MCNAMARA'S WAR IN SOUTH VIETNAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000200140026-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 2, 2005
• Sequence Number: 26
• Publication Date: May 18, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

Average weekly earnings of Federal em-
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Average
weekly
,.earnings
The need for additional funds to prop Where is the freedom in South Viet-
up the Khanh government in South nam?
Vietnam is Qrily one of ma?Iy such re- We are supporting a totalitarian, mili-
quests th
t
ill be
a
w
made so long as we tary, tyrannical, puppet government in
continue our fruitless and fatal policy South Vietnam. If anyone believes that
in that country. It is as fruitless and the South Vietnam people are free, they
fatal as were the French wars in Indo- c
uld nt b
e
o
o
more wrong.
$113.29 china -and Algeria, and will come to the I should be glad to support the ex-
13 same end. portation to South Vietnam and else-
135.22 32 . We are already financing the Khanh where in the world of the sinews of eco-
121.11 government at the rate of some $550 mil- nomic freedom, but I am not going to
118.97 lion a year. This additional money support tyranny. I am not going to vote
11712 would raise the figure to $675 million. in the Senate to kill American boys td
116.36 That is more than $49
f
a year
or every support tyranny In South Vietnam-or
110.94 person in South Vietnam, and it is ex-
116.99 anywhere else in the world.
115.80 elusive of the cost of our own large mili- :I regret that the administration is
114.93 tary force there.
113.87 not urging free elections in South Viet-
113,35 The effort to keep a "front" govern- nam.
113.0037 ment in power Is costing the American Oh, there was some nonsense pub-
112.82 people well over a billion dollars a year. lished in the papers the other day about
112.72 Mr. President, we have already poured how there will be an election in South
112, e' Into that sink-hole over $51/z billion, in- Vietnam.
111.98 eluding $11/4 billion to $11/2 billion that On the floor of the Senate, I state, "Tell
110.72 we gave to France before its defeat at the American what kind of election it
110.58
109 82 Dien'Bien Phu. All we are doing is pick-
. would be."
109.47 ing up the great mistakes of France, Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, will
1?8.21
,08.,,g Great Britain, the Dutch, and the
the Senator from Oregon yield?
108.62 Belgians in Asia. Mr. MORSE. It will be a Russian type
108.49 It is colonial, no matter what it may election. That is the kind of election
108. 11
107.92 be called. Colonialism in the world is as they will have. It will be the kind of
107.31 dead as a dbdb. American colonialism election Diem had, giving the people a
106.15 has no possible chance to succeed, either. list of candidates on which there is only
105.79 This is American colonial policy, and I one way to vote, and saying to them,
105.02 do not care what semantics the Presi-
104.84 "You vote for them."
104.33 dent of the United States uses to Free elections in South Vietnam?
103.80 describe it.
103.65 They do not have the slightest compre-
102.65 Despite that huge expenditure, the hens ion of what political freedom means.
102.37 policy that requires it has not been I disagree with the President's mes-
10.18 either explained or justified to the Amer- sage. It seeks to leave the impression
99.41 , ican people. with the American people that we are
98.66 The President's message stating that supporting freedom in South Vietnam.
07.34 more money is needed should be read
97.1.5 We are supporting tyranny. We are
alongside the report of Robert Moore in supporting -a military tyrant.
96.39 the current issue of U.S. News & World '
9,5.83 Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, will
93.17 Report, in which he said: the Senator from Oregon yield?
91.19 Never before have so many Vietnamese
__87.62
Mr. MORSE. I stated on the floor of
officers-.and public officials 11ved sowe"
e.~ua vA o~.aie agencies.
_Efr. LAUSCHE, Mr,
1VIcNAMARA'S WAR , IN sQ T,
. ~ VI~'I'NAM
MORSE. Mr. President, I Wish
Mr.
to reply to, President Johnson,'s message
to Congress on South Vietnam.
T wish to reply, first, by stating that I
completely disagree with his proposal,
and to say most respectfully that the
President, loci}11d,.7_e.,,s~oking to send to
the Congress, instead, a proposal. for
declaration. of wax, The ? President of,
the United States OYlould not be sending
to $lie Copgtess_ subterfuge proposal, a
policy- of intention, a policy of carrying
on a , war , y,Xrxecutnve action rather than
cotlgressionl, s eton,
That is ?lUy major .-reason for any
complete opposition to-. the. proposal of
the administration to continue the con-
dtlc'}~ of an _ unconstitutional war In
South Vietnam, and to the-Proposal of
the administration. to continue to kill
American boys un,~ustiflably in an un-
authorized w ill. South .Viettllam.
orF what purpose, Mr. President?t
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such a booming economy, injected asit is the Senate a while ago when he branded
with a daily dose of almost $2 minion of me a traitor that this little tinhorn mlh-
American money. It is obvious to the Viet- tart' tyrant in South Vietnam-this Gen-
namese who are benefiting from this dole eral Khanh-is a despot. The United
that when the war is over this massive aid States is strengthening the, arm' of a
will cease, or at least be drastically modified. tyrant in SOutJ1 Vietnam. Before-I go
be read in light of Moore's additional
report that the war effort of South Viet-
nam is characterized by a lack of will to
endure privation on the part of its of-
ficers, the selection of officers and com-
manders for political reasons, the ex-
penditure of U.S. money on luxury liv-
ing, and by graft and corruption from
the huge American aid program.
It is corruption, tyranny, and a will-
ingness to live off the American taxpayer
any further, I with to warn the American
people from the floor of the Senate this
afternoon, that I am satisfied the plan is
on the way eventually to escalate this war
into North Vietnam. Of course, we have
the clear obligation under the United
Nations treaty to take it to the United
Nations and not to commit an act of ag-
gression. We have already been caught.
committing an act of aggression against
Cambodia, and. the Prince of Cambodia
kicked us out. That ended for all time
that are defeating the Khanh govern- the fallacious domino theory of John
ment as much as anything. Foster Dulles. Cambodia and Burma
If the administration expects anyone have left us, and we all know that, except
to believe we are supporting freedom in for South Vietnam and Thailand, there
South Vietnam, it should be doing some- is nothing left to the domino theory of
thing to bring about the free elections John Foster Dulles.
throughout all of, Vietnam that were Mr. MCCLELLAN. Mr. President, will
'supposed to be held 8 years ago. the Senator from Oregon.yield?
I am greatly disappointed that my Mr. MORSE; I- am glad to yield to
President in his message to Congress the Senator from Arkansas.
seeks to rationalize and to justify his Mr. McCLELLAN. When was that
request for this additional support to promise or suggestion of free elections
Vietnam in the name of freedom, made? Was it about the time that we
.What freedom exists in South Viet- were told we. would have all of our
na.m9
 ~111A r ~ a
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10854 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Mr. MORSE. This was in the last 3 caust. I am greatly concerned about our alleged allies have walked out on
weeks. But they. will not be free elec- this. Let us look at the position in which us in southeast Asia. Australia, New
tions. Those are interesting semantics we are putting Mr. Khrushchev. I be- Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Great
-being used. They said there were going lieve he has designs to follow courses of Britain. France, and the -Philippines, all
to be elections. From that terminology, action which amount also to forms of signatories es South to SEAeTOnam have oorboys
the American people would believe that aggression.
those would be free elections of course. The Senator from Alaska made a very minister of Pakistan said in Washington
But they are not free elections, they are brilliant speech last week on the floor of not so long ago, before the Press Club,
not free elections 'over there. it is the the Senate, on which I have already that Pakistan has no intention of going
Russian type of election which one gets commented, in regard to the alinement Into South Vietnam. He did not say he
in that part of the world. which is being developed between Khru- would turn down hundreds of millions of
No, the sad thing is that my Govern- shchev and Nasser. The clear implica- dollars In American miitary aid and eco-
ment should be taking this Issue to the tion Is that we may be confronted with a nomic aid, so that Pakistan can keep it-
United Nations now, and not be talking threat to the peace of the world, first in self in a position of making war, not Commu about a President's message which seeks the Middle East, and then In the other against Red China, with whichered into
to beef up the unilateral, military Amer- part of the world. nist country
ican action in South Vietnam and lead When that develops, shall we go to the agreements, but against India.
to the probability of escalating the war United Nations and say, "Mr. U Thant, Mr. GRUENING. Which we are also
into North Vietnam. you must do something about Khru- supplying with military aid.
I hate the Government of North Viet- shchev in the Middle East." Can we not Mr. MORSE. Of course I am opposed
nam. I hate all Communist govern- hear Mr. Khrushchev say, "Look at who to military aid for India. I am opposed
ments. But, Madam President, I recog- is talking. It is the United States. What to building up two powers in that area
nize the unanswerable truth in inter- about your action in South Vietnam?" of the world who will use military aid to
national law that Communist govern- This is a two-way street in interns- make war against each other over Kash-
ments have the same Mght of interna- tional law, Madam President. mir.
-
the fully that the Pentaour
tional sovereignty that a free govern- I wish my Government to return to Its g on mo st respec
ment has. North Vietnam has the same pledge under the United Nations Charter. n is runing foreign policy of
right of sovereignty which the United I want my Government to make perfectly country more than the State Depart-
States has, and if the United States be- clear that we want peace in South Viet- ment Is running it.
comes a party to escalating the war Into nam. There is all the difference in the I do not intend to substitute military
North Vietnam, then the ITnited States world between a peacekeeping corps policy for foreign policy as the posture
stands convicted of aggression. On the through the United Nations in South that the United States will take before
other hand, if we believe North Vietnam Vietnam and making war. Pursuing the world In the field of foreign policy.
has committed aggression, the only legal peace is one thing. Prosecuting a war is It is not pleasant to stand on the floor
recourse of the United States is to go to another. of the Senate In such complete disagree-
the United Nations with our complaint. The sad fact is that the United States ment with the policy of my Government.
