PROVOCATIVE ACTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000200160055-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 55
• Publication Date: August 6, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

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1964 RECO) W--SET
llgion, or the arts. But the readers Of a
respectable proportion of the American
newspapers' 60 million copies a day do have
the assurance that their editors and pub-
lishers are not satisfied to print a little
news, a lot of stale entertainment, and what-
ever advertising they can hustle in a wholly
unnecessary effort to stay in business.
That kind of newspaper Is on the way
out. The public service newspaper, so deeply
conscious of its social responsibility, is on
the rise. That is the brightest and most
helpful sign for our journalism.
Mr. President, I think these words ring
true nationally, and I know they do in
my State of New Hampshire. I have had
my share of knocks in the New Hamp-
shire press, and I have too much respect
for the great majority of it to think
these few words will do anything to
change that. There is in my State, as
elsewhere, a segment of the press that
somewhere along the line lost sight of
its duty to inform its readers, in depth
but objectively in its news columns, while
Confining its opinions, responsibility, and
truthfully, to its editorial columns.
These editors and publishers can not
differentiate between molding public
opinion and inciting to riot. Instead of
serving the necessary purpose of devil's
advocate, they choose to play the role of
kingmaker-selecting candidates, put-
ting words into their mouths, directing
their every movement, and then pro-
nouncing them perfectly suited for the
electorate. These yellow sheets, spewing
a onesided, lopsided siren song, earn my
contempt, and wherever I can I would do
my best to expose them to a partially un-
suspecting public.
But my lack of respect for the irre-
sponsible minority of the news media
does not extend to all its members any
more than my distaste for vultures
makes me hate all birds, or my dislike
for extremists has turned me against
mankind. Those who insist we have a
controlled press should look toward the
Soviet Union's news media. Those who
cry that the press has been captured by
the leftwing, the liberals, or the Demo-
cratic Party should check how many of
our most respected newspapers have sel-
dom, or never, supported a Democrat for
public office. To those who complain
segments of the press have changed their
allegiance only since the complainers
have sought office, I would humbly sug-
gest that before placing the blame, they
take a good, long look at themselves and
what they stand for.
Mr. President, I request unanimous
consent that the article published in the
summer 1964 issue of Columbia Jour-
nalism Review entitled, "Public Service:
A 1964 Honor Roll," be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
-There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PUBLIC SERVICE: A 1964 HONOR ROLL
(By John Hohenberg)
Kentucky's prison system is undergoing
major reform.
North Carolina and Tennessee will have
stricter voting laws in the 1964 presidential
election.
Needy families in Washington, Baltimore,
and several other cities are now protected
against illegal profiteering in the Depart-
ment of Agriculture's surplus food program.
In Arizona and Florida, prospective home-
owners no longer will be victimized by fraud-
ulent sales by mail of real estate.
In Florida, taxpayers will save millions of
-dollars in future bond issues through a full-
scale reorganization of the State's road con-
struction program.
Hundreds of youthful dropouts will be back
in school in Indiana next fall without the
expenditure of an extra cent of public funds,
In Philadelphia, the police department will
be rid of those who once helped South Phila-
delphia's numbers racketeers.
These are a few examples of the accom-
plishments recorded by American newspapers
in scores of public service programs and cam-
paigns during the Pulitzer Prize season just
.past. Never before in the 48 years of the
Pulitzer awards has there been so long and
diversified an honor roll of accomplishments,
large and small. In a responsible American
newspaper campaign in 1964, the heaviest
public service emphasis is likely to be on the
progress of integration, on better government,
and on better schools, accompanied by a
deepening concern over the administration
of public institutions and the conduct of
public officials. Beyond purely local or na-
tional interests, there is a small but develop-
ing body of investigatory reporting of foreign
affairs and public service presentations of
background materials based on foreign policy
discussions.
Very little of this is calculated to produce
old-time screaming headlines or to send cir-
culation figures soaring. When such a thing
does happen, it is usually by accident, not by
design. A worthwhile undertaking in pub-
lic service journalism is rarely a good short-
term investment, for it entails heavy addi-
tional costs; a far greater total staff effort,
and a certain amount of risk even for highly
successful managements. No way has yet
been found to guarantee success in any such
campaign and there are, of course, many that
fail.
Still, an ever-increasing segment of the
responsible American press is engaging in
such work, often in the face of public apathy
or even downright public hostility. Out of
the 443 exhibits in the 1964 Pulitzer Prize
categories for public service, for the 4 re-
porting divisions, and for editorial writing,
.more than half dealt with the press' com-
mitment to the public interest in one form
or another. (Nominees in cartooning, pho-
tography, and special citations accounted for
the rest of the 626 entries.) Moreover, as
has been pointed out by J. Montgomery Cur-
tis, director of the American Press Institute,
many similar efforts in the daily and weekly
field were not entered, but scarcely went un-
noticed in their own areas.
INTEGRATION A FAVORED TOPIC
The intense national press Interest in the
progress of integration, which was by far the
most popular subject- among the exhibits,
illustrates a change in American newspapers'
attitudes. Ten years ago, at the time of the
historic Supreme Court decision on school
segregation, there was no apparent interest
in so touchy and difficult a topic. This year,
newspapers in almost every major city and
in many smaller ones-Eastern, Midwestern,
Western, and among the more courageous
and dedicated in the South-actively ad-
vanced the cause of Integration in a mature
and sophisticated manner.
A special Pulitzer citation, given to the
Gannett Newspapers for their use of success
stories In integration, was a partial - recog-
nition of the importance of the volume and
quality of special coverage of the most chal-
lenging social prol5lem of this era. Many
individual newspapers, -through the use of
imaginative editing and reporting techniques
and the bold display of pictures, made a spe-
cial effort to give the public the essential
background for an understanding of the
17765
crisis. Here was no mere routine recital of
dull and unrelated facts (the curse of the
newspaper) but a calculated effort to piece
together the complicated mosaic of an emer-
ging social pattern, surely a task worthy of
the best in journalism.
It is obviously Impossible to name every
superior effort in this field. Some of the
best were the Chicago Daily New's superb
team report, "The Negro in Chicago"; a series
by staff writers and - Negro leaders in the St.
Louis Post-Dispatch; the New York Post's
special; report on Negro education; the Wash-
ington Post's detailed coverage and interpre-.
tation; and extended commentaries and cam-
paigns in the Des Moines Register, Denver
Post, Charlotte Observer, Cincinnati En-
quirer, and Boston Globe.
Among editorial writers, civil rights also
dominated. For the second successive year
the Pulitzer Prize went to the owner of a
small weekly in Mississippi. This year the
recipient- was Hazel Brannon Smith of the
Lexington Advertiser. But her courageous
battle against the White Citizens Councils
was not by any means a lone effort. There
were others throughout the South who spoke
for sanity and reason, among them Eugene
Patterson of the Atlanta Constitution and
John A. Hamilton of the Norfolk Ledger-Star.
It was in part because of the work of Hamil-
ton and his newspaper that the 1,700 Negro
children of Prince Edward County, Va., once
more are attending school, through the cre-
ation of a free school association, after a
4-year struggle. This achievement came a
year before the Supreme Court's decision of
May 26, 1964, calling for the reopening of
the public schools in that county.
Both the 1964 presidential campaign and
the public interest in civil rights legislation
make it evident that integration is likely to
be prominent for some time to come in
American public service journalism. The
overwhelming support the cause has received
on the Nation's editorial pages outside the
South is bound to be reflected in renewed
campaigns and series in the news columns.
There is a commitment here that is deep and
lasting.
GOOD GOVERNMENT
The cause of good government-accom-
panied by exposes of bad government, mis-
government, and nongovernment-continues
to attract the interest of enterprising news-
papers in a volume second only to that of
integration. The watchdog instinct will not
be denied. - -
In the year just past, the Charlotte Ob-
server did a staggering amount of work in
exposing vote frauds based mainly on the
misuse of absentee ballots. It was finally
able to convince the legislature that reform
of North Carolina's absentee ballot law was
necessary. New laws were the result of the
Observer's energetic campaign.
Nor was the Nashville Tennessean's ex-
posure of vote frauds any less thorough. In
addition to pushing through needed voting
reforms, the Tennessean's campaigning
helped convict six persons, including a city
councilman, on a vote-fraud conspiracy
charge.
In the equally important field of legisla-
tive reapportionment, victories were won by
the Monterey Peninsula Herald in California
and by the Hartford Times in Connecticut.
Issues of even greater complexity were ex-
plored by other newspapers. The New York
Herald Tribune's series on "Our Sideline
Legislators" created an uproar in the Re-
publican-dominated New York Legislature
with an exposure of some members' outside
business interests. The San Jose News delved
into a pattern of influence that had been
exerted on California's State government.
The Boston Globe did a series on "Reform in
Massachusetts," certainly long overdue, and
the Charleston Mail exposed "mystery com-
panies" that were doing business with West
Virginia's State government. Perhaps the
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most difficult feat in this area was the Wall
Street Journal's carefully documented ac-
count of the outside business interests of
some Federal judges, a forbidding but im-
portant subject.
Newspapers that campaigned in specific
areas of government and pinpointed their
targets appeared to achieve the most spec-
tacular results. The St. Petersburg Times,
winner oo the Pulitzer Prize gold medal for
public service, attacked Irregularities in
Florida's State road construction program,
forced the resignation of the chairman of the
Florida State Turnpike Authority, and
achieved both reorganization and reform,
with consequent savings of millions of dol-
lars in future bond issues.
The Washington Daily News, through
Samuel Stafford's one-man inquiry, un-
masked wide abuses and profiteering in
the Department of Agriculture's surplus food
program for needy families, bringing about
necessary reforms in Washington, Baltimore,
and other cities,
In Kentucky, the Louisville Times, through
the brilliant work of young reporter. Dick
Berger forced reforms in the State's penal
system. By going to prison voluntarily,
Berger was able to uncover major abuses
and to help his paper develop support for a
4-year program to create a model correc-
tional plan.
There were achievements of equal impor-
tance elsewhere. The Cleveland Plain Dealer
played a major role in the investigation and
subsequent conviction of the Cuyahoga
Country recorder. The Dallas Morning News
conducted a detailed inquiry into a railroad
commissioner's outside oil interests. The
Nashville Tennessean exposed workhouse
conditions in Nashville through the efforts
of John W. Hemphill, Jr., who became a
voluntary prisoner to do the job. Another
reporter, Rodney E. Wenz. finding employ-
ment as a psychiatric aid, helped the Rock-
ford Register-Republic achieve reforms in an
Illinois institution for the mentally retarded.
In another expose, the Philadelphia Bul-
letin published the most unusual evidence
of the year-pictures of city policemen in
front of a south Philadelphia numbers bank.
Results included a departmental shakeup,
four arrests, and a Pulitzer Prize for Fred-
erick A. Meyer, the photographer, and James
V. Magee and Albert V. Gaudiosi, reporters,
Much more investigatory reporting was re-
quired of Robert A. Caro before his news-
paper, Newsday, of Garden City, N.Y., was
able to spring the trap on Florida and Ari-
zona land-by-mail promoters, forcing many
of them out of business and bringing about
at least five indictments.
