Congressional Record Senate

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67B00446R000300140022-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 6, 2003
• Sequence Number: 22
• Publication Date: September 8, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

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September 8, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
The full value of any land, including
any park land, taken for a road is just
as much a part of the cost of the road
as is the cost of labor, or of materials, or
of engineering, or any other out-of-
pocket expenses.
And the public is paying both costs,
the one consciously, the other in great
part without realizing it. Too many
people have shared the infant innocence
of Housman's poem:
The grizzly bear is huge and wild;
He has devoured the infant child,
The infant child is not aware
It has been eaten by the bear.
Therefore, I welcome Secretary Udall's
recent proposal that the interstate high-
way between the Lincoln Memorial and
the 14th Street Bridge be put wholly
underground.
And I especially applaud Secretary
Udall's unanswerable demonstration that
the real cost of the new highway in the
tunnel would be less than if it were built
on the surface through Potomac Park.
The Secretary's point is simply that in
calculating the real cost of the new high-
way full account must be taken of the
far greater acreage of park land which
would be required by the Highway De-
partment's proposed surface road, as
well, of course, as of the value of the
land now covered by existing roads
which under both plans. would be re-
stored to the park.
The Highway Department argues that
its surface road plan must be chosen
because its construction cost is only $40
million compared with $58 million of
construction cost for Secretary Udall's
tunnelled road.
But the Highway Department's sur-
face road. would take from the park 8.1
net acres of present park land worth,
according to the Secretary, $13 million,
making the real cost of the Highway
Department's road $53 million.
Secretary Udall's tunnelled road would
restore to the park 9.7 acres more than
the small amount of park land it would
actually use. The value of this acreage
restored to the park is $17 million. So
the real cost of the Secretary's tunnelled
road would be reduced to $41 million.
Secretary Udall's tunnelled road would
actually cost the public $12 million less
by any reasonable standard of account-_
ing. And it would save the park as well.
Fortunately, Secretary Udall-subject
only to the approval of the National
Capital Planning Commission, which has
demonstrated its lively sense of the vital
importance of our Capital City's parks-
has full legal authority to insist on his
position. He could, of course, be over-
ruled by the President, but it is incon-
ceivable that President Johnson, who has
so admirably launched the "Beautify
America" campaign, would in this cru-
cial test fEkil to support his Secretary of
the Interior.
Secretary Udall has pointed out that
areas of Potomac Park already occupied
by recent interstate highway projects for
the approaches to the Theodore Roose-
velt Bridge, the 14th Street Bridges and
the Washington Channel Bridge total
37.3 acres, valued by the Secretary at
almost $70 million. No compensation to
our city's park system has been., made
for any of this land. It is none too soon
to apply the principle for which I have
long been contending; namely, that if
park land is to be taken anywhere for
highways or any other purpose, at least
the dollar value of the land so taken
must be fully accounted for.
But, though the hour is late, the Sec-
retary's proposal can still save what re-
mains of Potomac Park.. r I .`1 2-1
U.S. POLICY rN VIE'T'NAM
Mr. CANNON. Mr. President, in.re-
cent weeks we have all heard public
assertions that U.S. policy concerning
Vietnam has taken a swift and danger-
ous turn. Some Americans would have
us believe that the course we are pursu-
ing in that beleagured country was born
in February of this year when air strikes
were initiated on a regular basis against
North Vietnam.
While the pace of our response to
Communist aggression has been stepped
up, our commitment to respond by all
necessary means is not of recent origin.
It stretches back to the early 1950's when
we provided military assistance to the
French, who in those days were milita-
rily engaged in Indochina.
The implications of a Communist
takeover were well realized then, as they
are today. In June 1953, former Presi-
dent Eisenhower warned those who
would have us disregard the fortunes of
the small nations of southeast Asia:
There is no free nation too humble to be
forgotten. All of us have learned * * * that
all free nations must stand together, or they
shall fall separately.
President Eisenhower went on to state
that to surrender Asia would mean leav-
ing a vast portion of the population of
the world to be mobilized by the forces
of aggression.
In a similar vein, John Foster Dulles,
then our Secretary of State, observed a
month later:
The situation in Indochina today repre-
sents one of the most serious present threats
to the free world.
Upon reflecting on these statements,
one gets the eerie feeling that both
speakers were describing the situation
that prevails today-more than 12 years
later. Vietnam is still a small humble
nation and the threat to its freedom
from Communist-sponsored insurgency
continues to be the most serious im-
mediate threat to the free world. But
the important thing to remember, 12
years later, is that it is still free.
Each succeeding U.S. administration
has had to answer for itself the diffi-
cult question of the worth of this free-
dom. All have come to the same con-
clusion. President Eisenhower affirmed
this in the unilateral declaration of the
United States following the signing of
the Geneva Accords when Walter Bedell
Smith, then Undersecretary of State,
solemnly promised that the United
States would view any renewal of ag-
gression with grave concern and as seri-
ously threatening international peace
and security.
A more. specific U.S. commitment was
made in September 1954 when South
22225
Vietnam was included as a protocol state
under the umbrella of the SEATO agree-
ment. Consider, if you will, the warding
of article IV of that treaty:
Each party recognizes that aggression by
means of armed attack in the treaty area
* * * would endanger its own peace and
safety, and agrees that it will, in that event,
act to meet the common danger * * * at
the request of the government concerned.
President Kennedy, 7 years later, faced.
the same question. He responded:
We are prepared to help the Republic of
Vietnam to protect its people and to pre-
serve its independence.
This same promise has been stated
many times over by President Johnson.
And so, the American policy of com-
mitment to South Vietnam is woven from
the pledges of three Presidents. But
pledges are cheap unless backed up by
concrete actions.
We can all be thankful that the United
States has, over the years, matched
words with deeds. To have done other-
wise would have destroyed our national
integrity.
Between 1953 and 1961, we provided
the Government of South Vietnam al-
most $1.5 billion in economic aid and
a comparable amount in military assist-
ance. U.S. economic and military mis-
sions have been present in Vietnam since
the days of the French. The amount of
monetary assistance provided, and the
number of U.S. personnel sent, have in-
creased in response to the mounting ag-
gression from North Vietnam.
The theme of U.S. Presidents has been :
We will provide all that is required to
achieve our objectives.
What, one may ask, are these objec-
tives? In 1955, the Assistant Secretary
of State for Far Eastern Affairs stated
them succinctly:
What we want in Asia is what we want
everywhere-a world made up of independ-
ent, responsible, democratic countries whose
governments are devoted to the peaceful de-
velopment of their own territory and to the
welfare and freedom of their own people.
Almost 10 years later, Ambassador
Taylor put it this way :
We are not looking for anything for our-
selves. We are not attempting to gain a
military foothold on the Asian continent,
we do not seek to widen the war. This
war was started by the Communists, and
it will end when they cease their aggres-
sion. * * * Our assistance to the Republic of
Vietnam has cost the lives of many Amer-
icans. One must recognize that others will
be lost before this effort is completed. But
these sacrifices are being made in the knowl-
edge of the far greater sacrifices which have
been made by the Vietnamese people in their
struggle to preserve their independence and
to resume the progress toward well-being and
prosperity which has been interrupted by
aggression from the North.
What the future holds, none can say,
but the words of the Assistant Secretary
of State in October 1953 are just as
apt now as they were then when he ob-
served, referring to the French effort
in the Red River delta:
The future of the world is in the hands
* * of the infantrymen on the line * *
in the paddy fields.
Our policy of providing the support
necessary to repel the aggression and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 8, 1965
enable the Republic of Vietnam to live
in peace has been consistent and just,
and is still right.
AMERICAN LEGION ENDORSES OB-
JECTIVES OF COLD WAR GI BILL
Mr. YARBOROUGH. Mr. President,
for several years, the American Legion
has not taken a position on the cold war
GI bill, mainly because the veterans who
would benefit from this bill were ineligi-
ble for membership in this fine veterans'
organization.
At the national convention of the
American Legion during the last part of
August of this year, the position of the
American Legion changed. In their
testimony before the House Veterans'
Affairs Committee on September 2, 1965,
on the cold war GI bill, the American
Legion endorsed and pledged their sup-
port for the objectives of the cold war
GI bill.
To illustrate their fine testimony, I ask
unanimous consent that the statement
made by John S. Corcoran, director of
the National Rehabilitation Commission
of the American Legion, before the
House Veterans' Affairs Committee, and
the resolution be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the state-
ment and resolution were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT BY JOHN J. CORCORAN, DIRECTOR,
NATIONAL REHABILITATION COMMISSION, THE
AMERICAN LEGION, BEFORE THE COMMITTEE
ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS, HOUSE OF REPRE-
SENTATIVES, ON THE COLD WAR GI BILL AND
RELATED PROPOSALS, SEPTEMBER 2, 1965
Mr. Chairman and members of the com-
mittee, thank you for giving us this oppor-
tunity to present the views of the American
Legion on the bills now before you, which
would provide certain benefits and services
for cold war veterans. The American Legion
endorses and supports the general objectives
of those bills, and we urge your early, favor-
able action upon them.
For several years, our organization took no
position upon proposals to expand the spec-
trum of benefits available to cold war vet-
erans. Although frequently not understood,
the reason was, I think, a simple and logical
one. It was based upon the fact that the
proposals related to persons who had not had
war service. The American Legion has long
adhered to the policy of not actively support-
ing legislation which would not directly af-
fect war veterans. Thus, completely with-
out regard to the merits of the proposals, we
declined to take a position on bills such as
those now receiving your consideration.
All that has changed, Mr. Chairman.
Circumstances, such as those that exist in
Vietnam, now justify and, in fact, compel
the American Legion to take an active part
in seeking fair treatment for present mem-
bers of the Armed Forces. And,, again, the
explanation is a simple one: we believe that
the conditions which exist in certain areas
of the world today are creating war vet-
erans. Thus, we will actively support pro-
posals aimed at benefiting those persons.
I do not find it surprising that our organi-
zation has concluded, even In the absence
of a declared war, that current members of
the Armed Forces are war veterans. The
Korean conflict was not a declared war. On
theother hand, the President of the United
States, in a recent press conference, referred
to the conditions in Vietnam as a war. In
short, Mr. Chairman, it appears that the
term "war" has taken on a new and uncon-
ventional meaning. While we hope and pray
that there will never be another general war
in the conventional sense, we must not close
our eyes to the combat conditions that
widely prevail, the hostilities that are taking
place, and the acts of warfare being com-
mitted. Nor, can we ignore the fact that
our servicemen are being subjected to special
disciplines and special deprivations; we have
assigned them to special obligations, duties,
and hazards. They have earned special con-
sideration by the Nation they serve.
In consonance with these considerations,
our national executive committee, on May 6,
1965, approved the report of a special com-
mittee, the essential point of which was the
conclusion that persons now serving in the
Armed Forces are war veterans. In addi-
tion, our national convention, on August 26,
1965, approved resolution No. 125, which
seeks an expansion of benefits for our serv-
icemen. With your permission, Mr. Chair-
man, I would like to submit for the record a
copy of resolution No. 125.
You will note that our resolution seeks
additional benefits for persons who have
served since August 5, 1964. That date re-
lates to an incident which occurred In Viet-
nam. The Vietnamese theater was selected,
rather than some other post-Korea campaign
or expedition, because of the size and scope
of the combat activity there. August 5,
1964, was selected on the grounds that, prior
to that time, our function in Vietnam was
advisory and our military operations defen-
sive. As a result of aggressive acts of war
committed against us in the Bay of Tonkin
on August 5, however, the nature of U.S.
military activity changed. Consistent with
long-established Legion policy, we feel that,
with respect to any additional benefits made
available by Congress, all persons who serve
after August 5, 1964, should be treated equal-
ly, regardless of place of service. We do not
favor the "hot spot" concept.
You will note also, Mr. Chairman, that
resolution No. 125 directs us to seek com-
parable benefits. That word was chosen de-
liberately because it was recognized that the
possibility exists that we should not seek
identical benefits. My staff and I have been
instructed to study this matter and to rec-
ommend to the October 6, 1965, meeting of
our national executive committee specifi-
cally what benefits, and in what degree, we
feel ought to be extended. We returned to
our office from the national convention on
Monday, August 30, and we are, therefore,
not yet prepared to comment. We will move
ahead rapidly, Mr. Chairman, and I do hope
the committee will permit us, as it always
has, to offer suggestions as we crystallize our
thinking.
I would like to express a personal opinion
on one of the types of benefits being con-
sidered, the cold war 01 bill. This readjust-
ment benefit appears to be the most con-
troversial and was singled out by the
Veterans' Administration witness for special
opposition. I cannot agree with the rea-
sons advanced by the VA for opposing a
cold war GI bill. VA testified that readjust-
ment benefits should be limited to situations
where wartime service sharply disrupted
career planning and called for special Gov-
ernment aid to ease the transition from war-
time service back to civilian life. The
American Legion believes that the men who
are serving in our Armed Forces have had
both their career planning and their careers
irreparably disrupted; they will lose years
out of their lives that they will never be
able to make up; they are serving under
war-like conditions and, they deserve every
help our Government can provide to ease
their readjustment to civilian life.
The VA witness said, "we recognize that
the present international situation is ex-
tremely delicate and that some of our'serv-
icemen are operating under combat condi-
tions." It has been some time since I heard
an understatement of that magnitude. It
sounds like the statement of an agency
whose opposition to attempts by this com-
mittee and the Congress to improve the
veterans benefits program Is becoming rou-
tine. It does not sound like the statement
of an agency whose mandate is to be the
spokesman for veterans and whose self-
assigned mission is "to exercise constructive
leadership in the field of veterans affairs."
National Commanders and other representa-
tives of the American Legion have visited
our Armed Forces in Guantanamo, in West
Berlin, in Strategic Air Command Head-
quarters, and in Vietnam. They would
scarcely describe the situation as "delicate,"
nor would they conclude that only "some"
servicemen are operating under combat con-
ditions. The Veterans' Administration seems
to be out of touch with what's going on in
the outside world.
I would like to emphasize, Mr. Chairman,
that I make no criticism of the VA personnel
in the operating and program services, such
as the Department of Veterans Benefits and
the Department of Medicine and Surgery.
Those people give every appearance of at-
tempting to administer veterans laws in a
generous and compassionate manner. In
addition, in the past two decades, they have
earned a reputation for innovation and cre-
ative thinking, both of which have substan-
tially improved the veterans benefits pro-
gram. My criticism is intended for those
who influence and help establish national
policy toward veterans; in short, the policy-
makers and the decisionmakers.
The witness for the Department of Defense
opposed a cold war 01 bill on the theory that
it would induce men to leave the military
service. The witness said that these men
should be given assistance for education and
training, but in a way which would not inter-
fere with the mission of the Department of
Defense. - We believe, Mr. Chairman, that the
argument that a readjustment law would in-
duce men to leave service is speculative, and
that it Is questionable, in any event, whether
there would be any substantial Impact upon
the Military Establishment. It would seem,
also, that if there were an alternative plan
to a cold war GI bill the Department of De-
fense would have found it by this time.
It is my personal conviction, Mr. Chair-
man, that there is sufficient justification for
some kind of cold war GI bill. In this great
country of ours, where our Government Is
trying so hard to do so much for so many, is
there any group more deserving of special
consideration than the members of our
Armed Forces? The American Legion thinks
not.
Thank you, again, for permitting me to
present our views on this most important
subject.
