MAIL COVERS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP66B00403R000100080027-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 16, 2004
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: January 1, 1964
• Content Type: OPEN

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1964 GRESSIONAL, RECORD - SENATE 1639,,,,,
creasingly bitter, deep, and permanent.
World communism can no longer pre-
tend to be a monolithic whole unalter-
ably dedicated to the forceful destruc-
tion of the West. As a result, actions in
Prague, Budapest, Warsaw, and other
capitals of captive nations of Eastern
Europe can no longer be completely con-
trolled by the push of a button in Mos-
cow. We must encourage and exploit
this trend.
During the past few years our com-
munication and commerce with captive
nations has increased greatly. We have
entered into trade agreements regarding
nonstrategic materials with the more
"independent" satellites. These agree-
ments are to our advantage. They result
in better business for American workers
and businessmen and help to bolster the
independence of these nations from their
Communist captors. I am confident
that commerce between our nations will
grow, as will the consternation of Mos-
cow at these developments. So long as
people are held captive under the heavy
yoke of communism, our efforts to en-
hance their freedom should be endless.
It would be well for all Americans to
remember that our bonds with the cap-
tive nations of the world go far beyond
mere bonds of sympathy. Many citizens
of these lands have migrated to our
shores and made outstanding contribu-
tions to the growth and greatness of our
Nation. In addition, our ideals of free-
dom and .justice have become a part of
their heritage, as, indeed, of that of all
'mankind,
The right of national self-determina-
tion is an established principle of inter-
national justice. It is the cornerstone
of our foreign policy. Throughout our
history we have opposed the domination
of one country by another. Observance
of Captive Nations Week is another man-
ifestation of this opposition. By keep-
ing alive the concept of freedom in the
hearts and minds of men everywhere, we
are fulfilling a small part of our great
obligations as a leader for freedom,
liberty, and justice in the world.
MAIL COVERS
Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. Presi-
dent, on March 11 of this year I intro-
duced a bill, S. 2627, to prohibit a pro-
cedure of the Post Office Department
known as a "mail cover." Before the
attention of the public was drawn by the
publicity of the Cohn case, few Amer-
icans were aware of this dubious form
of invading their privacy. Since then,
reaction to the device has been in-
creasing.
Recently, the Kansas City Times pub-
lished an editorial concerning mail
covers which I think . represents the
concern of the majority of our citizens
toward the unregulated use of this
device.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the editorial of the July 16
Kansas 0ity Times be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objeciton, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
[From the Kansas City Times, July 16, 1964]
THE DIFFIcuLT QUESTION OF "MAIL COVERS"
The Post Office Department has isued an
informational directive on "mail covers" fol-
lowing the recent Roy Cohn fuss. Cohn, the
controversial aid to the late Senator Joseph
McCarthy, discovered by accident last Feb-
ruary that he was the object of a mail cover.
The Department defines it this way:
"A mail cover simply consists of recording
from each piece of mail the name and ad-
dress of sender, date and place of postmark-
ing, and class of mail. Only the material
appearing on the wrapper is noted. In no
case is mail delayed or opened during a mail
watch."
The Post Office Department explains fur-
ther: -
"Except in cases of fugitives, a request for
a mail cover must be approved by the postal
inspector in charge, who is directly respon-
sible to the chief inspector for his action.
Only requests from bona fide law enforce-
ment agencies are honored."
Senator EDWARD V. LONG, Democrat, of
Missouri', has introduced a bill that would
make mail covers illegal. The Senator calls
it an "espionage procedure" in which "the
full power of the Government is brought to
bear on the individual."
No doubt the device of the mail cover is
very convenient for law enforcement agen-
cies and the Post Office Department probably
is very circumspect in its use. But perhaps
something more than expediency and caution
is involved.
So far as the individual citizen is con-
cerned, taxes paid in support of the Post
Office Department are paid for a service, not
for the dubious privilege of having his mail
checked and information passed on to the
FBI, the local sheriff or the chief of police.
Whether the fifth amendment and self-in-
criminiation are involved might some day be
a question for the courts.
