BEHIND THE NEWS WITH HOWARD K. SMITH

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67-00318R000100460001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 46
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 22, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 21, 1959
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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,
SEP 21 REA
BEM= THS :VMS
MTH
HOWARD K. SMITH
AIR: Sunday, September 6, 1959
6:00.6i30 PM
VTR: daturdey, September 5, 1959
9:004:30 PH
Produced by William Weston
Directed by Michael Zeamer
studio 41
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SEIM
The Department of State is the oldest
and next to the smallest executive
department in the United States Government.
Only. the Department of Labor is smaller,
in terms of money spent and personnel?
The State Department's first home was a
cluster of three small houses at Thirteen
South .Sixth Street in Philadelphia.
Today, it sprawls over Washington and
nearby Virginia in twenty-one buildings.
But by Spring, 1960, if all goes well,
the Department's offices in these
twenty-one locations will be brought under
one roof.
Workmen are rushing to completion a fifty-four
million dollar addition to the main State
Department building. It will make the building
five times as big as it is now. It will then
be second in size only to the Pentagon, which
is the world's biggest office building.
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srinn:
Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary
of State. When he took office in MY 119D
he had a staff of eight. His Foreign
Service consisted of three diplomatic missions...
... to Paris, London and The Hague
and sixteen consulates.
Today, Secretary of State Christian Herter
is the boss of twenty-two and a half thousand
men and women and his foreign service reaches
tc. every corner of the world.
Thc tradition of America's Foreign Service
goes back to the founding of the republic.
But the American suspicion of diplomats
and diplomacy reaches beyond that, to
colonial days. Diplomacy then was associated
with kings and r:ourtss the diplomat with pomp
and ceremony unseemly in the eyes of homespun
America.
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SnITH: (CONVD)
Some of the old colonial distrust is still
with us. You can still hear the classically
cynical description of a diplomat: "an honest
man sent abroad to lie for his country." And
many Americans still think of a diplomat as
a pantywaist in striped pants, crooking his
little finger and pushing cookies at an
endless round of cocktail parties.
Not so long ago, the State Department
was accused of harboring a number of
Communists.
More recently, a book called "The Ugly
American" pictured the American diplomat
as generally unimaginative, inflexible and
stymied by bureaucratic red tape.
All of these images fail to project the
average American diplomat as he really
is: an ordinary, thinking American in an
extraordinary job. He usually has a family
that he shepherds around on his semi-nomadic
career from country to country.
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MUTH: (CONT'D)
They Also fail to take into account the
long, daily grind?the endless negotiations
on highly technical points, the gladhanding
at boring receptions, the thankless task of
getting sore cantankerous American tourist
out of trouble abroad. Nor does it stop
there'. He and his family often face
personal hardship and even danrer,
Today, some ambassadors are named because
they ccntributed handsomely to political
party campaign funds. Some of then do
well. Others get into trouble. They fail
because they can't do thr job, can't speak
the language of the country to which they are
sent, or can't adjust to its ways, or ramble
can't even pronounce the name of the prime
minister there.
But rresidents more and more are turning to
the professional diplomats when. naming
ambassadors'.
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SMITH: (CONT I))
The American Chief of Mission is the voice
of America abroad. He speaks and acts for
America on a variety of economic, military
and policy matters. But perhaps more
imnortantly he is America's eyes and ears.
What he sees and hears he. reperts to his
boss, the Secretary of state.
These trained observat5.ons. by our diplomats
in the field are the raw materials from which
foreign policy is made. From the Department in
Washington to the overseas posts go the
instructions which guide our Foreign Service
in carrying out this foreign policy.
This is an enormous physical task. It means
an average exchange of four thousand messages
each workday between the Department and its
posts. The Cable Code Room never closes.
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SIUTH: (ccrlreD)
Diplomatic couriers travel more than eight
and one half million miles a years a distance
equal to eighteen round trips to the moon.
Here a courier is picking up his sealed pouch.
The Secretary of State sits atop a vast pyramid
of administrative organization.
