CUBAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250015-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: April 1, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

4$90
Approved Foa.lainhOaffiliatD_P6ABleR3R000200250015-9
April 1
1 PARENT ONLY
Total annual income
More than?
But equal to or less
than?
Monthly
rate
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$75 ($85)
1
60 66
45 50
30 33
15 17
0
2 PARENTS LIVING TOGETHER
Combined annual income
More than?
But equal to or less
than?
Monthly
rate to
each
$1,000
$1,350
$1,700
$2,050
$2,400
$1,000
$1,350
$1,700
$2,050
$2,400
$50 ($51
E IA
20 32)
10 11)
0
2 PARENTS NOT LIVING TOGETHER
Total annual income of parent
More than?
But equal to or less
than?
Individual
rate
?
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,500
$1,750
$750
$1,000
$1,250
$1,590
$1,750
20 Re
10 11
0
I Persons eligible for death compensation based on
death occurring before Jan. 1, 1957, may, under certain
conditions, apply for and receive dependency and in-
demnity compensation.
2 Except in certain missing persons cases the depen-
dents of veterans who die on or after May 1, 1957, while
their life-insurance premiums are waived pursuant to
38 U.S.C. 724 (formerly sec. 622 of the National Service
Life Insurance Act of 1940, as amended) are not eligible
to receive dependency and indemnity compensation but
may be paid death compensation notwithstanding the
fact the death occurred after Dec. 31, 1956,
2 The term "widow" includes the widower of any fe-
male veteran if such widower is Incapable of self-main-
tenance and was permanently incapable of self-support
due to physical or mental disability at the time of the
the veteran's death.
Applies also to remarried parent living with spouse,
with income of spouse counted.
The VA estimates that the bill would
benefit the first year 44,900 children at
a cost of $3,082,000--sections 2 and 3?
and 30,900 parents at a cost of $1,743,-
000?section 4. Data on which to base
the first year's estimate of cost of section
1 of the bill are not readily available but
it is estimated it would not exceed
$209,000. The total first year's addi-
tional cost of the bill would thus be ap-
proximately $5 million. It is believed
that the additional cost will decrease
slightly for the next 4 years.
The VA favors the bill. There has
been no increase for this group since
January 1, 1957. ,
Assn. 1, 1963.
Hon. OLIN E. TEAGUE,
Chairman, House Veterans' Affairs Com-
mittee, Old House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
The Disabled American Veterans support
the provisions of HR. 211 which will provide
increases in rates of dependency and in-
demnity compensation payable to children
and parents of deceased veterans. We urge
early passage of this measure by the House
of Representatives.
CHARLES L. HUBER,
National Director for Legislation,
Disabled American Veterans.
Washington, D.C,
April 1, 1963.
Om( E. TEAGUE,
Chief, Committee on Veterans' Affairs,
U.S. House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.:
Veterans of Foreign Wars urges favorable
consideration of HR. 211, which will in-
crease rates of dependency and indemnity
compensation payable to children and
parents of deceased veterans. Estimated
45,000 children and 31,000 parents have not
received compensation increase since 1957,
although cost of living has increased more
than 11 percent. This group Is long overdue
for this increase. Urge immediate passage
of HR. 211.
FRANCES W. STOVER,
Director, National Legislative Service.
Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, I rise in
support of H.R. 211. This bill will in-
crease the monthly rates of dependency
and indemnity compensation payable for
parents and children of veterans dying
from service-connected causes. De-
pendency and indemnity compensation
payable to widows is geared to basic ac-
tive service pay. Whenever military pay
is increased the rate of dependency and
indemnity for widows is automatically
increased. This is based upon the for-
mula of $112 plus 12 percent of the basic
pay of the deceased husband. Other
classes of survivors, specifically children
and parents, do not participate in this
automatic adjustment. Instead, they
receive a flat payment established by law.
Military pay was last increased on
June 1, 1958. The widows' rates, of
course, were adjusted at that time. The
Armed Services Committee, as I under-
stand it, is presently considering legis-
lation to increase the basic pay of the
military. Widows of veterans dying
,from service-connected causes will, of
course, participate in any increase en-
acted into law.
Parents and children of deceased serv-
ice-connected veterans, however, are not
so fortunate. If their rate of compensa-
tion is to be increased, it must be accom-
plished directly by congressional action.
H.R. 211 proposes to do exactly that.
The rate of payment for these groups has
remained constant since the Service-
man's and Veterans' Survivor Benefits
Act became effective on January 1, 1957.
The Consumer Price Index, reflecting the
increased cost of living, has risen 11.3
percent since the Survivor Benefits Act
became law. This bill will increase by
10 percent the rates of dependency and
Indemnity compensation for these groups
not geared to military pay. The Vet-
erans' Administration has estimated the
first year cost of the bill at approxi-
mately $5 million with a slight decrease
in this figure for each of the next 4
years. I believe this legislation is jus-
tified and urge that it be passed.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question is, Will the House suspend the
rules and pass the bill H.R. 211?
The question was taken; and (two-
thirds having voted in favor thereof)
the rules were suspended and the bill
was passed.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
I ask unanimous consent that all Mem-
bers may have 3 legislative days in which
to extend their remarks on the bill just
passed.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. (Mr,
ALBERT) . Without objection, it is SO
ordered.
There was no objection.
?.?
CUBAN-/LIBERATION MOVEMENT
r(F.If. JOHANSEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. JOHANSEN. Mr. Speaker, I have
today sent the following telegram to the
President of the United States:
The PRESIDENT,
The White House,
Washington, D.0
We must end the harassment, which this
Government has carried on, of liberty-loving
anti-Castro forces in Cuba and in other
lands. While we cannot violate interna-
tional law, we must recognize that these
exiles and rebels represent the real voice of
Cuba, and should not be constantly handi-
capped by our Immigration and Justice De-
partment authorities.
Congressman AUGUST E. JOHANSEN.
If my message actually reaches the
President's desk I hope he will give it
the thoughtful and respectful considera-
tion its authorship deserves.
I say this because my telegram, in its
entirety, is a verbatim quotation of a
public statement made in Johnstown,
Pa., October 15, 1960, by Democratic
Presidential Nominee John F. Kennedy.
Now that the Kennedy administration
has, over the past weekend, imposed
completely unprecedented restrictions on
the Cuban exiles, where do we?or they?
go from here?
Will the next logical step be imposi-
tion by the United States of a total
blockade of Cuban exile forces and a
complete ban on any Cuban liberation
activities "launched, manned or
equipped" from any Western Hemis-
phere base?
Are we preparing to enforce the Com-
munist "peace" of Castro and the Soviet
Union in Cuba?by armed might, if nec-
essary?
Where is our "peace at any price"
policy leading us?
Is the President's statement of Sep-
tember 13, 1962, "We shall continue to
work with Cuban refugee leaders who
are dedicated as we are to that Nation's
future return to freedom," now a dead
letter?
I call attention of the House to the
irony of an Associated,Press report from
Havana appearing in the morning news-
papers. It quotes Castro as saying that
It will take only "a few more weeks" to
wipe out remaining rebels operating on
Cuban territory.
And I also include, without comment,
the following page 1 editorial from the
March 24, 1963, issue of the Worker,
official organ of the Communist Party
U.S.A.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- HOUSE 4889
that this disparity in the law can be cor-
rected at an annual cost of $225,000 for
the first 5 years. I believe the bill has
merit and urge its passage.
H.R. 248
H.R. 248 will amend that portion of
the law which authorizes a $10,000 grant
for severely disabled veterans in acquir-
ing specially equipped homes made nec-
essary because of the nature of their dis-
ability.
At the present time, veterans with
service-connected disabilities are eligible
for this grant if they are permanently
and totally disabled due to the loss or
loss of use of both lower extremities so
as to preclude locomotion without the
aid of braces, crutches, canes, or wheel-
chairs, or are blind in both eyes and have
lost or lost the use of one lower extremity
and are in such condition to preclude
locomotion without the aid of a wheel-
chair.
H.R. 248 would delete the requirement
that blind veterans who have lost a lower
extremity be confined to a wheelchair to
qualify for this benefit. This group has
suffered severe disabilities, and they en-
counter difficulty in the manipulation of
their artificial limbs beyond that en-
countered by sighted veterans, because
they are not able to direct their steps
with the accuracy which vision permits.
The Veterans' Administration estimates
there are less than 50 veterans now on
the compensation rolls who have sus-
tained this peculiar combination of dis-
abilities. An unknown number of these
are confined to wheelchairs and have.
been granted or are eligible for assistance
under existing law. The cost estimate is
substantially less than $500,000 the first _
year. The cost later would be quite
small, because new cases with this com-
bination of disabilities would be rare.
I urge its favorable consideration.
INCREASED PAYMENTS FOR PAR-
ENTS AND CHILDREN OF CER-
TAIN VETERANS
Mr. TEAGITE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
I move to suspend the rules and pass
the bill (H.R. 211) to amend title 38,
United States Code, to provide increases
In rates of dependency and indemnity
compensation payable to children and
parents of deceased veterans.
The Clerk read as follows:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House ot
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That section
911(b) (2) of title 30, United States Code, is
amended by striking out "$25" and inserting
In lieu thereof "$28".
Sm. 2. Section 413 af title 38, United
States Code, 13 amended?
(1) by striking out "$70" In paragraph (1)
and inserting in lieu thereof "$T7":
(2) by striking out "$100" in paragraph
(2) and inserting in lieu thereof "$110";
(3) by striking out "$130" in paragraphs
(3) and (4) and inserting in lieu thereof
"$143"; and
(4) by striking out "26" in paragraph (4)
and inserting in lieu thereof "$28".
Bic. 3, Section 414 of title 38, United
States Code, Is amended?
(1) by striking out "625" in subsection
(a) and inserting In lieu thereof "$28";
(2) by striking out "$70" In subsection
(b) and Inserting En lieu thereof "$77"; and
(3) by striking out "435" in subsection
(c) and inserting in lieu thereof "4130".
SEC. 4. (a) Column It of the table con-
tained in subsection (b) of section 415 of
title 38, United States Code, is amended by
striking out "$75" and inserting in lieu
thereof "$83"; by striking out "$60" and in-
serting in lieu thereof "$66"; by striking out
"$45X and Inserting in lieu thereof "$50"; by
stalking out "$30" and inserting in lieu
thereof "$33"; and by striking out "$15" and
inserting in lieu thereof "$17".
(b) Column II of the tables contained in
subsections (c) and (d) of such section 415
are each amended by striking out "$50" and
inserting in lieu thereof "$55"; by striking
out "$40" and inserting in lieu thereof "$44";
by striking out "$30" and inserting in lieu
thereof "$33"; by striking out "$20" and in-
serting in lieu thereof "$22"; and by striking
out "$10" and inserting in lieu thereof "$11".
SEC. 5. The amendments made by this
Act shall take effect on the first day of the
second calendar month which begins after
the date of enactment of this Act.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. AL-
BERT) . Is a second demanded?
Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, I demand
a second.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Without
objection, a second will be considered as
ordered.
There was no objection.
Mr. TEAGTJE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
this bill increases by 10 percent?with
fractions rounded off to next higher dol-
lar?the monthly rates of dependency
and 1,ndemnity compensation payable for
eligible parents and children of veterans
dying of service-connected causes.
The President in his budget message
Indicated general support for legislation
of this type.
The effect of this legislation is as
shown in the tables below?italic indi-
cates rates in H.R. 211:
Rates of dependency and indemnity compensation to widows, children, and parents for service-connected death occurring on or after
Jan 1, 1957 la
Widows' and children
Children, no widow
Widow alone: $112 per month, plus 12 per centum of basic pay of deceased husband, with total amount adjusted
to next highest dollar. Rates range From $122 in an E-I ease with less than 2 years' service !elate in case of an
0-10 with over 30 years' service. If deceased was serving as Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Staff of
Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, or Commandant of the Marine Corps, regard-
less of cumulative years of service the widow's rate Is $337.
Widow and 1 child under age 18: Same as amount payable to widow alone
Widow and 2 or more children under age 18: Same rate as that payable to widow Mena with following exception:
Where total amount payable under the Railroad Retirement Act or Social Security Act, or under sec. 412 of
title 38, U.S.C. (veterans' benefits), based upon an assumed fully and currently insured status, is less than $128,
the compensation payable to widow by VA teenaged by $25 ($I8) for each child in excess of 1, but the total in-
crease may not exceed the difference between the amounts payable under the above and $128.
Widow and child or children age 18 and above permanently incapable of self-support where Incapacity began
under age 18: Regular widow's rate payable to widow, plus $70 am for each such child payable to child.
Widow and child or children age 18 but under 21 attending school: Regular widow's rate payable to widow, plus
$35 ($V) payable to each such child. (Payment tarred It child commences program of war orphans' educational
assistance.)
Children under age 18:
1 child, $70 ($77).
2 children, $100 ($00) (equally divided).
3 children, $130 (8/45) (equally divided), plus $25 ($88)
for each child in excess of 3 (equally divided).
Child age 18 or above who became permanently incapable
of self-support prior to that age: $95 ($106) (basic $70 ($77)
rate increased by $25 ($88): total rate with $25 ($28) sup-
plement variable where there are other children).
Child or children ages 18 to 21 attending school: Same as
basic rate payable to children under age 18 where there
is no widow. (Payment barred if child commences pro-
gram of war orphans' educational assistance.)
Footnotes at end of table.
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4891
KHMERS ON THE Looms
The outlaws responsible for the mur-
derous hit-and-run attacks on Cuba see such
forays as paving the way for invasion of
U.S. Armed Forces.
In such a war the corpses of American
boys would pave the road to restoring ex-
ploitation in Cuba.
The State Department has repudiated the
attacks as "irresponsible" and "ineffective."
But there is reason to believe that there are
forces within the Pentagon who are support-
ing such incursions.
There is only one way to end once and for
all the threat of war in the Caribbean. That
is for the President to declare unequivo-
cally that, whatever the official view of the
Government of the United States is with re-
spect to socialism, it desires to live in peace
with Cuba. The Cuban Government has
often declared that it wants peaceful rela-
tions with the United States.
Such a declaration by the Kennedy admin-
istration, and its enforcement within the
Pentagon and the CIA, would have the over-
whelming support of the American people.
It would expose the war hawks as be-
trayers of our lives and our security, and
would prevent our land being used as the
base for Batista-type killers who want to
drown the new Cuba in blood, and to restore
the old exploitation.
THE WHEAT FARMERS'
REFERENDUM
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker. An ap-
parent, and unfortunate, misunder-
standing of a major action by the 87th
Congress has recently come to my at-
tention. A deliberate effort Is being
made to lead farmers to believe the Con-
gress was not serious when it passed
the wheat program as part of the Food
and Agriculture Act of 1962. It is being
implied that the Congress will enact
new legislation on wheat in the event
the wheat referendum is turned down.
It was the intent and purpose of the
87th Congress to make the 1964 wheat
program a permanent and continuing
program. It was passed on that basis.
The law provides for a referendum again
in 1964, and in subsequent years.
In any referendum, there is always
the possibility that one-third or more
of the voting farmers will vote against
production restrictions, even at the ex-
pense of assured higher prices. For 25
years Congress has recognized this pos-
sibility and has always provided for a
stopgap program to prevent complete
price and production disaster.
In the case of the 1964 wheat program,
this stopgap is 50 percent of parity price
supports?$1.25 rper bushel?providing
the individual farmer complies with the
same acreage restrictions that he would
have under the original program.
If one-third or more of the voting
farmers vote "no" on May 21, then this
alternative stopgap provision auto-
matically goes into effect for 1964. A
rejection does not mean the program
has been repealed.
Another national wheat referendum
will then be called in 1964 to decide what
the program will be for 1965.
In all the discussion and deliberation
in committees and on the floor of both
Houses prior to the passage of this pro-
gram in the 87th Congress, it was clearly
and unmistakably the intent and pur-
pose of Congress that this program shall
remain in continuing effect and that no
further legislation would be needed and
that none should be expected: The de-
cision from here on out would be left
entirely to wheatgrciwers.
The 1964 wheat program provides
wheat growers with clear and unmistak-
able economic choices in this referen-
dum. They should make their decision
on this basis, and no other. They could
be sorely disappointed if they went to
the referendum polls on May 21 with un-
founded hopes that Congress would or
could pass new wheat legislation in time
for the 1964 crop year if they vote "no"
on the attractive income and production
stabilization provisions of this program.
Wheatgrowers should understand that
no individual?in or out of Congress?
has the power or authority to deliver on
irresponsible statements. The wheat
farmers have a choice under the law, and
in my judgment the Congress will take
them at their word. lam convinced that
there will be no new wheat legislation
this year.
WHEAT LEGISLATION
(Mr. HOEVEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, it was
interesting to hear the statement just
made by the distinguished majority
leader which has sort of political con-
notations, let me say. I want to predict
right here and now that if and when the
wheat referendum is -voted down, the
Members of the Imajority party in the
Congress and its leadership will fall all
over themselves to enact wheat legisla-
tion before this session of the Congress
adjourns.
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. HOEVEN. I yield to the gentle-
man.
Mr. ALBERT. I trust the gentleman
is not referring to the majority leader as
the House of Representatives in his last
statement? -
Mr. HOEVEN. That remains to be
seen. I have heard a lot of talk about
what will happen if the wheat referen-
dum is voted down. This is nothing but
a lot of political propaganda to force a
favorable vote in the referendum. I still
stand by my prediction that the majority
leadership in this House and the ma-
jority party in general are not going to
permit Congress to adjourn without
enacting suitable and necessary wheat
legislation, if the referendum fails. The
Democrats are too smart politicians to
let this happen. Let us be honest about
it and not fool the wheat farmers.
(Mr. HOEVEN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
A REGIONAL RESERVE CENTER FOR
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
(Mr. BURTON asked and was given
Permission to address the House for 1
minute, and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BURTON. Mr. Speaker, I have
today introduced a bill tryprovide for the
establishment of a regional research cen-
ter for rural development. My bill pro-
poses that the center be established at
Richfield, Utah. Our rural areas need
attention and we need some scientific,
objective information, concerning rural
problems if we are to provide 20th cen-
tury answers for them.
The center would conduct studies of
unemployment and underemployment in
rural communities. One of the impor-
tant functions of this center would be
to prepare and analyze data on man-
power, agricultural, natural, and other
resources in selected rural communities
to determine the extent to which these
resources are being utilized. The entire
program would be geared to the.search
for new economic opportunities for rural
America.
We need to study and evaluate the
migration from farm to city. Today
more than 36 percent of all farm fam-
ilies have incomes of less than $2,000 per
year, and 75 percent of them have less
than $5,000.
In Utah for example, 13 of our 29
counties have lost population in the last
10 years while the State's population as a
whole has increased more than 30 per-
cent. These 13 counties are all rural
and together comprise nearly half the
land area of Utah.
Important resources are often over-
looked?that is the low-production farm
areas often have underdeveloped recrea-
tional resources and tourism which have
a potential for employing large numbers
of persons within the 'area.
. An inventory must be made of the
present and potential labor force in an
area. The search for new industrial and
service opportunities must be geared to
the composition of the local labor force.
Richfield, Utah, is an ideal location for
such a center. This city of 4,412 popu-
lation is located in the heart of central
Utah, being near the geographical center
of the State. But, also, this is the ap-
proximate center of the 11 western con-
tinental States of the United States.
In addition to the geographical loca-
tion of Richfield, it is also within easy
reach of four colleges in southern and
central Utah?Carbon College at Price;
Snow College at Ephraim; the College of
Southern Utah at Cedar City; and Dixie
College at St. George. And not far dis-
tant is Brigham Young University, the
largest university in the intermountain
West.
The details of staffing such a research
center can be worked out in consultation
with the Extension Service and with the
Office of Rural Areas Development of the
Department of Agriculture.
It is my conviction that a research
center for rural development would serve
a vital purpose in ascertaining the
specific causes in a scientific manner of
the decline of our rural counties. But,
more important, it would serve to dis-
? cover means for reinvigorating our rural
communities, which are the backbone of
our Nation.
A center could be established by the
Secretary of Agriculture, under broad
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4892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE April 1
powers given him for administration of
research programs. Or it could be es-
tablished by congressional action. I am
Introducing my bill so as to open up
both possible avenues of approach.
ENLARGING KINGS CANYON
NATIONAL PARK
(Mr. SLSK asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. SLSK. Mr. Speaker, I have today
introduced a bill to add the Cedar Grove
and Tehipite Valley areas to Kings Can-
yon National Park.
The two areas now are portions of the
Sequoia and the Sierra National Forests
extending like fingers into Kings Canyon
Park. Cedar Grove is on the South Fork
of the Kings River in the main Kings
Canyon. Tehipite Valley lies on the
Middle Fork of the Kings River.
Althought the areas have outstand-
ing scenic and recreational value,
worthy of prvervation as portions of the
park, they were excluded when Kings
Canyon National Park was created in
1940 because at that time the Kings
River had not been developed for con-
trol of floods and conservation of irri-
gation water and Cedar Grove and
Tehipite Valley were considered poten-
tial reservoir sites.
I think it was entirely proper In 1940
to exclude these areas from the park,
because they should be devoted to their
highest beneficial use and, as It then
appeared, this could well have been flood
control and water storage reservoirs.
However, construction of Pine Flat
Dam was authorized in 1944 and it has
been built and is in operation. In re-
cent years additional water storage has
been provided by reservoirs constructed
by the Pacific Gas & Electric Co. We
also have Millerton and power reser-
voirs on the San Joaquin River and
Terminus and Success Dams on the Ka-
weah and Tule Rivers, all contributing
to a solution of the flood problem in the
valley areas where their waters inter-
mingle.
The time has come when we should
take a new look at the present and
future use of the Cedar Grove and
Tenipite Valley areas in light of river
development since 1940 and greatly in-
creased national park and recreation
needs and my bill would bring the sub-
ject into the open for full discussion and
decision.
I feel there is a great deal of evidence
supporting the view that more water
storage on the Kings River is not eco-
nomically justified for irrigation needs.
While it is true some electric power could
be generated, such use could well be in-
compatible with primary operation of the
river to provide maximum satisfaction
of irrigation requirements. In any event,
there are 'alternate sources of electric
power, so that we do not need to sacri-
fice the scenic and recreational values of
these areas because of power require-
ments which could not be otherwise met.
All of these considerations have led me
to the view that the highest use of Te-
hipite and Cedar Grove lies in now ad-
ding them to the national park of which
they are logical, natural and essential
parts. .
Our population increase and explosive
demand for outdoor recreation in Cali-
fornia have generated two difficult prob-
lems in the conservation field. We must
protect and preserve adequate wilderness
areas and regions which, because of their
scenic grandeur, have been set aside as
national parks. At the same time, we
must provide safe roads and sufficient
public facilities for the millions of citi-
zens who want to enjoy our parks and
the more limited number able to reach
wilderness areas.
Cedar Grove is the actual heart of
Kings Canyon National Park. It is the
only portion of the great canyon which
can be reached by highway and it lies
surrounded by the majestic ramparts,
peaks and cliffs which inspired creation
of the park. It is so inescapably a part
of the park and so artificially a part of
the Sequoia National Forest that the
National Park Service and the Forest
Service long since agreed that even un-
der its present forest status, it would
be administered by the park service.
Similarly, the magnificent Tehipite Val-
ley, under forest jurisdiction, 113 a rela-
tively unprotected "sore thumb" pro-
jected into the grand sweep of high
ranges, peaks and domes justifying the
northern portion of the park.
It is the uncertainty of ultimate juris-
diction over these valleys that is pre-
venting tneir urgently needed develop-
ment for public use. The National Park
Service cannot Inaugurate any program
for permanent protection and regulated
use of Cedar Grove until it Is a part of the
park. Thus, visitors now traverse the
long and beautiful road into Kings
Canyon to find virtually no provision for
their accommodation when they reach
what they believe to be the heart of the
park. Tehipite Valley is neither fish nor
fowl, kept in suspended animation by
indecision. It is my belief, we need to
take earliest action to protect and pro-
vide permissible use of these scenic and
recreational national resources.
I well realize there are sincere persons
with dedicated interest in the welfare
and problems of our valley and moun-
tains who may disagree with my views.
Establishing the highest use of our na-
tural resources is always a matter of
judgment and is properly a matter of
discussion, for we must weigh the facts
and the relative values Involved. In a
sense, all these values are "selfish" be-
cause one use, such as that embraced
in preservation of our parks for the en-
joyment and inspiration of present and
future generations, may well be incom-
patible with other possible uses to pro-
vide essential services to the public, such
as water to provide food, power for our
People, lumber for housing or minerals
we need. I have little patience with those
who dismiss as "selfish" all interests ex-
cept their own.
It is my intention to ask for committee
hearings on my proposal as early as
necessary reports and recommendations
can be obtained. All Interested persons
should be provided opportunity to pre-
sent their views, and it will be up to the
committee and the Congress to arrive at
a considered judgment. Naturally, I
hope this will provide for the addition
of these beautiful and essential areas to
Kings Canyon National Park.
AMEND HIGHWAY-USE TAX
(Mr. NELSEN asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point.)
Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, I have
introduced a bill today to amend the
highway-use tax provisions of the High-
way Revenue Act of 1956. This act of
1956 imposed a tax on the use of certain
highway motor vehicles having a taxable
gross weight in excess of 26,000 pounds.
The tax levied is at the rate of $1.50 a
year for each 1,000 pounds of taxable
gross weight. The Internal Revenue
Cade Amendments of 1961 increased this
rate to $3 a year for each 1,000 pounds
gross weight. Consequently, the owner
of a truck with a gross weight of 26,000
pounds or more must pay a minium of
$78 in taxes per year. This tax liability
is incurred even though the owner of the
vehicle does not use it as an indispensa-
ble part of his primary business and it
also applies to those who may seldom
operate the vehicle on a federally aided
highway on such primary hauls as from
farm to market or from logging camp to
sawmill.
The bill which I am introducing, Mr.
Speaker, would provide for the abate-
ment of certain penalties and interest
otherwise payable with respect to the
highway-use tax in the case of a motor
vehicle used primarily for hauling un-
processed farm and forest products from
place of production to a market or
processing point.
Many of the small truckers have
brought to my attention the heavy bur-
den which falls upon them when they
find that now they must pay highway-
use back taxes from July 1, 1956, to the
present. Many of these small operators
were unaware that this highway-use tax
existed. Small operators that they are,
they usually do not hold memberships
in an association which would bring this
Information to their attention. Further-
more, the Internal Revenue Service in
the past had no direct contact with these
operators so that they might bring this
tax liability to their attention. The
result is that many of these small loggers
and farmers are faced with delinquent
tax claims plus penalty and interest for
a tax they knew nothing about. It is
true that ignorance of the law is no
excuse, but in this case, the sufficiency
of the public information apparently can
be questioned.
For the past year or so, the Internal
Revenue Service has been conducting a
broad-scale enforcement check and in-
stances have arisen where a small
trucker has been assesed a total of over
$3,000 in back taxes together with 25-
percent penalties and 6-percent interest.
Waiving the penalty and interest on these
assessments where ignorance and lack
of sufficient notification by the Internal
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4880 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE April 1
Mr. RYAN of New York. I thank the gen-
tleman for his very eloquent contribution on
this occasion.
COMMITTEE ON BANKING AND
CURRENCY
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, on be-
half of the gentleman from Texas [Mr.
