TRANSSHIPMENT OF AMERICAN WHEAT BY RUSSIA TO CUBA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000200170036-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 3, 2005
• Sequence Number: 36
• Publication Date: July 22, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

1964
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
by strengthening the democratic political
process. '
- Every time the barriers of segregation and
discrimination are " lowered in education,
_ _ . ,. ,, .., _ , ,
employment, and housing, our whole Na-
tion, black and 'White alike, move closer to
the realization of the American dream.
Every step forward, every- - gain, - every ad-
vance made by the Negro is an advance for
all, Americans and, All Americans will ben-
efit,
'-: Tnerelp,re,," in urging you :to accept the
challange tolerge the alliance; I am in effect
urging yon -to: jolii:Ingethet-with all people
to work": for,Jhe'linpinVeinent of conditions
not aloe :f ..0`f Negroes, or Indians, or Jews,
orp.upt:Hianti,, or the poor whites of the
mountuis hut for improving the condi-
tions_for_ theeritire fainily of man. In this
Way, iVe-heW evolve and construct the great
society Of which 'President Johnson speaks.
Only Friday, Preardentlyndoialliaines John-
son, at the -traiieiaiw'-orlaichigan, said:
. "A great'abejetY-Lone' of challenge con-
stantly reirered7beelioning us toward a des-
tiny where the meaning of our lives matches
the.mar, elo14:produots of our labor." it (Lyn-
don B. -,liUsou,)- _
Pinal2, I apeak to you on the challenge
of a sense O.J M15,00 .,
- You young gradua'tel are the beneficiaries
of a , great tradition, a valuable legacy.
Richard, AlIen?:1,v,a8_a Man of deep conviction
and witl?. Wm_ it was not sufficient that his
body was free'. His soul and spirit also had
to be free., - fsT.:Or7k.,84 ier :content to see the
, plight Of his felfOw- man without being
Moved, :bei sensitive, :and wanting to do
sOmething conefinalie-arboiit it. Richard
Allen had a 011.56r4i1881,On. 'When he -left
St. George's Church in -1167, it was a sense
of missiou th-,6t;.1,P0 bull to found the Free
African :podgy, a_ social welfare-social up-
lift organization, and later to found the
, A.M.E. Chureh;,' ,
-A seisile.?cCrAiWon, requires having that
knowledge that - your work, your life's en-
deavor, is a Special work- and to your life
has beenadded a 8i)ecial -Purpose It goes
, . . . ., ?
beyond that, , There is lk _spiritual quality
infused in it. There is seal, the crusader's
spirit and a strong commitment to do the job
at all coats.
Your education imposes a special respon-
sibility upon you. You must relate your-
self and, your talents to the needs of the
. masses of people. And that you are "called"
to help the poor, encourage the weary and
- inspire the discouraged. And you say to
yourself:' Thia is imy duty; my obligation.
Herein hes t4 challenge of a sense of mis-
sion, Itis .110:k gm arrogance of an attitude
of noblesse oblige., Hather, it is the heeding
of the injunction: I am my. brother's keeper.
A sense of mission is ?injghtily concerned
with the. spiritual and moral values.
> Sinee Korea, or maybe even since the end
of World: War-A the great emphasis placed
on the material,,,rispects of our culture has
produced a daunting and disregard of basic
and fundamental values of our society. _
,.. _ . ,
Education _And our .Sehools and colleges
. . . . . :
have ' not, acted to come to grips with this
exceSs_and imbalance of emphasis and direc-
tion. Our society and, until recently, our
college Students, products of this social
Iniliea,x, have been obsessed with such atti-
tudes . . . .
anti concerns as comfort and com-
placency, success and security. In our world
of, travail, complexity, kaleidoscopic change,
there is no place for complacency. To be
sure to be conif. ortable is_elesirable, to suc-
ceed a worthy goal, and security a desired
status, but these objectives must not be our
first concerns, our highest priorities.
-Let us this day, both young and old alike,
' pledge ourselves to giving a high priority to
social sensitivity, social concern and com-
mitment,
No. 140-12
SENSITIVITY
A sensitivity to the ills of our society, the
plight of our fellow men, the injustices,
deprivations and needs of all people.
CONCERN
A deep and abiding concern based on our
awareness about and sensitivity to these
problems must stay with and live with us.
COMMITMENT
A personal commitment of ourselves to
work intelligently, unceasingly and courage-
ously to bring about the realization of the
ideals and promises of our democratic
society.
