SECRECY AND THE A-11 PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000100170074-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 22, 2005
• Sequence Number: 74
• Publication Date: April 15, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

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those convicted of bribery, perjury, or other
infamous crime.
There are no voting restrictions because
of race, color, religion, national origin, or
ancestry in Ohio; nor does Ohio require lit-
eracy tests prior to voting.
Proposed Federal provision: In elections
involving the Presidency and other Federal
offices, no voter can be barred because of
immaterial errors in registration applica-
tions, and the same standards must apply
to all applicants.
The bill would create the assumption that
any person who has completed the sixth
grade shall be deemed literate enough to
vote and stipulates that all literacy tests be
written unless the applicant requests other-
wise.
It would speed disposal of discrimination
suits by authorizing the Attorney General
or any defendant to request that a three-
judge district court be convened to hear the
suit. An appeal would' go directly to the
Supreme Court.
PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS
Ohio: Under a 1961 amendment to the
State Fafr Employment Practices Act, there
are fines up to $500 and imprisonment up
to 90 days or both for denial of public ac-
commodations because of race, color, re-
ligion, national origin, or ancestry.
Enforcement is by the State civil rights
commission, which acts on receipt of any
sworn charge. The procedure involves in-
vestigation, conferences, conciliation at-
tempts, and persuasion before public hear-
ing and formal order.
Proposed Federal: All persons shall have
access without regard to race, color, religion,
or national origin to hotels and places of
lodging (except those having five or fewer
rooms for rent), eating establishments, places
of amusement, gasoline stations, and any
place segregated by State of local law.
Private clubs are exempt except when
their facilities are made available to cus-
tomers of one of the hotels, restaurants, or
other places mentioned above.
Aggrieved persons themselves or the At-
torney General may bring action against
violations. The latter would be compelled
to seek corrective action from State or local
agencies before going to court.
Contempt cases arising from failure to
comply with court orders could result in
fines and imprisonment. The Attorney Gen-
eral also would be authorized to file quits to
ban discrimination in public facilities such
as parks and libraries.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Ohio: The State's last school segregation
law was repealed in 1886, and the courts
have enjoined local boards from assigning
Negro children to all-Negro schools.
Proposed Federal: The bill would authorize
the Commissioner of Education and the At-
torney General to assist the States in de-
segregation of schools. The latter would be
authorized to institute civil actions to de-
segregate if voluntary measures failed.
The education commissioner could conduct
surveys, supply technical assistance to school
authorities. Issue Grants for hiring and train-
Proposed Federal: The bill would create a
Community Relations Service in the Depart-
ment of Commerce to assist States and cities
to solve difficulties arising from racial
friction.
CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION
Ohio: The Ohio commission has been in
existence since 1959, administering the Fair
Employment and Public Accommodations
Acts as well as conducting educational and
research programs.
Proposed Federal: The bill would extend
the life of the Federal Commission for 4
years and give it additional authority to
serve as a clearinghouse for information. A
House amendment barred the Commission
from investigating membership policies of
private clubs and fraternal groups.
Ohio: Since 1935, Ohio has barred discrim-
inatory practices by contractors and sub-
contractors dealing with the State or its sub-
divisions.
Proposed Federal: Government agencies
would be authorized to withhold grants or
assistance programs from areas where dis-
crimination is practiced, provided they in-
formed Congress beforehand and held a pub-
lic hearing.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
Ohio: The State Fair Employment Prac-
tices Act bans discrimination because of
race, color, religion, etc., on the part of em-
ployers of four or more persons, employ-
ment agencies, or labor unions.
Proposed Federal: This section declares a
national policy of freedom from discrimina-
tion in opportunity for employment. It
would not become effective until,a year after
the bill is signed into law and in the initial
year would cover employers and unions with
100 or more workers or members.
This provision would be tightened grad-
ually until the fourth year of its effective-
ness when it would cover those with. 25 or
more workers or members.
The law would be administered by an
Equal Employment Opportunity Commis-
sion of five members empowered to act in
complaints filed by individuals. It could
bring legal action only after attempts to
settle cases by conciliation.
The commission, however, would be re-
quired to work with State and local agen-
cies, such as that in Ohio, unless such agen-
cies were not performing effectively.
What form a Federal civil rights bill will
take, if and when one is passed, is of course
impossible to determine. The prolonged
Senate debate now appears to be some weeks
away from the filibuster stage, and indi-
cations are that the House version will be
toned down with Republican-sponsored
amendments.
Yet it is apparent that the impact of any
bill enacted will be felt almost exclusively
in the South. For Ohio and the other 35
States' with civil rights codes of one kind
or another, it would mean only that Wash-
ington would become a secondary point of
recourse for those with grievances, real or
fancied.
problems,Yand sponsor university institutes SECRECY AND THE A-11 PROGRAM
lems.
As approved by the House, the bill specifi-
cally prohibits action under this program to
shift schoolchildren to correct racial im-
balance.
COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Ohio: The Civil Rights Commission may
create advisory agencies at the local level to
foster better community relations. There
are local community relations agencies in
Senator from Delaware yield?
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I am
glad to yield.
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, a short
time ago, I spoke briefly as to the facts
surrounding the announcement of the
President of the United States Concern-
ing the A-11 program.
Toledo, Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and It is interesting to note, from the testi-
Columbus. mony and the articles which have ap-
peared subsequently, that the House Sub-
committee on Defense ArDrnox bona.
and certainly a great majority of the
meTs or the Senate, Subcommittee on
Defense ppropria io apparently had
no knowledge whatever even of the be-
emmne o e eve onment of the A-11.
During the past 3 years, there has been
extensive testimony before that commit-
tee, discussing the B-70 and the RS-70.
The technical matters surrounding that
work tie in intimately wtih the develop-
ment of any supersonic plane, particu-
larly in the area of mach 3.
I am greatly indebted to outside re-
porters who have ferreted out a part of
the truth behind this matter, It is some
what difficult to understand how this
country could have spent $100 million to
$500 million in the development of a,
supersonic plane, which is probably-al-
though we do not know-an improved
manned interceptor, without the Appro-
priations Committee having knowledge
of it.
I am informed by the distinguished
for Senator from Georgia [Mr. RUSSELL]
that e did have know 'age o 1 an
that e was u y informed is does
not evade the responsibility of every
Senator who serves on that committee in
the Senate, and every Representative
who serves on the corresponding com-
mittee in the House of Representatives,
to account to the people of his own State
and to the people of the United States
and to have knowledge of the functions
of the Government.
If we can develop an airplane which
must have cost from $100 million to $500
million-the best estimate is $500 mil-
lion over the course of 2, 3, or 4 years,
no one knows how long-without the
Appropriations Committees of the Con-
gress having knowledge of such appro-
priations, questions arise as the source
of the money, and where was it hidden
in the budget.
Mr. President, I intend to pursue this
matter further, because in my opinion it
represents a grave threat to our repre-
sentative form of government. It repre-
sents an abrogation of the right of Sen-
ators to know what-is going on in the
Government and to bear the responsi-
bility for the decisions which are made.
A decision was made. It was made in
our name, using hidden funds, and other
methods to which I do not have access.
But, somehow, it was accomplished. I
hope that the Secretary of Defense par-
ticularly, and anyone else who had
knowledge of these matters, will disclose
the information to Congress at an early
date.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD an
article entitled "Less Than the Whole
Truth," written by Claude Witze and
published in the Air Force magazine of
April 1964, which discusses this situation
in detail.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LESS THAN THE WHOLE TRUTH
(By Claude Witze)
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 18.-There are
substantial reasons why public pressure
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964 Approved f9r6?AJ/1&BjPJ E
i.a]i, and when such servicesm area, ren
I am sure the Senate Committee on_
u:les and Administration after, checking
nto these transactions can give?us.e,
r. ore complete report.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the
enator yield?
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I yield.
Mr. MORSE. It is kind of the Sena-
or to say, as he did in his last sentence,
hat he is sure the Committee on Rules
he Senator from Oregon. I agree that
his should be public information,
enator yield?
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Iyield.`
Mr. 4LLOTT. I commend the distin-
uished Senator from Delaware for
enate restaurant, which is operated
it.h public funds, is carrying any pri-
Air. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Not to
y knowledge. It is my understanding,
ng, that when the Senate restaurant
tarnishes its services or supplies to any
unction, outside the Capitol or Senate
er the rules of the Senate.
Air. ALLOTT. If the Senator will yield
urther, the Senator's understanding is
lie same as mine. On various occasions,
hen constituents have been here wh
ersonaTly present, and to ass a com-
:iete responsibility for the bil . Is that
rranged luncheons for groups from Del-
ware. My colleague and I recently had
nests. But we guaranteed and paid the
:ill. We pay for those guests at the reg
here is an additional charge for it, which
To. 72-10
is proper. It was my understanding that
in all instances the services and facilities
of the Senate restaurant would be avail-
able only to Senators or employees of the
Senate. This is not a privately owned
restaurant that can compete with private
enterprise.
Mr. ALLOTT. I am sure that is the
understanding we have always had.
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Delaware yield?
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I yield
to the Senator from Minnesota.
ORDER FOR RECESS UNTIL 10 A.M.
TOMORROW
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that when the
Senate concludes its business today, it
stand in recess until 10 o'clock tomorrow
morning.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
will a Senator from Delaware yield
me?
Mr. LLIAMS of Delaware. I yi d
to the Se ton from Ohio.
Mr. YO G of Ohio. Mr. Pres' ent,
the Civil Ri is Act of 1964 do not
seek to establi new rights as r tes to
citizens of my ate of Ohio. rough
this legislative p osal we se only to
preserve old righ rights aranteed
color, by our Constit ion as amended,
our Declaration of Inde dente, and our
heritage of freedom.
I have received 1 er from unin-
posals will in som way infrin.on their
own liberties o way of life tithing
could be furth from the truth. There
is nothing these pending legs tive
proposals w ch will deliver to our ro
citizens ri is or privileges which t y
do not al ady enjoy in the State of Oh
and ha enjoyed in our State for years.
I am oud of this fact, as all Ohioans
rho be. What this legislation will do
is jft tend these rights to all Americans
retardless of the States in which they
,Fve or in which they travel.
The fact is the Ohio civil rights and
antidiscrimination laws are much more
effective and more far-reaching than
the civil rights bill which is presently
pending before the Senate. This was
pointed out clearly and concisely in an
article written by George Jenks, Wash-
ington correspondent of the Toledo
Blade and published in that newspaper
on April 12, 1964. The article is en-
titled "Ohio's Civil Rights Law Tougher
Than Federal Proposals," and is an out-
standing e:cample of accurate and in-
formative reporting at its best. The
Toledo Blade, one of the great news-
papers of Ohio, and the Nation, and its
publisher, Paul Block, Jr., have a well-
earned reputation for responsible and
in fact outstanding journalism.. Cer-
tainly, this article is in that tradition.
de tand the complaints fron
whic he says already b
Ohl
laws
more r orous, and more puni
propose ederal bill.
The bill a passed by the H
before the ate, he points c
original adm istration prop(
other Judicia Committee I
stituted the pre
of making it mod ti te enough
able to the great ority of
excluding those In e deep
To support his argu ent t]
a number of other Nor ern
States, already has civil Igl
discrimination laws more s
reaching than the Federal pr
CULLOCH has obtained from
_7M__
Mr. President, I cornmend this article
to my colleagues and ask unanimous
consent that it be printed at this point
in the RECORD as part of my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
AN APPRAISAL-OHIO'S CIVIL RIGHTS LAw
TOUGHER THAN FEDERAL PROPOSALS-IMPACT
OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION WOULD BE FELT
LARGELY IN SOUTH
(By George Jenks)
The men trying to steer the civil rights bill
through Congress are disturbed more than
they care to admit by signs that the massive
propaganda drive against It is making head-
way in the North.
There is no overlooking the fact that Gov.
George C. Wallace, of Alabama, was able to
take a fourth of all the votes cast in the Wis-
consin primary last week with no other issues
than diehard segregationism and States'
rights.
But what is causing more consternation Is
mail from home. A number of northern Con-
gressmen, both Republican and Democratic,
report that the letters they are receiving
show widespread apprehension over the pro-
posed civil rights program.
Representative WILLIAM M. MOCULLOCH,
Republican, of Piqua, last week said he has
been amazed by the letters he is receiving,
criticizing the bill. He wrote almost the en-
tire measure himself and played an impor-
tant part in winning its approval in the
House.
Mr. McCuLLOCH, ranking Republican oil
the House Judiciary Committee, says these
protests largely are based on distortions and
misinformation which he traces to the work
of such southern-based segregationist groups
as the Coordinating Committee for Funda-
mental Freedoms.
Incidentally, the propaganda campaign
does not seem to have taken hold in the
Toledo area. Representative THOMAS L. ASH-
LEY reported that when the bill first came
up in committee last year, his mail was run-
ning from 4 to 5 to one against it.
When the measure came up for debate
in the House this year, however, the tide had
tltrned and the margin was almost 10 to 1
in favor, he said. He attributed the shift
to the strong stand taken by church groups
In the community.
Mr. MCCULLOCH said most of the protests
against the bill concern things which are
not in it at all, such as compulsory pupil
exchanges between school districts to achieve
e described himself as hard put to un-
Speaker Roger Cloud a point-bpoint com-
parison of the State and Federal 'rovisions.
Here is a condensation of that comparison:
VOTING RIGHTS
Ohio: Every citizen meeting age and resi-
dence requirements is entitled to vote except
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CONG1tI SSIONAL RECO1 - SENAAtE
should be maintained for the revelation of
more facts about the new Lockheed A-11
mach 3 airplane. And none of the facts that
should be public property in this democracy
will menace national security if they are
disclosed. The A-ll, like the TFX, the RS-
70, and the Skybolt missile before it, is in-
volved in arguments about concept and
policy that are properly the subject of public
discussion.