If mail covers are essential in the enforce-
ment of the law, then a more proper pro-
cedure might be the requirement of a court
order to institute them. A judge might be
a better authority to make the decision than
a policeman and a postal inspector.
THE MORMON TABERNACLE CHOIR
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, on this
Pioneer Day, the 117th anniversary of
the arrival of the Mormon pioneers in
the valley of the Great Salt Lake, it is
most appropriate to take note of another
anniversary this month, that of the
world-renowned Mormon Tabernacle
Choir.
Yesterday, it was my great pleasure to
hear this 375-voice choir sing at the
White House, for President Johnson and
his guests. The moving performance
served further to confirm my opinion
that the Mormon Tabernacle Choir is
the greatest choral group in our country,
and probably in the entire world.
Several of my friends have commented
on the pleasure it has given them to lis-
ten to a live performance of the taber-
nacle choir. Fortunately, many people
in the East will have an opportunity to
hear the tabernacle choir in concert dur-
ing the next few days. The choir is cur-
rently on the 20th tour it has taken dur-
ing its long, ovation-filled history. In the
past few days, concerts have been given
at Houston, New Orleans, and Atlanta;
and another will be performed today at
the World's Fair. The choir will go from
New York City to sing at Rochester,
Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis.
En route, the choir will see a perform-
ance of the famous Mormon Pageant on
the Hill Cumorah, near the boyhood
home of Joseph Smith, at Palmyra, N.Y.
The tabernacle choir is a most unusual
group, especially for a choral organiza-
tion of its massive size. All the choir
members serve without pay; many com-
mute from towns far from Salt Lake
City, to attend two or more weekly re-
hearsals, broadcasts, and recording ses-
sions.
The spirit of dedication and service
which these choir members continually
display illustrates the spirit of the entire
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints. Unlike most denominations, the
Mormons have no paid clergy; all the
clerical and organizational positions are
filled by laymen. Moreover, the activi-
ties of the Mormon Church are broad in
scope. Their youth, recreational, and
social-service groups are the pride of all
who know them.
Not only do Mormons give generously
of their time to church activities, but
they also give generously of their wealth.
Like the early Christians, every good
Mormon tithes, giving a tenth of his in-
come, before taxes, to his church. In
addition, Mormon families help maintain
their sons and daughters as missionaries
throughout the world. These fine young
people give 2 years or more of their lives
to perform monetarily unremunerated
service for their church and for the
principles in which they believe.
The tabernacle choir exemplifies a
significant Mormon contribution to our
Western States-adding to the cultural
activities of our area. The Mormon
people and their church have done much
in promoting musical, educational, and
artistic interests in the intermountain
West. In the fields of choral and in-
strumental music, the theater, ballet,
and the dance, the Latter-day Saints
have enriched the life of our area. For
instance, I know of no other city of
comparable size in all America which
is such a noted center of the perform-
ing arts as is Salt Lake City, the capital
of Mormon country.
As a Senator from Idaho, it is entirely
natural for me to dwell upon Utah insti-
tutions and to pay my tribute to groups
such as the Mormon Tabernacle Choir,
since there is a close feeling of unity
between the people of Idaho and the
people of Utah. Today is Utah's day at
the World's Fair; today is also Pioneer
Day in both Idaho and Utah. It is fit-
ting that today we join in paying our
respects to the Mormon pio
n
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CAPTIVE T EK
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, last week
our Nation commemorated the sixth ob-
servance of Captive Nations Week. This
anniversary should serve as an effective
reminder of the continued presence of
Communist tyranny throughout the
world.
Over 25 sovereign nations now lie be-
hind the Iron Curtain. The list includes
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Hun-
gary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Rumania, mainland China,, and Cuba._
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 24
These countries are the victims of
oinununist treachery. The Communists
used force and subversion to bring them
into the Red orbit, and then ruled with
cops and guns. Government by choice
as replaced by government by decree.
But murder, torture, and Imprison-
ent did not crush the spirit of the
ifering Is our suffering. Their hopes
e our hopes. We know that someday
In these 40 years the common catastrophe
of war and the bitter struggle against the
corrosive forces of communism have forged
a new unity of interest among the peoples
of the free nations. We are joined with the
people of Asia, Africa, Europe and our own
hemisphere in preserving democracy as a
political and social institution.