Until we do, we are violating our signs- is aiding in the prosecution of war in However, that happens to be my trust. I
ture to the United Nations Charter. Be- South Vietnam. American-boys are dy- intend to live up to my trust. As one
fore I complete these remarks I shall Ing. rt is uncalled for. There is bound who swore to uphold the Constitution of
read the letter T sent to Adlai Stevenson, to be, In the weeks ahead, a great debate the United States, I do not intend to sup-
and the letter I sent to Mr. U Tharit, ask- across this Republic, because the Ameri- port my Government in a policy which I
ing when action will be taken within the can people. in my judgment, must exer- consider to be unconstitutional. Until
United Nations In connection with the cise the final say as to whether the the President of the United States gets a
United States unilateral military action United States is to make war in South declaration of war passed by Congress,
in South Vietnam, which I consider to be Vietnam. We -have a glorious oppor- in my judgment he is acting outside the
completely and totally illegal and with- tunlty to put Into application our pledge framework of the Constitution in ask-
out the slightest justification in interna- to the United Nations and, Incidentally, Ing for this escalation of the war in
tional law. Senators will note that there to put Russia on the spot. South Vietnam.
Is not a word in the President's message Mr. GFtUENfNG. Mr. President, will much egret tthe adminis-
which justifies our course of action in the Senator yield? I vmtr very e has chlre prey that what the late
i3outh Vietnam on he basis of any inter- Mr. MORSE. I yield. Senator McMahon used to call the
national right. We have done It uni- Mr. GRUENING. If our justification "checkbook reflex" in foreign affairs. It
laterally; that is all. We are proceed- for beefing up our war In South Vietnam holds that money will buy anything . In
lug on our own. Yet we profess that we is that there is a danger of a Communist this case it money that can assumes any policy
seek to preserve peace in the world. The takeover, will we not be told that we be made to succeed if only enough money
sad fact is that in Southeast Asia the must do the same thing In neighboring b made to u. But I my enough
that one Is sp on It
United States is a threat to the peace of Laos' times more than $675 million a year will
the world. Mr. MORSE. Certainly.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, will Mr. GRUENING. Then we will be not in keep South V an ietnam. American What ta puppet t in in power
ower
the Senator from Oregon yield? taking on all of southeast Asia. and the ietn m. people eCongres
Mr. MORSE. I yield. Mr. MORSE. We will be at war on a need, is'not a request for more money,
Mr. GRUENING. Does not the Sena- full scale. need. not of request Into the a money,
for from Oregon fear that we will also Mr. GRUENING. We are at war there andn Inqu ry ibnto heed. What
be involved In Laos, which now seems to now, though undeclared. military not is needed equipment i a thorough inquiry into the
be In the throes of a political upheaval? Mr. MORSE. Yes; if we get into objectives of this money and militae
and this inquiry into the ry
Mr. MORSE. There is that great dan- North Vietnam and into Laos, does any- expedition. objectives
ger. As I said in my letter to Mr. U one think Red China will send us bou- that necessitates them, for the present
Thant, I believe there is the great danger quets? policy necessitates South Vietnam will resent
n m money and
-of our starting another Korea. If that is Mr. GRUENING. Of course not. necessitate ate more American
so, Senators know what the casualties Mr. MORSE. Let us be realistic. We American more er forces.
will be. If we start a war against North are at a great crossroads in Asia. The more or we erica to gt thfor with this
Vietnam-and I must repeat this on the great danger is that the United States
floor several times, as I have in the last will go down in history condemned for program, we would bog ourselves down
several weeks repeated It several times- starting a major conflict In Asia, when in Southeast Asia for a minimum of the
the great danger is that the United what we ought to do is say to the united next 25 years. Dutch know what Britain,'
States will use nuclear weapons, to the Nations that we will help the peacekeep- France, the bogged down know But
everlasting shame of the United States. Ing corps. means their to be
people, at long bogged last, made a. cut
If we start to use nuclear. weapons In Before I have concluded my speech I
South Vietnam, we shall increase the shall point out again-it is necessary to to their governments that they should
probabilities of starting a nuclear bolo- repeat this over and over again-that get out. I say to my government: Once
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 Aaaroved For B ase 2005LO2/1 O : CIA-RDP66B00403R 0200140026-S
ttie 41 Ter an people understand the un- shall have the same problem to resolve ate, I am not an
reascilalness a ,unSPUndness_ "overnighter." I be-
40,the, of then. Why not do it now? lieve that the SEATO nations-those I
this policy it will take dime-their final It is an old story. As a former arbitra- have alread
n
m
d i
thi
y
a
e
n
s speech
-
verdiet will be" `Get,?1It lip killing tor, I have always been at a loss to un- ought to join the United States in help-
American-lioys. Take, this problem to the derstand_why both sides to great indus- ing to maintain a peacekeeping corps in
United Nations,in keeping with what we trial disputes, when they know that South Vietnam until the United Nations
profess to be the_basj,s of ,Elmer can for- eventually they will have to it down-and can move in. We could then support
eign polio; namely, that we believe that settle a dispute by applying the rules of the United Nations peacekeeping corps
disputes that threaten . the peace of the reason, feel that they must engage in the as we do in the Congo, as we do in the
world should be ettled by, resort to the_ jungle law of industrial strife, with all Middle East, as we do in Cyprus; al-
rule of law, not -to' the jungle law of mill- the loss that it incurs, and then even- though in this instance I would go even
tary force and might." tually and exactly'where they could have further .and be perfectly willing to make
That is the great challenge. that faces been in the first place had they been American boys available for that corps.
the United, States. , Instead of marching willing to use the principles of volun- But that would be an entirely different
forward to that great day when the rule tarism for the. settlement "of their die- corps. It would not be a warmaking
of law will prevail in the settlement .of putes. corps; it would be a peacekeeping corps.
disputes among nations, the _ United Mr. President, before any administra- It would establish a demarcation be-
States-today,- in the form of li es out that the American military aid to
South Vietnam is in violation of the port peace; pplicplicaaible peace; peace
about
MrNING die we not Geneva accords. through the application of the rule of
to dp thesaiiie thing? What we ought to do is to complain law, not the military might of the United
14Ir IVfS. 1,SE , We,shall-lose thousands before the United Nations that the Ge- States or of Russia.
if we follow -the course of action that is That is why I say we are at a cross-
proposed.. The life of evert one Amer- neva accords are being violated. We did
- am
not sign the Geneva accords. Dulles was roads. I one Senator who does not
can boy is too precious to lose , think American history would be well
]VIr ~` ? ENINCT. I could not agree powerful enough to persuade South Viet- served by any such argument of political
more with..the Senator froxn_Oxegon. I nam not to sign them, so South Vietnam
have said, I shall repeat now, and I shall is not a party to the Geneva accords, expediency as: Wait until the election
continue to repeat that. South Vietnam either. But if we believe that a violation is over.
is not worth the loss of the, life .. of. one of the Geneva accords is threatening the The American people are entitled to
peace in southeast Asia, the United have a government 365 days of the year,
hrierican boy. States ought to appear before the United including the 365 days of an election
Mr. MORSE. Ient. the Senator from Nations with a bill of particulars and a year, which will keep faith with our
Alaska in that statement. complaint, asking the United Nations to treaty obligations, which will keep faith
Mr,- GRUENING. I ,cannot. -hider- take jurisdiction, with our commitments, which will keep
stand why I the adminigtr,4tion -does- not faith with our ideals.
understand,that" it is embarking on a Of course, such a complaint would be The talk to the effect that we cannot
.cote e that will $e.highly dangerous to considered first by the Security Council.
ence short of wary, That,
-Is why I am spot. I think Russia would veto the do in South Vietnam. wnat we ought to
asking the Secretary General of-the request. Mrs. President, in the absence of a dec-
Vnited Nations to tell us zvl?ere hestands But that would not be the end of laration of war that would show why
because as I commented fast weekn a United Nations jurisdiction. If Russia we are pursuing a war in South Vietnam,
speech, on.,"tie floor of ,the, Senate, he refused to let the Security Council func- the United States should accept its re-
issued astatement #-r=,.the United Na- tion under the charter, there would still sponsibilities under the United Nations
tions that the problem, in South Vietnam remain the General Assembly. At that Charter and ask for a United Nations
called for a olitical solution, not a milt- point, the United States should call for peacekeeping force to be sent to Viet-
tary one. f- cou4d, ppt.agree .with. him an extraordinary meeting of the General nam.
more, If I understand .what. he "means. Assembly and lay the issue of South I have written to our United Nations
I want to be certain that I understand Vietnam and southeast A
i
b
f
s
a
e
o
what he re the Ambassador, Adlai Stevenson, and asked
means - , ,General .Assembly. We should let the him whether he believes that our present
l`he problems in South Vietnam call countries of the world, through the Gen- course of action in South Vietnam is
for a political solution, not a military eral Assembly, take such action as they consistent with our obligations to the
solution. Do e
w thinly we shall have an deem appropriate in the premises. United Nations.
acceptable political solution after, the That would be following the rule of law, The letter is under date of May 14,
passage of an_undetermined period of That would make all the difference. 1964, and reads as follows:
'time and the said P ople in 9outhl'Vietn mh
t plu whatever last f w have s halo manyp fiimesaiin-the D~nR Ms AMBASSADOR,", I am enclosing tear
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10856 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 18
raise questions concerning your position on DEAN LARRY: The proposal last night of the nam. He has no right to conduct a
the U4 War In South Vietnam. Secretary of Defense that we be committed unilateral war in South Vietnam that
As tou know, I consider the unilateral to an all-out war in Vietnam disturbs me kills American boys in the absence of a
military action the United States Is Con- very much. in the first place, regardless of declaration of war.
ducting in South Vietnam to be completely how quickly and how easily we may win such I am sure that the Secretary of De-
unjustified under international law and in- a war. I am far from being convinced that
compatible with our obligations under the the permanent gain would be worth the price fense would like to hold the war to South
United Nations Charter. of the life of one Virginia boy. My limited Vietnam. But the signs are clear and
I realize that your position as Q.S. Am- contacts with the people of southeast Asia the probabilities are great that it will
bassador to the United Nations is a delicate lead me to believe that they lack our capacity not be confined to South, Vietnam. in
one. Nevertheless. I think the American for self-government and most of them look fact, we already know of the forays that
people are entitled to know whether or not upon public office as an opportunity for self- we have conducted outside of South
you agree with the policy of our Government enrichment. Vietnam.
in sending American boys to their death in In the second place. I am far from being
South Vietnam in absence of a declaration of concinved that the winning of an all-out I am a litle weary of the alibis about
war. if you do, I think you should say so war in Vietnam would be either easy or poor vigationrebombss When. American
Cam
publicly so that those of us who disagree cheap. With far more men than I hope that planes 16 people and
with such a policy can take your position we would ever commit to such an effort. and bodian ca village and kill
into account in the oncoming nationwide with the expenditure of vast-sums of money. then a plane is shot down killing an
debate on 'United States-South Vietnalp Including more than a billion dollars of our Amercian pilot, I do not buy the argu-
policy. aid, France lost the war against the Com- ment that it was all a mistake.
