NBC WHITE PAPER #1 THE U-2 AFFAIR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP67-00318R000100420001-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 55
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 29, 1960
• Content Type: OPEN SOURCE

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NBC WHITE PAPER #1
NARRATOR: Chet Huntley
BROADCAST: Tuesday, November 29, 1960
10:00 - 11:00 P.M. EST
EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Irving Gitlin
PRODUCER-DIRECTOR: Al Wasserman
WRIT`T'EN BY : Al Wasserman, and
Arthur Barron
ASSOCIATE PRODUCER: Arthur Barron
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SOUND EFFECTS - Jet Engine
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
You are listening to the sound oY a
Set. It is not an ordinary jet.
SOUND EFFECTS UP
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
This is a U-2.
This is the incredible plane that pro-
jected our country into a crisis that
shook the world.
CU Powers This is Francis Gary Powers, Pilot
at trial
of the one U-2 flight that failed.
Washington
Scenes
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Whatever the fate of Powers, the U-2
tras not so much the drama of an
individual...as of a nation, this
nation, and the manner in which we
reacted to a major and unprecedented
crisis.
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MS
Goldwater
MS
Bowle s
MAIN TITLES:
1. NBC ~JHITE PAPER #1
2. THE U-2 AFFAIR
3. TIMEX BILLBOARD
GOLD?FJA'I~ER :
How can ~?ou negotiate with murd?rers?
How can you negotiate with people who
have shot down numbers of our planes?
How can you negotiate with people who
tell lies and who do not fulfill their
solemn obligations? I donut think
you can gain anything by going to
the summit with these type of people.
BO[n~LES
Major elements in our government have
been caught telling blatant false-
hoods to the world, to oursel ves, to
each other, and to Congressional
committees. We have not told the
truth. ti~Je have taken grave risks on
the very eve of a great and important
international conference.
THEML:
ANNOUNCER:
Timex billboard
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STUDIO
Huntley
HUNTLEYt
Almost six months have passed since
the day of the U-2 flight and the crisis
it created. But a crisis should not
be filed and forgotten in a nations
archives simply because it is in the
past. Now that the passions and parti-
sanship of an election year have sub-
sided - and because we feel that the
consequences of this crisis are still
unfolding and the lessons to be learned
are still significant - NBC News has
decided to retell and re-examine the
story of that fateful flight of May
first and the events that flowed from
it.
Dissolve tot
Exterior Lockheed If the story can properly be said to
Taxiing Shot
begin anywhere, it is with the stvp~rb airy
plane itself and the men who built it.
Second Taxi Shot, This is a U-2, filmed by NBC with
Man Gesturing
special permission at the place of its
birth, the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
in Burbank, California.
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T ~
Interior Lockheed
Kelly Johnson
;~S Wing
CU Wingtip
Pogo
HU:JTLEY (CONTINUED):
Here is the man who designed it,
Lockheed Vice President, Kelly Johnson.
JOHTtS ON
Back in 1953 and 1954, we were study-
ing ways and means of making fighter
airplanes like the F 104 go higher
and further than they did at that
time. As we went further ar~d further
into these studies it soon became
apparent that it would take an entire-
ly new kind of aircraft to do the job
that we wanted done.
JOHNSON ( 0 .S .) :
From this came the U-2.
We made a wing that had a very long
span - over 80 feet. The wing had to
carry the whole weight of the aircraft
and still be very, very light. It had
to be designed not only to hold a
great amount of fuel, but it was de-
signed so the wing tip acted as part
of the landing .gear.
On the take off, we invented what we
called the pogo landing gears. These
stick into sockets in the wing, and
rest on the ground and keep the air-
plane level on take off.
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HUNTLFY ( 0 . S . )
Pilot Pre Breathing If the design of the U-2 presented un-
usual problems, so too did flying it.
The pilot of a U-2 must spend an hour-
and-a-half before take-off relaxing
and breathing pure oxygen in order to
prepare himself for high altitude con-
ditions,
CU Pilot His helmet is airtight a~~d cea7.ed to
his body by a cork ring9 he can, there-
fore, neither eat nor drink before...
Exterior Lockheed or during a flight. Along flipr~t
Pilot getting into
plane may keep the pilot sealed up for more
than eight hours,
Closer Shot, After such a voyage, he will emerge
getting into
cockpit hungry and thirsty from his cramped
cockpit, his skin chafed and raw from
the tight fitting suit and helmet.
Plane Taxis to The plane he flies will range as high
Runway
as 90,000 feet - 17 miles above the
earth -- far above the operating Ceil-
ing of any other jet....and during the
eight hours it can stay aloft, the
U-2 will half fly, half glide for
nearly four thousand miles.
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U-2 in Flight
TAg OFF ~ Fr ECT
HUNTLEY '('0.'S. ~ cont.
It was evident from the start that
the U-2 would be an invaluable air-
plane. It was--and is--employed by
the Air Force and other agencies for
high altitude scientific research.
More recently, the Air Force has been
using the planes to observe missiles
in flight and to track missile nose
cones on the way down.
B ut, to the civilian Central Intelli-
gence Agency, the U-2s ability to fly
higher and farther than any interceptor
aircraft made it a...
Dissolve to:
Stills superb spy. With dark paint and a
special reconnaissance equipment,
the unmarked plane the Russians came
to call the black lady of espionage
systematically probed the borders
and penetrated deep behind the iron
curtain for nearly four years.
Tokyo Crash Sequence A crash landing at a glider strip near
Tokyo in 1959 provided the most drama-
tic breach in the secrecy surrounding
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lnr, u-c tirrtiln
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
(CONTINUED):
the espionage activities of the U- 2.
These pictures were made before the
area could be cordonned off by U.S.
security guards.
General Newspaper Over the years other hints of the
Stills
black ladies secret missions came
to the surface...
"Mysterious Stranger" first in a B ritish flight magazine...
"Mystery Crash" then in reports of a mysterious crash
that killed Lockheed test pilot
Robert Seiker....
Misc. Newspaper then in other newspapers and avia-
tion magazines...