In this contemporary setting, the discrim-
inatory features of, the 1924 immigration
legislation are anachronistic.
The historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 brings
one part of our law in line with the dictates
of our conscience that discrimination has no
place in a free and democratic society. It
enunciates the vital principle of equal rec-
ognition, equal status, equal opportunity,
and equal protection for all persons without
regard to race, creed, color, or national ori-
gins. The discriminatory features of the na-
tional origins quota system, still a part of
our immigration laws, is inconsistent with
this vital principle.
"The use of national origin quota systems
is without basis in either logic or reason. It
neither satisfies a national need nor accom-
plishes an international purpose." This was
President Kennedy's appraisal.
President Johnson has summed up the sit-
uation in forceful terms: "In establishing
preferences, the Nation which was built by
the immigrants of all lands can ask those
who now seek admission, `What can you do
for your country?'; but we should not be ask-
ing 'In what country were you born?"'
The inequities and the discriminatory
aspects of the present immigration legisla-
tion have been described by other witnesses
before this committee. Remedial legislation
Is long overdue, and section 201(a) of H.R.
7700 represents a sound approach to the prob-
lem. It provides for the elimination of the
national origin quotas over a 5-year period.
Though It retains a 10-percent annual lim-
itation on the admission of immigrants from
any quota country, the pool of 164,200, sub-
ject to certain family and occupational pref-
erences, will be used on a first-come, first-
granted basis.
My testimony, as Secretary of Labor, is most
appropriately addressed to the effect of H.R.
7700 on the work force in this country.
Against the overall annual average quota of
155,600 an average of 97,500 quota immigrants
were admitted during the years 1958 to 1962.
It is anticipated that the enactment of H.R.
7700, in Its present form, would result in the
admission in 1969 of the maximum permis-
sible number, or an increment of approxi-
mately 61,700. It is likely that, in addition,
an annual average of 5,000 refugees may come
in.
Of the 97,500 average admitted to the
United States under present provisions, an
estimated average of 48,600 entered the labor
market during the period 1959 through
1963. Our best estimates, which of necessity
exclude refugees whose characteristics and
origin are indeterminate, are that under the
revised system an additional 23,150 would be
added to the labor force.
When measured against a projected total
work force of 79 million in 1989, the first year
in which the total quotas would be pooled,
It becomes apparent that the impact from
the additional number will be insignificant.
The ratio of 23,150 new immigrant entrants
into the labor market, under the proposed
new system, to the total U.S. work force
would be about 1 to 3,000.
The preference categories which would be
established under this bill would serve a hu-
manitarian purpose by facilitating the
uniting of families kept apart by the nar-
rower provisions of the present law. At the
same time they would bring to our shores a
number of immigrants whose talents, train-
ing, education, and skills will, in an historic
pattern, contribute immeasurably to the en-
richment of the culture and to the continu-
Ing progress and advancement of this
country.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries
the flow of immigrants Into the United
States helped satisfy the labor needs of our
developing industries such as coal mining,
apparel, and transportation. In contrast, a
greater percentage of immigrants entering
this country during the past two decades
have been professional and technical-worker
category.
Under the present law, approximately
8,600 quota immigrants entering the labor
market are craftsmen, foremen, and kindred
workers. The proposed revision would bring
this category up to about 13,800, represent-
ing about 1 of every 5 worker immigrants.
We have benefited greatly from the diver-
sified education, training, and knowledge
brought here by immigrants. During the
1952-61 period, the United States profited
when some 14,000 immigrant physicians and
surgeons and about 28,000 nurses helped
alleviate the shortage of trained personnel
in the critical medical field. Some 4,900
chemists and nearly 1,100 physicists con-
tributed their technical know-how to indus-
try and Government. Fifteen of the U.S.
Nobel Prize winners in the field of chemistry
and physics were foreign born.
More than 12,000 immigrant technicians,
the vitally needed men and women who as-
sist and support scientists and engineers,
were also admitted during the 1952-61 pe-
riod. About 9,000 machinists and 7,000 tool
and die makers added their skills to our
supply of craftsmen.