The general capabilities of the A-11 and
the mission for which it was designed can
be aired before Congress and the voters
without disclosing any specific information
about the technologies involved and the
precise threat it presents to a potential en-
emy. If the A-11 is undergoing tests to de-
termine how good it is as an interceptor,
which is what we were told by the White
House, the threat to the enemy will not be
real until the system is combat ready. The
A-11 is far from that state and may never
reach it.
Details of President Johnson's announce-
ment that the A-11 exists and an analysis
of Its technological significance appear start-
ing on page 33 of this issue. Of equal im-
portance is the administration's insistence
that the A-11 is an interceptor aircraft and
that it meets the Air Force requirement for
an Improved Manned Intercetpor (IMI). So
long as the news about the A-11 is carefully
managed, the administration is not likely
to get a serious challenge to its assertion,
but the atmosphere on Capitol Hill is charged
with skepticism. When Gen. Curtis E. Le-
May, USAF Chief of Staff, was testifying a
few weeks ago before the House Armed
Services Committee, he said, "We need a new
long-range interceptor and we feel that $40
million this year will move us in an orderly
program toward producing it." Asked at
what point we are in the IMI program, he
said, "We are doing some Work in this field,
but we are 'not going fast enough to have
an orderly prograni'to produce it." He made
a further statement that was deleted from
the published record.
Whatever the general told the committee
in confidence, the House included the $40
million in its version of the defense authori-
zation bill. There is no evidence in the
record that Chairman CARL VINSON or any
of his colleagues knew of the A-11 or con-
sidered it the prototype of an interceptor
if they did know about it. Chairman MEL-
vIN PRICE of the Subcommittee on Research
and Development voted with the majority
in favor of granting the money. Three
Democratic members of his subcommittee,,
Representatives SAMUEL S. STRATTON, JEF-
razY COHELAN, and OTIS G. PIKE, voted
against it and signed a minority report. In
this, they argued the money had not been
requested from the subcommittee but indi-
cated they knew of progress made toward
an IMI. They then picked up the argument
of Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara
that there are several airplanes which could
take on the IMI mission, citing the F-106,
the F-4, and the TFX or F-111. General
LeMay already had said he wants something
better.
There was a strange change of attitude in
the Senate. The $40 million item was
dropped from the bill. After the A-11 was
uncovered Senator RICHARD B. RUSSELL, floor
manager for the bill, bolstered the Presi-
dent's portrayal of it as an Interceptor. He
said he had been privy to all of its history
and that what has been learned has appli-
cability to other types of aircraft. The Sen-
ator said the $40 million was taken out of
the bill becaues the A-11 already is past the
research-and-development stage and is un-
dergoing test and evaluation. He said he did
not know why the Air Force, meaning Gen-
eral LeMay, asked for the money.
Secretary McNamara was the next witness
in Washington. He told a press conference,
"The A-11 is an interceptor 'aircraft, It is
being developed as such, and beyond that
I have nothing further to say on its use."
He said the Air Force naturally knew all
about the A-11 and that there was an mis-
understanding about what was requested.
This was not new money, he said, but a
request "to have the authority within the
total funds budgeted to reallocate funds to
increase the expenditures on the IMI and
to reduce expenditures on certain other
projects." He said there is no doubt that
the A-11 is the plane USAF has in mind for
the IMI mission.
One of the more significant sentences in
Mr. McNamara's remarks was his comment
that "hopefully, we can have multiuse air-
craft evolve from the single-purpose de-
signs."
It is this conviction of his, first brought
to fruition in the TFX joint USAF-Navy
project, that has not been accepted by ex-
perienced airmen in any branch of the serv-
ices. The A-11, it has not been denied, was
laid down in 1959 as a high-flying and fast
reconnaissance airplane and the undisclosed
amount of money that has gone into it
would be hard to disguise in USAF's budget.
It could have been financed by the Central
Intelligence Agency, but that is not as im-
portant as the fact that the reconnaissance
and interceptor missions cannot be per-
formed efficiently by the same airplane. It
is obvious that the technologies overlap in
such areas as propulsion, materials, human
factors, and aerodynamics, but weapon sys-
tems differ according to their missions.
All through the discussion following the
A-11 announcement here has been an aura
of the half-truth about administration
statements. Asked bluntly whether the A-11
had been designed as an Interceptor, Secre-
tary McNamara replied, "I don't think that I
said that, and I would rather not say."
Nobody asked, "Why not?" It was brought
out in General LeMay's testimony that all of
the Chiefs of Staff favored going ahead with
an IMI and that even the Chairman, Gen.
Maxwell Taylor, gave it his endorsement.
USAF Secretary Eugene Zuckert testified
that "No formal proposal has gone forward
from the Air Force, that is, from the civilian
Secretary [Mr. Zuckert] to the Secretary of
Defense. I did write him a letter in which
I said it looked as if we were progressing to
the point where we would need a sizable sum
of money such as the one General LeMay
mentioned for 1965."
Later Representative PORTER HARDY quizzed
the Air Force Secretary and asked whether
Mr. McNamara showed any signs of "mellow-
ing" or beginning to understand the require-
ment for an IMI. Mr. Zuckert acknowledged
that his boss was not "too encouraging."
He added that he favors a larger develop-
ment program than the Defense Secretary,
but "I have not personally proposed that we
build a, force of any particular size leading
toward a full defense capability with an
IMI."
Further quotations are not needed to dis-
play the status of the IMI project, at least
as it stood in February. If we accept the
natal date of the A-il as 1959, it seems clear
that nobody called it an Air Force airplane
at least until sometime in 1963, by which
time the concept probably had been over-
taken by more esoteric systems operating
in space. If the A-11 was designed as an
IMI there was no reason to blanket its exist-
ence with any more secrecy than would have
surrounded the F-108, interceptor counter-
part of the B-70 and also designed by North
American Aviation, if that project had not
been abandoned a few years ago. It was
after cancellation of the F-108 that airmen
concerned with the defense mission, most
notably Gen. Laurence S. I{uter, first pro-
claimed the requirement for an IMI. If they
knew the A-11 was being developed as an
interceptor, which they should have known
if it is true, their speeches, in retrospect,
make little sense.
Since disclosure of the A-il by President
Johnson, most of the verbiage has been con-
cerned with its place in the history of aero-
nautical progress and the fact that the
story was kept out of the public prints,
whether by publicists or patriots. The em-
phasis has been in the wrong places. The
sophisticated observer, be he aeronaut, edi-
tor, or military officer, knows that USAF does
not develop a new interceptor by starting
with a vehicle that flies higher and faster,
with limited maneuverability, and then try
to determine its capability. The interceptor
capability would be built in, starting on the
design boards. There is much justification
for suspecting that the A-11 has been used
for manipulation of American public opin-
ion, possibly to cast aspersions on Air Force
competence in an area of Air Force special-
ization. The outlook for national security
is frightening if this kind of manipulation is
allowed to continue, making it look as if
technology escaped the grasp of the men with
the mission.
WHY DOESN'T ANYBODY GET MAD?
As we write this, the East Germans, who
are Communists, are withholding informa-
tion on the condition of three USAF officers
who were shot down a few days ago when
their RB-66 reconnaissance bomber strayed
out of its flight path. A compilation by the
Associated Press shows that in the past 14
years at least 80, American military flyers
have been killed by Russians in attacks that
ranged from the Baltic Sea to the Sea of
Japan. The airmen have been from the
ranks of the U.S. Navy, Marines, and Air
Force.
So far, there has been no sign of official
indignation in Washington other than a de-
mand for the release of our men. Our atti-
tude, according to the Washington Post, is
tempered by our "hopes to avoid having the
incident damage the relatively moderate
climate of present American-Soviet rela-
tions." Indeed, the Post, which should know
better, peers around the 80 corpses and poses
an editorial question: "What is wrong with
the Air Force that it cannot pre7ent its
planes from wandering over Communist East
Germany and getting shot down?" Then
the paper says U.S. Air Force does not say
the airplane strayed but suggests it was
lured by phony radio signals.
Somehow, the lives of 80 American flyers
seem to have been sacrificed in near silence
while the climate of our relations with Rus-
sia shows no material change. It should be
pointed out that the Washington Post, which
hesitates to put any blame on the Russians,
is a paper that speaks out loud and clear in
favor of avoiding escalation in any conflict
with the Reds. The response should be non-
violent to most provocation, according to
this school of thought, and if it must be
violent it should be graduated to the mi-
nutest degree possible. The Communists
disagree.
Any responsible reporter could learn by
asking that U.S. Air Force pilots have strict
orders not to resist challenges in the air, even
if they are armed. The Russians, in this
case, destroyed an airplane which they could
have had intact with its airborne equipment
if they had told the pilot to land Instead of
shooting him down. This indicates they
were more intent on murder than capturing
the RB-66 to see what reconnaissance equip-
ment it was carrying. A responsible reporter
also could have learned that the pilot was
following a filed flight plan for a navigation
training mission that was to be flown entirely
in France and West Germany. An informed
reporter would know that the RB-66 is an
obsolescent airplane and It is not likely it
would be sent on a sensitive mission so close
to the Iran Curtain. Even an editorial writer,
lacking all these facts, should be able to re-
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RD SENATE April 15
call that in late January a T--39 jet trainer With this background, the Holifield group our aim should be to make the creation of
out of Wiesbaden strayed across the border was provoked by curiosity last fall when that interference as expensive as possible for
and was shot down, killing the crew of three Mr. McNamara wrote a letter to the Com- an enemy. At the same time, there is the
U.S. Air Force officers. Ix this case the Reds munications Satellite Corp. (Comsat and question of how much Comsat can and will
merely said it was our fault because we vio- asked whether it would be interested in pay to meet this defense requirement.
lated their airspace, and they gave us per- selling its services to the Defense Department. General Starbird, in his repeat perform-
mission to retrieve the bodies and wreckage. Currently, the Defense Department and Gen- ante before the committee, indicated there is
It is not generally discussed, but these vio- eral Starbird are back on the witness stand no change in the DCA attitude that a satel-
lations of airspace have at least one of the to face an examination on the current status lite system must be provided as soon as pos-
charactgristics of a cultural-exchange pro- of their project. Mr. McNamara's spokes- sible. It was clear, however, that he is being
gram.. The Russians violate airspace, too, man, and a highly competent man in an forced to wait the outcome of negotiations
They have overflown Alaska and are reported inquisition, has been Dr. Eugene Fubini, with Comsat and that the general will not
to have violated Western airspace in Europe an Assistant Secretary of Defense and Deputy express an option on what the corporation
at least 20 times in 1963. They have been Director of Defense Research and Engineer- can provide until he has the specifications
intercepted by our airmen and warned to go ing. Dr. Fubini was being asked, in Mr. HOL- at hand.
back. There is no record that they have been n"IELD's words, "why the signals have now The general is showing good military and
fired upon. On top of this, it is no secret in changed and whether military requirements political judgment. Informed observers of
Europe that Aeroflot, the Russian airline, and for security, privacy, and remote-area cover- the present investigation are expressing skep-
Polskie Linie Lotnicze, Its Polish counterpart, age can be fulfilled by a commercial system ticism that Comsat can and will meet the
treat airlines with disdajn. On scheduled which must give first consideration to high- real military requirement. Dr. Fubini, for-
flights to and from such major points as density traffic for profitable operations?" tunately, is on the record with his promise
Paris, their pilots wander far from their The answer, the witness said, is that the that they will not get any Defense Depart-
routes as assigned by traffic controllers. Defense Department may have been too ment business unless they do. For the sake
There is a strong conviction on the Continent hasty when it gave the green light to DCA of security, which may be jeopardized by
that these deviations are not accidental, but and more or less ignored the Comsat poten- delay, the Holifeld committee should press
are part of the Communist reconnaissance tial. Dr. Fubini claimed that when Mr. for a quick decision.
effort. McNamara put his
query to Comsat last Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, I also
In view of the record, it is difficult to be- October he really expected the corporation,
lieve we are dealing with xeaaonable people which still does not know what kind of a ask unanimou ; consent to have
concerned in any way about the climate of satellite system it will have and when it will printed
our relations. It is even more difficult to have it, to politely show no interest in doing in Born in the the RECORD Sk article Wrks entitled " eared in onk understand how an American newspaper, in business with the Pentagon. But Comsat, Secret, It Blazes New Heights in Aircraft
particular the Washington Post, can ignore which is In business to make money and Performance," written by J. S. Butz, Jr.,
the Soviet trigger finger, the 80 dead, and .works under a charter granted by Congress, technical editor, and also published in
the nature of the cold war. replied that it would like to start negotia.
READING LOUD, BUT NOT- CLEAR tions. They are underway, and Dr. Fubini the Air Fben no objection, f April the article for 1964.
Almost exactly a year ago Lt. Gen. Alfred discussed the possibility that Comsat can There being no
S. lmostr an aye officer r who serves ed satisfy-the Government's needs: was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
S.