The detective story of the year came from
Norman C. Miller, of the Wall Street Journal,
another Pulitzer Prize winner. His was the
first comprehensive account of the multi-
million-dollar bankruptcy of the Allied
Crude Vegetable Oil & Refining Co. and the
huge swindle accompanying it.
There were a number of other campaigns
dealing with the administration of justice,
some more successful than others. The
Miami News investigated alleged irregulari-
ties In Florida auto insurance. The Flint
Journal attacked an alleged fraud in a Michi-
gan water supply project. And in New
York City, all newspapers protested editori-
ally when a Bronx judge's son was freed
by three other Bronx judges in connection
with the auto deaths of five persons. After
campaigns by the New York Journal-Amer-
ican, the New York Herald Tribune, and the
New York Post, the judge's son was finally
convicted of punching a Post photographer.
Widening interest in education attracted
the attention of newspapers as large as the
Chicago Tribune, with a special series on
higher education, and as small as the Baxley
News-Banner, which did a series on that
Georgia town's own school problems. The
Indianapolis News put on a campaign against
school dropouts that achieved substantial re-
sults without any increase in funds for
education. Thoughtful campaigns for the
improvement of education facilities were
published in such papers as the Cincinnati
Enquirer, the Fall River Herald News and the
Tucson Citizen. In Salt Lake City, the tem-
porary solution of a school crisis was brought
about in large part through the work of the
Deseret News and the Salt Lake Tribune.
MODEST VICTORIES
Some newspapers were content to achieve
relatively small victories which were, never-
theless, of benefit to their communities.
Thus, the Clinton Herald raised funds to
remodel and save the only hospital in Clin-
ton, Iowa. The Duluth Herald and News-
Tribune led a successful drive for a new
auditorium. The Gainesville Sun of Florida
exposed a home repair racket. The High
Point Enterprise of North Carolina success-
fully fought for a school lunch program.
The Kansas City Star discovered that some
psychiatric patients had been put in a jail
for lack of room in hospitals and succeeded
in halting the practice. The New York
Journal-American, in 2 days, persuaded New
York City to rename Idlewild Airport in
honor of John F. Kennedy. The Ogdensburg
Journal battled for and restored regular air-
line service for its area in New York. The
Orlando Sentinel put on a successful drive
for a theater-convention hall
This year, as In every year, a few news-
papers uncovered new topics for public serv-
iee campaigns. Before the assassination of
President Kennedy, the Christian Science
Monitor published a series by Josephine
Ripley advocating a halt to all sales of guns
by mail order, the method by which Lee
Oswald obtained his profile. Newsday cam-
paigned for a bridge between Connecticut
and the Orient Point end of Long Island.
The Minneapolis Tribune published a dif-
ferent kind of hospital series by Victor Cohn,
its science editor, who reported on the city's
hospitals in a highly sophisticated manner,
The Wall Street Journal published an ex-
pose of connections between the Mafia and
business. Edwina Davis, science editor of
the Atlanta Journal, did a series on ' epi-
demiology programs at the Atlanta Com-
municable Disease Center. Me New Orleans
States-Item published an article about a re-
tarded child, written by his father. The
Oakland Tribune and other papers In the
area campaigned to halt the filling of San
Francisco Bay. An Investigatory series on
Pennsylvania rural slums was featured by
the Lancaster New Era. One of the most
complex of all subjects, the national wheat
referendum, was explained for city folk by
Richard Orr. farm editor of the Chicago Tri-
bune. Allan Temko, an architectural critic,
published a protest in the San Francisco
Chronicle against the design of a new
cathedral In the- city.
All the more familiar subjects were present
In considerable numbers, some achlevelng
more than others-urban renewal, science in
industry, health problems, conservation of
parklands, the problems of minorities other
than Negroes, trafc safety, water conserva-
tion, the problems of labor. But the one
closest to the hearts of the newspapermen
themselves was the brilliant and revealing
article by A. H. Raskin, of the New York
Times, on the 114-day New York newspaper
strike. There are few who can write even
one such story during a lifetime.
This outpouring of public service journal-
lam is a testimonal to the ever-deepening
commitment of the reeponsibile American
press to the protection of the public interest.
True, we have by no means seen the last of
shoddy newspapers and bad newspaper work,
any more than we have been able as yet to
achieve the millennium In politics, business
and industry, law, medicine, religion, or the
arts. But the readers of a respectable pro-
portion of the American newspapers' 80 mil-
lion copies a day do have the assurance that
their editors and publishers are not satisfied
to print a little news, a lot of stale enter-
tainment, and whatever advertising they can
hustle In a wholly unnecessary effort to stay
In business.
That kind of newspaper is on the way out.
The public service newspaper, so deeply con-
scious of its social responsibility, on the
rise. That is the brightest and moe hopeful
PROVOCATIVE ACTS OF THE UNITED
STATES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
that there be printed following my re-
marks in the RECORD telegrams that I re-
ceived this morning in support of the
position that I took yesterday on the floor
of the Senate protesting the provocative
acts of the United States leading to war
in Southeast Asia for the past several
years.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, It Is so ordered.
(See exhibit 1.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, these
acts are provocations of which the United
States, in my opinion, was guilty. U.S.
action led to the violation of our
rights by North Vietnam when they fired
upon our ships. The violation of our
rights came after the aggressive acts of
South Vietnam naval-wise against two
islands within 3to 5 miles off the shore of
Vietnam, with the full knowledge of the
United States that the acts were going
to take place. And while the acts were
taking place, U.S. aircraft were in Tonkin
Bay.
I received only two telegrams of criti-
cism. But because those telegrams ques-
tioned my human paternity. I do not
think they should be printed in the
RECORD. Those are the only two wires
that have been excluded from those
which were received in my office.
ExHmrr 1
PORTLAND, OREC., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We appreciate and applaud the courage
evidenced in your statements on Vietnam.
If there is a history, you will surely be re-
membered for it. Our prayers are with you.
Perhaps even one speaking words of sanity
can help turn the tide away from war.
Dr, and Mrs. JOHN B. URNEa.
SausALrro, CALM., August 6, 1964.
The Honorable WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
We support the correctness of your stand
on Vietnam. We wish to protest the cruel
and vicious attack by our country on North
Vietnam. Unilateral action should end now.
Thank you for your courageous voice.
HAROLD and ALMA JOHNSON.
NEw YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Bravo for seeing and describing the quote
emperor's clothes in southeast Asia.
VIRGINIA GEasON.
PASADENA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Deeply disturbed and concerned over mili-
tary action by United States in North Viet-
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 17767
nam. Encourage and support your stand in BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF., August 6, 1964. media, A copy of your Senate speech on
this regard. Senator WAYNE MORSE, the North Vietnam crisis is urgently re-
Sincerely, Senate Building, Washington, D.C.: quested along with any other pertinent infor-
?- 11 ho mation our office has
s or a w Y
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f
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B.ERXELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE of Oregon,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Admire you no end for your stand-alone
again if need be-against this stupid Hitler-
like aggression in southeast Asia. As Demo-
crats we are humiliated and angered by Presi-
dent Johnson's knuckling under to Senator
GOLDWATER. Surely there must be better,
more courageous men available at the ap-
proaching convention.
BARBARA and GEORGE E. DAVIS.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Your courageous Vietnam position repre-
sents the truth sensibility and true Ameri-
canism in Washington. Congratulations.
JOHN BANCROFT.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Our profound thanks for our lone voice
of sanity. There are many of us who, like
you, prefer truth and peace.
DORE ASHTON.
ST. Louis, Mo., August 6,1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your lonely dissenting voice against Presi-
dent Johnson's reaction in Vietnam warrants
approval. We share your feelings and con-
cern and thank you for expressing your views.
STEPHEN and JOYCE BEST.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: I support and en-
courage your responsible and thoughtful op-
position to the congressional resoluton re-
garding our military action against North
Vietnam. I trust that your courage will be
hailed by all thinking people who are dedi-
cated to the cause of peace and true Ameri-
can dignity.
ORANGE, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for your courageous espousal of
unpopular opinion in the national interest.
I, too, fear that we may muddle into a con-
fliet with China which may blead us of mil-
lions of young men and billions of dollars
and the best we can hope for is another stale-
mate unless we are willing to go the full
route to a nuclear exchange with Russia.
You have again proven you are a leader and
not a follower. Thank you.
ROBERRT R. HAAN, M.D.
BROOKLYN, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Keep up the good work. You are our one
hope for peace and sanity. We need more
men like you regarding Vietnam war.
ROBERT KLEIN.
WATSONVILLE, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Your position on southeast Asia policy
brave and sensible. You have our gratitude
and full support.
JOHN AND MARY TEELING.
Ban y Bpea
Your vo
ce o
would cry out against the futility of our Dr. and Mrs. PHILIP MozER.
present course in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. I. B. ADELMAN.
SANTA BARBARA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
I am shocked at my country's provocative
warlike acts in Asia, Cuba, or any other
backward area. Our go it alone policy is
proof enough that in the eyes of our allies
and our so-called friends, we are abusively
using our power' in unpopular causes. These
provocations points up the ignorance among
the American people of the realities and
changes that are taking place in other parts
of the world. I suspect our Government
censorship is responsible for this ignorance.
V. L. ATKINS.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We appreciate your courageous stand on
current Vietnam crisis. Continue vocal op-
position to further aggression.
JEANNETTE HERMES,
President, Boatrockers Democratic Club.
AL HERMES,
Berkeley Young Democrats.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Highly commend splendid courage and
truth of your speech. Stand firm.
JULIETTE GREEN.
SPRINGFIELD, MASS., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your vision and courage on Vietnam stand
out like a beacon among the blind yes-men
in our public life. Why are there not more
of you? We salute you.
Mr. and Mrs. CHARLES MACKEY.
MILL VALLEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Proud your forthright stand against U.S.
action against North Vietnam. More power
to you.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Grateful commendation of your coura-
geous stand opposing our further involve-
ment Vietnamese crisis.
Mr. and Mrs. LESTER WIcKSTROM.
BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your intelligent and cou-
rageous statemnet opposing our disastrous
policy in Vietnam. Bombing cities of small
nations hardly proves devotion to freedom.
It brings to memory Warsaw and Rotterdam.
ARIS ANAGNOS.
HIGHLAND PARK, ILL., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We agree with your North Vietnam posi-
tion. However, your speech and position on
this subject not carried by our local news
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courage in Viet-
nam crisis and work for peaceful settlement.
ELIZABETH TANDY.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
We applaud your courageous stand de-
nouncing outrageous U.S. aggression against
North Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. THOMAS F. MAYER.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We strongly support your intention to vote
against war resolution.
FRANK and VIVIAN ARCHER.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.,
August 6,1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Buulding,
Washington, D.C.:
Believe history will sustain your position
on Vietnam if history continues.