It must be kept in mind that whatever the
skill, training, or education of any immi-
grant, preference or nonpreference, frgm
quota or nonquota countries, no visas are
issued by the Department of State for per-
manent admission to the United States un-
less the immigrant can satisfactorily demon-
strate that he will not become a public
charge.
The amendment proposed by H.R. 7700
would benefit the United States in two re-
spects. First, under the present immigra-
tion law persons who could qualify under
the first-preference provision are admitted
upon the petition of an employer. The em-
ployer must, however, satisfy the Attorney
General that the immigrant's services are
"urgently needed" in the United States be-
cause of his high education, technical train-
ing, specialized experience, or exceptional
ability. The proposed amendment would re-
move the requirement of employer petitions
and require the Attorney General to deter-
mine whether the admission of the immi-
grant applicant would satisfy the terms of
the first-preference category, that Is, would
be "especially advantageous." This means
a first preference immigrant applicant could
be admitted without waiting for a specific
job offer. He would merely have to satisfy
the Attorney General that he meets the
eligibility requirements for the first-prefer-
ence category. This would facilitate the ad-
mission of larger numbers of such highly
skilled persons into the United States.
Secondly, H.R. 7700 would establish a sub-
sidiary fourth-preference category for quali-
fied quota immigrants capable of filling par-
ticular labor shortages in the United States.
Under present law, if an immigrant does not
meet the standards of the highly skilled
specialist category of the first preference, he
is given no preference at all over any other
immigrants even though there is a need in
the United States for persons possessing his
occupational skill.
Thus, under H.R. 7700, the quota system
would be better attuned to the needs and
welfare of the United States. An individual
with needed skills from a country which
presently has a very limited quota would no
longer find his admission barred by the
limitation of national origin.
URGES NEW IMMIGRATION LAW
Mr. HART. Mr. President, a year ago,
on July 23, 1963, President Kennedy sent
Zo. Congress a historic message recom-
mending the removal of the national
rigins quota system from our basic im-
igration law. It was my privilege to
ntroduce the bill (S. to carry out
he recommendatiow a President,
nd. 26 Senators from both sides of the
isle joined in cosponsoring the bill.
In the past several weeks I have in-
ited the attention of my colleagues to
tatements In support of the bill by
ecretary of State Rusk and Attorney
general Kennedy before a House sub-
>mmittee. Earlier today, Secretary of
abor Willard Wirtz added his support to
he bill, and testified on the economic
er.Lefits of the proposed legislation.
President Johnson and his administra-
ion are to be commended for their firm
eadership in a significant area of pub-
c policy.
I ask unanimous consent that Secre-
ary Wirtz' timely statement be made a
art of my remarks at this point in the
ECORD.
There being no objection, the state-
lent was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT OF W. WILLARD WIRTZ, SECRETARY
OF LABOR, BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON
IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY, HOUSE JU-
DICIARY COMMrrTEE, ON H.R. 7700, AMEND-
ING THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT,
JULY 23,.1964
Mr. Chairman, I am grateful for this op-
portunity to testify in support of H.R. 7700,
a bill designed basically to eliminate the
,discriminatory national origins system from
our Immigration law.
In the 40 years since that law was en-
acted, the position and the responsibilities of
the United States in the world arena have
changed dramatically. All of mankind are
now acutely sensitive to the basic and funda-
mental differences between those systems of
government that are dedicated to the free-
dom of man and those which are bent upon
his enslavement. To the citizens of the free
world and to millions of persons imprisoned
behind the walls of totalitarianism, the
United States has become the symbol of
hope that the dignity of every individual
person will some day be accorded equal re-
spect by all others, regardless of the mndi-
I victual's ethnic or national origin.
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Under the present Immigration and Na-
tionality Act, the Department of Labor is
charged with the responsibility of protect-
Ing U.S. workers from unfair competition
from aliens seeking to enter the United
States for employment. Applicants for im-
migrant visas who will be entering the labor
market become excludable aliens if the Sec-
retary of Labor certifies. that domestic
workers are available to perform the work
which would be performed by the alien or
if the alien's employment in the United
States would adversely affect the wages and
working conditions of our own workers (sec-
tion 212(a)(14)). Because of the Depart-
ment's special interest and experience in this
area, we expect that its role in this respect
will continue to be an important one.