Direct
St or of the Defense Communications "Extensive discussions with the corpora- as follows:
Agency, told a committee on Capitol Hill tion in the last several months have revealed A-11-BoRN IN THE SKONK WORKS, REARED
the Defense Department needs a satellite the possibility of using the global system to IN SECRET, IT BLAZES NEW HEIGHTS IN Ant-
the Defense ens system as soon as possible, be deployed by the corporation for satisfying CRAFT PERFORMANCE
Testifying before Representative CHET sib H0LI- these needs, provided that during the next
d J c Butz, )
as
inELD and his Military Operations Subcom_ year the corporation's program continues in (By
mittee of the Committee, on Government the present direction toward the design of an the The dramatic disclosure east month that
Operations, General Starbird cited some of appropriate system to satisfy the Govern- are secretly cruisiStatesng has at manned airplanes that
the reasons why communication through ment's needs, and at a pace Which assures speeds above rnaoh 3
space has become essential to military opera- its early deployment. Such a program may - was good news ho the aviation community. P flans. Clearly, the ballistic missile has be capable of meeting Government trunk heed AdeA-11 Johnson, h redeuing the Lock-
Orhanged the threat to existing systems as communication requirements without com- pride in -11 program, showed id
much as it has altered national strategy. promising the U.S. goal of establishing a that e this important being flown "at sore
missile, the General said, single global commercial system, open to all several A-1 Per were and flown altitudes at more
premium on speed, Service mpusts be nal-T countries of the world. We see no problem than 2,00 miles per hour and at alin
The most nstantaneous, The communications of operational control that would not also excess range 70 per r a"sire are "capable of
most also must be able have been applicable to a Government-de- mileiles." The pereside added nca of that the of
gh to survive attack. been made possible by major o ad advances
On tqp of this, there is a more pressing re- agreed enstes Later, "there dded that if an "has bean made technology of eat icance
duireknent for reliable ways of talking to re- agreement is reached "twould then in aircraft technlo
gd c great si l appna-
mote spots on the globe, Thus it is the be no need for a separate system to satisfy
the Government's requirements for comfor both military and commercial applica-
nature of war, the cold one we...are fighting neared-and-control and other communita- do He -and the hot one that we may have to fight, tions." And he restated the requirement for He mentioned only one specific application.
that makes DCA look into. space, where it He said that the A-11 was being tested ex-
finds
ex-
ds the satellite smost promising, a system *that provides "links for worldwide tensively to determine its suitability as a
are fortunate, , system
General Starbird said traffic a high degree of satellite re- long-range interceptor. Former White House
in April a last year, is that we can meet the liability and availability and a reasonable Press Secretary Pierre Salinger and Defense
Y invulnerability to interference, and permits
requirement with a simple system that is ready access to remote areas and use of trans- Secretary Robert S. their brief stressed
the
entirely within the state of the art. It is de- portable ground terminals under the Gov- the role In their brief expansions Me-
o of
signed as a lightweight, active, medium-anti- ernment's control." the NaPesident's mara, In response remarks. However, Mr. questioning
tude random system, and efforts to build and Namepo, to hIndicated that the oA11
test it have been ufor mthan a Under questioning, Dr. Fubini reiterated by reporters, has I ndicated that the A-11
to t The basic underway orders gyre for more by than a several times that the Defense Department was not designed originally as an interceptor
fear. Secretary Rorer S. were issued sin thDe- e will not compromise an inch on Its insistence but that he has considerable confidence that
fence R The Air Force today that Its requirements be met. The alterna- it can be adapted to that role.
has a of
fract with the Air o Corp, today tive is to press on with DCA's present pro- Beyond these minimum remarks, the
h evade program with the for the sate t- gram, although he admitted that at least a secrecy lid has been clamped on. The ad-
lite
li*e itself. The Army, which h urge year will be lost because of the reexamina- ministration opened the door on the most
ground-bared echt is has hired tion of Comsat's potential. The questions tantalizing aviation news since the X-1
Co.
hashes ground- -based to develop and build put to Dr. Fubini betrayed a good deal of proved there wasn't a sonic barrier. But the
six link terminals. skepticism on the part of the committee, door was slammed shut immediately.
Bo far as the Holifield subcommittee is against which his main argument appeared From the technical viewpoint, the A-11
coSer are, st has recorded testimony this renting a system, or the use of one, would be the X-1. It is by far the most efficient
j predating the appearance last less than that of creating a Defense Depart- airplane yet to fly at supersonic speeds. It
year of General Starbird. In August of ment satellite chain, probably of 24 units in is the first to have adequately high aero-
1962 USAF Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, Chief orbit. For Government use of Comsat dynamic efficiency (low drag) and high
of the Systems Command, had testified on channels the witness anticipated paying a fee powerplant efficiency to allow it to carry
the requirement for a space communications of $25 million a year. He indicated the most enough fuel to sustain flight above Ipach 1
system that would be owned and operated important issue in negotiations with COM- for more than 30 minutes or so. In the
by the military services. He was supported SAT Is the Government's requirement that President's words, the A-11 also is extremely
that year by Dr. Ivan Getting, president of the system be as nearly jam-proof as possi- important because it led to "the mastery of
the Aerospace Corp., and USAF's top tech- ble. Dr. Fubini said any system is vulner- the metallurgy and fabrication of titanium
nological consultant. able to deliberate electronic interference, and
Irietal which is required for the high tem-
Approved For Release 2005/03/15 CIA-RDR66B00403R000100170074-0
 Ap -oved E.rr k ~RQI ,r.- .- 3Pb'Ob100170O74-O 7791
When the W/S is
peratures experienced by aircraft traveling Here is what can be deduced about the dynamic efficiency .
divided by the CL, it equals the dynamic
at more than three times the speed of sound." A-11, based on this literature: ividedrequired to keep the aircraft In level
As reported by Claude Witze on page 16 of Size: The airplane is about 90 feet long pressure f
this issue, a tiht clamp has based on scalinv of the A-11 orestalled meaningful public odl cuss on of published data on the J58 diameter rand esti- th ttfixes the dynamic ofrflight for any given ing the
s
pilot'
eed. the military viatio, or is proper role in civil inatt he front s window. There is rl room in the spThere is enough information on the A-11
mach 3
and milillo rw questions The following ng questions are typical of those slim fuselage and in the wing stub areas instance, h when the relationships A-11 is flyi g at work.
which should be asked, for the answers con- for more than 70,000 pounds of fuel, with feet, the dynamic pressure is nearly h cernthe use of a very large sum of the tax- space left over for substantial mission equip-at 70,000
foot
are
ounds
r- 600
. The s legitimate t m right to frank and the public have ment. haveetoffcarr ' at least 50 percent iof efficient for maxim m L/D is about .11t(this
a to frank answers. planes has been confirmed in many NASA reports
How much did the A-11 and its engines their weight in fuel, the A-11 takeoff weight t similar to the :S-il). So 600 may
cost? Judging from `previous pioneering pro- apparently is more than 150,000 pounds. on be multi aircraft similar it r t t give a maximum may
grams that fought their technical battles out This is roughly the same as that of the B-58 bible wi lied by 0. of give a 60 pounds per
osloading beyond the state of the art, the A-11, with its bomber. about the wing loading
had a wing loading
would This have is aif it bout
mach-3-plus performance, titanium con- Wing: Densely loaded aircraft such as the square q 11 foot.
struction, and high-temperature engines cost A-11 need large wing areas; otherwise their the wing area, weighed had au e-
at least $500 million and possibly $1 billion. wing loadings will quickly rise above 100 foot wing and burned about ,0000 third pounds of at its
That is $100 to $200 million per year for the pounds per square foot and severely reduce takeoff, and fuel load during its climb to
5 years the program has been active. (Presi- both cruise altitude a and flight efficiency.
most of 05,000-p.
dent Johnson said the A-il design work The side view photographs This procedure can be run through again
the A-11 have n ti ndicat dea largeilifting to show that the A-li's wing loading would
started several The ien program was initi-
kind several years earlier by cost Navy.) This be a little better than 30 pounds per square
kind of money is in the cost range of the surface. However, the aircraft must have an foot once it had burned. all its fuel. It,
Muc lane, ti and and now-defunct nuclear 2,000 square eetYe This include not only the therefore, would end its cruise at mach 3
over magnitude the area outboard at 80,000 feet.
airplane, and programs of this
area betwen the engines, cand he area Speed would not change this picture too
Congress. get set a thorough working over b the area
The obvious conclusion to be drawn from of the long, very narrow wings on the fuse- much. If the A-11 were capable of mac some it
cruise at
its
would
b
narrow feet and inethe lightened condition at 82,000
about twas Information
originally developed efois th the r the CIA as la reports lage, hashfaihave rings.eeTheflong andin
high-altitude reconnaissance airplane to re- wings form the forward section of a large, end of cruise would be flying at nearly 95,000
Iftude
place the U-2. Most reporters reached this double-delta wing similar to that used by feet. 125 Conclusion, secrecy supported largely the close - Lockheed . At suc speeds the eblong, narr- co pletelysfalp apartfu derOeheck. alti
the
fusal t on airplane, McNamara ' s r posal.
to divulge the original design objective, , row wings plus the fuselage area between A-11 flew at that altitude at mach 4 it would
and the fact that the project was not han- them generate much more lift than they do need a win g lootoadin Ig of o less than 0 pounds
dled in normal management channels. If at subsonic speeds. per square
this conclusion is correct, several questions This generation of additional lift up for- ture could not be any heavier than that of
tCub.
arise immediately concerning the past and ward is important in maintaining control a Piper
he A-11 tried to fly at 125,000 feet
future expenditure of large sums of money: over the airplane above mach 1. The con- Or, , a wing loading 11 t of about at pounds per e u. Does tcn fact that a given airplane can portionliof the arises because
delta acts likeha con- square foot, corresponding to an end-of-
Icaliy at Mach 3 'also oxen that automat- ve al lifting surface p pipBeds cruise weight, its speed would have to be at
abruptly , least mach 8 to maintain level flight and
sshasa interceptor, or, bomber-without a a Ion and d its is center of lift mofove es supersonic
naissance, la a aft, a to keep it from stalling out. from major design change for each type of mis- ityg Thisncan make the aircraftr so istable The same procedures can be used to show
soup that it can't be controlled by a normal-size that the U-2's altitude during maximum
~; If the answer CIA no, and the was DOD "there c at ording early horizontal tail. In any range cruise will vary from about 75,000 feet
flan between the CIA was not large a tail and event, a t aunaccept- for a a little more than fr90,000 om a feet.
stage sy mbhexoxe- Into certain one r one role the A-11 was deflection trim d r, whicheats into range. to Another check on the operational altitude
, to hopelessly
ment expedite the On the A-11, lift on the long, narrow wings the
3. Can the A-11 developme?
supersonic-transport (SST) program? counteracts the shift of center of lift on the of the Inlets can ts be which appear by appear to examining about
4. Have reconnaissance satellites elimi- main surface and keeps the center of lift of f the the A- engine
feet in Inletser the most. Therefore,
hated the need for reconnaissance aircraft near the center of gravity. On some designs th6 e maximum capture area for both inlets such as the A-11, and will it therefore end a small canard (horizontal) surface near the tke is air is between a0 and 60 square feet.
fans
up only as a high-cost experimental. aircraft nose serves this purpose. The Swedish Saab This is just about eno0h to fly an airplane
with limited capability? Drake,, the mach 2 fighter operational for like the A-11 at 80,000 feet at mach 3. At
Precise answers will require the most can- several years, was the first of the so-called 100,000 feet at mach 3 the required capture
did discussion of the current version of the tailless (no conventional horizontal tail and goes well over 100 square feet. capture
A-11 and its design and development history. no canard) airplanes to use the double-delta area 1re,000 esetell averts would become At
Certainly no one on apabe the of exact per- planform.
Design mach number: The centerbodies gigantic.
sonic-cruise or mission using g only the a two super- of the engine air inlets on the A-11's in the ~ In recent years, the ability of Century-
view photographs andbrif statements ns cur- photographs released by the White House series fighters to zoom higher than 100,000
appear to have a ramp angle suitable for a feet has tended to distort the picture as far
gently available on the A-11, maximum economical cruise speed slightly as maximum cruise altitude and maximum
Estimates of this type are riskier for su- above mach 3. level flight altitude are concerned. Most of
personic-cruise airplanes than they are for Cruise altitude: Most press reports have the Century-series fighters cruise best be-
subsonic aircraft or for those that are capable placed the A-11's maximum- cruise altitude tween 35,000 and 45,000 feet, and their maxi-
of only short dashes at supersonic speed. between 90,000 and 125,000 feet. This ap- mum level flight altitude is around 60,000
Basically, supersonic-cruise airplanes in- pears to be a serious error. There is a well- feet. Therefore, the A-11's ability to cruise
volve extremely difficult design problems. established procedure for checking maxi- in the 70,000- to 80,000-foot level is certainly
Their payload-range performance is ex- mum cruise altitude. It indicates that the not to be disparaged. With the A-11 cruis-
tremely sensitive to engine weight, structural A-11 must cruise between 70,000 and 80,000 ing at mach 3 at those altitudes, on a gentle
weight, fuel consumption, and aerodynamic feet or its range will severely suffer. Thus, dogleg course, it would be essentially im-
efficiency (lift/drag ratio, written L/D). the A-11 can be expected to get its maximum possible for any operational fighter in the
Small mistakes in predicting these values can range while cruising about 6,000 to 10,000 world to intercept it. And it is doubtful
lead to large errors in payload and range. feet below the U-2, The U-2's superior wing that any existing ground-based missile sys-
Fortunately, the supply of technical liter- and lower wing loading give it better altitude tem could down the airplane.
ature concerned with these problems is large. capability in unaccelerated flight. But in Aerodynamic efficiency: The A-11 came
This literature points to some general con- a zoom climb the A-11 would outperform It. along in time to benefit from several years
clusions about the A-11 and places some To figure maximum cruise altitude you of inspired aerodynamic research during the
broad limits on the possible performance of have to know two characteristics of any air- middle and late 1950's. By 1960 the un-
this new aircraft. craft-the wing loading (written W/S and classified literature had made it clear that
The difficulties described In this literature equal to the gross weight divided by the the old idea that LID (aerodynamic effi-
also provide the best tribute to Clarence L. wing area), and the lift coefficient (written ciency) was certain to be less than five at
(Kelly) Johnson and his "Skonk Works" CL, a dimensionless number indicating the mach numbers above 3 had to be discarded.