RESOLUTION No. 125
(Adopted at the 47th annual national con-
vention of the American Legion at Port-
land, Oreg., Aug. 24-26, 1965)
Whereas the United States is now and has
been for some time engaged in actions in
various areas of the world to keep peace and
preserve the freedom of friendly nations
against aggression; and
Whereas American fighting men have been
and are increasingly being subjected to war-
time conditions, are suffer:{ng casualties and
are dying in defense of freedom loving people
everywhere; and -
Whereas the conditions to which our serv-
icemen are being subjected are similar to
those which existed when certain rights and
benefits were granted to those who served
in World War II and Korea; and
Whereas the war veterans program is com-
prehensive, justified, and a proven program
supported by the American Legion and the
general public; and
Whereas on August 5, 1964, in Tonkin Bay
off the coast of Vietnam aggressive acts of
war were taken against U.S. warships which
retaliated and since that time our country
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE September 8, 1965
fail to produce adverse repercussions on its
weaker key reserve currency partner (he
would only have to ask the Fed or the Bank
of England and they would soon have put
him right concerning the pressure on ster-
ling directly resulting from success of the
U.S. voluntary program). Similarly Japan,
which had been particularly prominent in
exploitation of the Eurodollar market, could
not have failed to have her troubles as soon
as the formerly freely flowing U.S. dollar
tap was turned off. Are the present cur-
rency and liquidity crises that now beset
the world at large not to be considered as
troubles of any importance whatsoever?)
(c) "Canada has not suffered at all."
Why then the Atlantic acceptance default?
Why the unprecedented action of the hard
money-minded Governor of the Bank of Can-
ada in desperately increasing the Canadian
money supply by $600 million (lest the
whole flimsy Canadian finance "house of
cards" alarmingly collapse and Canadian ex-
ternal insolvency nakedly revealed as a cold
fact) ? Yes indeed, Canada has already suf-
fered, and despite the vaunted Russian grain
deal coup still cannot succeed in closing
her chronically deflcitary payments gap vis-
a-vis the United States. But the real prob-
lem will arrive whenever the hitherto greed-
ily blind U.S. investor in Canada becomes be-
latedly face to face with this fact (to the dis-
gruntlement of the head of the U.S. Treasury
Department).
(d) "The less-developed countries are
exempt from the effects of the program."
(Quit true, but of what use to them when
Mr. Fowler's conservative outlook on world
liquidity in general serves to bar them from
access to desperately needed capital of all
kinds? Of what practical value such exemp-
tion, when even countries such as Japan
cannot now raise in New York a miserable
$100 million of new loans vitally needed to
fill the gap' created by the voluntary pro-
gram (and the turning off of the Euro-
dollar tap) ? And what are now the hopes of
such liquidity starved nations when Mr.
Fowler hits back so fast at his "liberally"
siderable proportions, and the foreigners
when out off from such supply would be in
trouble, but not the balance-of-payments
position of the United States).
But (with all due apologies to the Presi-
dent) is it not time that those in high office
commence intelligently to "reason together,"
instead of continuing to wash dirty American
linen before the American and foreign pub-
lic? And when American exalted officials
such as the very heads of the U.S. Treasury
and central bank reveal to the world their
unenlightened conservative philosophy how
can Americans and foreigners alike possess
any faith or confidence in the economy or
currency of the United States. Conversely,
what a profound but uplifting spirit would
be engendered were such as Mr. Donald Cook
and Prof. Seymour Harris the spokesmen
of American power and liberally enlightened
intelligence. Would -the European central
bankers, whom the American monetary au-
thorities continue to cosset in search of aid
and comfort of a sorrily considered weak
U.S. dollar, then look contemptuously down
on American monetary amateurs, who fail to
convey the overwhelming strength of the
economy and currency of their country, while
inviting pious foreign lectures on fiscal re-
sponsibility and balance-of-payments dis-
cipline (how shortsighted they too are, for
were the United States to observe their be-
hests, Europe would soon be a truly broken
continent) . So, before more water (or rather
hot air) goes over the dam let the United
States proceed from peerless strength and the
righteousness of its cause. As Senators
HARTKE and MCCARTHY so rightfully exhort
let America at last demonstrate to the world
bold and enlightened leadership in monetary
affairs, and call for an early showdown on the
issue of IMF reform and the role of gold.
And as they perceptively point out, "the Sep-
tember meeting of the IMF Executive Board
will provide the proper forum for such a call."
of liberation" and specifically referred
to Vietnam as one such war. "It is a
sacred war," he said. ,We recognize
such wars." The West cannot let Com-
munism succeed with this aggressive ex-
pansionism.
Finally, and most to the point, South
Vietnam,. with extremely limited re-
sources in terms of education and ex-
perience, is struggling to develop a viable
economy and a national identity. The
Vietnamese have asked, for our help.
We are giving it. We do so in their in-
terest, and we do so in our own clear
self-interest.
Our goal there is simple and forth-
right. The United States has no designs
whatever on resources or territory in that
part of the world. Our national interest
does not require that South Vietnam or
Thailand or Laos or any other country
of southeast Asia serve as a Western base
or a member of the Western alliance.
Our ultimate goal in southeast Asia, as
in the rest of the world, is to maintain
free and viable nations which can de-
velop politically, economically and soci-
ally, and which can be responsible mem-
bers of the world community.
We could, of course, abandon Asians
to a Communist and Chinese expansion-
ism by pulling out of South Vietnam and
vacating our commitments there. To do
so, as President Eisenhower stated in
1959, would almost certainly "set in mo-
tion a crumbling process that could, as
it progressed, have grave consequences
for us and for freedom. The remaining
countries in southeast Asia would be
menaced by a great flanking movement."
the sphere of the free
pened
this ha
A
,
p
s
OHN E. SMITH,
Bank Adviser. world would begin to shrink. We would
simply postpone, perhaps only briefly,
the time when we would be forced to
OUR RESPONSIBILITY IN VIETNAM stand fast or forfeit the leadership of the
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, President free world and, by default, deny millions
Eisenhower decided in October 1954, "to of people the opportunity to pursue their
assist the Government of Vietnam in own national destinies in free societies.
developing and maintaining a strong vi- The alternative followed by this ad-
able state capable of resisting attempted ministration-and its predecessors-is
subversion or aggression through mili- to draw on our rich resources, our dedi-
tary means." Since then three U.S. ad- cation to freedom, the power of our
ministrations have repeatedly examined prestige, and our military capabilities
and reexamined the alternatives open to to help the people of South Vietnam
this country in southeast Asia. Each re- defeat this aggression and build a stable,
examination has confirmed the basic independent society. This is not going
necessity of the commitment we made 10 to be easy or quick. But because the
years ago, a commitment based on the conditions are difficult and the processes
conviction that the vital interests of the agonizingly slow is no reason to abandon
free world and our own country could our carefully chosen course, and choose
be broadly affected by the course of instead to withdraw to the certainty of
events in southeast Asia. fatting the same situation in other lands.
That part of the world has great We are a big and great country, and
strategic significance in the forward de- today we shoulder the burdens of lead-
fense of the United States. Its location ing the free world. We do this not for
.. .._ :. - -__--'- _a 1,.,+ 11PP911CP of our
enlightened critics, and then prepares to go
to his "conservative'' banker soulmates in
Europe in order to assure that liquidity will
ever be there for the rich developed nations,
but tragically debarred from the desperate
"have-nots") ?
(e) "Eurodollars are dollars held and
loaned by foreigners * * * the withdrawal of
U.S. funds from the `pool' has been re-
placed from other sources" (how lightly in
the latter reference to dismiss the desperate
scramble that took place as a consequence of
the voluntary program. Mr. Fowler evi-
dently was not informed about this but
even the lowliest practical technocrat of the
international money markets considered this
to be a most notable episode in financial his-
tory. And in the former reference the term
"held and loaned" has a most misleading
connotation. Reminiscent of the many
"learned" books written on the Eurodollar
subject by otherwise well-informed mone-
tary pundits. That Eurodollars merely pass
from American Bank A to American Bank B,
in such process no harm whatsoever to the
United States and its balance of payments. across east-we
In fact someone in the Treasury Department the Indian subcontinent on one side and responsibility to the cause of human
some 4 years ago (before Mr. Merlyn Trued). Australia, New Zealand, and the Philip- freedom that is the keystone of our way
in a memorandum addressed to me following pines on the other. It dominates the of life. Problems of war and peace, and
a written warning sent to the Federal Re- gateway between the Pacific and Indian the task of defending the course of free-
the r the dangers to the elyin f States of Oceans. In Communist possession, this dom under adverse conditions perhaps
the Eurodollar market, politely inferrea that
I was living in a world of my own, and a wide area would present a serious threat to far from home are an unshakeable part
world short position in U.S. dollars was a the security of the United States and of that burden. Most Americans know
figment of my imagination. For the Euro- to the entire non-Communist world. this to be true. We cannot quit or
dollar market if anything really served to Also, South Vietnam is a test case for panic because the going is tough, the
finance U.S. trade, and certainly did nothing the Communist strategy that was spelled cost is high, and the progress is slow.
adversely to affect the American balance of out by Khrushchev in 1961 when, in a We are going to stick to our commitment,
payments. But the same people now claim major elaboration of Communist dot- to use our power wisely and to save and
credit ofr the voluntary program, the wrever and whenever
thecshort-t short-term capital outflow was of con provoking and ovok ng a encouragement of t wathe rs we can. freedom is not merely the hon-
J,J
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22229.
Constitution a splendid column by Eu- businessman at the expense of the poor Do- passes without cause for attempt to keep the
gene Patterson, editor of the Constitu- minican-as an ambassador who mingled too record straight as far as conduct of interna-
tion, commending Ambassador Bennett much with the wealthy-could have avoided tional economic and financial affairs is con-
for his dedication to duty and his devo- their error In their judgment of him if they cerned. One day, highly elated to note the
Lion his
Sel-Y111 the best interests Ofvo had simply heard what he said to the busi- enlightened practical wisdom of such as Sen-
on to ser in the the nessmen he mingled with In Santo Domingo ators HARTKE and MCCARTHY. The next,
United Sts people of the Do- last December 15. frustratedly cast down following exposure to
minican Republic. Speaking to the Santo Domingo Rotary Secretary Fowler's views on international
I ask unanimous consent that this col- Club, he didn't scratch any backs. He did monetary matters.
umn be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL the opposite. He outlined the needs ofthe Indeed the Hartke-McCarthy statement to
RECORD. country's poor, the aims of the Alliance for the Subcommittee on International Exchange
There being no objection, the column Progress, and then he read a firm riot act to and Payments of the Joint Economic Com-
was oprinted in the Rcoan, as his well-to-do friends about their own mittee of Congress contained those very
was0 ordered r responsibilities. words of refreshing acumen in high U.S.
foll: "If an outworn concept of small unit pro- places, that have been long awaited by the
[From the Atlanta (Ga.) Journal-Constitu- duction and high unit profit prevails," he practical technocrats of the international ex-
tion, Sept. 5, 1966] said, "if individuals prefer to send their change and money markets. Frank expres-
TAP BENNETT: THE AmBASSADOR DESERVES A money abroad, then rapid economic expan- sion of fundamental commonsense and prac-
WORn sion will be much harder to achieve." tical reason, so gratifyingly dissimilar from
(By Eugene Patterson) "No one likes to pay taxes," he told the the rambling and unenlightened doubletalk
Georgia's Tap Bennett had to take some men who should pay most, "but action of to which the U.S. Congress has been so long
hard decisions in April. type is necessary" confusingly subjected. And. all the real nails
Telephoning he quoted President Kennedy, point- were hit unerringly on the head-"mobilize
While elephoning from the cover of his desk, edly relating the words to the Dominican the, world's gold through the medium of the
gunfire shattered pictures on his U.S. Republic, on the need to modify social pat- IMF" (drastically reformed)-"a modest con-
Embassy walls, Ambassador Bennett advised terns "so that all, and not just a privileged trolled balance-of-payments deficit" (basi-
President Johnson to land troops in the Do- few, share in the fruits of growth." tally essential to the world's present liquid-
minican Republic, which he did. This, then, Is the Ambassador who was ity needs)-"a new working medium to sup-
Instantly, Bennett found himself being being widely criticized short months ago as plement the dollar and the pound as vehi-
fired on from another direction--from some a rightist, saber-rattling Blimp. He never cles for trade * * * not to supplant them as
second guessers at home who demanded to was, and Isn't now, as events are beginning international reserves" (whether the rest of
know if this Intervention was necessary, to prove of themselves. the world likes it or not neither the dollar
Lacking the Ambassador's information, nor the pound can possibly
media ~~. possia of be replaced al
they impugned his judgment and gave his the vital working
reputation some bad handling. international
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY trade and : i * * * "gold today has
They asked, how do we know there really become the worldwide s mbol of deflaion"
was a Communist danger that couldn't be REFORM y
handled by the local progressives (or local Mr HARTKE. wellrrency as the only chink "the the American
reactionaries, depending on the question's . . Mr. President, John E. currency armour) * " * "the IMF may have
own politics) ? Smith* is a well-known and well-respected to take on some banking characteristics it
If Ambassador Bennett could speak in de- expert in the field of international does not now have" (eventually and inevi-
fense himself now, 4 months later, he might finance. As the New York foreign ex- tably the IMF, or a fresh:ty formed other
similar body must operate the central
Sep-
suggest that the frustrating delays in reach- change expert of one of the leading bank of central banks) * * * ?, "The e See
ing a final solution are proof enough in French banking groups-a group which tember meeting of the IMF Executive Board
themselves of the Communist aspect of the is owned by the French Government- will provide the proper forum for such a call"
situation. nANCEltotrs Mr. Smith has gained a thoroughly de- (to international monetary sanity) * * *
served reputation as one of the most per- "the overriding problem of today-a short-
The country clearly was out of control, nei- ceptive observers and analyzers of the age of internationally accepted means of
ther Caamano's leftists nor Imbert's rightists international monetary scene. It was, transferring goods within the world economy"
were In charge, Communists were on the (members of the international (including
move as they usually are in scenes of chaos, therefore, with the highest sense of honor American) banking establishment, please
and a lot of people were dying. There cer- that I received from Mr. Smith a copy of note).
tainly is no doubt that a great many lives a letter which he had written to Dr. This alone sufficient indeed to inspire
were saved by the U.S. intervention and that Gardner Ackley, Chairman of the Presi- renewed hopes of early exercise of peerless
might be reason enough in itself to justify dent's Council of Economic Advisers, American power in the realm of inter-
the landings. In this communication, which Mr. national trade and finance. But sadly
Tap Bennett knew full well the price the Smith has graciously permitted me to in- enough there would appear to be always
United States would pay for this in lost good sert in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, he a dismally looking obverse to the coin. For
will among Latin Americans. But his con- endorsed the principles and immediately thereafter such hopes are
viction stands that the situation would have policy miserably dashed by Secretary Fowler's
been much more dangerous had the United recommendations which my distin- critique of the Hartke/McCarthy enlight-
States not taken action. guished colleague from Minnesota [Mr. ened contentions. His principal points
Subsequent events have also silenced those MCCARTHY] and I have espoused on the (together with pertinent rebuttals) :
critics who had a field day smearing Bennett subject of international monetary re- (a) "Any economic slowdown in the sur-
aS a rightist tool of the Dominican rich, bent form and the U.S. balance of payments, plus countrieshas been caused by their own
on smashing Caamano's leftist uprising and Speaking as a professional student of anti-inflation actions" (partly true, but what
Installing Imbert in a rightwing tyranny, international finance, Mr. Smith was about their (and the whole world's) des-
Bennett had neither intention, as events Aerate scrambles in the Eurodollar market
have shown, and as anyone who knew the kind enough to say: following the universal Impact of the volun-
quiet, firm Georgian would have known. The Hartke-McCarthy statement to the terry program? Is not every well-informed
Imbert and Caamano have both been firmly Subcommittee on International Exchange international monetary authority fully
:held back from any takeover, along with the and Payments of the Joint Economic Com- aware of the obvious fact that world
Communists, while the United states has mittee of Congress contained those very liquidity since WorldWar II has been utterly
striven to get a compromise government words of refreshing acumen in high U.S. dependent on the existence of a U.S. deficit
built around an acceptable, responsible places, that have been long awaited by the in its balance of payments? That exagger-
element. practical technocrats of the international ated recourse to U.S. dollars, which consti-
Bennett has a clear and democratic vision exchange and money markets. tute the deficit (instead of to their own
of what the Dominican people need and is as I ask unanimous consent that Mr. bloated exchange reserves), has given rise
deeply committed to it-agricultural im- ,Smith's letter be printed in the RECORD, to self-inflicted inflationary tendencies,
provement and educational beginnings. For There being no objection, the letter which they now seek to correct) .
the United States to be placed In a purely (b) "The troubles of Britain and Japan
negative posture, in a nation that has so was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, have nothing to do with the American
many positive, crying needs, would seem to as follows: balance-of-payments program." (Certainly
him the real disaster. He has stood un- NEW YORK, N.Y? not all, but had Secretary Fowler been
swervingly with the people, and even during August 19, 1965, exposed like the practical market techno-
these months a crisis he has ordered school Dr. GARDNER ACKLEY, crate to the impact on these countries of
Construction to continue. Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers, the voluntary program he would have
NEEDS OUTLINED Executive Office of the President, Wash- wisely refrained from expression of such a
ington, D.C. sweeping statement. He would also have
Those Who were picturing him a few DEAR Ds, AcsLEY: Again I hopenot turn- been aware of the fact that the consequent
months ago as a champion of the privileged ing up like a bad penny, but rarely a day resurgent strength of the dollar Could not
No. 165-6
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September 8, 1965
At this point in the RECORD, I ask unan-
imous consent to insert copies of letters
sent to me by a Canadian ministerial
student. The. original of one of these let-
ters was sent to the Canadian Ambassa-
dor to the United States; the other was
addressed to the U.S. Secretary of State.