In closing, Mr. Chairman, I state again
the conviction that these changes will best
serve the interest of the United States. They
will comport with the basic principles to
which we are so fully committed in the free
world's critical effort to give meaning to our
central proposition that all people are created
equal.
LUCILLE B. WENDT
Mr. HART. Mr. President, the death,
yesterday, of Lucille B. Wendt takes from
public service a valued and effective cit-
izen.
Mrs. Wendt played a leading role in
the drug hearings of the Subcommittee
on Antitrust and Monopoly which re-
sulted in the passage of the Kefauver-
Harris legislation in October 1962. A
bacteriologist, patent expert, and lawyer,
she was serving as a patent examiner on
drugs in the Patent Office when the sub-
committtee borrowed her services in
early 1958. Throughout the course of
the subcommittee's work on drugs from
1958 through 1962, she served as its chief
technical expert. In the highly complex
structure of private brand names, ge-
neric names, chemical names, and vary-
ing chemical formulas for molecular
modifications of basic drugs, Mrs. Wendt
moved with unerring accuracy. To all
of this work she gave the subcommittee
the benefit of her wide knowledge, re-
markablg intelligence, and perspective
on the drug industry's trade practices.
Mrs. Wendt never looked the part she
played. A slight person, rather fragile
in appearance, immaculately groomed,
and beautifully dressed, she always
looked as if she were about .to attend a
ladies' bridge club, rather than to plunge
Into the intricacies and technical com-
plexities of the drug industry. Indeed,
I suspect that she took delight in giv-
ing this superficial impression. But.
when the tough questions arose-and
they insistently appeared at each step In
the investigative process and in the hear-
ings, she showed her remarkable grasp
of the problems, her penetrative intel-
ligence, and her great capacity for ob-
jective appraisal of the industry's activ-
ities.
Mrs. Wendt also had an important part
in the subcommittee's work on thalido-
mide, the drug causing deformities in
unborn babies. At the conclusion of the
hearings, she devoted several weeks to
collection and analysis of the data on
this drug, which subsequently was re-
leased by Senator Kefauver, then chair-
man of the subcommittee. Later, she.
went to the Public Health Service, where
she was working at the time of her death.
Frankly, I find that one of the rewards
of working in Congress is the contacts
with the corps of highly trained men and
women in Government service who are
using their talents on the side of the
public interest. As in the case of Mrs.
Wendt, many of these persons stay in the
Government at fractions of -the income
they could secure in private industry.
They stay because they like it, because
the work is exciting and challenging, and
because the Government has great need
of their skills.
Mrs. Wendt's death is a loss to all
members of the subcommittee, who knew
her and admired her great ability. Her
death depletes the reservoir of talent in
the Federal Government devoted to the
important task of protecting the health
of the Nation.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the 14CORD the
obituaries published in the Washington
Post and the Washington Evening Star.
There being no objection, the obitu-
aries were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
[From the Washington Post, July 23, 19641
LUCILLE WENDT, U.S. SCIENTIST
Lucille B. Wendt, a bacteriologist, chemist,
and lawyer who served with the Senate Sub-
committee on Antitrust and Monopoly, died
yesterday at Doctors Hospital of a respiratory
ailment. She was 54.
Mrs. Wendt joined the subcommittee as an
adviser on chemistry, bacteriology, and phar-
macology in 1957 after working for 14 years
with the Patent Office.
"She played a key role in the 1959-60
subcommittee investigation of the drug in-
dustry," said John Blair, subcommittee chief
economist.
"Mrs. Wendt had a tremendous knowledge
of problems in the complex and rather diverse
fields of law and physical sciences, and was
able to relate questions in one field to the
other," Blair said.
In his 1964 New Yorker articles on the drug
investigation, Richard Harris called Mrs.
Wendt a "triple-threat member of the team."
She held a bachelor of science degree in
chemistry and bacteriology from South Da-
kota University and a law degree from George
Washington University.
In 1962 she prepared a dossier on the side
effects of the drug thalidomide simultane-
ously with research by Dr. Frances O. Kelsey.