His hierarchy includes two Under Secretaries
and a number of assistants at the nolicy level.
As the pyramid broadens, we cone to the
specialized units. These carry on the work
of the Department.
They include:
The Bureau of Economic Affairs. It deals with
matters of international finance and trade.
The Bureau of Congressional Relations. It does
the State Department's lobbying on Capitol Hill.
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WITH: (CONT 'D)
The Bureau of Intelligence and Research.
It analyzes and appraises the flow of
information reaching the Department.
The Bureau of Public Affairs, It handles
the Department's public relations.
The Bureau of Administration. It is
responsible for the budgetary, management
and housekeeping tasks involved in running
the department.
The Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs,,
The Department's police force. It handles'
All security matters. It is also in charge
of passOorts and visas and the welfare and
nrotection of Americans abroad.
There also are five geographic bureaus, one
for each region of the world:
The Bureau of African Affairs.
The Bureau of Inter-American Affairs,,
The Bureau of European APfairs,,
The Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs,,
The Bureau or Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs,
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S/aTH: (CONT9D)
Each geograrhic bureau has its "country desks"
-. an Italy Desk, a Japan Desk, and so on.
"Desk Officers" are specialists in affairs
of the country to which their desks are assigned.
Finally, there is the Bureau of International
Organization Affairs. It is responsible for
relations with the United Nations and other
international organimtions.
Spreading out around the globe at the base
of this pyramid are 287 offices -- seventy-
eight embassies; three legations; five special
missions; sixty-eight consulates general; 106
consulates; twenty-five consular agencies,
and two special offices.
That's the setup. Haw does it operate?
It functions chiefly through that bane
. and boon of burcaucracy--the conference.
Let's suprose that one of our ambassadors
somewhere has a long talk with a foreign
minister. The foreign minister indicates
his country is thinking about accepting
economic and military help from the Soviet Union.
Our ambassador confers with his aides. They
put together all the information they can gather.
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It comes from a variety of sources?the
local newspapers, official statements and
reports, under-the-table data picked up by
the Central Intelligence agents, cocktail
party chatter, and so on. In the end, the
ambassador must make an analysis, judgment
and recommendation. He files a report to
the Secretary of State.
At the State Department, the message is
routed to the geographic area bureau. The
Assistant Secretary in charge confers with
his staff. If he is unwilling to act on his
awn, he takes it up with the Secretary, one
of the Under Secretaries or one of the Deputy
Under Secretaries.
If the matter is important enough, it will
be brought up at one of the daily conferences
with which the Secretary of Stpte starts each weekday.
They are held about nim in the morning. Twb
each week arc called "big meetings." Two dozen
or more officials attend these, including
representatives or two agencies which take Daley
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41?10.1.C..41.1,
SMITH: (CONTID)
direction from the State Department: the
International Cooperation Administration
and the U. S. Information Agency. Three
conferences each week are called "little
meetings." Only a handful of the men
closest to the secretary attend these.
The question may be so urgent -- like
Khrushchev's threat to Berlin -- that the
Secretary decides to take it to the President.
In that case, it might go to the National
Security council. It would then be considered
by the Cabinet and other members of the
Security Council like Vice President Nixon
and Allen ii, Dulles, Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency. Whether a deciaicn
is reached at the State Department or in
the National Security Council, in most cases
America's allies are consulted.
Eventually the long, laborious process of
analysis, judgment and action is completed.
Instructions are sent '_ack tc the ambassador
who started the b.7.21 rolling. He tells the
Foreign ilinister what the United States thinks
of his country's accerting Soviet aid.
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slam : aor9D)
Perhaps he would talk him out of it, offering
American aid instead. Perhaps he would
simply say the united States did not care
one way or the other. Or perhaps the
American reaction took so long in coming
that the issue was moot -- Soviet aid was
already on its way, or events had changed the
Foreign Einister's mind.
Ultimately, how well America's foreign
policy machinery Danctions denends upon the
personalities and abilities of the men who
run it.
The State Department, as it is today, is
largely a nroduct of the late John Foster Dulles.