[From the State, Columbia, S.C., May 31,
1964]
SOUND COUNSEL
Sound advice for a reasonable, realistic
and nonviolent advancement of their own
cause was given Negroes in the commence-
ment address at Allen University.
Quoting the placards which say "Freedom
Now," Judge L. Howard Bennett, the speaker,
and himself a Negro said: "But this freedom
cannot be- obtained instantaneously. The
energy devoted to violent demonstrations
covers up the reasons the demonstrations
are being held."
Judge Bennett, now an assistant 'Secre-
tary of Defense and a native of Charles-
'ton, did not deprecate the move-
ment for Negro rights; he only suggested
an understanding of the fact that violent
demonstrations are not the avenue to instan-
taneous change. They are no more than
"futile exercises in calisthenics," he said.
It was advice on method, without reflec-
tion on purpose.
This points up once more the recklessness
and premeditated civil disobedience fostered
by the errant top Negro leadership. Judge
Bennett apparently would have none of it.
He would recommend a more effective com-
munication of Negro objectives.
"The idea is that at home and abroad the
Negroes want to take away the jobs and
civil rights of and opportunities of white
Americans," he said. "But that is not so.
The Negro does not want to change the
American way of life. The Negro wants only
an equal share of it. He wants to partici-
pate and wants to make as much contribu-
tion to the American way of life as anyone
else."
These should be calming words on waters
made tortuous by the tactics of the revolu-
tionary leadership. They point the way to
long-range progress achieved through under-
standing and good will. They should make
sense not only to Negroes but to white in-
dividuals and organizations which have en-
dorsed the instrument of the demonstration
and which Judge Bennett condemns as a
disservice to his race's cause.
NEED FOR ADEQUATE LOCAL AIR
SERVICE
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President,
Minnesota is only one among many
States concerned about the need for bet-
ter airline service in the smaller cities
and towns who have invested millions
for certificated airports and terminal
buildings.
Only 540 of the thousands of airports
in the United States are certificated on
the scheduled routes of the trunk and
local airlines. Many of these smaller air-
ports are getting only one or two flights
daily. More than 100 communities stand
to lose their service altogether by pend-
ing cases in the Civil Aeronautics Board
16045
to discontinue under the "use iror lose it"
rule or to consolidate service for a group
of cities at a single airport.
Recently a number of communities in-
volved in this problem have joined to-
gether to establish the Local Airline
Service Action Committee?LASAC.
This committee is requesting the CAB to
permit no additional discontinuances un-
til the Congress has investigated this
problem thoroughly and established new
policy guidelines. Alternative solutions
such as the use of the so-called third
level airlines to service these smaller
communities should be investigated be-
fore any final decisions are reached on
these pending cases.
I am fully sympathetic to the need for
adequate airline service in these smaller
cities and towns since adequate air serv-
ice is practically essential if these com-
munities are to maintain growing econo-
mies and to attract new industry and
population. To make it manifestly
clear, I am unalterably opposed to the
present policy. I think it is uneconomic.
I think it is unwise. I think it is retro-
gressive. It denies an opportunity for
the smaller communities to grow.
The American Association of Airport
Executives recently adopted a resolution
concerning this important problem. I
ask unanimous consent that the resolu-
tion be printed at the point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
RESOLUTION 64-3
Whereas many communities in need of
airline service (1) are not receiving service,
or (2) have lost or suffered reduction in
service, or (3) face the prospect of a loss or
reduction of service if regulatory and airline
policies and activities continue their present
trend; and
Whereas many of these communities are
becoming more dependent upon air transpor-
tation for their total transportation needs;
and
Whereas it appears that these communities
acting individually lack the resources to
solve the problems or combat the present
trend of reduction in service; and
Whereas the economy of these commu-
nities cannot be maintained or expanded to
their fullest potential without adequate air
service: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the American Association of
Airport Executives, That the Congress of the
United States be, and it hereby is, requested
to investigate the level of certificated airline
service to communities other than existing
trunk airline points in order to determine
whether the philosophy and intent of Con-
gress with respect to such service is being
achieved; and be it further
Resolved, That upon completion of such a
review, the Congress of the United States be,
and it hereby is, requested to adopt a resolu-
tion or legislation expressing the sense of
Congress in regard to said airline service; and
be it further
Resolved, That the Congress of the United
States be requested to urge the Civil Aero-
nautics Board to maintain no less than the
current level of service to medium and small
communities pending the review and action
by the Congress herein requested; and be it
further
Resolved, That copies of the resolution be
sent to the chairman of the Interstate and
Foreign Commerce Committee, House of Rep-
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16046
AIN
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE July 2.2
resentativer Washington, D.C.; the chair-
man of the Appropriations I3ubcommittee on
Independent Offices, House of Representa-
tives, Washington, D.C.; the chairman of the
Subcommittee on Transportation and Aero-
nautics of tie Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives.