Yours respectfully. munists in Vietnam and those Communists
kr e then than they are today. Let us be realistic about this subject.
f
WAYNE oR$L.
ar wee
were
The primary reason that the French failed Making war is an ugly thing. I wish to
was that they could not cut the supply lines remove my country from making war.
of the Communists. And, there was a vital I wish to see my country make peace. I
political reason that France lost. She con- want to see my country use the 'United
slstently refused to give the people of Viet- Nations Charter as it was envisioned by
nam any voice in their own government, al-
though we begged France time after time to
do so. The same political mistake is now served in this body-such men as Arthur
being repeated in South Vietnam. We Vandenburg, Alben Barkley, and a long
begged that government to put into effect of others who brought forth the San
land, and other reforms, but to no avail We Francisco Charter, supposedly-and I
do know that those previously in charge of still pray that they were right-the
the government lined their pockets with our greatest instrumentality for promoting
gold, but the extent to which they did so, we the ending of disputes that threaten the
probably never will know.
in light of the foregoing views, I would peace by the application of the rule of
respectfully hope that the President, before law.
making the McNamara war plans official. will Sucli a war as is being conducted in
take two preliminary steps: South Vietnam requires political steps,
1. Assure himself that McNamara, who re- not military ones, and more American
c has assumed the additional
ILU duty technical of money and supplies will more likely ac-
chief y of all military experts o an n all
problems, has a definite blueprint for cvtttng centuate the problems than relieve them.
the supply lines of the Communists In Viet- There Is plenty of money in the for-
nam, and eign aid pipe line, if we wish to look at
2. That he will ask Congress to approve the available money, but another objec-
I also sent a letter to the Secretary
General of theUnited Nations under the
Same date, May 14, 1964. The letter
reads as follows:
MAT 14, 1984.
His Excellency U THANT,
Secretary General of the United Nations,
United Nations, N.Y.
Dias MR. SECRETARY GENERAL. I am en-
closing tear sheets from the CoNGRESSrONAL
iiedoan for the dates of May 6 and May 18,
iii, which I make reference to you in con-
nection with the V.S. military policy in
South Vietnam.
The oncoming nationwide debate in the
United States on US. policy in South Viet-
nam Is bound to raise many questions as to
the obligationd. If any, of the United Na-
tions to Intervene in the South Vietnam
crisis,
Some of us in the Congress are of the opin-
ion that the United States cannot reconcile
United States unilateral military action In
South Vietnam with our country's treaty
ter. We think that such a course of military The excuse that Congress was bypassed
action on the part of the United States is a when we started the Korean war because we
threat to the peace in Asia and may run the were ordered into action by United Nations
risk of enlarging the war into another Korea. was a little thin, and the secret decision that
We also think that if such military action we would fight that war with conventional
is permitted to continue without any at- weapons only, was very disastrous. Because
tempt on the part of the United Nations to of it. for the first time in our history, we
intervene to stop the war, there is bound to spent thousands of lives and billions of dol-
develop a growing lack of confidence in the lars on a war that we did not win. And.
effectiveness of the United Nations as an in- what do we have In South Korea today to
ternational law instrumentality for main- show for that effort? A people without ca-
taining peace in the world. pacity for self-government and very hostile
I realize full well that your position as to us.
Secretary General of the United Nations is With best'wishes, I am.
not only a difficult one but is also a restric- Sincerely yours.
tive one. Nevertheless, I think it is impor- A. WILLIS RoamarioN.
tant to the future of the United Nations that The Communist-led rebels there seem
their r maximum degree the prerogatives maximum degrn office e be exercised
plom e diplomatic to be obtaining most of their equipment
e
understandings through the intervention of and supplies by capturing American
the United Nations aimed at bringing to an stores from Government forces, and
e
tion I have to the President's message
today Is that it is another attempt to
escalate not only the war In South Viet-
nam, but also foreign aid. I disagree
completely, as I said at the beginning,
with every premise that the President
lays down in an attempt to justify his re-
quest for additional millions to be spent
for escalating a war in South Vietnam.
I recognize also that his proposal Is a
proposal to escalate foreign aid. I do
not accept his argument that he has cut
the program to the bone at $3.4 billion,
plus the millions that he has asked for in
his special message. There are hun-
dreds of millions of dollars that can be
cut from the foreign aid bill, and should
be cut. However, if the President
wanted to propose more increases In eco-
end the war in South Vietnam. through desertions from Government nomic projects that would export abroad
Yours respectfully, forces. I am sure this is why the Secre- economic freedom instead of bullets, the
WAYNZ Moasz. t&y of Defense has said the war must senior Senator from Oregon would vote
th P--- ident is
h
On March 27, 1964, the distinguished
Senator from Virginia [Mr. ROBERTSON]
wrote a letter to the Special Assistant to
the President, the Honorable Lawrence
F. O'Brien. - Senator ROBERTSON has
given me permission to make use of his
letter publicly, which I shall do this
afternoon.
The Senator tells me that he has yet
to receive an answer to the substance of
the letter. All he has received from the
White House is an acknowledgement of
the receipt of the letter. Senator Roll-
ERTSON's letter of March 27, 1964, reads
as follows:
be won in South Vietnam itself, rather for more money t
an than by expanding it. Yet he, and the requesting. I would vote for more than
Secretary of State-and now I believe $3.4 billion in the right kind of economic
the President-are holding in abeyance aid to the underdeveloped areas of the
the possibility of expanding the war into world. Includine South Vietnam.
North Vietnam. The moment they do But it would be money that would be
this, they commit an act of aggression, invested by way of repayable loans in
and subject themselves to the jurisdic- sound economic projects which would
tion of the United Nations. help to raise the standard of living of
Mr. President, nothing can be said to the Ignorant, the illiterate, the diseased,
send Justify to Congress President's
resolution asking for areas of thenworld who must enjoy eco-
a declaration of war, for under the Con- nomic freedom before they will even
stitution he has no right to seek to have any understanding of our talk'
carry on an Executive war in South Viet- about political freedom. We are only
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kiddy ng ourselves if we think we can ex- I,_ reject all those premises., Those planes have been penetrating into South
lioft politcaI 'freedom,. It cannot 'be pxemises have absolutely no basis for Vietnam, and there are other indications that
done, , It wQ,o&n Xpbrt economic ir&e- consid ,xat1O1 a to what American for- -tower inbothe dians feel e that
southeast balance a now
dom out of which, as t have said so many eignpolicy.in South Vietnam should be. favors the communists.
times and will keep on saying during the They are proposals of cheap politics, .The situation in Laos, according to official
debate, grows political freedom politics of expediency, politics of com- reports reaching here, is even worse. Instead
Tile z si e , , es n4 I tie money promise of principle, politics irreconCil- of the moderates gaining in that country, the
r tea even fo carry out- a design able, with the ideals of this Republic and pro-Communist forces could, it is conceded
that I tl ik {srunjustified-a, unilateral the professing of this Republic that we here, easily take over the whole country any
military action in ffoutli Vietnam. 'Why, believe in facing issues that threaten time the Communist strategists in North
they have so many hundreds" of mil- the peace of the world by the applica- Vietnam decided it was appropriate to do so.
lions. I of. dollars-, in the- plpeline for tor- tion of the rule of the international law. ='EaaST3' t'RnNCi"' LEABNE,D out le .to aid thaws se of hs aye een-pq t been South Ve have alke are -they t n - n&
-It? that sd st[r icing. V(fashington is slowly finding
:-+1VIay f say to the president taut down ideal today, and the President's message out what Paris learned in southeastern Asia
' of today is the last repudiation of that long ago. After 70 years in that territory,
the militfivy aidto l5akistan, 'e m-
the French came to believe three things:
aid to India, the military aid t' Turkey, ideal. I regret it. That,is why I said First, that however much the Vietnamese
the military aid around the world to at the beginning that I disagree, With differed among themselves or with the
C llntxy tier country, and we can save every premise of the President's message Chinese,.they tended to hate each other less
the ie } n tax a ers Hundreds of with. regard to his position on South than the white man; second, that no mafor
so source o t e
lclnaS 0, dAllar , Vietnam. ix of Wes ern pow r could be established
"in G9lien the oretgn aid debate gets un- Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- --that"' pen nsula right up against the
derway, f shS l 17ropose amendments sent that the entire Reston article be Chinese border, without the acquiescence of
that, will, ?eek to accomplv ish tilat very inserted at this ,point in the RECORD the Chinese; and third, that the Vietnamese
end beeauser except for the political-end C Tmhee Frenchpeut 440 00 soldiers into the
rQ,pea today tfiat I C isagree with justifies-fhe-means argument at the area in, .the #lz'st Indochina war, Which
eael~t fng tha the gresientas. said end, Mr. Reston has set forth a, factual ended just 10 years ago. They had sub-
llis i le sage. that seeks to leave life account of the sad and shocking.situa stantial help from the United States at the
end. That war cost the French twice as
impression that he is of?erin a foreign tion in South Vietnam-an account ,-,much money as the United States put into
aid b aovvst iiossilile $gure I which I think eloquently supports , my France during the Marshall plan days, and,
coklsidel Ism Q b@ C9mp tell wrong in position that this , country ought to what is more important, it cost them 172,000
that position '. T "he American taxpayers change its course of action, and not fol-. -~ualties. But they still lost.
ale entitled fO aye Q; i aid cut down how the course recommended by the -It_,Is. pot, therefore, astonishing that the
to; at i ash th figure of 2 5 billion If Preslileflt ef, the t7Aited States today, but United States, with some 16,600 troops who
k1e WOu d,qo a ono Wil l eliminatin un a Course Of ,action that iS .required of us are giving support to a country that has had
Ii CeSsar,4 illilitaz &f flfi various parts py the United Nations Charter, three governments in the last 6 months and
Otlle word lie could cut 1j1 even further There being no, objection, the article innumerable changes of military and civilian
t an tli t.., Was ordered to b.e printed iri the RECORD, command in the provinces, should be having
g,'l wish to zcomment briefl trouble.
n %(),pln
Y .as follows. Much could be said about the presumption
011 two interesting articles o~nye Of ~W~Ch How_TO Avoip DISASTER IN AN ELECTION YEAR of thinking American money and advice
ryas published in the New ork" 1111ies . (By James Reston) would win by the erd of 1966 a war the
qzl ullday Mara 17, entitled "Flow `- T'O WASHINGTON, May 16.-There have been French themselves, with all their men and
p 1, money directly involved, could not win, but
4yQ .lals ter in Elec.tto= Yea , . T' some solemn meetin s at the White House
g that is irrelevant to the present.
