselves now, but if you The identical letter was sent to Roman A.
let the opportunity pass, you will not be Rudenko, Procurator General of the U.S.S.R.,
able to act even if you want to." Despite and Marian Rybicky, Minister of Justice of
all its excruciating difficulties, the Viet- the People's Republic of Poland.
namese struggle is absolutely inescapable "DEAR M. MINISTER: As you know, the Ger-
for the United States in the mid-sixties-anti" man Parliament has voted to extend the
in that sense, it is the right war in the right statute of limitations for the prosecution of
place at t
ight time. Nazi crimesf
_
.
ddi
or an
lIrritated by the Lippmann argument, ''2 years. Our organization has always op-
Pentagon officials made a study of his col- itations whatever on thetcrimes of the Nazis.
umns during the Greek crisis of 1947-49 and However, as you know, our position was not
concluded: "My God, Walter would have accepted and the 41/2-year compromise was
given away Greece, too." adopted.
As a result of the decision of the German
Jewish Labor Committee Asks Poland and p
Parlia is ncessary for olice and judicial authorities toe ov of
Russia for Information on Nazi Crimes fectively and with all deliberate Speed to
round up and indict all Nazi criminals who
were active in the extermination of European
EXTENSION OF REMARKS civilians, Jewish and non-Jewish.
OF During discussions with various German
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER th
agenes statute of ey repea repeatedly t the pointed d out out that they hey would
ould
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 11, 1965
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, the
search for escaped Nazi war criminals
ave achieved better results and would have
been able to punish more Nazi criminals if
they had possessed the various documents in
Your Possession. On Our part, we feel sure
that you too have the greatest interest in-
terest in seeing to it that the criminals of
the Nazi-Hitler, period should be appre-
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 A2306
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 11, 1965
hended and brought before the bar of justice
for their crimes.
We therefore appeal to you most urgently
that you do all in your power to make these
documents available to the West German
Government. We request that you make
photostatic copies of your documents avail-
able for examination by the German law en-
forcement agencies, thereby helping to elimi-
nate all obstacles to the punishment of those
Nazi criminals who have thus far escaped
justice."
Yours very truly,
ADOLPH HELD, Chairman.
BENJAMIN TAHAossmsi Y,
Executive Secretary.
Address of the Vice President on Polish
Constitution Day at Chicago, III., May
Z, 1965
HON. DANIEL D. ROSTENKOWSKI
OF ILLINOIS..
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
- Tuesday, May 11, 1965
Mr. ROSTENKOWSKI. Mr. Speaker,
on Sunday, May 2, 1965, Chicago observed
the commemoration of Polish Constitu-
tion Day with a rally held in Humboldt
Park, which is located in my congres-
sional district. We were honored by the
presence of the Vice President of the
'U'nited States, the Honorable HUBERT II.
HUMPHREY, who delivered the principal
speech to the 150,000 people gathered for
the occasion.
It was a stirring speech, so with per-
mission I include it in the RECORD at this
point:
ADeRESS OF THE VICE PRESIDENT ON POLISH
CowsTrTuTioN DAY, CHICAGO, ILL., MAY 2,
1965
Distinguished reverend clergy, his honor,
the great mayor of the great city of Chicago,
Richard Daley; members of the county and
city government, State legislators, my good
friends of the Congress, the Congressmen
from the district in which this great gather-
ing Is being held-Congressman DAN Roee-
TxNaowsltl whom you all know well, Con-
gressman RowAN PUCINSICI. DANNY and
ROMAN invited me several times to be here.
They promised me that with your inter-
cession and divine providence and the mayor
of Chicago all working together, we'd have
good weather, and we have it. Congressman
KL'uczYNsxT,, Who I trust is with us here
today, and Congressman ED DERWINSHI, my
good friends are all here on this great day
to commemorate the Polish Constitution
Day, the 174th anniversary of a document
of freedom-a document of liberalism---a
document of humanitarianism-a document
of parliamentary government-a document
of majority rule--a constitution of liberty
for a great people. What a beautiful day
it is to celebrate that memorable event of
May 3, l79i-?7olish Constitution Day.
May I pause-for a moment in behalf of
our country, in behalf of freedom-loving peo-
ple everywhere, to pay out, respects to a great
soldier, to a great patriot of his own land,
and to a fighter of freedom second to none.
Of course, I refer to the distinguished soldier
and patriot that has addressed us here today,
General Marezek, Who has graced this plat-
form by his presence and'by his words. The
world will never forget this great general
was commander of the famed Polish let
Armored Division which took part in many
of the most important battles of World War
II, and every battle was an honor to the
general and his troops. And then, may I
once again pay my respects to these distin-
guished statesmen who have come here rep-
resenting the Assembly of the Captive Eu-
ropean Nations. They're fine people, and
Mr. Rozmarek, the citation and the medal
you've received today is a high honor. I
cherish in my office a plaque which I re-
ceived a few years ago with the flags of the
captive nations of Europe-a plaque which
was an expression of appreciation on the part
of those people for some work in the Congress
of the United States which I was privileged
to perform. So may I once again express my
gratitude to these valiant, courageous lovers
of freedom who have done so much for each
and every one of us. And I want also to
pay my respects today to the many fraternal
organizations that are here-the Polish fra-
ternal groups, the Polish veterans, and the
many veterans organizations that are here
on this memorable day; and above all, may
I say a word of happiness and good cheer
to the youth, to the young people, because,
as Mrs. Humphrey and I had those few
moments to-Witness a part of your parade,
We were once again thrilled by the young
people-their health, their vigor, their
vitality.