Washington, D.C.; the chairman of the Ap-
propriations Subcommittee on Independent
Offices, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.; the
chairman of the Commerce Committee,
Sen&te, Washington, D.C.; the chairman of
the Subcommittee on Aviation, Commerce
Committee, U.S. Senate, Washington. D.C.;
and the Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics
Board, Washington, D.C.
VIIP'3?
TRANSSHIPMENT OF J RICAN
WHEAT BY RUSSIA TO CUBA
? Mr. MUND'I'. Mr. President, I call
attention to a news release just issued
by the Public Affairs Officer of the Vet-
erans of Foreign Wars. The national
VFW commander, Joseph J. Lombardo,
of Brooklyn, N.Y., today called for a sus-
pension of all U.S. wheat shipments to
the Soviet Union, pending an investiga-
tion of reports that our wheat is being
transshipped to Cuba.
I endorse and support this highly con-
structive position of the national com-
mander of the VFW and the VFW
organization nationally.
We are all aware of the reports re-
layed back into this country that Ameri-
cans have witnessed the unloading of
American wheat designed for Russia,
and its reloading on Soviet ships to be
transported to Cuba, thereby placing the
United States in the direct position of
supporting, encouraging, and fortifying
the Communist government of Cuba.
I also join National Commander Lom-
bardo in his request that the Govern-
ment and the White House make a full
and clear report to the American public
immediately as to the exact status of
what occurred in this connection in Rus-
sia.
What we have now, of course, is mere-
ly the word relayed back by persons on
the American ship. This may or may
not be an exaggeration of the facts.
Whether it is an exaggeration of the
facts, or whether it is, indeed, an ac-
curate description of what has taken
place, I believe that the American people
are entitled to know precisely, and com-
pletely, a full and frank report on all
the facts.
It is not news to Senators to realize
that I was in strong opposition to the
whole concept of selling our American
wheat behind the Iron Curtain, for cash
or for credit.
I then said that I was perfectly con-
fident that some of that American wheat
would find its way out of Russia after
we had shipped it in?to other countries,
which she was trying to subdue or other
countries which she was trying to control
under her domination.
To me, this is rather largely a question
of semantics, as to whether what ac-
tually happened was the transshipment
of American wheat in Russia from an
American ship to a Soviet ship so that
our wheat goes to Russia and from Rus-
sia back to Cuba, or whether in fact our
American wheat was unloaded in Russia
and a similar amount of replacement
Russian wheat was then put in a Russian
ship to go to Cuba.
Either way, the fact that we are sup-
plying the needed wheat which Russia
desires from our American bins, gives
her the supply she requires, to enable
her to ship wheat to countries which
she is trying to support in her effort to
destroy freedom in America.
Either way, our shipment of American
wheat to Russia gives her an opportunity
either to use those precise grains of
wheat or replacement wheat to build up
the power of the Communist countries
in this world to wage war against the
.United States. Either way freedom is
weakened, the possibility of war is
heightened, and America is injured.
To use the "pretty" language of the
State Department, Mr. President, any
way we look at it the shipment of Amer-
ican wheat to Communist countries
which have vowed to destroy us has to
be a "counterproductive" policy.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the entire news
release published by the Veterans of
Foreign Wars.
There being no objection, the news re-
lease was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
SUSPEND WHEAT SHIPMENTS TO RUSSIA
(News release from the office of director, na-
tional security and foreign affairs, Vet-
erans of Foreign Wars of the United States,
Washington, D.C.)
Wastinverox, D.C., July 21.?The national
commander in chief of the Veterans of For-
eign Wars of the United States, Mr. Joseph
J. Lombardo, of Brooklyn, N.Y., today called
for a suspension of U.S. wheat shipments to
the Soviet Union pending investigation of
reports that our wheat IS being transshipped
to Cuba.