There being no. abjection, the letters
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
orable course, it is the wise and neces-
sary one for America.
So I support President Johnson in the
course of action that he has outlined.
I support him soberly, recognizing that
the decisions that have been reached
will mean personal sacrifice for many
American families. The decisions to en-
large draft calls, call up reserve units,
and extend duty tours were not taken
lightly. They are the product of
thorough, searching study, and a full
and careful weighing of alternatives.
For, as the President has stated over and
over again, this is not a war that we
seek. In Vietnam as elsewhere we pre-
fer the paths of peace. We have come
only with reluctance to the course of
action now before us. We have done so
only after exploring all valid alterna-
tives and rejecting them as incompatible
with our commitment to freedom and
human dignity and our interest in in-
creasing the stability of a divided world
in the atomic age.
BIG BROTHER: FDA
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
recent hearings before the Subcommittee
on Administrative Practice and Proce-
dure exposed certain activities of the
Food and Drug Administration to be dis-
graceful and completely contrary to the
protective guarantees of our Constitu-
tion.
Perhaps the most shocking of these
exposures involved the raiding of a
premises here in the Nation's Capital.
This raid was reminiscent of a bygone
era when large numbers of Federal and
local law enforcement officials set upon
centers of gangland activity. True to
form, this recent raid was preceded by
intelligence from an FDA spy planted
on the premises. In authentic Holly-
wood style, FDA agents and marshals
descended on private property while
local police roped off the street and held
back the crowds. Press reporters and
photographers accompanied the agents
while they ran through the premises,
banged on doors, shouted and seized what
they viewed as incriminating evidence.
Three particular aspects of this epi-
sode were especially shocking to the sub-
committee. First, the incursion took
place on church property. Second, the
agents had no valid search warrant.
Third, the particular objects sought and
seized were devices used in the churches
confessional procedure.
Now I have no objection to the use of
forceful tactics when the circumstances
warrant them. These are necessary
when bootlegging; gambling and other
forms of organized vice pose a real threat.
However, it is difficult, if not impos-
sible, to justify such offensive behavior
by FDA agents on the property of the
Founding Church of Scientology.
This senseless example of bureau-
cratic bungling is completely contrary to
the letter and the spirit of the constitu-
tional guarantees of this Nation and
those of other democracies. The whole
disgraceful affair is offensive to the sen-
?sibilities of all freedom loving men,
wherever they might live.
SCIENTOLOGY CENTRE,
Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada, Au-
gust, 5, 1965.
The SECRETARY OF STATE,
State Department of the United States of
America, Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIa: The enclosed copy of my letter
of protest addressed to The Canadian Am-
bassador to the United States, Washington,
D.C., dated January 6, 1963, is self-explana-
tory.
It is my understanding that this case is
still pending and has never been brought up
for a hearing and a decision before any
court.
Due to the obviously unduly long period of
time which has elapsed since the described
subject incident has occurred and the inter-
nationally basic principles involved, I here-
by request that you take immediate action
to clear up this situation by an official
apology to me and all others concerned to-
gether with definite assurances that this en-
tirely un-American and internationally un-
constitutional act will not be repeated, and
that my personal property; namely (1) E-
Meter Serial No. 782 either be returned to
me or its purchase price of $150 (U.S.) be
refunded to me. And, in the case of the
meter being returned to me that all costs of
repairing this instrument to restore it to
its proper, original working order be borne
by the U.S. Government.
Looking forward to your early reply in
this matter, I am,
Sincerely,
JOHN P. WOOTEN, D.C., H.S.S.
STUDENT ACADEMY OF SCIENTOLOGY,
FOUNDING CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY,
Washington, D.C., January 6, 1965.
The CANADIAN AMBASSADOR,
Canadian Embassy Chancery,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. AMBASSADOR: I hereby wish to
report and register the strongest protest pos-
sible against officials of the U.S. Government
responsible for the following incident:
On Friday afternoon, January 4, while at-
tending as a resident student the Academy
of Scientology, Founding Church of Scien-
tology of Washington, D.C., at the above ad-
dress, my pastoral counseling session in which
I was receiving counseling at the time from
my auditor, was rudely interrupted by the
noisy entrance of a Robert Haislip, deputy
U.S. marshal, U.S. Department of Justice,
and another man who had a camera In his
hand, loudly announcing that they were
U.S. xx}arshals and that they were confiscat-
ing all E-Meters (the Hubbard Electrometer:
an electronic device for measuring the mental
state and change of state of homo sapiens;
used by Scientology auditors in_ pastoral
counseling sessions) and Ability magazines
(official publication of Scientology in the
Americas), and that we should stop what we
were doing and give up this equipment and
materials. Mr. Haislip then proceeded to
take my auditor's E-Meter, gave no receipt
for same and only-permitted, when asked to
do so, that a record of the E-Meter serial
number for identification be made. Then
later in the lecture hall of the Academy of
Scientology, a John R. Pannetta, deputy U.S.
marshal, U.S. Department of Justice (phone:
STerling 3-5700) took (1) E-Meter serial
No. 782 (personal property belonging to me)
from me, gave no receipt for same and only
allowed-me to record its identifying serial
number, in the same - manner as reported
above. When I queried one of the marshals
by whose authority was this action being
taken, he showed me an unsigned court order.
I thoroughly resent and object to this un-
warranted and extremely highhanded intru-
sion on my personal, basic rights as a Ca-
nadian citizen, and the forceful confiscation
of my personal property (1) E-Meter serial
No. 782 whilst I was a student here in the
Academy of Scientology under the guidance
of the Founding Church of Scientology,
Washington, D.C., and an authorized visitor
to the United States, and hereby do request
you to take immediate action in strong pro-
test of the unmitigated actions of U.S. Gov-
ernment officials reported above, and have
my personal property immediately returned
to me.
Thanking you for your services on my be-
half, I remain,
Sincerely,
JOSEPH F ON U.S. POLICY IN
ASIA
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, Joseph
Kraft is one of our most knowledgable
and perceptive commentators on events
in Asia and oa U.S. policy toward that
area. I ask unanimous consent to have
two of his recent articles from the Wash-
ington Post printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REVERSE DOMINOS
(By Joseph Kraft)
The divorce of Singapore from Malaysia
may turn out to be a blessing in disguise.
On the debit side, a loss of potentially
staggering size is now cut in a relatively
safe way. On the asset side, the domino
theory that has been the base of so much
wrong-headed American action In Vietnam
Is now exposed as a crude and unreliable
guide.
From the outset, back in 1963, the Malay-
sian Federation was a chancy thing. It
rested on the natural economic association
of the great Island port of Singapore with
the hinterland of the Malayan peninsula.
But Singapore is dominated by Chinese led by
a Socialist trades unionist, Lee Kuan Yew,
while the peninsula is dominated by Malay
Moslems led by a golf-playing dynast, Tunku
(or Prince) Abdul Ranman.
To achieve federation at all it was thus
necessary to fuse two hostile nationalities
under two different kinds of political lead-
ership. For cold war political purposes it
was deemed necessary to keep the Chinese
and their leftwing leader in the minority.
To do that, it was necessary to add to the
Federation two former British protectorates
in Borneo-Sarawak and Sabah.
Their inclusion precipitated Indonesian
territorial claims against the Federation.
As a guarantee of the Federation's security,
British forces based on Singapore came into
action. That In turn invited the charge
that the whole Federation was a put-up
Western piece of Imperialism directed by
the United States against the Indonesians
and their chief ally in the world, Communist
China.
Thus, step by step, there was built up,
from local economic necessity, a network of
commitments that came to involve the great
powers. In Malaysia, the peace of the world
was made to rest on a ramshackle structure
of conflicting claims and competing nation-
alisms.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 8, 1965
The withdrawal of Singapore from the
Federation moves toward a safe scaling down.
of that crazy system. All the details of di-
vorce seem to have been worked out by
advance agreement between the Tunku and
Lee. Indeed, it was precisely because they
made their arrangements in advance and in
secret, that the whole world was surprised
by the divorce.
But what does all this have to do with the
domino theory? Well, the theory is that the
states of southeast Asia are like a row of
dominoes with Vietnam in the van; and that
Vietnam must be given external support, be-
cause if she falls, the others will come tum-
bling after. The events in Malaysia, however,
offer vital evidence against the theory in two
ways.
First, it is plain that the weakness of the
Asian states springs more from internal di-
vision than external pressure. The best way
to shore up these states is by moving toward
solidly based local regimes-as the Tunku is
trying to do in Malaysia, and as Lee is trying
to do in Singapore. Had they failed to ar-
range a divorce, the Federation would prob-
ably have been blown apart by friction be-
tween Malays and Chinese. The dominoes
would have been falling In reverse.
Second, the events show that the smaller
Asian states are stabilized by simplifying
their internal politics, not by loading them
down with external commitments. Vietnam
has been in trouble steadily since World War
II mainly because: it was encumbered In im-
possible outside commitments-first to
French colonialism, next to American anti-
communism. Thailand, by providing a base
for American military and propaganda ef-
forts, now court the same danger.
Malaysia and Singapore, by reducing their
entanglement in the East-West opposition,
have probably improved their chances for
survival. They have followed the Burmese
way of noninvolvement. And the Burmese
way, as the foremost of Burmese, Secretary
General U Thant of the United Nations, once
said: "is very appropriate in the circum-
stances prevailing in southeast Asia."
THE TECHNIQUE OF "As IF"
(By Joseph Kraft)
The recent week of secret White House
talks on Vietnam has been widely written
off as a charade designed to provide an ap-
pearance of deep deliberation for decisions
already taken. In fact, the White House
talks yielded a basic change in the pace and
direction of American policy in the Par East.
President Johnson has now explicitly
broken away from a policy that was leading
to an early and direct military clash with
mainland China. And he did it in a way
that enabled all of his advisers to go along
with the new policy, though most of them
had been leading advocates of the old policy.
To understand the breadth of the decision,
it is necessary to have a grasp of the strategic
view of Asia held in the highest military
circles. In this sophisticated and cogent
view, the only threat to the American posi-
tion in the western Pacific comes from Com-
munist China. American superiority in the
air and in nuclear weapons would make it
relatively easy to handle China at present.
But 10 years from now It may not be so
easy. China, the theory runs, could then
be a real danger.
While rarely stated, this strategic concept
has at all times been in the background of
American decisions in Vietnam. The war
there has been seen as an extension of Chi-
nese power. At every critical juncture, this
country has been obliged to go in deeper in
order to contain the Chinese. Virtually all
possible proposals for negotiations have been
scotched as signs of weakness that would
only feed the Chinese appetite for conquest.
The most recent White House review be-
gan just as all the previous ones. As usual,
there was a military crisis In Vietnam. As
usual, Secretary McNamara and his aides
went out to examine the situation. As
usual, they came back to Washington with
new recommendations. As usual, these rec-
ommendations amounted to a deeper Amer-
ican military commitment. As usual, the
President's chief foreign policy advisers,
McGeorge Bundy and Dean Rusk, endorsed
the proposals.
For many reasons, however, the President
was instinctively suspicious of the whole
approach. His most important former Sen-
ate Colleagues--RICHARD B. RUSSELL, CLIN-
TON P. ANDERSON, J. WILLIAM FULBRIGHT,
EVERETT M. DIRKSEN, MIKE MANSFIELD-were
expressing their doubts on the matter. The
press was just then full of stories showing
how President Kennedy had been trapped
by his advisers in the Bay of Pigs fiasco.
But the real art was not to have doubts.
The real art was to communicate these
doubts in a way that would carry weight
with the President's military and political
advisers. Mr. Johnson alone, achieved that
trick. He did it by the device of posing
what may be called "as if" questions.
He listened carefully to all the recommen-
dations. He then asked his advisers to con-
sider the situation, as if all the proposals
had been adopted. What would the Other
side do then? And where would that leave
the United States?
At one point, in fact, the President said:
"I want every man in this room to think
where we will be 3 months from now; where
we will be 6 months from now; where we will
be a year from now; where we will be 5 years
from now; where we will be 10 years from
now."
When the answers to the "as if" questions
finally came in, the President had on hand
not only what he was being asked to do now,
but also the whole scenario for the future.
It was apparent that what the military
wanted was: first, a major effort to drive the
Vietcong guerillas out of South Vietnam;
second, an all-out bombing attack on North
Vietnam; and third, in the likely event of
intervention by Peiping air raids on modern
military installations that would set China
back for at least a decade. A big Asian war,
in other words, was just around the corner.
With that ugly prospect exposed, the
President's advisers were at last able to
back away from the position they had en-
dorsed so many times before. They agreed
with the President that it was necessary to
change the scenario. Though they accepted
the immediate military requests, they also
moved, for the first time really, to open a
number of doors for a settlement in
Vietnam.
The new moves may not work. They may
not-and this would be tragic-be pushed
very long or very hard. But for the time
being the United States is not on a collision
course with China. By the technique of
as if," the President has been able to assert
the political over the military logic.
TRIBUTE TO ADLAI STEVENSON
Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, the
past weeks have seen an outpouring of
countless eulogies honoring a great
American, Adlai E. Stevenson. They
have come from all parts Of the world.
They have lauded the way he uplifted
American politics, by his nobility of ex-
pression and his stanch - dedication to
the betterment of America and mankind.
Many of these eulogies have been printed
in the RECORD, and they form an endur-
ing monument to the respect and affec-
tion felt by men all over the world to-
ward Adlai Stevenson.
I would like to add one more, an ex-
ceptionally fine statement by a distin-
guished Minnesotan. Edward Barsnesc,
former editor of the Pope County Trib-
une of Glenwood, Minn. I have known
Ed for a good amount of time, and I
have always admired the fine human
quality of his writing. I feel that his
editorial, "Stevenson Belongs to the
Ages," is one of the best he has ever
written.
In particular, he points to striking
similarities in the lives of Adlai Steven-
son and our late President, John Ken-
nedy.