MORIs and FRANCIS WATSON.
TUJUNGA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Wholeheartedly support your statement on
Vietnam situation. Urge resolving by
United Nations.
Mr. and Mrs. H. COLE.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank God for your courage and your
voice of sanity in the Senate. You speak
for all Americans who cherish our tradi-
tional ideals of truth and justice. Please
keep up the fight for peace.
SIDNEY CLUTE.
TARZANA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We wholeheartedly support you for your
honest and courageous stand on Vietnam.
You speak for every intelligent American.
Good luck to you and your efforts.
Sincerely,
KANSAS CITY, Mo., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
We strongly support the position you have
taken concerning the role of the United
States in Vietnam. We thank you for your
courage shown in this hour of crisis.
Prof. and Mrs. F. E. WAGNER.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courage and out-
spoken speech. We pray for peace every day.
MARIAN MOSLEY.
ST. Louis, Mo., August 6, 1946.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
We look to you for leadership and enlight-
enment at this dangerous time. We feel
President Johnson's decision is extreme in
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view of the alternatives and possible conse-
quences.
Sincerely,
Mr. and Mrs. JuLrva NEwus i.
SAN.RArAEL, CALri., August 8, 1964,
Senator WAYNE Moasz,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for your brave stand on Viet-
nam. Keep on fighting. The lives you save
will be mankind.
Mr. and Mrs. HAROLD HELu.sE
AND CHn,DREN.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
I appreciate your thoughtful and coura-
geous opposition to U.S. Involvement in Viet-
nam.
DOROTHY LANE.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Highly commend splendid courage and
truth of your speech. Stand firm.
JbzILrrz GREEN.
SAN RAFAEL, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We firmly support your stand on present
situation in southeast Asia.
Mr. and Mrs. WARREN GOLD.
REDONDO BEACH, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C,.
May God continue to guide you in your
courageous fight for peace.
PETER J. GURVICH, M.D.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office building,
Washington, D.C.:
We strongly support your position in call-
ing for immediate conference in United Na-
tions on Vietnam crisis. Any other course
we agree catastrophic to world peace. Your
courage inspires all of us and we are urging
our Congressmen to support your stand.
Mr. and Mrs. MEYER EISENBE.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your courageous stand on Vietnam
all the way. Keep up the good fight.
RICHARD and MARY LEWIS.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We highly commend your statement today
on the Vietnam situation. We urge that you
call for withdrawal of U$. forces from the
area of North Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. ROBERT H. SrcuLAa.
LEMON GROVE, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Keep telling the truth about Vietnam.
Your courage will long be remembered.
FRANK BARDACKE.
ENCINITAS, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
May rod be with you. We will always love
you as the most righteous of men.
The NEWTON FAMU,Y.
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE Moasa,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
In complete agreement with stand on Viet-
nam. Truth can be lonely profession. Have
courage.
Loa ANaELEs, CALF'., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Wish to commend youon your courageous
stand to prevent war.
Mrs. JULIA W. SHERMAN.
SAN RAFAEL. CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORaz,
Senate Office Building,
Washington. D.C.:
An expression of gratitude for your forth-
right statement concerning Government ac-
tion in southeast Asia.
SAN RAFAEL. CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE Moasz,
U.S. Senate,
Washington. D.C.:
We're with you all the way.
PAUL7NE MALCHER,
ROBERT MALCHER,
CAMPBELL JOHNSON,
Roe JOHNSON,
BRETT MALCHER.
SAN RAFAEL. CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE Moasz,.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
I agree wholeheartedly with your state-
ments on Vietnam. I wish there were some-
thing I could do about it.
ANN BALFOVR.
Los ANorLES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
`Senator Morse. I fully support you in your
stand on North Vietnam. Thank you.
Mrs. L. ADELSON.
RIVERSIDE, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courage and
stand on Vietnamese situation.
Mr. and Mrs. G. I. HICKS.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We heartily support your stand on the
radio tonight.
Mr. and Mrs. LEO SANDvrx.
SAUSALITO, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
We strongly support your courageous stand
against Congressional resolution condoning
Vietnam attack.
Mr. and Mrs. ALExANDEm BERNHARD.
DENvzR, COLO., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Your courageous position against extend-
ing war in Vietnam deserves support of all
thoughtful citizens.
INOLEwooD. CALF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoasE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We endorse your sane approach to the
Vietnam crisis.
Mrs. LEON KossoY.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoasE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
All thinking, unhysterical Americans ap-
preciate your objectively courageous stand,
constructively criticizing President John-
son's unwise action In southeast Asia yester-
day.
NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIF.,
August 6, 1694.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on Vietnam 100
percent.
Lovrsz RoussEAU and SAKI DIKRAN.
SAN DIEGO, CALIF.., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Heartily applaud your stand concerning
current crisis but am afraid you will jeop-
ardize the support you deserve.
B. S. BLANKENSHIP.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We fully Support your stand against the
war in southeast Asia.
It.. STEPHEN WARNER.
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand against
military action in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. PAUL TERaILL.
AMEs, IOWA. August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your forthright cour-
ageous stand on Vietnam. Your remarks
were the most sensible and informative I have
heard. If heeded, our true interests and the
ideals for which we stand would be better
served in southeast Asia.
CRAIG HARRISON.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly commend your courageous strug-
gle against Vietnam Intervention. Keep up
this good work.
CLEVELAND, OHIO, August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
In regard to the Vietnam situation you're
like a lone voice crying in the wilderness and
I sincerely hope you will be heard.
KATHLEEN SMrrH GEATHERS.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your Vietnam position. Ad-
vocate settling the dispute by conference, not
bombs.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
We support you on your stand against the
resolution concerning the Vietnam crisis.
Mr. and Mrs. MAURICE P. SMITH.
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Los ANGELES, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Senate O fflce Building,
Washington, D.C.
You are to be commended for your fearless
and upright stand with regard to Vietnam.
Mrs. HARRY GOODMAN.
YUBA CITY, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
We join you in urging the President to
withdraw immediately and gracefully from
Vietnam.
HEAHN and SARALEE. HALPRIN.
EAST LANSING, MICH.,
August 6, 1964.
SENATOR WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
Commend courageous stand concerning
Vietnam. Urge you persevere in lonely task
of speaking truth.
T. H. GREER.
HAWTHORNE, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on our Interfer-
ence in southeast Asia. Keep America out
of war.
Mr. and Mrs. J. TROJAN.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building, Washington, D.C.:
Completely support your forthright state-
ment on Vietnam crisis.
RUBEN W. BOROUGH.
GARY, IND., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
You speak for all sensitive Americans in
your opposition to the appalling role of our
Government in Vietnam. History will un-
doubtedly prove you to be one of the out-
standing Senators of all times.
BURTON and FREDRIKA WECHSLER.
SANTA ROSA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for the courageous and rational
stand you are taking in opposing efforts to
escalate war in southeast Asia. Sending
copies to Senators KUCHEL and SALINGER.
Mr. and Mrs. JACK RUDINOW.
DETROIT, MICH., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your stand against Vietnam reso-
lution. Favor conference of all concerned
nations to end war.
Mrs. S. REINSTEIN.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Stand by your guns on Vietnam. Many
more of us than you realize are backing you.
- FRANCES W. SHIPPEY.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINN., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Earnestly support your Vietnam stand.
You are voice of reason in this tragic game.
GEORGIANA STANICH.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Foreign Relations Committee,
Washington, D.C.:
We respect and commend your courage.
Keep talking in the cloakroom, on the Sen-
ate floor, before the cameras. The people
need your voice. God bless your voice.
Mrs. BESS KLINMAN.
WASHINGTON, D.C., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We are with you about stopping the war in
South Vietnam. -
Mrs. DOROTHY MAUND.
BLOOMINGTON, IND., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your thoroughly perti-
nent and honest interpretation of U.S. sea
policy. Tragedy that you alone expressed
the truth ignored by your colleagues but
all the more commendable for that reason.
TOM MAGAN,
CHARLES MEDAWAR,
BOB MCCLURE.
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We admire your courage in speaking out
against American action in Vietnam. Keep
up your fight to keep us out of war.
Mr. and Mrs. M. A. BuNOW.
PASADENA, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Vietnam developments very distressing.
Negotiations, not bombs. Prove U.S. great-
ness, support your position.
IRVIN and ELEANOR ASHKENAEY.
WEST COVINA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
It is with profound respect and approval I
regard your position on Vietnam.
D. and Mrs. LEONARD LARTS.
LEVITTOWN, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Greatly admire your courageous clear-
headed opposition to disastrous Vietnamese
policy for sons and myself. Thanks.
KARL BERNHARD.
LONG BEACH, CALIF., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: We agree with your views
on Vietnam and have wired the President
we appreciate your unusual courage in this
difficult situation.
Mr. and Mrs. ALFRED DAWSN.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Wholeheartedly support your position on
Vietnam. More power to you.
PHILLIP SHAPIRO, M.D.
BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
We heartily support your stand on Viet-
nam. True patriotism needs your sane voice.
Dr. and Mrs. EUGENE FARBER.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Heartiest congratulations on your stand re-
PASADENA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
We urge your continued opposition to our
present policy in southeast Asia.
RAY HARTSOUGH.
SANTA ANA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Copy following wire sent Senator KUCHEL:
"Support the truth and conscience of WAYNE
MORSE'S stand against President Johnson's
Vietnam resolution."
CULVER CITY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
God bless you. You are right.
G. M. SNYDER and FAMILY.
SPOKANE, WASH., August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senator from Oregon,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
In or out of the cloakroom I support your
vote against the proposed Vietnam resolu-
tion. I am a long-term Democrat of convic-
tion, not of expediency.
R. MAx ETTER, Lawyer.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
WAYNE MORSE, -
Senate Office Building, - -
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: Stand fast. We support
your position in this Vietnam crisis.
SAM AND RUBY WAINWRIGHT.
BILOxI, Miss, August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Approve of your view of the Vietnam
trouble.
Mrs. VERA M. SQUIRES.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support for your position on Vietnam bring
U.S. troops home.
Mr. and Mrs. LEWIS SUZUHI.
SAN JOSE, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We do not agree on U.S. position in Viet-
nam. Take this subject out of politics. We
are too great a nation for this.
Mr. and Mrs. BERNARD G. ENRIGHT.
Mrs. H. MOONEY.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Fully support your efforts stop U.S. inter-
vention in Vietnam. Urge you filibuster en-
abling resolution for further military in-
volvement. Rally American people for peace.
LEROY WOLINS.
CLEVELAND, OHIO, August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your Vietnam state-
ment Senator MORSE. You have consistent-
ly shown sanity and reason when Other set-
tled for patriotism and self-righteousness.
Popularity is not the test of the truth and
I sincerely hope you will continue to speak
out as an independent both on national and
international affairs.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 6
DENVER, COLO., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNS Moass,
Senate Chambers, Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your forthright state-
ment. Please keep up the good fight. Save
this lovely world.