John Foster Dulles was the fifty-third Secretary
of State. He served from January, 1953, until,
mortally ill with cancer, he resigned last April.
He brought to the job an almost boundless self.
confidence and an international reputation as
a tOugh, tireless negotiator.
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SMITH: (COITID)
The c/inate he entered at the State
Department was not a happy one.
Morale was low.
The hunt for communists, the new
loyalty rules, and the bitter
political campaign of 1952 had
cast a cloud of suspicion on ail
who helped fashion past policies.
Er. Dulles set out to rebuild the
State Department.
He was a lone wolf. In furtherance
of his belief in personal diplomacy,
he glcbetrotted more than a half
million miles.
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SMITH: (CONT:D)
Sonetimes when he was away from his desk the
work of the State Leoartment seemed to stagnate.
But as soon as he came back, a few eighteen.
hour workdays and things were rolling again.
In his globetrotting Fr. Dulles visited such
leaders as:
De Gaulle in France
Adenauer in Germany...
MacMillan in London...
Franco in Spain...
Nehru in India...
Chiang Kai Shek in Formosa.
He sometimes arnearod to argue as hard with
the Allies as with the Communists. He wined
phrases like massive retaliation.., agonizing
reaporaisal...and most famous of all, brink of war.
(saF)
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(03TolD)
President Eisenhower left foreign policy
almost entirely in the hands of the man he
called "the best Secretary of State I have
ever seen." Exeept for the President
and a few close confidants, Hr. Dulles
kept his own counsel. No more than four
or five nen around him had his ear. The
others a as someone has said, were "just
a bunch of guys named Joe."
Hr. Dulles was always his own favorite idea man.
He lived his job, seven days a weeka morning,
noon and night. He reversed the State Denartment's
usual process of having ideas babble up from
lower echelons to be accepted or rejected by the
Secretary. Yr. Dulles would throw out an idea,
then sit back and let his top aides argue about it.
Sometimes he would accept the changes they proposed.
And he was, above all, a first-rate negotiator
imaginative, resourcefula patient, tireless,
courageous.
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(COHT tD)
This, thens is the legacy left by Lr. DuLle s
to his handpicked Successors Christian A.
Herter: .A lone wolf State_Denartment attuned
to Policies developed or extended by Hr. Dulles.
But Er. Herter is no lone wolf. And he already
is finding that, in the seventeen months of
tenure ahead for him, he must chart new policies
as he faces new problems. He must do its too,
without the unquestioning Presidential confidence
which strengthened /Ir. Dulles' hand?
Christian ITerter is not a Professional diplomats
although he served in the Foreign Service during
World War One and for a feu sears thereafter.
At sixty-fours he has spent most of his adult
life in politics. He was governor of Eassachusetts
and a member of the House of' Representatives from
Ita.ssachnsetts. He is a Harvard graduate and a
Republican.
So far, Er. Herter has acted like an organization
man. He believes in staff work. He is anxious
to get all the help he can from the professionals
in the State Department. He wants to go back
to the pre-Dulles days when ideas bubbled up
from the desk officers and others in the rear ranks.
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airrrH (Mar D)
He is still trying his wings at the art of
negotiation.
At his right hands in the roles of Under
Secretaries of State, are two highly skilled
diplomats. One of them is Robert D. arphy.
The other is C. Douglas Dillon. Both enjoyed
the confidence of Secretary Dulles.
Br. Lurphy is sixty-four. He is aprroaching
the end of an outstanding career as a profession:a
diplomat for nearly thirty-nine years. He
has a special knack for troubleshooting, a kind
of diplomatic fireman sent rushing off to some
hot spot on a moment's notice to cool it off.
Er. Dillon is forty-nine. He was a Neu York
investment banker before becoming our ambassador
to France in 1953. Since 19575 he has been the
State Department's Number One exrert on economic
affairs.
Working directly under these men, as Deputy
Under Secretaries, are two distinguished career
diplomats--Loy W. Henderson and Livingston T.
Lerchant.