PATmArrl, I ask unanimous consent that
the Committee on Banking and Currency
may sit during general debate today.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from Okla-
homa?
There was no objection.
THE CONSENT CALENDAR
The SPEAKER. This is the day for
calling the Consent Calendar. The
Clerk will call the first bill on the calen-
dar.
ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION FOR
DEAFNESS IN BOTH EARS
The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 199) to
amend title 38 of the United States Code
to provide additional compensation for
veterans having the service-connected
disability of deafnes8 of both ears.
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the bill, as follows:
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That section
314(k) of title 38, United States Code, is
amended by inserting after "having only
light perception," each place it appears
therein the following: "or deafness of both
ears, having absence of air and bone con-
duction,".
SEC. 2. The amendments made by this Act
shall take effect on the first day of the sec-
ond month which begins after the date of its
enactment.
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
the Congress has long maintained a sys-
tem of statutory awards for compensat-
ing veterans who have specified service-
connected disabilities, the award being
In addition to the basic rate of compen-
sation. For example, a veteran who has
lost an arm above the elbow could be
rated at 80 percent resulting in the
monthly payment of basic compensation
In the amount of $170. In addition to
this amount he would receive as a result
?of the statutory award law $47, making
his total monthly compensation $217.
Under the current schedule for rating
disabiaities total deafness is ratable at
80-percent disabling, which results in
compensation for wartime cases of $170
monthly. This present 80-percent rate
' is a reduction ordered by the Adminis-
trator from the previous 100-percent
rating. This action was taken some
months ago. The passage of this legis-
lation would result in the veteran who
suffers from total deafness receiving
$170 monthly for his wartime disability
plus $47 to make a total of $217.
The committee believes total deafness
should be rated as totally disabling and
takes this means of at least partially
rectifying what it considers to be an
error.
The Veterans' Administration esti-
mates that there are approximately 1,200
cases who would be eligible for this stat-
utory award at a minimum additional
cost of $666,000 the first year. There
would be a slight increase each year for
the succeeding 4 years.
An identical purpose bill passed the
House in the 85th, 86th, and 87th Con-
gresses but failed of approval in the
other body.
WASHINGTON, D.C?
April 1, 1963.
OLIN E. TEAGUE,
Chairman, Committee on Veterans' Affairs,
U.S. House of Representatives "
Washington, D.C.:
There are some 1,200 veterans suffering
from total deafness of both ears as a result
of their service-incurred disabilities, but are
rated lees than total. H.R. 199 will correct
this inequity. Veterans of Foreign Wars
urges favorable consideration and approval
by House of H.R. 199.
FRANCIS W. STOVER,
Director, National Legislative Service.
APRIL 1, 1963.
Hon. OLIN E. TEAGUE,
Chairman, House Veterans' Affairs
Committee
Old House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.:
The Disabled American Veterans support
the provisions of HR. 199 which will pro-
vide a statutory award of $47 monthly to
veterans for the service-connected disability
of deafness of both ears. This bill has been
one of our legislative objectives for several
years. We urge early passage of this meas-
ure by the House of Representatives.
CHARLES L. HUBER,
National Director for Legislation,
Disabled American Veterans.
(Mr. AYRES asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, I rise in
support of H.R. 199. This bill, reported
unanimously by the Committee on Vet-
erans' Affairs, would provide an addi-
tional payment of $47 monthly for vet-
erans having the service-incurred
disability of deafness of both ears.
Monthly rates of compensation for serv-
ice connected disabilities are paid in ac-
cordance with a fixed schedule. The
fixed rating schedule is based on 10 levels
of disability ranging from 10 to 100 per-
cent. In addition, the Congress has
provided special statutory awards of cer-
tain seriously disabling conditions, usual-
ly involving loss of use of an extremity
or a body function. For example, an
amputation in the upper third of the
thigh enjoys a rating of 80 percent under
the basic schedule. This entitles the
veteran to payments of $170 monthly.
In such cases, however, a special statu-
tory award entitles veterans so disabled
to an additional $47 monthly.
Heretofore the veteran who was af-
flicted with a complete loss of hearing in
both ears received only the compensa-
tion payment resulting from 80-percent
disability. This bill will provide an ad-
ditional statutory award of $47 monthly
for veterans who are thus disabled. Be-
cause this is a serious disability and be-
cause it imposes a severe handicap both
economically and socially upon those
afflicted, it merits the favorable consid-
eration of this body. The Veterans'
Administration has estimated that there
are 1,200 cases at a minimum additional
cost of $666,000 the first fiscal year.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the
third time, and passed, and a motion to
reconsider was laid on the table.
STATUTORY AWARD FOR APHONIA
The Clerk called the bill (H.R. 214)
to amend title 38 of the United States
Code to provide additional compensation
for veterans suffering the loss or loss of
use of both vocal cords, with resulting
complete aphonia.
Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, reserving
the right to object, on the previous bill
as well as on this proposed legislation
I wish to call to the attention of the
House that the President's Bureau of
the Budget specifically recommended
against the enactment of both proposals.
These two bills have been on the Con-
sent Calendar for a number of weeks.
They have been passed over heretofore
in 1963. I have on several occasions
asked that they be passed over.
I feel that the House should know
that if these bills are permitted to go
through and be enacted by the House
that they are being considered and
approved contrary to the recommenda-
tion of the President and his Bureau of
the Budget.
Mr. Speaker, I withdraw my reserva-
tion of objection.
Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker,
reserving the right to object, the Veter-
ans' Affairs Committee constantly finds
itself between the Bureau of the Budget
and veterans' organizations. The re-
quest of the Veterans' Administration is
generally for nothing in the way of legis-
lation which involves any substantial
cost, be it under a Republican adminis-
tration or a Democratic administration.
On the other hand the requests of vet-
erans' groups run into billions. Our
committee makes a very serious and hon-
est attempt to screen these bills and
bring to the floor only those bills that a
great majority of the House will consider
to be deserving. Our committee tries
desperately not to bring politics into the
veterans' programs; and I would say fur-
ther, Mr. Speaker, that I do not consider
it necessarily the duty of the committee
either to rubberstamp or to disagree with
what the executive branch says it wants
in the way of legislation. I think further
our committee has made an honest and
sincere attempt to bring only meritori-
ous legislation to the floor of the House.
(Mr. AYRES asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. AYRES. Mr. Speaker, the current
Veterans' Administration schedule for
rating disabilities provides that complete
organic aphonia ?loss of speech?with
constant inability to Communicate by
speech will be rated as totally disabling
with compensation payable in the total
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United States
of America
Congressional 'Record
PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 88 h CONGRESS PLRST SESSION
Vol. 109
WASHINGTON, MONDAY, APRIL 1, 1963
No. 47
House of Representatives
The House met at 12 o'clock noon.
The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp,
D.D., offered the following prayer:
Isaiah 50: 7: The Lord God will help
us, therefore we shall not be confounded.
0 Thou God of all grace and goodness,
we rejoice that Thou art always willing
and able to aid the vast multitudes who
feel that they are victims in the relent-
less grip of a conspiracy of wicked cir-
cumstances.
We earnestly beseech Thee to give Thy
strength to those who are bearing heavy
burdens and Thy sympathy to hearts
that are throbbing with an aching lone-
liness.
Grant that we also may help man-
kind cultivate faith and fortitude in
order that the strain and stress of life
may be more tolerable for them.
May we aspire to make a worthy con-
tribution to the moral and spiritual
welfare of our beloved country, enabling
it to be triumphant in these days of
trouble and confusion.
Hear us in Christ's name. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The Journal of the proceedings of
Thursday, March 28, 1963, was read and
approved.
SANCTUARY F ATRIOTS
(Mr. STINSON d was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute.)
Mr. STINSON. Mr. Speaker, it is dis-
turbing to me that the United States is
taking measures to prevent Cuban pa-
triots from taking sanctuary in any
area of the Carribbean after launching
attacks upon the Communist regime in
Cuba.
Are we to be in the fantastic position
of not only eliminating the possibility
of invading Cuba ourselves, but also of
insuring that the Cuban patriots will
not be allowed to liberate themselves?
Are we to abandon permanently the
freedom-craving people of Cuba?
The United States accepted the prin-
ciple of sanctuary when we allowed the
Red Chinese to attack us from across
the Yalu River in Korea. We accept the
principle of sanctuary in South Vietnam
when we allow the Communists to es-
cape across the border into North Viet-
nam. The aggressors in Angola were
permitted to escape across the Congo
River into the Congo Republic. When
France was locked in conflict in Algeria,
they permitted the revolutionaries sanc-
tuary in Tunisia. And, finally, Cuba
has been established as the Communist
sanctuary from which to subvert all of
South and Central America.
What a double standard we have.
JUDICIAL REFORM
(Mr. BETTS asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. BTS. Mr. Speaker, in the 87th
Congress there was enacted as section 29
of the Revenue Act of 1962 a provision
permitting a deduction under section 170
of the Internal Revenue Code for con-
tributions made after December 31, 1961,
to nonprofit organizations supporting or
opposing the reorganization of the State
judiciary in referendums to be held dur-
ing the calendar year 1962. The pur-
pose of the legislation was to permit the
deduction of contributions to nonprofit
organizations which had been established
in Illinois and other States seeking to
reorganize and improve their judicial
systems. Since it was not deemed nec-
essary for the provision to be made a
permanent part of the Internal Revenue
Code, its effect was limited to referen-
dums taking place in the calendar year
1982.
A similar organization, known as the
Ohio Citizens Better Courts Committee,
Inc., has been incorporated to promote a
program of judicial reform in the State
of Ohio. Insofar as I know, the situa-
tion is in all respects similar to that
which led to the enactment of the provi-
sion last year. in order that the judi-
cial reform- movement might have the
same treatment in the State of Ohio, I
am introducing a bill to extend the
amendment embodied in section 29 of the
Revenue Act of 1962, to referendums
occurring during the calendar year 1963.
I am advised that in addition to Ohio,
there are also several other States where
similar programs are under considera-
tion. The amendment would likewise be
helpful to the movement in those States.
CORRECTION OF RECORD
Mr. SISK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani-
mous consent to have my remarks paying
tribute to Mrs. Roosevelt in the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD Of March 28, page
4696, corrected to have Mr. RYAN'S re-
marks removed from the middle of my
remarks, where they were incorrectly
placed, and put at the end of my re-
marks, and that the remarks as corrected
be reprinted in the RECORD at this point.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection to
the request of the gentleman from
California?
There was no objection.
The remarks referred to follow:
Mr. &SEC. Mr. Speaker, I am glad of this
opportunity to join with my colleagues today
to pay tribute to a very great lady, a lady
whose name will remain in our hearts and
memories as a true friend and benefactor
of all mankind. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
passed away after devoting her life to work
in all the spheres that honor man in order to
advance our world to a better understand-
ing of its great social problems.
She was a great champion of human rights
and of all that is true and good and noble
In human nature and in human relations
regardless of race or color or nationality or
of poverty or richness. Women, in particu-
lar, have reason to be grateful to her for, as
no other American woman has done, she
epitomized the women who have made the
United States a society in which the rights
and needs of the young, the weak, the poor, '
the tired, the aspiring, must be met.
She was not only a worthy companion of
a great President of the United States, she
was a great human being in her own right.
I know that none of us who knew her will
ever forget her enthusiasm and devotion to
all mankind. And, happily for us all, she
could communicate her devotion, her enthu-
siasm, to others. She saw clearly; she spoke
simply. The power of her words came from
the depth of her conviction. Knowing her,
it is easy to understand why the following
was her favorite Bible passage;
"Though I speak with the tongues of
men and of angels, and have not love, I am
become as sounding brass, or a tinkling
cymbal."
Eleanor Roosevelt has not left us; she will
remain in our hearts forever.
4879
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4906 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE April 1
their valiant efforts to free their beloved
homeland and their enslaved fellow
citizens.
The tortuous logic employed by the
President and the State Department
relies heavily on the President's conten-
tion that these armed attacks do not
weaken Castro and communism's
stranglehold on Cuba, but on the con-
trary, strengthen them. This reason-
ing, of course, is fallacious but by taking
this position we are now in the position
of doing these things. First, siding with
Castro against the exiled Cuban patriots;
second, alining ourselves with Castro-
Khrushchev policies to the detriment of
the enslaved people and the exiles, so
much so that our policy may indeed be
manipulated in the future by Khru-
shchev's dictation to Castro whose wishes
are then relayed to us; third, a slow-
down in our demands for demilitariza-
tion of Cuba, including the return of
Russian soldiers and military arms;
fourth, the recognition, if not invitation,
for Russia to provide armed escorts for
Its vessels for shipping to Cuba.
In short, we are not only condoning
the presence of internationally domi-
nated communism under Khrushchev to
maintain its beachhead in Cuba but are
giving military protection to this base
for subversion of the rest of Lathi and
South America. In all of this, we are
crushing the hopes of the Cuban patriots
without and within Cuba who seek to
throw off the Communist tyrants, the
puppet Castro and Big Boss Khrushchev.
This shameful and unbelievable situa-
tion is the result of watchful waiting,
drifting, and a refusal to uphold the
Monroe Doctrine, to blockade Cuba, and
to free Cuba from the Communists, as
the last and present administrations
have promised to do.
How far the United States has fallen
In its leadership, and uncompromising
dedication to the preservation of liberty
for all people.
The course of victory, freedom, pres-
ervation of U.S. sovereignty, and
strengthening of the free world is not
easy but is a course we must chart and
follow now or surely fall under Commu-
nist domination. We must reimpose the
Monore Doctrine. We Must blockade
Cuba. We must encourage Cuban patri-
ots within and without Cuba to throw off
their Communist leaders. We must do
this now or Latin and South America
will fall, country by country, until the
United States stands alone in the West-
ern Hemisphere. If the subversion of
Latin and South America continues, God
forbid, through our supine inactivity the
day of fait accompli will be at hand
and the ultimatum of Khrushchev lead-
ing world communism will be delivered
when we stand alone in our Hemisphere.
We dare not continue the present drift
and lack of a firm aggressive policy.
Time is short, but prompt action can
save us and the other nations of this
hemisphere.
CAPITALISM VERSUS SOCIALISM-
COMMUNISM
(Mr. ALGER (at the request of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, the clash
between capitalism and socialism will
be resolved with only one system Win-
ning. The systems are incompatible.
Fuzzy intellectuals as would-be scholars,
do-gooders, one-worlders lose sight of
basic principles, as does Khrushchev and
fellow Communists. The Socialists and
Communists lose sight of the most funda-
mental proposition?we are dealing with
human beings, not animals or slaves, all
philosophies to the contrary notwith-
standing.
Human beings work best with incen-
tives, for themselves, and their loved
ones. This is happiness, and all men
yearn for it. The ones who refuse to rec-
ognize this are the power-seeking would-
be dictators, social planners, manipula-
tors, tyrants, czars, and others wishing
to control the masses. Capitalism will
win because men and women will work
harder for themselves and their loved
ones than they will for government.
The United States has proven this.
Other societies in other times have
proved this. Socialistic experiments
have all failed. Yet many in our en-
lightened era have not learned the ob-
vious truths of a free society, whose eco-
nomic system must be capitalism, the
essence of freedom and accompanying
human happiness. Freedom, happiness,
prosperity, self-achievement, high stand-
ard of living, cultural development, all
are inextricably interwoven and go to-
gether in the capitalistic system. The
profit motive is good; it is human. Prof-
its are the reward for effort in capitalism,
and the profitmaker is happy in his suc-
cess and freedom to achieve. The only
achievement in socialism to be equated
with happiness is the absence of punish-
ment when one does as told to do by
government order.
The simple truths of capitalism?.
freedom, the reward for effort, ingenu-
ity, hustle, and sweat, are forgotten as
social planners . conceive more ideal
societies. Their mistakes are in forget-
ting human nature and in trying to pre-
scribe the activities of their fellow
mortals as though in planning they are
endowed with godlike wisdom, and that
others will happily accept their orders
Instead of resenting them and refusing
to perform as planned.
It is simple when viewed objectively.
Human beings want to be free, want to
do what they want, and resent being
dictated to or forced to work for others
not by their choice.
So the battle, still joined, will be
solved, with or without many people
knowing the nature of the struggle. It
is my hope that my colleagues and our
constituents will see the nature of the
struggle and help assure the successful
victory of capitalism instead of losing by
default as Federal 'planners put it over
on them. In this vein I want to include
the study of "Capitalism and Commu-
nism" in the Wall Street Journal of
March 22, 1963:
CAPITALISM AND Commtususm
(By Edmund K. Faltermayer)
Moscow.?"I suppose it could be said," a
Russian cautiously declares at the end .of a
long dinner debate with an American here,
"that our system is becoming more like yours
and yours like ours."
Though it comes from a citizen of Khru-
shchev's Russia, this statement is remarkably
similar to a sentiment increasingly heard in
the West these days: That the differences be-
tween the Soviet and American systems are
narrowing, and that the two will eventually
blur into some sort of hybrid system.
Superficially, some developments on both
sides of the Iron Curtain suggest a narrow-
ing of the gap. The Russian above cites such
things as social security in the United States
and France's postwar experiments with eco-
nomic planning. His American acquaint-
ance counters by listing some recent Soviet
developments.
First, there is the feud with Red China,
in which the Russians have taken a more
tolerant line toward the capitalist world.
Second, there is Premier Nikita Khrushchev's
recent injunction to his economic chiefs, to
"learn from the capitalists" bow to solve
some of their problems. And there is the
new economic ferment: Some soviet econ-
omists have advocated a partial decontrol-
ing of the country's socialized industry and
wider use of of the capitalistic profit motive
to spur production.
DE GAULLE'S VISION
Whether or not Russia is moving toward
capitalism--or only appearing to do so?is of
importance. If a genuine evolution is under
way, it would make possible real East-West
coexistence instead of the present uneasy
truce. But if the trends within Russia are
only an illusion, they might cause the West
to lower its guard prematurely. Even now,
President Kennedy's grand design of a close-
knit Atlantic community alined against Rus-
sia is threatened by French President de
Gaulle's rival vision of an independent Eu-
rope, stretching ultimately "from the At-
lantic to the Urals."
Underlying that vision is the general's
belief that the Russians are gradually be-
coming Westernized. Reports of capitalistic
or other liberalizing tendencies in the
U.S.S.R. lend support to this theory. More-
over, the notion of an ultimate ideological
compromise appeals to many European paci-
fists who think East-West differences have
been exaggerated.
Nevertheless, a meeting of the two systems
somewhere in between does not appear very
likely?at least not as long as the present
generation of Soviet rulers remains in power.
For one thing, malt of the moving would
have to be done by Russia and not by the
West. Indeed, there is considerable doubt
whether the West has moved in Russia's
direction at all. The welfare state legisla-
tion of the American New Deal, for example,
had it roots not in Bolshevik Russia but in
the Germany of the 1880's, where ultra-
ednservative Chancellor Bismarck pushed
through a social security system to steal
the thunder of the Social Democrats. As
for the future, the United States is in no
mood to go very far in the direction of
Russia's 100-percent socialized economy.
nobody in the United States?not even the
most extreme liberal?is talking of national-
izing anything.
Even in socialistic Western Europe, the
big wave of nationalization is over. State
takeovers to date have been limited mainly
to basic industries producing a homogeneous
product and relatively easy to administer?.
railroads, utilities, and banks. The eco-
nomic planning that goes on in France is
utterly different from Russia's. Carried out
in a spirit of cooperation between govern-
ment and private industry, it is limited to
capital investment and is not strictly com-
pulsory.
In short, there appears to be a sticking
point beyond which the Western democra-
cies will not go in any supposed "evolution"
toward the Soviet model.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 4905
But to the extent that this hoped-for de-
velopment does In fact take place, there
arises the danger that under the double in-
fluence of labor union monopoly and the
doctrinaire pursuit of ever higher levels of
"effective demand," the embers of Ameri-
can inflation, now only glimmering under
the ashes, will again flame up. In this case,
international confidence in the dollar will
again decline, possibly to a critical degree.
The danger of a too-precipitate expansion
of demand is the more serious where the
belief persist that only in this way can the
unsatisfactory domestic performance of the
economy be improved. The forces involved
in economic growth and prosperity are much
more complex than Is suggested in such a
simple model. Thus, there can he little
doubt that the functioning of the American
economy has been slowed both by the rela-
tive shrinkage of profits, itself a result of in-
creases in wages In a period of relative stag-
nation and underutilization of capacity, and
by uncertainties about the future engen-
dered by the attitudes and practices of the
Kennedy administration.
In particular, the ruthless use of Govern-
ment power to roll back the price increases
with which United States Steel had at-
tempted to compensate for increased labor
costs constituted a step In the direction of
a controlled economy and "repressed Infla-
tion." As such, it was a severe blow to pub-
lic confidence. To the inevitable hazards of
daily economic life, including those Imposed
by unbridled labor power, was added a vast
and continuing uncertainty respecting the
Government's readiness to accept the out-
come of market processes. In short, the
frustrations experienced under Roosevelt's
New Deal, which failed in spite of years of
effort to generate genuine economic expan-
sion and prosperity, have reappeared on the
New Frontier.
RISE OF FISCAL SOCIALISM
The similarity between the "New Deal"
and "New Frontier" finds expression not
only in the general decline in business con-
fidence which the latter has provoked but
in an openly defiant glorification of "big
government" and In the fiscal megalomania
which serves this questionable ideal.
We have to do here with an approach to
economic problems which may be described
as fiscal socialism. Increasingly, it has came
to the fore as the key technique of the So-
cialist program in the developed countries
as the classical goals of socialism--sociali-
zation of private property and planned econ-
omy?have diminished in attractiveness. Zn
a recent session of the West German Parlia-
ment, the budget expert of the Socialist
Party was moved to remark that "the con-
tinuous enlargement of the Government
budget is a fact which will shock only the
naive members of the population." The ob-
servation itself, however, marks merely the
continuance of a tradition which began with
the Jacobins of the French Revolution.
The Kennedy administration stands clearly
In this general tradition, as it pronounce-
ments amply attest, and in this respect too
it is continuing Roosevelt's New Deal. -A
prominent explorer on the New Frontier,
John Kenneth Galbraith, has furnished in
his widely read book, "The Affluent Society."
a theory in behalf of fiscal giantism whose
stylistic elegance, if not lb; logic, has
seduced many. Seldom has the conviction
that government expenditures insure a
wiser use of the people's Income been put
forward with such disarming candor. But
Mr. Galbraith notwithstanding, the elephan-
tiasis of contemporary government expendi-
tures in general, and those of the United
States in particular, is verily a pathological
process. In it is expressed the tendency for
the increasingly centralized state of our
times to surround like a parasitical vine
both society and economy and, by sapping
the strength of the latter, to deny itself the
means of life.
Clearly, there are limits to the process; of
continuing growth of government, limits
which may be exceeded only by eroding and
ultimately destroying the spiritual, political
democratic society.
ROSTOW.8 TIMMY
The role played by theories of this sort
In the shaping of American policy is evi-
dent as well as in the esteem in which the
administration holds the economist and
economic historian, Walt W. Rostow. In
his famed essay, "The Sttges of Economic
Growth," Roetow argues that the prime
forces moving a country through the several
stages of economic development are tech-
nology and capital formation. Carried for-
ward by the engine of capital investment, the
economy ultimately reaches a stage at
which it "takes off" like an airplane from
the ground. The developmental process is
allegedly the same everywhere. Germany
and the United States In the past, or
Canada and the Soviet Union at present?
all are subjected to precisely similar mecha-
nism; of growth.
When the stage of takeoff has been
reached, a country will rise with increasing
speed toward economic maturity and level
off at the stage of "high mass consumption."
In turn, economic maturity and the transi-
tion to mass prosperity (and here the eco-
nomic hypothesis subtly becomes a determi-
nant of world policy) are accompanied by
"democratization" and "liberalization." This
Ls a process, It is Implied, which of itself
will serve to brake the political expansion-
ism of the Communist countries. The latter,
that is to say, will grow directly from their
teens into settled middle age?a development
which Is to be awaited with patience and
forebearance, Time is on the aide of reason
and freedom; anticommunism which takes
communism at its face value Is mere hys-
teria.
If this theory is to be set in its proper
framework, It must be remembered that the
genuine progressive, believing mankind to
be on the road to the millenium, finds in
communism a most disturbing challenge to
his Weltanschauung. Hie irresistible desire
Is to fit It sofnehow or other into his opti-
mistic ;Anion of the future. He is forever
on a search for new theories calculated to
demonstrate the innocuousness of commu-
nism's satanic drive to overturn and enslave
the world. For communism then ceases to
be an affront to progressIvLet optimism; on
the contrary, It emerges as a comrade in
arms in the march toward progress.
Such theories of Communist Innocuous-
ness, It Is safe to say, have played a more
important role in the advance of communism
to its present power than has the whole
panoply of Communist tanks, rockets, and
divisions. Iteetowai theory, in particular,
constitutes little more than a new version of
Rooseveltian illusionism in the dress of eco-
nomic determinism (a determinism which is
not nearly as far removed from that of Marx
as Professor Rostow seems to think). But
even as an economic hypothesis, it cannot
stand. To see in an increase in the merely
technical accouterments of the economy the
ultimate engine of economic development, is
to confess to the crassest form of material-
ism in which everything spiritual, political,
and moral is robbed of its decisive role In
the life of society. But the most egregious
and alarming defect of the Rostovian growth
model is its total Indifference to the kind of
economic system within which growth oc-
curs.
HOW THE Rini GOT RIM
Progress in science and technology and
Increases in physical capital are necessary
but by no means sufficient conditions for
Improvement In the welfare of the peoples
of the world. The rich countriee of today
?
are rich because to these necessary condi-
tions is added the further condition of a spe-
cific economic system functioning within a
specific legal and philosophical framework.
But the economic system of which we speak
Is none other than the market economy; the
framework we have in mind is none other
than the assemblage of epiritual, moral, and
political postulates upon which such an eco-
nomic system depends. Only those unwill-
ing to face facts can deny that prosperity
for the masses in any real sense is found
today only within that sharply defined area
which Is constituted of the fully developed
Industrial countries of the free world.
While the one-sided economiser; of current
theory is remarkable enough, its p oli ti ca 1
purblindness is downright menacing. Its
unforgivable error is its disregard of the
essence of communism as a cultural, social,
and political system imbued with the apoc-
alyptic messianiem and expansionism of a
pseudo-religion. Communism remains a
highly active volcano. It Is the mark of a
dangerous naivete to regard it as extinct
(and hence something to be turned into a
sort of tourist attraction) merely because it
occasionally stops spewing out ashes and
lava. To reduce it to a mere technique of
industrial growth is as absurd as to down-
grade national socialism to a method by
which Germany was provided with a net-
work of autobahns.
So It is that false economic theories can
terminate in national and in international
policies which must end not only in bitter
disappointment but In increased peril for the
still free half of humanity. And this Is ex-
cuse enough for an economist to step out-
side his accustomed pursuits to enter a pro-
test and a warning.
A BILL TO PERMIT THE ASSOCIA-
TION OF UNIVERSALIST WOMEN
AND THE ALLIANCE OF UNITAR-
IAN WOMEN TO MERGE
(Mr. MORSE (at the request of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, I am to-
day introducing a bill which will permit
the Association of Universalist Women
and the Alliance of Unitarian Women to
merge. This action is made necessary
by the previous merger of the Unitarian
and Universalist churches. To avoid the
necessity of obtaining judicial interpre-
tations of past and present gifts and
legacies, the two groups will consolidate
and the property now owned by the two
groups will, after merger, become the
property of the new organization.