Mr. and Mrs. ROBERT T. STONE,
WOODLAND HILLS, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE Moass,
Washington, D.C.:
It is tragic that there are not more Sen-
ators with your courage, patriotism, and
honor.
Now BEmroaD. MASS.,
August 5, 1984.
Senator WAYNE Moass,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your courageous stand against
suicidal Vietnam policy. Stevenson admitted
NEW YORK, N.Y.,
August 5, 1964.
Maddox fired the first shots. Hope Johnson
is not trying to out-Goldwater GOLDWATER.
Mr. and Mrs. DOUGLAS PERRY.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Washington, D.C.:
For sake of humanity please hold firm.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Congratulations on your stand aglnst war
Washington, D.C.:
in Vietnam
Admire wholeheartedly your position re-
.
EUGENE ALEXANDER,
garding Maddox incident. U.N. must arbi-
trate.
NEWPORT NEws, VA., August 5, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Washington, D.C.:
CHICAGO, ILL,
Congratulate your outspoken statement
August 5,1964.
position on vital national issue. Is 1964
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Tonkin Bay incident another 1939 Gieiwitz
Senate Office Building,
incident? Your Impartial Inquiry Is only
Washington, D.C.:
uarantee that international problem is not
I commend your efforts to get the U.S.
Government out of a very dangerous mili-
tary involvement In Vietnam and to the con-
ference table Instead. Please try to filibuster
the congressional resolution supporting
President Johnson's extremely unwise adven-
ture In the Gulf of Tonkin and North Viet-
name.
Sincerely,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your courageous position
on Vietnam; you represent most decent
PAUL SAMBERO.
NEW Yozi, N.Y.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your splendid fight
against senseless American policy in
Vietnam.
LESLIE and SHZI,AOKIN.
JORDAN, N.Y., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE Monsz,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
Your lonely and heroic stand is true patri-
otims and morality.
LINCOLN FIGART JORDAN.
BUFFALO, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE Moass,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
I commend your courageous opposition to
U.S. action in Vietnam.
Dr. ELwn a H. POWELL.
CHARLESTON, S:C., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
Agree with you.
Las HOPATOONa, N.J., August 5,1964.
Senator Wayrs MORSE of Oregon,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Your policy on Vietnam is correct as well
as courageous.
ARTHUR LXEBMAs.
E DNA LIEBMAN.
MARK Si5ZNEa.
DAVID SCHOCH t.
GREAT NECK, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator MORSE,
Senate Building, Washington, D.C.:
Your statement today regarding U.S. posi-
tion in Vietnam stands as a beacon of hope
for all Americans who cherish peace.
Mr. and Mrs. GBERWAGER.
JAMAICA, N. Y., August 5, 1984.
Senator MORSE,
Senate Building, Washington, D.C.:
We support you fully in your efforts to pre-
vent war. Keep it up.
g
made election year football.
D. C. CLos.
INGLEWOOD, CALIF., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNS MORSE,
Washington, D.O.:
We support your courageous stand on Viet-
MAPLE HEIGHTS. Gino,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Expressing your different views on Viet-
nam crisis took courage. I agree whole-
Sn,vsa $PRINO, MD., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE, -
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Am grateful for your intelligent views on
Vietnam problem.
Lucnss HARRIS.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Hon. W AYNE MoasE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Please increase your effort to end war in
Vietnam and stop sending support of
predated declaration of war. Please get cloak
room votes onto Senate floor.
RICHARD and RosneA BELMOUR.
HYANNIS, Mess., August 5, 1984.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand on Viet-
nam. You are doing a great service for
America.
Mrs. DouGLAs W. REYNOLDS.
UPPxa DARBY, PA., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Washington. D.C.:
Have read your August progressive article
and heard your quote on radio tonight. Am
with you all the way as are most thinking
Americans.
ORANGE. CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoRSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We applaud your condemnation of our
Government unlawful actions in Vietnam
which threaten war.
Mr. and Mrs. THEODORE SHAPIN.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August S, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on statement re Vietnam.
Stand strong. We need voice of sanity.
Thank you.
LOMBARD, ILL., August 5, 1964.
senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Applaud your opposition to Vietnam Policy.
Unilateral action must stop. Defer to
United Nations.
Wn.Ljar and CHARLOTTE KVENNING.
MAHOPAC, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoasE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your statement on TV is the voice of sanity
in a sea of confusion. You're absolutely
correct and you are not alone. Thinking
people owe you a debt of gratitude. Your
outstanding courage amidst hysteria is to
be congratulated. How can we help?
Mr. and Mrs. EDWARD WALLERSTEIN.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on Vietnam and
commend your courage.
EST-- and ADRAHAM CAHN.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courageous stand
on the Vietnam policy. Many Americans
stand behind you.
QOLOMA. MICH., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand on Viet-
nam. We need more statesmen like you.
Mrs. C. E. KILLEBREW.
Los ANGELES. CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for statement on Vietnam sit-
uation. Urge political solution before war.
JOAN LAURENCE.
PALO ALTO, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoRBE.
Washington, D.C.
We fully approve your position on Vietnam.
JaMEB and ELIZABETH ROBERTSON.
DETRorr, MICE., August 5,1964
Senator WAYNE Moses,
Washington, D.C.
Be steadfast in your struggle for truth,
justice, peace. Ali mankind will bless you,
ALICE HERZ.
SCARSDALE, N.Y.. August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Admire your courage in appeal for basic
morality and peacemaking in Vietnam.
ROBERT AND SARA CORY.
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NGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
GLEN OAKS, N.Y.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Fully support your statement today against
involvement Vietnam. Have wired President
our strong protest.
Mr. and Mrs. DAVID P. BENNETT.
NEEDHAM, MASS.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
Completely agree with your sentiments
expressed over NBC. Why are we warmon-
gering in South Vietnam?
Mrs. CHARLES E. SOUTHWORTH.
AKRON, OHIO,
August 5, 1964.
WAYNE MORSE,
Senator from Oregon,
Washington, D.C.:
In this time, when the military advantage
of unity seems to be taking precedence over
the moral virtue of truth, your honest and
complete evaluation of events may prevent
us from becoming a nation of united hypo-
crites. The world's most powerful country
in the word needs a conscience.
DAVID MARILLA.
GREAT NECK, N.Y.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Heard your statement Vietnam TV. Ad-
mire your courage and agree with you 100
Mrs. DONALD PHILIPS.
BALTIMORE, MD.,
August 5, 1964.
SCRANTON, PA.
August 5,1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senator,
Washington, D.C.:
An enemy attack and a patrol action does
not justify aggression. This war has passed
from France to the United States. This is
not the course of peace. I support your
brave, solitary stand in the Senate.
RAY KENOWSKI.
BROOKLYN, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Thanks for your courageous Vietnam stand.
We need more advocates of moral foreign
TARZANA, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your sanity and ra-
tionality. May your views prevail and pro-
mote realistic fair settlement.
The BUSCH FAMILY.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We heartily support your courageous and
sane stand in speaking out against our rash
acts regarding North Vietnam.
STEIN FAMILY.
OSWEGO, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE, -
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We are with you in the southeast Asia
situation.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on being the one sane
voice in Washington today. I support you
on deploring the Vietnam incident and be-
lieve that United Nations control is the only
solution.
Respectfully yours,
Mrs. FANNIE TUOMI.
JOAN MANGUM.
BALTIMORE, MD.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We wholeheartedly concur with your stand
that the United Nations handle the Vietnam
crisis and that the President not be given
right to decide on war by himself. We are
asking our Congressman, Representative
GARMATZ, to support you.
Respectfully yours,
Mr. and Mrs. ROBERT LEE.
BALTIMORE, MD.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand on Vietnam.
Let us get out of Vietnam and allow the
United Nations to settle it.
Mrs. VERA CMBALA.
COLUMBUS, OHIO,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations. Continue to demand
lawful procedure. No blank checks.
LAWRENCE GRENER.
STATEN ISLAND, N.Y.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE:
Appreciate your opposition to the Presi-
dent's resolution and support your proposed
change of policy.
PALO ALTO, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Thanks for courageous reasonable stand
on Vietnam question. You speak for many
otherwise unrepresented now.
SANDRA DRAKE.
SEBASTOPOL, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
HOD. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senator from Oregon,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your remarks regarding escalation Viet-
nam war appreciated here. We are behind
you 100 percent.
HASSEL W. SMITH, Jr.,
DONNA D. SMITH,
SHIRLEY SHEAHAN.
LAGUNA BEACH, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Extension of war to North Vietnam by
President is shocking. What are we doing
in South or North Vietnam is beyond my
understanding.
It was good to hear Senator MORSE on TV
as a voice of genuinely peaceful silence.
Millions now are'for a real peace. A cease-
fire and handling by the U.N. as outlined by
some is indicated, not bombing. The attempt
to eliminate foreign policy as an election
issue is too dearly bought from GOLDWATER.
Mrs. ALIE DALE JACKSON.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
My friends, family, and I are alarmed at
recent events in Vietnam. We don't want
war in southeast Asia. Let's get out before
it's too late. God bless you for speaking for
LOS ANGELES, CALIF.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Last evening President Johnson, after con-
sulting with BARRY GOLDWATER, announced
that American planes had conducted air
strikes upon North Vietnamese naval bases.
This act reflects a strong movement to the
right by the present administration, an ob-
vious capitulation to Goldwaterism. Many
people, including Senator WAYNE MORSE and
the Oregon Democratic State Central Com-
mittee, have urged a political solution in
Vietnam and a removal of the issue to the
United Nations. Under the present circum-
stances this seems the only sane answer to
the situation. The possible escalation of this
conflict into another Korean war must be
opposed. I urge you to do everything in
your power to stop this madness.
SENIEL OSTROW.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Fullest support on Vietnam. Letter fol-
lows.
NEW ORLEANS, LA., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on being the only Senator
with the sense and guts to act as an adult on
the Vietnam situation. Please send copies of
this to Senators ET.LENDER and LONG.
JAMES LAKE.
BALTIMORE, MD., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Hope you will persist in questioning U.S.
goals in southeast Asia and broaden debate
on President Johnson's requested resolution
of support for air and naval action to in-
clude (1) bypassing of United Nations, (2)
possible escalation of war, (3) effect on free-
dom of debate during presidential campaign,
(4) futility of meeting social upheavals in
Asia by use of weapons and war.
Dr. and Mrs. WILSON WING.
CONCORD, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
No gunboat diplomacy over Vietnam crisis.
Truly great society must never fear to
negotiate.
Mr. and Mrs. RAYMOND GILBERT.
MIDDLEBURY, VT., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Many Americans agree with your position
in the present south Asia crisis. The United
States must disengage itself from an im-
moral and dangerous policy in this sector.
Professor ANDRE MALECOT.
. COLUMBIA, Mo., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Commend you for opposition to Presi-
dent's request for force in Vietnam. Share
your view.