Explaining the VFW's position, Command-
er Lombardo said, "According to press stories.
the captain and first mate of a U.S. ship re-
port that U.S. wheat is being unloaded at a
Russian Black Sea port and reloaded aboard
a !hip bound for Cuba. This is a direct vio-
lation of the terms under which the wheat
sale was made to the Kremlin."
"It would appear, therefore," Commander
Lombardo continued, "two vital issues are
involved: First, the Soviet Union breaking
its agreement with the United States, and
two, the use of U.S. wheat as a means of
strengthening the Castro Communist regime
in Cuba. If this is happening, then the Unit-
ed States finds Itself in the strange position
of building up a regime dedicated to our
own destruction."
"The VFW urges," Commander Lombardo
added. "that an immediate and vigorous in-
vestigation be undertaken by the appropri-
ate agencies of the U.S. Government to ascer-
tain the correctness of these reports of the
Kremlin sending U.S. wheat to Cuba. The
VFW also urges that pending the completion
of such investigation, U.S. wheat shipments
should be completely suspended. If such
reported doubledeafing by the Soviet Union
Is correct, U.S. interests will have been pro-
tected by suspending such shipmenta im-
mediately." Continuing. Commander Lom-
bardo explained, "the investigation should
not be confined to the matter of transship-
ment of U.S. grain to Cuba alone. If trans-
shipment of our wheat to any Communist
nation bars taken place, it is, also, in violation
of the wheat sale agreement, and would also
justify termination of the arrangement."
Concluding, Commander Lombardo stated,
"This entire episode of a US. merchant ship
being shot at and boarded in international
waters, together with the U.S. captain's re-
port of transshipped wheat to Red Cuba,
demonstrates clearly the background of hy-
pocrisy, ingratitude, and apparent outright
breach of faith on the part of the Kremlin.
But, of course, we should have learned long
ago that we shouldn't be surprised by any
of these actions by the Soviet Union."
Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr.
President, I, too, have noted the furor
about the wheat supposedly being trans-
shipped from Russia to Cuba, wheat that
we had shipped to Russia originally.
The only evidence we have, of course,
is the word of the captain of that ship;
and, like many others, I believe that we
should look into the situation to see if
it is true.
It does not seem possible that the Rus-
sians would be so foolish as to transship
wheat from Russia to Cuba, when Rus-
sia can buy all the wheat it wishes from
Canada and ship it to Cuba by a much
shorter route. Last year, it purchased
over $500 million worth of wheat from
Canada. It could transship this to Cuba,
which is much closer.
There is also no restrictions whatever
on the purchase of wheat by Cuba from
Canada.
But, why all this furor about the sale
of wheat to Russia, when 2 years ago
our sales of tallow to Russia and its
satellites reached an alltime high?
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD as a
part of my remarks the exact figures on
the amount of increased shipments of
tallow to Communist nations?which
have reached large proportion. Tallow
Is one of the chief ingredients of ammu-
nition. -
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
MEMO TO SENATOR YOUNG FROM FOREIGN AG-
RICULTURAL smayrex, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
Mawr:Tun:ma
Agricultural exports to Russia and other
East European Communist nations, includ-
ing Yugoslavia, rose from $163,225,000 in 1959
to $356,054,003 in 1963. This represents an
increase of almost 119 percent. Omitting ex-
ports to Yugoalavia, the increase amounted
to about 285 percent. rising from $61,217,000
in 1959 to $175,0112,000 In 1963. The follow-
ing discussion will omit exports to Yugo-
slavia entirely.
Trade with this group of nations has, dur-
ing this period, involved Russia. Czechoslo-
vakia, Rumania, Bulgaria, East Germany,
Hungary. Poland, and Latvia. Poland has
taken most of the exports from this country,
receiving over 99 percent of the total in 1959
and over 42 percent of all U.S. agricultural
exports to these nations in 1963. These dol-
lar totals do not include the large wheat sales
concluded late in 1963.
Wheat and other grains, mainly soybeans,
flaxseed, and corn, have contributed the ma-
jor amount of these exports over the 5-year
period. These items accounted for 48 per-
cent of the Vital value in 1959 and 36 percent
of the 1963 amount.
Major items shipped to Russia included
substantial amounts of tallow in 1961, 1962,
and 1963. This amount did decline from
197.437,000 pounds. in 1961 to 33,400,000
pounds in 1963. Cattle hides, live animals
and, in 1963, agricultural seeds provided the
bulk of the balance of our agricultural ex-
ports to Russia. Prior to 1961, there was no
shipment of these commodities to Russia.