J 1185 Res.p live a1i i Said that this Week bout Vietnam. Secretary of De-
THE HARD DILEMMAS
F do not a ee wit the argument that fence McNamara, went to Vietnam, from Gem
the f it,_t at 'there is ?a campa3 n t lis m any last week because the reports on the The facts are that we are now committed;
y t - ;for t, a 'residency of the nited war there were disturbing, and he did not we are not winning; we are not thinking
States alas, a y n bearing whatsoever on come back reassured. about Southeast Asia as a whole but about
A number of things have contributed to Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia separately
be
t se t xlcari for fgn policy should be, the anxiety. The Communist Vietcong (though all of them are under pressure from
because t, t argument -S really based -troops have recently increased the tempo the same source in Communist North Viet-
upon a n1~tivation of expediency SO I of the fighting around the South Vietnamese nam and Communist China), and we are
Offer a cayea o ?a part 0i 1 eSton's capital of Saigon. neither prepared to accept defeat nor to ex-
a1 ulfleilt in which a sa d The movement of Communist troops from tend the war to North Vietnam.
The #acts are tl at we arenow cquimitted; the north along the Ho Chi Minh trail In short, we are trapped in the midst of
we are noE winning; we are not thlnkiiig through Laos to the south has increased and incompatible forces, none of which is likely
about southeast Asia. a
.11 s a whole tut about they are getting bolder. The most recent in the foreseeable future either to vanish
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia separately 6Xample was the sinking of a well-guarded or prevail.
(though all of them are under pressure from aircraft carrier at the dock close to the Neither President Johnson nor Ambassador
the flame so lee ~b C del ili t NOTXU Viet enter of Saigon. ,Z,dge, both involved against all ex ectations
iis lnaxd Chi p
~74tlTi: a) and we are THE raonrEM aF nEFEATISM in the Presidential campaign of 1964, is likely
neltber. pie to, eZterld tie paet0,1!1(jrth ST etxlasneat nor to More serious, the desertion rate among cormnt nl thinorthe oa rprletre t in the non
t1le South Vietnamese has recently gone up, colliinunist south.
Iii or _ we are trapped in_ the midst of ,indicating a rising spirit of defeatism and,
ineoii patilile forces, none of which is likely of course, taking American arms to the en- Nor are they willing, even it it were pos-
in -the forcgeabie future, either to vanish emy. Bible, to consider negotiating the neutrality
orSreGaii: Coincidentally, religious friction has of the whole area. They are trapped by the
Neitllrr 'x idept Jo inson,11WAZlibassador broken out again in South Vietnam between good intentions but presumptions of the past
Lodge, `both nvolved against all expectations the Buddhists and the Roman Catholics, and the foreign and domestic politics of the
In the presidential Caiiipaign of_ 1964, is likely One Buddhist leader named Tri Quang is present into trying to avoid aggression or
to risk at tics ttpie g, policy of attack on now a center of political opposition to the defeat. No wonder, then, the conversations
the Log?Ixi} xlist prth or rgtreat 1p the lion- new head of the South Vietnamese Govern- at the White House this week were solemn.
numIll
. -- ,, XnAnt Gen, ;Jguyen ghanh, on whom the Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I also ask
Nor are t ey willing even if it were pos- United States is now , counting, and the
slbl t unanimous Consent to have printed at
e o consider negotiating the neutrality Papal Nuncio in Saigon, Monsignor Asta, this point fn the RECORD another article
of the w1l l ,aarea _,' ,ey are trapped by the who has been a stabilizing influence, 1s be- from yesterday's New York Times, tide
good intentions but presumptions of the past ingg transferred out of the country.
slid the ioxeign and domestic politics of the ASeanwhile, this unsatisfactory situation tied "United States Stepping Up Its
present into :trying to avoid aggression or in South Vietnams seems to be affecting ad- Efforts To Save South Vietnam-Long,
defeu Ain- w
e.. th +w .... ..........
_ ~. _.
qn
tion
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1964 _ CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE, 10857
 10858
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There being no objection, the article th m. Mr i McNamara wore Ma bulletplding roof donotyh ve athe dequaiteSuuppefforts In ort f om iWash-
ORDORD ordered to to be printed in the REC' vest from the airport into Saigon last week. ington.
, AS SOIIoWS: a fact the Communists are certain to try to In this country public and congressional
exploit to the detriment of American pres- support for the war appears to have been
Usutxo STATxs STEPPING UP ITS E7PORTS To
Says SovTla V zrarAM-LONG, HARD WAR 2s tige. At night the Communists still control somewhat reduced by its protracted nature,
ExPECTED large parts of the country; and the monsoon the failure of Washington to "sell" the pub-
(By Hanson W. Baldwin) season with rains and low visibility which lie. an understandable goal, some resentment
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara will hamper, though not prevent, air opera- at the conditions imposed upon our military
returned from his fifth visit to South Viet- tions will soon start. forces, and particularly the alternate op-
nam last week singing a very different tune The Vietcong in South Vietnam today are timism and pessimism of Pentagon pro-
from the cheerful notes that followed many estimated to have a trained hard core of nouncements and the misleading and some-
of his preceding visits. full-time professionals. organized in battal- times distorted picture released by Washing-
It was a dour, even a mournful tune, and ions, numbering 22,000 (official estimate) to ton of conditions In South Vietnam.
nearly all observers in Washington and Viet- 40,000 (unofficial but possibly more accurate NEW APPRAISAL
nam agreed that, if anything, it was not estimate). These numbers have increased. Faced with this somewhat gloomy military,
mournful enough. despite heavy casualties allegedly Inflicted political and psychological situation, the
The war in South Vietnam has been on the Communists since 1982. The Viet- administration pulled in its belt a notch last
dubbed by many In Washington "McNamara'a tong battalions are supported by 100.000 to week, and prepared to increase its efforts in
wat" because of the frequency of the Secre- 125,000 part-time guerrillas, or active sup- euth Vietnam.
tary'e visits to Saigon, and because of his pa~:t by Communists thare e phel~ To replace the obsolescent 13-28 and T-28
identification with the policies the United P y a very part of aircraft used in Vietnam, the first of about
States is following. More properly, it should tion and-negatively-by the apathy of the 75 Navy Douglas etna dens were en route.
should be known as Taylor's war, since Gen. Saigon Intellectuals to the war and their Metal fatigue and old age, and tactical utili-
Maxwell D. Taylor. Chairman of the Joint opposition to General Kbanh's government zation for which the planes were never in-
Chiefs of- Staff, is probably even more closely or to any government. tended, apparently led to structural failures
identified than Mr. McNamara with the poll- The South Vietnamese have been main- tendin [den,
ties and tactics followed up until now. taining armed forces of about 380.000 men- Morght.
e important than the new planes Is the
Cynical observers believe that, in the midst about 200,000 in the regular active forces, the effort to Improve and beef up the South Viet-
of an election year, President Johnson is rest in the Civil guard, civil-defense corps and namese Air Force, which to date has played
quite content to have the Vietnamese war- other paramilitary units. This force Is gen- a singularly ineffective role. A new com-
a hard, long drawn out struggle-so identi- erally judged insufficient, based on experience mander has been appointed, and the U.S.
fled. Mr. McNamara thus becomes somewhat factors in counternu^n-ita wars, to un- Air Fb-ce is expected to broaden and increase
of a political lightning rod. equivocally master the Vietcong. its training role of South Vietnamese pilots.
NATION'S-R7SPONSffiILTTY Faced with these and other grim facts, An Intensification of the training pro-
that the United nevertheless have
States, ave ave gram and an increase in South Vietnamese
Nevertheless, there Is little disagreement reasonable Washington and confidence Saigon
reasonable
among top officials in Washington about the with Increased and Improved effort, could village defense forces to provide better pro-
importance of the war and its outcome to ultimately reduce the Communist menace tection for the peasants against Vietcong
U.S. Interests in southeast Asia. It should, In South Vietnam and make It possible for a terrorism are planned. The regular Viet-
they think, be called America's war. South Saigon Government actually to govern most namese ground forces may also be Increased.