colleagues at Lockheed, who, with the J-58 lifting power of the wing) generated when There were strong indications that L/D's of
engineers at Pratt & Whitney, led the team the aircraft is flying at the proper angle of 7 and 8 and possibly higher could be
k for maximum range (maximum aero- attained.
atta
c
Approved For Release 2005/Q /1 lA-RP1?;56B 04, R00.Q100130Q74-tau
 7792+se were aAppro onset For theR LeD's of It would be l @ OO 1CU00170074-0 Ap?'ll 15 The
till
, well 18 to 23 .at Which subsonic transports and L possible reduce drag, improve pound of thrust per hour. Figures almost
bombers operate. Howev /D, and increase the effectiveness of the this low are being quoted for the ST en-
er. pp L/D of 8 is vertical tails by creating favorable pressure gives. And, in 1962, three Lockheed engi-
enough to bring the total ftlght efficiency fields along this ramp. The slope and con- neers-F. S. Malvestuto, Jr., P. J. Sullivan,
(and range) of a superson4c ai,tplaneup-close tour of the ramp, the spacing and shape of and If. A. Mortzschky-in a most interesting
to that of the subsonic j$t because propul- the engine nacelles, the location of the ver- paper before the Institute of the Aeronauti-
sive efficiency Increases~aplly at super- tical tails, and the flight speed all would cal Sciences gave Lockheed's views of what
sonic speeds. The idea t $n economical
possible field and Impor a bitri In L creating a favorable flow could be done in the way of optimizing
-supersonic transport (SyT) was g /D. This leads to the con-
grew out of supersonic 14%D research in the elusion that the A-11 Is a single design tions in supersonic the and near future. e. On the key tse key ques-
late 1950's, and the id they opul-
ea~ of ,the A-11 un- point airplane. That is, it has a high L/ D tion of acihevable SCF's they said, ""Propul-
doubtedly had the same 1b-,ginping. at its cruise mach number, but its aero- rive efficient
The basic rules for otitainjng high dynamic Y (mach number divided by
gh efficiency falls off both lower SFC) of 2 ' ? + appears to be a reasonable
have been discussed exhaustisyely In NASA and higher speeds. Consequently , the air- value for any chemically fueled pure-turbo-
reports and the publications otthe technical plane probably doesn't have much growth jet or dual-cycle propulsive system now avail-
societies. The A-11 app rs jo use all of potential in speed and would be in serious able or projected in the near future." Ac-
them. First, the wing leading edger. are as trouble about making its range if one engine cording to this estimate, the best expected
sharp as possible, even shagepr,.than those of were lost. SFC is 1.5 in the near future for mach 3
the F-104. Second, the fuselage has a line- Structure: The extent and the manner airplanes.
loess ratio (length divided by-diameter) of in which titanium is used in the A-11 has One point, continually emphasized in the
Around 18, which gives it a veryyhigh Internal not been disclosed. However, the Presi- literature, is that the match between air-
Volume for carrying fuel an# equipment. dent's remarks hinted that titanium was frame and engine on supersonic-cruise air-
Such design was fqund to be,,he optimum the main load-bearing metal. If this is planes is much more critical than on any
.gleans for carrying any given weight at true, the A-11's airframe must be relatively aircraft of the past. Engine weight becomes
Iupersonic speeds, and the It-11 has the light and efficient for a high-temperature a larger percentage of the total airplane
highest fineness ratio yet used on any air- structure. According to data from the SST weight, and fuel consumption rises sharply
craft. program, it would have been possible to compared to subsonic
Third, proper distribution pf the pies- design the airframe for mach 4 temperatures pow more i o the
engine becomes relatively more important
pure forces, the lift and Araf_,. forces, is a with only a slight increase in weight and in achieving long range. Consequently,
key to getting high L/D's with any air- probably the Installation of new leading tailoring the airplane to achieve the best
jplane. Several Important teclr4tiques which edges made of higher temperature material. possible engine air inlet and exhaust flow
Ing pressure distributions closer to the tThhee Drefractory metal alloys developed in conditions has a large payoff. This tailor-
were developed during_ the 1950's. have a long m program, for example, would ing must be balanced by airframe considera-
y primarily involved twisting and cam- ng life on a mach 4 airplane, tions, however. On the relativel narrow-
'baring the wing. The side-flew photographs After the heating problems the most im- Y
s supersonic :f lets, and the placement
td, the A-il, both looking en4wise at the portant structural question about the A-11 en nacelles gine rplanes
exhaust st fl of
Ping, Clearly show its twists and, cambers, is its design load factor. If the load factor can seriously affect inlets, pattern
Supersonic vehicles offer designers one were low, say, 2 G's at cruise, the structure over seriously affect the total flow paning
xlzilque opportunity for reducipg drag and would be extremely light, and amount to only aircraft, which is the determining
Y factor in achieving a high L/D.
hnprovngl/D. This is to Jlarange the vehi- 20 percent of the airplane's total On the A-11, the fuselage and the forward
A e components (fuselage, wing, tail, na- weight, or even less. Consequently, maneu- and aft portions of the double-delta wing
an. aircraft's components can combine un- aircraft certainly be sharply limited and the apparently ride at an angle of attack of
ceiles, etc,) so that they interfere favorably Interceptor even if its missiles be marginal as
extremely about V to 5? during cruise. This angle
Leith each other. At subsonic e,peeds inter- Y gives maximum L/D for the A-11 type
hence effects are negligible at A distance of maneuverable. However, the light structure configuration. The openings of the engine
More than a few inches awe,y from any cur- would result in a low-wing loading and a air Inlets and the inlet spikes are canted
ce? high cruise altitude, and it would allow a forward through the same angle to face di-
However, at supersonic speeds Strong shock greater percentage of the airplane's weight rectly Into the airflow and maximum Inlet
ti+s
wea and pressure fields spread away from to be carried as fuel, which would increase efficiency during cruise. The engine exhaust
M objects. Pesrurefields, spreading from range. flow, however, nearl
e l abject coess re fiel can oom ne un- If the design load factor were high, to al- Y parallels the
's nets low 7 0 turns, for
angle of
favorable to make the total vehicle drag tural weight would go ups sharp, the ch e- about 7 pe the line th flight. T orce is
eors
*ich higher than the drag of the compo- l $ up sharply. useful des about 7 percent p the thrust force rtEnts taken separately. sign would make the aircraft very useful as realized as lift to improve L/D and range.
Ht take this at l can an interceptor or a bomber, but It would sub- In addition, the A-11 powerplants appar-
iae reversed. stantially reduce maximum cruise altitude ently have been placed so their thrust line
'use components can be arranged so, that and range.
t~teir pressure fields and sh gk Waves cancel The question of adapting the A-11 to an is du in below the airplane's centt. of here-
!Leap
Otlt each other and reduce total drag. For interceptor or a bomber mission depends forefry, the e most of tdu cruise flight. There-
here-
ix tanee, an engine nacelle outboard from largely upon the design load factor, which, of
engines produce a nose-up pitching
a` fuselage can throw,_a high-pressure field course, is a closely held secret., Structural moment ann reduce the amount of elevator
on the curved aft side of the Fuselage to strength is more important in this case than deflection needed to trim the airplane.
create a thrust force and reduce fuselage the problem of incorporating the necessary NACA reports t have thrust estimated ustt the to re-
drag. The ultimate in favorable interfer- electronics and missiles, for the A-11 Is big trim drag of elevator line co se
ence is a theoretical supersonic biplane post- enough. g rang trim 10 percent the el t af can increase
ui.ted by Adolph Busemann in the 1930s. Engine. Official reports dating back several ynge 5 to 10 In aircraft of the A-11
'1 1s was an arrangement of two Wings, prop- years describe the Pratt & Whitney J-58 as a type.
ei'ly shaped and spaced apart, which can_ simple supersonic turbojet with an after- Fuel: Several years ago there were reports
ogled all of each other's wave drag at one burner. An early version lost the B-70 corn- fuel. the pent was being tested with the J8
particular mach number. _ petition to the General Electric J-93. If an fuel. If pntaborane were hasped in the to
In the 1950's supersonic Interference ef- early version is be possible -and then research
a thous has shown this more and Pests were the object of intensive research cific consumptionwSFC the high thand e safe bo could be added to I's r miles or more
notably by Antonio Perri of the Polytechnic range is low. Simple tturbojets ofthe middle could be added to the borane Institute of Brooklyn and A. 3., Eggers, Jr., 1950's all ran on afterburner at mach 3. and U.S. production of orete fuels has been
of NASA. Their basic information was ap_ their SPC was more than 2 pounds of fuel Napped, but Dyearse d the Robert S. Mat
Me-
plied on the B-70, which is arranged so that consumed per pound of thrust per hour, com- Namara last year teid to Congress that
a'iowerful positive pressure field is created pared to an SFC of about 0.8 for the best fan needs was stockpiled to satisfy projected
tit the lower wing surface by the engine engines on subsonic jet transports. needs for the being future, The re
air duct during mach 3 cruise to increase However, great strides have been made in revel are now being used in rocket-engine
lift and improve L/D. Design techniques engine design, and it seems highly unlikel ronceiva, primarily A- by the Ara from and
icy favorable interference have been under that a 1955 vintage supersonic engine wouldy roceivably the -L1 could draw from this
continuous refinement and are very impor- still be in the A-11. The J-58 undoubtedl reservoir.
taint in the SST proposals now being evalu- has been improved in man ways through Bocar fuels are expensive
i a site compared to the s ated by the FAA. Y t he use e o os f pentaborane bons, and thisajor reason why
higher operating temperatures, the use of the e was dropped from
On the A-11, the area on the back of the advanced turbine-cooling techniques, better
fuselage between the engine nacelles is a compressor blading, and possibly the adds- small air such planscraft However,
the tee, A-I a with tiela-
hicly critical flow area in which several tion of a fan and new thrust-augmentation limited e olv d th extra
strung pressure fields meet Undoubtedly, systems. costly could numbers tinvolved,
e far the perform-
the fuselage slopes off continuously in this If such engine improvements have been ance Improvement. rifled by the large perform-
area and forms a gentle ramp ending in Incorporated in the A-11, the SFC during Range: Maximum range on the A-11, if it
the sharp point visible In th& photographs, cruise is down near 1.5 sounds V fuel per Is hydrocarbon fueled and powered, by a J58
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 model only slightly better than the original flight-test time on all SBT "systems: It will
version, probably is around 3,500 miles. This yield data on the performance of titanium
assumes an L/D of 6, an SFC of 2.0, and 50 structure at mach 3 that could not be o -
percent of the aircraft weight in fuel, with tained by any other means. And, when the
about one-third of it being consumed in the SST engines are ready, the A-11 will allow
a
climb to altitude. Boron fuel would add them be known exhaustively tested in oven SST
around 1,000 miles to the range k o allowing not
, the
If it has been, possible to achieve the maxi- airframe. BY ithe such testing,
Govtrnmenhe
mum L/b's and SFC's suggested in the Lock- A-11 will fill a gap
heed paper mentioned above, the range would SST plan that has worried many in indus-
go over 5,000 "miles on hydrocarbon fuel, try. The A-11 experience should make it
This assumes an L/D of 8 and an SFC of 1.5. possible to go ahead in an orderly manner
But this level of performance probably will and build the SST, llhih must sea true
air-
not be achieved for some"time. second-generation, p
Development schedule: It has been re- plane that has high aerodynamic and pro-
ported that the A-11 was delivered and flown pulsion efficiency at all subsonic and super-
for the first time in 1961; that is slightly sonic speeds, and an extremely rugged ti-
More than 2 years after design work started. tanium structure which can last through 10
The same report also claims that the A-11 years of airline flying.
has been operational for 2 years, meaning By any standard the A-11 is a magnificent
1963 and most of 1962. That would leave technical achievement. Quite obviously it i rld
aircraft
about 1 year, early Y961 to early 1962, for by can outfly any known a substantial margin.
It is annaturalofor
flight testing. ever, if
-11 I If this report is true, have been from the U-2 mold wand builttwithAan exs
necessary small spec this increments 1 1 ye ear to to m move in rela- 3 tremel li ht airframe, it will not have sig-
to make sue tha l ysetoward macch h 3 nificant combat potential as a bomber or
to make sure that all systems were respond- an interceptor without major redesign.
vibration ing properly conditions. all speed, speed, The inevitable , fixes and temperature Even if such redesign is not forthcoming, would have been made and the modified sys- the A-11 will play a key research role in
tems reeliecked. Finally, it would have been building the technology of mach 3-plus
necessary to move slowly toward maximum- cruise airplanes of all types-transport,
range flights, by cruising at mach 3 for longer fighters, and bombers. In this role its ulti-
and longer periods to ensure that all systems mate importance to aviation and the Na-
were Withstanding the high-temperature tion may be as great as any aircraft ever
soaking. built.
Under any conceivable set of Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, in clos-
i
stances, designing, fabricating, flight test-
' ing, and bringing a pioneering, first-genera-
tion, mach 3 cruise airplane to operational
status in 3 years would be an almost miracu-
lous achievement. True, the CIA-type man-
agement system is conducive to rapid de-
velopments. In effect, the CIA simply says
to the contractor, "Bring us one of these.
We are making you 'responsible for perform-
ing all tests and making all technical deci-
sions."
The U-2 was designed this way and de-
livered for first flight in little more than i
year. But the U-2 was a completely straight-
forward project with a well-known type of
wing, aluminum construction, and a slightly
modified version of a well-developed turbo-
jet. The A-11 designers were breaking new
ground in every department, although they
did have access to development data from
the B-70 and J93 projects.