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SSIONAL RE 1-) ? SLLN
This was also t e case with all of these na-
tions except Poland and Aungary.
*YOlvfot4:4vY',f7P4,0P ,
Mr. SilVIPSON. Mr. President, on
July 10, a day On Which the Senate met
In a notably brief se-41On, Wyoming ob-
served the 74th anniversary of the act
which 'created if as a Stale in the year
-
1890.
It Was thy Privilege last year to speak
on WYornifig's prend past and brilliant
future anclalS6tO invite attention to cer-
tain members of the press who were
conducting "an unprec-e'niteff and well
planned campaign Of vilificcatiOn and def-
amation ahned'at?paiiiting my. State as
something . manipulated by 'external
forces of some extremist bent." I am
relieved _that :-,there, exists no need" for
such a, 044*4*(54,tigp_9ccAsion,
-It is indicatinp,f;,We -meteoric pace
of recent history:that theState which
waS_Orettedironi a Wilderness- 74 years
ago, and, Which still has the second
siliallest?PopfilatiOn in the Nation, is a
partiCipant in the space sciences and re-
'search;
Pei the Past 2 years,PremOnt County,,
Wyo., has hosted aail:ape-Age-Conference
and Exposition whiehhaSArawn science-
ceriSelous_ Pe6Ple'Zrief only from Wyo-
ming's outlYingSreaS,but also from sur-
roUndin0 states as Well. The first
conference:. fe4Tufed. exhibits and speak-
era en e ooicag:A?TRAntle4 and
Space Administration. The theme of
_
this year's conference, highlighted by a
June 4 addieSs.by Afr Force Chief of
Staff, den. pirtis.pT.!,egay, was focused
upon the Space program of the U.S. Air
Force,?
Few_ People realize that Wyoming has
the Nation's firit_ operational squadron
of intercontinentakhallisticS. missiles. As
General .74vIay_pointed out, Wyoming is
also in the forefront, of the Air Force's
atomic power, reactor program. An air
defense ,radar site near_Pmidarice, Wyo.,
houses the first atomic ,reactor used by
the 41 Poree. The facility was installed
inSeptember of 1961.
the,epriclnsion, oLiny remarks, Mr.
President, I ask unanimous consent to
have printed in ihe r3,Segari the text of
the address by den. Curtis E. LeMay at
the Wyoming Space Age Conference and
Exposition at Ftive4on,,,,,June 4.
Theslasgx,No, .Q.V.1",..a.,13?. Without
objection, it is so .ordered,_
(See exhibit _
Mr. S4VIPSQN,, Mr. President. Wyo-
ming enjoys the truly commendable am-
, _
bivalence of retaining its historic spirit
of independence and _stalwartness, while
at the, sane time striving with_ its every
sinew for.full participation in the science
and technology of the space age before
which lie vast uncharted reaches of
knowledge and experience.
11,owhere can, the quest of man for
knowledge be hater observed than at the
University of Wy_ppgrig , at _ Lare.rnie,
where extensive_everiments are under-
way in a .Wide range of highly sophisti-
cated Projects. ,
The Vniversity of Wyoming ranks
among the top 10 percent of American
universities, and as a former president
16047
of that institution's board of trustees I that this new medium should be reserved
can say, without undue immodesty, that for peaceful purposes. Our Government la-
the products of that university are trounced a resolution to this end in the
among the best educated men and women General Assembly of the United Nations in
in the world. ember of 1961. The resolution as approved
December of 1961. The resolution as approved
As an aside, I should like to note that by theU.N., indorsed the U.S. position, but
co
the territorial Governor who became Med at the same time the inalienable
Wyoming's first State Governor, Francis right of all nations to self-defense in all me-
E. Warren, received his appointment
from then President Benjamin Harrison.
That Chief Executive's grandson, Wil-
liam Henry Harrison, is now serving
Wyoming with distinction in his fourth
term, as our single Member of the House I quote:
of Representatives. "Space science, like nuclear science and
As the last frontier Of the Old West, all technology, has no conscience of its own.
Wyoming looks with anticipation on the Whether it will become a force for good or
years that lie ahead. We combine a ill depends on man, and only if the United
proud heritage, an optimistic future, and States occupies a position of preeminence
can we
confidence in the strength of the Amen-
help decide whether this new ocean
will be a sea of peace or a new, terrifying
can way to remain the land of opportu- theater of war." End of quote.
nity?the Equality State.