Soviet Aviation including Russian ones. In 1958 and
59 the newspaper Soviet Aviation, attack-
ed the espionage flights, the men be-
hind them, and the planes they flew,
Black Plane SILEI~TCE
Dissolve to:
Stock This is the pilot of the one U-2
Powers Trial
reconnaissance flight that failed...
Francis Gary Powers.
TRIAL Ai;DIO
This is his family.
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THE U-~? AFFAIR `"?
PO~~RS ~ MOTHER POti~RS ~ MOTHER
(Over Trial Footage
and on camera) Ever since Francis was just a little
boy he was interested in airplanes,
and made model planes. And - a -
always said he wanted to become a
pilot. So he - after so long a time,
he made a pilot.
Well, I wanted the boy to do what he
thought best. B ecause it was his
life. And - a - I was kind of scared,
though, as I was afraid of planes -
the dangers of them. Anything that
goes up has to come down. So that is
the reason I was kind of afraid for
him - afraid he would crash,. some-
time, and maybe kill himself.
Dissolve to:
Stock HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Incirlik Air Base
Turkey In August, 1956, Francis Powers
arriv:~d at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey,
an American installation on a flat,
bleak, plain I10 miles from the town
of Adana. It is a normal air force
base....with one exception. Isolated
trailer camp in a trailer camp at its western end
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inr, u-c xrrxltc ' -
Trailer Camp
CU Trailer
Camp
Transport Takes Off
Dissolve to:
Animation
~~rrow Moves From
Incirlik to Peshawar
Pullback to larger
area to Show Powers1
Intended Flight Route
Dissolve to:
Globe `Turning,
Day-Night Effect, Zoom
in Surface of Globe
Turning
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
(CONTINUED):
is the top secret 10-10 reconnaissance
detachment, which conducted U-2 over-
flights. Francis Powers and his wife
moved into trailer T 1356, where, in
common with seven othar civilian pilots
and their families they lived in mys-
tery and seclusion for nearly four
years, aloof from the rest of the base.
On Thursday, April 27, 1960, a trans-
port plane flew Powers and other mem-
bers of the 10-10 detachment from
Incirlik....
to the Pakistani Air Base at Peshawar.
Then, when conditions were right,
Powers would begin a thirty three
hundred mile voyage across the
Soviet Union, his equipment continu-
ously monitoring its industry and
defenses. If all went well, he would
touch down at Bodo, Norway eight hours
after take-off.
~'~nd so, early on Sunday morning on
the first of May, 1960, Francis Powers
lifted off from Pakistan. Most of the
western world was still in dark-
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HUNTLFy (O.S.)
(CONTINUED):
Dissolve to:
Stock
Moscow
daj~m scenes
Dissolve to:
Night Scenes
Washington at Night
LS
Lights Go Off On
Capitol Dome
Lights Go Off .At
Lincoln Memorial
ness and, as he crossed into Soviet
territory, dawn was just breaking
in Moscow,
In a few hours, the May Day parade
was scheduled to begin - an annual
display dedicated to the glorifica-
tion of the Communist regime.
Already the city was being prepared
for the great event.
As Powers continued his flight, it
was still the night of April' 30th in
the United States of America.
In Washington, D.C., at midnight, it
was time for the daily ritual....
....of shutting down the city~s land-
marks.
At the White House, guards kept watch
over an empty building. The President
was away for the week-end at his
Gettysburg farmhouse.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR }yam
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
(CONTINUED):
State Department
Dissolve to:
Night
Exterior Washington
Post
Interior
InTashingtonPost
Mailing Room Scenes
Dissolve to:
?Moscow Newspaper
Delivery Girls Coming
Out Of Building
Muscovites Reading
Papers
At the State Department, a few lights
were burning late. A summit confer-
ence - the first in five years - was
scheduled to begin in Paris in two
weeks, and there were preparations
to make.
In one section of the city there was
considerable activity.
The Sunday papers had just come off
the presses and were being readied
for delivery. Whatever news was to
occupy attention that morning was'
already frozen in type and bound in
wire. And of all those who would
soon be casually scanning the morning
papers, in Washington....
...and in Moscow - no one was aware
that a news story that would shake
the world was being born in the
wreckage of an American plane, down
1,200 miles inside the Soviet Union.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
FADE OUT
FADE IN:
Studio
Huntley
FADE OUT:
FADE IN:
First Commercial
FADE OUT:
FADE IN
Studio
MCU, Huntley
Hotz, Plugging in
Tape Recorder
He Turns to Camera
HUNTLEY:
Well continue with The U-2 Affair
after this message from Timex,
The circumstances surrounding the
downing of the U-2'are still largely
a mystery. American intelligence
sources have communicated a version
of what happened to several reporters
..o.among them, Robert Hotz, editor
of the authoritative Aviation Week
magazine.
HOTZ:
Our government knew that Powers was
in trouble almost from the moment
that it first occurred. This is
because we have a rather extensive
network of monitoring Soviet communi-
cations, and they also have a similar
network with which they monitor ours.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
HOTZ (CONTINUED):
This is an example of what we get from
listening to the Russians. This in-
cident took place about two years ago.
He Turns on
Tape Recorder Sound: Russian Fighter Pilot Conversa-
tion
CU Recorder HOTZ (O.S.)
The Russian fighter pilots are moving
in to attack. Here is the official
translation of their conversation at
this point...
The target is a four engine transport
...roger. 201 - I am attacking the tar-
get...the target is bu~ning...there is
a hit...the target is banking...it is
going toward the fence. Open fire. 218
- are you attacking? Yes, yes. The
tail assembly is falling off the target.
I will finish him off, boys. I will
finish him off on the run. The target
is falling...yes. Form up...go home.
HOTZ Turns Off EOTZ:
Tape Recorder
During Powers flight across Russia
our monitoring system was functioning
and gained a great deal of useful
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HOTZ (CONTINUED):
information. From conversation of
the Russian radar crews it was evi-
dent that Powers flight was expected
and it was tracked almost from the
moment he crossed the Afghan border.
From conversations of fighter pilots
and air defense installations it
was evident that they set up relays
of supersonic fighters in an attempt
to shoot him down. As Powers neared
Sverdlovsk, he reported a flameout
in his jet engine and began to de-
scend to the altitude at which it
was possible to start this engine
in the air, The last communication
with Powers was about 40.000.feet.