Congressional participation in this
procedure is required because the Uni-
versalist group is incorporated in the
District of Columbia. The Unitarian
group is incorporated in Massachusetts,
and similar action by the State legisla-
ture hs already been initiated.
NITED STATES SIDING WITH
COMMUNISTS
(Mr. ALGER (at the request of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ALGER, Mr. Speaker, impossible
as it may seem, it now appears likely
that the United States will protect Castro
from the Cuban exile armed attacks in
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L RECORD ? HOUSE April 1
To date the Government's intelligence-
gathering activities in Cuba have inspired
little confidence. Defense Secretary Mc-
Namara's theatrical television briefing raised
a good many more questions than it an-
swered. Moreover, McNamara recently ad-
mitted that, when the going got tough, CIA
surveillance aircraft were inadequate to
cope with Cuba and airplanes of the Stra-
tegic Air Command had to be pressed into
service. But even those skilled SAC recon
experts cannot photograph the inside of a
cave. If the Soviets do not even permit the
"highly placed military" of Cuba near the
caves we would doubt that our CIA men
have penetrated them either. Thus, it
seems to us that we really don't know what
might be inside the caves. We think it is
dangerous to assume that they do not con-
tain IRBM missiles and submarines pens.
If, as the exiles contend, the caves are
loaded with IRBM's and submarine facili-
ties, then Cuba, in fact, has become a Soviet
Gibraltar. Only a few Soviet IRBM's in
Cuba dangerously tilt the balance of power
in Soviet favor. If the Soviets are allowed
to operate Polaris-type submarine 9 from
Cuban bases, the Reds can attain a, serious
"third force" threat, with only one-third the
number of nuclear submarines required to
operate from Soviet home bases. This Is
the grave threat of the caves of Cuba.
To Americans, the important point is that
we do not know what the caves conceal. We
think it is vital that our Government find
out, beyond doubt, and soon. Having failed
once to listen to the warnings of Cuban
exiles, it seems to us the Government now
has an obligation to disprove their present
charge, by whatever means are necessary,
including force.
FARM SUBSIDIES?FACT AND
FICTION
(Mr. HOEVEN (at the request of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HOEVEN. Mr. Speaker, American
farmers are often unfairly criticized by
people in our urban areas who do not
quite understand the problems of our
agricultural population. This is often
due to poor public relations and, hence,
I am always pleased when someone comes
up with the facts and truth about ex-
penditures in the Department of Agricul-
ture. A splendid article by Lauren Soth
appeared recently in the Des Moines
(Iowa) Sunday Register, and it is worthy
of note and attention. I wish to in-
clude it herewith as part of my remarks:
FARM SUBSIDIES--FACT AND FICTION
(By Lauren Soth)
How much Federal subsidy does agriculture
receive?
Those who oppose farm programs, price
supports, and payments to farmers usually
label as farm subsidy the entire U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture budget, which recently
has been running around $6 to $7 billion per
year. And, by using a little arithmetic, such
a figure can be made to seem outlandish
Federal spending for farmers.
The last census showed 3.7 million farms
in the United States. Divide that into $7
billion and you get nearly $2,000 of Fedral
expenditure per farm.
If you eliminate the 1.6 million noncom-
mercial farms (those with total sales less
than $2,500), that leaves only about '2 million
real farms and It appears that Uncle Sam is
spending $3,500 for each one of them.
Farmers and their leaders have tried to
explain that everything in the USDA budget
is not of benefit to farmers. However, the
exaggeration of farm subsidies still goes on.
Recently, Senator HERMAN TALMADGE,
(Democrat, of Georgia) got the Department
of Agriculture to break down its proposed
budget for the fiscal year beginning next
July to identify expenditures which are not
subsidies to farmers. This breakdown Is
shown in the accompanying table.
Only the $2,608 million Shown in the last
part of the table can be properly called farm
subsidy.
It is true, of course, that the exports of
food at cutrate prices and donations of food
to foreign countries benefit agriculture. But
foreign ai'd in money also benefits certain
U.S. industries. The foreign recipients use
the dollars to buy machinery and other goods
in the United States. The food-for-peace
program is foreign aid and should be classed
as such in the Federal budget, just as other
grants or loans to foreign countries are.
It is also true that food distribution pro-
grams, including the food stamp plan, are of
some benefit to farmers, although in this
case the benefit Is very small. But the main
benefit is to poor people in this country who
receive balanced diets they could not other-
wise obtain.
One of the biggest illusions of all is .that
the vast programs of agricultural research,
education, and technical assistance are of
primary advantage to the farmer.
These public efforts to stimulate more effi-
cient farm production help the consumer
directly by lowering the cost of food.
? Individual farmers who adopt new meth-
ods first tend to gain a temporary benefit
from them. But, in the long run, farmers
as a group actually suffer a cut in income
from this advance of productivity.
The reason for this is that, in a rich coun-
try, demand for food is highly inelastic. A 5-
percent increase in total output of food in
this country results in a 20-percent reduc-
tion in price. Thus, a larger supply sells
for less gross revenue.
Programs which tend to stimulate more
farm output, therefore, are not a subsidy to
farmers but to consumers.
This is the basic reason why production
controls, price supports, and other subsidies
are necessary. In a sense, the expenditures
in the last section of the accompanying table
are a consequence of the expenditures for re-
search and education just above them.
If the Government only spent money for
farm research and education, the farmer's
income would slide downhill rapidly. There
is no way that the individual farmer can
protect himself against the oversupply and
low-price situation. What he does by him-
self has no effect on the market, so he must
produce as much as he can at all times.
When farmers can work together to disci-
pline themselves to restrain production and
marketing, they can develop -bargaining pow-
er to hold their own in an inelastic demand
situation. Some small commodity groups do
this with the help of Government market-
ing orders and agreements. The big sectors
of farming, however, such as wheat, cotton,
feed grains-livestock, have to rely on more
direct Government action to either (1) offset
the effects of lower market prices through
subsidies or (2) help farmers keep produc-
tion in check.
That the work of USDA is not entirely for
the benefit of farmers is shown by a study
prepared by Walter W. Wilcox, economist for
the Library of Congress.
Wilcox calculated that food costs today are
$4 to $6 billion a year less than they would
be if prices of farm products had risen as
much as prices in other parts of the economy
in the last 8 years. This amounts to a sav-
ing of about $100 per family.
These savings may be compared with aver-
age costs of farm income-support programs
of $1.9 billion per year In 1953-54 and $2.6
billion per year in 1961 and 1962.
It would appear from these figures that
the U.S. consumer has been doing very well,
on balance, between expenditures for farm
subsidies and expenditures which -reduce
the cost of food. Perhaps the Department
of Agriculture should be renamed the De-
partment of Food and Agriculture.
It is as much a consumer's agency in the
food field as a farmer's agency.
Proposed USDA budget
PROGRAMS WHICH BENEFIT GENERAL PUBLIC
Food distribution programs: In millions
Purchase of surplus agricultural
commodities
$164
Pilot food stamp plan
51
School lunch program
182
Special milk program
102
Total 499
Programs having foreign relations and
defense aspects:
Sales of surplus farm commodities
for foreign currencies 1, 282
Emergency famine relief to friend-
ly peoples 246
International wheat agreement 72
Transfer of bartered materials to
supplemental stockpile 62
Payments to Veterans' Administra-
tion and armed services for milk
and dairy products used in excess
of normal requirements 40
Value of foreign currencies used
by Defense Department for mili-
tary housing and long-term
supply contracts 284
Defense food stockpiling 30
Total 2,0-16
Investment in REA and FHA. loans,
which are subject to repayment__ 448
Long-range programs for improvement
of agricultural resources, includ-
ing research, meat inspection, dis-
ease and pest control, market
' development and services, protec-
tion of soil and water resources,
and forest and public land man-
agement:
Forest Service 311
Agricultural Research Service 195
Soil Conservation Service 195
Extension Service 77
Cooperative State Experiment Sta-
tion Service 40
Agricultural Marketing Service,
marketing research 43
Farmers Home Administration sal-
aries and expenses 39
Expenses and staff offices for other
agencies, including Rural Elec-
trification Administration (REA),
and Federal Crop Insurance
Corporation (FCIC) 94
Total
PROGRAMS FOR STABILIZING FARM
INCOME .
994
3,957
Agricultural ;conservation program___
Conservation reserve program
Land-use adjustment program
CCC price support, supply and related
programs ? (less payments to VA
and armed services for dairy prod-
. ucts used in excess of nor-
mal requirements)
Grain acreage diversion payments
Grain price support payments
National Wool Act program
Agricultural Stabilization and Con-
servation Service expenses
Sugar Act program_
Total
214
294
27
787
400
581
106
.115
84
2,608
Grand total
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?
If the West is unlikely to "move" toward
Russia, the latter seems equally disinclined
to move toward the West. For the men in
the Kremlin, too, there is a sticking point:
Relaxation of control over every phase of
Soviet life from poetry-writing to pig-farm-
ing. Unsure of popular support and intent
on overtaking the United States, Russia's
rulers cannot, in their own view, leave any-
thing to chance. The economy is completely
state controlled. Industry, trade, and agri-
culture, for all practical purposes, belong to
the state as surely as the Army and Post
Office Department belong to the U.S. Gov-
ernment.
Then what about those recent develop-
ments that suggest Russia is moving down
the road toward capitalism?
The feud with Red China is the least con-
vincing bit of evidence, for it centers more
on the inevitability of war than on future
internal developments in Russia. The fact
that Mr. Khrushchev considers coexistence
with the West necessary in an era of thermo-
nuclear weapons has not dimmed hi belief
that capitalism will be burled through peace-
ful competition and subversion,
Mr. K's injunction to Russia's economic
chiefs to learn from the capitalists is some-
what more intriguing. It indicates a new
appreciation of areas in which Western prac-
tice is superior to Russia's, e.g., in stand-
ardizing components, eliminating the dupli-
cation of production facilities, and junking
obsolete machinery. But this hardly means
Mr. Khrushchev wants to remodel his econ-
omy extensively along capitalist lines.
Generally, when the Soviet Premier
praises capitalist accomplishments, he is try-
ing to goad his subordinates into outdoing
the capitalists?but by socialist means. If
private businessmen in the West do certain
things well, he recently declared, "then the
planned, socialist system can even more
successfully use its inherent advantages to
speed the technological progress of produc-
tion, and to increase the output of products
and improve their quality."
If this sounds like so much hot air, it
nevertheless illustrates Mr. K's unwavering
belief that socialism will prove superior in
the long run. As far as he Is concerned.
Russia is not moving toward capitalism but
further away from it, hopefully to "pure com-
munism" sometime after 1980.
LIBERMAN'S PROPOSALS
Many in the West see a more hopeful sign
of evolution in the new economic ferment
in Russia. In particular, they cite the pro-
posals of Y. G. Liberman, the Kharkov eco-
nomics professor, to grant more powers to
Russia's tightly reined factory directors and
to let the pursuit of profits boost production
and raise the quality of goods. The men
in the Kremlin may think Russia is moving
toward pure communism, these Western
observers say, but it's more likely that they
will be forced to make some "capitalistic"
changes in their system long before 1980,
Unquestionably, Professor Liberman's pro-
posals, if adopted, could mark a first step
down the road toward some sort of Western-
style market economy. The Swat that his and
other proposals have been printed at all
shows that an important "thaw" is taking
place in Soviet econom'c th nk, g. But there
Is no guarantee the Liberman scheme will
evcr be adopted. And e-:rn f ,t. is, It would
still leave the hard-core features of the
Soviet system?state ownership of all produc-
tion facilities, central planning, wage and
price controls, and political dictatorship?
intact
Indeed, Professor Liberman's proposals are
"capitalistic" only in the sense that the one
rational direction in which Russia's system
can go is toward increased delegation of
power to the man on the spot. Yet despite
their mildness, there's plenty of opposition.
Even 0. Antonov, the aircraft designer who
has praised some of capitallam's features,
warns self-righteously in a recent issue of
Izvestia that profits, "taken by thernealvea"
as an indicator of efficiency?as Professor
Liberman proposes?"are, I would say, com-
mercial and In practice sometimes mer-
cenary."
There's a far more important objection.
Some Western analysts?and probably many
Russians?doubt the proposals would work
without more decontrol than the Kharkov
professor has called for. For example, price
control and centrally planned distribution
might have to be abolished or at least re-
laxed before factory directors w2uld really
get interested In Maximizing prone. Other-
wise, how could they shop around for raw
materials or haggle over prices?
IMPLICATIONS FOR PARTE MEN
All this must raise fearsome implications
for many Russians. For the various con-
trols over the Soviet economy reinforce each
other. Take some of them away, and the
others are weakened. To some conservative
Communists, any harmless-looking proposal
to prune away red tape is really a bid by the
economists and professional managers to take
over. Since they might do a better job than
is being done now, there would be less need
for trouble-shooting by the local Communist
Party officials who constantly look over their
shoulders?and Num enable Moscow poli-
ticians to control Russia's economy.
Thus, few drastic changes are likely as
long as Mr. Khrushchev rules Russia, short
of a major economic catastrophe analogous
to the 1929 stock market crash and aubee-
quent depression in the United States. The
men deemed most likely to succeed Mr. K.
undoubtedly share his fear of introducing
any real spontaneity into the system. In-
deed, when the going gets rough the Soviet
leaders are just as likely to tighten the screws
as loosen them. The creation of a new
Supreme Economic Council, announced Nat
week, apparently will tighten control
somewhat.
Even if some liberalization takes place
later on--and this isn't precluded by the lat-
est action?the sticking point would quickly
be reached. In the arts, this seems to have
happened already. Early this month Mr.
Khrushchev told Russia's writers and art-
iste, who have been Increasingly bold of late,
that they will not be allowed to create
whatever they please.
171timately. perhaps when a new genera-
tion comes to power in Russia, true evolu-
tion toward capitalism may begin. But for
the foreseeable future, barring a popular
uprising which moat observers consider un-
likely, talk of the two systems "moving
closer together" is largely wishful thinking.
CAVES
(Mr. CL ND fat the request
/of Mr. HARRISON) was given permission
rt.? extend his remarks at this point in
the RECORD, and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CLEVELAND Mr. Speaker, our
distinguished former Ambassador to
Mexico, the Honorable Robert C. Hill,
sent me a copy of an editorial from the
Saturday Evening Post of March 30,
1963.
Entitled "The Secret Caves of Cuba,"
the editorial comments on the possibility
of "underground Soviet submarine bases
in Cuba.'
The Honorable Robert C. Hill greatly
distinguished himself as our Ambassa-
dor to the Mexican Republic. He made
many friends for the United States.
While others were beguiled by Fidel
Castro, Ambassador Hill was alert to the
threat posed by the bearded demagog.
He deserves recognition and apprecia-
tion by all Americans for his devoted
service to our country.
The editorial follows:
THE SECRET CAVES OF CUBA
As many geologists have known for years,
and many so-called intelligence experts are
beginning to discover, the island of Cuba is
honeycombed with thousands of under-
ground caves. Many of these caves, as the
geology textbooks point out, open directly on
the sea. It is quite possible for a Soviet
submarine to steam directly into some of
these caves.
Cuban refugees and exiles have warned our
Government for 3 years that the caves of
Cuba have been the scene of mysterious
and possibly sinister activity. Curiously,
when Castro took over, Antonio Nufiez
Jimenez. Cuba's leading spelunker (a person
who explores caves), was appointed to a top
Government position. Some of the Cuban
exiles now in this country actually worked
In these caves, cleaning them and pouring
concrete. Then they were barred from fur-
ther work in the caves. Today, if reports of
the refugees can be believed?and we should
not be quick to doubt them?the entrances
to many of these caves are heavily fortified
and no Cubans, not even top-level military
personnel, are permitted near them. Whole
villages have been relocated away from the
caves. The caves are guarded by military
personnel of the Soviet Union or satellite
soldiers, reportedly including Czechs.
What is inside these eaves? The exiles and
refugees say some of them contain inter-
mediate-range ballistic missiles, complete
with guidance and launching systems. Other
caves, they charge, house Soviet-built and
Soviet-manned supersonic jet fighters, any
of which could be easily converted to carry
nuclear weapons. At least five of the caves,
those opening on the sea, are said to be com-
plete, operational Soviet submarine bases.
Appearing before a congressional committee
recently, the Army's Chief of Intelligence,
Maj. Gen. Alva R. Fitch, said, "From the
large volunr and frequency of reports con-
cerning the underground storage of ammuni-
tion, supplies, vehicles, and even aircraft, it
is certain that there is considerably activity
in connection with underground installa-
tions through the island. In numerous
caves, reports indicate that this activity is
being carried out solely by Soviet personnel
and that Cubans, including highly placed
military officers, are not permitted access."
"There are several thousand caves in
Cuba," General Fitch continued, "and many
have been used for storage over the years.
With the reported addition of dehumidi-
fication and air-conditioning equipment,
many would be suited to storage of both
large and delicate electronic items. Aerial
photography has further revealed the ex-
tension of roads to known and suspected cave
locations. In view of the shortage of above-
ground facilities and the requirement for
storage of the large amounts of military
supplies and equipment believed to be in
Cuba, and the relatively simple adaptation
of caves for this purpose, it is considered
highly probable that much military equip-
ment and supplies are being stored under-
ground."
General Fitch does not believe that the
Soviets have installed intermediate-range
ballistic missiles in the caves, as the exiles
theist. He says, "While all such reports re-
ceive exhaustive analysis, it is our belief
that the Soviets did, in fact, remove all
strategic weapons systems that were in Cuba
at the time the quarantine was imposed."
General Fitch, an Army man, did not com-
ment on the possibility of underground So-
viet submarine bases in Cuba. Thus far,
our Navy experts have remained silent on
this point.
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visible among thousand-5 of children
across the country.
The chief problem we on the com-
mittee have encountered in our investi-
gations of this subject over many years
is an overtolerance--amounting often
to apathy?on the part of the public.
Major effort, therefore has been di-
rected to developing a public awareness
that smut and obscenity are a very real
danger and can strike every home, even
though an individual may have escaped
thus far.
A second part of the problem is the
adverse press that tends to block correct
measures. Any public official, legisla-
tive group, or private organization risks
the brand of "censor" or "professional
do-gooder" in recommending positive
legislation or administrative action.
A third handicap has been the very
tolerant attitude of some courts?par-
ticularly in metropolitan areas where
much smut originates?evidencing a
serious miscalculation of the extent and
the danger of smut peddling, as well as
of the moral temper of the public.
Both Postmaster General Day and his
predecessor, Postmaster General Sum-
merfield, have cited the obscenity racket
as a half-billion-dollar-a-year business.
Keeping smut out of the mails, even
with stronger laws originated by our
committee, demands an ever larger
share of time, money, and manpower of
the postal service each year. Inci-
dentally, I 'wish to credit both Post-
master General Day and former Post-
master General Summerfield for their
effective and determined efforts to com-
bat the use of the mails by peddlers of
smut.
I direct your attention to House Ap-
propriation hearings on the postal budget
for 1964 which highlights this condition.
Assistant Postmaster General Frederick
C. Belen testified?page 107:
At the close of fiscal year 1962, the inspec-
tion service had a backlog of about 5,000
cases involving the transmittal of obscene
matter in the mails. This is over and be-
yond the normal carryover and represents
the equivalent of 18 man-years of work. It
is apparent that at least nye additional in-
spectors must be assigned to investigate the
transmittal of obscene matter in the mails.
I commend the gentleman from Vir-
ginia, Chairman GARY, of the Appropria-
tions Subcommittee, and point to his
comments?page 128?with respect to
imports of smut:
Frankly, I did not fully realize the im-
portance of this program [of the postal serv-
ice] until our recent trip to New York. * * *
there is a pronounced effort to flood this
country with communistic materials and also
with pornographic materials from outside
countries.
We were told that one country has been
collecting approximately 810 million a year
from the pornographic material being
shipped into this country.
The Post Office Department's General
Counsel cited the difficulty in coping
with purveyors of smut who, when they
are about to be caught, change their
names and addresses to circumvent
prosecution.
He cited the dual attack of the postal
service and the customs service on ob-
scenity of domestic and foreign origin,
and some of the effective steps being
taken to combat the evil. His descrip-
tion of procedure?page 130?indicates
how tedious and costly and how some-
times frustrating their best efforts are.
Controlling obscene imports at New York
alone requires 12 full-time postal em-
ployees, in addition to the customs
officials.
The venue law, which permits prosecu-
tion of obscenity offenders at destina-
tion of their mailings, as well as at ori-
gin points, has been tremendously help-
ful, because the community moral atti-
tudes where the material does its harm
are considerably better than in some
metropolitan points of origin. The Post
Office and Civil Service Committee de-
veloped and wrote this legislation, and
referred it to the Judiciary Committee,
because it provides strong criminal
penalties.
The chief postal inspector submitted
a chart?page 133 of the hearings?
showing fine progress in combating smut
mailings, but the whole tenor of the
hearings is that efforts must be redou-
bled to protect the public.
I also direct your attention to an in-
teresting sidelight of the unified effort at
Federal level?page 133?concerning ar-
rangements between our postal service
and the National Central Interpol Office
in The Hague. Successful prosecution
of foreign smuit mailers under this ar-
rangement, and under similar arrange-
ments with nations which are members
of the Universal Postal Union, should
help keep foreign obscenity out.
Finally, the main operating problem is
lack of adequate manpower. Coopera-
tion by an informed citizenry can be a
tremendous aid. Any citizen who find
obscenity moving through the mails
should report it promptly to his local
postmaster or law enforcement officials,
just as he would report any other crime.
If he does so, he may well be striking
the first blow in defense of his own home
and children?since many of the filth
merchants direct their "pornography for
profit" efforts at our children and
young people.
? However, we must realize that this is-
sue is important and must be met, since
it so adversely affects the lives of thou-
sands of youngsters. ThOusands and
thousands of children throughout our
country in the largest city and the small-
est village are the targets of porno-
graphic peddlers and their lives may be
twisted and perverted if they become ad-
dicted to the clever little magazines and
related material that reaches them
through the mail or just as often avail-
able over the counter of local stores.
We have an obligation to cooperate
through legislative enactment in provid-
ing the Post Office Deparment with
weapons to effectively fight this battle
in this field. We then have an addition-
al responsibility to help arouse public
opinion, which can be a vital force for
good in halting this consistent attack on
our moral standards. The family, the
community, private groups and govern-
ment must work together in this field
to develop an effective, consistent anti-
obscenity program, and? in turn, to de-
velop additional leadership to expand
the use of better reading materials,
While eliminating the flow of filth from
our Nation.
THE SECRET CAVES 0
(Mr. WYMAN (at the req of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, one of the
great voices of America is the Saturday
Evening, Post. Its editorials have long
expressed the interest and concern of a
great number of our people. Such an
editorial is that of the issue of March
30, 1963 entitled "The Secret Caves of
tuba."
As this editorial so well points out,
there are such caves and we do not know
what is in them. However, we do know
that for years Soviet Communists have
been working on and in them with con-
crete. We also know that there have
been shipped to Cuba all manner of mili-
tary equipment. Finally, we know that
wherever Communists are at work, they
are not peddling sewing kits.
No longer is Cuba a question of laissez
faire. Nor is our problem there confined
to whether or not the guestimates of
administration officials, that heavy mis-
siles have been removed by the Russians,
are so. Cuba in Communist hands is an
acute threat to American security and
survival on account of submarine bases
alone, to say nothing of missiles or
propaganda. Astride the whole Carib-
bean and strategically located on
America's soft underside we cannot and
we must not tolerate Communist control
of Cuba.
As the Saturday Evening Post edito-
rial so well emphasizes, the U.S. Govern-
ment, acting for our people, "now has an
obligation to disprove?the claims that
offensive weaponry is presently hidden
in Cuban caves?by whatever means are
necessarY, including force."
This, I have urged for more than 3
years.
The editorial reads as follows:
THE SECRET CAVES OF CUBA
As many geologists have known for years,
and many so-called intelligen'ce experts are
beginning to discover, the island of Cuba
is honeycombed with thousands of under-
ground caves. Many of these caves, as the
geology textbooks point out, open directly
on the sea. It is quite possible for a Soviet
submarine to steam directly into some of
these caves.
Cuban refugees and exiles have warned our
Government for 3 years that the caves
of Cuba have been the scene of mysterious
and possibly sinister activity. Curiously,
when Castro took over, Antonio Nunez Jim-
enez, Cuba's leading spelunker (a person who
explores caves) , was appointed to a top
government position. Some of the Cuban
exiles now in this country actually worked
in these caves, cleaning them and pouring
concrete. Then they were barred from fur-
ther work in the caves. Today, if reports of
the refugees can be believed?and we should
not be quick to doubt them?the entrances
to many of these caves are heavily fortified
and no Cubans, not even top-level military
personnel, are permitted near them. Whole
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LuNuithsSioNAL RECORD ? HOUSE 4909
CINCINNATUS' WORDS OF WISDOM
AND CAUTION ON TOTALITARIAN
DESPOTISM
(Mr. Prr.r.TON (at the request of Mr.
HARRISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. PrI.LION Mr. Speaker, Miss
Taylor Caldwell, of Buffalo. N.Y., is an
internationally famous American novel-
ist, the author of many bestsellers.
She has a profound understanding of
the philosophical, human and political
fallacies and deceptions contained in the
Soviet-directed Communist drive for the
destruction of the free world. She is
a dedicated defender of our liberties, an
ardent Conservative, a true liberatarian.
Miss Caldwell recently wrote to me ex-
pressing her alarm over the tax re-
forms recommended in President Ken-
nedy's budget message. Her letter was
especially critical of the increased taxes
that would be imposed upon the mid-
dle class of our citizens by the proposal
to limit present deductible items for in-
terest, charity, property and State taxes,
In my answer, I expressed my opposition
to the President's recommendations for
these tax increases.
Miss Caldwell's letter enclosed portions
of the speech of Cincinnatus, delivered
in the Roman Senate, 300 B.C.
Cincinnatus perceived and eloquently
stated that a free nation begins to perish
when its citizens place their faith in
men instead of in principles and laws.
Today, there is a concerted effort being
made to destroy the faith of our people
in the U.S. Constitution and in the U.S.
Congress. There is a subverting effort
underway to condition the minds of our
people for the acceptance of an all-
planned, all-wise, all-powerful totalitar-
ian Federal Government. The process
is one of usurpation of power and mis-
interpretation of the purpose of the U.S.
Constitution.
I believe that the words of wisdom and
caution, contained in the following
speech of Cincinnatus are especially ap-
plicable, today.
The speech follows:
SPEECH OF CINCINNATI/8, "FATHER Or HIS
COUNTRY," DELIVERED TO THE ROMAN SEN-
ATE, 300 B.C., WHEN HE WAS CALLED UPON
TO SAVE ROME FROM HER ENEMIES
My dear fellow countrymen, you have im-
posed upon me an honor and a terrible obli-
gation and faith for which I am little fitted,
for no man Is worthy of the devotion of his
people. Worthiness resides in no man, and
let that nation beware which discovers itself
regarding its temporal ruler as a divinity,
fawning upon him, delighting In news of
his comings and goings, reverencing him,
listening to his words as though they rolled
down from Olympus with the sound of thun-
der, ostracizing those who differ from him,
raising up their voices like trumped hailing
all that he does. and deluding themselves
that he is superior to those who have ele-
vated him by vote or in the name of emer-
gency.