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STITIT: (cow ID)
hr. Henderson, who is sixty.seven, is in charge
of Administration. In effect, he is the
Department's personnel director. He oversees
the Fcreign Service. hr. herchant, fifty-five,
deals with policy. He was Mr. Dulles' chief
braintruster on European problems.
A few other men were close to Nr. rtlles and
are as close tc hr. Herter. Among then:
Gerard 6. Smith, head of the Policy Planning Staff.
G. Frederick Reinhardt, the Department Counselor.
Loftus E. Becker, thvDepartment Legal Adviser.
Andrew H. Berding, the Assistant Secretary for
Public Affairs.
Ms. Herter's task continues as it was for
his predecessor. He must do all in his power
to safeguard the United States and promote the
welfare and security of the American people. To
accomplish this, he must continue to "wage peace"
through diplomatic channels, the United Nations,
meetings with the Russians, and the never-never
land of propaganda and counterpropaganda.
CsoF)
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In many ways, his task will be harder. There
are persistent signs of discord among the Allies.
At home, a presidential campaign is brewing, and
that always jars the nation's unity on foreign
Policy questions. New nations are emerging,
each with its special demands. Soviet military
and technological power is growing, and Premier
Khrushchev is an unrelenting adversary. Red
China is a constant threat. Demands will grow
for an American initiative, even though in
the nature of the Cold War it is we who are
defending, the Communists who are assailing,
the world order Of things.
Decause he is a different kind of man than
Er. Dulles, Er0 ilsrter will look outside
himself for solutions. Bore specialists on
Soviet and Chinese affairs may be brought into
the Department. Ideas may rise again from the
lruly desk officers. Staff work will become
more intensive, more meaningful. The State
Department will be less of a one-man show, more
of a tean operation.
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slam: (cowroD)
Ranged against Mr. Herter is the Soviet
Foreign ister, Andrei Gromyko.
There is one major difference between them.
The State De!la.rtment formulates foreign
policy for the President and also carries
it out. The Soviet Foreign Minister only
carries out Soviet foreign policy. For
Soviet foreign policy is made by the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union through
its ruling body, the Presidium. This means
it is made by Nikita Khrushchev. Gromyko
is only his messenger boy.
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1 flLLU
BEHIND THE NFIliS
WITH
HOWARD K, SMITH
"Profile of Khrushchev"
Sundays September 13s 1959
6:00-6:30 P.M,
Produced by William Weston
Directed by Michael Zeamer
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FILM This is how you write nrushchev
in Russian. The next half hour
is a profile of the man, his rise
to power, and his record of achievement.
ANNOUNCER:
FILM The CBS Television Network )resents
BEHIND *THE NEWS dI PH HM;ii ill) K. FIAT
SMI TH
Good evening.
Day after tomorrow, in the morning,
a blacksmith' a son from KalinoVka
is coming to this country to visit
a mechanic's son from Abilene. You
will be able to watch on television
that confrontation of what are
Undoubtedly the two most expressive
faces in world politics.
We have been warned repeatedly to build
no great expectations on the ileeting.
None the less, a talk betwem the two
most powerful men in the vv., rld is bound
to excite one 0
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-2.
F`.LITET t CONT1D)
Interest was pointed up last weak
when the President made a talk on
television. A paragraph in the advance
text saying he would not be negotiating
with Khrushchev was carefully=
omitted when the President delivered
the talk. The President specifically
Invited Khrushchev to bring constructive
ideas.
For his parts Khrushchev issued in
the form of a press agency statement
an appeal which has had the effect of
Inducing Red China and other Asian
communists to refrain from actions
against India and Laos that threatened
to poison the atmosphere.
Clearly, both Eisenhower and Khrushchev
mean their meeting to be a xtralt major
diplomatic event 0
Tay, in this program we want to bring
you a portrait of our visitor --
Nikita Fergeyevitch Khrushchev a... a study
of the man himself... the story of his
extraordinary rise to power. ..the changes
he has brought to the nd of our
chief adversary:, Russia?
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.3.
SMITH: (CrlTeD)
First then, Nikita Khrushcbev, the man.