When Powers carne down in the Soviet
Union, our government knew the follow-
i~tg facts.... the fact that the plane
had come down in the area of Sverd-
lovsk....the fact that it had been
forced down by a mechanical failure,
not shot down by a rocket at 70,000
feet as the Soviets later claimed.
What our government did not know was
whether the pilot was still alive
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-~ J ?
HOTZ (CONTINUED):
and what the condition of the air-
craft was when it hit the ground.
Dissolve to: HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Stills of Wrecked PowersT plane had crashed in a field
Plane
near the city of Sverdlovsk, some 900
miles east of Moscow. According to
Stock: the Russians, the pilot had parachuted
Russians Inspecting
Wreck down and had been taken into custody
Powers Captors by several local citizens. They de-
scribed how they disarmed him, gave
him a drink of water and a cigarette,
and drove him to the local Rural
Soviet, where he was turned over to
security police,
Dissolve to:
Stock In Moscow, it ti.~as 8:53 A.T~I. at the
Moscow May Day Footage
time of the cra^h. The streets out-
side Red Square were already crowded
with spectators waiting for the May
Day parade to begin.
Kremlin leaders As the Russian high command walked.
out of the Kremlin to take their
places at the reviewing stand, they
were probably still unaware of what
had happened.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
HUNTLEY (O.S. )
(CONTINUED):
Various shots
Parade and reviewing
stand
Among those in Red Square watching
the events of that morning was NBC
News correspondent, Joe Michaels.
MICHAELS (O.S.)
Exactly at 10 A.M., as always, the
May Day ceremony officially began.
The first part of the parade was the
military section. I watched the mobile
units going by to see if there was
anything new. There wasn~t. Most of
the time, I kept my eye on the re-
viewing stand. From a reporters
point of view this is the most like-
ly place to pick up anything of inter-
est. And at about 10:45 - three-
quarters of an hour after the parade
began - I did notice something most
unusual. An excited Marshal Vershinin,
the head of the Soviet Air Force,
arrived late. He entered at the rear
of the reviewing stand, went up to
Khrushchev, and whispered something
in his ear. Of course its only a
guess, but I am inclined to believe
that this was the moment Khrushchev
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THB U-~ Ar'.rAIR 1 ~ ?
MICHAELS (O.S.)
(CONTINUr^D):
Dissolve to:
Studio
Huntley
Dissolve to:
Stock
Shots of Bodo
Dissolve to:
CTA Seal on Fence
CIA Building,
Through Barbed Wire
CIA Building,
Directors Parking
Sign in F.G.
found out that the U-2 was down.
HUNTLFY
If the manner in which Khrushchev
learned the news is open to specula-
tion, so is the manner in which our
own key officials learned. According
to Powers testimony, his destination
was to have been....
HL'NTLEY ( 0 . S . )
...the NATO Air Base at Bodo, Norway
a small fishing town at the edge of
the Arctic Circle. The plane was
due at 7 A.M., Washington time on
May 1st. When it failed to arrive,
this information must have been
communicated to....
the headquarters of the Central
Intelligence Agency in Washington.
In any event, by noon, five hours
after the plane was due, it is known
that word had already spread arr~ong a
group of top tnlashington officials.
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HUNTLrY (O,S.) conttd
At C.I.A., under whose direction the
overflights were conducted, Director
Allen Dulles had been advised.
Pentagon At the Pentagon, Defense Secretary
Gates knew about it.
N.1~.S.A. Building At N.A.S.A. - the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration - which
operated the scientific weather flight
program of the U-2s, Director Keith
Glennan and Deputy Director Lawrence
Dryden also knew.
State Department And at the Department of State, Under
Building
Secretary Douglas Dillor~ had been
informed. [nrhat they did not know was
that....
Dissolve to:
...in Moscow, as the May Day festivi-
Nighi: Shots of May
Day Festivities ties continued into the night, Francis
Gary Powers, the pilot of the U-2
was alive and already confined in a
cell somewhere behind the forbidding
walls of Lubyanka prison.
LS Night
Washington
That same night of May 1, in Washing-
ton, our government began to take
action. To tell us about it....
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1?.
THE U-2 AFFAIR
HUNTLEY ( 0. S . )
(CONTINUED):
Bourgholtzer.
Dissolve to:
Interior,
General Phillips
NBC News State Deptt Correspondent,
Frank Bourgholtzer.
BOURGHOLTZER:
Itve been told by persons whom I be-
lieve that there was a meeting not long
after the word was received that the
U-2 was missing. This was a meeting
at a relatively low level of those
persons who normally meet to discuss
such intelligence problems.
At this meeting a rather routine de-
cision was made to go ahead and put
out a cover story9 that is to say,
a story that would cover for the
record the fact that the plane was
missing without revealing anything
of its true mission.
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
This is B rigadier General Thomas R.
Phillips, U.S. Army Retired, a former
specialist in intelligence and mili-
tary affairs analyst for the St. Louis
Post-Dispatch.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
PHILLIPS:
From an intelligence point of view,
the original cover story seemed to be
particularly inept. One gets the im-
pression, and I believe its a true
one, that it had been in the files
for a long time. And when the U-2
came down, it was just yanked out of
the files and issued.
A cover story has certain requirements.
It must be credible. It must be a
story that can be maintained; and it
should not have too much detail. Any-
thing thatts missing in a cover-story
can be taken care of by saying the
matter is being investigated.
The most striking thing was the failure
to consider, in the cover story issued
the possibility that the pilot might
be alive and the airplane might be in-
tact,
Dissolve to: HUNTLEY:
Studio
Huntley
As the events of the week of May first
were to demonstrate, the story that was
issued to "cover" the disappearance of
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G 1 .
THE U-2 AFFAIR
HUNTLEY (CONTINUED):
the U-~ failed to serve its purpose.
This failure was not immediately
apparent.
The days following May first were quiet
ones, and the cover story first began
to come to the surface on Tuesday,
May third, in Istanbul, Turkey.