Vietnam remains, In their view, a cornerstone of a fairly stabilized country. V.B. aid and advice in the nonmilitary
of the entire anti-Communist edifice we have The doubts expressed did not question the field-with finances and economics, In psy-
tried to build In southeast Asia. U.S. capability of achieving this limited vic- chological and political aspects, in health
if the Communists triumph In South Viet- tory. but they were concerned with the scope and agricultural activities-are also to be
nam, either by bullets or negotiation, It Is and scale of American efforts, the methods emphasized.
probable that Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, employed, and the off-again-on-again nature DIRECT SUPPORT
Burma, and perhaps even Malaya and the of public pronouncements. There Is admiration for the energy and
Philippines. will swing sharply toward COM- Many of the military always have wanted apparent breadth of vision of General Khanh.
munism, and the position of the United to do more in Vietnam than they have been All current efforts are devoted to strength-
States In the Far East will be materially allowed to do; and many undoubtedly regard ening his government; no alternatives are
weakened. Even more Important, the United Mr, McNamara's proposals for increased aid now seen. U.B. policies appear to be based
States may be dubbed a "paper tiger" a label as inadequate and almost "too late with too on "sink or swim with 1 11anh." If there
that hurt tin materially in Asia after the $o- little." They note that U.S. military police should be another coup-or if General Khanh
rean war, unless Washington demonstrates battalions, withdrawn from South Vietnam should be assassinated-there appears to be
that this country can successfully meet the only last December In what many regarded general agreement that the anti-Commu-
Communist tactics of subversion, terrorism, then as a political gesture, are now about to bast struggle in Vietnam might well be
infiltration, and internal revolt, the tactics be returned, and that talk then of withdraw- fatally undermined.
of insurgency. ing most of the U.S. advisers in another year The nagging question remains-whether
Thus, Mr. McNamara's somber report, or so has now been abandoned. Plans now what we are doing, even given our newly ex-
which Indicates a protracted war, increased contemplate increased commitment of U.S. panded plans, is enough to bolster General
U.S. military and economic aid to South personnel and money-not less. Khanh against a serious internal threat
Vietnam and'a probable Increase (Saigon re- What is clearly developing in Vietnam and heavily supported from without. Most mili-
ports said a 50,000-man increase) In the size in this country Is a sense of military frustra- tary men probably would answer that ques-
of the South Vietnamese Army, reflected, In- tion and public confusion, reminiscent, in tion in the negative. Sooner or later, they
ferentiaily, the administration's estimate Of some ways, of the latter stages of the Korean feel, the United States must fish or cut
South Vietnam's political and psychological war during the truce talks. A long drawn bait In South Vietnam; i.e., utilize greater ef-
importance. out counterinsurgency or counterguerills fort including U.S. combat forces in South
vIETCONC Gies war can only be won if military morale re- Vietnam, and/or deny to the Communists
Mr. McNamara found that, in nearly every- mains high and public support is assured. the sanctuaries outside the country they
one's opinion, the actual fighting in South Yet the military morale of the South Viet- now enjoy: or cut losses and withdraw.
Vietnam ha3.been "hotting up." In the jar- namese forces. shaken by repeated shifts of The beginning of strong Communist at-
gon of the pentagon. The Vietcong have ex- their commanders. and by regrouping of their tacks in Laos last week, aided by North Viet-
tended their control over large sections of forces for political purposes, is in some units namese troops, and, according to some et-
the countryside since the overthrow of the apathetic. And some American military men by the Chinese Communists.
Diem Government. In the last few months In this country and in Vietnam feel and ex- Cts, at the additional action might
the Communists have demonstrated a cape- press a sense of frustration. Indicated that t some The nilt of ht
Witty and willingness to slug it out in day- Tire frustration arises from many factors: not not be tl yedThailand to The di talc country.
time, with large forces against the numeri- that the military are being told to light with troops
cally superior South Vietnamese. The ratio "one arm tied behind the back": that Mr. shaken by events in Laos and Vietnam, has
of weapons lost to w"apons captured con- McNamara's repeated visits and the close long been under consideration and, if the
tinues adverse to Saigon; Government defec- supe"vIeIon of the Vietnamees situation by Communists approach the Mekong, is prob-
tions are still significant. Large North Viet- the Pentagon and State Department have led able,
namese troop movements into Laos, reported to overcontrol and interference from Wash- Thus southeast Asia once again is Influx
it month or so ago, apparently presage a re- ington; that the Communists are allowed to and the future position of the United States
inforcement of the Vietcong and both trained maintain three secure "sanctuaries" out of in Asia is at stake.
men and weapon's continue to flow Into bounds to anti-Communist forces--North Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, my only
-South Vietnam from Lace and Cambodia. Vietnam, Laos. Cambodia; and that some of comment is that what this military
The Vietcong have stepped up terrorist the equipment, notably some aircraft, used
tactics, particularly in the provinces, In an in Vietnam is obsolescent and dangerous. writer points out presents an accurate
obvious and in many cases all too successful In other words, the feeling is growing in the picture of what is in front of us if we
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 varu .,uveulle lm- In tribute to the 15th anniversary of the
S e C1t17eri fZf I g,4SA,Qity,_MO , Mr provemeint Association, the Boys
J Club of foundation's work, Salem College designated
r e want tp join in.saluting Kell, the ansas City, Kansas safety C -
on an academic convocation to honor the pro-
this ouiStcta.ndinu hiimani+arian -A ,.,",,s
.-._ - _.__ . _,--- - - .-- ...., .,....?.,...,,, ,..v -.I-r, uuraurary us-
orary Directors Association of Rookhurst grees on three who have been outstanding
country, more-years aAervj e,to his College, the National Conference of Christi- in their
country?profession, and fellow man Interest + and _ ___ _._
. n'-
_"I ask unanimpscoxlsent tj?at.the re-
marks-,In connection with the conferring
of rile honory degree of doctor of .laws
oil ~1?Q be printed in the RECORD.
grid Pi p a s Art stauu pt 9n Who Ameri-
ca ulna i Fpuz c1 1pn .,
There beingg no objection, the remarks
and the statement were, ordered to be
printed in the RECORD, asfollgws
REM4iR'K5or DR K DuANE HURLEY, PRESIDENT
or `-S. x,zA CpLLEGE, CoNFEa1jII ,_,xIf2AT-
OR.QRY RF.,E. OF Doc TOs OE, 7,.AWs, JAMES
is woxll is ail good,as his bond,.' ,
Al tog i'gly_ are the men of which this can
be. sa.}d in modei'ntimeg rut thishonoree
today is one who can be cl}are, rizeti, rt this
way:
Pe q?an of iijepse, I.Ayalties, devoted to his
family and closg friends with a stalwart rep-
utatign fox gbsol}_,i}p;?esty and integrity,
James Die Q.,Y?as labored- fAlthfully for the
welfare . of tl}q Oncoming generations, not
s eking the spotlight, personal, praise, or
plaudits,
Because of his sh?certty of purpose and
performance, we single hint out, for special
recognition,.,,
With respect and
pride, following the en-
thtlsia$tic ref arfimei} latioxl the American
Iiumanic,9_Fouxldat oTi si d, the_directive of
'the 5?s,,lera College Board of, Directors, ,I con-_
fer upon you-James, Daleo--tbre time-lion
ored, degree of doctor- of laws. - The hood
Which_is now placed, upon you, is the appro-
priate symbol of, that degree, and this diplo-
.rrla gives you permanent record- of the action
here taken.
wug -fl -A wiv worLniness or the candidates
Human Relations, and the Kansas City Com- reveal them to be outstanding ctiizens of
mission on International Relations and i America likewise, meriting tribute from a
Trade. He has served a
rt
po
for the Crest Lyn Home for Exceptional Chil-
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY'S 175TH
dren. He is one of the stalwarts in the Youth ANNIVERSARY BALL
Counoil of Kansas City, an unusual organiza-
tion assisting young people of minority na- Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, George-
tionalistic backgrounds, He serves the town University and its alumni associa-
American Huinanies -Foundation as legal tion on Saturday presented the 17.5th An-
counsel, trustee, and a member of the execu- niversary Ball in joint celebration of the
tive committee.
Because of hisdevotion to the betterment founding of the university and the adop-
of life for young people everywhere, tion of the Constitution of the United
Because of his stature as a God-fearing States.
and community-serving citizen; This ball was the social highlight of
Because of his successful exemplification the anniversary year, a 15-month cele-
of high principles In the practice of his pro- bration which will officially end on De-
fession; cember 3 when President Johnson is
Because of his discipline in diligence; scheduled to make the closing address.
.Because of his outstanding reputation for
integrity; As an alumnus of Georgetown Law
Because of his modesty in high office; School, I am naturally very much inter-
And because of his tireless service to the ested in the various events which make
American Humanics Foundation and to the up the anniversary year.
schools and young people that it serves, we And since my State, Delaware, was the
recommend him as worthy of recognition, first to ratify the Constitution, the joint
and I am privileged to present him to you celebration has special significance for
as a candidate for the degree of doctor of
laws. me plus 23 students and 78 other alumni
from Delaware who' call. Georgetown
STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN HUMANICS alma mater. One of these distin-
FOUNDATION guished alumni, Judge Daniel L. Herr-
The American Humanics Foundation came mann, of Wilmington, is marking the
into being to provide effective college prepa- 25th anniversary of his law school grad-
ration for young people willing to enter nation this year, and he and Mrs. Herr-
youth-serving careers but unable to find col- mann were at the Delaware table Sat-
leges offering a needed curriculum, It was urday night. '
incorporated in November of 1948
d b
an
egan
CI'TATIfJN FOR JAMES DALEO, ATTORNEY AT LAW, opeiatlon as a college department in 19 The great age ?pf the university was
was.
49.
AS .49SFOTgD MY DALE C, R,HANSErr, EXEC- Its sole purpose is providing desirable edu- effectively underscored at the ball by a THE vrivt Si PRESIDENT OF H. ANSE MOTOR cation 1n the field of youth leadership train- pageant of American history enacted by
CO., LAD7csPG DIVISION ing at the professional level. the Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps,
I Count it a Its graduates serve on staffs of youth agen- 1st Battalion, 3d- Infantry, U.S. Army.
privilege and an, honor_to pre- eies in 34 of our 50 States, including Hawaii The 175th anniversary observance is
sent to you a candidate who Iii, every way and Alaska; and three serve overseas. Abdut being carried out under the theme "Wis-
exemplifies the spirit we are saluting here to- 65 percent have entered professional scout-
day, -and one who merits.our finest recogni- ing and serve as Boy Scout staff members in dom and Discovery for a Dynamic
a
tion. World." of all sizes. Others are serving ." Georgetown already has a
- Jg.}nes D.aleo, of Kansas City, Mo., is an through the YMCA, YWCA, YMHA, Girl proud history of contributing both wis-
Outstanding lawyer, and having a reputation Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, Boys Clubs,'Catholic dom and discovery to its home city of
an"xonl; the bench, and bar of being not only Youth Organizations, Jewish Centers, Junior Washington and the Nation, and I have
one of the.n}ost competent criminal trial Achievement, juvenile court and probation, Confidence it will strengthen and expand
lawyers in America but one whose integrity neighborhood centers, recreation, hospitals, its role in the
has never been defiled. reform schools-almost all the sound youth years to Come. I salute
`'rom the Outset he has applied himself programs of our Nation. the president of the university, the Very
d/lth diligence and intensity to every task This foundation has not resulted from a Reverend Edward B. Bunn, S.J., for his
which lie deemed worthy. He not only re- single major philanthropy but is made pos- inspired leadership of the university and
ceive'd .his LL.B, at. the age of 19, but was sible by the annual gifts of those who have its 7;100-member student body, and I also
;e In person to receive a masters great concern for quality youth leadership congratulate the Reverend George H.
from Georgetown University, at the time of and have joined together to do a needed job Dunne, S.J., for his outstanding work as
his graduation, and was admitted to the bar which they could not do alone.
before age 21, one of, the youngest men in director of the 175th anniversary pro-
pro-
This Is its 15th year, its pilot college pro- gram.