WASHINGTON, D.C., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
We support you 100 percent on your stand
on Vietnam. Please continue to make your-
self heard.
Mr. and Mrs. SAM SHORE and
SIDNEY SHORE.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your efforts to stop interfer-
ence in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. JOHN RunaAxan.
JAMAICA, N.Y.,
August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Your fight against warlike actions of U.S.
Government in southeast Asia is in the beat
tradition of American decency and the world
of sanity. It will earn you the respect or
history and the gratitude of Americans
everywhere who truly love their country
enough to fight for peace.
?Warm and'PAUL BEcxxR.
ELarN, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your courageous and forth-
right stand on Vietnam,
RUTH and JIM HUMPREY.
CORNWELLS HEIGHTS. PA.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Admire and agree with stand on unde-
clared war in Vietnam.
BEATRICE SINCLAIR.
SAN JosE, CALIF.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand against
U.S. attack on North Vietnam.
JERALDINE GORDON.
SAN ANTONIO, TEE.,
August 5, 1984.
Senator WAYNE MoasE,
Washington, D.C.:
Believe that many voiceless Americans to-
day accept you as their spokesman. We are
truly grateful.
Mr. and Mrs. WM. J. LYTLE.
CHICAGO, ILL.,
August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: You have stated the facts. God
give you continued strength to stand against
the President's resolution concerning further
powers with respect to the Vietnam crisis.
Respectfully yours,
DONNA E. WoaaMAN.
NORTH HOLLYWOOD. CALIF.,
August 5, 1964,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office -Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your only voice thousands informed citi-
zens protesting U.S. warmaking. Speak
boldly before too late.
Mrs. ELBA CLAY.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building,
Washington, D.C,.:
Pull support to your opposition to our
policy in Vietnam. Negotiation must replace
provocation.
MERTON and JANicx DusHxEs.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Heartily applaud your stand for interna-
tional law and order.
RICHasoND, CALIF., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
I support your position on Vietnam that
this should be settled in the U.N.
ANTHONY RUSSO.
LONGMEADOW, MASS., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank God we have one brave man with
the courage of his conviction. As a lifelong
Democrat I'm with you 100 percent.
IRENE GooDLess LEDIARD.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Regardless of those In Congress rushing to
disassociate themselves from your position
about our Government Involvement in Viet-
nam, I believe many more Americans agree
with you. Personally I am grateful for your
past and present efforts toward a rational
attitude on the part of our Government in
this area. Government officials of both
parties have for months urged an extended
war Into North Vietnam. They now surely do
not believe U.S. citizens are naive enough to
believe their explanation for the provocative
presence of our 7th Fleet off the coast of
North Vietnam. The remarkable speed of bi-
partisan government is always evident where
cold or hot wars are concerned. I believe it
could be better applied to legislation on the
many problems of our impoverished millions
of unemployed, our aged, and the education
of our youth.
ROYAL OAK, MICH., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Why don't you run for President. The
American people want peace.
JOSEPH W. BENTON.
RocHrs ii, N.Y., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Offices,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations forthright stand against
spreading war in Vietnam.
It. LEvnss YAVCO AvouuToRLrco.
PITTSBURGH. PA., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Your courageous stand in re U.S. foreign
policy in southeast Asia is to be admired
and respected by all those who deplore abuse
of power and irresponsibility in relations be-
tween nations.
PAUL 0515EI..
NORE DINARDO,
Soon Coos,
Mmx HUPERSANAt,
DIANE FRANK,
MILDRED BAER,
Members, Social Science Program, Uni-
versity of Pittsburgh.
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
-Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We wholeheartedly support your stand on
the Vietnam resolution. We admire your
courage.
Mr. and Mrs. STEPHEN J. B:ARAKASHIAN.
GRESHAM, OREG., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR: Wired President Johnson,
Secretary Rusk, Ambassador Stevenson, Sec-
retary U Thant appraising them our belief
August 6
Vietnam crisis should be handled by U.N.
That we're in Vietnam illegally and would
lose respect all freedom loving nations if we
persist In present program. Thanks for your
great fight.
AsroRIA, OaEG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Commend wisdom and morality your posi-
tion on Vietnam.
TROUTDALE, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Feeling mutual. You have our support
on your stand on Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. CLARENCE BAxTER.
ANN Aaeoa, MICH., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building.
Washington, D.C.:
About Vietnam we appreciate your con-
tinuing resistance to panic and your persist-
ence in questioning easy assumptions. Here
are some unanswered questions based on
news reports about the first attack on the
destroyer Maddox on Sunday.
1. Why was the attack announced from
Pearl Harbor Instead of Washington and
not until 2 hours after it happened? See
Chicago Tribune, Monday, page 1, column 7.
2. If the attack was unprovoked why was
there a delay from Sunday morning until
the second attack had been reported about
noon on Tuesday before an official U.S. pro-
test was made public? See Chicago Daily
News, Wednesday, page 1. All times are U.S.
eastern daylight.
3. On Saturday, August 1, apparently be-
fore the first seafight involving Maddox,
Hanoi protested an attack by American and
South Vietnam warships on North Vietnam
Islands. Said to have been made last Thurs-
day. Chicago Tribune, Sunday, Assiociated
Press story on page 3, column 4. The New
York Times, Tuesday. August 4, page 2,
column 2. reported that on Sunday after
the first seafight, Hanoi claimed that U.S.
warships had shelled the islands of Bonne,
Nonngu In the gulf of Tonkin; on page 3,
column 1. the Tuesday Times also reported
that these islands were said to be in North
Vietnam territorial waters and are about 40
miles northwest of the point at which the
Maddox was reported by the Navy to have
been attacked. On page 2, column 2, the
Tuesday Times said that Senator RUSSELL
had reported some South Vietnamese naval
activity in the gulf of Tonkin. In column 3
on page 2, the Tuesday Times quoted a re-
port without a stated source that the U.S.
destroyers on the Tonkin gulf patrol have
sometimes collaborated with South Viet-
namese hit-and-run raids on North Viet-
namese port cities. Though the destroyers
themselves stay in territorial waters ques-
tions, any or all of these stories correct as a
South Vietnam naval attack on the Islands
been underway since last Thursday was
Maddoxat time of the seafight on Sunday
providing cover for his attack? If so, would
this be a violation of U.S. treaties or inter-
national law? Whose authority was it or-
dered and was Congress consulted?
4. Regarding the Navy's announced chro-
nology of the first seaflght-
A. What is the reason for the unexplained
reference to the sighting by Maddox of a
fleet of 75 junks at 11 pm. Saturday, 2 hours
and a half before it first sighted torpedo
boats?
B. Why did it take the 50-mile-per-hour
torpedo boats more than 2 hours and a half
after they were first reported more than 10
miles north of Maddox at 1:30 am, to close
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to within range of Maddox at 4:08 a.m.?
When the seafight actually began was Mad-
dox running away to the south at full speed
from 1:30 a.m. to 4:08 a.m.? If so, would
this have put Maddox 30 miles off Vietnam
coast as reported by the Navy and 40 miles
southeast of the islands at 4:08 a.m. when
the seafight began? What were the posi-
tions of Maddox at 1:30 a.m. when it sighted
the patrol boats and at 11 p.m. Saturday in
relation to North Vietnam coast and the is-
lands reported by Hanoi to have been under
attack by U.S. Naval vessels?
C. If patrol was routine and attack unpro-
voked, how was Maddox able to report at
3:40 a.m. that the apparent intention of the
50-mile-per-hour torpedo boats was to at-
tack it 28 minutes later at 4:08 a.m.? The
torpedo boats are reported by the Navy as
still being 5,000 yards, almost 3 miles away,
from Maddox. The sea fight began at 4:08
a.m.
D. Language of the Navy chronology is con-
sistent with torpedo boats having launched
torpedoes at Maddox from 5,000-yard range
after, not before, coming actual fire from
Maddox. Who fired first? Under normal
circumstances is the approach of a foreign
warship within 3 miles of a U.S. warship con-
sidered grounds for opening fire on it? If
so, what is U.S. policy about Russian patrol
bombers which have been reported as rou-
tinely flying over U.S. warships in inter-
national waters? Since Detroit newspapers
are on strike we have no reliable current
news about the second sea fight involving
Maddox reported to have occurred on Tues-
day.
Questions :
Was this also in the immediate vicinity of
the islands reported by Hanoi as under
attack?
Does the Navy plan to release a chronology
similar to that released on the first Maddox
sea fight?
These are unpopular questions but in view
of the record of bipartisan erorrs in similar
international incidents from U-2 to the Bay
of Pigs it seems '.appropriate that they be
asked. (Copies McNamara and Hart.)
NATHAN B. HALL.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Hon. Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building, Washington, D.C.:
Support your fight against our participa-
tion in Vietnam war. Urge continue efforts
BURBANK, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Applaud your courage. Support your stand
on Vietnam crisis. Keep talking sense to
United States.
Mr. and Mrs. S. J. WAXMAN.
PACIFIC PALISADES, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. LEO ZIMMERMAN.
American
Keep up
GLENDORA, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
I agree with you 100 percent on the Viet-
nam crisis.
MARY OUSE JONES.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We fully support your stand for
withdrawal from southeast Asia.
No. 152-14
the good work, continue to spread the truth,
and fight the aggressive policies of the U.S.
Government. Informed and peace-loving
Americans support you.
MORRIS and NINA INDMAN.
DOWNEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for your courageous stand
against the North Vietnam war.
JEFFERY EWING.
SHERMAN OAKS, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Heartily support your decision regarding
Vietnam. Please continue working for with-
drawal of our forces.
Mr. and Mrs. J. KovNER.
SCHENECTADY, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Urge negotiated truce Vietnam now.
Avert world holocaust.
ESTHER LANGWORTHY.
EVANSTON, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Military action violates U.N. Charter, de-
stroys peace. Insist upon negotiation. Ap-
plaud words of WAYNE MORSE.
ALICE WALTON.
BLAIRSTOWN, N.J., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you, Senator MORSE, for your cou-
rageous stand on international issues.
CAROLINE LEXOW BABCOCK.
STUDIO CITY, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Admire wholeheartedly your position.
Thank heavens for Maverick.
ALAN TANKER BROWN.
BLOOMINGTON, IND.,
August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Fully support your position for peace in
southeast Asia. Yours is one of the few
voices of moderation in these troubled times.
Dose and RITA LICHTENBERG.
SHEBOYGAN, WIS.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your position of South Vietnam.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We are in complete agreement with your
stand on Vietnam.
ALLEN and ELAINE HERZOG,
NEW YORK., N.Y.,
August 6, 1964.
17773
posing congressional resolution re southeast
WILLIAM and LESS HUNTINGTON.
HANOVER, N.H., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
I want to salute your courageous stand and
to express full agreement with your criticism
of our policy in southeast Asia.
ALEXANDER ERLICH,
Columbia University.