HLTIVTLEY ( 0 . S . )
Dissolve to:
On May third, Istanbul was a city under
Stock
Turkish Riots martial law, the atmosphere heavy with
tension. Turkish students were riot-
ing in protest over the stern police
policies of Premier Menderes and his
ruling party. Although the government
was still in control, its downfall
NATO Meeting
MLS Herter
was only a few weeks off.
At the Municipal Palace in Istanbul,
troops stood `guard while, inside, a
meeting of the NATO countries was
taking place. Attending, was Secre-
tary of State Christian Herter and a
number of his top aides in the State
Department. Among those covering the
developments of the day was a Turkish
reporter
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CL.
TH,E U-2 AFFAIR
Dissolve to:
MLS Goren in
apartment
sergeant, who gave me the details of
the story.
C~OREN
Ism Zeyyat Goren, United Press Inter-
national Bureau Manager for Turkey.
It was a Tuesday morning, May the
third. I was writing a story on the
NATO Council Meeting and the anti-
Menderes demonstrations. A stringer
of mine called me. He said he
heard a story about an American plane
missing -- somewhere in eastern Turkey
-- from Incirlik Air Base at Adana.
After I got the tip, I called Incirlik
Air Base and talked to the information
MCU Goren The sergeant said the story is true.
The plane is missing since two days.
And the last they have heard from the
pilot, he has trouble with his oxygen
supplies somewhere over Van Lake area
which, he added, is near to the Persian
border. Of course, being a native of
Turkey, I know Van Lake area is also
near to the Russian border, which was
the angle of my story - though I didn't
know that day that this story will come
such a big story.
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23.
THE U-2 AFFAIR
Dissolve to:
Ticker
Sound Effects
BILL FOX:
Dissolve to:
UPI New York I'm Bill Fox, day cable editor for
United Press International in New York.
I was on duty on May 3rd when we re-
ceived a dispatch from Istanbul, Turkey
about eight o'clock in the morning re-
porting that a U.S. Air Force plane, a
U-2, was reported missing somewhere in
the rugged mountains of eastern Turkey
in the area of Lake Van, which is near
the Soviet border. I have here the
original dispatch which we received by
MCU Fox radio teletype from London. Of course,
at the time I didn't know what a U-2
was, nor did I realize that we had a
piece of history by the tail. But, the
fact that an American airplane was
missing in the general area of the
Soviet border, I felt was newsworthy..,
Consequently, I rewrote the story, add-
ing some information that another Ameri-
can plane had been downed in the same
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-T-
THE U-2 AFFAIR
Story Being
Transmitted
BILL FOX (CONTINUED):
general area about a year previously.
I checked it with the foreign editor
.and sent it to the News Desk. From there
it was put on cur transcontinental A
wire for simultaneous dispatch to all
Teletype Operator UPI subscribers throughout North
America
Dissolve to: The text of our story went like this:
Composing Room A single engine U.S. Air Force plane
G7ashington Post
with ono man aboard was missing today
near the Soviet border in the rugged
mountains of southeastern Turkey. The
Type Moves to Presses plane was one of two that took off
Sunday morning from Incirlik Air Base
near Adana on a weather reconnaissance
Presses Rolling mission. One plane returned but the
pilot of the missing craft reported
that his oxygen equipment was out of
order. Three C-54 planes from Wheelus
Air Force Base in Libyia under the
command of Major Harry E. Hayes of
Clarksville, Texas were combing the
area in search of the missing plane,
but thus far without success.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
MLS
Presses turning
tilt down to man
reading paper
CU
U-2 story
on page 1
Dissolve to:
Ext. t~ashington
Over shoulder of man
rMOding Washington
Pos t of May 4th.
PAN to street and
newsstand
Ike and Republican
O~cr gre s smon
HTJNTLEY (O.S.):
The cover story appeared in print on the
morning of May 4th. At the time, it was
so unimportant that only a handful of
papers across the country carried it -
and only one, the Washington Post and
Times Herald ran it on the front page.. .
...a small story that was eliminated in
later editions to make room for a base-
ball headline,
In Washington, on Tnledne sday, May 4th,
there was not much to be found in the
way of news.
In the morning, the President had break-
fast with a number of Republican Con-
gressmen, then chatted with them on the
steps of the White House,
Dissolve to:
Stock Later in the morning, he signed an
Ike signing wheat
agreement important wheat agreement with India,
and in the afternoon played a round of
golf.
Dissolve to:
Stock
New York Tulip show, In New York, Mayor Wagner presided at
Mayor Wagner cutting
ribbon; Cardinal Spell- the opening of a tulip display. Spring
man standing by
was on its way.
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Sto ck
Elysee Pala ce and
workmen
Parisian children
playing
Studio
Hunt ley
FADE OUT:
FADE IN:
SE COND COMMERCIAL
FADE OUT:
FADE IN:
S t o cl~
LS Mos cow
Stock
Meeting of Supreme
Soviet at which K
announces plane shot
down
HUNTLEY (O.S.) cont'd
And in Paris, workmen were busy tidying
up the Elysee Palace for a summit con-
feren ce that would never be held,
All in all, it was a quiet day, May I~th
- the last such day the world would
know for some time to come
HUNTLEY:
Weill continue with the U-2 Affair
after this message from TIMEX and Miss
Julia Mead?
HUNTLEY ( 0 . S . )
Moscow, Thursday, May 5th. NBC News
Correspondent Joe Michaels again
reporting.
MI CHAELS ( 0 . S .)
On Thursday morning, May 5th, I was
present in the Hall of the great Kremlin
Palace as the Supreme Soviet began its
three-day meetingQ First on the agenda
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MI CHAELS ( 0 . S . ) cont' d
was a speech by Premier Khrushchev.
At 10 a.m, Khrushchev began his three-
and-a-half hour address. Most of it
dealt with such matters as tax reform,
wages, prices, currency change, and so
forth, But towards the end, he sudden-
ly introduced a new theme,
To a stunned and startled audience,
Khrushchev announced that an Arr~ ri can
U-2 spy plane had been shot down in
the Soviet Union, He did not specify
where, and he did not indicate the fate
of the pilot. He went on to warn those
countries harboring United States bases
that they were "playing with fire" and
promised a stern protest to the United
States and to the United Nations, But
he added, "I do not doubt President
Eisenhower~s sincere desire for peace.