Kennedy and Stevenson were products of
the same school of thought, ideals, and as-
pirations. Both men were keen students of
the Bible, and quoted frequently from the
oldest book in the world. They were steeped
in the great literature of the world and
especially that of England. The utterances
of the great thinkers of the past, great
thoughts that had stood the test of time,
became a part of them and their lives. Both
were men who dared to back up their con-
victions and in no uncertain terms. Neither
of them were politicians in the true sense
of the word. When asked about their stand
on a controversial question, they came forth
with an answer that could easily be under-
stood. Support and votes might be lost
temporarily, but the future of humanity
meant more to them. Both are now dead
but what they stood for lives on.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this editorial by Ed Barsness
be printed in the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
STEVENSON BELONGS TO THE AGES
(By Edward E. Bareness)
A great American once said, "I would rather
be right than to be President." The same
might well be said about Adlai Stevenson
who passed away suddenly in London last
week, while on duty as U.S. Ambassador to
the United Nations. Stevenson and the late
President Kennedy were the two most out-
standing men in the world in this genera-
tion and will live on in history with men
like Lincoln and Gladstone.
Kennedy and Stevenson had very much in
common. They were both great intellectual
men, men who understood the past and who
had the ability to look into the future and
to see the turn of events. Both loved justice
and peace and were against tyranny the
world over. With them their objectives be-
came an obsession and as for their dreams,
they never let them die in spite of setbacks
and opposition. Both men lived for some-
thing bigger than themselves. History is
too near to both these men to give them
the proper place in the annals of the com-
ing generation, but when their history is
written, they will be credited with changing
world thought and giving humanity a new
vision. This was what both men lived
and died for. When these two men appeared
on the scene, politics and much legislation
had sunk into a sordid mess and people
were becoming disillusioned and becoming
resigned to a world without hope or escape.
Kennedy and Stevenson brought hope and
cheer where there was despair, and our
Nation and the thinking world, moved into
new fields.
Kennedy and Stevenson were products of
the same school of thought, ideals and as-
pirations. Both men were keen students
of the Bible and quoted frequently from
the oldest book in the world. They were
steeped in the great literature of the world
and especially that of England. The utter-
ances of the great thinkers of the past, great
thoughts that had stood the test of time,
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September 8, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
became a part of them and their lives. Both
were men who dared to back up their con-
victions and in no uncertain terms. Neither
of them were politicians in the true sense of
the word. When asked about their stand on
a controversial question, they came forth
with an answer that could be easily under-
stood. Support and votes might be lost
temporarily, but the future of humanity
meant more to them. Both are now dead but
what they stood for lives on.
Adlai Stevenson was a candidate for Presi-
dent of the United States in 1952 and 1956.
Unfortunately for Stevenson he ran against
a returning war hero, Dwight Eisenhower,
and all his qualifications did not count. The
fact that one party had been in power so
many years worked against Stevenson. Al-
though he lost heavily, he drew to his side
the most ardent followers and' admirers that
any candidate has ever had. These follow-
ers caught the great dreams of Stevenson
and they never lost them. Stevenson's
dream revived the Democratic Party and
gave it the great strength that it has today.
The Stevenson dream for humanity will go
on. He was a modern crusader.
Stevenson's greatest dream and hope was
the United Nations and he was there when
the United Nations was born in San Fran-
cisco in 1945. He knew at that time that
all the objectives of the United Nations could
not be realized in one generation and that
law .could not make all the peoples of the
world behave. He knew that erring hu-
manity in an imperfect world could only
realize perfection by degrees. It was for-
tunate for humanity and the world that
President Kennedy appointed Stevenson as
our representative to the United Nations
and that he was able to labor there in these
troublesome years. By his work here, he
became a world figure and was looked up to
by the nations of the world as an outstand-
ing statesman whose first objective was
world peace.
Stevenson put every ounce of energy he
had into the United Nations and he was
constantly on the go trying to the last to get
the majority of the nations to work to-
gether for the good of humanity. He was
aware of the storm clouds that hovered so
near, but he knew that the masses of the
World want peace more than anything else
and he kept on working until he died with
his boots on-the way he would have wanted
to go.
Many great men have not been recognized
in their time and among them can be men-
tioned Lincoln and Kennedy. After they
are gone the world wakes up to the fact
Project: Estimated
Upper Choptank River, Federal cost
Del. and Md______________ $3,045,300
Little Raccoon Creek, Ind____ 2, 521, 448
Timber Creek, Kan---------- 3,489,300
Tamarac River, Minn____-__- 1,177,486
Quapaw Creek, Okla -------- 3,364,699
Rock Creek, Okla ------------ 1,224,703
Duck Creek, Tex_____________ 1,810,207
Cherrystone, Va------------- - 581, 146
tion, yet the people on the land and in the
hamlets have benefited very little from their
own production or from American aid.
They regard their leaders in Saigon as
merely the successors of the French colonial
regime, with upper-class urban Vietnamese
replacing the French.
U.S. officials here, not only in the Embassy
but also at military headquarters, are well
aware of this problem. The military com-
mand concedes that it can win battles like
the one last week near Chulai, around bases
on the sea, but that it cannot win the con-
stant night-and-day battles in the hamlets
STRUGGLE IS OFD' PRIMARY IM-
PORTANCE
in their Government and Iignt ror tinelr
homes and communities. The Americans in
the Embassy, and particularly those working
James Reston, one of Washington's best
columnists, is currently writing a series
of highly worthwhile articles from South
Vietnam. Two such articles, entitled
"Chulai: the Politicians and the Ma-
rines" and "Vietnam's Other War: In
the Quest for Peasants' Allegiance, U.S.
Aids Find Saigon a Languid Ally" ap-
peared in the August 22 and August 23
editions of the New York Times. Mr.
Reston cogently argues:
But in the end, the decisive question is
not with the determination of the American
Government or the American people but
with the determination of the South Viet-
namese Government and the South Viet-
namese people. * * *
In fact, it is almost a cliche to say in
Saigon, not only in the American Embassy
but even in the American military com-
pound, that while victory at Chulai was
important and even essential, it will be nec-
esssary in the end to win the people in order
to win the war.
I ask unanimous consent to have these
articles printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times,
Aug. 23, 19651
VIETNAM'S OTHER WAR-IN THE QUEST FOR
PEASANTS' ALLEGIANCE, U.S. AIDS FIND
SAIGON A LANGUID ALLY
(By James Reston)
SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM.-The political
conduct of the war in Vietnam is a worry to
most American officials in Saigon.
that they had lived with intellectual giants. They have gone through so many changes
Now Stevenson joins that group. Stevenson of government that they hate to talk about
did not live in vain and he did not the in politics in public, but they agree that it is a
vain. The name of Stevenson will grow with critical factor in the outcome of the conflict,
the years as he joins the immortals of all and it is the central question before Ambas-
time. sador Henry Cabot Lodge. The main fact
seems to be that the mass of the people on
the land and in the hamlets, more than two-
WATERSHED PROJECTS APPROVED thirds of the population of South Vietnam,
BY THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC are frightened spectators and often victims
WORKS of the struggle.
Mr. MCNAMARA. Mr. President, in They are not engaged in the defense of
their communities. They are not protected
order that Senators and other interested by their central Government after dark and
parties may be advised of various proj- often not even in the-daylight. So they
ects approved by the Committee on Pub- stand aside, obeying the orders of whichever
lie Works, I submit for inclusion In, the side happens to have the guns at the door,
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, information on which is usually the Vietcong.
this matter. FARMER'S SHARE SPARSE
Projects approved by the Committee on The Saigon Government does not have a
Public Works on September 8, 1965, under popular political base among the people; it
the Watershed Protection and Flood Preven- has seldom had one. Saigon has not been
tion Act, Public Law 566, 83d Congress, as responsive to their problems. The wealth of
amended: this country lies in its agricultural produc-
WAR IN EVERY HAMLET
The central question, therefore, is to think
about this political problem as steadfastly
as the Marines thought about their military
problem at Chulai last week. American
military power can hold bases on the sea, it
can win time, but the war is going on every
night in every hamlet in the country, and
that is a different problem.
Ambassador Lodge will be confronted by
the problem this week when he calls on the
leaders of the South Vietnamese Govern-
ment. It will not be easy. Premier Nguyen
Cao Ky indicated before Mr. Lodge arrived
that he was not enthusiastic about Mr.
Lodge's mission.
When the Ambassador arrived the Premier
was out of the country, giving advice to other
leaders, in Taiwan and Thailand, about the
importance of unity and social justice,
which are central problems right here.
Accordingly, there is a tendency in the
U.S. mission here to say with considerable
reluctance and self-doubt that while the
South Vietnamese really should deal with
the problem in the hamlets, they will prob-
ably not do the job, and the United States
will have to take it on.
Mr. Lodge's conviction is that the South
Vietnamese must take over the social revolu-
tion from the Communists. He emphasized
this when he arrived. But his problem is
that the Vietnamese leaders are willing
neither to take the leadership nor to accept
American leadership in this exercise.
Faced with this problem, American leaders
are tempted at the moment to give up trying
to persuade the Vietnamese Government
and, though they do not quite admit it, to
sidestep the Vietnamese Government and in
the process to replace it. -
The victory at Chulai has encouraged this
tendency. The U.S. Army and Air Force
give the impression that they are yearning
to prove elsewhere that they can be as effec-
tive as the Marines, and in limited areas,
where the military situation favors Ameri-
can power, as at Chulai, this may help.
But the huge problem of the hamlets and
the country as a whole remains, and no one
in the American leadership here really
believes that it can be solved without the
cooperation and enthusiasm of the South
Vietnamese Government and people.
AFTER VICTORY, WHAT?
There is another aspect, a long-range
aspect, to this issue. The basic policy of
the United States in Vietnam is to create a
military stalemate that will lead to a nego-
tiated settlement in which American power
can be withdrawn from this peninsula.
Such a policy assumes that the South Viet-
namese will be able to govern and protect
the country after the Americans leave, but
there is no evidence that they have this ca-
pacity, no evidence that they are developing
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22234 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE September 8, 1965
this capacity-indeed, no evidence that the
'United States is determined to prepare them
for the day when they will have to take over.
Ambassador Lodge, therefore, Is a key
figure in this problem as he begins his mis-
sion with the Vietnamese leaders this week,
and he has to work within two policy guide-
lines that may well be contradictory.
He Is expected to cooperate primarily with
any government here that to anti-Commu-
nist. The present South Vietnamese Gov-
ernment certainly meets this test: It is op-
posed to the effort of the Communists to
take over the country by force.
But at the same time it is essentially a
Saigon group, remote from the problems of
the people on the land and in the hamlets
and backed by the urban upper class, which
is undoubtedly anti-Communist too. That
class is opposed to the social revolution that
the peasants want and the Communists
promise.
The second policy guideline before the Am-
bassador takes account of this point. Presi-
dent Johnson is constantly replying to critics
by maintaining that he is following in Viet-
nam a policy originally introduced by Pres-
ident Dwight D. Eisenhower. But that pol-
icy emphasized-and the Johnson adminis-
tration endorses the emphasis--that Ameri-
can aid is to be given to South Vietnam "pro-
vided that your Government is prepared to
give assurances as to the standards of per-
formance it would, be able to maintain."
REFORMS DEMANDED
An Eisenhower directive of October 23,
1954, added that "the Government of the
United States expects that this aid will be
met by performance on the part of the Gov-
ernment of Vietnam in undertaking needed
reforms * * * responsive to the nationalist
aspirations of Its people, so enlightened In
purpose and effective in performance, that it
will be respected both at home and abroad
and discourage any who might wish to im-
pose a foreign Ideology on the people."
None of this requirement has been carried minds about the American capacity to fight,
out, and how this policy is interpreted de- and if they know anything about American
pends very much on what Ambassador Lodge psychology, which is doubtful, they may
decides in these next few days. even conclude that Chulai will increase
His mission Is divided. The military men America's determination to see it through.
are thinking primarily about the power But in the end, the decisive question is
struggle, but the political struggle Is equally not with the determination of the American
important. This is the area where both Government or the American people but
Viet-
the
the United States and the South Vietnamese names with the Government determination and of the South South Vietnamese
have been weakest in the last decade.
[From the New York (N.Y.) Times]
CHULAI: TSW POLITICIANS AND THE MARINES
(By James Reston)
CHULAI, August 21.-The victory of the
marines here on this lonely shoreline of the
central Vietnamese lowlands helps clarify
the military situation, but does not clarify--
and may even confuse.-the political prob-
lem.
The power of America in these limited
military enclaves by the sea is formidable.
Particularly when the effective field of battle
is limited by a mountain range close to the
shore, as it is here, and the enemy cannot
launch equal air and naval power from the
water, the firepower of the American forces
is almost insurmountable.
This is particularly true when such power
is exercised by brave and processional men
and nobody who has had even a glimpse of
the marines here this week is likely to ques-
tion that they )mow what they are doing
and have the skill to do it.
SECID'IITY HAVEN
The American positions on this coast,
therefore, are as secure as anything can be
in an uncertain world. They are. being in-
creased. Another base is being constructed
in the natural harbor of Cam Ranh south of
here, which the Russians used in their war
with Japan at the beginning of the century,
and the Japanese used In the last World War. PAY RAISES FOR FEDERAL
And when the engineers get through with EMPLOYEES
the task of submerging its fuel tanks and
constructing its docks, roads and airstrips, Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, the
nothing short of a massive commitment of proposal that the administration be
manpower from North Vietnam and China given Control in initiating pay raises for
could overrun it-and that would change the Federal employees is unsound, unreason-
entire strategy of the war. able, and should not be adopted.
The only trouble with this reassuring pic-
ture is that, the land is not the sea. Outside Under the Constitution, the people of
of the bases on the sea, and outside of our country placed the control of the
Saigon and one or two other cities, this purse strings in the hands of the Con-
country is terrorized If not controlled by the gress and not in the executive branch of
Vietcong, and even Saigon is riddled with the Government. It is generally con-
guerrillas and could be overwhelmed by mor- ceded that the Congress by appropriate
tars and by plastic bombs and shut off from
legislation must decide what the money-
the sea by sinking a single ship In the chan-
nel of the Saigon River any time the Com- spending program shall be and then
munists chose to adopt a policy of unlimited provide under appropriate legislation the
guerrilla war. moneys to support that spending.
What has happened here at Chulai this Now it is proposed that the adminis-
week is spectacular news in the United tration determine the wage rates and the
States but hard as it is for us to understand Congress be given power to veto the ad-
or believe it in America it is not spectacular ministration's action.
news among the mass of the people here. Admitting that under the President's
ONE MORE BATTLE proposal the Congress would have the
They are not participants, but merely power within 60 days after pay raises
spectators and victims in the struggle. They were granted to veto such raises, it is
have been dominated for so many long gen-
erations by their own squabbling leaders, by
the French and the Japanese, by war and such veto power is not an adequate sub-
rebellion of every descrpition that one more stitute for the basic control over expend-
battle on this lonely coast means very little. itures that was vested in the Congress
The main hope Is that it will mean some- from the time of our Nation's birth. The
thing to the leaders of North Vietnam, the procedure has been historically that pay
Communist National Liberation Front in boosts are recommended by the Presi-
South Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese dent when he thinks they are needed.
Government and armed services.
CHANGING ASSUMPTIONS However, those recommended pay boosts
The Communis hSS been operating on do not go into effect until affirmative ac-
the assumption that the United States was the then r taken by the Congress approving
merely making a political and military de- proposals.
monstration in this country and that It Inasmuch as the responsibility lies
wouldn't fight or wouldn't stick it out. with the Congress to provide a program
After what happened to the Vietcong here in which the income and the expendi-
in Chulai maybe they will change their tures of the Federal Government are bal-
people.
The American effort can hold places like
Chulai, and can therefore gain time, but the
decisive question is what the South Viet-
namese are going to do with the time.
This apparently was what Ambassador
Henry Cabot Lodge was hinting at discreet-
ly in his statement at the airport in Saigon
when he arrived.