Hess a be-r of a man ... short
and stocky. Stalin could never
endure to have men about him who
were taller than himself0
He has a bald, shirr head, protruding
ears, a thick neck, a round face,
a belligerent lower lip that
thrusts out when he wishes to emphasize
a point, two prominent warts on each
side of a flat, flesby nose; shrewd
eyes that blaze readily in anger.
When be stiles which is often
... the light flashed on three gold
teethe.
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5111TH: (CO:IT'D)
His wife, Nina, has been married to
him since 1920. She is his second
wife. She speaks English and has
been known to give her husband an
occasional word of advice. There
are four children.
One boy, died in the last war.
This is Sergei, an engineer in
his late twenties. He is married.
He has rasters -- Nadia and '
Julia. Juliats husband is director
of the Kiev Opera.
Nadials husband is Alexei Adzhubei.
He was recently named editor of Izvestia.
S
MA) -3 C-rliv k_ WO) S
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SMITH:
The Khrushchevs have several residences ... each
furnished in Victorian opulence. A downtown
Moscow apartment, a house on the outskirts of
the city, which you see here, and a summer
hideaway.
When at home Khrushchev follows three hobbies?
He raises rabbits, grows fruit trees, and
shoots ducks.
He is a good dresser ... has his suits made by
a tailor in Rome, His taste runs to conservative,
single.breasted suits, light silk ties, and
jmwelled cuff links. His lapel is nearly always
adorned with a medal...the Order of Lenin.
Like the good politician he is ... Khrushchev
chooses his hat to fit the occasion.
Depending on his audience, he may -wear:
*00 a natty fedora
a turban
a steel helmet
a fur astrakan
a Panama
000
coo
000
000
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SEITH: (CONT0D)
Khrushchev holds his liquor well. At
diplomatic receptions he is often seen
with a glass in his hand. But reports
that he is an excessive drinker are false.
Recently, since his rise to rower, his
drinking has been limited. Khrushchev
worries about possible kidney trouble
and rutting =weight.
Boisterous of character, he is the picture
of animation when he talks.
(SOF)
He likes to talk off the cuff. And he is. clever
at rutting words together. For instance,
On life: "Life is short. Live it up. See
all you can, hear all you can, go
all you can."
On communism: "If they expect us to abandon
our communism, they have
to wait until the shrimp learns
to whistle."
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SUITH:( CONT0D)
On purges: "We had a black sheep in a good
flock. We took the sheep by
its tail and threw it out."
On the West: "Whether you Western diplomats
like it or not, history is-
m our side." We will bury you."
On himself: "You may call re a pot ... but donut
put ra in the stove."
SMITH:
Khrushchev has an enormous capacity for work.
Ear34y each morning his limousine rushes him
through the streets of Moscow to the Kremlin.
He is on the job sharply at 8:00 A.M. ...works
well into the night. His desk is cluttered with
gadgets. He is especially fond of these =del
Soviet planes. He uses the phone often.. barks
commands at a rapid pace. He does not shirk from
rousing subordinates out of bed in the middle of
the night.
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SMITH:
Khrushchev is 65 years old. Be was born in
a mud hut in Kalinovka ... a Russian town
in the rrovince of Kursk. His grandfather
was a serf ... his father a peasant and
blacksmith. After only a few years of
formal schooling, the young Khrushchev was
aprrenticed as a locksmith and plpefitter lathe
Donbas coal nines.
Under the Czar, a blacksmith's son could never
hore to rise above his origins.
But in 1917 the old order in Russia gave way
to the new. In the upheaval of the revolution
Khrushchev found his destiny.
His rise to power was not attended by fanfare
and rublicity. But his rise was steady. He
moved ahead like a tank ... slowly, forcefUlly.
At age 24 ....he joined the communist party.
That was in 1918 .. The communists had seized
power...but were fighting a civil war to keep it.
Khrushchev spent a year as a soldier in that war,
Soldiering WAS the first step in the ladder.