Reason must guide us."
STUDIO
Huntley
HUNTLEY:
With Khrushchev~s speech, the U-2 affair
had be come a full-b] own crisis. The
world was waiting for our government
to respond, and respond we did - during
a two-day period of chaoso
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Dissolva to:
...NBC News State Department Corres-
Bourgholtzer
pondent Frank Bourgholtzer...
Scherer ...and White House correspondent, Ray
Scherer, were following the story as
He turns to camera it developed.
S CHERER
At the time the U-2 incident broke into
the headlines, events were moving so
rapidly and we were all so close to
the story that none of us could really
follow its ramifications. Now, with
the passage of time, certain things
have become clarified6
We know, for example, that following
the National Security Council meeting
on May 5th, the President called
together a small group to discuss how
to handle the situation. Two decisions
emerged from this meeting; one, to con-
tinue with the cover story that had
already been planted; and two, that any
statement by this government on the
situation would come only from the
State Departments This latter decision
was not implemented, In a recent dis-
cussion with Jim Hagerty, Frank Bourg-
holtzer and I questioned him about thato
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?1?r~~ u-~ xr?r?xlx
Hagerty interview
SCHERER :
Now after you saw us on that Thursday
-morning and told us that the President
had asked for a full investigation,
you referred us to NASA and to the
State Department for further information.
That is right.
SCHERER :
Now I went over from the White House
to NASA upon hearing your word they
would have a statement. They seemed to
know nothing about it. They weren~t
prepared t o make a statement. But they
did make one later. Why was the time --
HAGERTY
Ray, I don't know I cant answer that.
SCHERER:
Were you in on the framing of their
statement?
No, I was noto
SCHERER :
Just to establish a further point, did
the men at NASA, and did the men in the
State Department involved in the cover
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
Dissolve to:
Bourgholtzer
Sto ck
White Statement
May 5
SCHERER:(Cont'd)
story know it was a cover story, or
were they simply agents?~
HAGERTY:
That I cannot answer. I do not know.
BOURGHOLTZER:
On the morning of May the fifth I was
at the State Department. We were
waiting with more than normal curiosity
for Link 'vJhite ~ s daily briefing. He
came out to see us at twelve forty-five
and he read the following statement:
WHITE:
The Department has been informed by
N.A.S.A. that, as announced May three,
an unarmed plane - a U-2 weather re-
search plane based at Adana, Turkey,
piloted by a civilian, has been missing
since May one. During the flight of
this plane, the pilot reported diffi-
culty with his oxygen equipment. Mr.
Khrushchev has announced that a U.S.
plane has been shot down over the
U.S.S~R. or. that date, It may be that
this was the missing plane It is
entirely possible that having a failure
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Bourgholtzer
Scherer
'vJHITE: (cont'd)
in the oxygen equipment, which could
result in the pilot losing conscious-
ness, the plane continued on automatic
pilot for a considerable distance and
accidentally violated Soviet airspace,
The United States is taking this matter
up with the Soviet Government, with
particular reference to the fate of
the pilote
BOURGHOLTZER:
Thinking back to the answers Link TrJhite
gave to the many questions we later
posed...it is perfectly clear that he
had not been ir~formed of any decision
to make the State Department the sole
spokesman about the U-2. When reporters
pressed him for details..,he volunteered
the inf ormation that "infinitely more
detail" was being given out at the
National Aeronautics and Space Admini-
stration.
SCHERER:
At 12:15 on May 5th, as soon as the
Hagerty News Conference was over, I
followed his suggestion, ran from the
White House across Lafayette Park to
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'1'rir; U-~ Ar'la'AlH ~`'
Stock
Bonney
SCHERER: (cont~d)
NASA. I was the first reporter to
arrive. I said I riave come for the
statement. And they said, "What
statement?" I said, "The statement that
Jim Hagerty said that you were going
to put out." Well that seemed to con-
fuse them. They didnft know anything
about any such statement. They finally
took me into see Walt Bonney, the
Information Chief. He didn~t know antT-
thing about it either. There was a
lot of conferring and some more con-
fusion...Other reporters arrived. Well,
I finally left and I had the impression
that there wouldnTt be any statement.
But at 1:30 p.m., Bonney did release
a statement that attempted to answer
the questions reporters had been asking
him.
BONNEY
Now, if the pilot continued to suffer
lack of oxygen, the path of the air-
pl ane, from the last reported position,
would be impossible to determine.
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'1'nr~ u-c t~rrr~lrc - ~-
Studio
Hunt ley
SCHERER: (Partially O.S.)
The Bonney statement went considerably
beyond that of the State Department.
For instance, there were details
about the supposed U-2 flight plan,
how manq U-2s we had, where they were
stationed, and so forth. The state-
ment was so detailed that it raised
almost as many questions as it answered.
For example, Bonney contended that the
U-2 had taken off from Incirlik Air
Base in Turkey at 8 a.m. local time.
This was considerably later than the
time announced in Khrushchev~s speech,
and reporters were quick to notice the
discrepancy.
HUNTLEY
One more incident occurred in aashing-
ton on that confusing May 5th which is
worth noting. Late in the afternoon,
a telegram was received from Ambassador
Thompson, in Moscow, advising the State
Department of the possibility that
Powers might be alive. Despite this
warning, on the following day we still
seemed curiously unaware of the full
potentialities of the situation.
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Stock HUNTLEY (O.S.):
President and
Roberts~at On the morning of Friday, May 6th, Pre-
Exhibit
Dissolve to:
Helicopter
leaves
Roberts
on golf course
sident Eisenhower attended a union
industrial exhibit. Reporter Charles
Roberts, of Newsweek Magazine, was there!
ROBERTS: (Partially O.S.)
On Friday, May 6th, I was standing just
two feet from President Eisenhower when
he gave his first public reaction to the
U?Z incident. At a Union Industry Show
in the Washington Armory, talking to
George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO,
he remarked that he was going to give a
hydrojet boat to Khrushchev on his trip
to Russia. Then, he added the phrase, if
I go. Up until then the White House had
refused to comment on the U-2 incident
or acknowledge in any way that .it had
distur3~ed our relations with the Soviet
Union. After the show, around neon on
Friday, Ike climbed into his helicopter,
outside the armory, and flew to Gettys-
burg where, that afternoon, he played a
round of golf. Some of us were sur,
prised that he flew to Gettysburg in
time of crisis - but the White House
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l / ~
ROBERTS: (:continued)
Stock
Herter~s return
has always insisted that with modern
communications the President can run
the government from his Gettysburg
farmhouse as well as he can from the
Wizite House.