He said that the United States was com-
mitted to seeing that the military attack
on South Vietnam "must and will be ward-
ed off," but he emphasized that this fight
merely "gives us all the opportunity to bring
about a true revolution which will make pos-
sible a new and better life for the Vietnamese
people."
ESSENCE OT VICTORY
This may sound like the usual soaring jar-
gon out of the State Department, and it an-
noys a lot of people, who say quite rightly
that without military victories there will be
no feeling of security among the people, and
therefore that military victory is paramount.
Yet it is also true that military victories,
particularly at lonely military bases along
the coast, will not win the country.
In fact it is almost a cliche to say in
Saigon, not only in the American Embassy
but even in the American military compound,
that while victory at Chulai was important
and even essential, it will be necessary in the
end to win the people in order to win the
war.
anced, it is clear that the absolute power
of fixing salaries should be with the Con-
gress and not given to the administra-
tion.
The Power of the Congress to veto a
decision already made by the ' adminis-
tration is a weak and unsatisfactory sub-
stitute for the initial and final power now
residing in Congress either to raise or
lower the pay of public servants and
officials.
Throughout the history of our coun-
try, the Congress has exercised the power
to fix pay :levels and assume the respon-
sibility to provide the moneys needed to
meet the pay levels which it fixed. Un-
der the administration's proposal, it is
intended that this historic power and
responsibility of the legislative branch
will be modified.
The proposal is not sound and I will
not support it. I am in agreement with
the views expressed by Senator A. S.
MIKE MON RONEY, the chairman of the
Post Office and Civil Service Committee,
on this important subject.
THE TRUTH ABOUT RUBBER
FOOTWEAR
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I invite
the attention of the Senate to an edi-
torial published in this morning's Wash-
ington Post, which does a, great disserv-
ice to that paper's reputation for ac-
curacy as well as to the cause of intel-
ligent legislation. The Post inveighed
against the "spokesmen for the domestic
rubber boot industry" in connection with
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September 8, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
soloist having just returned from a tour
with the celebrated Sousa Band. Dr.
Meyers-who in June 1965 received
an honorary degree from Muhlenberg
College-has played with many other
great bands, notably those of Pryor,
Conway, and Liberatti.
But his very special pride is the Allen-
town Band, . which is described in the
following words by John Y. Kohl, long-
time editor of the Sunday Call-Chronicle
of that city, recently retired but still
active in the writing of news about the
theater, music, and the, arts. Says Mr.
Kohl :
The Allentown Band has been offering
concerts since the afternoon of July 4, 1828,
and thereby lays claim to being America's
oldest band.
But far more ilnportant, Allentown be-
lieves that its band is also "the best band in
the land."
And there is plenty of competent testi-
mony to support the claim.
Sousa, Creatore, Goldman-in fact prac-
tically all the great bandmasters, living and
dead-are as one in their praise of the Al-
lentown Band as the best. "town" band in
the country.
Allentownians like to remember when the
renowned John Philip Sousa, who recruited
no less than 18 members of the All~ntown
Band for his own famous organization, said:
"I hope my own band sounds that good."
Creatore announced, "I have never heard
a local band so good," while Goldman's ap-
praisal was, "The Allentown Band is without
a doubt the finest organized band in Amer-
ica."
And Herbert L. Clark, the dean of cornet
soloists, was equally emphatic, "No other
city in the country can boast of such a fine
band."
The emphasis, of course, is placed on the
category, the town band, or what Goldman
termed the "organized" band as distin-
guished from the professional band and the
military band.
Playing in a town band is purely an avoca-
tion for its members who earn their living
in fields other than music. Every commu-
nity, large or small, has a town band, some-
times several.
So the Allentown Band is a town band but
with a difference and what a difference.
There is nothing desultory about the Al-
lentown Band. It is as tightly operated as
any of the professional bands., Membership
is based strictly on performance and no chair
is a sacrosanct by reason of seniority or per-
sonal popularity.
Attendance at rehearsals, for which there
is, of course, no remuneration, is obligatory,,
yet many of the members come from a wide
area about Allentown and provide their own
transportation.
Most remarkable is the fact that the band
has a waiting list of no less than 300 from
cities and towns throughout eastern Penn-
sylvania.
The opportunity of playing good music and
playing it well in company with other musi-
cians of equally high caliber is the motivat-
ing factor that has created this phenomenon
among "town" bands.
True, the. band fills many engagements,
for which, as a unionized group, it is paid,
but the individual recompense is only a
minor factor compared with, the prestige of
membership in the famous Allentown Band.
The schedule of engagements during every
summer season takes the, band afield
throughout this part of Pennsylvania, many
as repeat events year after year. Its occa-
sional forays to more distant points, in the
eastern United States and Canada, never fail
to bring acclaim couched in almost unbeliev-
able superlatives.
The fame the band holds in the band world
itself is being popularly enhanced in late
years by its recordings.
The conductor and guiding genius of this
really outstanding organization is one of
Allentown's own, Dr. Albertus L. Meyers,
whose name has become synonymous with
that of the band itself.
Great as was the band throughout its en-
tire history and great as were predecessor
conductors who inspired its longevity, with-
out pause for 137 years, Meyers has brought
to it the eminence it holds today.
He is constantly in demand as a guest con-
ductor and has led many of today's great
bands.
As early as 1939, Meyers was named by Kay
Kyser, on a nationwide radio program, as
one of the five most famous band leaders,
living or dead, The others were Sousa, Pryor,
Goldman and Creatore.
At 75, "Bert" Meyers, still of youthful vigor
and appearance, is thus the only one of the
famous quintette living today and Allentown
is planning a communitywide tribute to him
during the week of September 6.
A concert in the park to top all such events
locally is on the echedule, plus a testimonial
dinner on the succeeding evening, with some
of the Nation's greatest bandmasters in at-
tendance.
Of course, the Allentown Band will play
at both functions, although the likelihood is
that Meyers will not be on the podium what
with all the other talented conductors on
hand to take over.
That Allentown's nationally famous
"town" band, which Meyers feels was never
better, will acquit itself magnificently is a
foregone conclusion.
Albertus L. Meyers received his formal
education in the public schools of Allen-
town, Pa., and Muhlenberg College.
"Bert," as he is popularly known to his
friends, started the study of music at the
age of 9. He studied piano, pipe organ,
harmony, and theory under Dr. Clement
Marcks. He became a soloist on the
French horn and cornet and had the
benefit of instruction on the former from
Anton Homer and from Herbert L.
Clarke and Signor Liberatti on the cor-
net. He also studied band and orchestra
arranging with the late Vernon Knauss.
Professionally, he has played for many
years in the theaters of Allentown, in-
cluding 2 years with Donald Voorhees.
He played trumpet under Victor Her-
bert's personal direction for his operetta
"Naughty Marietta" and "The Red Mill."
He played first horn in Liberatti's band
and cornet with the bands of Arthur
Pryor and Patrick Conway. He was the
cornet soloist with John Philip Sousa and
his band. After leaving the Sousa band,
he was elected conductor of the famous
Allentown Band in 1926, a position he
still holds.
Mr. Meyers has had many honors con-
ferred upon him and has filled engage-
ments as guest conductor for the follow-
22355
rector at Allentown High School, where
his marching and concert bands are a
legend. More recently, he has been di-
rector of instrumental music at Muhlen-
berg College.
Mr. Meyers is a member of the select
American Bandmaster's Association,
Pennsylvania Music Educator's Associa-
tion, charter member of the Pennsyl-
vania Bandmaster's Association, and the
Sousa Band Fraternal Society, member-
ship in which is limited to those who
played with the great Sousa and his
band.
Mr. Speaker, I am most proud to join
with the citizens of Allentown and the
Lehigh Valley in grateful tribute to a
man who has done so much to enhance
an awareness of and appreciation for
fine music over a perkod of more than a
THE NEED %POR A14 ALLIED EFFORT
IN VIETNAM
(Mr. MOORE (at the request of Mr.
CLEVELAND) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, I am
pleased to join with my colleague Mr.
Rogers of Florida in introducing legisla-
tion to attempt to prevent our allies from
trading with the enemy. The bill would
prohibit the transportation of goods, to
or from U.S. ports, aboard ships of any
foreign country which allows ships sail-
ing under the flag of that country to be
used in trade with Communist North
Vietnam.
Mr. Speaker, the realization that the
war in Vietnam is an American war
should not come as much of a surprise
to us. There is no question in my mind
that the United States, as the leader
of the free world, does in fact have the
obligation to insure that the unprotected
nations of the world have the, right to
freedom and peace. However, I have
great difficulty in understanding why our
Nation, great and powerful as it is, must
shoulder the entire burden.
Within the last few years we have dis-
covered that our containment policy has
not worked as well against Asian com-
munism as it did against Soviet com-
munism in Europe. The geography of
the area, the nature of our overextended
military and political commitments
there, the naive and neutralist mentality
of the peoples whose homelands we are
struggling to save from aggressive Chi-
nese communism, and the insufficiency
of our own resources to cope with this
gigantic problem-all of those. and cer-
tain other forces have brought us to the
present impasse.
The unfortunate phase of this involve-
ing professional bands: the U.S. Marine
Band, the U.S. Air Force Band, the Gold-
man Band, the Armco Band of Middle-
town, Ohio, the Philco Band, and the ment is that there seems no easy and
Municipal Band of Hagerstown, Md. He honorable way out. There may be an
has been guest conductor for all of the outside chance for us to extricate our-
district and State music festivals in selves from this Asiatic trap if our allies
Pennsylvania and most recently con- and the people directly concerned join
ducted the All-South Jersey High School us wholeheartedly, doing their level best
Band. On the college level, he has guest and contributing their fair share in this
conducted at Susquehanna, Yale, and relentless struggle.
Lehigh Universities. Unfortunately, the unwillingness of
For many years he was the band di- our allies to play their part, and the total
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE September 8, 1965
indifference of the peoples directly con-
cerned have brought about an unenviable,
'impossible situation.
When we committed ourselves to the
defense of these countries against surg-
ing, revolutionary Chinese communism,
we were not alone in this undertaking.
Other governments also vowed to join us
in this task. Alliances were formed and
specific agreements were signed for this
purpose. And, of course, the govern-
ments of the countries threatened by
communism solemnly and gladly under-
took to deal effectively with Communists
within their respective countries.. Sub-
sequently, however, the Chinese threat
seemed real and the Communists in these
countries, instead of being held down,
were gathering strength and gaining the
upper hand against inefficient and cor-
rupt governments. Then we felt that
we had to intervene. We did this in
South Vietnam in order to strengthen
the government there so that it could and
would stave off the deadly Communist
threat. That well-intended move was a
factor in creating the very delicate, dif-
ficult and dangerous situation in Viet-
nam today.
Four years ago, I complained of free
world shipping to Communist bloc na-
tions and recently our colleague, the
gentleman from Michigan, Mr. CHAMBER-
LAIN, again called this matter to our
attention.
According to unclassified figures avail-
able through Defense Department
sources, 476 ships flying the flags of free
world nations called at North Vietnam
ports during the period between Jan-
uary 1964 and June 1965.
Incredible as it may seem, our friends
sent more than a ship a day last year to
supply our enemy, even as our own troops
were being killed by the North Viet-
namese officered and supplied Vietcong.
I do not believe that the cargoes being
unloaded in Hanoi by our friends are
clot of a military value. I say, Mr.
Speaker, that any supplies received by
the Hanoi Government are needed by
them and consequently are used to defeat
our efforts to contain the Communist
spread in southeast Asia.
My personal feeling and honest opinion
about our commitment in Vietnam is that
we have overextended ourselves. We
have burdened ourselves with far heavier
and onerous responsibilities that cannot
be discharged honorably alone In our
use of American ports by ships of any
foreign nation which allows its ships to
trade with the North Vietnamese. Maybe
then our allies will realize that they, too.
have an obligation to defend the freedom
which their young men no doubt cherish
as much as ours.
(Mr. OITINGER (at the request of
Mr. HATHAWAY) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to . include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, many
suburban and rural communities sur-
rounding our great metropolitan com-
plexes are facing a threat of serious pro-
portions. As the power needs of the
metropolitan centers grow, and it is nec-
essary to bring electrical power in from
great distances, these communities are
being dissected by a growing number of
power corridors bringing high-voltage
lines in on unsightly towers. In some
areas, such as Westchester and Putnam
Counties in my own district, the destruc-
tion is already so great as to jeopardize
the continued existence of these towns
as attractive residential communities.
in others, such as Chester County, Pa.,
and Baltimore County, Md., the power
lines are, so to speak, beating at the
door. These communities are disturbed
And fighting.
For many hundreds of other towns
and villages, the ruthless destruction of
,steel towers and high-voltage lines is
merely on the drawing boards or hidden
in utility master plans for the future.
These communities are sleeping.
The awareness, however, is spreading.
Only this week Newsweek magazine car-
ried a note about developments in
Texas:
THE BEAUTIFUL PEDERNALES
President Johnson's plans for beautifying
the Nation's highways may be moving slowly
in Congress, but back at the L.B.J. ranch
things are happening. The Pedernales Elec-
tric Cooperative has just put underground
several hundred feet of overhead utility
lines at the ranch.
Concerned citizens' groups are rally-
ing. Progressive, forward-looking news-
papers are alerting the public. When I
introduced the Underground Power
Transmission Act of 1965 and two relat-
ed measures on August 17, newspapers
defense commitments we are let down by across the Nation took up the challenge.
our allies in this almost impossible task The Louisville (Ky.) Courier Journal
of securing a durable peace with freedom. and the New York Times are among the
That is the essence and substance of papers that have taken a position of
our present situation as I see it. I feel leadership.
that it is time to stop talking and begin I would like to present to this distin-
to put forth our best efforts to solve this guished body two other particularly out-
inequitable situation. Americans are standing editorial statements that dem-
fighting and dying every day some 10,000 onstrate the urgency of the problem for
miles from our shores, and I think it is our American towns and villages:
not untimely nor unfair to expect some [From Newsday, Long Island, Aug. 23, 1965]
would provide tax benefits to utilities that
buried their lines. Such benefits would al-
low utilities to depreciate underground
transmission facilities for tax purposes in 5
years rather than the present 30; would
provide that 49 percent of the construction
cost would be a tax credit, to be spent for
more such construction; and would provide
a $30 million Federal study of improved
methods of burying powerlines.
All in all, a constructive idea. The soon-
er America can get rid of some of its elec-
tric-telephon.e poles and metal pylons, the
sooner America will become more beautiful.
[From the Putnam County Courier,
Aug. 26, 1965 ]
WITHIN REASON
(By Betsy Holland Gehman)
The British have a lovely slang phrase
that enjoys enormous currency. Its uses are,
rather unfortunately universal. The phrase
is "Up the pole." Its meaning: balmy, bats,
nutty, craze, insane. To say that someone is
up the pole is to say that he is a completely
hopeless case.
It is, therefore, not unmeaningful when I
make note of the fact (as I'm sure you have)
that, since last May the New York Telephone
Co. has had an army of men in what
appears to be permanent residence up the
pole. Out along Route No. 301, where a full
platoon of green-clad men have been playing
Shipwreck Kelly for 3 full months now,
Ma Bell has added a few little homey touches
to their aeries, such as tents to protect them
from the sun and rain, plus, I have no doubt,
Bunsen burners for cookouts, sleeping bags,
and a full supply of Band-Aids--not for
themselves, but to patch up the shabby little
connective wires that somehow seem to get
all discombobulated every time we have the
teensiest little thunderstorm, a natural
enough phenomenon to everyone but the
telephone company.
As this paper fully chronicled on May 13
last, our community's telephone service had
been disrupted for over a week, in some cases
2 weeks, by a lightning strike on one tele-
phone pole. Again, early this month, hun-
dreds of telephones were put out of service by
the ever-popular lightning. This time,
silence reigned for 5 days. As an added fillip,
my own phone was given an extra 12-hour
vacation last Friday due to a short circuit.