America ever to be so admitted. gram. being launched at Missouri Valley Col- Mr. President, .a news story appearing
It is significant that apart from his legal lege, Marshall, Mo., in 1949, at Salem Col- in today's is3ue of the Washington Post
affiliations, all, other programs to which he lege, in Salem, W. Va., in 1953, and at Ogle-
has iven his time and talents are related thrope University in Atlanta in 1955. gives the highlights of Saturday's ball,
to the, welfare of his fellowman. I - Its program is twofold: providing desirable and I ask unanimous consent that it be
Ile 15 ,a member of the local, state, and college preparation for young men and- printed at this point in the RECORD.
women enterin
Americ
an Bar Association th Amian J
g areas of youthin ' Th b
s,eercu- servce; adereeing no objection, the article
dicature Society, the Association of Immi re,- giving personal help on a loan fund basis to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
tion and. Nationality I,a.w-- the ,.,. +,g those who find it necessary in order r r .,
ti
on of accomplished its objectives by affiliating with YEAR 1789 WAS THE YEAR THAT WAS
torneys, and is-Missouri.. State elia
the criminal l s MissioA of, the American Bar three colleges and endowing each such col- HISTORICAL
Association denoting his stature a his pro- legs with a. complete department, providing (By Louise Durbin)
fession. the faculty to teach the major subjects, sup- Georgetown University has a birthday
The roster o# ills .personal affiliations is derwritin
the , and un- arty Saturday , When some 3,000
g t etco tbofrthesfield trips and alumni, students a dhfriends turned out to
revealing because Of Its Impact in service to workships which are used to equate theory celebrate the university's 1'T5th anniversary
m nieind He -Is- A member of the board of with reality. Currently there are, 158 stu- at the Sheraton-Park Hotel.
directors of , the Kansas City Area Council of dents enrolled as- humanics majors In the Since. 17,89, the mutual anniversary of
the Boy Scouts of America and has served as three colleges in which the foundation now Georgetown University's founding, the rati-
Its legal counsel for 27 years; is serving or operates.
? - - _ flcation of the Constitution, and the lnaugu-
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10862
ration of the First President of the United unanimous consent. Mr. President, that The records In Armour's accounting office
States, "the history of Georgetown University it be printed in the CONGRESSIONAL at Omaha show that it costs them a total of
has been inseparably entwined with that of RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks' $18.46 to process one steer. Labor and fringe
benefits account for $9.50 of this, and the
the United States," muster of ceremonies' One of the concluding Observations remaining $8.96 goes for overhead such as
Paul Hume, reminded the audience. of the author is "To say the lea.?>t, the buildings, equipment, administration and
Thirteen princesses, Students of George-
town representing the original Thirteen business Of processing and selling beef sales, taxes, etc.
States,'were presented to the university Ares- is a complicated one. " This senator 11 at $99 50 I atom rend like too Cmaruke
ident, the Very 'Reverend Edward B. Bunn, agrees. He. as well as most Americans, plant depcotmee manager, l we
bee as
atched 12o pedple move about 170 cattle
and the guests. will look forward to the National Com- w
The princesses, who, with their escorts, mission on Food Marketing to shed of- an hour through the killing and dressing
then led the dancers onto the ballroom floor, flcial light on this business at an early line. But Hubert Lockard, who has been
Were: Jane Staudt. of Delaware; Barbara working for Armour since 1925 and 1s presi-
Ner, Pennnnv Mary O'Brien. of date. There being no objection, the article ctent of local 8 of the Packinghouse Workers
Newew Jersey; Ann McCarthy. of Georgia; t. We Marina porstmann, of Connecticut; Marlene was ordered to be printed In the RECORD, Uund.h ma epTittng stair Carcasses iwith an
Stacy, of Massachusetts; Anne Donnelly. of as follows: foundic mw. He makes $arc se hour at
Maryland; Margaret Dennis. of South Caro- (larom Farm Journal. June 19841 this and after 39 years is one of the highest
ilna; Kathleen Roseborough, of New Hamp- WHO's MAKII~IG THE MONEY ON YOUR BEEP? paid men in the plant.
shire; Dons O'Bannon, of Virginia; Motrwa (By Ovid Bay) We figured that Lockard is making $141.60
Voyevidka, of New York; Elitalieth Sparrow. hassle
a
Year of dNorth e Isnarolina; and Natalie Hindle, at ~s,vnow Congress is about to inveestigate time. a He aradmitted that this is more than
Rhode Island. 0 or
ed buys and prices food. agdouble what he was o, but points out that the 16 men Iyears
the
15 Guests entering the Sheraton Hall walked how the food Industry
through replicas of Georgetown gates to the Farm Journal decided to do some ineesttgat- ago, Po
grand ballroom, where a copy of the campus ing of its own right now, because the Gov- line splitting cattle are handling as many robe wil
en u
-is is m
faster statue te of founding father John Carroll over- y ews. ent These werei he I monthsgot: or That's primarily duce to the electric sawsc and
saw w the evening's events, a better equipment provided by management
In the grand ballroom. an enormous photo- Follow a steer from a feedlot through
graph of the Healy Building served as a back packinghouse and into a chainstore rig of anddeTAtrmo sat h Po sad to Armour's labor
drop for Lester Lenin's orchestra which to the meat counter. Tell what happens
played for dancing. the animal and the price every time he costs since 1947: tes p
The stage in the Cotillion Room of the changes hands along the way. Find out why sharply. rain 1 and the a abenefi care up
Sheraton-Park had been converted into the steaks from a Choice 1.050- to 1.100-pound
familiar Old North Porch of the Campus. steer, which brings 19 cents to 21 cents per laborer at Armour's plant in Omaha was
Honored guests of the evening, who rep- pound at the farm. often sell for over a $1 making $1.02 an hour. By 1953. the rate for
resented the States which were the original per pound at the meat counter. ? ? ? See all workers under contracts was up to $1.63,
Thirteen Colonies, Included Mr. and Mrs. if you can find out how the packer and the plus fringe benefits averaging 35 cents an
A, J. Donahue. Jr., Connecticut: Mr. and Mrs. chainstore decide what the price of dressed hour. to total $1.88. By 1963, these figures
to total $2.72 for
per ages a d $1.12 for
we o go to And press get frhad idges climbed
James Flood. Delaware: Mr. and Mrs. Thomas beef will is dadaay and and tomorrow.
0. Finan, Maryland; Representative Joseph fr fie percent Iota f$ 15 years. of 276 Martin, Massachusetts: Mr. and Mrs. Robert 12 days. I moved on to the sales department where
HHampshire :d 1r s Ms. Donnd d M s DOII- AT Tr]) P.~NING FARN-$215.31 I found that carcasses like the one I had just
J. 1, e New w and
Jersey; William Ciif I started on the 240-acre farm of Mr, and left were being sold by the packer at 34
sel l,
ford P. Case, New Jersey; William Creech. Mrs, Ted Panning in Dodge County, Neb, cents a pound.
v ,fiee grow corn, alfalfa, and soybeans, and "How do you really arrive at the price of
Thomas. orth Carolina, Colonel and Mrs. H. G.
W
Menator and Mrs. raise about 300 hogs a year in addition to beef? I asked Dick Shay, Armour Beef Co.,
McKenna, , Rhode 'Island-, Senator and Mrs. J. A.
Strom Thurmond, South Carolina. and Gen- feeding cattle. as he and other beef salesmen stayed on the
oral and Mrs. Philip C. Weble, Virginia. As we sorted out the top end of 42 Mon- phones haggling with one buyer after an-
Cochalrmeri for the ball were the Reverend tans yearlings that he bought late last Oc- other all day long. "It is sometimes charged
tober, Ted explained that he had paid an that chainstore meat buyers set the price
John F. Devine and the Reverend Anthony average of $24.05 for them at an average every Tuesday, and you just record the or-
J. Zelts. weight of 616 pounds--$148.15 a head. "I ders an they come In."
don't have accurate feed records,"' he said. This brought him off his chair.
WHO IS MAKING MONEY ON THE 'But, I figure the gain cost me about 22 ?.Chainstore buyers don't can us up and set
CATTLE CRISIS? cents per pound, not counting all the over- the price on anything," Shay exclaimed.
taead: I "You see us here on the phones talking to
Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, Since When Ted's cattle and I hit the Omaha meat buyers all over the country- 18
the beginning of the cattle crisis several Stock Yards. It was a rainy, dreary Monday and little ones--us trying to get the last
months ago, there have been suggestions morning with an estimated 14.000 cattle on fraction of a cent and them trying to pay
of ,profiteering at various stages of the hand and a slow market- the least possible."
After the usual bickering and dickering, I watched and listened as Shay called
marketing of beef. Today We have ap- Willard Howl. head cattle buyer for Armour prospective customers, and it was a two-way
proved an investigation of certain mar- & Co.. Omaha, bought 17 of the Panning street so far as I could tell. He was initiating
keting practices in an effort to gather steers at $20.50 per hundredweight. with 8 most of the calls, but there was a lot of beef
more information on this important sub- others out at $19.50. Salesman was Bill Yen- to sell that day. When a store is short of its
--'--ion Co Omaha. needs Shay gets some calls from meat buy-
i
Ject.