It seems reasonable that design, fabrica-
tion and ground testing of the A-11 and
its s,ystems took nearly 4 years and that the
first flight took place in 1963. Less than
a year of flight testing probably would have
allowed President Johnson to say that the
t
aircraft "has been tested in sustained fligh
at more than 2,000 m.p.h.," and is "capable
of * * * long-range performance of thou-
sands of miles." He didn't say the range
had been achieved:
But if the shorter development time re-
ported is true, the BST program certainly
bears review. If any mach 3 cruise air-
plane can be brought to operational status
from scratch in 3 years, then maybe the
,'AA is correct in taking the position that
SST costs, technical uncertainties, and de-
velopment time will be much lower than in-
dustry estimates.
onomic supersonic
ec
s
ing, what is most disturbing about th
situation is that we received from the
Secretary of Defense and his Director of
Research, Dr. Harold Brown, over the
last 3 years, many reasons-which I shall
t discuss at this point-why we could
progress will be made in opening up some
of the other areas in which there is too
much secrecy, and in which Congress is
excluded from vital judgments affecting
the welfare of the country.
Mr. ALLOTT. I thank the distin-
guished Senator from Minnesota. I
agree with him completely. I have never
had a more flagrant case called to my
attention. I know that there are certain
matters which are of a highly sensitive
nature. So long as I know that the
senior members of my committee, both
minority and majority, are aware of
them, I do not object, because I know
that the information is available to me.
Mr. McCARTHY. As a matter of
principle, we should not allow it. If we
were to permit the executive branch to
decide which Members of Congress to
confide in, the next step would be to
ask, Why not let the Secretary of State
name the members of the Committee on
Foreign Relations, or the Secretary of
Defense the members of the Armed Serv-
ices Committee?
Mr. ALLOTT. The Senator is entirely
correct. When I look back, I believe
that some of the statements I have
made about the B-70 and the RS-70
really are ridiculous in light of the new
announcement and in light of the in-
formation which I ought to have had
but did not have.
I thank the distinguished Senator
4 from Delaware for yielding.
NEED FOR STUDY OF STRIP MINING
OF COAL AND OTHER MINERALS
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. I Yield
to the Senator from Ohio.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, sev-
eral weeks ago I introduced a bill that
would authorize a study of strip min-
ing operations of coal and other min-
erals throughout the country.
The bill is now pending in the Com-
mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
Today I received a letter from Mr. John
C. Kinder, a citizen in Belmont County,
Ohio. Belmont County is in the eastern
area of our State, on the Ohio River. It
is in the foothills of the Appalachian
Mountains.
In the past this industry has con-
sisted mainly of the mining of coal. I
have no doubt that Belmont County and
other counties immediately adjacent to
it properly fall within the definition of
the Appalachian which are now being
discussed in the newspapers.
The purpose of my presentation this
morning is to demonstrate the incon-
sistency and the folly of Government on
the one hand in providing subsidies used
for the destruction of the land, and on
the other hand in spending moneys
through the Appalachia program to re-
store destroyed land into what is said
will be gardens of paradise with vege-
tation growing, recreational grounds
available, and lakes fit for use by the
public as it comes into the area.
The two operations are completely in-
consistent. It is the equivalent of try-
ing to build the front of the house while
the back of the house is on fire. That is
exactly what is happening in Belmont,
Harrison, Jefferson, . Morgan, Colum-
no
not develop a B-70 or an RS-70, and
why it was not practical from a tech-
nical standpoint, when in fact they knew
they were developing a plane and al-
ready had it in the works. In fact, it
was operational and had overcome many
of the defects which had been discussed
in committee.
Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Colorado yield?
Mr. ALLOTT. I am glad to yield.
Mr. McCARTHY. I ask the Senator
to yield so that I may commend him for
raising this question regarding the super-
sonic plane, and to make the further
point that I have also raised the question
concerning secrecy, the failure of the
executive branch to properly involve Con-
gress, decision channel such
matters through the Ceteal Intelligence
Agency.
Almost every time the question of se-
crecy is raised, Senators rise and state
that there are some Members of the Sen-
ate who are made privy to certain inside
information. No one knows. I believe
the senior Senator on the Appropriations
Committee thought he was being reason-
ably fully informed on these vital mat-
ters, but it seems that that was not the
1. Development of an
case.
transport is a much more difficult problem
than the A-11, but if the CIA's handsoff I believe we must raise this question
management concept "cafi indeed get us a about every vital area of government
mach 3 airplane in 3 years, this concept cer- upon which there is the possibility of
tainly should be considered for the SST. secrecy and determination of matters by
And the Pentagon could benefit from this the executive branch, and with respect
example as well. to which Congress, which has the con-
Supersonic transport: The A-11 probably gressional responsibility, is not neces-
success and sarily fully informed, but at least is ade-
can spell the difference . mrencc ach 2 be -tweenplus supersonic
ranre in an yU.S
transport" program_' The A A-11 provides an quately inmaed dand is mentalI hope that
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 7794 ApprovEdor Rela2f/3o.Af1 B00403R000100170074-0
- SENATE
biana, Tuscarawas, Cosiloct, 21, and other which is that most heavily stripped in Har-
eounties of our State, risoncounty, is overlaid by heavy lime-
The experience of ft lopie in the stone deposits.) It Is very doubtful if
Appalachian of Ohio is d>tpUated-bY the anything will grow on the spoil banks which
experience of tlsle people nnsylvania. well in left after
t his No. will is sokppe like
About 10 days 490, I, read e merptS from C the e Garden of Eden Harrison wpared ill th hat
compared with what
an article written by a Mr,,,-Sperling, of will be left of our county,
the Christian Science. 14on4r, quoting As you probably also know, it has re-
his conversations with ill .ab tents-of_the cently been announced that a huge new
Pennsylvania area. He ,.talked with the coal-burning powerplant will be constructed
leaders of unions. He seske, them, "Do in Brilliant, which is in Jefferson County, by
you think that Federal Mona will be of the Ohio Power Co. and the REA?
help in rehabilitating, the area&?" It is the REA, I may say by interjec-
One of the union leaders said, "Look tion, which is a Government agency, that
out over the land. Behold what is there, will participate through financing in
you find pits, crests, rijge. and toxic this huge strip operation. The letter
lands upon which nothipg,_will grow- continues:
miles and miles of a rea,.,completely_ de- It Is perfectly apparent that the interest
void of all wildlife, vegetation, and in the new field has been precipitated by
waters." , the new powerplant, since No. 11 coal has
The letter from the pitiz,n in Bel- certain properties which make it undesir-
iliorlt County reads: able for use in most existing markets. Cer-
I think we have a crisis here, in Belmont tainly there is no existing market which
could absorb
opl ed
County and that your sympathies will be removed in this the quantities which
With us a4d possibly you may be able to county from the proposed
help us, OP a are en joy in the best field, while the new facility could be designed
y g` = prospect to make economical use of this coal.
for general economic improvement we have It seems to me that the REA-
had for years, qnd it is threatened by an
eitensive stripping operation apparently re- That is a Government agency-
0mviug the indirect encourage of a govern- should not be a party to an operation which
ilntaI agency.
_
improvement in many years. I thought
That is Belmont County- that perhaps you would be In a position and
said its plans call for a considerable institu- inclined to agree and to act to call this to
tion to be created here over tlfe next few the REA's attention and persuade it to
years. The new Interstate: 70 is nearing oppose the use of this stripping coal or any
c npletionthrough this county _and within coal from a new stripping field in this State
the next 2 or 3 years should be in._ use. West in the new plant.
Virginia is at work construgting;,its portion The man who has been most active in
of the road across the panhAndlAt and Penn- procuring leases and options for this coal
Sylvania has already completed the road to has told farmers and landowners whom he
the Pennsylvania State line, The effect of has contacted that it is his belief that this
the opening of this highway augers well for coal may be sold to the Government-spon-
the area. Wheeling Steel Corp. Is well along Bored pilot coal-to-gasoline conversion plant
with a considerable expansion of its facili- to be constructed across the river in Ravens-
ties in Martins Ferry. wood, W. Va. I am inclined to discount
Without question, this U, happiest tee creditability d another illustration but, a Federal
prospect which we have had for many years. All these things have encouraged those project leading to decimation of our county
of us who live here and caused q]s to hope by stripping,
tlt t the county's population will cease to This is a crisis because it is becoming
decline and. to hope that a new era might more apparent every day that a heavy com-
be 'beginning. mitment has been made , to exploit the coal-
tafortunately, it.,has now becone appar- field and because the university is just at
en$ that a huge stripping operation is also the outset of its development plans.
about to be launched which will decimate We are acting locally and the only way
the western third of the county=.and be so I can see that we can, as you will be able
close to the site of Ohio University that we to determine from the enclosed clipping
are afraid that it will decide ndat to come from today's issue of the Times-Leader.-
here at all or that it will curtail its wonder- Zoning is not a very effective tool, how-
ful plans. ever, to use to save the major part of the ses new thoul oh the l eraak 1-1 e beine~ t9pptkgns 1oQ .the- county and the most effective way this
April 15
and there will be no hope for betterment of
our people.
If you want, I can produce considerable
factual information to support the conclu-
sions stated In this letter, and I will be
more than happy to do anything I can in any
way to assist you, if you would be Interested
in helping us try to solve this problem.
The eyes which have not seen the dam-
age caused to the countryside and the
landscape by the strip mining operations
can have no conception of what is done
to nature by the strip miners.
The Peabody Coal Co. is now develop-
ing a shovel that will lift 115 cubic yards
of coverage-that means practically 170
tons-in one bite. With a 200-foot
boom, the massive shovel will dig into
the tender soil, destroy the grass cover-
age and legumes, the flowers and the
trees, drive out the birds, lower the water
table, and finally after the coal has been
removed, bequeath the land to posterity.
Ghost towns are developing in east-
ern and southeastern Ohio. The tax-
payers will be asked to provide money to
restore Appalachia.
I ask the Senator from Virginia [Mr.
BYRDI: How foolish can we get? How
can we boondoggle in that way? How
can we be so careless in government as
to allow this exploitation to continue;
and then to say, after the economy of a
community has been destroyed, that with
a poverty war program we will go in to
restore it? That, is exactly what is being
proposed. f
_ According to my understanding, the
powerplant which is being built at Bril-
liant, Ohio, is a joint venture by the Ohio
Power Co. and, as I recall, 23 rural elec-
tric cooperatives. It will be the largest
powerplant under one roof In the coun-
try. I have no doubt that it is being
constructed there because the coal is
cheap, and it will be economically profit-
able to operate the plant, especially when
there is absent a conscience that should
be mindful of the destruction that is
being done to the land.
I should like to know: Where are the
great advocates of conservation? Where
are the men who argue that money
should be spent to restore the land?
Why are they not speaking up to stop the
causes rather than to buy the medicine
with which to provide what is supposed
to be the cure?
Not a single one, I am sure, will speak
up. The easy way out will be to let the
destruction continue, but then to die into
The Peabody Coal Co. is the 1 -eat seal _ and r hope that you will feel that you can Senators may ask, "Why are you so
p do something to help us. excited about this?" In about 1920,
ping operator in the world and }bas equip-- after the First World War, I went into
merit in Kentucky which is far larger than If the writer only knew how helpless
the equipment Consoiidatioii Coal Co. is we are in these matters most often, it a sebealltown in Belmont Cas th to play
usini; in its Harrison County .perationq, makes nodifference where our affections, base b. A team known as the Cleve-
'The seam of coal which is the subject our sympathies, and our judgments lie, to play went into that eamng area
of this Interest Is, the No. '1l, veip. ithas We are heepless to bring relief when to play the local community team.
never been exploited before, and there, axe there is an overall, powerful action in- I came into Belmont County; and
huge acreages of it in this county as well dulging in this unpardonable, irrepa- there, as a kid of 22 years, I looked at
as in the portions of Harrison. ounty which
have not yet been sarisonOne uniich rable, and, in my judgment criminal con- those hills; and the ravages of strip
have a geological characteristic of this vein duct. His letter continues: mining were apparent. They struck me
is that in many places the overburden Is. One of the principal assets which we have deeply. I could not believe that an ethi-
free- from limestone, so that the spoil banks In this locality is the beauty of our country- cal human being would proceed to do to
wiilibe very acid. (The No. 8 coal- side which is great in areas removed from the land what was being done there. It
' the scars of previous exploitation, which are left an indelible impression upon me.
way of interpolation, the No. 8 gradually healing. This beauty will be com- The next time I went into that town,
cods three levels above the PTO. 11---pletely destroyed if the county ig stripped where we played the baseball games, was
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 Approved For Release 2005/03/161OIA-RDP66B00403R000100170074-0
cation. Now all three 'Academies. are printed hearings made available to this
being expanded and costly improveents ! House.
in facilities are being requested. There Certainly all that we hear in Defense
is equal or greater reason to improve edu-
cational standards concurrently with im-
provement of facilities.
Now, I shall add this final word. All of
my discussion has been about weapons
and military strength. I would not have
us forget the people who serve in the
military forces or the civilians who work
beside them. Military effectiveness can-
not be entirely based on weapons. Weap-
ons alone will win no battles and gain no
victories. Those who man the weapons,
who service them, and those who design
them are the essential forces which lead
the way to victory. For their esprit de
corps, their dedication, their knowhow,
we should be very grateful indeed. I
salute them for a job well done.
Mr. FORD. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10
minutes to the gentleman from Ohio [Mr.
MINSHALL ] .
(Mr. MINSHALL asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MINSHALL. Mr. Chairman, in
past years I have applauded the biparti-
san efforts of the Department of Defense
Appropriations Subcommittee, in pro-
ducing bills engineered to give this coun-
try the best possible military protection.
This we have always done and have done
again in this bill.