For such a people have taken upon them-
selves the aspects of slaves. They have
greatly injured their ruler by persuading
him he is more than a man and that he does
not possess their own evils and follies and
weaknesses. If he becomes arrogant and op-
pressive this is the crime of his people, the
crime above all other crimes, for they have
endangered his stature as a man and
have aroused in him base passions and have
afflicted him with the wrath of God, who
will have no rivals. Much has been written
In history of the sufferings of nations under
tyrants, but where toes one read that the
tyrant is the victim of his people and there-
fore more to be pitied? If, In your history,
long after I am dust, you raise up a tyrant
to destroy and enslave and terrify you, say
not to him: "You have betrayed and im-
prisoned and tormented us beyond endur-
ance." Say, rather to him: "Forgive us."
God, In His wisdom and knowledge and un-
derstanding has created infinite diversity
among men, so that no man shall think or
act or speak in the exact manner of his
brother. This variety is our shield, our for-
tress, our wall, our immortal protection
against despots, against error, against weak-
ness, and evil. In argument, In difference,
In dialog and in freedom of speech and in
all liberty, the truth will emerge concerning
man's duty and man's God. But let no ruler
of more flesh, unsanctified and in all ignor-
ElliCe no matter his learning, shout in your
presence, "I alone am truth, and you shall
believe it and speak no word against it." For
truth comes only from God, the possessor of
our days, the guardian of our nights, the
ultimate receiver of our souls, the giver of
our breath, the Light of our spirit.
No nation has ever perished until it has
said, "My faith is in men, and he whom I
have placed upon the throne which I have
built with my own hands is the repository
of wisdom and Justice, and he I shall obey
without question and with my heart's great
loyalty and devotion. He is my law, and I
delight in him, and bow my head before
him." There are times of dire emergency
when power Is given to one man, but that
time must be limited, and that man's days
scanned sleeplessly lest he be devoured by
ambition, and be a mischief.
You have called me from my peaceful fields
and my household to save you. I shall, in
the fear of God and in the wisdom with
which He sees fit to endow me, serve you with
courage and steadfaatness and faith, and
shall deliver you. But I implore you to let
me go when my service baa been rendered.
For no man is worthy of the trust of his
fellows, not even I. nor those who will come
after me. For men are ambitious and their
hearts are evil.
And now let us take up our duty and gird
our strength and lift up our shields and our
swords in defense of our country. Let us be
men and not cowards. If death le our por-
tion then we shall have died honorably and
In the name of liberty. and we shall have de-
livered our children. War and struggle are
indeed monstrous trials, but never must they
be avoided for a year of uneasy peace or an
era of compromise with evil. It Is better to
die on one's feet, fighting for freedom, than
to live on one's knees as a slave. It is bettor
to eat the dust than the bread of despotism.
It Is better to expire as a man.
Let us now to our arms, as freemen and
Romans
(Source: Vatican Library, Rome.)
NATIONAL BEAUTY CAREER DAYS
(Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON (at the
request of Mr. HARRISON) was given per-
mission to extend her remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include extra-
neous matter.)
Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON. Mr.
Speaker, the National American Cosme-
tology Schools, for the third consecutive
year, have designated the second week in
April?April 7 through 13?as National
Beauty Career Days. A constituent of
mine, Mrs. Grace Talarico, of Cleveland,
Is the chairman of the National Beauty
Career Days Committee. The purpose of
this special week is to make teenagers
and adults more aware of career oppor-
tunities in the beauty industry.
Twenty-four hundred beauty culture
school owners work closely with voca-
tional guidance counselors in junior high
schools, high schools, and government
agencies to assist the teenager in acquir-
ing salable skills in today's complex labor
market. During the week in April which
has been set aside, an educational Pro-
gram will be conducted and an open invi-
tation will be issued to high school coun-
selors, teenage groups and parents to visit
their community cosmetology schools, to
inspect the facilities and gain first-hand
information regarding the advantages
of a career in cosmetology.
There are many people who do not
realize the great impact which the beauty
industry has on our national economy.
It contributes well in excess of $1 billion
a year to our gross national product.
There are more than 200,000 beauty sa-
lons located in every State in the Union,
employing more than a half million op-
erators classified as cosmetologists, hair-
dressers, and beauticians. Each operator
must comply with State board regula-
tions which usually require from 1,000 to
2,500 hours of practical and academic
training. In addition to the operators
there are more than 1,500 beauty supply
dealers and more than 2,40t) beauty cul-
ture schools which supply and service the
Industry.
Mr. Speaker, the beauty industry is to
be congratulated for their foresighted-
ness in setting aside this week to call at-
tention to the advantages to teenagers
and others of acquiring this particular
skill. Otherwise many of these young
people would have the problem of facing
the competitive labor market as unskilled
workers.
PROBLEMS IN COMBATING USE OF
THE MAILS BY DISTRIBUTORS OF
PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIAL
(Mr. DERWINSKI (at the request of
Mr. Manson) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, as
a member of the Post Office and Civil
Service Committee, I wish to direct the
attention of the Members to the con-
tinued problem our Nation faces in our
efforts to combat the use of the mails
by distributors of pornographic material.
Additional legislation is needed in this
field, and I am hopeful that our com-
mittee will continue the necessary re-
search to provide the Post Office
Department with effective legal weapons
with which to halt the purveyors of
smut.
Filth peddling today produces billions
of dollars a year in income to persons
involved in Its distribution, despite all
efforts of the Post Office and local
authorities to stamp it out. The Sup-
pression of traffic in obscenity is a tre-
mendous and never-ending problem awl
the ill effects that it causes are tragically
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cumiKESsioNAL RECORD ? HOUSE 4911
villages have been relocated away from the
caves. The caves are guarded by military
personnel of the Soviet Union or satellite
soldiers, reportedly including Czechs.
What is inside these caves? The exiles
and refugees say some of them contain inter-
mediate-range ballistic missiles, complete
with guidance and launching systems.
Other eaves, they charge, house Soviet-built
and Soviet-manned supersonic jet fighters,
any of which could be easily converted to
carry nuclear weapons. At least five of the
caves, those opening on the sea, are said to
be complete, operational Soviet submarine
bases. Appearing before a congressional
committee recently, the Army's Chief of In-
telligence, Maj. Gen. Alva R. Fitch said,
"From the large volume and frequency of re-
ports concerning the underground storage of
ammunition, supplies, vehicles, and even air-
craft, it is certain that there is considerable
activity in connection with underground in-
stallations through the island. In numerous
caves, reports indicate that this activity is
being carried out solely by Soviet personnel
and that Cubans, including highly placed
military officers, are not permitted access.
"There are several thousand caves in
Cuba," General Fitch continued, "and many
have been used for storage over the years.
With the reported addition of dehumidifica-
tion and air-conditioning equipment, many
would be suited to storage of both large and
delicate electronic items. Aerial photog-
raphy has further revealed the extension of
roads to known and suspect cave locations.
In view of the shortage of aboveground fa-
cilities and the requirement for storage of
the large amounts of military supplies and
equipment believed to be in Cuba, and the
relativley simple adaptation of caves for this
purpose, it is considered highly probably that
much military equipment and supplies are
being stored underground."
General Fitch does not believe that the
Soviets have installed intermediate-range
ballistic missiles in the caves, as the exiles
insist. He says, "While all such reports re-
ceive exhaustive analysis, it is our belief that
the Soviets did, in fact, remove all strategic
weapons systems that were in Cuba at the
time the quarantine was imposed." General
Fitch, an Army man, did not comment on
the possibility of underground Soviet sub-
marine bases in Cuba. Thus far, our Navy
experts have remained silent on this point.
To date the Government's intelligence-
gathering activities in Cuba have inspired
little confidence. Defense Secretary Mc-
Namara's theatrical television briefing raised
a good many more questions than it ans-
swered. Moreover, McNamara recently ad-
mitted that, when the going got tough, CIA
surveillance aircraft were inadequate to cope
with Cuba and airplanes of the Strategic
Air Command had to be pressed into service.
But even those skilled SAC recon experts
cannot photograph the inside of a cave. If
the Soviets do not even permit the "highly
placed military" of Cuba near the caves we
would doubt that our CIA men have pene-
trated them either. Thus, it seems to us
that we really don't know what might be
inside the caves. We think it is dangerous
to assume that they do not contain IRBM
missiles and submarine pens.
If, as the exiles contend, the caves are
loaded with IRBM's and submarine facilities,
then Cuba, in fact, has become a Soviet
Gibraltar. Only a few Soviet IRBM's in
Cuba dangerously tilt the balance of power
In Soviet favor. If the Soviets are allowed
to operate Polaris-type submarines from
Cuban bases, the Reds can attain a serious
"third force" threat, with only one-third
the number of nuclear submarines required
to operate from Soviet home bases. This is
the grave threat of the caves of Cuba.
To Americans, the important point is that
we do not know what the caves conceal. We
think it is vital that our Government find
No. 47-5
out, beyond doubt, and soon. Having failed
once to listen to the warnings of Cuban
exiles, it seems to us the Government now
has an obligation to disprove their present
charge, by whatever means are necessary, in-
cluding force.
BILL PROPOSED TO STRENGTHEN
IM IGRATION LAWS TO PREVENT
ITIZENS FROM GOING TO
FOR SUBVERSIVE PURPOSES
CRAMER (at the request of Mr.
HARkISON) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, for 2
weeks now I have waged an effort to pre-
vail upon the Justice and State De-
partments to close the open door to sub-
version in the Americas through Mexico
City to Cuba, but so far unsuccessfully.
I have called to the attention of the
State Department and the House Un-
American Activities Committee the fact
that some 97 U.S. citizens, during a
period of only '6 months .during 1962,
went to Cuba through Mexico, since the
ban on such travel dated January 16,
1961, was issued by the State Depart-
ment and I have turned these names
over to the House Un-American Activi-
ties Committee, having been advised that
this list has been denied the committee
for reasons which I cannot understand.
The House Un-American Activities
Committee advises that it is engaged in
a full-scale investigation of the matter
In that my cursory examination of the
list indicated that a number of those
going to Cuba have known Communist
backgrounds and are continuing to par-
ticipate in support of Communist-front
organizations, including the Fair Play
for Cuba Committee, the Medicine for
Cuba Committee, and the July 26 move-
ment.
I also have placed in the RECORD evi-
dence that a number of those who have
gone to Cuba have publicly advertised
this fact in the Worker, with announce-
ments of speechmaking programs about
Cuba, the funds from which are to be
used to finance the Fair Play for Cuba
Committee. Despite these public an-
nouncements, only one prosecution has
taken place.
We are calling upon all nations in this
hemisphere to try to close this open door
of subversion and we look a little silly
in so doing while at the same time per-
mitting our own citizens not only to go
to Cuba but to use information gained
there to sell Castro's communism in the
United States and to finance Communist-
front organizations working for Castro
in the United States.
I find this situation completely intoler-
able and I again call upon the Justice
and State Departments to prosecute
these Communist sympathizers who have
openly and notoriously violated the law
and to do all it can to close this door
permanently.
I am today introducing a bill which I
believe will tighten travel restrictions as
they relate to persons, particularly U.S.
citizens, who travel to or interrupt their
journeys in transit through any country
with which the United States does not
maintain diplomatic relations, making
this specifically a crime when the Presi-
dent of the United States has declared
that such travel should be prohibited in
the best interests of the United States.
This latter limitation obviously would
make it applicable to Cuba and would
perhaps also help bring about clarifica-
tion of rules and regulations relating to
other countries whose governments we
do not recognize.
The further purpowse of this bill is
hopefully to get this general issue before
the Immigration and. Naturalization
? Subcommittee of the Judiciary Commit-
tee so that amendments to the basic law
can be considered while at the same time
House Un-American Activities Commit-
tee and the Senate Internal Security
Committee consider the possible sub-
versive impact of these visits within this
country.
I am also placing in the RECORD for
the first time the list of the number of
people who have gone to Cuba from
other countries during this same
6-month period in 1962. This list indi-
cates the extent to which countries in-
the Americas permit the flow of people,
numbers of them known subversives, to
Cuba, and, again, I say I am confident
this information is correct in that the
basic source of the information comes
from the manifests of the planes
of Cubana Airlines. The list, which is
self-explanatory, indicates a total of
3,447 have traveled to Cuba from other
countries, including 265 from Russia
and its satellites.
The list follows:
Canada 81
99
180
United States
Total
Argentina 229
Bolivia 61
Brazil 80
Colombia 15
Costa Rica 47
Cuba 435
Chile 126
Ecuador 67
El Salvador 70
Guatemala 78
Honduras 229
Mexico 443
Nicaragua 14
Panama 49
Paraguay 27
Dominican Republic 2
Uruguay 122
Venezuela 7
Total 2, 135
From undetermined nationalities,
total 646
Russia and satellites 265
Other countries outside of this
hemisphere 221
Total 1, 132
Grand total 3,447
I again call for the closing of this open
door of subversion and call for early
hearings and favorable action on legisla-
tion of this nature.
It will be my intention, your invitation
of the Senate Internal Security Com-
mittee, to appear before that committee
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CONGRESSIONAL KLCuttLa ? tiutm.c.
on Wednesday to present this evidence
and other matters?this list of names
having been denied even this committee
by the executive branch to date.
OUR FISCAL PROBLEM
(Mr. HARVEY of Indiana tat the re-
quest of Mr. HARRISON) Was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. HARVEY of Indiana. Mr. Speak-
er, the President, unintentionally I am
sure, has placed our fiscal problem in
the proper perspective when he referred
to those who oppose his planned deficits
as being possessed of a puritan ethic.
Dr. Elton Trueblood, of Earlham Col-
lege in Indiana, recently defended those
who do posses a "puritan ethic" very ef-
fectively in the publication Quaker Life,
April 1963.
Under unanimous consent, I include
his article in the body of the RECORD, as
follows:
THE PURITAN ETHIC
(By Elton Trueblood)
Walter Heller, chief economic adviser- to
President Kennedy, has given it out as his
judgment that one of the chief barriers to
be overcome is that of the puritan ethic.
By this he means that adherence to the ethic
of the days when America was young is
wholly inapplicable In our time. It would,
he thinks, be far easier to put across the
Idea of spending ourselves into prosperity
If only an antiquated philosophy did not
persist as an Intellectual anachronism. Run-
ning a big deficit is the right thing to do,
we are told, but some people are still so
old fashioned that they do not know this.
Among those of whom Heiler speaks with
such obvious condescension are a good many
Quakers.
This approach would not be very disturb-
ing If it came from a mere private citizen,
for each person has a right to his opinion.
but It Is highly disturbing when It comes
from those who are among the chief archi-
tects of national policy. We can be grateful
to Heller in that he helps the public to under-
stand the character of the challenge which
the economic advisers are presenting. What
we have on our hands 111 not mere economic
theory, but rather a proposed alteration of
our basic philosophy. We are foolish If we
do not become aroused when the philosophy
which helped to make our country great
is spoken of with contempt.
The President says that his policy of cut-
ting taxes by $10 billion, while expenses
rise, is attacked on both the right and the
left. What he needs to know Is that it Is
deeply disturbing to some who do not belong
to either the right or the left. We are not
ashamed of the puritan ethic, which means
trying to live within our income, and we
refuse to feel out of date just because some
man with access to the White House says
so. I do not especially enjoy paying.
I am well aware of the argument given,
to the effect that the alternative to a huge
deficit is a depression, with the consequence
of an even larger deficit. I tun aware of
this because this is what the President and
his key advisers keep saying. Whether this
is true or not I do not know, but I do know
that an economy in which these are the only
alternatives is terribly sick. Imagine the
richest country of the world admitting that
it cannot avoid a depression except by a
deliberate plan of deficit financing, to
burden its descendants. Already we pay $10
billion a year to finance our debt. As the
debt rises, as is promised, this amount will
increase greatly. One does not have to be
very wise to envisage a time when the total
debt will be fantastic. Certainly it will be
If we add to It substantially in allegedly
good times.
The danger is very great, a danger which
any person ought to be able to see, even if
he is a doctrinaire economist. Consider, for
example, how a similar policy has practically
ruined Brazil. Both reason and experience
should warn us, but those who command
the headlines seem impervious to both. Per-
haps It is the desire to be popular and to
stay in power that Is really at work. People
always love a gift, even If the source of the
gift Is their own money. The basic issue
may not be primarily economic; it may be
moral. The awful thought Is that dema-
gogues tend to win, particularly In the short
run.
CLAY REPORT IS OUTSTANDING
CONTRIBUTION
(Mr. FUQUA (at the request of Mr.
WHITE) was given permission to extend
his remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, through-
out this great Nation of ours, the press
and the people are discUssing and study-
ing the foreign aid report of the Clay
committee, submitted by a 10-man com-
mittee named by President Kennedy and
headed by Gen. Lucius D. Clay. Let me
say that I believe this study and report
represents one of the finest actions taken
since I have been a Member of the Con-
gress.
I think President Kennedy should be
commended for having named this com-
mittee of outstanding Americans to re-
assess our foreign aid program. It has
long been my conviction that we needed
to reassess the role we are playing in
our foreign aid program, to seek out
those areas where our funds are being
wasted, and eliminate these, and where
the goals of this Nation are being met,
to bolster our programs.
The report aptly noted that even with
due consideration for Improvements,
much remains to be accomplished, that
we are attempting too much in too many
places and that a higher quality of re-
duced quantity of our diffuse aid effort
in certain countries could produce more.
Particularly do I support the part of
the report which stated that we can-
not indefinitely continue commitments
at the present rate to the 95 countries
and territories which are now receiving
our economic and military assistance.
Substantial tightening up and sharpen-
ing of objectives in terms of national
Interest are necessary.
The point which impresses me most
about the report is in calling for a defi-
nition of American objectives. We seek
to aid those nations which seek to help
themselves, to make the reforms which
would make their lands productive and
free for their peoples. In Latin America
for example, we must insist that the
leaders of these nations mobilize their
Internal forces to develop their economy,
for promises are not enough, and failure
to meet these commitments should be
accompanied by reduction or complete
elimination of aid to those nations which
fail to meet these guidelines.
I think it should be particularly noted
that we seek not enslavement, but free-
dom, Our aid programs should be de-
signed to bolster the economies of na-
tions which have the capacity and the
determination to build a strong free
economy of free men. For us to do less
is sheer folly.
The Clay Report in my opinion is a
great contribution. It brings into sharp
focus for the American people the ac-
complishments and the failings of our
aid programs over the past 2 decades.
I think it should be carefully studied
and considered, and that the Congress
and the Administration should make a
concerted effort to define our goals. We
should call strongly on those other free
world nations, which we have helped
pull up by their bootstraps from the
ravages of war and which are now self-
sufficient, to pay their fair share of such
programs which are vital to all of us.
And finally, we should begin to cut the
huge expenditures which this Nation has
been making, in some cases unwisely,
for foreign aid.
NASSER'S RAPALLO
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
ALBERT). Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from New York
[Mr. HALPERN] is recognized for 10
minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, last
week I brought to the attention of the
House the appalling situation in the
Middle East where the Egyptian military
and missile buildup has been supple-
mented through the past several years
by the U.S.S.R. and is now being aided by
West Germans. I add sadly that this
buildup has been facilitated to a tre-
mendous degree by our own economic
assistance program favoring Dictator
Nasser, which has made possible a di-
version of Egypt's own resources to fa-
cilitate this offensive arms buildup.
I am particularly concerned over the
flagrant irony of the apparent collabora-
tion by the West German Government
with the "Castro of the Nile," Colonel
Nasser. I say irony because it is Nasser's
own boast that he intends to obliterate
the tiny state of Israel which has been
the haven of hundred of thousands of
Jews, victims of the tyranny of Hitler's
Germany. The appalling thing to me is
the condoning of the work of ex-Nazi
rocket scientists and other Germans in
Egypt by our Government through its
"whitewash" of West Germany in this
connection.
West Germany is our partner in the
NATO Alliance. We certainly can speak
out and demand responsible and moral
behavior. The State Department has
so far merely aught to minimize, ex-
cuse, and justify the notorious?German
role in Egypt.
If West Germany is truly devoted to
freedom and is a trustworthy partner
of America, it behooves our Government
to intercede. Civilization can certainly
expect the West Germans to heed in the
light of the German allegations that
they regret the barbarism of the Nazi
era. If West Germany ignores the dic-
tates of humanity on this issue, her role
on other matters involving peace and
security will bear closer scrutiny.
The world has forgotten neither the?
German-Russian Treaty of Rapallo nor
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CONGRESSIONAL
J. (Two-Gun) Hart, who, as a marshal and
an Indian agent in Nebraska, enforced the
law for 30 years. True, he changed his name,
bilt by any other name, his heredity was
exactly the same.
Those who blame society for an individ-
ual's behavior are themselves creating a so-
ciety of weak arid irrespOnsible individuals.
Making society guilty is an admission that
the individual is not capable of choosing or
controlling his behavior. No man is free
who is not the master of his fate. If his
fate is determined by society, or any other
force outside himself, he is not the master,
and he is not free. Let those who excuse
and blame ponder this. Will they have a
free and responsible citizen who can choose
and control his own destiny? Or will they
have one who is a slave of circumstances
and conditions, without any sense of respon-
sibility for his own life or the community
in which he lives? They must decide on one
or the other. They cannot have both.
rSo8TE KING MORELAND,
POLITICAL CLEARANCE FOR STU-
,
IANT SUMMER JOBS
Mr. $I1VIPSON. Mr. President, recent-
ly I received an inquiry about a disturb-
ing, report that student summer jobs in
Washington were being controlled by the
administration for political purposes.
Reports that applicants were being sub-
jected to clearance through the New
Frontier political machine were brought
to my attention
?
I immediately made inquiry through
the, Civil Service Commission and was
ass4reci both by phone and by letter that
there' had been?to -quote Civil Service?
"to departure from past policies or prac-
tices in employing students."
. The writer, Chairman John W. Macy,
Jr., continued with the reassuring words:
' Any political clearances for appointments
to positions in the competitive service, either
permanent or temporary are clearly pro-
hibited by the Civil Service Act, rules, and
regulations.
realize the repetition involved in
reading Chairman Macy's letter in full,
but to avoid any chance Of pulling his
statements out of context I will quote the
full letter, at this Piiint in my remarks:
DEAR ShNATOR SIMPSON: This is in reply to
your letter of March 12, 1963, in behalf of
Mrs. Pollyann Lucas, 167 South 12th East,
Salt Lake City, Utah, who asks about slimmer
employment in the Federal service.
Let me assure you that there has been no
departure from past policies or practices in
'employing students or other persons for tem-
porary periods during the summer. Pam-
phlet 45 has been reissued (a copy is en-
closed) to set forth the summer employment
opportunities known to the Civil Service
Commission and the procedures to be fol-
lowed by applicants interested in such oppor-
tunities. Any pOlifical clearances for ap-
pointments to positions in the competitive
service, either permanent or temporary, are
clearly prohibited by the Civil Service Act,
rules, and regulations. The Commission will
promptly investigate any specific charge that
such prohibitions have been violated.
..YOUr enclosure is returned.
pfinoerely Yours,
' Join/ W. MACY Jr
Despite the abuses of power politics
that I have Witnessed in my brief tenure
14 the Senate, this letter did seem quite
e;cplicit and I in turn assured Mrs.
Lucas that her tfepidation was without
-
RECORD -- SENATE
cause and that no politics figuied in the
summer jobs. '
At this same time the administration
testified before the House Civil Servioe
Committee that there was certainly no
political patronage involved and that
White House interest in the program was
predicated on the most noble of motives;
simply to set up the summer student
seminars. The fears of all who ques-
tioned the patronage reports were thus
quickly assuaged.
Senators can imagine my surprise
Sunday when I read in the newspaper
that the official publication of the Na-
tional Federation of College Democrats
had unveiled this play for the cruel hoax
that it is. In an article last week the
paper informed its readers that responsi-
bility for summer employment jobs had
been transferred to the White House.
We learn that each applicant is to
Write his Congressmti for his recom-
mendation and 'then forward it to the
White House patronage clerk who will
ascertain the political thinking of the
students.
I submit, Mr. President, that this is the
rankest type of vicious manipulation of
the 10,000 students who are honestly
seeking summer jobs in Washington, and
of the Civil Service Commission, which
is obviously in the dark about the situa-
tion.
In its insatiable drive to twist a politi-
cal advantage from every event, program,
and person the administration has
violated the civil service law as explained
by Mr. Macy and it is attempting to
turn a nonpartisan student employment
program into a campaign device for the
New Frontier.
The American people are witnessing
the antics of an administration that
plays politics with everything from stu-
dents to Cuban refugees to an agency of
its own Government.
It is patent now that the White House
will subtly reject applications of stu-
dents who are not deemed compatible
with the New Frontier grand design.
In his note of reassurance Chairman
Macy takes nctte of the prompt investi-
gation of any reports such as this usurpa-
tion of civil service employment. Here'
we have a clear-ctit case for such an in-
vestigation before Washington is Sur-
feited with a summer youth corps which
is unwittingly giving some Democrat
Congressman a boost for reelection, at
the taxpayers' expense.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article to which I have re-
ferred, written by Mr. Young, may be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
COLLEGE DEMOCRATS ARE TOLD How To GET
SUMMER GOVERNMENT JOB
(By Joseph Young)
The Kennedy administration's disavowal
of political patronage intent in the filling of
student summer jobs in Government is
sharply cofitadicted by one of the Demo-
cratic Parg's -own publications?the Na-
tional College Democrat.
Only last Thursday, administration of-
ficials told the House Civil Service Commit-
tee that there was no political patronage
involved and that the only interest the White
4081,
House had in these jobs was in planiiing the
student seminars which are held in connec-
tion with the Sumtner employment.
However, the National College Democrat,
the official publication of the National
Federation of College Young Democrats, has
this to say in its current issue:
"You may have noticed in recent newspa-
per stories that responsibility for such sum-
mer jobs has been transferred to the White
House.
"The Young Democrats division has
checked out What this means for you.
FORM TO WHITE HOUSE
"We have been recommended to suggest
the following procedure. Write to your
Senator or Congressman, asking him for a
form 57. When you return it, ask him to
enclose an accompanying letter of recom-
mendation and to forward it with the form
57 to Mrs. Dorothy Davies at the White
House."
Mrs. Davies is an assistant to Kenneth
O'Donnell, special assistant to President
Kennedy, and is handling Government sum-
mer employment for the White House.
The Democratic student publication
mentions that "Washington's summertime
lure is 'getting , to' many college Young
Democrats this time of the year."
With such competition among the Young
Democrats, it reminded them that a political
letter of recommendation to the White House
from one's Senator or Congressman may not
be a "guarantee" of getting a summer job.
It urges the Young Democrats to follow up
"any personal leads you may have" in pur-
suing a Government Job.
The article concludes by reminding the
Young Demoeratsl that if they have any fur-
ther questions they should contact aim
Hunt, the college director of the Democratic
National Committee.
AN APRIL FOOL'S DAY NATIONAL
DEBT
Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, it
is an unfortunate coincidence that the
Congress chose April Fool's Day to fool
the American people concerning the size
of the national debt.