The highly regarded agricultural mag-
azine, Farm Journal, decided last month
that "because the Government probe will
drag on for months or years," it would
conduct its own investigation.
Accordingly, Writer Ovid Bay fol-
lowed a fed steer from a Dodge County.
Nebr., farm and an Omaha packing-
plant to a supermarket in Cincinnati,
keeping careful track what happened to
the animal and the price every time he
changer! hands along the way.
?:;, The Farm Journal's conclusion: While
many beef feeders are losing money on
cattle, it could find nobody making a
fYnancial killing on the situation. The
chief beneficiary, said Writer Bay "is the
consumer-at the farmer's expense."
Because of the careful detail with
which the article, "Who's Making Money
on Your Beef?' has been prepared, I ask
es
coy. Bow
The steer I'd picked to follow weighed ers_ Even so, it's a matter of dickering, not
1.073 pounds, so at $20.50 be brought $219.96. dictation, Shay says. For instance, here's
Less marketing costs of $4.65 he netted Ted how we got 34 cents for these caresses today.
$215.31 at the market. Add the average "On checking around, we found that the
feeder cost of $148.15 and cost of gain Per dressed beef market was sluggish on the east
steer of $102.08 and each steer cost Ted coast and we still have to keep on selling:
$25023. So. he lost $34.92 per head on the the run of fat cattle continues to include
average. large numbers too heavy for most of the store
AT THE PACKINGHOUSE-$242.8? ? buyers: and the dressed beef market rkket on
closed at
arcasses
Next, we moved into the Armour packing choice 600- to 700-pound c
at Omaha. The 17 steers averaged 864 34 to $41,11 cents in Chicago yesterday." he
pounds cooler weight for a 61.45 dressing said. "In Omaha. we average about one-
half cent below Chicago (freight differential) ?
percent. so I figure 34 cents is all I can get for these
Nine a the seventeen carcasses met the caresses today. I hope tomorrow will be
specificatti onns s of the he Kroger Co_ in Clnc' higher"
pounds), 1 graded -Good.- and a naa oruime
which discounted the 17 for an average loss
of 98 cents per Steer to Armour.
The steer I had selected yielded a high-
quality, 680-pound carcass. It had about 0.7
inch of fat over the ribeye and graded about
"Middle Choice."
We moved on 931 miles to Kroger's meat
warehouse in Cincinnati. It supplies
stores in the area with carcass beef. Here
the carcass went into Kroger's tenderay pro-
em
trolied temperature and humidity over about
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 196 --CONMtSSIONAT: RECORb = SfR E 10675
The PRESIDING Of'l?'ICER, A quo- I rise to request that my name be added to bar aid to countries preparing for aggres-
to the bill just now introduced by the lion (the F rbstei ening-Javits amend-
rum 1S present ment). The legislation ation did not mention any
Senator from Texas; I wish to be re-
Mr-TOWER Obtained the floor country, but Members of the House and
A-1 e o nnennnenr of flip bill- AS ,, ie.o.4- .-A a? firm
f I understand the spirit in which the bill debate. They indicted Egypt by name, both
.....
MARL ING `~Sf' GRAVES1 OI S Of'' is introduced, it is to accord this honor because of belligerence against Israel, and
,SERVICEMT"N KILLED TN VIETNAM to those who have died in Vietnam for intervention in Yemen.
the Despite the substantial congressional vote,
common cause of freedom.
Mr fi~ Mr I'resic eAt, there Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr. the administration was reluctant to stig-
t e eeitain Cfreuril5tai1CC5 under which matize Egypt as an agressor because it con-
,the 'f'ederal ClrovelximeAt pays for head- President, will the Senator from Texas sidered the amendment an impediment to
stgnes for the-_ --_--"OI American serv- yield briefly to me? flexibility in the conduct of our foreign
lcelxlen. ' Sut under present regulations Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I ask policy.
it is not possible f`or the words "Killed unanimous consent that at this time, I It is intended, therefore, that economic
-in Vietnam" to be placed on such grave- may yield to the distinguished Senator aid to Egypt will continue.
tones. _ from North Dakota, without thereby los- Egypt's foreign currency reserves are van-
' This matter was called to my atten- ing my right to the floor and without ishing, partly because of disproportionate
Lion by the widow of one of the gallant having my subsequent remarks -counted expenditures for the military and partly be-
ns a second speech by me. cause of imprudent purchase of commodities,
seIrIvicemen who' recently has lost his Egypt needs new transfusions of hard cur-
life,i`orfreedom in'V ietnam. She was The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without rency. It has been asking the International
informed that since we Ii-not officially objection, it is so ordered. Monetary Fund for new stabilization loans,
at war in (Tfetnam, she would have to Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota. Mr, similar to those granted in 1961 and 1962.
bear the expense of having the'name of President, I ask that my name be re- The bankers at the IMF, however, have been
the place of her husband's death placed corded as a cosponsor of the bill the Sen- telling Egypt that it must mend' its uneco-
upon from Texas has introduced; and I " nomic ways-that it must out down on the
upon his gravestone. desire to endorse the bill. import of unneces=sary consumer goods-that
I happen to think ' that such an ex- It must ration its hard currency-and that
pense is not one which the Federal Gov- Whenever one of our servicemen loses it must pay off the claims of businessmen
erns l nt should place upon the survivors his life in Vietnam, certainly it is proper whose property Nasser seized in his nationali-
of American "servicemen who die to pro- that he receive the same consideration as zation program.
fleet the liberty of all Americans. that given to any of our servicemen who Bankers are much tougher than diplomats.
Therefore, I introduce, and send to lose their lives in any other war. They insist on fiscal conditions. They will
the desk, for appropriate reference, a After all, the fighting in Vietnam is a not interfere if Nasser insists on being the
which provides that, _in any case war; and we should do all we can to ease neighborhood's incorrigible delinquent. He
bill the heartaches of the loved ones of our can redeem himself if he opens up a sav-
iri - which the Secretary of the Army is die there. ings account at the corner bank and makes
authorized and directed t0 'furnish an servicemen who regular deposits.
appropriate headsfoiie or marker, at the Mr. TOWER. I thank the Senator 1 History repeats. In 1958, the World Bank
expense Of the united States, for the from North Dakota. ? ?~ told Nasser that he could not get any credit
expense o grave of any member of the unless he payed off the stockholders for the
Suez Canal. Once Nasser agreed, the loan
military service whose death- occurs in THE MIDDLE EAST SITUATION to widen and deepen the Suez was approved-
the Republic of Vietnam, the Secretary TODAY even though Egypt refused to open the Suez
shall, when requested cause to be in- Canal to Israel shipping-for it was then
Set'ibed, at the expense of the United Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, recently argued that it was right to impose fiscal
States, On such headstone or-marker, an I addressed the annual policy conference conditions on loans and aid, imprudent and
appropriate ifscrfptioii showing that the of the American Israel Public Affairs dangerous and counterproductive to impose
death occurred while the serviceman was Committee. On the -same platform the political conditions. (You will recall that
Serving in Vietnam. previous day was Mr. I. L. Kenen, the Congress protested against that policy by vot-
Mr. Presideiit,'I ask unanimous con- Executive director of that organization. ing for what is called the Douglas-Keating
Since so many things of importance amendment to bar aid to countries engaged
sent that the bill be_ Allowed to lie on the in boycotts and blockades.)
desk until the close of business on the have developed in the Middle East since But once Egypt complies with the IMF's
coming Wednesday, in orC'ierst0 provide that time, I ask unanimous consent to conditions, the United States will resume
an Opportunity for other -'lfemb_ers to have Mr. Kellen's speech of May 3, 1964, loans to Egypt. In the meantime, it should
join mein sponsoring the bill. printed in the RECORD. be stressed that there has been no inter-
'The PIi,ESrING.OFFICER. The bill There being no objection, the speech ruption in the shipment of wheat and other
was Ordered to be printed in the RECORD, surplus commodities.
will be received and appropriately re- Now
follows: many of us feel strongly that this
ferred; and, without objection, will be M program of unconditional aid to Egypt in-
held at the desk, as requested. ADnanss By I. L. KENEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, directly increases Israel's peril because it en-
',lhe bill (5. 28bi1) to }Provide for the AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS COMMIT- ables Egypt to divert its own resources to
NATIONAL POLICY COMMITTEE
MAY- il
'TEE
isses
d Ge
f
i
t
,
,
.
weapons an
rman in
or Sov
e
inSCril2irig of certain information on pay
. " - FLOWER HOTEL, WASHINGTON, D.C., MAY 3, And so our next question is: What ishap-
markers furnished Headstones or 1964
markers in the case of members of the pening to U.S. aid to Israel?
1xi11ftary service who die in the Republic We met just a year ago, today. What has The administration has been reluctant to
happened since our last policy conference? extend new military aid to Israel. The 1962
of, Vietnam, introduced by Mr. TOWER Last year, our conference warned that the decision to lend Israel $23 million to finance
(for himself and Other Senators, was ms race threatened new war in the Middle the purchase of the Hawk, an antibomber
receive.. j reacl_twice by its isle, and re- East. We called for guarantees against ag- missile, anil to train Israelis is its use, has
ferred to the Committee on Iriferlor and gression. We urged arms for Israel to pre- not been broadened. And economic aid to
Iriu1 lr Afiirs serve the balance. And we condemned the Israel is being reduced in the current for-
-s p
Mr, ;TO IVIrreslden, ask misuse of our economic aid to subsidize prep- eign aid bill because, it is said, Israel's econ-
unaniltf0u5 Consent that at this time I stations for aggression. omy continues to prosper.
111A y t yield brieflto the distinguished That was on May 5, 1963. American aid to Israel passed the billion
YW _ Three days later, on May 8, the late Presi- dollar mark in January. It has consisted
Senator, from Pennsylvania [Mr. SCOTT], , dent Kennedy offered public reassurances in of grants, loans, and surplus foods, but over
to permit him to comment on the bill a press conference. He said that the United the years the emphasis has changed.