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Later that same afternoon, Secretary
of State Herter returned from abroad.
Despite the crisis, it would still be
two days before he and the President
were to see one another.
Dissolve to:
Lincoln 4:rhite And at the State Department, in his
Press Conference
press conference that day, held in a
setting similar to this, it was
evident that Lincoln White had still
not been advised to exercise caution.
In response to questioning by reporters,
he said, "It is ridiculous to say we
are trying to kid the world about this."
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~V,
HUNTLEY (O.S.) cont,d
Dissolve to:
Stock
Khrushchev~s
May 7 speech
Later, he added, "There was absolutely
no...N-O...no deliberate attempt to
violate Soviet air space and there has
never Beene"
HUNTLEY ( O.S .)
Saturday morning, May 7th......
.....for Nikita Khrushchev, a day of
triumph.
Khru shch e v
waves photos
HUNTLEY (O.S.):
Once the applause of the Supreme Soviet
quieted down, Khrushchev revealed a
secret that he had been keeping almost
a week. He displayed photographs,
which he said were taken from the cap-
tured U-2, and announced that the pilot
was alive and had confessed. ,Then he
said, of the Americans, "laihen they learn
that the pilot is alive, they will have
to think of something else...and they
will."
TI CKER EFFECT
HUNTLEY:
Khrushchevts announcement had blown our
cover story to pieces. Newsweek corres-
pondent, Charles Roberts, continues with
his report of developments in Gettysburg
that day.
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THE U--2 AFFAIR
Charles Roberts
Stock
Gettysburg and
Press Conference
ROBFRTS~ (Pl~RTIAL 0. S. )
Early Saturday morning, May '7th,
number of reporters, including myseJLf,
came up to Gettysburg to cover late
developments.
White House News Secretary James Hagerty
had promised us a. story that morning, and
we thought it would relate in some way
to the U-2. At nine thirty six, while
the President was out playing golf, we
sat down with Hagerty at a make--shift
press room at the Gettysburg hoteY. To
our astonishment, the story he promised
concerned nuclear testing.
He announced that the United Stites was
prepared to resume nuclear testing as
soon as possible - as he put it. The
tests were to be for the purpose of im-
proving means of detecting underground
blasts -- ~ step towards policing a nu-
clear test ban. But we were still sur-
prised that the government would put
out an announcement, while it was under
fire for aerial spying, that might be
interpreted as a new cold war m~ neuve~r.
Hagerty still refused to discuss the
U-2 incident. He said he ha.d informed
the President of Khrushchev's 1?test
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J " ?
THE U-2 AFFAIR
Stock
~~Jhite Statement
speech, but that he would hive no com-
ment. Any rF.action, he said, would have
to come from the State Department. Nle~n~
time, Ike had been on the golf course
since 9:05. He finished his round ~t
11:28 - score unreported. Then, he re-
turned to the farmhouse, where he spent
the remainder of the day. D1~ring that
da.y, at the State Department in Wash-
ington, a crucial meeting was held to
work out an answer to Khrushchev's latest
speech. The President did not attend that
meeting, but Hagerty informed us that
Ike was in eont~ct with Secretary of
State Herter by phone during the day.
Late in the afternoon, a statement was
r~~.d to the PrP.,S ident by phone -- end hP
approved it without change. ;fit six p. n_.
Lincoln White of the State Department
read that statement to net,~rsmen.
HUNTLEY (O. S.}
Only the previous day, Lincoln White had
said, "There was absolutely no deliberate
.attempt to violate Soviet ~.ir space
and there never has been. " T?ow he w~~ s
stating something different.
WHITE ;
As a result of the inquiry ordered by
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Studio
Huntley
Man on street
interviews
kjH ITE ( CONT' D )
the President it has been established
that insofar ~s the authorities in
T~IaGhington are concerned, there was no
authorization for any such flight as
described by Mr. Khrushchev. Neverthe-
less it appears that in ende~voring to
obt2in informa..tion now concealed behind
the iron curt~~in a flight over Soviet
territory was probably undertaken by an
unarmed civilian U-2 plane.
HUNTLEY:
This one statement, agreed upon at a
hastily convened meeting, represented a
historic decision - our government was,
in effect, admitting that we had pre-
viously lied, and that we had committed
espionage - admissions no nation had
ever made before.
TICKER
0.
How will this incident affect the
United Stites, do you think?
YOUTH
I feel that it T,vill give the Americans
a 'black eye' all over Europe.
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T
THE U-2 AFFAIR
~N :
My feFling is that the country did the
right thing in sending these planes over -
or this plt~.ne over. Because we have to
keep abreast of the Russians, as far. as
the infor mation is concerned.
MAN 2
I think that if we fly over Russian
territory, we take the chance of being
shot down because of engaging in
espion~~ge - the same as we would do to
them if they flew over our territory.
MAN
I think th~.t we ought to sink one of
those submarines that have been
spying off Cape Canaveral.
WOMAN:
Well, I don't think we should admit
it. Yes. Yes. NFVer mind. what the pilot
said. We have a right to protect our-
selves.
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
Stock
Eisenhower
Press Conference
MCU Eisenhower
MAN 4:
Thinking it over, I think the State
Department has really erred in the
whole thing. They got a mix-up there.
They donut seem to be coordinated. The
one doesn't know what the other is
doing.
~~
What do ,you think about it?
WOMAN 2:
Well, I can only say what we were told
in Church ,yesterday. ~~le should pray for
that boy. He needs it.
HUNTLEY ( O.S .)
On Wednesday, May 11th, President
Eisenhower answered the one major
question that remained: who ~iad
authorized the flights?