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arrra: (coNT0D)
Afterwards, Khrushchev became involved in
Party work. He held minor party jobs in
Kiev. Even at this early period he was
olearl.,y destined to be an "apparatchik " D..
the comunist partyts version of the
organization man,
When he was 27 the party decided Khrushchev
should have some education. It sent him to
an adult training school for workers,
There Khrushchev received politica/ and
propaganda training. The courses on
Ilarxism hit his mind with the power of
revelation. He became a devoted believer
in oommunim,
While at this scheol Khrushchev caught the
eye of Lazar. Kaganovich a crony of Stalint
and a pc; er in t he party, Kaganovich yanked
Khruthchev out of school and made him his
speical assistant, This was the biggest boost
in his career?
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40?
MUTH (CONT D )
For a time Khrushchev worked with Kaganovich
in the Ukraine. Then in 1928 Kaganovich took
him to Moscow. The days of apprenticeship
were over ... In Moscow, Khrushchev became.
a party superivsor.
His assignments were varied ... everything
from supervising the construction of the
Moscow subway to lending a hand with
economic planning. Khrushchev was able
to mingle with the communist brass. He
net and worked with members of the Politburo
... with Josef Stalin himself.
Khrushchev did each of his jobs me11000and
he was rewarded., In 1911 lm was made Party
Boss of two'Noscow diStricts. A few years later
he became to man in the entire Moscow area.
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SiaTH: (CONTgD)
Now he was ready for a really big job.
In the late 300s on the orders of Stalin
himself ... Khrushchev was sent to the
Ukraine. He was made head man there ...
Secretary of the Central Committee of
the Ukranian communist party. His assignment
... to break the back of Ukranian nationalism
... and to URICB the Ukranian party loyal to
Stalin.
This was an immense assignment. The Ukraine
is about the size of France. It has forty
million people. It was their bread basket
of Russia...fed two thirds of the nation's
population. Stalin was depending on
Ukranian wheat to help him build a mighty
Russia.
Rut the Ukranian peasant is a stubborn individualist.
He resisted collectivization with all his strength
slaughtered his cattIe, burned his fields.
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WITH: (CONT0D)
Khrushchev moved swiftly. His method of
dealing with the Ukranian nationalists was
direct; "We will root them out," he said.
And he did. By the time he was finished
... more than 3,000 Party I/Embers had
been rooted out. NO one knows ho; many
hundreds of thousands of peasants were
killed.
Khrushchev himself almost rerished.
In 1939 a boaib was thrown into his railroad
car. Two of his fella! Tassengers were
killed. To this day$ Khrushchev bears a
small scar under his nose as a reminder of
the incident.
But in the end ... the Ukraine was whipped
into line. During the second World
War .., he returned to the Ukraine. At
the outbreakof hmtilities Khrushchev was
made a lieutenant general in charge of
resistance activities in the Ukraine. He
dealt with Ukranians who sought to surrender
as harshly as he dealt with the Nazis,
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(CONT D)
In 1943 thn Red Army liberated Kiev,
the capital city of the Ukraine. The
retreating Nazis made the Russians pay
heavily for the city. General Khrushchev
saw the suffering for himself. Here
Khrushchev greets the people of Kiev.
After the war, Khrushchev was given a
high party post, secretary of the elite
central coMmittee. As all who worked
for Stalin had to do, Khrushchev was
careful to give effusive thanks. In
a birthday eulogy to the red dictator,
Khrushchev celebrated Stalin as:
a.. genius
...TAW leader
.00. teacher
... father of the peoplea
... great industrializer
... great collectivizer
.. creator of Sadet culture
... careful gardener tenderly rearing the haman
beings in his charge
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snrra: (CONT 'D)
Soon after after Khrushchev was ready for
the final phase in his rise to the top.
He was ready for the stride to ultimate
power itself. It took hip firm years
to Peke it. The struggle for power crystalized
on March 6$ 1953. It began with an
.announcement to the Soviet people
"The heart of the comrade and inspired
continuer of Lenin's Will -- Josef
Stalin has stopped beating."
These were Stalin's pallbearers. With
Stalints death, it looked to the outside
world as if the leadership of the Soviet
Union would go to the triumvirate of
Malenkov? Molotov? and Beria. Lae
dead dictator, lying in state.