When I called the repair service, the man who
answered assured me nothing could be done
about it until the next day, because "all the
men are dog tired from being up the poles
since May." This same man of science in-
formed me that the telephone company was
not prepared to "fight God." Now I submit
that is a piece of blasphemy I would have
preferred not to hear. I do not believe God
is responsibile for the willfulness, sloth and
profit-grabbing self-interest the telephone
company quite ostentatiously indulges it-
self in.
It should interest everyone who has been
victimized by this particular public utility
and that includes everyone who has a
phone, to learn that Congressman RICHARD
L. OTTINGEn introduced three bills before the
89th Congress August 17, 1965, that are
aimed at getting all overhead transmission
lines put underground where they belong.
He pointed out that today more than 300,-
000 miles of overhead transmission lines eat
up a total of nearly 7 million acres of land.
He pointed out that expert evaluation has
shown that as much as 300 acres of property
dom of the affected nations, one of the prime uglifying agents of the have been devalued for every mile of power-
I think the suburbs and the open countryside is the line installed in already developed communi-
i
i
At th
mum,
e very m
n
President should exert some leadership overhead utility pole-electric or telephone. ties. (By 3.980; there will be need for triple
by calling on our allies to stop their trade But it costs too much for the utilities to put the amount of present transmission facili-
the North Vietnamese and the Red them underground unless rates are sharply ties.) He pointed out that private utilities
with
with the to the consumer. have failed to undertake even limited pro-
Chinese. Representative RICHARD OTTINGER, Demo- grams up to now because "they fear that
But beyond this, Congress should crat, of Westchester, has come up with a once they start going underground, they will
enact this bill and thereby prevent the promising solution to this problem. He be forced to put all lines underground. Fear
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September 8, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A5063
If the war continues there's likely to be
eo$siderable propaganda' by those, with dif-
ferent and often conflicting motives, to the
effect that American boys are suffering and
dying far from home, while here the stay-
behinds live in luxury and comfort.
But this is altogether different from saying
that the Government must now. begin to
choose between cut-backs on welfare pro-
grams and meeting our military needs. For
the foreseeable future we are able to afford
both.
The eight nations are Australia, France,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, the
Philippines, and the United States.
The largest single contingent comes from
South Korea, he said.
Hall pointed out that problems to be
worked on during the coming year in Viet-
nam include the elimination of the black
market, improving customs and tax collec-
tions and foreign exchange control and the
establishing of priorities for allocation of
manpower.
p
e t
continues. When re-
EXTENSION OF REMARKS.
or
HON. DAVID S. KING
OF 'UTAH IN THE, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, the
tremendous feats of space exploration
of the last few years have been marred
by the aura of secrecy and the cut-
throat competition between the United
States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet
Union particularly has kept its space
program shrouded in mystery; telling
virtually nothing about experiments
either before or after they are attempted,
and revealing very little about whatever
scientific facts are subsequently uncov-
ered. The United States has at least
told beforehand of launches and has re-
leased most scientific discoveries made.
More importantly, the United States has
allowed the space flights of her astro-
nauts to be reported in their entirety
to the country and the world.
1A new step toward understanding was
taken recently when President Johnson
Invited the Soviet Union to send an ob-
server to the launching of Gemini 6 in
October. While it is not immediately
apparent what the response of the
Soviet Government will be, the impor-
tance of the Johnson invitation is ap-
parent. The President is attempting to
encourage communications between the
two space giants. At the same time, he
is demonstrating the U.S. confidence and
capability in space.
An editorial which appeared in the
Salt Lake City Tribune August 27 recog-
nizes the importance of the Johnson ven-
ture. I think that these opinions merit
a wider public disclosure and, therefore,
present them, here:
[Prom the Salt Lake Tribune, Aug. 27, 1965]
CURTAIN LIFTS A TRIFLE
In Inviting the Soviet Union to send a top
scientist to the launching of Gemini 6 next
October, President Johnson made a gesture
of good will which emphasized the openness
of American society. It is also possible that,
by providing a grandstand seat, he would like
to Impress the Soviets with U.S. accomplish-
ments in space exploration.
Press dispatches from Moscow indicate the
Kremlin is not likely to accept, perhaps be-
lieving that Mr. Johnson hopes an exchange
of visits can be arranged later. The United
States has announced its space flights in ad-
vance and has given them full publicity while
in progress. The Soviet Union has been far
more secretive, though in recent months
more and more information has been released.
This week the Kremlin lifted the curtain a
bit further with the premiere of a documen-
tary film about Lt. Col. Alexei A, Leonov's first
walk in space. The movie shows Leonov
emerging from Voskhod II and floating freely
in space. Also included are brief closeups of
the assembly of a booster rocket, the interior
of Voskhod II while in orbit and unusual
scenes of the recovery of earlier cosmonauts
along with their heat-charred space vehicles.
The film emphasizes Soviet achievements
without revealing Soviet secrets, a course the
United States has always followed in the cov-
erage of its space flights. Obviously the spur
of competition has awakened the Kremlin to
the value of publicity.
We ho
e Z h
rend
strictions on communication are lifted, bet-
ter understanding is almost Jnevltaible.
Vietcong's Goal 0ver1row of Existing
Government
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. SPARK M. MATSUNAGA
OF HAWAII
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. MATSUNAGA. Mr. Speaker, the
Vietcong's goal is the overthrow of the
existing government. This is the con-
clusion of James V. Hall, AID official in
Vietnam and a former East-West Center
grantee, after a tour of duty in Vietnam.
Mr. Hall's views were expressed in an
interview by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin
on September 2, 1965. The newspaper
account reads as follows:
NOT IDEALISTS, OFFICIAL SAYS-OVERTHROW
REGIME Is VIETCONG GOAL
The Vietcong should not be visualized as
simple, downtrodden peasants struggling
against overwhelming odds.
Neither should they be considered a col-
lection of insidious fiends bent on terror and
destruction, according to a visiting AID
(Agency for International Development) offi-
cial.
James V. Hall, AID official in Vietnam and
a former East-West Center grantee, said last
night "both of these idealized concepts do
great harm to a deeper understanding of
what is going on in Vietnam."
Although there may be among the ranks of
the Vietcong some idealistic young men fight-
ing for what they believe to be right, they
are far from being representative of the Viet-
cong, Hall said.
"And although there are certainly some
insidious and diabolical thugs among the
Vietcong," Hall said, "they, too, are not
representative of the Vietcong as a whole."
The plan of the Vietcong, he explained, is
"a protracted struggle conducted methodi-
cally in order to attain specific intermediate
objectives leading to the final overthrow of
the existing order."
In this master plan, Hall said, no one in-
dividual matters; no one thing matters.
The only thing that matters is the final
overthrow of the existing government, he
said.
Concerning the civilians' role in Vietnam,
Hall said, eight free world nations from
Europe, Asia, and America are providing
much needed medical assistance.
"In all," he said, "52 doctors and 147
medical assistants from nurses to labora-
tory technicians are working daily, sometimes
around the clock, to save lives and provide
medical care which could otherwise be lack-
ing."
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL G. ROGERS
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr. Speak-
er, I should like to include at this point
in the RECORD, Virginia Prewett's recent
column on the progress which is being
made in the attempts to reach a solu-
tion to the Dominican problem. The ar-
ticle points out the importance to the
United States of the recent break in the
stalemate and of the OAS action which
helped bring that break about:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Daily News,
Sept. 3, 1965]
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Poor VICTORY FOR L.B.J.
AND OAS
(By Virginia Prewett)
The settlement of the Dominican stale-
mate is a great triumph for President John-
son's foreign policy. It is equally a triumph
for the OAS majority who backed up U.S.
policy in Santo Domingo in the face of shrill
criticism.
Obviously, the die-hard Communists and
the die-hard military clique in Santo Do-
mingo will remain threats to the. Dominican
nation's chances for peace and reconstruc-
tion.
But both sides have long since lost both
their domestic and foreign support. As the
realities have grown clearer with time, the
hemisphere-wide hubbub over "interven-
tion" in Santo Domingo has gradually died
down everywhere except among the
extremists.
TOP CHANGE
The most significant change of front has
been that of the Christian Democratic
Party.
At one time, this group which controls
Chile's administration, officially supported
the thesis that the OAS peace force should
be withdrawn from Santo Domingo and the
Caamano Deno faction should be recog-
nized as the legal government of the re-
public.
Chilean officials also condemned the United
States and OAS actions in Santo Dpmingo
as an "outrage."
However, the meeting of hemisphere
Christian Democratic leaders, held in Vene-
zuela very recently, voted for the formation
of a Dominican provisional government-the
United States and OAS solution.
DECLINED SUPPORT
The 30 Christian Democrats who attended
the meeting also declined to support the
Christian Democratic representatives from
the Caamano Deno camp against those from
the junta side. The Dominican factions were
told to settle their own differences.
Meanwhile, in the Dominican Republic, the
intransigent military and the Communist
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A5064 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX. September 8, 1965
hardliners tried up to the last to prevent a
peaceful setlement.
For instance, the mortgr shells fired into
the OAS peace force on the eve of the final
accord obviously came from the northern
sector controlled by the Imbert forces.
GAMBLE FAILED
The Imbert junta's last-gasp gamble for
popular support on Sunday, August 29 proved
a resounding failure. The junta promised to
get out 100,000 supporters. Less than 10,000
showed up.
On the rebel side, the die-hard Commu-
nist groups also failed more than once to
prove they had popular support. And the
sincere Democrats around Col. Caamano
Deno have had a prolonged object lesson
during the months when they have been
bottled up with the extreme leftists.
For at the beginning of the enforced truce,
the leftist extremists were estimated to con-
trol less than a third of the militants around
Colonel Caaman.o. But Colonel. Caamano
gradually saw the Communist militants get
control of about two-thirds of his penned-up
force. At times Colonel Caamano himself
was virtually their prisoner.
Socioeconomic Forces Assure Vending's
Global Increase
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD BOLLING
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
growth and that of the world at large are ex-
plained in terms of a greater volume of sales
here, as *ell as the rapid expansion of over-
seas markets. -
As vending expands its worldwide scope, it
is affecting many related fields of activities.
Its impact on other areas is revealed in the
following figures :
Steel: More than 92,000 tons of steel and
62,000 tons of tin plate are used in the
manufacture of vending equipment.
Automotive industry: Approximately 78,-
000 cars and trucks service vending machines,
using 240,000 tires and 98 million gallons of
gas annually. Gasoline requirements equal
57 tank cars each working day.
Agriculture: Total farm land under culti-
vation for raising products sold through
venders amounts to 1,850,000 acres.
Each year, the following amounts of prod-
ucts are sold through venders:
[In millions of pounds]
Nuts----------------------------- 140
Sugar------------------------------ 1,025
Corn-------------------------------- 100
Tobacco---------------------------- 256
Wheat------------------------------ 138
The entire yield of approximately 178,000
cows is required for vended products.
Packaging Materials: Items packaged in
paper, plastic or foil for vended candy, food,
cigarettes, and other products number 14,500
million annually.
Paper cups and cartons alone, stacked
one on top of the other, would stretch
410,000 miles--from here to the moon and
almost back.
Along with this new concept of the dig-
nity and worth of the individual, however,
frequently comes resistance to time-honored
forms of livelihood. Changing concepts of
occupational status often make it difficult
to obtain help in such vital areas as per-
sonal catering. As new jobs unfold, and
men see glimmering vistas ahead of even
greater opportunities, there is less and less
inclination to enter work areas which are
traditionally associated with catering to the
needs of others.
In this new world, where bettered eco-
nomic conditions are frequently accompanied
by shrinking labor supplies in basic service
areas, vending fills a gap between ancient cus-
toms and modern demands. By placing vol-
ume food catering on a self-service basis,
vending frees the individual man from the
role of servant, while at the same time pro-
viding modern facilities to take care of
stepped-up demands for food and refresh-
ment in the new marketplaces of the world.
SHORTAGE Or FOOD WORKERS
Shortages of labor in the food service field
in the United States have become increas-
ingly apparent in recent years. These short-
ages include both top-level supervisory people
and those who assume less responsibility,
down to and including busboys and cleanup
help. At the top, the shortage is less notice-
able to the casual observer. There are many
fine dining establishments, operating on a
very prosperous basis. :Behind the scenes,
however, competition for food supervisors is
keen. Although 59 colleges in the United
States are accredited to offer food service de-
grees, there are not enough graduates to meet
the demand, and enrollment in these courses
is not showing the tremendous increase evi-
dent in other academic areas. Young people
with food service degrees are eagerly sought
out by restaurateurs, but the managerial
group which is being developed is not suffi-
cient to fill all available positions.
A logical way for management to solve the
need for food service supervisors is to dip
into secondary levels and elevate cafeteria
managers and hostess-managers to positions
of greater authority. In some cases this is it
good solution, but for the most part it merely
compounds the problem of staffing a good
restaurant or cafeteria, taking individuals
away from jobs where they are making val-
uable contributions, and creating new va-
cancies at lower levels.
It is as difficult to find qualified persons
for second-level food service jobs as it is to
find managerial personnel. There is a sharp
decrease in the numbers of workers entering
the food service area at secondary or lower
levels. Who wants to cook or make salads
or wait tables or clean when he or she can
get a job with better pay or better hours at
a local industry? Many of these persons re-
gard their jobs as temporary, until something
better comes along.
An official of the Hilton Hotel organization
remarked recently that one of his major
problems is finding and keeping trained and
dependable persons for semiskilled and un-
skilled Jobs. In order to staff their kitchens,
chain hotels conduct training sessions for
kitchen and restaurant personnel in vir-
tually every city in which they operate--and
repeat these sessions endlessly, in order to
keep up with normal labor turnover.
In their search to find help, many major
hotel and restaurant chains have been reach-
ing into European labor markets to recruit
workers. But now, with unparalleled pros-
perity in Europe, this supply is dwindling.
Men who formerly took: pride in being wait-
ers or assistant cooks now often aspire to a
different kind of work; girls who normally
would look for work as waitresses now want
dress-up jobs.
AUTOMATIC SERVICE A SOLUTION
In casting about for ways of solving this
problem of insufficient help, some companies
TRENDS ASSURE GROWTH
In looking ahead to the continued ex-
pansion of vending in the marketplaces of
the world, we see that the same elements
which have formed a pattern for vending's
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, when rapid growth in the United States exist
this body recently passed the Coinage virtually'every place in the world today.
Act of 1965 it solved some pressing prob- Three fundamental trends assure vending's
lems for many businessmen. Among growth on an international scale: Rising
those is the young but flourishing food populations; bettered economic conditions,
h
vending industry. One of the Nation's due in great part new tpr; prosperity through
outstanding manufacturers of food increased t
concept of the dignity of the
vending machines is located in my dis- sociological
trict and I was very prod sometime ago In every country in the world, rising popu-
to see that the organization, the Vendo lations are swelling consumer markets. The
CO., was presented with an "E" Award population explosion is not confined to any
by the Department of Commerce for ex- one nation or continent. The Gallatin An-
cellence in international trade. At that nual of International Business lists these
time, the president of the company, E. F. annual population percentage increases:
Pierson, outlined the story of the rapid United States, 1.6; India, 2.3; Germany, 1.3;
growth of the industry both here and France (metropolitan areas), 1.2; the Neth-
abroad. I commend his remarks to you, erlands, 1.3: United Kingdom, 0.8; South
Africa, 2.6; and Japan, 0.9.