PRESIDENT EISENHOtn1ER:
Our deterrent must never be placed in
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'SHE U--2 AFFAIR `'~
Fulbright
Hagerty
~eopa,rdy. The safety of the whole free
world demands this. As the Secretary of
State pointed out in his regent state-
ment, ever since the beginning of my
Administraticn I have issued directives
to gather, in every feasible way, the
information required to protect the
United States a.nd the free world against
surprise attack and to enable them to
make effective prepara tions for defense.
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
The President himself had assumed re--
sponsibil ty for authorizing the program
of intelligence flights. ~v'e have learned
that C.I.A. Director, Allen Dulles, had
offered to serve as the traditional
scapegoat and to resign. However, this is
not the course the President chose. This
avowal of respo~tsibility by a head of
state for intelligence a~~ivities was
unprecedented in the history of inter--
natioaaal r.elat`ions. It is a. decision
that has been the subject of considerable
debate. Here are the views of the
Chairman of the Senate Committee that
investigated. the U~2 Affair -- Senator
William Fulbright - and of the ~~sident's
Press secretary, James Hagerty.
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THE U--2 AFFAIR
Fulbright
HAGERTY (cont~~d)
There is a great deal of puzzlement in
my own mind of people that say why did the
President or the government of the United
States take responsibility. dell now this
is something new that has been added to
my world.If you gentlemen are spies, a.nd
I am not, and you get caught, I can say I
never. heard of you, or saw you before. But
if you strap a U-2 to your back, it is a
little difficult, to say the least, not
to admit and assume responsibility.
FULBRIGHT
The President need never have avowed or
1
disavowed is the point I make. He should
have taken the position of silence in this
matter and let the uh if anyone had to
take responsibility, it should have been
the head of the intPlliegence.
MCU Fulbright Uh it should have to depend on circum-
stances as to who avowed or disavowed
anything but it shouldn't have been the
President who as I sty embodies the whole
sovereignty and dignity of the whole
American people. I think personally this
was perhaps the most serious fault in
this whole operation, this whole in-
cident.
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THE U~2 AFFAIR
Studio
Huntley
Hagerty
Fulbright
HUNTI,EY
Coupled with the President's assuming
responsibility for the U-~ flights,
was our attempt to justify our right
to engage in them.
HAGFRTY:
As the President himself at a. press
conferenc? and in speeches said, cahen a
closed. society makes threats against
our very welfare, it is up to us to
find. out everything we can about such
a. closed society, whether they are
preparing for war, whether they are
building up, and also the determination
of the members of the govFrnment the t
there will never be another Pearl
Harbor if they have anything to do
about it,
Fulbr_i~ht:
I think one of the most serious things to
uh growing out cf this, was our en-
dea vor, on the part of our people, to
justify uh this-these flights. Uh, to
say you need something such as in-
telligence in international relations
certainly is no justification for it.
But in the position the President took
he was in fact asserting the right to
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-T- -
THE U-? AFFAIR
Studio
Huntley
do this and not the need. They could
understand the need. They understa nd
that espionage goes on within certain
areas a.ll the time. But they never
take full responsibility for it. The
hea d of state does not. I think that
it's responible ~o believe that this
avowal put Mr. Khrushchev in the
position where he could not proceed to
treat with the man who at t-he same time
is a sserting the right to violate the
sovereignty of his country, in this
case, the U.S.S.R.
HUNTLEY:
Following our avowu 1 of the U-2
flights, one more significant question
waS raised during the week preceding
the summit conf;=rence - the question of
whether the flights would b~ continued.
As the week began this became a source
of apparently deliber~?te confusion.
S CHERER
On Monday morning May 9th, The New
York Times carried a story saying, "It
was learned that the President had
ordered cessation of all flights over or
near the borders of the U. S.S.R. " CaFll,
later th~.t morning, ~t Jim Hagerty's
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
SCH FRER (CONT'D)
News Conference, we a sked him whether
the flights had beFn c~nePlled. He
said. that the President hid not cancelled
the flights. When asked whether they
had been cancelled by any order other
than the President, Jim answered, "I
know of no such orders." WP11 the
impression we were left w ith wa.s that
despite the events of the last few
days, the U--2 flights were still going
on. This impression was reinforced
by a statement of Secretary of State
Herter, which was released by Lincoln
White the same afternoon.
Studio HUNTLEY:
Huntley
Although the administration had denied
that 1t intended to imply that the
flights would continue, this was the
inference tha t was drawn by most ob-
servers. All these events led to an
atmosphere of increasing tension a's
the summit conference approached.
EXHIBIT of U-2 HUNTLEY: (O. S.)
wreckage, CU's
of eauipment, In the Soviet Union, Yhrushchev toured
pistol, money
Power's boot a.n exhibit that opened in Gorki Park.
Here in a hall customarily devoted to
the pasttime of chess, the Russians had
put on display remnants of the plane,
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~~.
HUNTLEY (O.S.) cont'd
its equipment, and the pilot's personal
effects .
Stock Later, in an impromptu press conference,
Khrushchev
Press Conference Khrushchev reacted violently to what
he termed our threat to continue the
flights. He cancelled his invitation_
to President Eisenhower for a visit to
the Soviet I7nion that had been planned
for the following month.
Stock And in Washington, as Administration
Senate Briefing
leaders e~lained their decision to
Congress, the beginning of a ma jor
controversy, involving both this country
and its allies, was already apparent.
CHESTER BOWLES:
We ha ve certainly lost ground. Major
elements in our government have been
caught telling blatant falsehoods to the
world, to ourselves, to each other, and
to Congressional comr~littees. We have not
told the truth, ~nle have taken grave
risks on the very eve of a great and
important international conference. And
we put the President in a position of
not knowing who keeps store.
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'1'H~ U-~ AFFAlR
Lester Pearson
BARRY GOLDWATER,:
We have nothing to gain by going to
the summit. We have nothing to ne-
gotiate ~t the summit. And about a 11
we can do is to add dignity to this
last beastly act of the Soviets. And
I hope the President decides not to go.
How can you negotiate with murderers?
How can you negotiate with people who
have shot down numbers of our planes.
How do you negotiate with people who
tell lies a nd who do not fulfill their
solemn obligations? I dontt think you
can ga in anything by going to the
summit with these type of people. I
think we ought to realize, in this
country, that we're in a cold war
and we better be in this war to win it -
2nd start acting like it.