This Nation's military space program,
Exiasrr 1 therefore, is not in conflict with our national
ADDRESS BY GEN, CURTIS E. LEIVIAY, CHIEF OF policy of reserving space for peaceful pur-
STAFF, U.S. AIR FORCE, AT THE WYOMING Poses. It is designed to help carry out that
SPACE AGE CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION, policy. It is not enough for us just to wish
RIVERTON, WYO., JUNE 4, 1864- or to resolve. Paradoxical as it may sound,
Senator SIMPSON, Governor nenebn, we must be prepared to use force, if neces-
tinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen:it sary, to prevent space from being dominated
is a very great pleasure for me to be in
Wyoming today to visit your Space Age Con-
ference and Exposition and talk with you
about the Air Force's space program.
It is far easier these days to ask intel-
ligent questions about space than it is to give
authoritative answers. Though we know a
great deal about space, we can easilYldentify
areas of ignorance that are larger than our
areas of knowledge.
Our limited knowledge, however, does not
keep us as a nation from believing strongly
that our space program will benefit this
country?and mankind?in very large meas-
ure. There is something about the mystery
of space that holds a promise for man.
The people of this region have obviously
been caught up in the excitement of that
promise. And in the pioneer spirit of your
forefathers, you have sensed that this Nation
is embarking on an epic exploration. You
have set about the job of associatins your-
self with this adventure. And you have
done it on your own. This kind of ambi-
tious enterprise is in the best tradition of our
country, and I admire your initiative and
farsightedness.
It is, I think, worthy of note that Wyo-
ming already has a claim to being in the van-
guard of the Air Force's aerospace activities.
It was at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base
near Cheyenne that the first squadron of
intercontinental ballistic missiles became op-
erational in August of 1960. That base now
supports two ICBM wings.
Wyoming is also in the forefront of the Air
Force's atomic power reactor program. At an
air defense radar site atop a 6,000-foot moun-
tain near Sundance, the Air Force installed
its first atomic reactor in September 1961.
Today this reactor is not only supplying elec-
trical power, it is also supplying steam heat
for the buildings as a generous byproduct.
With this beginning and judging from
the ambition you are showing in this ex-
position, I'm sure we can expect to see sub-
stantial contributions from Wyoming to fu-
ture space programs.
The Air Force space program is part of a
broad national effort to advance and pro-
tect our interests in this challenging en-
vironment.
? This national effort to get into space has
been justified on four counts: (1) Scientific
progress, (2) national prestige, (3) commer-
cial advantage, and (4) national defense.
Early in the days of the space age, the
United States went on record as advocating
diums; land, sea, air, and?if necessary?
space.
Conscious of the world's concern about
space, but also mindful of the aggressive
tendencies of some nations, the late Presi-
dent Kennedy reminded us as follows, and
by an aggressor?if we are to insure its use
for peaceful purposes.
In order for you to gain some insight into
the space activities of the Air Force, I would
like first to cover briefly the background of
our program, and then indicate for you a
probable path for future developments.
To place our space program in some degree
of perspective, I would like to remind you
that it was just 10 years ago this summer
that we organized an all-out program to
build intercontinental ballistic missiles.
The development of these missiles was our
first major step toward space.
Then in September of 1959 in an effort to
consolidate defense space activities, Secre-
tary of Defense Neil McElroy assigned to the
Air Force the responsibility for the develop-
ment, production, and launching of all mili-
tary space boosters. In March 1961, Sec-
retary of Defense McNamara issued a fol-
low-on directive adding the responsibility
for research and development of all future
military space programs and projects. These
directives comprise our Air Force space
charter.
Air Force space plans establish as a first
broad objective the development of systems
which can operate on an effective and eco-
nomical basis within the near-earth environ-
ment.
We have already developed our first group
of such space systems. These are unmanned
satellites, and today they are performing a
number of passive military missions, includ-
ing communications, navigation and weath-
er surveillance.
These satellites have proved that in many
respects space systems can do certain jobs
better than those which are ground-based
or airborne.
We now conceive of a second group of
systems which would make it possible for us
to carry out certain defense activities in
near space.
We believe a genuine defense capability in
this environment will call for three things:
a detection and tracking system; a means of
inspecting unidentified objects; and a means
of disabling those that prove hostile?if this
should be necessary in the national interest.