Ladies and gentlemen, I want to talk today
a little bit about our citizenship as Ameri-
cans. I want to talk to you a little bit
about our responsibilities as a people and as
a country, because this Nation of ours, as
Mr. Rozmarek has indicated, has tremendous
responsibilities today. Charles, I want you
to know how grateful I am as Vice President
of these United States to hear your words in
support for the President, for the Congress,
for the policy of the Government of the
United States, as we defend freedom In
southeast Asia and as we resist the most
brutal form of terrorism and the most un-
believable and insidious form of subversion
and aggression that this Nation has witnessed
in all of Its life, by the Communists in that
area. And lest there be any doubt, let me
remind you of the words of President John-
son in that memorable address at Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore just a few
weeks ago, when he told us that we will not
be defeated, we will not withdraw, we will
not tire, we will defend freedom and we will
not sell out or sell away the liberties of
others and call it peace. That lesson has
been learned in this century. There is no
peace for anyone, nor is there any freedom
for anyone, if country after country-little
countries-can be sold down the river into
tyranny and into slavery. Freedom and
peace are indivisible, and we have no inten-
tion my fellow Americans of withdrawing
from the struggle, of seeking an easy truce
or peace at the price of principle and
freedom.
Yesterday, Mrs. Humphrey and I were at
Williamsburg, Va., and at Jamestown.
Jamestown, Va., represents the first English-
speaking settlement in the United States-
1707. There we were privileged to partici-
pate in the ceremony of new citizenship for
about 200 immigrants that had come to our
shores to become American citizens. And
what a wonderful experience it was. What
a glorious day. It was beautiful like today.
And there they were, young people in the
main, people of every race, creed, and na-
tionality, people from Poland, people from
Eastern Europe, people from the northern
countries of Europe, from Asia, from Latin
America, from Africa, from the Middle East.
There they were taking that oath of alle-
giance to the United States of America, it
was an exciting experience because I saw my
country and our country strengthened. No
one nation has a unique claim to America,
but no people has a greater claim or can
claim greater contributions to our country,
to our beloved America, than those who came
here from Poland. All one has to do Is to
look at that statue, to look at that memorial
to a great patriot, General Kosciusko, one of
the great fighters for freedom, one who
helped America, and then we know that the
people of Poland have made great contribu-
tions to our land.
From the earliest beginnings, America--
our country-has benefited from the wisdom,
the courage, the guidance, the leadership of
the Polish people. We have benefited from
the art and the literature and the beautiful
music and the skill and the craftsmanship
and the statesmanship and the love of liberty
of the Polish people.
We share great heroes, as I've said, like
Gen. Thaddeus Kosciusko and General
Pulaski, men who have been heroes in battle
and fighters for human rights and human
dignity, battlers every one of them against
tyranny, battlers against; tyranny of the
mind and spirit, as well as tyranny of the
body politic.
As Americans of Polish descent, therefore,
you share the strengths of two great peoples.
Many of'the democratic American traditions
have their parallels in Polish history of a
thousand years. Think of it--a thousand
years. Might I acid, that great Constitution
that we commemorate today, of May 3, 1791,
came to the Polish people only 2 years after
our own Constitution. This, above all, proves
to me that a good idea is a powerful weapon.
And the good idea of American freedom and
independence penetrated every land within
a very few years after the adoption of our
Constitution. That Constitution of Poland,
dedicated to parliamentary government, had
much of its inspiration, my fellow Americans,
from our Constitution--we the people of
these United States.
For most of that period of a thousand
years, Poland has been an Independent
Christian nation, though there are those that
today within her boundaries would ignore,
and indeed destroy, these traditions, we knovr
that the spirit of the real Poland never dies,
and we know that the spirit of the liberty-
loving free Poland will flower once again.
Our late and beloved President Kennedy
said these words: "Poland's claim to inde-
pendence and liberty is not based on senti-
ment or politics. It is deeply rooted in his-
tory, in culture, and in law-and no matter
what pressure the Soviets may exert, we do
not intend to see that claim abandoned."
Ladies and gentlemen, those words of a
departed President who loved Poland-those
are the words of America today, just as truly
now as then.
We are convinced that time Is on the side
of freedom-that is, if we put time to good
use-if we put time to good use and do not
abandon freedom.
We intend to put that time to good use, and
we're doing it here today. We intend to
build bridges to the Polish people-bridges
which may now and then be obstructed at
the other end, but which will be there to be
cleared when the day of freedom dawns. We
intend to build bridge,; that strengthen the
bonds of friendship between America and the
Polish people, and I say to Frances Dymek,
as she read the resolutions here today, we
intend to expand our programs of cultural
exchange, of contact with the people of
Poland, because, make no mistake about it
my friends, Poland is not Communist-Pol-
and Is Polish, loving liberty. Poland is a
friend of the United States, the likes of
which I've never seen elsewhere and I've
traveled in that country and know of what
I speak. The people of Poland love our
America, and the people of Poland love their
nation., they love the:lr history, and I wish
my voice could go to the people of Poland-
we love you too, and we stand with you, good
people of Poland, for your days of freedom.
The fires of liberty are not dimmed in
Polish hearts. The fires of their nationalism
and their independence-they burn brightly.
We must help sustain that fire.
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