Pursuant to an act of Congress, the
papers will solemnly announce that to-
day the ceiling on the debt drops from
$308 billion to $305 billion, leaving the
impression that there has been a marked
reduction in the size of the debt, which,
of course, is not true. For purposes of
flexibility, the Treasury in recent years
has been insisting upon a debt ceiling of
at least $3 billion above the actual debt
at any given time. As of today, the ac-
tual debt is $303,171,874,612.20. The
Treasury had planned to ask Congress
to provide a ceiling above $308 billion,
but abandoned the plan when it became
apparent that a bitter fight over the
debt ceiling would mitigate against the
chances of an income tax cut.
April is the month of the largest pay-
ment of personal income taxes and the
Treasury feels there will be sufficient
funds to meet current bills for the next
2 months under a debt limit of $305
billion prior to June 25, when under ex-
isting law the debt ceiling will drop to
$300 billion, the Treasury will be forced
to ask for legislative action to increase
the debt ceiling. We do not know the
exact figure that the Treasury will re-
quest, but in view of the fact that the
Treasury Department anticipates a defi-
cit of about $12 billion for the next
fiscal year and probably just as much
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
for the Aollowing fiscal year, there are
many who now believe that the Treas-
ury will ask Congress to fix the new ceil-
ing at $320 billion. The budget estimate
for interest on the present debt is $9,400
million, but if Congress concurs in the
planned deficits for the next 2 fiscal
years, the carrying charge on the na-
tional debt will soon be close to $1 billion
a month.
On this April Fool's Day, it is pertinent
to point out that almost one-third of
our monumental national debt has been
created by the money we have loaned
and given to foreign nations since the
end of World War II.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD at
this point a tabulation of those loans and
grants which were published in the last
issue of Time magazine. That tabula-
tion shows how much each foreign coun-
try has received, making a total of.
$97,674,700,000. Whatever the accom-
plishments of foreign aid have been, the
cost has been tremendous. We must re-
view all further requests in this field. ?
There being no objection, the tabula-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
WHERE THE MONEY WENT
The breakdown of military and economic
aid given to foreign countries and groupings
from July 1, 1945, to June 30, 1962. An as-
terisk indicates classified military aid that
is included in the regional totals:
fin millions of dollars]
Eco-
nomic
Mili-
tary
Total
Europe:
Austria
Belgium-Luxem-
bourg
Denmark
France
West Germany
Berlin
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
The Netherlands
Norway
Poland
1, 173. 8
739. 5
300.3
5, 175. 6
4, 047. 6
131.0
70.2
146.2
3, 463. 3
1, 288. 6
349.8
822.6
1,256.4
605.3
4,262.4
951.9
2, 292. 5
1,252.8
797.0
1, 173. 8
1, 995. 9
905.6
9, 438. 0
4, 999. 4
1310
70.2
146.2
5, 756. 8
2, 481. 4
1, 146. 8
522. 6
Portugal
152. 1
336.6
488.7
Spain
1, 173. 6
537.7
1, 711. 3
Sweden
108.9
108.9
United Kingdom
7,668. 2
1, 045. 0
9, 713. 2
Yugoslavia
1, 703. 0
693.9
2, 396. 9
Regional 1
718.4
1, 908. 6
2, 627. 0
A
ti Total
rc Far East:
28, 872. 7
15,939.8
44, 812. 6
tc Burma
95. 4
95.4
te Cambodia
248. 6
86.9
334-5
Nationalist China_ __
2, 051. 6
2, 378. 7
4, 428. 3
Hong Kong
30. 4
30. 4
stc Indochinaregion 2_ --
825.6
709.6
1, 535. 2
as Indonesia
670.9
670.9
of Japan
2, 660. 7
1, 033, 1
3,693. 8
Korea
3,431. 4
2, 002. 2
5, 433.6
Laos
Tr Malaya
291.9
23.2
169.8
461.7
23.2
sic Philippines
1, 334. 4
418.8
1, 753. 2
Ao Thailand
Vietnam
136. 1
1, 699. 3
417.8
742.4
753. 9
2, 441. 7
SEATO
1.8
1.8
in Regional
for
cow Total
thit Middle East and south
41.9
461.1
503.0
15,743. 2
8, 417. 3
22, 160. 5
V Asia:
dog Cyprus
16.9
16.9
tot Greece
Iran
deci Iraq
1, 784. 8
732.3
21. 6
1, 602. 8
177.9
46. 1
3, 387. 6
1, 310. 2
67.7
und Israel
874.7
3.0
877.7
proi Jordan
325.2
24. 1
349.3
Lebanon
invi Saudi Arabia
SO. 4
46.6
8.6
89.0
46.6
5. Syria
76.8
71.8
jeop Turkey
1, 581. 3
2,288.0
3, 869. 3
United Arab Repub-
back lic (Egypt)
628.6
628.6
(In millions of dollars]
Roo-
nomio
Mill-
tary
Total
Middle East, etc.-Con.
Yemen
22.9
22.9
CENT?
27.4
27.4
Afghanistan
216.8
2.8
219.6
Ceylon
79.7
79. 7
India
3, 952. 0
3, 952. 0
Nepal
48. 4
48.4
Pakistan
1, 889.6
's
1, 889. 6
Indus Basin 2
33.5
33.8
Regional
132 4
713.0
552.4
Total
12, 577. 7
5, 266. 2
17, 843. 9
Latin America:
Argentina
180.5
44.0
640.5
Bolivia
254.9
3. 5
258.4
Brazil
1,736. 8
215. 9
1, 952. 7
Chile
675.8
62.2
737.5
Colombia
360.7
47. 8
408. 5
Costa Rica
89. 1
.8
89. 9
Cuba
41. 5
10.6
62. 1
Dominican Republic_
39. 3
6. I
46.4
Ecuador
113. 1
25.2
138.3
El Salvador
39.0
1. 1
40.7
Guatemala
158.2
4.4
182.6
Haiti
94. 6
8.2
100.8
Honduras
43.0
2.3
45.3
Jamaica
8.8
8.8
Mexico
760. 7
0.2
706.9
Nicaragua
65. 1
3.8
66.9
Panama
99.9
.9
100.8
Paraguay
57. 9
1.4
59. 3
Peru_
387. 1
83.8
470. 7
Uruguay_
58. 7
29. 5
88. 2
Venezuela
220. 9
52.9
273. 8
West Indies
22.5
22.5
British Guiana
3. 5
3. 5
British Honduras__ - _
2.4
2. 4
Surinam
3. 4
3. 4
Regional
262. 0
7.4
209.4
Total
6, 195.8
616. 1
6,811. 6
Africa:
Algeria
15.0
15. 0
Cameroon
15.3
.3
15.8
Central African Re-
public
.2
Chad
. 4
.4
Congo (Brazzaville) __
1.3
1.3
Congo (Leopoldville)_
94. 6
9,1 6
Dahomey
6. 6
6.6
Ethiopia
117. 8
67. 5
185, 3
Gabon
.1
.5
Ghana
156. 6
.
156. 5
Guinea
14.3
14.3
Ivory Coast
4.6
4.6
Kenya
18.5
18.5
Liberia
127. 2
4-3
131 5
Libya
187.2
4. 5
101,7
. Malagasy
13
13
Malt
5.1
1.0
6.1
Mauritania-
1. 6
1. 6
Morocco
352.0
?
352.0
Niger
3.2
3.2
Nigeria
43. 6
43.6
Rhodesia-Nyasa-
'land
36.1
-
36.1
Ruanda-Urundi
6.1
8.1
Senegal
4.6
4.6
Sierra Leone
a 5
3. 5
Somali _------27.4

27.4
Sudan
65.0
65.0
Tanganyika
17. 6
" 17.6
Togo
5.8
1.8
Tunisia
293.3
293.3
Uganda
1.2
5.2
Upper Volta
3.2
3. 2
Zanzibar_
.1
. 1
Other French
possessions
6.0
6.0
Other Portuguese
possessions
12. 8
12 8
Other British
possessions
. 9
. 9
Regional
' 11. 1
34.3
45.4
Total
1, 664. 7
112.0
3,776. 6
Nonregional 4
3, 561. 4
708. 0
4, 209.4
Total
66, 615. 2
31, 059.5
97, 674. 7
I "Regional" expenditures include multilateral pro-
grams in given areas; in Europe "Regional" also includes
contributions to NATO.
2 Aid given before Indo-China was given up by Francs
in 1954.
$ India, Pakistan, and other nations' participation in
the Indus River project.
Includes international bodies such as the United
Nations and the International Labor Organization.
Source: Time, Mar. 29, 1963.
Mr._ ROBERTSON. Mr. President,
April Fool's Day is a good day to remind
those who are now contributing to their
April
Government the largest percentage of
their earned income of any free nation
in modern times that the shibboleth of
our State Department, "foreign aid with
no strings attached," has actually meant
foreign aid with little regard to a return
to the American taxpayer.
April Fool's Day is likewise a good day
to warn every man, woman, and child
that, unless we take courageous steps to
end deficit financing, there will come an
April Fool's Day when they will learn
to their sorrow that inflation has eroded
the value of their life savings to a point
where their insurance policies, savings
accounts, and savings bonds are worth-
less. This has happened in many coun-
tries. It can happen here, unless we
take steps to prevent inflation. We must
take these steps, beginning today.
FREEDOM HO POSITION ON
Mr. KEATI . President, I call
to the attention he Senate a full page
advertisement which appeared in the
March 25 edition of the Washington Post
concerning a relatively new organization
known as the Freedom House. Under
the very able leadership of Roscoe Drum-
mond, who is chairman of the board of
trustees, the Freedom House is dedicated
to the principles of peace and liberty
throughout the world. Through their
educational program, conducted by
means of mass media, the Freerlom House
attempts to alert the public to any
threats to our security and, in addition,
It makes positive recommendations for
action.
Mr. President, in this most recent ad-
vertisement, the situation now existing
in Cuba is discussed. The advertisement
correctly points out the bipartisan areas
of agreement-first, to eliminate the So-
viet political and military base in Cuba;
second, to prevent the spread of Com-
munist subversion and terrorism to other
countries in Latin America; and third,
to liberate Cuba from the terror of Cas-
tro's police state. The Freedom House
puts forth six viable propositions which
they believe are fundamental to a satis-
factory solution to the Cuban matter-
a solution in the best interests of the
United States.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that following my remarks here to-
day the text of the advertisement be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the adver-
tisement was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
FREE CUBA
A Communist Cuba is intolerable. It is
intolerable to America for reasons which
bear upon our security. But beyond that,
there are other concerns which must move
freemen.
Communist Cuba has betrayed 6 million
people who won their freedom from the
Batista dictatorship.
It has deprived them of a free press and
the right to vote.
It has imprisoned more than 100,000 Cu-
bans for suspected antipathy to commu-
nism.
It has compelled a quarter of a million to
flee their homeland. An additional 180,000
await transportation and countless others
wish to escape the reign of terror.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
It bJ beconis the first Soviet satellite in
the,.ericak. EVen- if we could be certain
? 't -*Vert offensive military , weapon has
been, removed from cube, there would re-
11 the most effective offensive weapon of
he 20th century; aggressive communism.
holds it imperative that
4 44 ranks to meet that threat.
. ers Of both parties appear to agree
t_pee::9 jectivee of U.S. policy: (a) elim-
inate the 'Soviet -political and .military base
in,gaba,? (b) prevent the spread Of 'Castri-
OOPUTL'allis(t,61,1?13V,,,r4O-n, sabotage and &tier-
rllla -Warfare,,and (IC) liberate the Cuban pee--
ple from the ferior of Castro's 'police- state.
tiThe, _ipine before., us, therefore, is not
174,e.t4e4"
to Move toward these goals, but
49W 1).0. When. Only the President, Who
14-4 access to the facts, ,can determine:
.the ?character and timing of actions that
Will meet hemispheric and global require-
,
1Preedom House believes, however, that
public acceptance of the following proposi-
? tions 'la basic for a viable solution:
1. 'rlie. ,laeart of the issug. is the existp,ppe
of a:Communist .regime in Cuba, serving as
alSo'viet political and niiiitiry base for the
purpose of multiplying Soviet satellites in
. this hemisphere.
Soviets have helped to maks pnbit-ST
ma or training center and staging area for
er iO,P .54.00mnitinist. agents and guerrillas.
ey have Made Cifiaa the No. 1 military_
? er in Latin America as a direct threat
against weaker republics, ?which could gen-
erate an,arms race With SeriOUS economic
snd political consequences.
solution a the area's grievous social
arid econoinN problems will become increas-
th, gly difficult if not impossible to achieve
44914 :91Mcon.tnue,as base for Corn-
thnnist, penetration.
thitier -tieing Pleasure from Ceinniunist
? no Latin ArneriCan government can be
silreirOnt.,941-9 -day to the next that it can
?tain_the peace and oder necessary, to
out its social and economic plans.
, could doom :the_..64liahee ?for Progress.
Spread Of the Castro-ConainunisI in-
fection. is ?inclining influential Latin Amer-
icans to reach for the traditional solution of
? rightwing military dictatorship. Corn-
? *ts would as a step toward
their seizAre. of power.
--3. Thenature?of the ,threat requires that
we he:AS.:intich ,concerned 744,the.?.egux4y
0.4 trealopa of our neighbors and allies. as
WO are With our own.
narrow interpretation of Our national
security Suggesting that we will only take
great_ -risks to protect .our own .territory is
tH4144 Act, kfiggd Uncertainty.. Some Latin
4iner1p,ans are. already beginning to say: if
, the Vnited. States is unable or iipviiiing to
; repel this Communist IIISIIRCe we May have
to fend for ourselves and somehow come to
'terma.with It.,
7 4.14 1,1,411pOrtitnt to act and to time our
action in, ?consuitation with ? our. allies.. to
teehre.inaXinugn unity of the Organization
Of Anerjcn:04es and, the Atlantic, Alliance,
uoh action ia-.,antnorized in the 1947 Rio
Treaty which _applies the U.N. Charter provi-
41911for,sif defense to the Organization of
ericaztftates ,(OAS).
r9.?(49.1101011.5 adopted at Punta del Este
in.,19,64,?Nstils this doctrine on Qubkand
for, InniVick, 1,141:. and ,collective measures to
cOnriteract the continued intervention_ lit
thialiethiaphere of the Slab-Soviet rowers..
--447tige
preparing for action, we must not
grade the' danger. Nor should we defer
9 clin4izer,of, tng OA S. in malting
eeiS ns,_The confidence of those who are
under citta-Pk;ould thus be shaken; further
provobations and t:tilscaleu_latiotte would_ be
invited:
T. 5. Pallige to #'911,9yi up initial success
"jeoEardizes the gain and can lead to a set-
' -1)
-
The forceful and prudent U.S. action in
the missile crisis induced Khrushchev to
back away from his gamble. His credibility
as well as the influence of Castro and Com-
munism were considerably diminished. But
these gains have since been partly dissipated,
Communists and their -sympathizers can
now make headway in Latin American trade
unions, in universities and among the dis-
contented generally. Growing uncertainty
is causing flights of capital and discourag-
ing investments sorely needed to ga the
Alliance for Progress moiling.
6. he uncompromising assertion of our bi- 234 anniversary of the brutal murder of 14,-
000 Polish officers, professors, scientists,
priests, and other leaders of Polish- life in the
Katyn Forest of Russia; and
Whereas a special congressional committee
following the conduct of hearings in the
United States and Europe, found substantial
mevidence that this infamous crime was com-
itted by Soviet NKVD agents in the spring
of 1949; and
Whereas the U,S, congress forwarded these
findings to the Secretary of State requesting
him that all of. the evidence produced at
these hearings as well as the record be trans-
mitted to the GenevIkAsSenably Of the United_
Nations; and
?Whereas the then Secretary of State failed
to pass on these findings and this evidence
to the Assembly of the United Nations; and
Whereas this murder at Katyn perpetuated
by Soviet Russia and constituting one of the
worst acts of genocide in the recent history ma
of nkind still remains to be formally
brought to the attention of the Assembly of
the United Nations: It is hereby
Resolved, That the perpetrators of this
crime must be punished; that the continued
evasion by free nations of their responsi-
bility to Poland, their loyal ally during
World War II must cease; that we join with
every friend of liberty in a continuing effort
to bring to justice those who were respon-
sible for this massacre; and be it further
4989
Ugh American Congress be printed in
the RECORD following my remarks.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
Whereas 1,200 American. friends cif the
cause of a free Poland are assembled this
10th day of March 196i, in the Polish Na-
tional Hall, 19 St. Marks Place, New York,
under the auspices of the Downstate New
York division of the Polish American Con-
gress, for the purpose of commemorating the
? partisan objectives by word and deed is vital
in rallying support for measures to realize
our goals.
Our determination to see Cuba free and
independent can be demonstrated now by
helping qualified Cuban refugees to prepare
themselves for democratic leadership. They
should be given a chance to use their lan-
guage and skills in the struggle for freedom
throughout Latin America.
Our oommitinent to prevent the spread of
Castroism should be implemented in coopera-
tion with the threatened countries by work-
ing out unified defenses against the infiltra-
tion of Communist propagandists, terrorists
and guerrillas. Their movements should be
more effectively controlled and freedom fight-
ers trained to counter their tactics.
We are confronted with a clear and present
danger of more "Cubes" in Latin America.
To turn the tide, we must notpermit preoc-
cupation with risks to impose paralysis on
action, Consideration of tVis issue must not
degenerate into a partisan wrangle.
An alliance for freedom is indispensable
to the success of the Alliance for Progress.
To that end Americans north and south of
the Rio grande should unite in a movernent
or a free Cuba. .
FREEDOM HOUSE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Roscoe Drummond, Chairman; Harry D.
Gideonse, president; Leo Cherne, chairman,
executive -committee; Harry J. Carman,
George B. Ford, honorary chairman; Rex
Stout, treasurer; Mrs. Henry Gale, assistant
treasurer; George Field, executive director;
Herbert Agar, Irving Brown, Ernest Cuneo,
Christopher Emmet, Arthur J. Goldsmith,
Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Mrs. Andred Jackson,
Jacob K. Javits, Maxwell A. Kriendler, John
V. Lindsay, Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Dwayne Or-
ton, Mrs. Bonaro Overstreet, Rudolph Ra-
thaus, Whitelaw Reid, John R. Richardson,
Jr., Elizabeth 1V1. Riley, Francis E. Rivers, Mrs.
Kermit Roosevelt, Elmo Roper, Eric Sevareid,
Whitney North Seymour, Mrs. Caroline K.
Simon, Nathaniel Singer, Gerald L. Steibel,
Herbert Bayard Swope, Jr., James J. Wads-
worth, William L. White, Roy Wilkins.
RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE
DOWNSTATE NEW 'YORK
_
SIGN OF THE POLISH AMERICAN
CONGRESS
Mr. K.EATING. Mr. President, the
,althi.we Murder of 14,000 Polish officers
23 years ago was recently commemorated
by the downstate New York division of
the Polish American Congress. This
brutal act of genocide committed by So-
viet NKVD agents in 1940_still remains
? unpunished, and, at the present time,
?POlanci still remains the exploited vic-
tim of Soviet imperialism, subjugated to
the force and terror of Communist tyr-
anny. In my judgment, the United
States?in fact, the entire free world?
cannot afford to neglect the hopes and
tb.e.se ,freedoincloving people.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the resolution adopted by the
Resolved, That this meeting calls upon the
Honorable Dean Rusk, Secretary of State,
the Honorable J. William Fulbright, chair-
man of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee, the Honorable Thomas E. Morgan,
chairman of the House Foreign Relations
Committee, the Honorable Jacob K. Javits
and the Honorable Kenneth B. Keating, U.S.
Senators from New York, to make every
effort to bring the findings of the special
congressional committee investigating the
Katyn massacre to the attention of the As-
sembly of the United Nations, with the de-
mand that the perpetrators of this crime be
punished in order that the ideals of justice
may be made to prevail.-
WLADYSLAW BORZECKI,
Chairman, Resolutions Committee.
FELIKS POPLAWSKI,
EDWARD VVITANOWSKI,
RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR ELECTRIC
TRANSMISSION LINES OVER FED-
ERAL LANDS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I shall
speak briefly this 'afternoon on two sub-
jects: First, dealing with the problems
arising in connection with the granting
of rights-of-way for electric transmis-
sion lines over Federal lands; and sec-
ond, dealing with some of the problems
that are arising in connection with what
I consider to be, under international
law, illegal conduct on the part of cer-
tain Cuban exiles in the United States.
Turning to the first subject matter
first, I was very happy to learn that last
weekend the Interior and Agriculture
Departments gave final approval to new
regulations governing the granting of
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4990 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 4pril 1
rights-of-way for electric transmission
lines over Federal lands. Secretaries
Udall and Freeman have demonstrated
that it is possible to protect the public
interest in spite of the pressure of
utility interests which want free access
to the public domain.
Last week the distinguished Senator
from Wyoming tMr. StideSON] sub-
mitted for the the REcose a column
from Newsweek entitled "Whose Lands
Are These?" written by Mr. Raymond
Moley. It was in response to the an-
nouncement of the two secretaries on
granting rights-of-way for electric
transmission lines over public lands that
Mr. Moley wrote his article.
Mr. Moley was talking about the pub-
lic lands; and if I did not know him
better I would have expected from the
title to hear that the public lands belong
to the people of the United States,
through their Government.
This is not the way Mr. Moley secs it.
He viewed the public domain as the
property of the private power com-
panies.
Referring to Mr. Moley's column,
Senator Simpson expressed the fear that
the private utilities may be forced to
"importune" the Government for "the
right of existence" if the new regula-
tions go into effect, requiring the com-
panies to wheel Government power
when excess capacity is available.
Mr. Moley goes even further and says
that a Government policy attaching
conditions to the granting of rights-of-
way across these public lands would,
"In effect, be violations of primary
rights of property."
That is very interesting language?
"primary rights of property," When-
ever I read that sort of language, I am
always looking for the definition.
That is what we call the use of an
emotional sanction. The question may
be asked, "What is meant by 'primary
rights of property'?" What do they
accomplish?
This is a very interesting juornalistic
technique. It involves the use of
phrases that can be characterized as
emotional sanctions that stir the
thalamus rather than the cortex.
When we start dealing with "primary
rights of property," we must deal with
legal definitions.
As I say, Mr. Moley talks about "vio-
lation of primary rights of property."
This is curious reasoning Indeed.
The proposed regulations were in ef-
fect in pretty much the same form from
1948 and 1954 and during that period
some 84 rights-of-way were granted to
utilities which willingly, if not cheer-
fully, agreed in return to carry Govern-
ment power where excess capacity was
available. It was not until the heyday
of the Eisenhower "partnership" with
the private utilities that the regula-
tions were rescinded, under circum-
stances which needed the careful
scrutiny which they received from a
congressional corrunittee.
Senator Sruesox says that in impos-
ing a wheeling requirement in exchange
for a right-of-way across the Federal
lands the Government is somehow vio-
lating the sanctity of company prop-
erty. Or, as he said, the power com-
panies "are seeking to build a house
La which the Federal Government de-
mands the right of entry as a building
prerequisite."
If a fellow came to me and asked for
permission to build a road across my
farm, I might give him permission to
do so if It did not damage the farm
unduly. If I were a hard-headed busi-
ness man, I might sock him with a sub-
stantial bill for the valuable right-of-
way. At the very least, I feel sure that
I would ask permission for me and my
family to use the road, since it crossed
our property. Only if I were in an ex-
ceptionally generous mood would I
agree to use this road only at times
when it would not inconvenience him.
In my view, the Interior and Agri-
culture Departments have adopted the
generous view, in proposing that only ex-
cess capacity would be used to carry
Gsvernment power, capacity not need-
ed by the utility for its own deliveries.
What could be fairer? What could be
more equitable?
Let us not forget for one moment that
these lands belong to the people of the
United States and are held in trust for
them by their government. In asking
permission to construct transmission
lines over them, the power companies are
asking a favor of no small magnitude.
Mr. Moley remarks in his column that
"for such easements and rights-of-way,
they?the power companies?pay to the
Federal Treasury."
Mr. Moley does not say how much they
pay. That is quite understandable, be-
cause it is so little that it would damage
his argument rather than strengthen it.
It is a token payment, roughly covering
the cost of administering the permit. To
compare these payments with the cost of
acquiring right-of-way from private
owners of land, possibly resorting to
time-consuming condemnation proceed-
ings, indicates the magnitude of the gift
which these companies receive when
they are permitted to build lines across
the public domain.
And let us take a look at these allegedly
onerous conditions which they must ac-
cept along with the gift:
First, the Government reserves the
right to use excess capacity in the lines
to transmit power?at its own expense.
Second, where additional capacity is
needed, the Government would have the
right to add it, again at Government ex-
pense. And, third, where the proposed
private transmission lines would con-
flict with the power-marketing program
of the United States, companies could be
refused permission to cross public lands
but not, it should be pointed out, per-
mission to build the lines elsewhere. In
other words, the companies may build
duplicating lines if they will, but not on
Government land.
I fall to see how the first or second
conditions could damage the utility com-
panies in any way, except in weakening
their monopoly position in some areas.
Their power moves first, and in a manner
to be determined wholly by the company.
But let us examine this monopoly ques-
tion. The top spokesman for Pacific Gas
& Electric Co., In hearings on this ques-
tion back in 1955, said f-ankly that
P.G. & E. did not want to wheel Gov-
eminent electricity because "there is no
reason why in my opinion we should per-
mit our lines to be used to enable the
Government to take away our cus-
tomers."
Here we get to the heart of the matter.
That spokesman was the company's ex-
ecutive vice president, Mr. Gerdes, and
the customers he was talking about were
the so-called preference customers, en-
titled by law to first call on power from
the Central Valley project in California.
With the wheeling requirement, as with
Federal transmission lines, these munic-
ipalities and rural electric cooperatives
could contract directly with the Govern-
ment for power from the Federal proj-
ects. Without wheeling or transmission,
the preference customers were obliged
to buy their wholesale power from P.G.
& E., at P.G. St E. prices, at the very
moment the power company itself was
enjoying low-cost Central Valley power.
The congressional intent to pass along
the benefits of this power to nonprofit
groups was frustrated because a single
utility controlled the transmission sys-
tem.
Mr. Gerdes testified that his company
reluctantly agreed to wheel Federal
power, by agreement, in 1951, and sub-
sequently the General Accounting Office
found the deal most beneficial to the
company, if not to Uncle Sam.
It was brought out during the same
hearings, which were conducted by the
Subcommittee on Public Works and Re-
sources of the House Government Oper-
ations Committee, that virtually every
major power company in the West took
part In the effort to get the transmission
lino regulations repealed in 1954. He
named them?Montana Power Co., Utah
Power & Light Co., Colorado Public Serv-
ice Co., Portland General Electric Co.,
the California Pacific Utilities Co.,
Washington Water Power Co., Public
Service Co. of New Mexico, Arizona Pub-
lic Service Co., Pacific Power & Light
Co., California Electric Power Co.,
Southern California Edison Co., and
perhaps some others. He explained
that the list comprised "the principal
electric companies in the western part
of the United States where the lands are
In substantial part owned by the Fed-
eral Government"?hearings, "Certain
Activities Regarding Power," Depart-
ment of the Interior, "Changes in Power
Line Regulations," page 438.
Representatives of these companies got
together to prepare a list of changes
which they thought Interior should make
in its regulations, you will recall, and
the result was a memorandum, drafted
in the offices of Idaho Power Co., and
left on the most appropriate desk in
the Interior Department by Herman
Kruse, Pacific Gas & Electric's chief
Washington lobbyist.