When the thalidomide question became
public in July 1962, she turned over this
dossier to Senator Estes Kefauver' who made
it public-a step leading to the ban on use
of the drug in the United States.
Mrs. Wendt was born in South Dakota.
She moved to Richmond in 1943 after her
marriage and came to Washington in 1946.
She joined the U.S. Public Health Service as
a patent analyst and attorney in 1962.
She was the author of several technical
treatises and belonged to the American Pat-
ent Law Association and the Federal Bar
Association.
She is survived by her husband, Morten,
of 6500 Little Falls Road, Arlington; two
brothers, Frank Burd, of 3924 Longfellow
Street, Hyattsville, and Paul Burd, of Minne-
apolis, and a sister, Mrs. Robert Jones of
Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.
[From the Washington Star, July 22, 19641
MRS. LUCILLE B. WENDT, DRUG PROBE AID, DIES
Mrs. Lucille Burd Wendt, 54, a bacteriolo-
gist, chemist, and patent lawyer who served
16341
as consultant. to the Kefauver committee's
investigation of the drug industry from 1957
to 1962, died from a lung infection today
in Doctor's Hospital.
Mrs. Wendt served as technical consultant
to the Kefauver committee-the Senate
Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee-on
patent law, chemistry, bacteriology and bi-
ology. In 1962, during the investigation,
she prepared a dossier On the side effects of
the drug thalidomide simultaneously with
research by Dr. Frances O. Kelsey, then an
examiner in the Food and Drug Administra-
tion, that led to a ban on use of the drug
in the United States. In Germany and
other European countries, the drug, when
used by pregnant women, had in some cases
resulted in deformed babies.
RELEASED FINDINGS
The late Senator Kefauver released Mrs.
Wendt's dossier on July 16, 1962, the day
after news of Dr. Kelsey's action was made
public.
Born in South Dakota, Mrs. Wendt studied
at the University of South Dakota and in
1951 received a law degree from George
Washington University, where she also did
graduate work In chemistry and bacteriology.
She joined the U.S. Patent Office as an
examiner on biochemical products and pro-
cesses in 1943. The Federal Trade Commis-
sion borrowed her for a study on antibiotics
in 1956, and in 1957 she joined the staff of
the Kefauver committee.
When the Kefauver committee finished
its study of the drug industry, which cul-
minated in passage of the Kefauver-Harris
drag bill, Mrs. Wendt joined the U.S. Public
Health Service, as a patent analyst and at-
torney. She studied Federal policy toward
patents stemming from Government re-
search.
WORK IS PRAISED
Of her work for the subcommittee, Dr.
John Blair, chief staff economist, Com-
mented:
"Mrs. Wendt was a walking encyclopedia
on most of the technical matters involving
complex issues of law and the physical sci-
ences involved in the drug industry. She
knew or could find answers to the most diffi-
cult scientific questions. Her technical com-
petence was highly regarded not only by her
associates but by those who were being in-
vestigated by the subcommittee itself."
Mrs. Wendt was a member of the Patent
Law Association, the Federal Bar Association,
the American Law Association, and Kappa
Beta Pi legal sorority.
Her husband, C. Morten Wendt, is super-
vising examiner in the Patent Office's Trade-
mark Division. He lives at 6500 Little Falls
Road, Arlington, Va.
She leaves two brothers, Frank, of 3924
Longfellow Street, Hyattsville, Md., and Paul,
of Minneapolis, Minn.; a sister, Mrs. Robert
Jones, and her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Leo
Burd, of Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.
Funeral arrangements have not been com-
pleted.
POEM ON THE OFFICIAL TRANSFER
TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR OF DEED TO THE HOME
OF FREDERICK DOUGLASS
Mr. HART. Mr. President, on June 25,
I participated in a ceremony at which
the deed to the home of Frederick Doug-
lass, the great Negro abolitionist and
statesman, was transferred to the De-
partment of the Interior.
Following renovation of the house,
atop a hill on Southeast Washington, it
will be open to\the public, as a part of
the National Capital parks system..
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE tly_2J
sounds, the old promises, and rise from
neglect in the corners of America. The old
becomes the new; such is a definition of
beauty.