SILVER SPRING, Md., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
This citizen is grateful for the one honest
and courageous senatorial voice re U.S. in-
volvement in southeast Asia. May God give
you strength.
ROBERT G. KASSEBAUM.
MISSOULA, MONT., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We the undersigned support your stand in
the southeast Asia crisis and hope you will
continue to work for a peaceful settlement
through the United Nations.
E. W. and JEAN S. PFEIFFER.
DEXTER and SUSAN ROBERTS.
EMILY LORING MYER.
FLORENCE CHESSIN.
ROGER DUNSMORE.
SYOSSET, N.Y.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thanks and congratulations for your op-
position to vote predated declaration of war
in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. E. R. STABLER.
BALTIMORE, MD.,
August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE, -
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Our thanks for your courage and sanity.
You have our unqualified vote of confidence.
WARREN and ELEANOR THERIEN.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.,
August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Sente Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We heartily approve your opposition to
military extremism. God bless you and
strengthen you.
SAMUEL A. CORSON FAMILY.
MIDDLETOWN. CONN.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Your position is the only sane voice.
ELIZABETH PETERSON.
CLEVELAND, OHIO,
August 6, 1964.
WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your stand on Vietnam. -
CHARLES C. DAVIS. -
ORONO, MAINE,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
You have more courage than is represented
by the cumulative votes against you today.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
We wish to declare total support and sym-
pathy your sane courageous statement op-
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~J August '6
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
NORFOLK, VA.,
August 6, 1964.
I appreciate your sane voice concerning
Vietnam. Press for rejection.
Mrs, ANN GREENBERG,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courageous stand
on the Vietnamese crisis. This is a matter
for the 'United Nations rather than hasty
unilateral military retaliations. Aside from
danger of escalation we are setting a poor
example to the smaller nations whom we
urge to settle their differences peaceably.
Homer and Lois Chance, Lois Disney.
Gregory and Judy Buboff, Theodore
and Edith Hefley. Hugh and Beatrice
Renshaw, Mark C. and Phyllis Pllisuk.
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoasE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Keep up the strong stand against U.S.
military action in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. G. D. WRIGHT.
FREsxo, CALIF., August 8, 1984.
Ron. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Masses of us thank you for your courage.
If civilization lasts your name will be long
remembered.
RUTH and CLAUDE HASTY.
ALBUQUERQUE, N. MEx.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
All power to your courageous stand against
the suicidal folly of attacking a very poor and
weak nation. The attack can only intensify
the poverty which makes communism inevi-
table and more powerful.
DWIGHT SPENCER.
PHILADELPHIA, PA.,
August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
'Urge Senate recommend no further mili-
tary action in southeast Asia. Seek negoti-
ated settlement through United Nations.
L. P. CARVER.
Los ANGELES. CALIF.,
August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Applaud your courageous statement critiz-
tag our actions in Vietnam. With North
Vietnam we share responsibility for major
war neutralization. Only hope.
Mr. and Mrs. Was. GoapxaT.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
DENVER. COLA.,
August 6,1984.
the table for all to see this dirty business.
Keep up the tight as there must be millions
behind you.
Mr. and Mrs. M. C. Bm.HNAP.
Mrs. C. U. DAVIDSON.
Senator WAYNE Mosar,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We wholeheartedly support your position
on South Vietnam and commend your per-
sonal courage. Urge continued fight against
President Johnson's request of Congress for
carte blanche authority in southeast Asia.
Mr. and Mrs. TnouAs JACOBS.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Fully support your position on our role in
South Vietnam.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your intelligent and ma-
ture position on Vietnam situation.
R.. K. GOODWIN.
Senator WAYNE MORSE.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
ASTORIA, OREG.,
August 6, 1964.
Congratulate you for your statesmanship
and oourage on Vietnam.
EERMAN J. BIRCH.
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Appreciate your efforts to insist on
thoughtful discussion of all implications in
South Vietnam crisis. Hope consideration
will be given to possible International con-
ference leading to political rather than pri-
marily military settlement.
ROBERT A. FANGMEIER.
Los ANGELES, CALIF., August 6, 1964,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand against U.S.
military aggressiveness in Vietnam or any-
where. Keep sanity in world.
DAN and FRANCES TROY.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 6, 1984.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D'C.:
Congratulations on your stand opposing
war In Vietnam. Get more Senators to sup-
port you.
Mr. and Mrs. MAURICE SILVER.
TAMPA, FLA., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
Heard your statements on TV. Am with
you 100 percent.
We commend and support your stand
against expanding war in Vietnam.
V. D. WALKER.
CONCORD, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We are most grateful for your courageous
stand on Vietnam and you have our com-
plete support. You have laid the cards on
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
NEW YORK, N.Y.,
August 6,1964.
Agree with your statement re Vietnam and
wholeheartedly support your courageous
stand.
Mr. and Mrs. JOHN DOBBs.
Senator MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
NEW YORx, N.Y.,
August 6, 1964.
Yea, yes, yes-and keep saying it. You are
a sweet voice of reason on Vietnam.
MORTON and CAROL KAPLAN.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
BOSTON, MASS.,
August 6, 1964.
I am happy to see that the light of reason
still shines. Thank you; copy speech.
ARTHUR SHEEHAN.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your minority position. Please
continue to speak up.
WILLIAM and ELEANOR OTrERNESS.
REDMOND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
In entire agreement. Do anything you
can to stop it.
Mr. and Mrs. B. S. KNOWLES.
Dr. and Mrs. C. E. STEWART.
LEBANON, OR=, August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
I am proud of your courageous stand on
Vietnam. I heard you at Kansas University.
CARL BANGS.
PORTLAND, OREG., August6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
I agree with your stand on the Vietnam
situation,
Miss MABEL DOWNS.
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
I support your speech condemning U.S.
unilateral action in southeast Asia and op-
posing congressional resolution.
RONALD SUBOTNICK.
EUGENE, OREG., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your view that U.S. pol-
icy in Vietnam has been provocative unjusti-
fled unwise.
Mr. and Mrs. ROBERT LEEPER.
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
Wholeheartedly support your stand on
Vietnam and oppose expansion of McNa-
mars's war.
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
We fully support your lone and courageous
dissent to U.S. warmongering in Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. FEUERBERG.
SALEM, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.:
We support the position you are taking
regarding the crises In Vietnam.
Respectfully,
Mr. and Mrs. JOHN FULLENWIDER.
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PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank God fora sane voice. Thank you
for voicing 20th-century realities.
Dr. and Mrs. JACQUES SINGER.
SALEM, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on Vietnam.
HUEY FREDERICK.
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Now more than ever your courageous de-
nunciation of Pentagon aggression vital lest
humanity perish.
JOHN P. VAN-HYNING.
MADISON, Wis., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Accept my full support for your position
and action on American policy in southeast
Asia.
WILLIAM'A. WILLIAMS.
SALEM, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We support you on negotiations rather
than extending Viet war.
ROBERT and SHIRLEY MILLER.
SALEM, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support you to urge negotiations and
not to extend Viet war.
Mr. and Mrs. JAMES E. NELSEN.
EUGENE, OREG., August 5, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Endorse your position on Vietnam with-
out qualifications.
MARTIN and JOAN ACKER.
SALEM, OREG., August 5,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Oicg Building,
Washingtoft, D.C.:
Praise your statement tonight on Viet-
nam crisis. You are absolutely right. Urge
you keep talking.
MARVIN and VIOLET METTLETON.
MADISON, Wis., August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your intelligence, hon-
esty, and courage.
GLADYS BORCHERS.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thanks for bringing out the facts about our
Navy In North Vietnam. We support you.
Mr. and Mrs. H. L. FEAY.
HOLLYWOOD, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Thanks for your courage and your decency
in opposing escalation of war in Vietnam.
Thank God one man in the Senate tells the
truth. You are defending not only the lives
and consciences of Americans but the future
itself.
MARY P. AUSTIN.
COLUMBIA, S.C., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
Support opposition Vietnam action con-
tinue fight. Support you all the way. No
more war.
. EMMETT J. DURANT.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Highly respect your position, urge you in-
sist on United Nations decision before further
action.
INGLEWOOD, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your Vietnam position.
GAIL EABY.
LEONIA, N.J., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
We and many others support your stand
Vietnamese crisis and hope for full investiga-
tion.
LEROY J. ELLIS and DOROTHY M. ELLIS.
ALHAMBRA, CALIF., August 6,1964.
Senator- WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your position in favor
of more restraint on our part in Vietnam.
Respectfully,
WILLIAM F. GRAVES.
STAMFORD, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.:
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: Today you are rep-
resenting all that is best in Americanism.
Future generations will honor you for your
stand; do not falter.
Respectfully,
STEPHEN D. JACOBY.
OAKLAND, CALIF., August 6,19 . 04.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your stand regarding
Vietnam. Best wishes.
MOTT D. CANNON.
SANTA MONICA, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Heartily endorse your stand southeast Asia.
Keep up good work.
HAROLD K. and KEAN MANTIUS.
CHICAGO, ILL., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.: -
Thank you-thank you-thank you.
ATLANTIS MARSHALL.
Los ANGELES, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Blessings, voice of sanity. Keep up pres-
sure for United Nations peaceful solution
Vietnam and southeast.
FRANCES NELSON.
WICHITA, KANS., August 6, 1694.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Building, Washington, D.C.;
Why the ,administration's so unpromising
venture 3,000 miles away after all the un-
000200160055-1
17775
decisiveness, confusion, and deceit. Why not
only 80 miles away? I don't believe it's too
late yet. Frankly, I am, scared to death and
we are depending on your good judgment.
BILL SONTAG.
RIVEREDGE, N.J., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We fully support your courageous action
in the Vietnam crisis.
Respectfully,
Mr. and Mrs. CARL FISCHER.
OAKLAND, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your position on Vietnam.
Urge you embark on nationwide speaking
tour.
LOS ANGELES, CALIF.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Heartily commend your opposition to pres-
ent action Vietnam. Suggest neutralization
of southeast Asia.
NEW YORK, N.Y.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Deeply grateful to you for speaking on
behalf of millions who want peace. May you
continue to stand firm.
ELIZABETH MooS.
BERKELEY, CALIF., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations for not being stampeded
by unconvincing evidence into so-called
deliberate bodies war hysteria.
RUTH ANSPACH.
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
Admire your brave attitude and sane
thinking on the Vietnam situation. Thank
you.
FRANCES M. MALDEN.
BAR HARBOR, MAINE,
August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your opposition to our military
action in North Vietnam and admire your
courageous stand for truth and justice.
,GACIA BODDE.
BROOKLYN, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your reported stand
NEW YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations. Support your position
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X39&B August 6
Nzw Yons., N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MoRsz,
Congress of the United States,
Washington, D.C.:
Thank you for your courageous stand on
the Vietnam issue. Future generations will
CHAPEL HILL, N.C., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
With you all the way. Keep talking.
Mrs. ARTHUR P. MILLER.