The memorandum was adopted?as
the Chudoff subcommittee described it
In Its report: ?
The changes in the regulations * ?
were adopted by the Interior Department
verbatim from an anonymous document de-
livered personally without a covering letter
or memorandum by a registered lobbyist of
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4994 'h CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
'Sentatives in Congress; and certainly
hiS right to vote will be protected if this
amendment is ratified by a sufficient
number of States and becomes part of
the U.S. Constitution.
So, all of us are very much interested
in having it ratified. No one has helped
more in that connection than the Sen-
ator from Oregon.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, the Sen-
ator from Florida is quite correct when
he says that all of us are very much
interested in having the amendment
ratified. Whenever exercise of the right
to vote is made difficult of attainment
by any citizen, of whatever color, full
citizenship rights are denied him. So
I believe it most important that every
American citizen be given ample op-
portunity to exercise the precious right
to cast a free ballot.
ACTIVITY OF CUBAN REFUGEES
' AND TH CENT FORAYS
AGAI
Mr. MO E. Mr. President, events
of recent days have brought to the fore
a matter which has largely been. ignored
in this country, although it can cause
painful consequences if it is ignored any
longer. That is the activity of the Cuban
refugees and their recent forays against
Cuba.
Not much has been said about the
fact that since the Castro government
took power, some 250,000 Cubans have
come to the United States, nearly all of
them simply as guests of the United
States. They are not here under im-
migration quotas, but are outside them.
They are here in a form of asylum, de-
spite the fact that it has never been a
normal practice for the United States to
receive political refugees, except as.im-
migrants who have come to live here as
permanent residents.
As noted in. Hackworth's Digest of In-
ternational Law?volume II, page 622:
The Government of the United States has
strongly disapproved of the principle of
asylum as such and has declined to recog-
nize or subscribe to it as a part of interna-
tional law.
Yet about 95 percent of the registered
Cuban refugees over the past 2 years
have entered this country under a visa
waiver, and are on parole here.
The provision of law which authorizes
such a proceeding is section 212(d) (5) ,
which reads:
The Attorney General may in his discre-
tion parole into the United States tempor-
arily under such conditions as he may pre-
scribe for emergency reasons or for reasons
deemed strictly in the public interest any
alien applying for admission to the United
States, but such parole of such alien shall
not be regarded as an admission of the alien
and when the purposes of such parole shall,
in the opinion of the Attorney General, have
been served the alien shall forthwith return
or be returned to the custody from which
he was paroled and thereafter his case shall
continue to be dealt with in the same manner
as that of any other applicant for admission
to the United States.
There appears in the same statute, the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952,
the following provision, just a few para-
graphs after the provision I have already
cited:
Whenever the President finds that the
entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens
Into the United States would be detrimental
to the interests of the United States, be may
by proclamation, and for such period as he
shall deem necessary, suspend the entry of
all aliens or any class of aliens as immigrants
or nonimmigrants, or impose on the entry
of aliens any restrictions he may deem to be
appropriate.
We know that the use of the mass
parole provided by the 1952 act, al-
though contrary to American practice,
and quite unique in our history, was
completely justified on humanitarian
grounds. alone.
We have done more than merely admit
these people. Over three-quarters of
them have sought and have received cash
assistance. Thus far, the Federal Gov-
ernment has spent more than $50 mil-
lion in direct financial aid. The cost of
medical care, educational benefits, and
other items is not counted in that total.
The current rate of grant assistance is
running at about $211/2 million each
month.
Because of the difficulties experienced
in handling this sudden influx into the
Miami area, over 40,000 refugees have
resettled in other parts of the United
States. Many of them have obtained
jobs, with the help of the Federal Gov-
ernment.
Mr. President, I do not question for a
moment the good faith of all the Cuban
refugees. They have been grateful for
our assistance, and in many cases, have
repaid our financial help as soon as they
were able to do so.
But it is also true that all of them are
here on a temporary basis, under special
regulation. Save for an early wholesale
return to Cuba, their status in time will
have to be regulated by special legisla-
tion by the U.S. Congress.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF CUBAN REFUGEES
While they are here, however, it is not
amiss to remind them that they are ex-
pected to observe all the laws, and to re-
spect the foreign policy objectives of the
United States.
Nor is it for Cuban refugees to de-
termine U.S. foreign policy. It is not for
Cuban refugees to attempt to determine
American foreign policy. It is for Cuban
refugees never to forget for one moment
that they are here as our guests. We are
providing them with a sanctuary. We
are providing them with protection.
They are not in the United States with
any rights, legally or morally, to use
the territory of the United States for ac-
tivities aimed at implicating American
foreign policy in situations that might
very well lead to war.'
I wish to stress that point by way of
digression, because I know that what I
am now saying will not be music to some
ears. The responsibility for American
foreign policy rests with the American
Government and not with Cuban
refugees.
One of the most important, and most
critical of these foreign policy objectives
is the removal of the forces of the Soviet
Union from the island of Cuba. The
type of raid on Cuba which has been
April 1
carried on recently is certainly more of
a display, built up by publicity and ad-
vertising, than a genuine assault on the
Russo-Cuban armed forces in Cuba; it
does nothing to hurt or diminish those
forces. But it certainly gives the Rus-
sians a justification for remaining to
protect Cuba.
Similarly, the raids give Castro justifi-
cation for increasing his indigenous
armed forces, and for taking sterner
measures against the Cuban people.
Yet in neither case do the raids inflict
any real damage or harm upon either
the Castro forces or the Russians.
There is the even more important con-
sideration that the repercussions of raids
planned and staged by the Cuban refu-
gees will bring patrol actions that will
draw American forces into the picture.
The shooting at U.S. ships on the high
seas is one ramification of this possi-
bility. Increasing measures taken by the
Russo-Cubans against the raids will,
sooner or later, be directed against
Americans, either civilian or military,
who may have every right to be where
they are, but who will nonetheless feel
the brunt of these defense measures by
Cuba.
The repercussions of these raids, in
other words, will undoubtedly have to be
borne by the United States and not by
the Cuban exiles at all. It is here where
the real danger of them lies. In the end,
the confrontation between ourselves and
the Soviet Union could build into propor-
tions that would once again threaten us
and the world with war.
I do not rule out the possibility that
such a confrontation could again occur.
But if we are forced into such a situa-
tion, it should be on behalf of ourselves
and not because we were forced into it
by a hotheaded group of guests in our
own house.
It is not outside the realm of possi-
bility that such a climax is exactly what
the exiles' raids are designed to bring
about. One cannot help but wonder
what the real objective of the raids may
be, when it is so evident that they are
completely inconsequential in their mili-
tary effects.
A final reason why the raids are harm-
ful to American foreign policy interests
is the bad precedent they set for other
exiles in the? hemisphere. So long as
these raids have any connotation of
American support, approval, or even per-
mission, they encourage exiles from
other Caribbean countries to begin the
same type of operation in order to return
to power.
We know that conditions in Haiti
parallel those in Cuba; there are Haitian
exiles in the United States, too, who may
be encouraged to undertake raids against
Haiti. And who is to say but what the
change of government in Guatemala
may create a faction of exiles seeking to
overthrow its new military regime.
The Caribbean is too unstable to per-
mit the United States to become the
home base of dissident elements from
any of its member countries. If we ever
do become such a base, we will become
hopelessly entangled in the web of Carib-
bean politics.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 4993
ADDING GOLIP DE GRACE
As chairman of the Senate Subcotarnittee
on Constitutional Amendments, I read with
interest your editorial of March 22 applaud-
ing the fact that 24 States have now ap-
proved the proposed 24th or anti-poll-tax
amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
I expect that many readers were intrigued
by the map which you printed, showing the
State of Tennessee, which was the first
Southern State to approve the amendment,
surrounded by other States that have not
yet done so. This is no legislative accident,
but is in keeping with the progressive tra-
ditions of Tennessee, and with an historic
stubborn anti-poll-tax sentiment among
Tennesseans.
The Tennessee Legislature first voted to
eliminate the poll tax as a prerequisite for
voting in 1943. This was frustrated by a
decision of the Supreme Court of Tennessee,
which held the act unconstitutional. In
1953, this court decision was overruled by
an amendment to the State constitution
which finally eliminated the poll tax re-
quirement.
Since the demise of the poll tax restriction
in Tennessee, there has been a healthy In-
crease in the percentage of voter participa-
tion, and I am proud that our legislature
has approved the amendment to eliminate
this voting restriction from the Nation as
a whole.
ESTES KEFAUVER,
Chairman, Senate Subcommittee on
Constitutional Amendments.
Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Florida yield?
Mr. HOLLAND. I am glad to yield to
the distinguished Senator from Ten-
nessee.
Mr. KEFAUVER. I wish again to con-
gratulate the Senator from Florida for
his leadership on behalf of the ratifica-
tion of the 24th amendment. As he has
stated, there is no organized group or
paid lobby behind this effort. The great
success of the proposed amendment has
been due to the interest of all Members
of the Senate and the interest which we
have been able to generate in our own
States through the Governors and mem-
bers of the legislatures.
I am very happy that Tennessee was
the 25th State to ratify the amendment.
At that time I said that a large Part of
the credit was due the Governor, Hon.
Frank Clement, and two members of the
general assembly, who took the lead in
behalf of ratification, Senator Robert C.
Taylor, of Nashville; and Representative
Ray R. Baird, of Rockwood.
I am proud of the fact that Tennessee
was the 25th State?and the only State
In that section of the country?to ratify
the amendment. I am also proud that
this action was taken by overwhelming
majorities in both the senate and the
house of representatives.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President. again
I thank my distinguished friend, who,
himself, has been so greatly responsible
for the action taken by his State.
Mr. President. yesterday there was
published in the Florida Times-Union,
of Jacksonville, Fla., a fine article writ-
ten by John Chadwick, of the Associated
Press. It is a well written, factual sum-
mation of the situation in regard to this
amendment; and the article states, in
a more comprehensive manner than
anything else I have seen, the situation
at this time. With 29 States having
ratified the amendment and with ratifi-
cation by 9 more required to complete
action on this important proposal?and
it will be difficult to get them all, this
year?the picture is fully painted by Mr.
Chadwick in his article. I ask unani-
mom consent that the article, entitled
"Anti-Poll-Tax Amendment Needs Rati-
fication by Nine More States," be printed
at this point in the RECORD, in connec-
tion with my remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ANTI-POLL-TAX AMENDMENT NICEDS EATIVICA-
TION ST NINE MORE Sram
Wssiontrrow, March 30.?WI11 an anti-poll-
tax amendment be written Into the Constitu-
tion before next year's elections?
The proposed amendment, approved by
Congress last summer, must be ratified by
the legislature. of 38 of the 50 States to be-
come effective.
As of today, it has been ratified by 29
States. This leaves 9 to go, with 15 other
State legislatures now in session or to be In
session before the end of the year.
SIX STATES OPPOSED
What's the outlook in these 15 States?
In six of them, ratification is unlikely.
Backers of the amendment are not counting
on approval by Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
North Carolina, South Carolina, or Texas.
This means the othef nine States all must
ratify if the amendment is to become effec-
tive this year.
In three of these States, Arizona, Iowa.
and Missouri, one branch of the legislature
has approved the amendment but not the
other. In Delaware. Maine, Nebraska, New
Hampshire, and Oklahoma neither house has
acted yet. The Florida Legislature doesn't
meet until next week.
HOLLAND OPTIMISTIC
Senator SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Democrat, of
Florida. chief sponsor of the amendment,
said today he regards as excellent the pros-
pecta for ratification by the Florida Legisla-
ture
The amendment would outlaw payment of
B poll tax, or any other tax, as a requirement
for voting in presidential or congressional
elections.
Only five States?Alabama, Arkansas, Mis-
slaisippl. Texas, and Virginia?now make poll
tax payments a requirement for voting.
Hottspre first Introduced an anti-poll-tax
amendment in 1949 and has been plugging
for it ever since.
The Senate approved the amendment by a
77 to 16 vote last March 27 and the House by
a 294 to 86 vote August 27.
HOLLAND says that abolishing the poll tax
will make an important contribution to bet-
ter government by bringing about greater
participation of qualified voters.
DEPLORES PRICE IN VOTE
"I have strongly felt for many years that
the voter who is otherwise qualified should
not have a price set upon his right to par-
ticipate in the selection of his national lead-
ers," he says.
"Nor do I believe that the qualified citi-
zen's right to vote in a national election
should be abridged or denied because of his
failure through poverty or oversight to pay
a poll tax or any other tax."
His fight against the poll tax goes back
to his days as a State legislator. Ho played
a key role in Florida's elimination of its poll
tax in 1937 when he was a member of the
State senate.
But HOLLAND, like other Southerners in
Congress. battled Mlle Introduced year after
year by civil rights advocates to wipe out
the poll tax by statute.
Illinois was the first State to ratify HOL-
LAND'S amendment, completing action last
November 14. Since then it has been ratified
by the Legislatures of New Jersey, Oregon,
Montana, West Virginia, New York, Mary-
land, California, Indiana, Rhode Island,
Michigan, Alaska, Ohio, Idaho, Hawaii, New
Mexico, Utah, Minnesota, North Dakota,
Colorado, Vermont, Washington, Nevada,
Tennessee, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Wis-
consin, Massachusetts, and Kansas.
The Mississippi Legislature Is the only one
that has voted to reject the amendment, but
the Legislatures of South Dakota, Wyoming,
and Arkansas adjourned this year without
acting on It.
HOLLAND told the Senate the other day
that the legislatures of 9 States had rati-
fied the amendment unanimously and that
in 12 other States either the house or the
senate ratified without a dissenting vote.
The closest vote was in the Montana
house; where ratification was voted 50 to 3T.
But the Montana Senate voted for ratifica-
tion 51 to 4.
HOLLAND has credited Senate colleagues,
both Democrats and Republicans, with yeo-
man service in bringing the amendment to
the attention of State officials and urging its
ratification.
But he told the Senate that "there is no
lobby behind the effort. Not a nic8el's
worth of money from any source in pushing
It."
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, again
I thank the Senator from Oregon [Mr.
Maim] for his courtesy, which I have
learned to expect from him during all
these years of friendly association. He is
always courteous to his colleagues, and
particularly to his seatmate, the Senator
from Florida.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish to
say to the Senator from Florida that
from day to day I await with great an-
ticipation the reports by the Senator
from Florida on the progress which his
anti-poll-tax amendment is making
throughout the country.
As I have said before, and I repeat to-
day,,one of the greatest contributions to
the civil rights issue, and one which is
completely helpful in connection with a
most Important part of it, is made by the
Senator's 'anti-poll-tax amendment.
Certainly their right to vote is a civil
right which Is completely basic to free-
dom for Americans. In that connection,
the anti-poll-tax amendment is most im-
portant.
I wish to say to the Senator from
Florida that although, as usual, he
speaks with considerable understatement
when he discusses the prospects for in-
corporation of his anti-poll-tax amend-
ment in the U.S. Constitution, I venture
to predict?dangerous though prediction
is?that his amendment will be ratified
by a sufficient number of States and will
become part of the Constitution of our
country at a very early date.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, the
courtesy of the Senator from Oregon
always overwhelms me.
As he knows, I am very greatly inter-
ested in the right to vote, and have
been for many years. In that connec-
tion, I found that even in my own State,
literally thousands of citizens were pre-
vented from voting, either by penury
or by other circumstances, when we had
a poll tax. Certainly it is most impor-
tant that every citizen, whatever his
circumstances, have an opportunity to
vote for electors for President and Vice
President and for Senators and Repre-
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1963 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 4995
0 STATUTES LIMITING INTERFERENCE IN
FOREIGN COUNTRIES
We have many statutes on the books
which restrict Americans and non-
citizens alike from engaging in expedi-
tions against other countries. One of
these is the Neutrality Act which reads
In part:
Whoever, within the United States,
knowingly begins or sets on foot or provides
or prepares a means for or furnishes the
money for, or takes part in, any military or
naval expedition or enterprise to be carried
on from thence against the territory or
domination of any foreign prince, or state, or
of any colony, district, or people with whom
the United States is at peace, shall be fined
not more than $3,000 or imprisoned not more
than 3 years, or both.
Some of the Cuban exile raiders claim
they have violated no law because they
jumped off from islands not belonging
to the United States.
But we know they left from the United
States as individuals and returned to
the United States when the raids were
over. I wrote to the Attorney General
of the United States on March 20 about
one of these raids and the application to
it of this section of the law, section 960
of title 18 of the United States Code.
I shall read the letter into the record.
Mr. GRUENING. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield for a question?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
MCINTYRE in the chair) . Does the
Senator from Oregon' yield to the Sen-
ator from Alaska?
Mr. MORSE. I yield.
Mr. GRUENING. I am much im-
pressed with the cogency and logic of
the Senator's argument, I have seldom
found myself in disagreement with his
public policies. But I wonder if he does
not have a little sympathy for or under-
standing of people who have a burning
conviction, people who are frustrated
here, and are waiting on a policy of lib-
eration which does not seem to eventu-
ate. They would like to do something to
bring it about even at the sacrifice of
their own lives. History is full of the
exploits of brave people who have been
ready to die in fighting tyranny?tyranny
of the kind that exists in Cuba. What
shall we do about those people who are
willing to risk their lives to strike a blow
for freedom?the kind of freedom which
we would like to see restored in Cuba?
Is there not something to be said on that
side?
Mr. MORSE. Not a thing. Nota sin-
gle thing can be said on the side of peo-
ple who desire to use a sanctuary in the
United States to endanger 180 million
Americans by following a course of action
as exiles which they cannot reconcile
?with international law, and which may
very well determine whether or not we
engage in war or remain at peace. I
favor a settlement of the Cuban issue,
but not by a group of self-appointed
diplomats to whom we have given sanc-
tuary in the United States, and who
obviously are seeking to follow a course
of action that could very well embroil
the United States in war.
I shall tell the Senate what I would
have done down at the Roger Smith Ho-
tel the other day when two of the exiles
held a press conference at which they
boasted to the world of the raid they
had just carried out in Caribbean waters.
I would have had them met with U.S.
marshals.
Mr. GRUENING. I am not concerned
about what a group of diplomats meet-
ing in a hotel far from the firing line
might do, but I think there is something
to be said for young men who are so de-
termined, who have seen such atrocities
as those committed by the Castro regime
in Cuba, who are willing to risk their own
lives to go down there and strike a blow
for freedoni. I doubt whether such in-
dividual actions would imperil the safety
of 180 million Americans.
Mr. MORSE. Of course it is going to
imperil the safety of 180 million Amer-
icans. Suppose they sink a Russian ship.
Suppose they sink a 'U.S. ship. I have
not forgotten my history, about the sink-
ing of the Maine. Does the Senator
think that would not increase the pos-
sibilities and dangers of war?
I wish to say that American foreign
policy must be run by America and not
by Cuban exiles to any degree whatso-
ever.
If they were so anxious to die for
freedom they could have stayed in Cuba.
Mr. GRUENING. They would either
be shot or imprisoned in Cuba, and they
would not be very effective, if either dead
or imprisoned.
Mr. MORSE. There are many patri-
otic Cubans who are still in Cuba, in the
Oriente Mountains, fighting for freedom
in Cuba.
? I do not object to the giving of sanc-
tuary to those who want to leave Cuba,
but I am objecting to Cuban exiles using
the United States as a base, to the em-
barrassment of American foreign policy.
Mr. GRUENING. Is the Senator's ob-
jection that they returned to the United
States after striking a blow for freedom?
In other words, if they were to stay in
Cuba and fight for the underground,
would that meet the Senator's test?
Mr. MORSE. If they stayed in Cuba
they would not be involving the United
States, through their activities, in diffi-
culties with Cuba.
We will handle Castro. But so far
as the senior Senator from Oregon is
concerned, the Cuban exiles in the
United States should be told by the US.
Department of Justice, as I shall point
out in a moment in my manuscript, that
we are going to enforce the law govern-
ing their sanctuary in the United States.
If they do not like that, they can leave
the United States. They have no right
to stay in the United States and proceed
to follow a course of action which jeop-
ardizes American foreign policy.
Mr. GRUENING. The Senator's ob-
jection seems to be that they leave the
United States and then come back to
the United States. Suppose they should
leave the United States and go to Cuba
and fight in the underground. Would
that still be objectionable to the Sen-
ator from Oregon?
Mr. MORSE. I think it would have
been preferable if they had stayed there
in the first place.
Mr, GRUENING. At the time, per-
haps they did not realize we would not ?
be able to be successful in the effort at
the Bay of Pigs.
Mr. MORSE. The senator means
they did not realize we would not go to
war.
Mr. GRUENING. No; that we would
not give the support necessary to enable
them to win.
,Mr. MORSE. I do not take the posi-
tion that we must have a bloody vic-
tory over Castro to defeat him. We will
have a bloody victory over Castro if he
forces us into a war, but I do not pro-
pose to let the Cuban refugees force us
into a war with Castro.
We must reach that decision on the
basis of our own independent judgment,
as the people in charge of the Govern-
ment of the United States, and not by
way of collusive activities in which the
Cuban refugee are engaging. There is
no question, when we read their state-
ments to the press, that what they want
is a war between the United States and
Cuba. That is what they are after.
It is the position of the senior Senator
from Oregon that we must meet the
Communist threat. We must continue
our efforts. We must contain the
Communist threat. We must con-
tinue, as the President did last October,
to make it clear to Castro and to Khru-
shchev, "If you cross the line of defense
into the area of aggression, then we will
proceed immediately to protect our secu-
rity."
But I do not propose to sit in the Sen-
ate in silence while a group of Cuban
exiles in this country engages in various
activities designed to embarrass Ameri-
can foreign policy.
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MORSE. I yield.
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I agree
with the premise of the Senator from
Oregon that no group has the right to
decide extra-legally what shall be the
foreign policy of the United States, and
this must be true with respect to Cuba.
It follows that Cuban exiles have no au-
thority to take action?sympathetic as
we are toward their plight and their
cause?to decide what our policy and
course of action shall be respecting
Cuba.
I must say that what troubles me is
that the action of the Cuban exiles is a
Part of a series of provocations and
events that are a source of continuing
danger. There are provocations which
come from the other side, from Castro.
Only recently American ships have been
fired on by MIG planes, and we can
anticipate that there will be additional
provocations?firings upon American
ships, and the mounting of subversions
and even aggressions by Castroites
against the countries of Latin America.
Though I do not speak directly to the
Senator's point, I affirm the statement
which I made in the Senate on February
11. I believe the presence of Soviet troops
in Cuba provides to Castro the authority
and backing, which will result in reck-
less provocations and continuing subver-
sion against Latin American countries.
- I hold that the United States ought to
have a clear policy?which I do not think
It has now?and it should be that we
will not accept the presence of Soviet
troops in Cuba, or any place else in this
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4996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE A7pril 1
hemisphere. It is their presence which
gives authority to Castro, which will lead
him to reckless actions, and increases the
danger of war.
I am sure that the President is trying
to secure the removal of Soviet troops,
as Khrushchev promised, but we may
reach the point where there will be a
deadlock and the Soviets will not with-
draw. Then I believe we would have to
take sterner measures.
What I have said is not quite upon the
Senator's point. I agree with the Sena-
tor's point that Cuban exiles cannot be
allowed to make policy for the United
States. But I would see greater hope for
a Cuban solution if we insist that the
United States will not accept the pres-
ence of Soviet troops in Cuba and this
hemisphere.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I suggest
the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will call the roll.
The legislative clerk proceeded to call
the roll.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that further proceed-
ings under the quorum call may be dis-
pensed with.
The PRESIDING OrriCER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I wish to
say to the Senator from Kentucky, if I
correctly understand him, that we are in
agreement that American foreign policy
vis-a-vis Cuba should be carried out by
the United States, so far as our part in It
is concerned, and that the Cuban exiles
should not be allowed to assume any
power of intervention in the determina-
tion of that foreign policy.
Secondly. I wish to say that no one
could be more concerned about the pres-
ence of Soviet troops in Cuba than the
senior Senator from Oregon. My Sub-
committee on Latin American Affairs?in
fact, the whole Committee on Foreign
Relations of the Senate?is greatly con-
cerned about it.
I wish to say that the President of the
United States, in my judgment, is doing
a magnificent job of leadership and in-
ternational statesmanship in his inter-
national negotiations with the Russians
concerning that matter.
However, there is one ugly fact to be
faced. In mentioning it, I do not want
to be interpreted as implying that we
should in any way retreat from our posi-
tion in connection with Russian troops
in Cuba. But there is one ugly fact
which we must face, and that is that
under international law a Communist
nation has the same sovereign rights as
a free nation; and a Communist nation
has the same sovereign right to negoti-
ate its treaties, agreements, understand-
ings, and alliances.
I have not yet exhausted the analysis
of the international law concept con-
cerning Russian troops in Cuba and
their right to be there, so far as the re-
lationship between Castro and Khru-
shchev is concerned; but I am satisfied
that we should exhaust every possible
resource of diplomacy in trying to ar-
rive at an arrangement for their re-
moval. The Cuban exile raids are not
going to help such diplomatic negotia-
tions. As I said earlier in my specchn_we
must watch both Castro and Khrushchev
for excuses and alibis. They will seize
upon every rationalization they can for
delaying or suspending negotiations
looking toward an agreement.
This afternoon I am only making the
plea that the Cuban exiles understand
clearly from the 'U.S. Government that
they must conform to their obligations
under sanctuary, and that they cannot
be allowed to continue to pursue a course
of action that could be interpreted by
anyone as creating a critical situation
which might very well lead to armed
conflict.
I think the Senator from Kentucky is
perfectly correct in stating that there
will be many incidents. The shooting
at an American ship the other day fol-
lowed the Alpha 66 raid. The fact that
we were not responsible for the Alpha 66
raid is not going to stop Castro and
Khrushchev from saying that we were.
That kind of propaganda, which the
Russians are able to disseminate about
the world, puts us in a very embarrassing
situation.
The other night a group of us were
discussing the subject, and the question
was asked, "What would happen in a
discussion of this situation in the United
Nations, where the contention is made
by the Red bloc, and by other countries
which are not Communist countries, that
we have the responsibility for doing a
better job than is being done, to hold the
Cuban exiles in check while we give them
protection or sanctuary in this country?"
My plea today is that we make clear,
not only to the Cuban refugees, but to
the world, that we are going to conduct
our own foreign policy, and that we will
not tolerate any meddling with it or in-
tervention in it by a group of patriotic
Cuban exiles who would like very much
to have armed intervention in Cuba on
the part of the United States.
I had referred to a letter which I wrote
to the Attorney General under date of
March 20. It outlines in part the posi-
tion of the senior Senator from Oregon.
I stated in that letter:
Dam( MR. Arroatrzy GENERAL: I have called
my office staff from Costa Rica, asking them
to obtain for me certain information con-
cerning the recent attack on Cuba by a
refugee group, and asking that a letter be
sent to you over my signature, posing some
specific questions about it.
As you know, the Department of Justice
Is responsible for the enforcement of section
960 of title 18 of the United States Code,
which provides: ''Whoever, within the United
States, knowingly begins or sets on foot or
provides or prepares a means for or furnishes
the money for, or takes part in. any military
or naval expedition or enterprise to be car-
ried on from thence against the territory or
domination of any foreign prince, or state, or
of any colony, district, or people with whom
the United States is at peace, shall be fined
not more than $3,000 or imprisoned not more
than three years, or both."