HUNTLEY ( 0. S . )
The former Foreign Minister of C?n~.d~;
PEARSON
It was pretty stupid, on the part of
the United States, if I may say so, for
getting its elf in a positions before the
summit, conference, that the Soviets
could exploit an incident of this kfnd.
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PEARSON: (cont'd)
In other words, I don't think they've
handled the matter very we11...As long
as the cold war goes on, go vernme nts
are going to collect intelligence,
legally or illegal"ly, and the Russians
are at the forefront of that parade.
But if you do this kind of thing -
collect intelligence - you should do it
intelligently.
Ike leaving for
summit - helicopter
lar~cls, he gets out,
walks to plane,
takes off
HUNTLEY (O.S.):
On Saturday, May 14th, President
Eisenhower left the WYiite House by heli-
copter t o board the plane that would
take him to Paris. The trip that was to
have been the capstone of his career
was already foredoomed to a f ailure that
he, least of all, would have wanted. As
James Reston had written in The New
York Times, "The tragedy of President
Eisenhower in the spy-plane case is
that he and his colleagues ha ve created
almost all the things he feared the most.
He wanted to reduce international
tensions and he has increased it. He
wanted to strengthen the alliance and he
has weakened it. He glorified teamwork
a nd morality, and got lies and adminis-
trati ve chaos. Ever~rthing he was noted
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THE U-2 AFFAIR
Ike at Orly
Airport
Flysee Palace
Khrushchev
leaving Flysee Pelace
Khrushchev at press
conference of May 18th,
pounding table
and shouting.
HUNTLEY ( CO?~TT' D )
for - caution, patience, leadership,
military skill, and even good luck -
suddenly eluded him precisely at the
moment he needed them the most.
G:ih~ t happened after the Pres ident ~ s
arrival has become pzrt of the folklore
to be
of history. The conference that was/held
at the Flysee Palace was never formally
convened. After bitterly attacking the
President of the United States, Premier
Khrushchev stalked out of the first
preliminary meeting. And before rFturning
to Moscow...
...he began what has since become an
all too familiar pattcern of public
perforfiances.
KHRUSHCHEV AUDIO:
HUNTLEY (O.S.)
Stock The Russians now exploited to the full-
Russizn Demonstrations
est the propaganda ~.dvantage we had given
British anti--
bases demonstrations
them with the U--2. 1n)hether the incident
was chiefly responsible for the summit
failure is still being debated: but it
did provide ammunitio n for the Russians
~s they intensified cold war pressures
throughout the world. Fear of R.u.~sian
rockets in the months foll~'wing the
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~---
THE U-2 .AFFAIR
Ja pine se
demonstrations
Hagerty Interview
HUNTLEY (CONT1D}
summit made American bases the object of
an increasing number of protest demon-
strations.
SOUND EFFECTS
The United States found itself em-
b~rra.ssingly on the defensive - and in
the riots against the Japanese-:~merican
Security Treaty, even high United States
officials were caught in the storm.
SOUND EFFECT
SCHFRFR:
Jim, by way of taking a. longer look at
this whole U-2 incident, now that the
dust has settled somewhat, how do you
think the United States came out of it?
HAGERTY:
Well, I think they came out very well.
I think that basically the argument of
an open society versus a closed society
has been very well brought to the fore,
has been brought to the attenti~a~ of the
peoples of the world. I think that is an
overseas re=action. I think domestically
the reaction of the American people
quite fr?nkly was "It wa.s too b^d we
got ought, but we are glad. we were doing
it." That is the way I would sum it up.
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THE U--2 AFFAIR
BOURGHOLTZER
Do you, looking back, think that if you
had it to do over again, you might have'
done anything in some different fashion?
H~? GF:RTY
No, with the exception that I think
everybody admits, of the failure of the
cover story. But outside of that, no.
SCHERER:
~?s you look back on this U-2 incident,
who was in charge of our side of the
thing a.s it developed - issuing of
statements, coordination of policy, the
whole aspect?
HAGERTY:
Well, I dust can't answer that, Ray,
I am sorry.
SCHFRER:
Having hac? this experience, and now
speaking with the benefit of hindsight,
what lessons emerged from this for-the
future?
H_~GRRTY
Don't get caught.
Studio HUNTLEY:
Huntley
at the hearings held by the Fulbright
Committee, the Secretary of State, Mr.
Herter, was also asked what lessons could
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HUNTLFY: (cont~d)
be learned from the U-2 affair. His
answer was "Not to ha ve a ccidents." We
leave it to the American public to
decide whether "Don't get caught" and
"Not to ha ve accidents" are the only
lessons to be learned from U-2.
What you have seen in the past hour is
an a ttempt at a historical evaluation
of a most controversial subject,
including opposing viewpoints on the
matter. Over thirty responsible re-
porters who co vered this story as it
unfolded contributed to this effort.
There are certain conclusions that may
reasonably be drawn from the facts
examined in this report.
1. The cover story was inadequate to
its mission. Tt was hastily released,
excessive in detail and failed to take
account of the possibility that Powers
might be alive.
2. As the U-2 crisis developed, there
was a serious lack of coordination
among the go vernmental agencies involved,
which resulted in conflicting and
damaging statements to the world
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54.
Fade out
suffered from the fact that there was
apparently no one official or agency
to direct our total response to this
crisis,
This is not a matter for the history
books, but vitally affects our ability
to sur wive as a nation. There will be
HUNTLEY; (cont'd)
3. By avowing the intelligence flights,
an act unprecedented in the history of
nations, our go vernment suffered the
consequences of having been caught in
public misstatements.
4? Nobody expects the United States,
or any other nation to stop intelligence
activities, but by justifying the U-2
flights and implying they would con-
tinue, we materially affected the
Summit Conference. If Khrushchev
intended to wreck the conference
beforehand, we gave him ~. ready made
excuse. If he intended to negotiate,
we made it difficult for him to do so.
5. Throughout the whole U-2 affair, we
other crises that the new administration,
and succeeding administrations, will
have to face. In the world as it is
today, we cannot afford another U-2
affair. Good night.
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