Thus, Frederick Douglass did not die at
his death. Like any freeman, he prac-
ticed life to the last instant of it, and, like
any great artist, he continues In his works.
This house, a part of him, holds more than
the memory we give to it; this high place of
dignity illustrates the man, raises him, pro-
longs him. It looks upon a change that he
struggled to see-in that other house on
that other hill. At last, the locks within fall
open-by knowledge, by vote, by law, by the
realization that the ideas Frederick Douglass
claimed are come alive. At last we know
that tradition means not shutting away
promises, but keeping them.
Now we join to open this house that
should never have closed. And we open it
In the widest sense, doors, hearts, and minds:
we proclaim a white emancipation. For all
our sakes, thank God we have come alive.
"This is scarcely a day for prose," Frederick
Douglass said upon Lincoln's Proclamation.
"It is a day for poetry and Song--a new
song." The poem of this house meets that
demand. We are ready to sing it.
At the ceremony, it was my privilege
Eread from a prose poem written for
e occasion by Mr. Jack LaZebnik. Mr.
tZebnik, Michigan born and educated,
as ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
s follows:
OR THE OFFICIAL TRANSFER OF THE FRE#ERICK
DouGLASs HOME TO THE U.S. DEPARTMENT
of THE INTERIOR
(By Jack LaZebnik)
We make memory here; we bring it out
f' decay, of neglect. At last this house
becomes the history waiting within it for
hundred years. A hundred years ago, the
tru.cture stood entire-the emanicipatiori
roclaimed, the war won, the freedoms put
1 words. And they were beautiful--the
ords, the house, the creation of the imer-
can in the Negro. But when beauty stands
till:, it fades. When freedom does not march,
iit falls to stone and weed upon a dying hill.
nd so a century of disuse has wasted the
andsome, old house upon its premises
f free days. But we are here to make it
eautiful again.
This creation of Frederick Douglass rose
ith him, like his life, from bought clay
1 the brick and board of a man. The man
nd the house grew as models for the people,
he living, lasting struggle from slavery to
Ignity. And here, from this classic bal-
nce, he looked upon the promises that
eight commands. From his strength of
olumn and cornice and joist, he called to
very newly born man to take "moral cour-
ge. large faith in the power of truth, and
on.fidence in the enlightenment of the
eople." And the house gathered the idea
bout it in great beauty: the muscular trees
gripped their ground as if it would move.
A., hundred years of root. Frederick Doug-
Lss has- remained here like a stone among
sae weeds: firm, fast, and nearly covered
over. He and his house have lingered upon
he edges of American life, just as the Negro
settlements have clung to the closing lots at
the back of citizenship. There, they crum-
ble. For buildings and people must have
entrances and exits, within and without;
closed doors make haunted houses. For 100
years, emancipation fell to rot; these boards
cracked and the columns chipped and the
mortar split between the bricks. The place
became a site of memory. In 100 years, the
beauty of promises grows old. The house
endured, like the people, unclaimed. The
brave few hacked at the ignorant weeds and
tried to keep up appearances. Beyond the
river, the white buildings flourished; the
new bridges joined the banks but not the
people. Separation, said Frederick Doug-
lass, is death. The unchanging life is a
form of slavery.
And so this house, like its people, decayed
in its earth. The framework survived, like
the people, from the sudden moment of dig-
nity at its making, through the feeble, for-
gotten years-the 100-year war of hopes-
age drying up the time in the long and weary
waiting. The house-the vacancy of its
owner, an overwhelming loss--looked hollow,
like a tomb.
But we are here to open it. We are here
to celebrate a resurrection of action-not to
chant a Lazarus lament of dread and Shame,
but to revive the high thrill of Frederick
Douglass singing people into freedom. We
come to open the doors and let in the life.
The sighing, shuffling, waiting age is over.
As if the stone, the tree, the root, the house
have broken free from death, and the new
generations have awakened to the old
HURON PLAINSMAN CALLS FOR
RECONSIDERATION OF MILITARY
DRAFT
Mr. MCGOVERN. Mr. President, I am
proud to be a cosponsor of S. 2960, a
bill to require the formulation of an
alternative to the draft, in order to meet
the Nation's need for military manpower.
The Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. NEL-
soN], the principal sponsor of the bill,
has given many good reasons why we
should seriously consider alternatives to
the draft.
The Daily Plainsman, of Huron, S.
Dak., recently endorsed the idea of a new
and closer look at the present system of
compulsory military service. Its edi-
torial, published on the 21st of July, is
an excellent statement of the situation
which gave rise to S. 2960. It expresses
a concern that I believe is shared by most
of the people of our Nation. Americans
have been quick to respond in time of
need; and our young men have fought
valiantly in many wars. But America
is traditionally opposed to the concept
of compulsory military service, and this
opposition lies deep in the souls of most
of our citizens. We ought to avoid such
compulsion if we can secure our needed
military manpower by voluntary means.
I ask unanimous consent that the
Daily Plainsman's fine editorial, entitled
"Universal Military Training Isn't Uni-
versal In Its Effect" be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING ISN'T
UNIVERSAL IN ITS EFFECT '
A long overdue review of military con-
scription, which has provided the incentive
for enlistments and filled the manpower
needs of the Army for almost 20 years, should
be undertaken this year.
The review-urged for several years by
critics of the Universal Military Training
Act-may take the form of either a Defense
Department study or a congressional com-
mission probe.
With the apparent support of Defense Sec-
retary Robert McNamara who has favored
a Pentagon rather than congressional study,
Senator GEORGE McGovE:RN has coauthored
a resolution calling for a Defense Depart-
ment review of the inequities In the applica-
tion of the UMT law.
The most glaring fault in the present sys-
tem is that it is far from universal, affecting
only about half of the nine million men reg-
istered for Selective Service. Critics main-
tain that with only half of the eligibles see-
ing service, either as volunteers or as
draftees, the present law is far too selective.
Each year 1.1 million men reach their
26th birthday which is the pass gate into
relatively draftproof status. Reasons for
this status at this age include UMT policies
which defer married men and college stu-
dents and the high standards for physical
fitness which are designed to screen out
those who might not be able to survive the
rigors of combat conditions.
Into the draft pool come 1.4 million men
each year, an influx which will increase to
1.9 million in 19 e. From this pool the mili-
tary draws sufficient numbers to make up the
difference between their needs and the vol-
untary enlistments. The Navy, Air Force,
and Marines are able to fill their manpower
needs through enlistments, leaving only the
Army for draftees.
The operation of the present draft law
plunges all young men into years of un-
certainty. Many of them start their careers
with the sword of possible service hanging
over them. And their employers, too, face
the uncertainty of not knowing whether an
employee will be called away for the 2 years
of service during which time the business
firm must keep the job open.
This uncertainty will be lifted for the 27
percent who fail to meet the high health
standards by a recent revision of selective
service regulations which calls for immediate
examination of all registrants at the age of
18 instead of waiting for their number to
come up in the draft file years later. Those
who fail the examination will know they
have beaten the draft
It is apparent that the present operation
of UMT is far from universal and the high
ideals of a trained civilian militia envisioned
in the 1948 act are not being attained. The
United States should explore the need for
the draft before the present law expires in
1967.
Only when Congress has all the facts be-
fore it, can it make a meaningful decision
on the extension of UMT instead of con-
tinuing to grant perfunctory renewal which
has been the case in the past.
PROPOSED EXEMPTION OF PRO-
DUCTION, GATHERING, AND SALE
OF NATURAL GAS FROM REGULA-
TION BY FEDERAL POWER COM-
MISSION
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, many
problems affect the production of oil in
the midcontinent field. As a result, the
exploration and production of oil in this
section is being greatly reduced. Oil
production in Kansas is limited by these
deterrents on the exploration, produc-
tion, and distribution of oil.
The present policy pursued by the Fed-
eral Power Commission in a recent regu-
lation in regard to the price of natural
gas at the wellhead is causing further
hardships for the oil industry.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD a resolution ap-
proved by the Kansas Petroleum Indus-
tries Committee on July 17, 1964, and a
resolution adopted by the Kansas Oil
Men's Association at a meeting in
Wichita, Kans., on July 10, 1964.
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