This year more than 3,000 pages-5
volumes-of printed testimony have been
released. But, examining the original
typewritten transcripts, which are locked
In subcommittee safes, I was too often
disturbed by the excessive number of de-
letions made under the guise of national
security.. More times than not the only
security Involved was the political se-
curity of the present administration.
It was political censorship, not na-
tional security, that was the guideline in
determining what should be left for you
to read in the final printed copies of the
hearings. If partisanship had not put
a false security_ stamp on much of the
hearings, the five volumes would have
been doubled in number.
By striking off the record questions and
answers not pertaining to genuine se-
curity matters, much of the five volumes
is rendered meaningless. The public rec-
ord has been transformed into a docu-
ment designed to nurture the myth of the
infallibility of top Pentagon civilians.
The printed hearings only hint at
what Secretary McNamara actually said
about the interlocking of our defense and
foreign policies.
His comments on foreign policy were
almost entirely erased from the record.
But, within days, he issued similar state-
ments to the daily press, with the em-
phasis carefully shifted. The testimony
on Vietnam and Cuba covered many,
many hours of committee work. In the
printed hearings, political censorship
makes it appear that we glossed over
those two vital areas of concern in a
matter of minute q,
Intelligence estimates, which I agree
should be classified, were made use of
just last week by the Secretary of De-
fense, but were blanked out of the
Subcommittee sessions should not be
published as general information. But
the test of whether specific information
is of aid and comfort to an enemy must
be applied without any taint of selfish
partisan advantage attached to it.
More than half of General, LeMay's
testimony was stricken by the blue pen-
cil. Much of what he told us was his
own opinion as a military expert and did
not contain either figures or technical
security data. His remarks did not hap-
pen to agree with Secretary McNamara's
views, and so they were eliminated from
the printed hearings.
I protest and will continue to protest
withholding essential information if this
Congress is to make intelligent and
knowledgeable decisions regarding our
military program and a correct evalua-
tion of the conduct of our foreign affairs.
I do not protest the proper deletion of
classified information by the Defense or
State Departments for bona fide national
security reasons. I do protest the abuse
of the "Top secret" stamp to block out
honest dissenting opinions if they reflect
adversely against the administration. I
protest this "political censorship."
Mr. MAHON. Mr. Chairman, I yield
such time as he may consume to the
gentleman from Alabama [Mr. AN-
DREWS], a member of the, committee.
Mr. ANDREWS of Alabama. Mr.
Chairman and members of the commit-
tee, in my opinion this is a good bill. It
will add to the military strength of this
Nation. The most important question
before the American people today is the
ability of the military forces of the coun-
try to preserve peace in the world.
The potential enemies, the Communist
community, still have the ultimate objec-
tive of extending the sway of commu-
nism over the rest of the world. The
alleged dispute between the leadership of
Communist Russia and the leadership of
Communist China is not over the ulti-
mate objective, but how it is to be
achieved and who is to control the world-
wide Communist movement.
Our potential enemies respect one
thing and one thing only-that is
strength and military power. In my
opinion, we have the necessary strength
and military power to command their
respect.
Having served on this subcommittee
for the past 12 years, I have had the op-
portunity of seeing our military strength
grow.
I have seen our missile program grow
from a mere idea in a scientist's mind to
the great arsenal of efficient and reliable
intercontinental ballistic missiles that
we have today. Our subcommittee has
had the responsibility of determining the
amount of money spent for the buildup
of our military partnership. According
to the testimony of all military experts
who appeared before the committee, we
have today a retaliatory capability which
is sufficient to prevent a major attack on
us. . Such capability consists of our
bombers, missiles, and bomber systems.
April 21
During the past 3 years we have had
a substantial build-up in our military
strength both for a general and limited
war. Here are a few specifics: A 100-per-
cent increase in the number of nuclear
weapons available in the strategic alert
forces; a 45-percent increase in the num-
ber of combat ready Army divisions; a
one-third increase in the number of
tactical fighter squadrons; a 60-percent
increase in the tactical nuclear. forces
deployed in Western Europe; a 75-per-
cent increase in our airlift capability;
a 100-percent increase in general ship
construction and conversion; a six-fold
increase in our counterinsurgency forces.
Our troops are being issued the most
modern and sophisticated weapons. I
am convinced that we have today the
best equipped army in the world.
This bill provides an Army of 974,000
officers and men, a Navy of 677,900 offi-
cers and men, a Marine Corps of 190,-
100 officers and men and an Air Force
of 838,800 officers and men, for a total
of 2,680,700 officers and men in the Reg-
ular military services. Our military men
are well trained. They have excellent
weapons. We have an abundant supply
of atomic weapons and an accurdte de-
livery system.
In short, we are better prepared today
than ever before in history, and this
should be comforting to the peaceloving
people of the free world.
Mr. Chairman, each year that I come
from our committee room after hearing
testimony for several months, I am con-
vinced of two things: first, that our po-
tential enemy has the capability, re-
gardless of what we' do, of inflicting se-
vere damage on our Nation. I am also
convinced that we have the capability
of immediate retaliation if an attack is
launched upon us, regardless of the size
of the attack, regardless of the effect of
the attack. I am convinced we have the
retaliatory capability of absolutely de-
stroying our potential enemy as civili-
zation is known today.
So, Mr. Chairman, I have the prayer-
ful hope that these two great, power-
ful nations, standing opposite each oth-
er with opposite ideologies, opposite
concepts of human life, will wind up like
two men that I heard about years ago
here in Washington who started to have
a duel. One was a bloodthirsty killer.
The other had never fired a gun. The
killer challenged the peaceful, quiet, law-
abiding man to a duel, and under the
rules of the game of dueling, the chal-
lenged man had the right to select the
weapons to be used and the circum-
stances under which the duel would be
fought. He chose a sawed-off shotgun
to be used at a distance of 2 feet. The
bully canceled the duel. Figuratively
speaking that is the position we are In
today, Mr. Chairman. We stand 2 feet
apart with sawed-off shotguns. If the
triggers are pulled nobody will win. Let
us hope and pray that the duel will be
canceled. And I say again that it is
comforting to know today that we are
better prepared than ever before.
Mr. LIBONATI. Mr. Chairman, H.R.
10939 reported favorably by the Commit-
tee on Appropriations for the funds re-
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.1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE
erly directed, are adequate to destroy
a target.
Nor has the committee been overdis-
turbed by statements that the Russians
may be closing the megatonn .ge gap. I
:refer primarily to capability for delivery
of megatons of nuclear devices on tar-
gets. As the B-47's, which are now
antiquated, are phased out, we lose some
capability to deliver nuclear 'bombs. A
'bomber carries a larger payload of nu-
clear weapons than does an ICBM. But,
the number of B-47's which will reach
a target against present-day air defense
systems is rapidly being downgraded.
By cost comparison, they are too ineffec-
tive to compete with newer weapons.
The fact that the Russians boast of a
100-megaton nuclear weapon, which in
reality is nearer to a 50-megaton weapon,
makes their side of the story look more
impressive. But, there is not enough
justification for 100-megaton weapons,
or even 50-megaton weapons, for us to
enter into competition in this area. We
do not need to kill an enemy but once.
And, may God help us that we do not
have to kill once.
Apprehension has been created in some
areas by Mr. Khrushchev's boasts that he
can shoot down attacking ICBM's. So
can we-in limited numbers and under
anticipated conditions. There is no evi-
dence to sho,,y that he has significantly
bypassed our developments In this field.
We are pushing the development of the
Nike-X and its follow-on, Sprint, and
other devices. But there is doubt their
effectiveness will ever justify the cost of
a complete system. Very serious and
careful tests now in progress, and con-
tinued by this bill, will tell us much more
than we know now.
We are building a conventional car-
rier. The last one was a nuclear carrier.
This looks like a backward step. Many
people in and out of the Navy would
have preferred a nuclear carrier. I con-
siderthat we need a carrier too badly
to quibble at this point. Wp have not
been able to get an agreement that a
nuclear carrier will be built even if
funded, and it is a fact that another
conventional carrier will be an impor-
tant adjunct to the fleet.
The followon bomber for which we pro-
vide $47 million above the budget request
may be one of the most important items
in this bill. The $5 million request car-
ried in the budget would provide only a
minuscule start. The appropriation
which we made is the same as that rec-
omnmended by the House Committee on
Armed Services under the ` gentleman
from Georgia [Mr. VINSO191. General
LeMay said this amount will cut a year
from-the development time contemplated
for the followon bomber. A year can be
extremely important.. It is to be an en-
tirely new concept of aircraft by which
we will attempt to insure that we have
an effective, 2,000-mile-an-hour, manned
bomber fleet in the 1970's.
Some of you will ask why the B-70
or the RS-70 now under development
cannot be altered or converted to this
requirement just as the A-11 is being
converted from its initial mission to that
of interceptor. I wish the RS ?0 could be
so utilized. It has cost a billion and a
half dollars. It has not even flown. The
Air Force now has little hope of signifi-
cant use for this plane in future years,
but all of the cost'of development has not
been lost. From it we have gained much
knowledge about metals, stress, fuels, and
design problems associated with a plane
which will fly at three times the speed
of sound. The Air Force feels that
flight testing the RS-70 presently under
development will provide additional
highly valuable information about the
aircraft of the future. The facts are that
time has bypassed the B-70 and even
before it flies it is not modern enough
for the requirements of the followon
bomber.
Some of the strongest criticism of the
Defense Department has been directed
at sole source noncompetitive contracts,
and in much of this I concur. But with
the modernization presently required,
sole source contracts cannot be avoided.
Please bear in mind we are constantly
developing new or greatly changed
weapons systems. They require very
complex operating parts, backup sys-
tems, and communications facilities. A
competitive bid on a rifle already in the
hands of troops presents no problems.
But a competitive bid on a communica-
tions system for an aircraft which has
not even been built presents an entirely
different situation. There are few guide-
lines by which manufacturers can esti-
mate costs. They simply will not bid
competitively.
There are a number of situations of
this nature in this bill. And the fact is
the agencies of government like to deal
in noncompetitive, sole source bids. It
is simplier and easier. So, sometimes
contracting officers will continue sole
source, noncompetitive procurement
longer than is necessary. To try to stop
this sort of thing and to force competi-
tive buying wherever possible, the com-
mittee has cut $80 million from requests
totaling some $2 billion for electronics,
aircraft, and telecommunications pro-
curement. It is the highest cut percent-
agewise in the bill. There are some who
would have us cut deeper. A deeper cut
could be ruinous to reliability and to
modernization. Remember, in this field
we are getting to the very heart of pres-
ent-day defense programs. We are talk-
ing about aircraft, missiles, antimissile
developments; the new Red-Eye with
which a footsoldier can knock down an
airplane; even Polaris, one of the most
important weapons systems in our ar-
senal.
I want to say a word about the Reserve
components. For years we fought ef-
forts from the Pentagon to reduce the
paid drill strength of the Army Reserve
and the Army National Guard below
700,000. Well, it now is below 700,000.
Not by virtue of a deficit in congressional
appropriations or even by reason of
Pentagon desires. The programs for
modernization set forth for the Reserve
components are now so exacting that
their units are in many cases little dif-
ferent from the Regular forces. It is
intended that they be prepared for im-
mediate or early utilization In times of
emergency. The standards have been
raised and the Reserve components have
8295
taken these exacting new requirements
in their stride, but recruitment has been
more difficult and the number of par-
ticipants fell off. Now strength figures
are increasing. Both the Reserve and
the Guard are optimistic about regain-
Ing lost strength. The committee has
been assured and reassured that the
Defense Department will support efforts
to increase the numbers of reservists
and will support the necessary funding.
For the first time the committee is
providing funds above the budget level
to deal with a problem which exists in
Navy Reserves and in Air Force Reserves.
One involves deteriorations in numbers
of personnel and the other a limitation
in drill pay periods. Our action should
correct both and make it possible for
the Reserve program of both services to
operate more effectively than in the past.
I have indicated very general support
of this bill and that is my attitude. I
would have changed some of its lan-
guage. I question the wisdom of cutting
procurement of the new Redeye weapon
which very definitely is needed by moh-
ern ground forces as a defense against
low-flying, strafing and bombing enemy
aircraft. I would have written differ-
ently the language on the 65-35 item on
repair, alteration, and conversion of
naval vessels, because I do not want to
cripple the effectiveness and to diminish
the know-how possessed by personnel of
naval shipyards. I would have placed
greater emphasis on chemical and bio-
logical studies. These are carried in the
bill at budget level, but I say today as I
have said many times before that our
capability in these fields is too largely a
laboratory capability, and a sudden surge
of interest in this area by the Russians
could leave us seriously jeopardized. Of
particular significance is the advance in
the nondestructive, nonlethal effects of
chemical and biological weapons.
This bill slows Army modernization
just as it was reaching full stride, and
before modernization of the Army was
completed. The saving thus obtained is
not as important as the risk to our forces.
In that connection I note that there is at
long last a cooperative undertaking be-
tween Germany and the United States to
develop a new battle tank. This is com-
mendable. The Germans historically
have been expert in weapons develop-
ment. Their weapons have been among
the best. We can gain from a pooling
of knowledge with the Germans and
other allies. There are indications the
whole thing may become bogged down
in redtape and legalism. This must be
avoided under all circumstances.
One word of caution. A recent news-
paper release stated that a flourishing
numbers racket had been exposed in the
Pentagon. No one has denied it. I am
concerned about the security in the Na-
tion's military nerve center if a numbers
racket can develop and operate there
without detection.
I am not certain there is sufficient
progress in upgrading the Army and
Navy Academies. In national ratings the
Air Force Academy far outshines both.