NEw YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Keep up good fight for sanity peace and
justice. Am wiring my Congressmen do like-
wise. Congratulate and bless your courage.
CLARA COLON.
WEST CORNWALL, CONN.. August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on Vietnam stand, His-
tory and good men everywhere will applaud
your courage. Continue bravely.
JEREMY BEECHES.
PASADENA, CALM., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
We support your stand In Vietnam.
Dr. and Mrs. JEaOME WEINBERO.
NAPEavILLE, ILL., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
We praise you for your stand on thecrisis
in Vietnam.
EUGENE W. KEEVES.
SHENOaoCK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courageous posi-
tion. The majority of American people be-
lieve as you do.
Mr. and Mrs. LEONARD DRAPHIN.
GRAND Foaxs, N. DAs., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your position on southeast Asia.
It is in the victorious tradition Of progressive
dissidence.
ALBERT STERN.
COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO.,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Few dare tell the truth today about Viet-
nam. We are thankful for your voice.
HELENA CHASE JOHNSON.
MANal FERN,
The Pines Cheyenne Mountain.
Senator WAYNE MoRSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
to hide the truth from those to whom It
matters most, the citizens of the United
States. No words can express my apprecia-
tion of the debt we owe you. Good health
and good luck.
ROBEaTA DtAMoxo.
LINCOLN, NESS.,
August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Deeply appreciate your stand opposing
hypocrisy of Simultaneous peaceful talk
belligerent action.
R. H. MARKS.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
GaovE, ILL.,
August 6, 1964.
I cheer you for your stand on crisis In
Vietnam.
MARY PHILLIPS.
Lemont, Ill.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Support heartily your position of con-
science In Viet crisis.
GEORGE SPENCER.
HANCOCK CENTER. MASS.,
-Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
You have support of all thinking people.
Do not give up the battle.
Dr. RICHARn M. BCIINEER.
WASHINGTON. D.C.,
August 6, 1964.
Senator MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Commend you on Vietnam. Please fili-
buster White House war resolution until
Monday.
NEW YORK, N.Y..
August 6, 1964.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Strongly support your criticism of south-
east Asia policy and endorse your refusal
support congressional resolution.
ROBERT BROWN.
Los ANGELES, CALM.,
August 6, 1864.
Senator MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Approve your stand on Vietnam situation.
ZELDA GRUans,
STATE COLLEGE, PA., August 8, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington D.C.:
Approve your position as on TV Interview
yesterday. Urge complete use of United
Nations.
WARREN S. SMITH.
Please do everything possible to continue
your battle against the terrifying actions
taken by our Government In Vietnam. You
are one of the few fighting for truth and
justice. May you have the strength and de-
termination to carry on this fight despite
the grim power of your opponents who seek
NEw HAVEN, CONN., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington D.C.:
Strongly support your Vietnam stand In
New York Times today.
RALPH F. GUERTIN.
Los ANGELES, CALM., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington D.C.:
Your honest, courageous statement con-
cerning Vietnam is outstanding example of
best in American public life.
THOMAS AMNEIIS.
VALLEY STREAM, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington D.C.:
Thank you for your continued sanity on
Vietnam.
NEw YORK, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington D.C.:
Admire your sane and courageous stand
on the Vietnamese Issue. You have our full
support.
SAN JOSE, CALIP., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Washington, D.C.:
We, the rational minority, support your
courageous stand on Vietnam.
JOHN BEaNSTEIN,
President, FDR Democratic Club, Cali-
fornia Democratic Council.
RocHESTER, N.Y., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
You are right. We want no war. Let's
get out of Vietnam before too late.
KARL NELL,
Rochester, N.Y.
BOSTON, MAss., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.:
Congratulations on your courageous criti-
cism of Vietnam reprisal. Please continue
to question wisdom of our policy.
FLORIAN WEISSENBORN.
MoNTCLAiR, N.J., August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Many thanks for your reasonable and sane
statement regarding Vietnam. Your courage
and judgment appreciated.
Mrs. L. FREEMAN,
Montclair, N.J.
PORTLAND, OREG, August 6,1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Support your position on Vietnam.
Mr. and Mrs. A. H. KERR,
Portland, Oreg.
EUGENE, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building..
Washington, D.C.:
Bravo. Your position on Vietnam abso-
lutely right. Conference table civilized so-
lution.
ASTORIA. OREG, August 6, 1964.
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Senate Office Building.
Washington, D.C.:
I support your position on Vietnam and
everything else.
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CONGRESSIONAL ' RECOiD SENATE 17777
ASTORIA, OREG., August 6, 1964,
Senator WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Senate Office8uilding,
Washington, D.C.:_
I applaud your decision to vote no on
Vietnamese resolution and salute your cour-
20 questions and answers which will, I
hope, help offset the rigged quiz pro-
grams of the power companies and afford
consumers a better understanding of
their electricity bills.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD, these 20 questions and answers.
There being no objection, the ques-
tions and answers were ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
TWENTY QUESTIONS
1. Who supplies the power?
2. How do power suppliers differ?
3. How do IOU's differ from other busi-
nesses?
4. Don't power companies pay any taxes?
5. Do the IOU's refund taxes when they
collect too much?
6. Must an IOt? refund other overcharges?
7. How are electric rates set?
8. Are IOU profits increasing?
9. Are IOU rates too high?
10. Don't lower rates increase sales?
11. Do IOU insiders get cut-rate stock?
12._ What do options cost?
13. Are option windfalls taxed?
14. Aren't options more costly than
salaries?
15. Then who do IOU's use options?
16. What will reduce my light bill?
17. How do IOU's distribute propaganda?
18. How do IOU's help ultra-right groups?
19. Do the companies publicize such gifts?
20. Who pays for this propaganda?
1. Who supplies the power?
About three-fourths of the electricity in
the United States is supplied by 220 com-
panies. These are the large "investor-owned
utilities" (as they call themselves) or the
IOU's (as I perfer to call them). Together
these companies comprise the largest indus-
try in the United States, with about 12 per-
cent of all capital invested in business in
the Nation.
The rest of the power-less than 25 per-
cent-Is supplied by nonprofit systems, in-
cluding municipals (city owned), rural elec-
tric cooperatives, and public utility districts.
All power suppliers are alike in one sense.
They are monopolies, being the sole supplier
of power in a given area, with rare excep-
tions.
2. How do power suppliers differ?
The IOU's and rural electric cooperatives
are privately owned; the other systems are
publicly owned. The IOU's are controlled
by principal stockholders, which are fre-
quently holding companies, insurance com-
panies,' banks or individuals who live far
from the companies' service areas. The rural
electrics are controlled by the consumers
they serve. Each customer has one vote.
Likewise the municipal and public utility
district systems are locally controlled.
Control of the IOU's is usually cen-
tralized. In fact, in some instances all vot-
ing at annual meetings-of millions of
shares of stock-is by proxy. The primary
interest of IOU investors is profit.
In contrast, the primary interest of con-
sumer-owned power suppliers is good serv-
ice, at the lowest possible cost.
3. How do IOU's differ from other busi-
nesses?
Competitive, free enterprise businesses are
subject to risks and losses. About 15,000
ordinary businesses fail each year. There
has not been a failure in the giant electric
light and power industry in more than a
generation. This is because, as utilities, they
are granted numerous special favors by gov-
ernment and practically guaranteed all ex-
PORTLAND, OREG., August 6, 1964.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
Bravo. Heartily favor negotiation Vietnam
crisis. American withdrawal overdue.
0. BERNHARD FEDDE.
IOU NO. 28-20 QUESTIONS ABOUT
YOUR LOADED LIGHT BILL
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, a
favorite propaganda technique of the
IOU's-they call themselves investor-
owned utilities-is the rigged quiz. Elec-
trical consumers are asked questions and
told answers which create an image of
the local power company as home folks,
overburdened by taxes and regulation
but nevertheless struggling to meet the
payroll, just as the corner grocer.
Anyone interested in an elaboration of
this technique will find most Interesting
the articles, "A Farm Family Visit to a
Powerhouse," and "Rigging Your Own
Quiz Programs" which appeared in the
June 8, 1961 and November 23, 1961
issues, respectively, of "Public Utilities
Fortnightly,' an industry publication.
Mr. President, there is a great need for
consumer understanding of utility opera-
tion. The electric light and power in-
dustry is the Nation's largest. Every
month, millions of American families
each pay the local power company up to
$5 more than it needs to provide elec-
trical service, expand and make a reason-
able profit. For many consumers, the
$60-a-year overcharge cancels out the
income tax reduction voted by Congress
this year.
Companies use part of this monthly
overcharge to finance a massive propa-
ganda campaign, through their advertis-
ing and public relations programs and by
contributions to a variety of organiza-
tions which want to shift more taxes
from the rich to those less able to pay
and which would abolish the United
Nations. They also seek to weaken or
destroy their nonprofit competitors-
the rural electric, municipal and public
utility district power suppliers. The
IOU's do not like competition, which
forces them to reduce rates.
Part of the overcharge is kept by the
companies as extra profit. However,
ordinary stockholders in power compan-
ies do not always benefit from the con-
sumer overcharge. In fact, if you hold
stock in an investor-owned power com-
pany, you may get "taken" twice-once
when you pay your light bill and again
when you get your dividend check. The
equity of ordinary stockholders in some
power companies is being diluted by
creation of additional stock which is sold
to company insiders for as little as one-
fourth of the price charged ordinary
In an attempt to provide better under-
standing of this issue, I have prepared
1 Just one insurance company-Metro-
politan Life-has more than twice as much
invested in the electric power industry as
the Federal Government has invested in the
Tennessee Valley Authority.
penses, including taxes, plus profit. In other
words, they are essentially cost-plus con-
tractors, assured costs, including taxes, plus
profit.
4. Do not power companies pay any taxes?
No. Despite what many IOU's advertise,
each company "merely acts as tax collector
for the Government." Surprisingly, these
are the words of a private power spokesman,
Edwin Vennard, managing director of Edison
Electric Institute, the IOU trade association.
You, the customer, pay the taxes when you
pay your light bill. They are included by
the company as part of its expenses.
If you don't pay those taxes which are in-
cluded in your light bill, the company will
out off your lights.
In their advertisements, some IOU's try
to appear to be identical to other businesses.
But the IOU's have a monopoly on an
essential product, for which demand is un-
paralleled, along with the practical assurance
of all expenses-including taxes-plus profit.
How many other businesses are in that
category?
5. Do the IOU's refund taxes when they
collect too much?
Hardly ever. In fact many IOU's do not
even pass on tax reductions to the consumer
who buys electricity at a rate set high enough
to pay the company's taxes and other ex-
penses. Under the Revenue Act of 1964, for
example, private power companies get two
tax reductions-a 2 percent cut in 1964 and
an additional 2 percent reduction in 1965.
But according to a State-by-State survey
by the New York Times in June of 1964,
many companies do not plan to pass this
tax reduction on to their customers and
several State regulatory commissions have
indicated they will make no effort to get the
companies to do so.