To meet these requirements, we already
have in operation a space detection and
tracking system. And work is continuing on
a satellite inspector project to develop equip-
ment and techniques for inspecting objects
in space.
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PIS
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16048 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
July 22
On the matter of disabling hostile space
vehicles, we are currently considering alter-
native means of solving this vital problem.
We feel that a major facto! in the prob-
lems yet to be solved is the determination
of the appropriate role of man in space
operations,
Scientific information from research and
devejopment is urgently needed in this area.
To date, we have learned that manned flight
for a period up to several days is feasible
without complex provisions for artificial
gravity. And from the flights of the X-15,
we have gained some valuable information
on man's ability to maneuver on the fringes
of space. Clearly, however, this knowl-
edge must be expanded and refined if we
are to plan wisely for more extensive mili-
tary space operations.
The planners of NASA's manned lunar
program also need information about man's
ability to survive and work in space. NASA's
two-man orbiting vehicle. Gemini, is designed
to help supply this information. It is one
of the building blocks in their program
to land a man on the moon. Because of
the overlap of interests, the Department of
Defense and NASA drew up an agreement for
cooperating on the Gemini project.
As a result of this agreement, the Air Force
is now tying in its very important manned
orbiting laboratory?or MOL?program with
the Gemini project. In fact, the joint plan
calls for the physical coupling of the MOL
to a Gemini capsule, so that they can be fired
into orbit together. The idea Is for a two-
man crew to start out in the Gemini capsule,
and after being injected into orbit, to move
into the trailing laboratory. Upon complet-
ing their experiments, they will return to
the Gemini, detach it from the laboratory,
and return to earth. The laboratory will
remain in orbit.
We hope to learn the answers to several
specific questions from experiments with
the manned orbiting laboratory. For ex-
ample:
How is man affected by extended periods
in orbit?
Will his faculties work well in such an
environment?
Which faculties might be impaired, to what
degree, and how soon?
Or, can a man in a weightless environ-
ment maintain good physical condition
through exercise?
In addition to finding out the answers to
such physiological questions, we will also
be determining bow well man can operate
certain types of equipment in performing
military functions.
The answers to these questions will help
us to tie down the answer to the big ques-
tion?how useful is man going to be in
space?
Not until that question is answered, thor-
oughly and scientifically, can we say with
confidence what will be the course of U.S.
military activities in that medium. If the
manned orbiting laboratory can give us some
of the answers to man's proper role in mili-
tary space operations, then the program will
have to rank as one of the most important
military space undertakings of the decade.
To give you some feel for the extensiveness
of this experiment, the MOL itself is planned
to be a cylinder with a volume of about 1.500
cubic feet, roughly the size of an ordinary
one-car garage. It's "shirt sleeve environ-
ment" will make it possible for its crew to
work on their military and scientific experi-
ments for as long as 30 days.
We hope to put several of these labora-
tories into orbit. We are also making it pos-
sible for replacement crews to enter these
orbiting laboratories to carry out new experi-
ments or finish old ones.
What military spacecraft will look like in
the days beyond the MOL is as yet hard to
define. We anticipate, however, that they
will be able to maneuver, rendezvous, in-
spect, transfer men and materials?and if
necessary disable hostile vehicles. With
these capabilities they will be able to per-
form a variety of military missions.
However, we face several serious problems
when we attempt to design a military space
system. First, we must weigh seriously its
relative merits against a comparable ground-
based or airborne system. The same techno-
logical progress that it showing us ways of
building space systems is also showing us
ways of improving those which are ground-
based or airborne. Our designers must,
therefore, avoid the temptation of wanting
to do things in space, simply because It is
more challenging or more glamorous to do
so.
Second, we face the problem of the early
obsolescence of space systems. U we rush
to build a system with the first promise of
science, we run the risk of development costs
which could make it too expensive. If. how-
ever, we continue to wait for more promising
discoveries, we may place the Nation in a
second-best position to an ambitious com-
petitor. Our investment in space research
and development, therefore, helps us to pace
ourselves and to avoid the dual mistakes of
making a premature commitment or over-
looking a promising opportunity.
Finally, an overriding consideration in
space programs is cost. These programs are
very expensive. In fact, cost is a pacing
factor because, as always, our resources have
limitations. We in the Air Force are very
conscious of our responsibility for the care-
ful management of these resources.
If one takes a historical view of our space
progress, he might say that today we are
where we were in aviation 80 years ago.
We've come a long way in that 50 years.