Mr. Speaker, and t our colleagues: aVENDING Far more significant, however, than the
SOCIOECONOMIC FORCES E VENDING increase in numbers of persons on the
GLOBAL INCREASE globe, are socioeconomic developments
The concept of automatic merchandising which are literally changing the face of our
is spreading throughout the world at it much world.
more rapid rate than is generally recognized. MORE JOBS, BETTER PAY
In virtually every country, on every conti- Emerging nations, bettered standards of
nent, a total of more than 5 million auto- living, greater industrialization of former
maticvenders sell approximately $5,800 mil- agricultural nations--all these things are
lion of merchandise annually. creating a new concept of man and his place
On a global basis, automatic merehandis- in society. As more and more countries move
ing is growing at a rate of IS percent annual- from agricultural to industrial economies,
ly, and there is nothing on the horizon to in- more jobs become available in technical and
dicate it has reached its peak. On the con- production fields, offering better pay than
trary, there is every reason to believe vending those which for centuries provided the only
has only begun a long upward climb: type of work available. These jobs are creat-
For many years, automatic merchandising ing new middle classes In many countries
has been considered one of the important which formerly recognized only very wealthy
growth industries of the United States, and and very poor groups. The very existence of
it is still growing at a healthy rate of 9 per- these new middle classes acts, as a leaven
cent each year, "50-percent faster than the 6- throughout society, putting new emphasis on
percent increase shown by gross national the dignity of the individual man. Native
product. As -a matter of fact, vending in this ability rather than the accident of birth, is
country has consistently topped itself in the new criterion. On numerous levels, man
sales each year for the past four decades; last now enjoys greater freedom and greater op-
year's $3.5 billion represents an alltime high. portunity to advance his personal fortunes
Differences between this country's rate of than his forbears ever knew.
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.CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX . September 8, 1965
of separation of powers, States rights, and
the very definition of the Federal system it-
self, has no such provision.
5. The Johnson' bill outlaws all literacy
tests in States covered by the bill. The Re-
publican bill provides that a sixth-grade
education will raise a presumption of 11ter-
acy and that those with less than a sixth-
grade education may still be able to prove
that they are literate.
6. The Johnson bill fixes criminal penalties
against both officials and private citizens for
coercion and intimidation of prospective
voters. Since the mandate against racial
discrimination in the 14th and 15th amend-
ments runs against officials &nly and not
private citizens, these penalties are subject
to constitutional attack. The Republican
bill provides penalties against officials only.
This brief explana*on clearly shows that
the Republican bill will safeguard the con-
stitutional rights of the States and indi-
viduals. This is the problem Congress will
face to take the President's disastrous bill
or the Republican bill.
There will be no other choice.
To reiterate my own position:
1. I believe that every qualified American
citizen should have the right to vote.
2. I believe that right Is guaranteed under
present laws afidthat no new legislation is
nedessary.
S. I believe that we must prevent the Pres-
ident's bill from becoming law if we are to
save our present 'form pf Government, a
representative Republic.
It Is Reds Who Want To War, War Not
Jaw, law
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
- of
HON. JOHN E. MOSS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 7, 1965
Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, the United
States has not-been idle by any means in
seeking a solution to the war in Vietnam.
The Sacramento, Calif., Bee, in an Au-
gust 31, 1965, editorial, recapitulates the
efforts made by our Government and
other nations since last summer to en-
courage discussions which will ultimately
lead to honorable negotiations.
I commend this editorial to the atten-
tion of my colleagues:
IT Is REns WHO WANT To WAR, WAR NOT
JAW, JAW
For the record, it should be emphasized
that the U.S. declaration that it is willing-
and will remain willing-to negotiate its
quarrel in Vietnam is not an idle pronounce-
ment. It has backed up this assurance re-
peatedly with overtures for the last year and
intercessors concerned with the trend of
things in Vietnam England, for example-
have at the urging of the United States ap-
pealed to the Communists to cease fire and
talk.
To document that record, let us go back
to late summer, 1964, and pick it up from
there.
in August 1964; U.N. Secretary . General
U Thant at the 'suggestion of the United
States offered to visit Hanoi and Peiping to
discuss resolution of the Vietnam crisis. He
was spurned by the Reds.
In February 1965, Britain proposed that
the Geneva Conference be reconvened to ex-
plore the dispute. Communism balked.
In April 1965, President Lyndon B. John-
son in a speech at Johns Hopkins University
offered "unconditional discussions" and the
Communists charged: "Swindle."
In the same month Foreign Secretary Pat-
rick Gordon Walker of Great Britain went on
a peace mission to Hanoi and to Peiping. In
both capitals he was refused an audience.
, There were two other developments in
April-nonalined nations urged a settlement
and North Vietnam and Red China refused
to consider the petition. India called for a
cease fire and maintenance of present bor-
ders. Peiping and Hanoi both vetoed the pro-
posal.
In May 1965, President Johnson called off
bombing raids over North Vietnam for 5 days
to demonstrate this Nation's anxiousness to
negotiate and all the moratorium won from
the reds was the smear: "Hoax."
Also in May, a Canadian envoy asked of
Hanoi its conditions for peace and was told
this would require the unconditional with-
drawal of all U.S. forces. This, of course, was
neither possible nor feasible.
In June, Britain's Prime Minister Harold
Wilson sought to set up a peace plan and was
branded by Peiping as a "nitwit." In July, a
British leftwing leader, Harold Davies, went
to Hanoi to seek the Communist's terms. He
too was rejected.
So reads the record of the American and
the free world effort to bring the Commu-
nists to the negotiations table.
Mao Tse-tung may have summed up the
Communist attitude most precisely when he
said one does not negotiate a war away when
one is winning.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. DAVID S. KING
OF UTAH
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. KING of Utah. Mr. Speaker, as
the fighting wears on in Vietnam, we in
America are beginning to learn what it
is to fight this new and stubborn enemy;
we are, beginning to learn what makes
him act and think the way he does. Yet,
we must not tire of learning more about
him ; as long as the Asian -Communist Is
our enemy, he is our concern.
I feel that the American people should
look carefully at what another Asian has
to say about Chinese Communist ambi-
tions. Dr. Purnendu Kumar Banerjee
had 2 %2 years of service as India's
Charge d'Affairs in Peiping before com-
ing to the Indian Embassy in Washing-
ton As Minister. He gave an address on
July 14, entitled "China and Southeast
Asia" in which he describes the Com-
munist Chinese mentality and ambitions
in an acutely interpretive manner.
While I want to stress that I do not
take sides in the unfortunate clashes of
the past week between India and her
neighbor, Pakistan, I do feel that Dr.
Banerjee's comments are worth careful
consideration.
The speech follows:.
(By Dr. Purnendu Kumar Banerjee)
As all, of you know, the Chinese Commu-
nists are followers of military conquest. I
will start with. a quotation from Mao Tse-
tung, chairman of the Chinese Communist
Party. "The struggle for socialism may re-
quire nuclear war. No one can foresee the
number of human lives which a future war
may take. It may be one-fourth of the in-
habitants of the world. Half of mankind
could easily be destroyed, but the other half
would survive. In half a century, or a whole
century, the population would grow again
by more than half." This statement was
made in Moscow in 1958.
Here is another statement made later on
regarding the liberation movement in south-
east Asia and South America. "The war will
be a bridge over which mankind will pass
into a new era in history. The world can
only be reorganized by means of rifles. We
stand in revulsion of war-we have no use
for it. But war can only be abolished through
war. If you want war to go out of existence,
stick to the rifle and the battlefield." This is
the philosophy of China, and through this
philosophy China Is trying to conquer south-
east Asia.
CHINESE COMMUNIST OBJECTIVES
All of you know of the aggression that
took place in November 1962. To most of
you It is known as a territorial problem, but
it Is not a territorial problem. It is a symp-
tom of the political ambitions that China
has in southeast Asia, and It is a very sig-
nificant symptom. I firmly believe that if
this territorial problem were settled, that
there would still be the Chinese threat.
China's ambition Is to influence, if not to
control, the whole of Asia. One of the major
objectives is India. The Chinese are there-
fore .continuing their effort, using military,
political, economic, and diplomatic methods.
The Chinese will again apply military meth-
ods to India at the time that suits her and
at the place convenient to her.
Now look for a moment to see how Com-
munist China lives today. Economically,
politically, and cofhmunistically they have
made certain progress. I have seen malnu-
trition, but I have never seen starvation in
China. They seem able to equalize the
poverty.
You find a deep rift between the Soviet
Union and China. What the future will be
is very difficult to say. I believe that the
rift will develop further between the two
Communist parties, but not between the two
countries.
Some of the western European countries
are,watching the Chinese market. However,
the Chinese Communist market is now a
very limited market. The Chinese do not '
have enough foreign exchange to buy the
things they want. from abroad. In addition,
the Chinese have to pay for the grain that
they need to buy each year from countries
like Canada, Australia, and Argentina. Also
it is not possible for other countries to have
trade with China?on a profitable basis be-
cause the type of consumer goods and light
Industrial goods the Chinese are producing
are not quality goods, and they will not find
a market in an advanced country.
THE COMMUNIST METHOD
Chinese political diversity depends on
military preparedness. The Chinese have
the largest land army in the world, includ-
ing about 200 divisions. These divisions are
not equipped in a sophisticated way, it is
true. But their equipment and training fit
into China's plan of infiltration, guerrilla
warfare, and subversion. These are the
characteristics of the Communist wars in
Asia, In South America, and in Africa,
From that point of view, the vast land army,
traditionally equipped with small arms, is
just suitable for the purpose.
To achieve their objective, the Chinese are
applying a twofold method. One is an
interparty approach, and the other is an
interstate approach.
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are turning to vending for their volume food the full range of modern vending equip-
operations. In large-scale food programs, ment. Its recreational and leisure-time Washington Report
where many persons are served regularly, activities are booming-bowling, boating,
vending has already made a significant im- touring, and so forth, and all consumer EXTENSION OF REMARKS
pact on food service in this country. tastes are sophisticated, commensurate with
The preparation of food in central kitch- a growing discretionar or
ens for distribution to outlying points makes y purchasing power. HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
Frnce, which still has substantial Sn-
it possible to reap several benefits. In the equities in income and living levels, is also
fewer workers are required, and moving in the direction of a high-consump- OF ALABAMA
the services of top echelon people can be used tion economy and French metropolitan THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
first place, to best advantage. Secondly, those who work centers offer new markets for vending. Wednesday, September 8, 1965
in central kitchens have the advantage of Italy, surging with unmatched speed into Speak-
regular hours, steady work schedules and our 20th century industrial renaissance, Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr. Speak-
production-type lobs-significant factors in is seniVng national purchases to record er, under permission to extend my re-
stabilizing employment. In the third place, levels. In Italy there is increasing empha- marks in the RECORD, I include my news-
food of consistent quality can be served on a sir on vocational and on-the-job training, letter, Washington Report, of April 6,
volume basis, meeting today's sophisticated because of a high percentage of unskilled 1965:
isdemassmands-for
ah nd mass-even
Last and coming Into a bebrand new worker ing, representing clas is great WASHINGTON REPORT-THE VOTING RIGHTS
by no means least, substantial savings of consumer potential. BILL time and money may be effected with (By Congressman JIIt MARTIN, Seventh
vending. MEXICO'S BREAKTHROUGH District, Alabama)
We have termed this new concept of food one of the most dramatic settings for a Congress Is going to pass a voting rights
service a "revolution in distribution"-and vending installation in any part of the globe bill. My personal belief is that no new
we Can look for a much more rapid develop- is found in Mexico City, at the new Na- legislation is necessary. There are enough
ment of automatic service In other countries tional Museum of Anthoropolgy. In this laws on the books now to protect the right
than we have seen. In the United States. beautiful building, one of the most hand- of every qualified American citizen to vote
Many things have already been pioneered- some in the world, a modern automatic cafe- without discrimination because of his color,
vending equipment, packaging, methods of teria offers a remarkable contrast to the his race, or his religion. Proper enforce-
preparing food and serving it. Engineering, wonders of an ancient civilization. In the ment of present laws would assure that
market research, public acceptance-much midst of a great treasury of Mexican art right. However, we are faced with a situa-
of the basic work has already been done, and and culture, an installation of automatic tion which is unprecedented in American
techniques need only be applied as the de- food and refreshment venders provides the history. The President has demanded that
:nand arises in other lands. Timing is still most advanced type of volume food service Congress pass a bill on voting rights and,
'the important thing, but it is more a matter the world has devised. Mexican citizens are spurred by the emotion which is gripping
of when than how. feeding pesos into the venders at a rate our country at the present time, Congress
JAPAN WELCOMES VENDING which surpasses expectations. Sales from will pass such a bill. So when Members of
Japan, with the COMES ENDI industrial- the automatic cafeteria, in fact, are greater Congress vote on this bill they will not have
ized ean wit in Asiaonly maoi rapid than those of a conventional cafeteria in the the choice of either taking the President's
strides same building. bill or have no 'bill at all. The only chance
in vending. As Japan moves toward a Also in Mexico we have to'defeat the President's bill, with
broad-based consumer economy, large-scale being used in new office buildings all its discrimination and retaliator moves
foreign competition is forcing wages up. c man- y agement Japan's GNP shows the highest percentage which ick is with the "break" concept against the South, is to adopt q a bdtct bills
hours asic in today's workaday world. to can protect the right of qualified citizens
increase of any nation during the past 4 Office s basic
from 8 to 5 mean that employees t to vote and at the same time preserve the
years---W.6 percent, as compared with 7.9
percent for the United States. Japanese must either have on-premise sources of re- constitutional guarantees of the States to
people have more money to spend than they freshment, or be allowed to leave the pre= determine election laws and voter qualifica-
people and more they like to spend it in a miser-and management absorbs the loss tions.
manner which reflects a westernized way of when work schedules are Interrupted by I have. been working unceasingly for such
life. trips away from the office. Automatic ven- an improved bill and the Republican Mem-
ders, by providing a convenient source of bers of the House will offer one as a substi-
Automatic coolers for soft drinks and refreshment, keep workers in the buildings tute for the President's bill. While the Re-
coffee venders are found - in many public and help make labor more productive. Publican bill still does not meet fully my
places in J..pan today. Service stations and original conception, it is a much better bill.
garages offer their customers automatic re- In 1960, for the first time in Mexico's his-
garam offer have coffee in con- tory, the urban population outnumbered the measure than the President's s to only m'esh t locations. A number of completely co rural, and there is a rising middleclass and states . The do only to cale-few counties in a other
few
automatic food facilities have of been opened professional elite. Per caita income, al- States where the eis a literacy
and less
a urban centers, and peopla respond opened though rising, Is still only between 8400 and than half the adult Y
to the concept of automatic service. The $500 in urban areas, but Mexico's forward population was registered
"snack" eating habit, so progress makes it inevitable that it will rep- or voted In the last election. Republican
prevalent in the bill applies to the he Nation at large ge including
ne
West, fits into the Japanese custom of eating resent excellent market for all types of every State and every county In at every State
a number of small meals a day. I have consumer er products in the years ahead. where discrimination in registration and vot-
noticed that while older people always sit I could list specific examples of the grow- down to dine, whether they are eating a fag acceptance of vending in many other In 2.1 The Johnson bill undertakes by statute
full meal or merely drinking a beverage, countries. In the United Kingdom, vend- rather than constitutional amendment to
young people are adopting the practice of ing is well on the way to becoming a na- outlaw poll taxes In State and local elections.
eating a snack out of hand as they stroll tional way of life, as installations in fac- The Republican bill does not deal with poll
about. As Western and 'Eastern customs tories provide good, low-cost food for Indus- taxes.
merge, automatic merchandising is finding trial workers, and street venders offer a con- 3. The Johnson bill authorized a State
ready-made acceptance. ven.ience for the average citizen. In many to win an exemption from coverage by prov-
LIVELY EUROPEAN MARKETS European countries, "store front" vending ing that it had not- practiced racial discrim-
as been for many years, idging Inatin a a single
gap bpetweenracticed
In my recent travels I have had occasion the
consumer demands and re- time in the last 10syeals.inThisa Is a reversal
to observe the casual manner in which stricted hours of sales. In Saudi Arabia, the of the concept that the accused Is presumed
Europeans take automatic venders for popularity of carbonated soft drinks is open- innocent until proven guilty. Since the Re-
granted. Especially in. West Germany I was ing the way for expanded automatic service. publican bill applies to all States, there is
impressed with the amount of vending an
the auobans. Both food and refreshment In virtually every instance, vending is no need for such a provision.
are available to motorists in automatic adapted to meet a specific need. It Is both 4. The Johnson bill provided that, after
venders in wayside stations. I would say flexible and universal, and there is every the effective date of the bill, no State legis-
there is a good deal more highway vending reason to believe that in the years ahead we lature could enact an enforceable change in
in Germany than in this country, and in will see an acceleration of automatic mar- its voting laws without first bringing a
lawsuiudgment
terms of speed and good food at reasonable chandising on a 'worldwide basis which will the Ut nited for a States ates In the tory jFedeal against
prices, it is a boon to the motorist. make everything which has happened to date tthe he Columbia seeking riort p-
Germany, where labor receives the highest in our vigorous Industry pro District of pumbia seeking prior
wages In Europe, offers a lively market for mentioning in comparion m scarcely worth pra that such The Republican bill,
recdgctring
ne
uch a procedure violates the doctrine
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September 8, 1965 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
people who know they have a chair in the
orchestra and they will not have to go away
to be recognized. The audience knows this,
too, because they are their parents and their
friends. This is their orchestra. It's as
Ike Makes I tear: With L.B.J. on
Vietnam
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. RICHARD BOLLING
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, the dif-
ferences of opinion among some Members
of this House about what we should or
should not be doing in South Vietnam
has been interpreted in.certain quarters
as a rupture in our bipartisan approach
on foreign policy. The recent statement
of support for the administration's po-
sition by former President Eisenhower
did much to correct this impression. I
commend it to your attention, Mr.