I would like to know whether the Depart-
ment has ascertained the facts of the raid on
Cuba claimed to have been carried out by the
groups called Alpha 86 and the Second Na-
tional Front of Escambray, widely reported
in the press on March 19 and 20.
I. From where was this expedition begun?
2. Who financed it?
3. From what country were its weapons
obtained?
4. Why were its participants admitted .Ito
the United States after the raid?
5. If the leaders Vazquez and Veciana re-
side In Miami, as reported in the press, does
Section 960 apply to them, irrespective of the
takeoff point of the raid Itself?
6. On what kind of visa are these men
admitted to the United States?
I would also like to know what general
steps the Immigration and Naturalization
Service takes to enforce the statutes against
this type of activity when it is carried on by
Cuban refugees.
Sincerely yours,
WAYNE MORSE.
I have not yet received a reply; but
I am pleased and gratified to read of the
steps taken over the weekend to curb
the adventurers among the exiles.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD at
the conclusion of my speech the follow-
ing articles and editorials:
First, an article entitled "Raid on
Soviet Camp in Cuba Disturbs United
States," written by Murrey Marder and
published in the Washington Post
under date of March 20. This article
deals with the conference held by the
Cuban refugees at the Roger Smith
Hotel after they came back and an-
nounced to the country their course of
action.
As I stated in Costa Rica, in a con-
fidential conference with American offi-
cials, I thought they ought to be met
by U.S. marshals, because in my judg-
ment they stood in violation of their
right to sanctuary; and I think we
should put a stop to that kind of misuse
of the right of sanctuary.
I also ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD at the conclusion
of my remarks an editorial entitled
"Dangerous Game," published in the
Washington Evening Star of March 29,
1963; an article entitled "Controlling the
Cuban Exiles," written by William S.
White and published in the Washington
Evening Star of March 29, 1963; an
editorial entitled "Caught in the Vise,"
published in the Washington Post of
March 30, 1963; an article enitled
"Cuban Exiles Angered by U.S. Restric-
tions," written by Theodore Ediger, and
published in the Washington Post of
April 1, 1963; an editorial entitled "The
Coup in Guatemala," published in the
New York Times of April 1, 1963; and
an article entitled "United States Curbs
Miami Exiles To Prevent Raids on Cuba,"
published in the New York Times of
April 1, 1963.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, the articles and editorials may
be printed in the RECORD, as requested.
(See exhibit I.)
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, with
that material in the RECORD, I congrat-
ulate the Attorney General for the
course of action he has taken over the
weekend and the steps he has enun-
ciated, aimed at bringing the Cuban
exiles within the framework of their
sanctuary rights, and notifying them of
the intention of this Government to con-
fine them to the framework of their
sanctuary rights.
In addition to the condition put upon
the parole of many of these persons un-
der the authority residing in the Attor-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
ney General which I cited at the begin-
ning of these remarks, several other
statutes have application and it would
seem they are being invoked.
One relates to the illegal exportation
of war materials, and is found in section
401 of title 22.
It states:
Whenever an attempt is made to export or
ship from or take out of the United States
any arms or munitions of war or other arti-
cles in violation of law, or whenever it is
known or there shall be probable cause to
believe that any arms or munitions of war
or other articles are Intended to be or are
being or have been exported or removed from
the United States in violation of law, the
Secretary of the Treasury, or any person
duly authorized for the purpose by the
President, may seize and detain any vessel,
vehicle, or aircraft containing the same or
which has been or is being used in exporting,
or attempting to export such arms or muni-
tions of war or other articles.
It is my hope that the Customs Bu-
reau will stringently enforce this section.
There has also been brought to my
attention section 215 of the 1952 Immi-
gration and Nationality Act, which pro-
vides for control of travel outside the
country by aliens and citizens in time
of war or national emergency. Under
this section, it would be illegal to enter
or leave the United States without a
valid passport, unless under exceptions
or exemptions set forth by the Presi-
dent. The penalty for violation of this
section is a $5,000 fine or 5 years in jail,
or both.
The national emergency proclaimed in
1950 during the Korean conflict remains
in effect and brings section 215 into full
force.
Still another international obligation
we are bound to observe is the Conven-
tion on Duties and Rights of States in
the Event of Civil Strife, signed at Ha-
vana in 1928 by the Inter-American Con-
ference.
Article I reads:
The contracting states bind themselves to
observe the following rules with regard to
civil strife in another one of them:
1. To use all means at their disposal to
prevent the inhabitants of their territory,
nationals or aliens, from participating in,
gathering elements, crossing the boundary
or sailing from their territory for the pur-
pose of starting or promoting civil strife.
2. To disarm and intern every rebel force
crossing their boundaries, the expenses of in-
ternment to be borne by the state where
public order may have been disturbed. The
arms found in the hands of the rebels may
be seized, and withdrawn by the govern-
ment of the country granting asylum, to be
returned, once the struggle has ended, to
the state in civil strife. ?
3. To forbid the traffic in arms and wax
materiel, except when intended for the gov-
ernment, while the belligerency of the reb-
els has not been recognized, in which latter
case the rules of neutrality shall be applied.
4. To prevedt that within their jurisdiction
there be equipped, armed, or adapted for
warlike purposes any vessel intended to op-
erate t1 favor of the rebellion. (46 Stat.
2749; entered into force for the United States
May 21, 1930.)
Also involved in this matter is article
15 of the Charter of the Organization of
American States, to which we are sig-
natories, which states:
No state or group of states has the right
to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any
reason whatever, in the internal or external
affairs of any other states. The foregoing
principle prohibits not only armed force but
also any other form of interference or at-
tempted threat against the personality of the
state or against its political, economic, and
cultural elements. (TIAS 2361; entered into
force for the United States, Dec. 13, 1951.)
I would hope that the exile community
itself would understand the importance
to the United States of living up to these
treaty obligations, and of maintaining
In the hands of our President and his
administration complete control of
American policy regarding Cuba. We
simply cannot allow a faction of the exile
group to take that control out of our
hands.
What I have said with respect to the
raids also applies to the statements made
by some Cuban refugees about the Bay
of Pigs affair, and about current condi-
tions in Cuba. I have become increas-
ingly of the opinion that many of these
individuals have found that any state-
ment made by a Cuban on these subjects
will be snapped up by the American
press, whether it is said in ignorance or
in full knowledge of the truth.
What the Cubans know as facts about
conditions in Cuba should be reported to
the proper U.S. authorities.
On the floor of the Senate a few weeks
ago I indicated that one of these exile
groups had gotten in touch with me and
had offered to supply me with what were
described as very important photographs,
photographs which would show that cer-
tain things were going on in Cuba which
could not be reconciled with announced
policies of the Government of the United
States.
I said, "Take them to the CIA and the
Department of State. Do not be bring-
ing them to a politician in the U.S. Sen-
ate. It is our job, under the advice-and-
consent clause of the Constitution, to
give our Government advice and consent
In regard to foreign affairs in regard to
the official policies of our Government."
It would be unfortunate, Mr. Presi-
dent, if we established a pattern whereby
exiles in this country could -think that
they could submit to us information
which they claimed was sound informa-
tion and use that in an attempt to em-
barrass the official foreign policy of the
United States.
I do not like to say it, but it is true?
and I say it because, as chairman of the
Subcommittee on Latin American Af-
fairs, I know that we have been briefed
sufficiently to know it to be true?that
a considerable amount of the informa-
tion which is offered by Cuban refugees
Is not reliable, is not true. Much of it is
propaganda. Much of it is designed to
bring about their desires.
The Cuban refugees owe it to the State
Department and to the White House to
submit any material they have through
the channels which have jurisdiction
and primary responsibility over Ameri-
can foreign policy and over our rela-
tionships with Cuba.
What they are only guessing at, or
what they would like Americans to think
4997
is going on in Cuba, is better kept to
themselves.
I realize that many American news-
papers are as culpable in this respect as
are the refugees from whence come
many of these stories, which might bet-
ter be labeled rumors.
In short, I want to remind the Ameri-
can public, the Cubans in this country,
and the administration, that aside from
the dictates of what constitutes appro-
priate behavior on the part of refugees
enjoying asylum in the United States,
the Federal Government is amply
clothed with power to forestall actions
by the exiles which conflict with Ameri-
can policy. I am very pleased that the
agencies of the Federal Government are
beginning to make use of the statutes
giving them this authority. I surely
hope they will continue to see to it that
the Cuban exiles conduct themselves in
conformity with U.S. law and U.S. for-
eign policy objectives.
One closing word about the United
States-Cuba situation. I was one of the
congressional delegates from the Sen-
ate, along with the Senator from Iowa
[Mr. HICKENLOOPERJ, to the Punta del
Este Conference in January of 1962.
Many people are still not fully aware
of the commitments the United States
undertook in the pact of Punta del Este.
We have kept faith with those commit-
ments.
When we were at Costa Rica a few
weeks ago, it was interesting to take note
of the attitude of some of the Central
American Presidents, after they had been
briefed by the President of the United
States on the commitments we are al-
ready carrying out in connection with
the Punta del Este pact. Reading some
of the quoted statements attributed to
some of our friends in Central America,
It seems that apparently they have been
unaware of the fact that we have been
maintaining a vigilant surveillance by
water and by air in protection of the
Western Hemisphere from any attempt-
ed threat on the part of the Castro re-
gime to export from Cuba Russian arms
sent through Cuba or attempted to be
sent through Cuba into the Western
Hemisphere. They apparently were un-
aware of the 24-hour vigilance and sur-
veillance in international waters by vari-
ous segments of the American naval
forces. All are on the alert to protect
the Western Hemisphere, including the
United States, from any threat to the
security of the free nations of this hemi-
sphere.
Apparently they had not been fully
informed of the air surveillance that
we have been maintaining in defense of
the security of the Western Hemisphere,
including that of the United States. The
Kennedy administration is thoroughly
familiar with and greatly concerned
about the threat of communism in the
Western Hemisphere via Cuba and Rus-
sia.
Mr. President, it is important that we
stay within the framework of interna-
tional law, so that we can maintain our
allies and can prove to the world, as we
proved it to the world last October, that
we move only when our opponent vio-
lates our right of security.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE April I
I say again, as I have said so many
times before, that the American people
have every reason to have complete con-
fidence in the handling of the Cuban
crisis by the President of the United
States. The President is deserving of
the wholehearted support of patriotic
Americans in his insistence that we fol-
low a course of action such as has been
announced over the weekend in connec-
tion with conducting American foreign
policy by ourselves and for ourselves.
We should not permit a group of exiles
who have been given sanctuary in this
country to engage in provocative acts
which could very well lead to a serious
crisis in the Caribbean, a crisis which
might endanger the peace of the world.
Oh, I know it has been said that this
position is some form of appeasement of
Castro. Nonsense. Let us take a look
at what is happening inside Cuba. We
must present to the American people
the facts concerning the policy of con-
tainment which we have been following
with respect to Cuba. According to the
best information our intelligence pro-
vides, the economic productive capacity
of Cuba is down some 66 percent. Cuba
is in a bad way internally. In my judg-
ment, we ought to continue to follow the
course of no economic intercourse with
Cuba, and call upon our friendly allies
among the free nations to understand
that they have some moral duty in the
cause of freedom to see to it that they
do not strengthen the economic sinews
of Cuba.
I believe that if we maintain the kind
of vigilance that the President is main-
taining, it will not be too far in the
future when the people of Cuba recog-
nize that there is no hope under com-
munism and under the false leadership
that Castro is giving them.
Of one thing the senior Senator from
Oregon is certain: We cannot justify,
from the standpoint of the foreign policy
interest of the American people, per-
mitting a group of exiles in this country
to superimpose themselves as intervenors
in the direction of American foreign
policy.
I close by congratulating the Attorney
General for the course of action he has
taken over the weekend in calling to the
attention of the exiles and the American
people our position with respect to our
determination to carry out our interna-
tional law obligations.
EXHIBIT 1
[From the Washington (D.C.( Post, Mar. 20,
19631
CASUALTIES PUT AT DOZEN: RAID ON SOVIET
CAMP IN CUBA DISTURBS UNITED STATES
(By Murrey Marder)
Cuban exile leaders claimed here yesterday
that anti-Castro commando units inflicted
more than a dozen Russian casualties in a
dawn attack Monday on a Soviet military
camp and a Soviet ship at a Cuban port.
The raid, which could turn into a major
international incident, was openly discussed
at a news conference at the Roger Smith
Hotel. The raid was carried out in the name
of two Cuban exile revolutionary groups
that have announced similar hit-and-run
attacks in the past. Alpha 66 and the Sec-
ond National Front of Escambray.
Just before the news conference, the
United States denounced these irresponsible
and ineffective forays.
They "serve to increase the difficulty of -
dealing with the unsatisfactory situation
which now exists In the Caribbean," said the
State Department.
?The U.S. Government is strongly opposed
to hit-and-run attacks on Cuba by splinter
refugee groups," said the statement. "It has
stated repeatedly that such raids do not
weaken the grip of the Castro regime In Cuba.
Indeed they may strengthen it.
''Nothing we have heard of the latest, in-
cident changes our judgment on this matter.
? ? The U.S. Government Is investigating
fully to determine whether any violation of
U.S. law IR involved."
A.s in the past, the Cuban exiles' spokes-
men stressed that none of the attacks were
mounted from U.S. territory. U.S. officials
yesterday said neither Central Intelligence
Agency nor any other arm of the American
Government was involved with Monday's
raid.
In the Cuban crisis that brought the
United States and the Soviet Union to the
edge of war last October. Soviet Premier
Nikita S. Khrushchev wrote President Ken-
nedy that piratic attacks on Cuba justified
the Soviet decision to supply Cuba the de-
fense means missiles which you describe as
offensive.
RED REACTION MODERATE
Up to last night, the Soviet reaction to
the new raid was relatively moderate.
Moscow radio charged that anti-Castro rev-
olutionaries staged a "new provocation" in
an attack on the Cuban coast. But Moscow
radio made no mention of Russian casualties
or attacks on a Soviet vessel or personnel.
The Fidel Castro government, after a day-
long silence, last night also admitted the
raid, United Press International reported.
But the Cuban regime did not confirm that
any Russians had been killed or wounded
as claimed by the raiders.
A communique from the Armed Forces
Ministry, broadcast by Havana radio and
heard in Miami, blamed the United States
directly for the attack.
Spokesmen at yesterday's news conference
were Antonio Veciana, 33, described as "co-
ordinator" of Alpha 66 and Cecilia J. Vazquez,
representing the Second National Front of
Escambray.
They distributed a mimeographed paper
entitled -War Communique 4." issued "In
the Caribbean area" by a Maj. Eloy Gatitirres
Menoyo.
It said that at dawn on Monday, comman-
do units In two boats "attacked a Russian
encampment located at Isabela de SagUa's
port, on the north central coast of Cuba,"
which the group previously raided on October
S. when they said they captured a Russian
and Cuban flag and Czech weapons.
DREW RETURN TIRE
In Monday's raid the exile groups said the
attackers drew return fire -from the coast
guards, the custom house and trenches of
Else Russian encampment." A Russian mer-
chant ship anchored In the bay opened fire,
and return machinegun and cannon fire
from Alpha 66 hit the Soviet ship's smoke-
stack and bridge. "As a result the Russian
ship was seriously damaged" It was claimed
and "the estimates of casualties of Russians
(on ship and ashore) was more than a doz-
en." Two commandos were reported lightly
wounded.
This demonstrated, the exiles claimed,
"that the Cubans have the ability, the
courage and the strength to overthrow the
Communist government of Havana if given
the necessary support of the free nations of
the Western Hemisphere; especially the peo-
ple of the United States and the Cubans
themselves."
Veciana and Vazquez, who said they live
in Miami, spoke through an'interpreter and
said In answer to questions, that:
The raiding operation lasted 45 minutes,
and some of the men went ashore.
They believe the raids have "a physical
and economic impact upon the Castro regime
? ? ? leading to discontent and internal ac-
tion In Cuba against the present regime."
FURTHER RAIDS PLANNED
Neither United States nor British territory
is used in the raiders' secret base of opera-
tions; further raids are contemplated.
No attempt was made by the United States
to block their news conference yesterday, or
to hamper their activities. Asked if they be-
lieve their raids conform with U.S. policy
they replied they "are not sure of the pres-
ent policy in reference to these things."
The men said they and their organizations
are registered with the Justice Department
under the Foreign Agents Registration Act.
A Justice spokesman said last night that
officials of the two groups "talked with u&"
but at present no active registration state-
ments are on file.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Mar. 29, 1963]
DANGEROUS GAME
The hit-and-run attacks by Cuban exiles
and the counterharassment of American
shipping by planes based In Cuba add up
to a dangerous kind of game in which some-
one, sooner or later, is going to get hurt.
The Cuban exiles who attacked a Russian
freighter off the coast of Cuba Tuesday
night doubtless were inspired by what they
considered to be patriotic motives. But ac-
tually they were behaving like juveniles,
irresponsible and ineffectively.
The same thing goes for the pilots of the
Mig planes, which, unquestionably are based
in Cuba. Last February two of these planes
flied in the general direction of all Amer-
ican shrimp boat. Yesterday two other
planes, presumably Mig's, fired machinegun
bursts near the U.S. MS Floridian in inter-
nationartvaters. Since the Floridian is 360
feet long. it Is obvious that the aircraft,
one of which flew in quite low, were not
trying to hit the vessel. Nevertheless, this
sort of thing is a serious business, and it
can lead to serious consequences?as Castro
will find out if it, continues.
Our own Government has condemned the
hit-and-run raids by the Cuban exiles, and,
RS far as we know, it is not responsible for
them. We suspect, however, that our officials
could find the means to put a stop to these
attacks. And we think they should do so.
IFrom. the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Mar. 29, 1963]
CONTROLLING TILE CUBAN EXILES?RAIDS ARE
BELIEVED LIKELY To ENTRENCH CASTRO AND
DEFEAT THEIR PURPOSE
(By William S. White)
Though it Is a harsh thing to have to say.
the fact is that a means must be found for
bringing into control the anti-Castro Cuban
exiles in this country.
This is one of those painfully paradoxical
occasions in the cold war when honorable
and patriotic but foolish efforts to strike at
the common foe of international communism
are far more dangerous to the common cause
than no action at all.
Pinprick exile Cuban raids.upon Soviet
shipping in Cuban waters, and upon the
shore positions of Castro himself, have got to
stop, for all these reasons:
1. They are wholly ineffectual and serve
only to help entrench rather than to weaken
Fidel Castro. They permit him to present
himself to the Cuban people as their pro-
tector from foreign attack, and beyond
doubt will retard rather than advance that
hoped-for day when the Cuban people will
have had enough of him.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 4999
They are both fatally, weak and fatally
Irresponsible. There will be no gettting rid
of Castro, in a heavily armed island fortress,
by small and gallant but also pointless sorties
against a ship here or there, a coastal posi-
tion there and yonder. When and if military
forces go after Mr. Castro from offshore, they
ought to go in overwhelming force, or not
at all.
Surely, we have learned this terrible lesson
from the abortive invasion by Cuban exiles
in the spring of 1961. All this accomplished
was the unnecessary expenditure of good
lives and an unnecessary loss in American
prestige. If and when the big blow is to
be put in against Mr. Castro it must be put
in at the decision of the United States
and not of its exile guests, welcome among
us though they are.
S. They embarrass the conduct of the
foreign policy of the United States by its
only rightful conductor, the U.S. Govern-
ment, itself. No matter how galling the
present situation?and galling it is, indeed?
no set of foreigners granted sanctuary
by the United States has the right to
involve this country indirectly in military
adventures which this country has not sanc-
tioned and?worse yet?which in any ease
will do nobody but the Communist enemy
any good.
4. They?these unauthorized attacks?
may give the Russians some excuse to re-
fuse to withdraw the balance of their troops
in Cuba. Though it is true they have no
business whatever being there in the first
place, it is also true that American policy
does not now contemplate any forcible effort
to remove them. This being the bedrock
reality, there is no sense in needlessly mud-
dying the diplomatic waters in this affair,
having in mind that we are not in any event
ready at this point to go beyond diplomatic
into military action.
Apart from all this, there lies upon the
U.S. Government a heavy responsibil-
ity not to allow cruelly false hopes of early
deliverance to rise among the Cuban people.
To our lasting national shame, we encouraged
Just such cruelly false hopes among the
Hungarians nearly a decade ago. And the
end of, it all was to bloody the streets of
Budapest with the broken bodies of Hun-
garian patriots who died waiting for the de-
liverance that never came.
There is an old expression from back in
frontier days that only a fool draws a gun
unless he really means to use it. We cannot
escape it that the world?and not merely
the Soviet Union?can be led to believe that
through others we are drawing a popgun we
don't mean to use. If therels one thing
worse than no action by a great power it is
the puerile action of sending, or appearing
to send, a boy to do a man's job.
The State Department's repeated admoni-
tions against these hit-and-run sorties, there-
fore, deserve everybody's support?and the
support of Cuban hardliners most of all.
To this columnist's knowledge, the most au-
thentic hardliners in both Congress and
administration well know this. It is the
time for them to speak up, unpopular
though the message may be.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Mar. 30,
1963]
CAUGHT IN THE VISE
The hit-and-run raids on Fidel Castro's
Cuba stir the blood but also chill the mind.
The latest foray by Cuban exiles again puts
the United States in an intolerable dilemma.
What is President Kennedy to do? If he
retaliates fiercely against Cuban exiles, he
puts the United States in the hapless posi-
tion of being the guarantor of Mr. Castro's
regime. The Cuban Prime Minister presides
over a despotic totalitarian government?
and why should we protect Mr. Castro from
No. 47-16
the wrath of his fellow citizens who want to
terrorize a foreign force occupying the
Island?
And yet it must be understood that these
free-booting raids could place the United
States on the first step of an escalator lead-
ing to a massive confrontation. Suppose, in
retaliation, the Cuban regime begins shoot-
ing at our reconnaissance planes that regu-
larly scrutinize the island. The United
States would have no alternative but to fire
back?ana at this point the escalator could
begin moving up.
The Cuban Government has denied that
the planes which fired across the bow of the
American ship Floridian did so on orders,
but this kind of reprisal might occur in any
ascending scale of military measures and
countermeasures. Even an unintended
move in violation of orders might set forces
in motion that would be beyond recall by
the time corrections and apologies were
made.
What makes the problem More grievous is
that the pained denials of the State Depart-
ment do little good at all. The Soviet Union,
if it wishes, can insist that the CIA Is cov-
ertly supporting the raids; to prove that this
is not the case is about as difficult as it
would be for Mr. Kennedy to prove that
Soviet troops have completely evacuated from
Cuba. Even in times past, diplomatic de-
nials about encouraging revolutions else-
where have occasioned skeptical hoots. To-
day, the word "volunteer" itself is usually
bracketed by quotation marks in reporting
what the other fellow claims.
But the problem of the raiders remains.
It is disquieting to recall?as Edmund Tay-
lor reminds us again in his "Fall of the
Dynasties"?that the ghastly tragedy of
World War I was set in motion by a high-
mined terrorist in the Balkans. It is against
this nightmare that the United States must
balance the demands of prudence and the
claims of conscience.
Surely the Government has no reasonable
alternative but to disavow the raids and to
investigate the incidents in order to deter-
mine if any U.S. laws were violated. What-
ever the Cubans do in retaliation, let us keep
our heads and sense of proportion. The pri-
mary appeal should be to the Soviet Union
and not to the Cubans?and the appeal must
be for a removal of Russian forces.
These forces are a provocative presence.
They do not protect Mr. Castro as much as
they expose the Soviet Union to the risk of
having Russian prestige involved in a na-
tional struggle between Cubans. Every in-
cident that occurs throws into more vivid
relief the terrible hazards involved in trying
to sustain a Soviet military outpost on an
island so vulnerable to uncontrollable hit-
and-run raids. It is this circumstance that
provides the kindling for a conflagration.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Apr. 1,
1963]
CUBAN EXILES ANGERED BY U.S. RESTRICTIONS
(By Theodore Ediger)
Mianar, March 31.?Exiles reacted angrily
today to U.S. Government restrictions de-
signed to halt commando raids on Fidel Cas-
tro's Cuba.
Some exile leaders were especially critical
of orders prohibiting 18 exiles from leaving
the Miami area. The orders were issued yes-
terday to persons considered prospective
raiders.
The 18 received notices from U.S. Immi-
gration agents not to leave Dade County, a
2,500-square-mile area including Miami and
environs, or the continental United States.
Edwin Guthman, public information of-
ficer for the Justice Department, said the no-
tices were issued following a meeting in
Miami of representatives of the Coast Guard,
the State Department, the Customs Bureau,
the FBI and the Immigration Service.
Guthman did not identify the Cubans but
said some of the 18 were admitted to the
United States as permanent residents.
Others of the group, he said, are on parole
status as refugees.
He said if they violate the restriction, they
will be detained by the Immigration Service,
a branch of the Justice Department.
Immigration. authorities indicated more
orders might be issued.
Exile organizations went into emergency
session to discuss plans.
Commandos L., whose attack on a Russian
vessel off Cuba's north shore last week ap-
peared to have brought the issue to a head,
declined comment pending study of the situ-
ation.
A spokesman for the Second National Front
of Escambray, and Alpha 66, merged organ-
izations which raided a Russian encampment
in Cuba 2 weeks ago, declared, "We are con-
tinuing the fight."
A member noted that their chief, Eloy
Gutierrez Menoyo, was safe from U.S. di-
rectives at the moment. He is directing
operations from a Carribean base.
"We violate no U.S. laws," the member
said. "We never operate from American
soil."
Antonio Veciana, coordinator, and Ar-
mando Fleites, secretary general of the com-
bined groups, were among those handed
restriction orders.
Jose Antonio Lanusa, spokesman for an-
other group, the Revolutionary Student Di-
rectorate, said:
"If these restrictive orders are going to
completely snuff out any outside action
against Catitro, internal rebellion will be-
come almost impossible in Cuba."
DEPEND ON RAIDS
? Lanusa said his group had learned from
underground contacts in Cuha that they de-
pend greatly on raids as an impetus for
uprising.
"The restrictions will undoubtedly cause
many heartaches in Cuba," he added.
Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, Castro's former air
force chief, who created headlines with
leaflet raids over Cuba in 1960, said he and
several associates had received restriction
notices.
He declared such action means the
Kennedy administration has decided on a
policy of coexistence with Castro.
Immigration authorities said the notices
went only to persons who .have participated
or plan to participate in raids.
The Cuban Revolutionary Council, headed
by Jose Miro Cardona, and formed in 1961 to
mount the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion,
was not included.
An exile leader who did not want his name
mentioned, said Of the U.S. action:
"This is the last straw. No invasion, no
government in exile, no jobs, and now no
more attacks on Castro. It looks as if Castro
has won."
Two notices were served by Immigration
agents. One by the Department of Justice
expressed sympathy for the exiles' cause, but
added, "this does not mean that we are pre-
pared to see our own laws violated with
Impunity, or to tolerate activities which
might provoke armed reprisals."
The other said the exiles' parole Into the
United States would be violated if they left
Dade County. Also, that their departure
from the United States could mean $5,000
fines or 5 years' imprisonment or both.
BRITAIN TO COOPERATE
Meanwhile, it was learned that the British
Government has agreed "to do anything pos-
sible to prevent the use of British territory
for illicit purposes," United Press Interna-
tional reported.