61:1-enkov acquired both of Stalin's
jobs ... Premier and first Secretary
of the Party.
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ShITH: (CONVID)
Eolotov was made foreign minister,, Boria
was in charge of the secret police. The
three spoke at the funeral ... to the
outside world an indication that this
triumvirate was the new leadership or
the Soviet Union. A fourth man was
ndb noticed at the funeral. His
funcLion had simply been to introduce
the others ... his name was Nikita
Khrushchev.
Khrushchev did not for long play a
minor role. Under the Soviet system,
power tends to gravitate toward one
man.. Khrushchev worked to consolidate
his strength. His rivals were el ted
one by, one.
The first to go was Beria. In JUM2 of
i93 Khrushchevcombined with Maaenkov
and army units headed by Marshal Zhukov
to purge the hated chief of the secret police.
Beria and twenty-nine of his underlings were
shot.
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SHIM: (corrr so)
Four years later Halenkovs Lolotov and
Kaganovich made the mistake of bucking
Khrushchev. Each was removed from
loffice, and exiled to an obscure postg
? Lolotov was made an ambassador
to Outer Mongolia 000
^ Malenkov was put in chabge of a
hydro-electric station in Siberia.
pea Kaganovich was made director
of a cement factory in Soviet Central
Asia.
That left only Bulganin and Zhukov
as possible rivals. Zhukov was removed
from power two years ago. Bulganin
was ousted as Premier just last year.
Now Khrushchev stood alone at the pinnacle
of communist paaer. Be was undisputed
ruler of the Soviet Union and of world
communism. It is an empire that ruled
one third of the marldic population.
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SMITH: (CONT0D)
Now ...the &swab-6-e record of the
Khrushchev regime.
Since coning to power, Khrushchev has
altered the shape and tempo of Soviet
life. Among his policies three stand out
in importance.
First de-Stalinization.
When a despot dies, there is a general
expectation of change for the better.
Khrushchev has yielded to this expectation.
The basic structure of Stalinism remains
intact, but modifications have been made.
Among the changes, a downgrading of Stalin
himself.
In 1956 the world was stunned to hear that
Khrushchev ... a man who rose to power as a
loyal follower of Stalin ..0 had attacked
the dead dictator in a secret speech. The
speech was given at a secret session of
the twentieth congress of the party.
It revealed the yoke Stalin imposed on
all who worked for him.
It revealed anger, hatred, bitterness.
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(cour ID)
Khrushchev called Stalin
000 a despot
... insufferable
... brutal
... stubborn
400 cowardly
000 a self-glorifier
... a torturek
... a murderer
Never before had the head of
a government so bitterly attacked
his predecessor. Stalinism was
dealt a blow...and since that speech
Khrushchev has been following a policy
of loosening Stalinist controls.
Unddr Khrushchev these things have
been done.
? ? 0
The Soviet legal code has been
reformed. The reforms have reduced
the population of the concentration
camps and lifted the fear
of Soviet liflo
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MUTH: (COMM)
... The production of consumer goods
has been stepped up. The drabness
of Soviet life has been somewhat
relieved.
... Wages and pensions have been raised,
... Some prices have been reduced
... The iron curtain has been lifted. Where
Stalin:a Russia was tightly closed, Khrushchev
allowed the Russians to see how Americans live.
Even a fashion show from France VAS made welcome.
Generally, life in the Soviet Union has
been liberalized. Unlike Stalin, Khrushchev
has executed none of his political
opponents since coming to power. Writers
have been allowed a degree more scope.
So profound a critic as Boris Pasternak
has been verbally criticized, but has
suffered no other disability.
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SHIM: (CONT8D)
Naturally, this could all be chalk ed at
any time. The Soviet Union is still a
dictatorship.. ,But for the present,
Khrushchev is following a more liberal
policy.. .and this has made him popular.
The second important policy fostered
by Khrushchev was economic reform.
Agriculture has always been a problem
to the Soviets. Ever since the revolution
the production of food has lagged.