Speaker, and to that of our colleagues:
IKE MAKES IT CLEAR: WITH L.B.J. ON
VIETNAM
This week the Nation again had the pleas-
ure of watching the Dwight D. Eisenhower
crusade for peace in action. An impressive
performance it was, for it left no doubt of
where the former President stood. And what
Ike did, it seems to us, was good for the
Nation and for the Republican Party as well.
We have no doubt that President Johnson
was grateful for the firm statements of sup-
port not only on Vietnam but also on the
administration's decision to back down in
the United,Nations dues dispute. In fact,
the anti-U.N. people, ready to pounce on'
Ambassador Goldberg's announcement in
New York, were cut down by General Eisen-
however almost before they had a chance to
make their first move.
But the big development was on Vietnam.
Until quite recently, the GOP has racked up
a remarkable record of responsible support of
the administration's foreign policy. In fact,
the needling has come chiefly from some
Democrats on Capitol Hill : andfrom a fuzzy-
thinking (and relatively small) segment of
the population that just won't remember
the lessons of Munich. Nevertheless, the
ghost of Munich is walking again, and.the
former President, acutely conscious of the
meaning of appeasement, stated the case for
drawing a line in southeast Asia with ex-
quisite clarity.
He also noted the need, in time of crisis,
for presenting a united front to the world.
Granted that there always will be certain
dissenting noises in the background, it
should be clear that the United States is
united on its policy in southeast Asia. Here
is the President, of one party, and a former
President, of the other, speaking almost with
one voice,
We would not attempt to sort out the
confusion of statements this last week that
prompted General Eisenhower to speak so
candidly. On the one hand, there seemed
to be a Republican attempt to show that
there is a division between General Eisen-
hower and President Johnson. There was
also the implication that someone was using
the former President for political purposes.
All of which, it seems to us, added up to so
much nonsense. And some Republican
spokesman did not add much luster to the
party's record of bipartisan support in for-
eign policy.
But indirectly, good may have come of it
all. The former President felt that he had
to say, once more, what he thought he had
said quite plainly before. With Lyndon B.
Johnson and with the vast majority of
Americans, he stands for peace and freedom.
In the case of South Vietnam, that means
that the line must be drawn against aggres-
sive communism and that, it the terrors of
all-out war are to be avoided, there can be
no retreat until peace and freedom are guar-
anteed for the Vietnamese people.
That is,what Dwight Eisenhower said. Mr.
Johnson should be grateful for this restate-
ment by an elder statesman so widely re-
spected here and abroad. The Nation should
be grateful. And so, come to think of it,
should the Republican Party.
Agricultural Labor in California-A
Realistic Review
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT
OF- CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to publicly thank the Secretary of
Labor for his certification last week of
9,50.0 additional Mexican workers to save
the California tomato harvest from
catastrophe. The workers were certified
on the recommendation of the Secre-
tary's California Farm Labor Panel who
are to be commended on their efforts to
remain continuously abreast of Califor-
nia's ever-changing agricultural labor,
problems.
California growers this year have
stampeded to mechanize, to use women
and children and athletic teams to har-
vest at wage rates which are the best in
the Nation, higher than any contem-
plated minimum wage law and competi-
tive with industrial wages in many parts
of the country. Additionally, better
than three-fourths million dollars is be-
ing paid by growers in a futile attempt
to recruit farmworkers in other alleged
pockets of surplus labor in other parts of
the country.
Hank Tweith's Independent Herald
of Yuba City, Calif., further puts this is-
sue in perspective as follows:
THE QUALITY OF LABOR
The quality of mercy may drop gently
from heaven but the quality of labor does
not, and, if the mercy of growers in Sutter-
Yuba isn't strained this season, their pa-
tience with the quality of their work crews
has been tested mightily.
If this facet of the farm labor problem
hasn't percolated through the thousands-
more likely millions-of words that have been
spoken and written on this year's labor crisis,
it is only because the farmer and his spokes-
men are not as articulate as they should be
in presenting agriculture's case.
Over the years some of the most unpleas-
ant words that have ever blotted paperhave
A5077
been the accusations that farmers delib-
erately exploit their hired hands by depress-
ing wages. This complaint is no more
valid against growers than it is of any em-
ployer who is faced with the chore of using
labor in production, sales, and service. To
show a profit on operations, growers, like fac-
tory owners, automobile dealers, and hot dog
stands must get marketable production from
their work force.
This has been particularly true in Califor-
nia where farmers actually mass-produce
fruits and vegetables-almost half of the
total U.S. production-and they do so from
a cornucopia of abundance that permitted in
other days-when labor costs were low-con-
siderable waste.
Yet, the California farmer has, for more
than a generation, paid the biggest farm pay-
roll in the Nation and maintained the second
highest pay rate scale-exceeded only by
Washington State where the hired labor pool
is small-and crop production small.
But in recent years as quality standards
have stiffened and labor costs have climbed,
economic survival has depended greatly upon
the yield per acre a grower could achieve.
High yield cannot be obtained with a labor
force that is careless or casual or, In a true
sense, unskilled.
This skill factor in farming is surrounded
by misinformation concerning the degree of
skill required from an adequate farmworker.
The myth is exaggerated, of course, by the
fact that the pertinent requirements are of
a nature not marketable anyplace else but
'in agriculture such as the ability to work
long hours under a hot sun in a dusty field
with constant strain on muscles most of us
don't even know we have.
It is no special criticism of men and
women in the Nation's heaviest pockets of
unemployment that they do not have, in this
stage of an industrial-urban society, those
skills. Some people cannot sew or cook and
there are others who cannot handle the
equations of stellar navigation.
When growers complain-- ofttimes bit-
terly-that 200 workers reported to a field or
orchard at 7 a.m. and that by 9 only a hand-
ful we;e still working, they may be inclined
to comment-or at least find themselves as
saying-the crews are "too lazy" to work. In
calmer moments, most of them might agree
that the labor available is frequently "simply
unable to perform the function of climbing
trees or bending over hours at a time. Some
people, it is reported, cannot write news
stories, repair television sets, or play the
piano.
Because wages in farming are based on
production-as strangely enough they are in
every nonpolitical activity and sometimes
there-growers have used as much as they
could, piece rate pay scales for their work
force, paying some startlingly high pay-
checks under this system to some of their
hired hands.
But piece rate scales are only a means
of measurement and do not help a grower
get a crop out of orchard or field when
fruit or vegetables are at precisely the right
stage of maturity. Too early or too late
means an unmarketable harvest. Unskilled
labor on any pay scale means damaged trees
and vines and wasted efforts by other crop
handlers.
When gang labor was the complete key
to the California harvest with as many as
700,000 people working at peak seasons and
in a time when there was more farm back-
ground in the Nation's populace than there
is today, it was possible with a combina-
tion of skilled farmworkers and a large
number of eager hands and strong bodies to
deliver a satisfactory tonnage. Seven tons
of peaches per acre or 10 tons of tomatoes
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wasn't bad then although such growers go
quickly bankrupt now. With relatively low
yields, with lenient quality standards and
with low wage rates, there was still a margin
of profit for farm operators.
But as wage rates have risen-and they
have been going up steadily for more than '
a decade-there has developed sharper labor
management on farms and greater research
into automation to eliminate the more ardu-
ous phase of farmwork-the hauling, the
lifting, the bending-and to retain still the
services of those who could stand the heat,
the dirt and the monotony of farm har-
vests.
Some of sharp vision may have noticed
the decline of winos on farm payrolls in re-
cent years-a direct result of management
recognition that a part-time worker at full-
time pay hurts production and inflates pay-
rolls.
Until this year in California, the Mexican
brracero filled the gap where management
and machines has not yet reached. For
years, legally and illegally, he had been part
of the California farm scene but in recent
years he was a regulated "package" force,
assigned almost exclusively to special crops,
and his loss in the first 8 months of this year
has affected harvests of lettuce, strawberries,
cotton, sugarbeets, asparagus, dates, and
tomatoes to varying degree depending not
on substitute labor but on advancements in
mechanization for each commodity. His
background in a native agricultural society,
where, for the most part, he worked in one
form or another of husbandry or - didn't
work at all, made him ideal for the seasonal
activity which creates almost all of the farm
jobs in California. He was transported here
under contract, did what was asked of him
or was sent home and was available when
needed.
He was no more "enslaved" than are the
Beatles to make contracted appearances and
his wages were the prevailing scale of the
district where he worked-set by the Govern-
ment, not the grower-and were very high
i:a relation to what he could make in Mexico
and substantial by any standard when he
was truly skilled. As a matter of fact he
was not "cheap" as a worker. Last year in
the Sacramento Valley, the minimum bra-
cero wage was $1.25 an hour, the average was
$1.50 and ranged to $2.50 and higher for
some workers. In addition, the grower
picked up a payroll charge for administra-
tion, transportation, insurance, room and
board that added up to, at least, another $1
an hour per man.
But the bracero did get the work done
whereas his substitutes this year in the same
fields, including football players, women, and
other youngsters have not done so well no
matter how willing. Too many growers this
year have found themselves paying a mini-
mum of $1.40 an hour for a production with a
cash value of $1 or less. How many plumb-
ing firms could afford to pay their artisans
pipe and lug 40 percent more than their serv-
ices would bring in the marketplace?
In the farm labor crisis of 1965, the most
:frustrating situation has been the bland
statements by Government officials and la-
bor union leaders that growers could get all
the help they need if they would pay
enough. Yet, how may physicists, concert
musicians, topflight salesmen, competent
executives and skilled administrators would
they get-at any scale-with an ad in the
morning newspaper?? Somewhat more, we
suspect, than the 14 tomato pickers located
in one combing of Louisiana.
One of the requirements for learned ut-
terances on the criteria for farm labor should
be a week's work in a peach orchard or to-
mato field, or, even, the relatively soft job
of hoeing sugarbeets on a summer's after-
noon in the Sacramento Valley.
These experts on labor might discover the
farmer's problem is almost as simple as de-
livering a pound of flesh without a drop of
blood
Congressman Horton Welcomes March of
Dimes Big City Meeting
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. FRANK HORTON
OF NEW YORK
].N.THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, On Oc-
tober 4 and 5, 1965, in Washington, the
National Foundation, March of Dimes-
will convene its most important meeting
of the year. At that time, more than 500
top-level volunteer leaders, representing
all 50 States and every major city, will
plan the 1966 March of Dimes campaign
against birth defects, one of the Nation's
leading causes of premature death and
disability.
The importance of their task cannot
be overstated. Each year in the United
States, an estimated 250,000 babies are
born with significant birth defects. Sixty
thousand children and adults and an
estimated half million unborn babies die
as a result of these defects. With the
exception of heart disease, no other con-
dition claims so many lives.
Some of the causes of these tragedies
are known. The news media recently
focused attention on the thousands of
defective children being born to moth-
ers infected with German measles dur-
ing last year's epidemic. In most cases,
however, neither causes nor means of
prevention nor specific methods of treat-
ment are known.
The National Foundation-March of
Dimes, has made a strong beginning in
the fight against these problems through
its national network of treatment centers
and an international program of scien-
tific research. It is to map a program
of expansion in this urgent campaign
that these volunteers from across the
country are meeting here in Washing-
ton.
The National Foundation-March of
Dimes, since its establishment in 1938,
has always believed that the way to
solve a problem in America is to bring
its importance home to the public. When
the people are convinced that the job
is important enough, they will do some-
thing about it. That is what happened
in the fight against polio when the pub-
lic, through the March of Dimes, achieved
one of the most important medical vic-
tories of our time: the development of
the Salk and Sabin vaccines.
The Wien and women attending this
national conference will be truly repre-
sentatives of the people of their States
and communities, where they are labor-
ing to bring about an awareness of the
birth defects problem. They are the
chairmen of each State March of Dimes
organization, the State chairmen of
women's activities, and the chairmen of
the largest of the foundation's 3,100
county chapters. Last year, they and
their counterparts coordinated the work
of an army of some 3 million volun-
teers, including a corps of nearly a mil-
lion Marching Mothers who visited an
estimated 10 million homes distributing
educational materials and seeking finan-
cial support for the March of Dimes.
Mr. Speaker, it is obvious that a great
part of America is involved in this mas-
sive struggle. I know that all the Mem-
bers of this House join with me in wel-
coming these dedicated people to our
Capital City and in wishing them every
success as they plan the important work
of attacking the scourge of birth de-
fects. -
Washington Report
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. JAMES D. MARTIN
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 8, 1965
Mr. MARTIN of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, under permission to extend my
remarks in the RECORD, I wish to include
my weekly report to my constituents of
April 22, 1965:
WASHINGTON REPORT FROM CONGRESSMAN JIM
MARTIN, SEVENTH DISTRICT, ALABAMA
THE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION RESOLUTION
The House passed House Joint Resolution
1, proposing an amendment to the Constitu-
tion providing for presidential succession.
The vote was 368 to 29 and I was one of the
29 voting against the resolution. This is one
of those technical pieces of legislation not
easy to explain, but I feel there is grave
danger in approving an amendment to the
Constitution which would make it possible
for an appointed official, never having been
approved by the people, to become President
of the United States.
Under this proposal, upon the death of the
President, the ,Vice President, having taken
the oath as the new President, would appoint
a new Vice President. His appointee would
have to be approved by the Senate and
House, but there are no restrictions as to
whom he could appoint. I could not help
but think whom the present Vice President,
HUBERT HUMPHREY, might appoint if fate.
decreed that he became President. Certain-
ly, his choice would be approved by the pres-
ent liberal majority in the House and Senate.
This worries me when I remember that on
their first vote after having been sworn in as
Members of the 89th Congress and having
taken an oath to uphold the Constitution,
149 Members of this Congress voted not to
seat the legally elected Members of Congress
from the State of Mississippi. What could
happen in the future, and what kind of man
could be appointed as Vice President if some
later Congress, made up of ultraliberal-radi-
cals, decided to impose their choice on the
people? It is too dangerous a power to con-
fer lightly.
I believe we should follow the present
order of succession which makes the Speaker
of the House next in line for Vice President.
Approved For Release 2003/10/14 CIA-RDP67B00446R000300140022-0