Nor am I certain there is in the Army
and Navy Academies sufficient urge to
stay abreast of the forward trend in edu-
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By Mr. JOHNSTON:
S.2851. A bill for the relief of Vasilios
Manousakis and Eleni Manousakis; to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
Orueif[lf ' McClellan
Hart McGee,
Hayden McGovern
Holland McIntyre
Hruske McNamara
Humphrey Miller
Inouye Monroney
Johnston Morton
Jor4.au, Idaho Mundt
Keating Nelson
Lausche Neuberger
Long, Mo. Proxmire
Mansfield Riblooff
Robertson
Russell
Saltonstall
Scott
Simpson
Smith
Sparkman
Stennis
Walters
Williams, N.J.
Young, N. Dak.
Young, Ohio
Mr. HUMPHREY. I announce that
the Senator from New Mexico [Mr.
ANDERSON], the Senator from Maryland
[Mr. BREWSTER], the Senator from Vir-
ginia ,[Mr. BYRD], the Senator from
Arkansas [Mr. FULBRIGHT], the Senator
from Washington [Mr. JACKSON], the
Senator from North Carolina [Mr.
JORDAN], the Senator from Massachusetts
[Mr. KENNEDY], the Senator from Loui-
siana [Mr. LONG], the Senator from Min-
nesota [Mr. `McCARTHYI, the Senator
from OREGON [Mr. MORSE], the Senator
from Utah [Mr. Moss], the Senator from
Maine [Mr. MusxxE], the Senator from-
Rhode Island [Mr. PASTORE), and the
Senator from South Carolina [Mr.
THURMOND] are absent on official busi-
ness.
I also announce that the Senator from
North Dakota .[Mr. BURDICK], the Sena-
tor from West Virginia [Mr. BYRD],
the Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. En-
MONDSON], the Senator from Tennessee
i[Mr. GORE], the Senator from Indiana
[Mr. HARTKE], the Senator from Ala-
barna [Mr. HILL], the Senator from
Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON], the Sena-
tor from Montana [Mr. METCALF], the
Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. PELLI,
the Senator from West Virginia [Mr.
RANDOLPH], the Senator from Missouri
[Mr. SYMINGTON], the Senator from
Georgia [Mr. TALMADGE], and the Sena-
tor from Texas [Mr. YARBOROUGH] are
necessarily absent.
I further announce that the Senator
from California [Mr. ENGLE] and the
Senator from Florida [Mr. SMATHERS]
are absent because of illness.
Mr, CARLSON. I announce that the
Senators from Vermont [Mr. AIxzw and
Mr. PROUTY) and the Senator from Ken-
tucky [Mr. COOPER] are absent on offi-
cial business,
The Senator from Maryland [Mr.
BEALL], the Senators from Delaware
[Mr. BOGGS and Mr. WILLIAMS], the Sen-
ator from Arizona [Mr. GOLDWATER],
the Senator from New Hampshire [Mr.
COTTON], the Senator from Illinois [Mr.
DIRKSENI, the Senator from Iowa [Mr.
HICKENLOOPER], the Senator from Cali-
fornia [Mr. KucHELI, the Senator from
New Mexico [Mr. MECHEM], the Senator
from Kansas [Mr. PEARSON], and the
Senator `from Texas [Mr-. TOWER] are
necessarily absent.
The Senator from New York [Mr.
JAVITSI is absent by leave of the Senate
on official business as Chairman of the
NATO Parliamentarians Conference.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. A quorum is present.
A bill was Introduced, read the first
time, and, by unanimous consent, the
second time, and referred as follows:
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed in the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. JOHNSTON:
Editorial entitled "President Projects Two
Big Moves Possible Without Loss of Secu-
rity"; also editorial entitled "Investing
Money in People Is Wise," published in the
Anderson, S.C., Independent of April 23, 1964.
Editorial entitled "Nation Honors Noted
Statesman; Harry Truman Is 80 Years
REPRESENTATIVE GEORGE MAHON,
OF TEXAS, NEW CHAIRMAN OF
HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COM-
MITTEE
Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
all of us were deeply shocked at the pass-
ing of our old friend and colleague,
Clarence Cannon, who was chairman of
the House Committee on Appropriations.
However, despite the feeling of Con-
gress, we are very pleased and happy
that to step into the breach we had a
man of the caliber of Representative
GEORGE MAHON, of Texas.
Many Members of this body served
with Representative MAHON and know
him as a man who is understanding,
tolerant, and reasonable, who does not
seek notoriety and publicity, but who
does a good, sound job, day in and day
out.
In some respects he is not as well
known as he should be and this, I know,
is a matter of personal preference; but
so far as Congress and Texas, his State,
are concerned, we know him as a man
of devotion, dedication, ability, and ex-
perience.
I feel that the Nation is fortunate,
under the sad circumstances, to have
a man like GEORGE MAHON, the tall Tex-
an with his ability, devotion, and dedi-
cation, to step into the breach and fill
the place left by our late beloved col-
league, Clarence Cannon.
Because of my high respect and great
admiration for this great Texan and
American, I ask unanimous consent that
an article by William S. White, which
appeared in last evening's Washington
Star, entitled "The Passing Scene-All
Nice Guys Don't Finish Last," be print-
ed at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows: -
ALL NICE Guys DON'T FINISH LAST
(By William ~. White)
Not even in politics do nice guys always
finish last. For distinguished evidence of
this there is Representative GEORGE MAHON,
of Texas, Who has just ascended to the chair-
manship of the House Appropriations Com-
mittee in succession to the late Clarence Can-
non, of Missouri.
For more than 20 years Mr. MAHON has
been a significant Member of Congress. For
most of these years he has had a responsible
hand in the allocation of countless billions
of dollars and a critical and decisive role in
defense appropriations alone running to more
than $450 billion.
For a decade, at least, he has been among
the 10 or 12 men who really run Congress,
as head of the appropriations subcommittee
which has the military directly in its charge.
Now, as chairman of the entire committee,
his writ runs everywhere and he is unques-
tionably among the topmost six of Congress.
DOES JOB QUIETLY
In spite of it all, he has been Mr. Anony-
mous, quietly doing his job, bearing a stag-
gering responsibility for the military safety
of this Nation and its allies around the world,
and never making the headlines. Ask the
first six people you meet to tell you who is
GEORGE MAHON and from all six you will very
likely get the reply: "Who, Indeed?"
Mr. MAHON, a tall, shy, reticent and soft-
poken man of 63 who at a glance could pass
for 45, is a leathery product of west Texas
who could easily be either the fellow in the
white hat or the black bat in any Dodge
City of television. His simple, undemand-
ing demeanor masks one of the wisest and
most sophisticated minds in the United
States in the strategic fundamentals of war-
fare as seen from the ultimately controlling
vantage point held by such political masters
of all high strategy.
It is said of him, and rightly so, that he
knows the byways of the Pentagon far better
than any Secretary of Defense we have ever
had-because while Secretaries come and go,
Mr. MAHON has stayed on and on.
Still, if you met him you might think him
a reserved country schoolteacher or, possi-
bly, a sedate rancher in town to see the
banker about a loan. It Is the Mahone of
Congress-the quiet, little-noticed, deeply
responsible men who are content with the
power and never mind the power and never
mind the pomp and publicity-who are its
last and best justification.
Mr. MAHON is never seen at the glittering
Washington parties. Celebrated hostesses
know him not. Nor is he invited to the inti-
mate affairs of the diplomatic and bureau-
cratic sets. They, too, know him not. And
the?more fools they, for within the modest
7-gallon Stetson he wears is a capacity
for real decision over real matters a hundred-
fold greater than in the more socially aggres-
sive guests who are in the curious order of
things, asked in his stead.
In reality, Mr. MAHON to, say, an Assistant
Secretary of State, is about what a com-
manding general of an Army group Is to an
aide de camp wearing his shoulder cord over
the gilt bars of a second lieutenant. But
reality escapes many people here-and this
is fine with such as GEORGE MAHON. For they
have the work to do.
JUSTIFICATION OF FACTS
Moreover, the Mahons as a class, and
GEORGE MAHON specifically, are also the last
and best justifications of the very two con-
gressional facts of life now under the widest
attack from reformers: The seniority system
and the one-party system believed by many
to be so notably evil.
But for the seniority system, mere personal,
popularity polls and log rolling, and not the
hard competence that can only come from
long experience, would choose the committee
chairmen of Congress. And but for the one-
party system, with all Its faults, men like
GEORGE MAHON could never survive long
enough to reach that place of power from
which the Mahons alone are able to disregard-
the little local pressures and passing hys-
terias and so to concentrate on the great and
timeless national issues.
At this point they are in fact statesmen;
and only politicians some of the time and
then only incidentally, They are nice guys,
yes; but they are something far more. They
are indispensable guys.
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 United States
America
a -
V ol. 110
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n~ffssiona1 0 lftldftIdhl~
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE .S8 h CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION
WASHINGTON, SATURDAY,- MAY 16, 1964
House of Representatives
No. 98
The House was not in session today. Its next meeting will be held on Monday, May 18, 1964, at 12 o'clock noon.
Senate
SATV DAY, MAY 16, 1964
(Legislative (lay of Monday, March 3D, 1964)
The Senate met at f0 o'clock am., on
the eXpiration: of the recess, and was
called to order by Hon. MAURINE B. NEU-
BEF1GEx, a Senator from the State of
Eev.,.Fred M. Chapman, pastor, First
aptist Church, Midlothian, Tex., of-
We lift our voices unto You in prayer,
or Eternal Father. To You we give
It Is ith hearts of contrition we bow
fore ou. We recognize Your holiness
b essings. We are especially thankful
f# our Nation, for our forefathers, and
f r our sustaining fathers. We thank
deliberates the great issues of the
3'.
glfry to God and honor to all men every-
w erne.
DENT PRO TEMPORE
he legislative clerk read the following
U.S. SENATE,
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORB,
Washington, D.C., May 16, 1964.
Senator from the State of Oregon, to per-
form the duties of the Chair during my
absence.
LEE METCALF,
Acting President pro tempore.
Mrs. NEUBERGER thereupon took
the chair as Acting President pro tem-
pore.
THE JOURNAL
On request by Mr. MArisFxsr.n, and by
unanimous consent, the reading of the
Journal of the proceedings of Friday,
May 15, 1964, was dispensed with.
MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT-
APPROVAL OF BILLS
Messages in writing from the Presi-
dent of the United Stites were commu-
nicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one
of his secretaries, and he announced that
on May 14, 1964, the President had ap-
proved and signed the following acts:
S. 1005. An act to amend paragraph (2) (G)
of subsection 809(c) of the Communications
Act of 1934, as amended, by granting the
Federal Communications Commission addi-
tional authority to grant special temporary
authorizations for 60 days for certain non-
broadcast operations; and
S. 1193. An act to amend section 309(e)
of the Communications Act of 1934, as
amended, to require that positions for in-
tervention be filed not more than 30 days
aftet publication of the hearing issues in
the Federal Register.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED
As in executive session,
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tern-
pore laid before the Senate messages
from the President of the United States
submitting sundry nominations, which
were referred to the appropriate com-
mittees.
(For nominations this day received, see
the end of Senate proceedings.)
ORDER FOR TRANSACTION OF
ROUTINE BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
I ask unanimous consent that at the
conclusion of a quorum call, there be a
morning hour, under the usual circum-
stances, with statements therein limited
to 3 minutes.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
ORDER FOR RECESS TO MONDAY,
AT 10 AM.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
a parliamentary inquiry.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The Senator from Montana will
state it.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Has permission
been granted for the Senate to take a
recess, on the completion of its business
today, until 10 o'clock Monday morning
next?
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Permission has been granted.
CALL OF THE ROLL
Mr. MANSFIELD. Madam President,
I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The clerk will call the roll.
The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the
following Senators answered to their
names:
[No. 233 Leg.]
Allott
Carlson
Dominick
Bartlett
Case
Douglas
Bayh
Church
Eastland
Bennett
Clark
Ellender
Bible
Curtis
Ervin
Cannon
Dodd
Fong.
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 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -'SENATE
Mr.'"MBERTSON' Madam Presi- in the House o
dent, will the Senator or yield? he is chairman of the Appropriations about the passage of H.R. 7152 by the Representatives
e
know, from I yield to the Sen- Committee.
tech- that Members of b th parties will bet re
billion budget and much all the about
ator roth Virginia.
Mf
Mr: ROBERTSON. I join the distin- nicalities of the needs and requirements sponsible for the passage of this bill in
guished majority leader in commending of all branches of the service as do the the Senate. This is but one reflection
the elevation of this great Representative admirals and generals in the Pentagon. of the fact that support for the achieve.
from Texas. It was my privilege to serve His dedication to civilian control of the ment of equal justice under law comes
with him in the House commencing in military has been very pronounced. He from every corner of the American pop-
1934. I came to know him very well is a frugal man, insisting on 100 cents ulation.
when we made the trip to the Philippines for every dollar's appropriation, with his Madam President, another develop-
in 1935 for the inauguration of the first expertise, knowledge, and study of de- ment in this struggle for equal rights is - the
ng lea
are wit President of the Philippines in the fall of fense Sunees on the bcommit Milry showniaa nessingoutst on the pater of lthe wechurch s,
that year.
I had many contacts with Represents- dedication always and an intense inter- synagogues, and the religious leaders of
tive MAHON I- the handling of the de- est to carefully and considerately allo- America. inj
ices suffered
American fense appropriation tpriaur bill. Senators will cate
Government that come before theifu l N grloes andtother mino ity groups have
member that during the 2 years that of He has bee awakened Protestants, Catholics, and
i
re
Appropriations Comm
ttee. the late Senator Chavez chairman of New of the a leader of men, and distinguished him- Jews to an awareness that the institu-
Des nl, I subroputed as Subcommittee. the self in this important capacity. tions which should be in the forefront
Defense E MAHON Appropriations one s of the ablest of the a of the fight-for equality of opportunity-
GEOent re Congress. nomen the churches-cannot be silent. The
p' oho c, dedicated teThere citizen. more NATIONAL ECONOMIC CONVERSION churches and synagogues and the re-
patritiedicated American COMMISSION-ADDITIONAL CO- ligious leaders of our land are speaking
head w head wnnatisie fortunate probably that the t greatest wtSPONSORS OF BILL out. They are saying that this great
now The
committee in the entire Congress, be- Mr. McGOVERN. Madam President, issue of human rights is not primarily cause appropriations are bound to be one of the important problems facing a mentally political a or religious partisan and a issue but moral funda-
the lifeblood of any government. the country's economy is the possible on.