I haven just riOW introduce a SO ask States supports the security of both Israel Grants have virtually disappeared. The
uilaxiiiireinus consent :that may do so and her neighbors and that 'iii tFie'e"vent oP interest rate on loans has risen from three-
.1 ess on or p reparation for res6loh, fourths of 1 percent to 31 percent-and
losing my kiwi to t ie floor and
without 99k p > g /2 wltho> t having my_subse uent ,remarks whether direct or indirect, we would support Israel is being pressed to finance more and
counted a$,a sgcond speechy me. appropriate measures in the United Nations more of its development through loans at
t other courses of action on our own conventional interest rate
and ado
.
p
The PRESIDING O'1a'ICEIt. Without to prevent or to put a stop to such aggres- In 1962, U.S. aid. to Israel totaled $82 mil-
objecton it is so ordered blelz > lion-of which $45 million was a develop-
Mr SCOT r Mr ?resident, I thank What was the reaction in Congrese? ment loan; $million was an Export-Im-
ti from eXaS Congress took our concern about Egypvt port Bank loan; $26 million was for surplus
,.,
the distm SAS ed Senator
for his courtesy. very seriously. In the -fan, Congress voted" foods.
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10676, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May, 15
In 1963, the figure was $78 million, In "We must formulate. with both imagine- from all oversea investments. And so the
the current fiscal year-1963-64-develop- tion and restraint, a new approach to the United States is determined, because this in-
ment loans are dropping from $45 million to Middle East-not pressing our case so hard come affects our balance-of-payments post-
$20 million, although about $23 minion has that the Arabs feel their neutrality and tion, to do what it can to shield oil invest-
been loaned to Israel for the Hawk. nationalism are threatened, but accepting ments from Instability, especially the kind
But in the next fiscal year. It has been those forces and seeking to help channel engendered by communism which leads to
reported that there will be a further reduc- them along constructive lines, while at the nationalization.
tion in development loans and there will be same time trying to hasten the inevitable Prior to 1958, U.8. policy tried to curb
a reduction in surplus food sales to $15 mll- Arab acceptance of the permanence of Is- communism by lining up allies in a divided
lion. Israel is hopeful that this figure will rael." world. Since 1958, after sputnik soared
be fixed at $26 million, he same as last year. Let us recall what happened in 1960. into space and the Baghdad Pact collapsed,
These cuts are advocated because of the In 1960, at our first policy conference, we Washington has tried to bar communism by
Improvement in Israel's economic position. adopted a policy statement which we then competition for the favor of neutrals. As a
Now, it is true that there is a steady Im- took to both the Democratic and Repub- result, the United States has itself adopted
provement in'Israel's balance of trade. In lican conventions. The Democratic plat- a neutral posture wherever there is regional
1948, Israel's Imports were about 10 times the form Included endorsements of the concept rivalry. It is reluctant to aline itself with
size of her exports. Last year, exports had of direct Arab-IaraeI peace negotiations and either side, lest the Soviet Union identify
risen to the point where imports were just the resettlement of Arab refugees. Itself with the other. The United States tries
about double the size of Israel's exports. It Is- true that Mr. Kennedy did call for a to avoid initiatives which, it Is feared, might,
But let us not be carried away. There Is new peace initiative. But when he began it. counterproductively, lead to polarization,
still a 2 to 1 deficit. after he took office In 1981, It took a differ- Moscowat one end, the United States at the
In Washingtonwe are constantly told that ent and disconcerting form. other. This is especially true in the Near
Israel's foreign currency reserves have been Now we do not have the official texts of East, where the United States has always
rising. Thus, Israel's foreign exchange rose the letters he wrote to the Arab leaders. We weighed its involvement and Identification
from zero In 1952 to $582 million last March, do have the texts the Arabs published. Ac- with Israel in terms of Arab reaction and
In contrast, Egypt's foreign exchange poet- cording to their texts, Mr. Kennedy indi- possible Soviet exploitation.
tion has been sliding rapidly, from $1.408 bil- cated that the Jordan River issue was still Such a policy Inevitably is vulnerable to
lion In 1948 down to $752 million in 1952, open. He spoke of repatriation of the Arab pressure and threat. It is often dictated
when Nasser came to power, and down to refugees. He did not speak of resettlement by fear rather than hope.
$189.2 million last March. or negotiations. He said U.S. policy was How does this policy succeed? Who Is
But all these calculations ignore the un- anchored In the U.N. resolutions. And Out really winning the Near East?
pleasant fact that because of the arms race, of this there evolved the Joseph E. Johnson Here we enter the area of speculation and
and because of her tremendous Immigration mission for a poll or plebiscite of the Arab we encounter the most controversial Issue of
and development burden, Israel has had to refugees in order to Implement paragraph 11 all. How do we evaluate Nasser? And is
borrow very heavily. Today, Israel's foreign of the 1948 resolution. communism reali losin
currency reserves of $582 million are not high Later that 9 g ground in the
year. despite the Democratic region?
when we look at her foreign exchange debt, platform, to say nothing of the U.N. Charter, Well, you can argue both sides. Hussein
and wheniwe eider Israel's exposed stra- our U.S. delegation voted against the Afro- seemed to be doing this in Washington a
Every Israeli-man, woman, and child- Asian resolution calling for direct Arab- fortnight ago. One day he blamed Zionism
carries the highest per cforeign debt Israel negotiations, much to our deep dis- for the alleged advance of Moscow In the
anyone In the highest per capita ap than $300 per of appointment. Near East. The next day he condoned
anyone I this world-more p pe- And yet, just as Mr. Kennedy would not Nasser's neutrality on the ground that the
son-ve need is partlpayy becaxpecauase of weapons r erto press the Arabs. he would not press the Communist threat in the Near East is really
county the threat from Egypt. Israelis either-if they felt that the pressure receding
Under such circumstances, it fa logical to was contrary to their security. And by 1962, Mythmakers tell us that Arab nationalism
urge our I think Mr. Kennedy had come to realize and the religion of Islam are effective barriers
to reconsider its aid that the Arabs would not change their atti-
poilcles: against the spread of communism-that Nas-
t. Is It premature to cut economic aid to iud~-toward Israel and toward peace. The sir really anti-Communist. We are told,
2, Is it right to continue uaconditlonai ?""?"" aeaugce Nina. ?wrwver, was aeixeua our friendship for Nasser in order to give
ec2 Is I aid Eto c? regarded it as a threat to them. And so. late hint an alternative to communism.
8. Has the time ptma to extend military 1962. the White House baited the drive In truth, Nasser today has many choices-
y for that proposal. the Communist Chinese, the French, the
aid to Israel? In 1982. when the administration could Italians, the Germans. as well as Washington.
that tate the are m lit uslinlspapparently not dissuade Nasser from adding to its It seems to us that this should actually free
beOlurreS
they using up lot of bomber fleet, It was decided to let Israel him from dependence on both Moscow and
our Influence In the Near East to avert a have the Hawk-a defensive weapon needed Washington. But this also tends to reduce
conflict over water. They say that we must to bring down these planes. It also decided and minimize our own influence In Egypt,
not roil up the waters further by any action to support the Israel water plan. despite our vast economic aid program, which
which might put an excessive drain on our On the other hand, the administration averaged $4 million a week In 1963.
influence In the region, would not implement the Douglas-Keating Now it may be true that Nasser is not a
What influence, you will ask? amendment, which Mr. Kennedy. himself. y
Well, last year the Department Pf State Geology. stand does not accept Communist
had cosponsored in 1960 In the Senate, and Ideology. But Nasser's army rmy Is dependent
told Congress that our influence in the Near It would not implement the Farbsteln- on Soviet weapons and no army is independ-
East was higher today than ever before. Is Gruening-Javlts antlaggresslon amendment. ent of its source of supply. Nasser, as well
this true? And how did It come about? I Thus, It may be said that Mr. Kennedy was as Ben Bella, has embarked on a program
think the answer may be found in President able to appreciate divergent interests. And of nationalization which is steadily restrict-
Kennedy's brilliant personal diplomacy. so the State Department has maintained Ing the capitalistic sector in Egypt. Nasser
Mr. Kennedy was able to gain the con- that U.S. Influence in the Near East has is the prophet of Arab socialism, which in-
fidence and admiration of many govern- grown. creasingly resembles the Soviet system.
ment leaders everywhere, partly because he Well, some of us have been skeptical. Moreover, Nasser has steadily propagated
worked
because his reduce cold war part- Some of us thought that perhaps we were hatred against what he calls imperialism.
ly because
their him to ap- , hoarding Influence, unwilling to risk its That is translated to mean the United States,
and ufine nderstand enabled
dissipation. In foreign policy, it Is said, just as much as it means Britain, and much
And it is true that Mr. Kennedy did win you cannot hoard Influence. Influence, un- more than it means Zionism. I.e., the State of
the respect and confidence of Arab leaders used, begins to vanish. On the other hand, Israel.
like Nasser, Hussein, and Faisal. influence used effectively gains strength So a rising generation of Arabs are being
Yet Mr. Kennedy admired Israel, sym- But the United States wants to ration our taught to hate the West.
pathized with her needs and shared her Influence--to exercise it on priorities like Finally, as we have often emphasized, Nas-
alarms. stopping Communist penetration, preserving ser's position In Yemen, which he shares
How then does one explain this curious the flow of oil and dividends from the Near with Khrushchev, provides Moscow with a
paradox? East, maintaining communication lines and launching pad for Soviet penetration all down
The explanation, I think, may be found bases. the East Coast of Africa-Somalia, Tangan-
in Mr. Kenne4y's general approach to prob- Let's take a closer look at American policy. yika, Zanzibar, Ethiopia, and the Sudan.
lems, both domestic and international. He Stopping Communist penetration has long Surely, our experience in Yemen tests the
deprecated pressures. And he refrained from been the major objective of U.S. policy every- efficacy of our tactics and the accuracy of
pressures which Arabs might regard as fn- where. But this is especially Important in our Intelligence. From the beginning. Ye-
Imlcal and hostile. I remember a speech the Near East because the U.S. income from men was a focus of concern. The United
which he made in the Senate In June 1960, oil Investments totaled $846 million In 1982- States feared that the Yemen war would
when he said: and that is one-fourth of all U.S. Income spread, engulf Saudi Arabia, weaken Aden,
Approved For Release 2005/02/10 : CIA-RDP66B00403R000200140026-5