This is only the most recent example of
the IOU's failure to pass tax reductions on
to the customer. Since World War II the
Federal Government has granted nine tax
reductions to the IOU's. Many companies
have simply pocketed the reduction. Since
1954 the IOU's have obtained more than a
billion dollars in tax relief through acceler-
ated amortization (fast writeoffs of property
for tax purposes) and more than a half a bil-
lion dollars through liberalized depreciation.
The investment tax credit provides them an
annual tax savings of more than $50 million.
The Revenue Act of 1964 will save the in-
dustry $50 million in 1964 and $100 million
in 1965 and every year thereafter. In
addition power companies have distributed
more than $741 million in tax-free dividends
which, because of rapid depreciation, are
considered a return of capital.
Thus, in summary, many private power
companies are really tax collectors who, when
the Government cuts the tax rate, keep on
collecting taxes from the consumer at the
higher rate. But if taxes are raised, IOU's
pass the increase on to the consumer. So
the IOU's collect more tax dollars than they
turn over to local, State, and Federal
Governments,
6. Must an IOU refund other overcharges?
No. One of the principles of utility regu-
lation is the "water over the dam" rule.
Under this principle, if revenues or ex-
penses are incorrectly estimated, the party
damaged does not get a refund. Another
way of" stating this principle would be the
old phrase, "let bygones be bygones." The
trouble with this rule, as far as the electric
consumer is concerned, is that in rate cases
most of the experts are on the side of the
IOU's. Many regulatory commissions do
not have sufficient staff to analyze critically
the company's statements. And in most
States electric consumers are unorganized.
One of the cases I have used to illustrate
how the "water over the dam" principle
hurts the consumer involves the Virginia
Electric & Power Co. About 10 years ago
it started sending out light bills every other
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month, instead of each month. During a
rate case at that time the company was
asked how much money It would save send-
ing out only half as many bills. The com-
pany said there would be practically no
savings. The State regulatory commission
accepted this statement, and granted the
company the rate incerase it requested.
Yet by 1962 the company was telling its
shareholders that it was saving almost $2.5
million a year just by bimonthly billing.
This saving was not passed on to the con-
sumer. And as late as February 1964. a
spokesman for the State regulatory commis-
slon said he didn't even know how much the
company was saving by bimonthly billing.
Recent studies of the companies' own
reports show that 95 IOU's overcharged
their consumers more than $2.2 billion In
recent years. But past overcharges cannot
be balanced off against future profits. The
money Is gone-water over the dam.
So the IOU's are better off than the
ordinary cost-plus contractor, who some-
times has to go before a renegotiation board
which will require him to return excess
profit.
7. How are electric rates set?
Officials elected by the electric consumers
establish rates for rural electric cooperatives
and municipals. But rates for IOU's, which
serve four out of Ave Americans, are In most
cases established by a State regulatory com-
mission. Most commissions and utility con-
sultants consider a 6-percent rate of return
on Investment to be reasonable. Thus if the
company has $100 million invested In plant
and equipment, rates will be set to provide
the company a net operating income or profit
of $8 million ($100 million times 6 percent)
after expenses, including taxes, are deducted
from revenue.
A 8-percent rate of return on investment
usually means a 9- or 10-percent return on
common stock. This Is because carrying
charges on bonds and preferred stock, by
which the average IOU raises well over half
its capital, are well below 6 percent-about
4 or 4% percent.
TYPICAL RATE O! RETURN
Revenue ($20 million) minus expenses
($14 million) (including taxes) equals net
operating income ($6 million) divided by
rate base ($100 million) (plant and equip-
ment) equals rate of return, 6 percent. Be-
cause of lax regulation the rate of return for
some companies has risen as high as 9 per-
cent.
8. Are IOU profits increasing?
Yes. Standard liz Poor's. a leading invest-
ment adviser and financial publisher, re-
ported In 1963 that "in the past few years,
a number of electric utilities increased their
earnings to the extent that rates of return on
invested capital reached or exceeded those
allowed by regulatory authorities." Net in-
come for electric utilities "has advanced from
,14.5 cents out of every revenue dollar in
1952 to 18 cents in 1962, a gain of almost 25
percent," according to a 1963 report by Mer-
rill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, the larg-
est investment stock brokerage house.
Standard & Poor's predicted that "the ex-
traordinary growth of the electric power and
light industry during recent years is but a
foreshadowing of continued progress to
come."
9. Are IOU rates too high?
Yea. According to Standard & Poor's the
net earnings of electric utilities increased
$543 million from 1958 to 1962, yet during
the same 4-year period the net effect of
IOU rate changes was an increase, of $85
million.
The net effect of rate changes is now a
slight decrease, but these small cuts don't
begin to give the customer his due. Tech-
nological changes have produced great sav-
ings. Although cost of electricity to the resi-
dential customer is less than two-thirds what
it was during World War I. twice as many
kilowatt hours of power can now be obtained
from a ton of coal as was possible at the end
of World War II. Power pooling is also pro-
viding spectacular savings. These intertied
transmission systems will provide savings
estimated at $3 billion. just from reduction
of reserve capacity, by 1980.
Forbes magazine reported In 1984 that the
industry's "net income is rising faster than
net property and the industry's rate of re-
turn has moved up steadily." But Instead
of sharing the increasing profits with the
consumers, the solution to the rate of return
"problem," according to Forbes, "seems to fie
In expanding the rate base."
10. Don't lower rates increase sales?
Yee. they do. Furthermore, when IOU's
reduce rates, they still do well financially.
Most of the IOU's close to the Tennessee
Valley Authority have reduced rates more.
proportionately, than companies In other
parts of the country. And their common
stock earnings have Increased more than
twice as fast as the national average. In
Oregon and Washington residential families
use from two to four times as much electric-
ity as persons In Montana, where the rates
are about twice as high. Oregon and Wash-
ington have substantial Federal power de-
velopment and consumer-owned power sys-
tems which provide yardsticks by which the
public can compare profit and nonprofit
power. There Is not a single municipal
power system or public utility district in
Montana.
11. Do IOU insides get cutrate stock?
Yes, many do. Power companies, which are
assured expenses, Including big salaries and
retirement plans, plus profit, are different
from competitive businesses, some of which
argue that they have to offer restricted stock
options to key executives to provide incen-
tive. But during the complacent 1950's a
number of power companies-by now at least
29-started Issuing their key executives re-
stricted stock options. One of the lucky
IOU executives can now buy the stock at
a price no more than or even slightly below
what It was when the option was granted.
The market value of many utility stocks has
Increased fivefold-in one case, fourteen-
fold--since 1950. This means that an IOU
executive with a stock option may buy, for
$100, the same amount of stock for which an
ordinary stockholder must pay several hun-
dred dollars, Some IOU Insiders in Texas and
Montana made several hundred thousand
dollars apiece in windfall profits by using the
restricted stock option.
In the case of the president of the Montana
Power Co., who made $370,000 In windfall
profit in one option transaction, the windfall
has more than doubled to about $800,000 be-
cause of the Increasing market value of the
stock.
12. What do options cost?
It is impossible for a regulatory commis-
sion to estimate the future value of option
stock. Therefore, profits from options are
not Included In the ratemaking process. Is-
suance of these options dilutes the equity
of ordinary stockholders and indirectly re-
duces the company'. capital, because stock
sold on the market provides the company full
market value, while option stock does not.
Furthermore, availability of option stocks en-
courages company officials to forgo rate re-
ductions and make ever greater profit, thus,
increasing the market value of the stock, so
their windfall profit will be even larger when
they exercise their options.
13. Are option windfalls taxed?
Not always. If the company executive sells
his stock, he will have to pay only capital
gains, which is 25 percent or less. If he gives
the stock to a tax-exempt organization he
may be able to deduct the market value of
the stock-not just the lower option price--
from his gross income.
But with am art advice from his tax lawyer,
he may give the stock to his wife or children
and avoid not only Federal income tax, capi-
tal gains tax and gift tax but also-with
advice planning-estate tax as well.
The average American may make less in
his life than an IOU official makes in one
option transaction, but the consumer might
pay more taxes on his lifetime earnings than
the IOU executive pay on this one windfall.
14. Aren't options more costly than
straight salary increases and bonuses?
Absolutely. There is no question that
stock options are far costlier than salary in-
creases or bonuses because the latter are
tax-deductible. The cost of stock options, on
the other hand, Is not. For example, sup-
pose a utility company president makes a
$300,000 profit through the restricted stock
option. The company is therefore out $300,-
000 in capital forgone. But if the president
had received a $300,000 bonus, and if the
State or Federal regulatory commission ruled
that the $300,000 bonus was compensation
for services rendered, the company would be
out nothing. It could include the entire
$300,000 in its operating expenses, which the
company gets from its customers.
15. Then why do IOU's use options?
IOU expenses, including taxes, are simply
passed on to the consumer. Perhaps more
importantly, bonuses and salaries are some-
times publicized and options are usually hid-
den. Not even stockholders are told much
about option benefits. Power companies
sometimes send their own propaganda and
reprints from the Reader's Digest along with
the light bill. But have you ever seen a re-
port from a power company on how its of-
ficials are-benefiting-at the expense of the
ordinary stockholder and consumer-from a
restricted stock option plan?
16. What will reduce my light bill?
Regulatory commissions composed of
strong members who do what they are sup-
posed to do (regulate the utilities) and
backed by an expert staff and an informed
organization of electric consumers will help
obtain savings for the ratepayer while still
allowing the power companies to make a rea-
sonable profit. Ifowever. the most effective
method of rate reduction is to give the
IOU's more competition, in the form of
municipal power systems, rural electric co-
operatives, public utility districts, and Fed-
eral power projects.
These are "yardstick" competitors because
the operations and rates charged by private
power companies can be measured against
them.
The IOU's attack these competitors as
socialistic or worse, although all of them
are much more democratic than IOU's.
The monopoly IOU's have no real compe-
tition and they are afraid of even remote
competition-by-comparison offered by yard-
stick competitors.
For example: Georgia Power paid the city
of Rome, Ga.. $50,000 for its agreement "not
to establish a municipal electric system in
competition with" Georgia Power. -
A rural electric cooperative in Montana
was charged 9% mills per kilowatt hour by
Montana Power Co. until Congress voted
funds for a transmission line to serve the
cooperative, whereupon the company
promptly cut the rate to 51/2 mills.
Back in the thirties, the Consolidated Ed-
ison Co. of New York City fought off a rate
reduction, then cut rates anyhow. Why?
Because the then Mayor Fiorello La Guardia
threatened to set up a municipal power-
plant as a yardstick by which reasonable
rates for the city could be determined.
As former Federal Power Commissioner
Howard Morgan said In 1963:
"Regulation must be supplemented by pro-
grams that in addition to their other roles
would provide the yardsticks and competitive
restraining forces necessary to assist the reg-
ulatory commissions in their efforts to hold
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