Whether it is in the Constitution or not, reduction and changes in the character They are saying tevery day, Madam
appropriation bills originate on the of our defense establishment. Many They
ar through this iday, House side, and the Senate acts later. communities across the country have be- President, i, resolutions, hroand sermons, worship
SALTONSTALL. Madam Presi- come dependent either upon defense con- lications, andh hip s v-
dent, will the majority leader yield? tracts or on military installations. Ter- ices similar , to the h is Church Assembly the
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the Sen- mination of such contracts or military Civil ivil Rig RightsChurch which the held daily y a t Reformation he
ator from Massachusetts. Installations can produce painful distress Capitol Hill.
Mr. SALTONSTALL. I wish to add to in terms of disrupted payrolls and loss President, the support of men
and women of religious faith support of de-
what has been said that I have sat across of business. I believe that we all recdg- Madam
-
of civil
the table in many conferences with Rep- nize that the opportunity to reduce un- ande in n of enino the future be de
resentative MAHON on defense matters. needed spending and unneeded military
I have always found him to be a very installations is one upon which we should rights in this country. In order that
honorable man, a man who was willing seize and which should not be lost sight their expressions of support be made a
to make concessions, who saw the other of because of any impact it may have shpart oos of this hist at oric 53 sbate, I ask
ss ui ani-consent on civil
point of view. I am very happy to be on the economy. 29 religious groupl
able to serve with him now as chairman What is needed is intelligent planning rightredss, , representing may be printr in
of the House Committee on Appropria- to provide alternative uses for manpower the RECORD.
tions. I know we shall be able to get and resources when they become excess no objection, the tstate-
along, and I know we will get results. to our military security needs. Thermeatse a being neing no to be printed te-
I join the' majority leader in putting It is for that reason that I introduced follows:
into the RECORD the article of William S. 2274 last October, which would create RECORD,
the as
Armenian Church of America]
S. White of last night, which I person- planning machinery for that purpose. [From
ally read, and whose expressions I share. I am happy to ask unanimous consent EMANCIPATION OF THE WHITE MAN
Mr. CURTIS. Madam President, will that at the next printing of the bill the (NOTE.-The following editorial was re-
the majority leader yield to me? names of the distinguished senior Sen- ported in lieu of an official statement.)
us no to eNeo o that
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the Sen- ator from Indiana [Mr. HARTSE] and the social There is
citizens must be
tor from Nebraska. Junior Senator from Connecticut [Mr. justice
two or e, and the less ust be
bus
Mr. CURTIS. Representative MAHON RIBICOFF] be added as cosponsors to the fought but o s more decisive two fits, is that less which obviou
is really a pillar in the House of Repre- bill. ing waged, or should be waged, in the con-
sentatives. He is fair. He is thorough. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- science of white men and women, who must
He does his homework. He is courteous pore. Without objection it is so ordered. first rid themselves of the accumulated racial
and considerate to all Members. He is Mr. McGOVERN. Madam President, prejudice of the past centuries before a
a man of great knowledge and experi- this brings to 15 the number of Senators efoett rthy solution to the problem can be
ence and well respected. It is fortunate cosponsoring the proposed legislation. full century has passed since the Gettys-
burg Address and as emancipation of Negro
that an individual of this type can as- Some 28 Members of the House of A
this grave responsibility. Representatives-Republicans and Dem- slaves.
Mr. MONRONEY. Madam President, ocrats alike-have since introduced It is now time for the total emancipation
will the majority leader yield? identical measures. I am pleased that of white men and women and children from
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield to the Sen- on a week from Monday, May 25, the the rusty chains of their own un-Christian
ator from Oklahoma. distinguished chairman of the Senate racial prejudice and intolerance. (The Ar-
Mr. MONRONEY. I join the dis- Commerce Committee, the Senator from menian Church, a monthly published by the
ti lguished majority leader and other Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] will begin diocese of the Armenian Church in America,
Members of the Senate in strongly hearings on the proposed legislation. September approving the selection of Hon. I urge attention and support of the BAPTIST BODTls-AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVEN-
GEORGEMAHON, of Texas, to be successor Senate for those hearings. TION, MAY 1963
to the late distinguished Clarence Can- . (a) The church and racial tensions:
nhn, deceased, who was the chairman of CIVIL RIGHTS-A RELIGIOUS AND We reaffirm our stand that not only should
the House Appropriations Committee. MORAL ISSUE all American Baptist churches be open to
I served with the distinguished Repre- all followers of Jesus Christ regardless of
sentative MAHON, of Texas, for 12 years Mr. HUMPHREY. Madam President, their race but that we should earnestly and
and, know of the great work he has done we all know that a strong bipartisan ef- actively seek to win all unchurched persons
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10590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
within our community to Christ and to the 4. Urge newspapers, chambers of com- NATIONAL BAPTIST CONVENTION, C.
fellowship of the church. We reaffirm. our merce, PTA's, and ministerial groups to advo-Almost
belief that all persons should be given the cate open occupancy. ther eastern her ecountries meet American meets st oEurope and
opportunity to develop the knowledge and 5. Publicize the fact that property values o tion witth the Europe
the
ques-
skills needed for church leadership and that need not decline as racial change occurs. intermingling of the attitude of America toward the
all positions of leadership within the local 6. Encourage real estate brokers to adopt population of the the races temposing the
church and on area and national levels nondiscrimination practices in the sale and P of these the United are quite be open on the basis of gr,,ialifieation rental of housing. ing" In Some their remarks peoples are quite ? meri
without regard to race. 7. Introduce and encourage legislation can claim concerning the a ty on
(b) Civil rights: im democracy
the and etinity
making discrimination illegal in the sale and the he one hand and the treatment America
1. Voting rights: The universal right of rental of housing.
a
a qualified citizen to vote is one of the most We urge our churches, institutions and on the h be accorded her minority peoples
cherished bases of our democracy, To deny agencies to make certain that their funds on the other. years
have been puzzled
a citizen the right to vote solely because of deposited in lending institutions be placed to For the many attitude Negroes
should adopt
his race, creed, color, or national origin is in those that do not deny mortgage ing sincerity they hAregard-
e claim o-
contrary to our democratic principles and any person the basis of race. the loans to the the policy o policy of "Justice to the all and land American
violates our Christian Concept of oneness special privi-
under God. We, therefore, urge the enact- We further urge that in all American legs to none."
under of appropriate th r Federal Baptist sponsored housing there be public When, however, the Supreme Court Issued
and .State laws and open declaration that persons of all her memorable decision outlawing segrega-
to assure the equal and unhindered right to races are welcome as residents. tion in the public schools, the race took
qualify, register, and vote: (e) Demonstrations against racial segrega- heart and reorganized her thinking with re-
er 2. d cation: Weav4 urge teetF deral Goand v- tion: While we regret the need for "sit-ins" gard to Ameri a being in truth "The land of
and "kneel-ins" and other nonviolent dem- the free and the home of the brave."
financial assistance to aid public school dis- onstrations, we deplore even more the !n- Negroes love America and entertain no
tricts which encounter unusual -difficulties justices which provoke and make them neces- bitterness toward her despite the vicious
In the process of desegregation in compliance nary to awaken a nation from apathy and Wrongs some Commit against them in cer-
with the C3: Civil Constitution.
Rights Commission. We urge the summon it to action in eliminating every tain sections of the country. They have too
co 3. Civil Ri hts strengthening of urge Cthe form of segregation and discrimination. long agonized in prayer for her security. d Contin ation an ission until ssuch, trengthening of that the The way to end demonstrations is to cor- They have given too freely of their blood to
President and Congress determine that no rect the abuses which evoke them, to estab- vouchsafe her institutions-not to love her
majo nt atl ons determine civil that no lish communication between White and with undying devotion. They believe the
m
eli asts. Negro leaders, and to negotiate in good faith Supreme -Court on May 17, 1964, justified
(s) Employment: and with a sense of urgency which a world the faith, the hope, and the love they exer-
(c) Emplond our denominational agencies in ferment requires If change is to come in a cise toward this country.
for their progress In fair, nondiscriminatory peaceable way.
employment practices. These, agencies have
BAPTIST ACTION FOR RACIAL SEVENTH DAY RENOE, CHURCHES, GENERAL
Bet an enviable standard for our churches BROTHERHOOD C6NFERENC 196$
and all our constituency. We urge them to (NOTE, The American Baptist Convention The General Conference of Seventh Day
continued effort in this direction. announced a program for action, based upon Baptist Churches in the years 1956, 1957, and
Vide urge our local churches to adopt ton- a resolution unanimously passed at the 1958 has affirmed the conviction that Chris-
diaCti.minatory employment practices as their American Baptist Convention in Detroit last tian love transcends differences of race, color,
policy and to implement them when engag- May, to be known as Baptist Action for or position in life; has expressed itself as in
ing pastoral and professional leaders. It Racial Brotherhood.) harmony with the Supreme Court decision
Is both right and reasonable for the church 1. Suggested confirmation by all constitu- concerning race; has urged conduct in the
to elrgage all staff on the basis of experience, ent churches of their readiness to accept and spirit of Christ in the period of adjustment
training, and competency, and not race. welcome as members individuals of all races. and planning; and has stated its belief that
Local churches should recognize that they 2. Enrollment of present members in per- equality should extend to schools, housing,
may, challenge and set the standard for em- sonal action of one or more Individual steps the ballot, and business and employment
ployment practices In their community and for racial brotherhood. opportunities, and that this equality should
In industry, commerce, and manic pal agen- S. Individual or group financial contribu- be promoted by peaceful means.
ties by their example. We commend all em- tions to leading organizations working con- Therefore, Seventy. Day Baptists commit
ployers who have already adopted nondis- structively in the field of civil rights. themselves to practice racial equality within
criminatory practices. 4. Reciprocal visits with families of other their Congregations as the only basis on which
We urge local churches as corporate bodies races, the church may offer moral advice to the
to effjgl'cise their influence to secure local, 5. Reciprocal church delegation visits with state.
lnen o exercise their faith by nsixri all their legislation on the Federal, State, , and local (There follows a report carried in the Jan-
Persuasion 'to introduce and establish just levels. nary 1963 issue of Home Missions, an official
and equitable employment practices. 7. Participation in or initiation of local Publication of the Southern Baptist Conven-
W* strongly urge the general council and interfaith committees or conferences of tion. It is doubtless as the editor of that
those responsible for securing hotel and clergy. publication has Said: "The most significant
meeting-hall facilities for annual and other S. Taking part in nonviolent demonstra- group of reports Southern Baptists have ever
meetings of the American Baptist Conven- tions for civil rights, produced on this subject, simply because of
lion and its boards and departmepts, to re-. 9? Encouragement of nondiscrimination their number and the fact the reports are
quest that the employment practices of those practices in housing and in other facilities. from State instead of national groups, and
responsible for these facilities adhere to the 10. Affirmative action to assist in overcom- therefore closer to the man in the pew.")
principles of fair play in hiring personnel for ing handicaps of minority citizens resulting In North Carolina
the various categories of service, without from past discrimination and segregation. In a historymaking to race, color, creed, or national origin. 11. Special aid to those who have inno- olina Baptist Convention ng voted the North h to
(d) Housing: Believing that this is God's suffered exceptional loss due to racial hold d a joint meeting t State's Negro
's tensions. eting with vott the Statte's Negro
world, and accepting all that His creation Baptist convention in 1964.
and sovereignty imply, we believe it lncom- 12. Circulation of information literature This was believed to be the first such joint
patible with Christian teachings and beliefs folders, including Martin Luther King's "let- meeting of major Negro and white church
to deny housing to any on the basis of race, ter from Birmingham jail," reports of the groups ever to be planned in the South.
We urge that our fellowship champion "Challenge
ence to Race Religion," Chicago, Interfaith The meeting has already been approved by
open occupancy through legislation and per- go, Al., January the Negro church body-the Nort Carolina
sonar prectice; that local churches urge their 1963, and material on civil rights legislation. General Baptist Convention.
members to work in their community to 13. Suggested inclusion of the aims of the The action came after 0. L. Sherrill, execu-
accolhplish the following: program in individual and church prayers. tive secretary of the Negro convention, had
1. Encourage church members to list their 14. Requesting program content within all told the messengers that "interracial Cooper-
-houses with real estate dealers who have American Baptist Assembly sessions at Green ation is a major challenge to the Christian
adopted nondiscriminatory practices. Lake, Wis, in 1963, and at the national con- churches of our country today."
2. Encourage laymen to use their influence vention at Atlantic City in 1984. "This is not just a courtesy call," Dr.
as Christians and businessmen to the end 15. Encouragement of seminary leadership Sherrill said of his appearance at the con-
that mortgage loans will not be denied to of their students and alumni in all phases of vention. "I am here to say that the Chris-
any person because of race. racial brotherhood. tian church has reached a crossroads in the
3. Organize neighborhood and civic groups 16. Providing consultants to meet with interpretation of the mission of the church."
dedicated to dealing realistically and openly local churches on any special problem situa- Christians, he said, can no longer afford
with racial change in a community. tions. Internal strife but have to "think' of a tre-
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