And I think the history of that half century
of aviation tells us clearly that in the years
ahead we will make phenomenal progress in
space.
With man in space, my instinctive belief
is that the rate of progress will accelerate.
I have learned that when you put a man at
the controls of an airplane, he comes up with
a lot of new ideas on how to accomplish his
mission better. For some reason, these ideas
just don't come to his mind until he gets
those controls in his own hands. In our
limited space flights to date, we have already
benefited from man's presence in the capsule.
And yet what we have learned thus far is
but a fraction of what we will glean from
man's participation in the manned orbiting
laboratory. the Gemini program, and the
Apollo flights to the moon.
I am reminded of my conviction in this
regard by something I look at every day. In
my office in the Pentagon is a large trophy
case. It contains a collection of very inter-
esting items. One of them is the first pair of
Air Force wings carried into space. They
were worn by Maj. Gus Grissom on his sub-
orbital flight of July 20, 1961. I'm sure that
when Major Grissom pinned on his first pair
of pilot's wings in 1951. he never imagined
that just 10 years later he would be at the
controls of a Mercury space capsule called
Liberty Bell VIZ. NASA recently named
Major Grissom to be one of the two astro-
nauts to be placed into orbit this year in the
first shot in the Gemini series, I'm sure that
he and the other astronauts will be bring-
ing back many new ideas on how to better
accomplish our scientific and military mis-
sions in space.
Undoubtedly, there are people here today
who question whether this region of Wyom-
ing has a future in the national space pro-
gram. My feeling is this. From what I have
seen and beard, there are people here who
like to take the controls in their own hands
and steer their own course. I am convinced
that when a community thus accepts full re-
sponsibility for its own destiny, it starts
tapping the full resource of its imagination
and initiative.
Therefore. I believe the people of this
region are operating on the right formula
for success and that you do have a future
in the national space program. We welcome
your particlupation in this great endeavor.
Thank you.
SALUTE TO NEBRASKA AIR
NATIONAL GUARD
Mr. ILRUSKA. Mr. President, it is
with great pride that I commend a group
of National Guardsmen who through
their patriotism and personal dedication
to duty have brought distinguished honor
to themselves and to the State of Ne-
braska. Maj. Gen. Lyle C. Welch, adju-
tant general of the Nebraska National
Guard, recently announced that the
155th Fighter Group of the Nebraska Air
National Guard has scored a "grand
slam" by winning not only the Spaatz
Trophy as the outstanding National
Guard tactical flying unit for 1963, but
also the Winston P. Wilson Trophy for
year-round excellence in the perform-
ance of all-weather aid defense missions
and the Air Force Association's Out-
standing Unit Trophy,
The 750 present-day minutemen in the
organization commanded by Col. Fred H.
Bailey, Jr., of Lincoln, Nebr., who
through their personal sacrifice make
a significant contribution to the pre-
paredness of our country, deserve the
warmest praise. These men, however,
would be the first to point out that the
primary business of the Air Guard is not
to win prizes. Their efforts have been
directed to insuring that our countrY is
defended by a flying, fighting, Ready Re-
serve. This these Nebraskans have done
In an exemplary manner.
The Spaatz Trophy, named for Gen.
Carl Spaatz, former Chief of Staff of the
U.S. Air Force, is the highest award of-
fered to National Guard flying units.
The selection criteria for this annual
trophy include not only tactical profi-
ciency, but. technical, administrative and
logistical capacity as well. The 155th
Fighter Group demonstrated its capabil-
ity in these areas in the highest degree.
Colonel Bailey's group has been among
the winners in the Spaatz competition
for 3 consecutive years, having taken
third place last year and second place in
1962.
The Winston P. Wilson Trophy is
awarded annually to the outstanding
Air National Guard all-weather fighter
unit. This is the 3d year in a row
that the 155th has won this trophy, an
unprecedented demonstration of excel-
lence in the hazardous and difficult all-
weather fighter operation. In complet-
ing their "grand slam," the 155th also
swept the Air Force Association Out-
standing Unit Trophy, awarded each
year to the outstanding Air National
Guard tactical flying unit.
Mr. President, I express the apprecia-
tion not only of the citizens of Nebraska
but also of all Americans to the men of
this outstanding unit, and to all of their
brothers in arms serving in the National
Guard throughout the country.
Congratulations are due, also, to Gen-
eral Welch and his headquarters staff,
Particularly Gen. John Campbell, for
their distinguished leadership which has
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