Khrushchev has promised to change
this. He has openly boasted that within
a few years the Soviet Union will be
out-producing the United States in food.
To make good on his boasts...he has
taken two far reaching steps..
First, he has liven the peasants greater
incentive to produce. He has reduced
the amount of grain they must deliver
to the State ... and allowed them to
sell more on the open market. He has
also lowered taxes.
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SMITH: (CONTI)))
Second, he has pushed through an
ambitious project to cultivate virgin
soil in Soviet Central Asia. Involved
are millions of acres of previousl3r
fallow land. Khrushchev has engineered
a mass migration to these 3ands..0
He has made corn one of the major crops
of the Soviet Union, providing livestock
feed* which has great YT multiplied the
country's production of meat and milk.
In industry Khrushchev has initiated
an audacious program of decentralization.
The program was launched in 1957. Previously,
Soviet industry was run by the managers
of forty industrial ministries located in
Moscow. This meant bottlenecks ... delay
... confusion. Khrushchev, has attempted
to change this. With one stroke he did
away with the ministries. He divided the
Soviet Union into 105 economic regions.
Each was given control over its own local
industrial activity. On paper, at least,
the plan promises greater efficiency.
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SMITH: (CONT1D)
The third important policy change in
Khrushchevs s Russia has been the conduct
of foreign affairs.
The basic goal of Soviet foreign policy
is comnunist supremacy. This was
the goal of Lenin and Stalin. It is
the goal of Nikita Khrushchev. That
much remains the same.
But Khrushchev approaches that goal in
his ?taxiway. Since he assumed power there
has becn a subtle shift in tempo, in
direction, in emphasis.
Stalin, for instance, *as afraid to
leave the Soviet Union, He nsver set.
foot on nom-conformist soil. But
Khrushchev is a traveling salesman-type.
He will go anywhere...anytime. He has
been to:
China to confer with Mao Tse Tung.
In India ... he threshed wteat...
In East Germany ...he was a good will salesman
In YUgoslavia ... he tried to mend fences with
Tito.
In Afghanistan ... he ate pilau the spicy
national dish...
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SHITH: (CONT1D)
In England ... he visited 10 Downing Street.
In Albania ..o he kissed the party bosses
In Hungary ... he was serenaded by gypsy violins
These trips have paid off handsomely.
They have broken the isolation of the
Soviet leadership that marked the Stalin era.
They have enhanced Khrushchevls personal
prestige.
They have made excellent propaganda for
comilunism.
Khrushchevis globetrotting has brought
him to 15 foreign countries. Now be
is about to visit his 16th...the United
States. Tuesday ... his sleek Soviet
jet will land on American soil.
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3?111H:
Mr. Khrushchev will find America--if the
nation's capital is a measure of it
ina curious mood.
Most people think the trip is a good idea.
The Cold Tar has been stagnant so long,
the monster weapons have grown so deadly,
that Hunk something new must be tried to
break the log-jam and ease tension.
It is distinctly a minority who oppose
the visit and will wear black armbands
and demonstrate in pm protest.
But even the =Joe ity who favor it
adraitto massive misgivings. There is
a lingering fear that the visitor may get
false impressions of weakness or complacency
from what is in fact, courtesy. He may
interpret hospitality to an enthusiasm
for what he represents.
Our diplomatic leaders, a0.,dly, are delighted
at both moods. ',they are glad that most
favor the visits and equally satisfied that
there ts a Restraint of doubt.
A newspaper has suggestEd the mood should be
one of co ur te-ouc-' so!:e;.,tici9m0 A Elenatior has
said e shu LT
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SMI ( CONT )
but silent. In one form and another
spokesmen have dropczed a judicious
combination of firmness and readiness
to conciliate.
In tha t spirit we look forward to
what %yill undoubtedly be about the
most int cresting two weeks in the
Cold litTar?.
Good evening
OVER ChiTITS HICK Z: (V00. )
Next week on EEHIND TIE NEWS ? a day
in the life of an average worker in
Russia 0 This is George Hicks?
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