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5000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE A pril 1
The statement referred to a U.S. re-
quest for the British to increase surveil-
lance of isolated keys in the Bahama Islands
north of Cuba, which raiders are suspected
of using as bases for launching raids.
U.S. officials confirmed that the British
Government had agreed to increase its vigi-
lance in the Caribbean. There was no elab-
oration. but informed sources in London
said the British frigate Londonderry had
been ordered from Bermuda to patrol the
region.
For its part. the United States was re-
ported to be strengthening its Coast Guard
sea and air patrols to guard against forays
launched from Florida or U.S. Territories in
the Caribbean.
United Press International also reported
that the FBI is investigating Cuban refugee
groups in the Miami area to determine who
is backing their efforts. In addition. immi-
gration authorities were Intensifying checks
of Cuban refugee movements.
[From the New York Times, Apr. 1, 19831
THE COUP IN GUATEMALA
The military coup in Guatemala spells
danger for all of Central America and will
send shock waves deep into South America.
Every indication points to this as an example
of the sort of reaction by the extreme light
that all authorities on Latin America have
been fearing. It is an attempt to answer the
leftism symbolized by Fidelismo but is a
swing to the other extreme. The irony and
the danger are that such a reaction will play
straight into the hands of the Fidelistaa and
of Latin-American communism.
The Guatemalan military clique had In-
dicated in recent weeks that It would act if
ex-President Juan Jose Arevalo was allowed
back into the country to campaign for the
presidency. Dr. Arevalo returned Friday
night. The armed forces seized the op-
portunity "to defend Guatemala from the
threat of communism," as they put it.
An idea of how far to the right the new
chief executive, Colonel Peralta, and his
group are can be gleaned from the fact that
they accuse President Ydigoras of "com-
placency in dealing with communism." It
was President Ydigoras who arranged for the
training of the Cuban exiles for the Bay of
Pigs invasion and whose presidential career
has virtually been based on his anti-
Fidelismo.
President Kennedy certainly would not
want to condone, let alone support, a
straightforward, old-fashioned, military dic-
tatorial extreme rightwing coup in Guate-
mala. Whether he does or not, the coup was
a blow to democracy in Latin America.
[From the New York Times, Apr. 1. 19831
UNITED STATES CURBS MIAMI EXILES To PRE-
VENT RAIDS ON CUBA
WASHINGTON, March 31.?The Government
moved today to enforce its policy of prevent-
ing Cuban refugees from using U.S. territory
to organize or launch raids against Cuba.
The Justice Department placed restrictions
on 18 Cubans in the Miami area.
In some cases they were ordered not to
leave Dade County, in which Miami Is situ-
ated, and in others not to leave the United
States.
The Department did not disclose the
names of those restricted. Dispatches from
Miami confirmed that some members of two
exile groups already involved in raids had
been given the restriction orders. These
were the Alpha 88 and the Second Front of
Escambray groups.
VIOLATORS FACE ARREST
Violation of the orders. issued through the
Immigration and Naturalization Service.
could be enforced by arrest or deportation.
In its announcement yesterday that it
planned to take "every step necessary" to
prevent raids, the Government expressed
sympathy for the anti-Castro cause. But It
said it could tolerate no activities that might
provoke reprisals against American forces.
Yesterday's announcement was made by
the State and Justice Departments. It did
not specify what the measures would be to
guard against new hit-and-run attacks on
Cuba. Today's action by the Justice Depart-
ment revealed one step.
RAIDS TRACED TO BAHAMA&
In addition, officials said, they expect the
Federal Bureau of Investigation and the
Coast Guard to Increase their surveillance
of Cuban refugee circles, of the Florida coast-
line and the waters between the United
States and Cuba.
It was understood that some of the small
boats used by raiding groups had been
tracked and might be seized in the next few
days. The Coast Guard can challenge the
seaworthiness of any vessel and presumably
will check on suspicious craft by invoking
this right.
Information available now about the two
attacks on Soviet snips in Cuban porta in
the last 2 weeks suggests that the raids
were not launched from American soil, the
Government said yesterday.
But its statement promised further in-
vestigation. The statement avoided the
question of whether the expeditions were
supplied with men or materials from the
United States.
Some of the recent raids. it has been es-
tablished, were launched from some of the
smaller Islands of the British Bahamas
group. However, the participants did not
live there and their expeditions almost cer-
tainly originated elsewhere.
American surveillance efforts will be co-
ordinated with the British Government.
The administration's dilemma was reflected
in the careful wording of yesterday's state-
ment. Washington fears that, should the
exile attacks continue. the Sovie,,t Union and
Cuba would be provoked to retaliate, either
against American shipping In the Caribbean
or against the American reconnaissance
planes that now fly over Cuba daily with
impunity.
But because it has encouraged Cubans to
work for the overthrow of Premier Fidel
Castro, the administration has hesitated to
harass or take sanctions against the anti-
Castro fighters.
However, the refugee raiders have been
exceptionally resourceful in carrying through
attacks that have damaged Soviet merchant
ships in Cuban ports.
Because of this President Kennedy end his
advisers have therefore decided to do every-
thing possible to discourage and prevent
continuation of the refugees' raids.
The United States will not, however, take
responsibility for events in Cuba or her
territorial waters.
THE POLICY ANNOUNCEMENT
The following is the text of yesterday's
statements by the State and Justice Depart-
ments:
"The position of the U.S. Government re-
garding hit-and-run attacks by Cuban re-
fugee groups against Soviet ships and other
targets in Cuba have been made perfectly
clear by the President and Secretary of
State. These attacks are neither supported
nor condoned by this Government. The
President has pointed out that they may
have effects opposite to those presumably
intended by those who carry them out; that
Ls, they may strengthen the Soviet position
In Cuba rather than weaken it, tighten Com-
munist controls rather than loosen them.
"For preliminary evidence suggests that
these raids have not in fact been launched
from the territory of the United States.
However, the FBI and the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, with the coopera-
tion of the Coast Guard and Customs Serv-
ice. are Intensifying their investigations.
"We intend to take every step necessary'to
insure that such raids are not launched,
manned or equipped on U.S. territory.
"The sympathy of this Government and
the American people is with those Cubans
who hope to see their country freed from
Communist control. We understand that
these raids reflect the deep frustration of
men who want to get back to their home-
land, to a Cuba that is independent.
"But this understanding does not mean
that we are prepared to see our own laws
violated with impunity or to tolerate activi-
ties which might provoke armed reprisals,
the brunt of which would be borne by the
Armed Forces of the United States."
RESOLUTION OF OREGON SENATE
AND HOUSE
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have printed in
the RECORD Senate Joint Memorial 7 of
the Oregon Legislature, pertaining to
Rogue River Basin project, and House
Joint Memorial 13, of the Oregon Legis-
lature, relating to the livestock slaugh-
tering and processing industry, together
with covering letters of the Oregon sec-
retary of state.
There being no objection, the letters
and memorials were ordered to be printed
In the RECORD, as follows:
SALEM, OREG.,
March 25, 1963.
Hon. WAYNE MORSE,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SENATOR MORSE: As directed by the
52d Legislative Assembly of Oregon, I trans-
mit herewith a certified copy of Senate Joint
Memorial 7, pertaining to the Rogue River
Basin project, a memorial enacted by our
legislative assembly now in session.
Respectfully.
HOWELL APPLING, Jr.,
Secretary of State.
ENROLLED SENATE JOINT MEMORIAL 7
Resolution introduced by Senators Chapman,
Newbry, Potts; Representatives Back, Ba-
zett, Branchfield, Dellenback, and Redden
To the Honorable Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United -States of
America, in Congress assembled.'
We, your memorialists, the 52d Legislative
Assembly of the State of Oregon, in legisla-
tive session assembled, most respectfully
represent as follows:
Whereas the Rogue Basin project has been
authorized by the Congress of the United
States; and
Whereas the Rogue Basin project is a com-
prehensive river basin development plan pro-
viding for the maximum feasible benefits
from flood control, fishery improvement, ir-
rigation, recreation, municipal water supply
and power production; and
Whereas the present low water flow and
present high water temperatures threaten
the continued existence of valuable anad-
rornous fisheries; and
Whereas repeated winter floods destroy
valuable property and prevent development;
and
Whereas the Rogue Basin is highly popu-
lated and a growing area primarily depend-
ent on the timber industry; and
Whereas the timber production of the area
la stable and its employment decreasing be-
cause of increasing efficiency; and
Whereas the need for a more broadly based
economy and Increased employment oppor-
tunity is urgent; and
Whereas the construction and operation
of the Rogue Basin project would restore
the fisheries, broaden the economy, increase
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
dred refugees have been transported to Port
Everglades. A fourth ship is scheduled to
sail from Baltimore within a few days.
It is clear that we shall be in the ship-
ping business for at least 2 more months.
Please pray that we do not have any natural
disasters in the United States during that
period. Our key disaster experts are heavily
engaged in the Cuban program.
With warm regard.
Sincerely,
ALFRED M. GRUENTIIER,
President.
UNITED FRUIT Co.,
Boston, Mass., March 12, 1963.
Gen. ALFRED M. GRUENTHER,
President, the American National Red Cross,
National Headquarters: Washington, D.C.
DEAR GENERAL GRUE/sITHER: Thank you for
your letter of February 20 concerning Thur
donation of the use of the SS Santo Cerro
and its crew in connection with the pris-
oner exchange program. We appreciate
your very generous comments, particularly
with respect to the attitude and action of
our personnel.
Our personnel enjoyed working on this
project, especially as it was concerned with
the people of Latin America with whom we
have enjoyed such a long relationship. Al-
though the Cuban exchange program is a
controversial matter, we could not permit
this to stand in the way of the humanitarian
aspect of the exchange. It was this latter
aspect which was a major factor in our com-
pany decision to contribute over a quarter-
million dollars in addition to the use of the
ship and its crew.
I am certain you join in our hope that the
day will come when Cuba will again be gov-
erned by the democratic, freedom-loving
Cubans.
Sincerely,
THOMAS E. SUNDERLAND.
Brazil Resentful: United States Violated
Rules of Game
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Os,
HON. ED FOREMAN
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. FOREMAN. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks, I would like
o call to the attention of the House the
'ollowing column by Edgar Ansel Mowrer
'elative to U.S. foreign aid:
3RAZIL RESENTFUL: UNITED STATES VIOLATED
RULES OF GAME
(By Edgar Ansel Mowrer)
In making public the charge Of the Amen-
an Ambassador in Rio that Brazil's Govern-
lent is infiltrated with Communists, the
tate Department was merely revealing corn-
:on knowledge. Nevertheless, the resent-
Lent of the Brazilian Government over the
large is perfectly natural. For the United
:ates was violating the rules of the game.
For many years, and particularly under the
aw Frontier, there has been a sort of un-
ritten agreement between Washington and
ly number of other capitals: the more
mimunists other countries can muster, the
ore assistance they get from the United
.ates.
A joke? If you think so, look at the full
ble of the foreign aid to various countries
ven by the United States since the end of
?orld War II.
Yugoslavia, an all-Communist country,
Which has now returned to the bosom of
Red Mother Russia, has received more aid
than the Netherlands, which has no Com-
munists to speak of. Poland, an all-Com-
munist country (so far as the government
is concerned), has received more assistance
than Portugal, one of our firmest allies where
Communists are forbidden.
IT PAID INDIA TO WAVER
India, a country that, until the Red
Chinese invasion, could not make up its
mind which side it was on, has received twice
as much U.S. assistance as Pakistan, the
one country between Turkey and Formosa
which could be counted on to fight beside
the United States if trouble came. Afghani-
stan, a country that flirts with the U.S.S.R.,
has managed to "get a sizable chunk of
dollars.
In Africa it is no different. Ghana,
which denounces American imperialism in
and out of season, has received more Ameri-
can bakhsheesh than trusty Liberia. The
United Arab Republic, king among area
troublemakers, chief denouncer of "Western
imperialism," aggressor in the Yemen, con-
tinues to rely upon Washington to avoid
bankruptcy.
Latin America is no exception. Brazil ranks
first in the receiving line. Argentina, threat-
ened by an unholy combine of Communists
and Peronistas; Chile, a country notoriously
soft on communism; Mexico, which provides
Castro with an intangible headquarters
abroad for his subverters of the other coun-
tries?these have all been richly rewarded
by big-hearted Uncle Sam.
Brazil, the largest Latin American country,
has naturally had the most aid. But since
it began admitting Communists to high
places, its allowance has been going up.
NO STRINGS ATTACIIED TO AID
Moreover?the strangest feature of the
whole aid plan?in most places American aid
has been strictly a one-way street. Our
leaders have gone out of their way to insist
that we want nothing at all from our benefi-
ciaries?no strings attached. See Yugoslavia
and Poland.
Small wonder then that the Brazilian Gov-
ernment resents a breach of the rules on the
'part of Washington. Since the more Com-
munists, the more money; the more neutral,
the more attention from the boys in the
State Department; President Joao Goulart
obviously feels entirely justified in taking a
lofty tone with President Kennedy. In fact,
instead of asking for a big new loan, I should
not be surprised if he demanded it or else.
What is more, I think he would get it.
Our leaders believe that this is the way the
incredible economic power of the United
States can best be exercised. Maybe they are
right?our job is to shut up and pay up.
But sometimes I find myself in full agree-
ment with ex-President Truman: the next
time some government insists that without
more help from us, it will "go Communist,"
President Kennedy should answer, "Go, see
how you like it and don't yell when It hurts."
Welcome South, Mr. Chisholm
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOE D. WAGGONNER, JR.
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. WAGGONNER. Mr. Speaker, on
February 25 of this year, I inserted an
editorial in the RECORD taken from the
A1857
Daily Reveille, written and edited by the
students of Louisiana State University.
The title of the editorial was, "Is ELLEN-
DER Wrong?"
The editorial, written by Colin Chis-
holm, a student at the university, dealt
with the remarks of the senior Senator
from Louisiana, the Honorable ALLEN J.
ELLENDER, who had questioned the wis-
dom of our foreign giveaway program.
It contained the following statement:
ELLENDER, in a few choice words, said what
probably a majority of Americans have been
thinking for many years, that African na-
tions are simply not ready for self-govern-
ment.
I inserted the editorial because I was
impressed by the young writer's obvious
ability to cut through the verbiage and
the fog of uncertainty surrounding our
giveaway program and to see right to
the heart of the matter. His display of
clearmindedness was worthy of note by
all of us here in the House.
, Since that time, I have received a let-
ter from Mr. Chisholm thanking me for
sending.him a copy of the insertion. His
brief reply is equally worthy of note.
Again he has shown that same instinct
for stripping away the smug, the obvious
and the false to find the truth hidden
away in the center.
A hundred writers have written scores
of thousands of words, particularly in
the past two decades, on a subject to
which most of them were ill prepared to
address themselves: the South and its
so-called conditions and problems.
Here, in 200 words, Mr. Chisholm tells
of doing what few, if any, of these self-
appointed savants have ever done: in-
vestigated these conditions and prob-
lems for themselves with a mind
uncluttered with muddled presupposi-
tions.
? His two paragraph summation is a
brilliant statement in which I would not
want to change a single word:
Before coming to Louisiana, I had lived
for 20 years in the State of Colorado. I was
born and raised there. During the time I
lived there I was filled with the usual bally-
hoo about the South and the conditions
that were supposed to exist there. When
I had finally had enough, I decided to come
to the South and take a look for myself.
Since the day I first came to Louisiana,
I have fallen in love with the State and its
people. I have made many friends over the
past 2- years. The kind of friends that are
lasting and ready and willing to help with
any sort of problem I might have; something
I could not find in my native State. I have
found employment, not on the second or
third try, but on the first attempt; some-
thing I had been unable to do in my native
State. Illusion after illusion about the
South has been shattered before me and I
have grown to love Louisiana more and more
as each day passes by. I plan to remain in
Louisiana, to marry and raise my family here
and to establish my own business here some-
day in the not-so-far-off future. I am most
happy to be able to say that on September
13, 1963, I will be able to register to vote
as a citizen of the State of Louisiana. It is
also my pleasure to say that my parents,
also native Coloradans, will move into a
new home in Pascagoula, Miss., this summer
after some 62 years of residence in the West.
I would like to welcome this young
man to Louisiana, though selfishly I
know he could serve the State and the
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A1858 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX . April 1
South better by returning to those parts
of the Nation where these illusions and
delusions are still held and still, sadly,
passed on from one generation to an-
other. He would make the South an
illustrious missionary.
Welcome south, Mr. Chisholm.
Anti-Missile-Missile Base In Cu
EXTENSION OF
OF
Namara's budget has. In effect eliminated
the Army's Nike-Zeus as a potential weapon
system.
Under McNamara's backstage plan a new
so-called Improved Nike-X antimissile mis-
sile would be developed by 1970.
This "missile gap" would give the Russians
a 4- to 7-year lead in the deployment of
an antimissile. Important U.S. military au-
horities believe this would be suicidal for
he country.
HON.
HON. JAMES B. UTT
Or CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. UTI'. Mr. Speaker, the Allen-
Scott report of March 25 points up the
very serious situation in Soviet Cuba
relative to anti-missile-missile defenses.
The reported installation of a complex
missile tracking system on that island
linked to a new antimissile control cen-
ter near Moscow further highlights the
highly dangerous situation 90 miles from
our shores and warrants urgent reap-
praisal of the administration' Cuba
policies.
The text of the report follows.
'From the San Diego Union, Mar. 25, 1903]
THE Attaat-Scorr REPORT: ANTI-MISSILE-
MISSILE BASE IN CUBA
RUSSIA is converting Cuba into a menac-
ing anti-missile-missile base that could force
the United States to make vast changes in
its nuclear defenses.
Soviet technicians are installing a com-
plex missile-tracking system in Cuba that
is connected directly with a newly estab-
lished antimissile control center near
Moscow.
This highly important Kremlin command
post in turn is linked to the world's first
operational antimissile base that has been
constrated on the outskirts of Leningrad.
The startling discovery of these sinister
Red missile installations was made by an
Air Force Samos reconnaissance satellite and
subsequently by other intelligence sources.
The satellite's highly sensitive camera
photographed 11 modified SA-3 missiles on
launchers at the Leningrad base. These
antimissile missiles have the capability of
shooting down intercontinental ballistic
missiles.
Senator RICHARD RUSSELL, Democrat, of
Georgia, chairman of the Armed Services
Committee, Is so disturbed by those Intel-
ligence findings that he has set up a special
three-member subcommittee to make a
thorough study of the new threat.
RUSSELL asked Senator HENRY JACKSON,
Democrat, of Washington, Briton( Tiiva-
MOND, Democrat, of South Carolina, and
MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Republican, of
Maine, to determine the full extent of the
calculated risk President Kennedy Is taking
on the following crucial decisions:
1. Deferring missile defense of American
cities and other key centers until 1970.
2. Doing nothing to eliminate Russia's
anti-missile-missile base in Cuba before it
becomes fully operational this fall.
The report of these Senators is expected
to determine whether the Senate Armed
Services Committee will demand that the
President take stern measures to counteract
this new Soviet menace.
Already, the group has ascertained that
major surgery performed on the anti-missile-
missile program in Defense Secretary Mc-
Panama Canal: Republic of Panama To
Press Sovereignty in Canal Zone
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF,
HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, in a state-
ment in the RECORD of March 18, 1963,
I mentioned that among the matters to
be discussed at the Costa Rica Confer-
ence, March 18-20, would be the Panama
Canal and expressed the hope that the
President of the United States would
meet with a rocklike stand any proposals
that would further weaken our treaty
rights concerning the Canal.
Though much has been published in
the papers of the United States about
that Conference, virtually nothing has
appeared in the press about the Panama
Canal. In contrast with the silence here
about this vital matter, isthmian news-
papers have revealed that on March 20,
Presidents Kennedy and Chiari spent 41
minutes discussing steps to give further
Impetus to the conversations of the joint
commission now considering Panama's
aspirations in the Canal Zone, This
Commission is composed of Gov. Robert
J. Fleming, Jr., and U.S. Ambassador
John S. Farland to Panama.
In commenting on the San Jose Con-
ference, President Chisel stated that the
meeting had more or less fulfilled the
objectives for which it was called and
that Panama would continue advancing
its case until it had "eliminated any
doubt in regard to our sovereignty over
the Panama Canal Zone which we main-
tain is complete."
A feature news story by Luis C. Noli
in the Star and Hearald of Panama, Re-
public of Panama, on March 21, sum-
marizing the results of the San Jose
Conference, is quoted as part of these
remarks follows:
]From the Panama Star & Herald, Mar. 21,
1963]
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA To PRESS SOVEREIGNTY
IN CANAL ZONE?CHIARI DECLARES COSTA
RICAN MEETING SATISFACTORY
SAN JOSE, COSTA RIca.?Panama will con-
tinue advancing until It has "eliminated any
doubt in regard to our sovereignty over the
Panama Canal Zone which we maintain is
aomplete," President Roberto F. Chiari em-
phatically declared at a press conference
here today.
As an example of the advances already
achieved by Panama, the Chief Executive
cited the flying of the Panamanian flag at
the Administration Building of the Panama
Canal and the recognition In the Canal Zone
of exequaturs issued by Panama to foreign
consuls.
When he was asked what would happen if
a Canal Zone court ruled that the Panama-
nian flag should be withdrawn from the
Canal Zone, Chian replied: "That's a matter
for the North American Government. I
don't believe that such an eventuality is
possible."
In connection with the Conference of
Presidents just closed here, President Chips'
said: "It seems to me that this meeting has
more or less fulfilled the objectives for which
it was called. This meeting, in general
terms, has been satisfactory." Chiari em-
phasized the results achieved in connection
with the Central American common market.
Central American newsmen attending the
press conference posed a number of ques-
tions in regard to Deputy Thelma King who
one or them described as "the person carry-
ing subversive means from Cuba to Pana-
ma." Chian replied that as a deputy, Miss
King has parliamentary immunity and it
would be up to the national assembly to
deprive her of this immunity.
When one of the attending newsmen said
that he had a recording of the call for a
revolution made by Thelma King, Chiari
replied that it would be interesting to hear
this recording.
There were several questions on Panama-
nian politics. Chiari said that he would
soon reconstruct his cabinet.
Asked whether it was true that one of
the possible presidential candidates of the
ruling Liberal Party of Panama professed
the extremist ideologies. Chiari replied that
all of the prospective candidates of his party
are Liberals in principle, temperament and
conviction. He added that the proliferation
of political parties in Panama will not return
the country to the former great parties. Not
only Dr. ArnuIfo Arias but any other citizen
can be candidate for the Presidency, he
declared.
At the conclusion of his press conference,
Chinni said that during the President's meet-
ing here the problems of the Darien Gap and
the Inter-American Highway were taken up
with a view to giving further imeptus to the
work already underway.
CHIARI AND TEN
President Chiari met with President Ken.
nedy for 41 minutes this afternoon to discus:
steps to give further Impetus to the conver.
satIons of the joint commission which is con
sidering Panama's aspirations in Its relation
with the United States.
Chiari told Panamanian newsmen tha
upon his return to Panama he will report t
the nation on his conversations here but h
added that "one is always comforted by th
interest which he (President Kennedy) ahoy
in our affairs."
Chiari said that "he (Kennedy) was frar
with me and I was frank with him."
In addition to the discussion of measur
for a more speedy advance of negotiatio
being carried out by the personal represent
tives of the Presidents of the United Slat
and Panama in United States-Panama pro
lerns, Chian said that he and Kennedy I
viewed the results of what has already be
achieved and discussed economic aid :
Panama aside from the problems of
Alliance for Progress.
In regard to the latter item, Chiari am
that Kennedy told him once Panama presei
duly approved plans, he will consider tb.
with sympathy.
Chian stressed Kennedy's interest
Panamanian problems.
The interview between the United Ste
and Panamanian Chief Executives took
at the residence of U.S. Ambassador Bs
Escazu in the outskirts of San Jos?
U.S. Chief Executive greeted his Panaman
colleague together with Secretary of St
Dean Rusk and U.S. Ambassador to Pane
Joseph Farland, posing with them
pictures.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
Hoosier Peace Corps Volunteers
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. VANCE HARTKE
OF INDIANA ?
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, re-
cently there appeared in the Indianap-
olis News, an excellent column by Lou
Hiner, Jr., on the Peace Corps volun-
teers from Indiana. I am pleased to
say that Indiana is well represented in
the Peace Corps program, ranking 18th
among the States. There are at the
present time 65 Hoosier volunteers who
are working in 29 countries, and there
are several more in training. Besides
the volunteers, three of our institutions
of higher education in Indiana are aid-
ing in the Peace Corps training program.
I would like to bring these articles to the
attention of My colleagues and I ask
unanimous consent that they be printed
In the Appendix of the RECORD. .
There being no objection, the column
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
'From the Indianapolis News, Mar. 18, 1963]
ONETIME CRITICS Now PRAISE JOB
(By Lou Hiner, Jr.)
WAsHnivrox.?The Peace Corps, a baby in
our vast bureaucracy, has observed its sec-
ond birthday anniversary, and surprisingly
it was toasted admiringly, even by onetime
critics.
On its second anniversary, the Corps has
3,965 volunteers, including 65 from Indiana,
working in 141 countries, and 630 other vol-
unteers are training for work in various
countries, including 3 new ones.
Although it's generally conceded the Corps
is doing a good job, there are many persons
who wonder if it isn't turning out to be an-
other agency that will continue to grow and
grow and spend and spend.
In its first year, the Corps had a budget
of $30 million; the second-year cost approx-
imately $60 million, and the budget calls for
$108 million in its third year.
The purpose of the Peace Corps, as de-
fined by President Kennedy, is to provide
"skilled Americans to interested countries
in need of manpower." The side product,
of course, is to promote understanding.
When it was first suggested, critics pre-
dicted it would be a children's brigade, a
sort of adolescent missionary society.
The "I-told-you-so" types had a field day
when a young woman volunteer dropped a
post card in Nigeria and it became an inter-
national incident momentarily because of
critical remarks about the African nation.
Another rare incident of adverse publicity
occurred when a 69-year-old grandmother
blasted the Corps, in general, after she failed
to snap through an obstacle course in the
training program.
Of significance, only 3.2 percent of the
volunteers sent abroad have been returned
to this country, for various reasons including
sickness and death. No volunteer has been
asked to leave by a host government.
Every country in which volunteers work has
asked the Peace Corps to double, triple, and
even quadruple the supply of Americans.
Under present programing, the number of
volunteers abroad will reach approximately
9,000 by the end of the calendar year. The
largest concentration of these?about 4,000
volunteers?will be in Latin American coun-
tries.
ONE 76-YEAR-OLD SERVES
Here is some miscellany about the Peace
Corps:
Who are the volunteers? They come from
every State. About 63 percent are men. The
average age is 26 for women and 24 for men.
Minimum age is 18 with no maximum. A
76-year-old engineer now serves in East
Pakistan.
What do they, do? The greatest number
works in education. Community work is the
second largest field. This includes home-
making, construction, social work, and so
forth. Agriculture and public works projects
rank third.
What do volunteers receive? They are not
on salaries but receive a living allowance suffi-
cient to maintain them at the level of the
people of the host nation. At the end of
service, they receive an adjustment allow-
ance of $75 a month, not to exceed $1,800 in
all. Cost of the program to the taxpayers is
about $9,000 a year per volunteer.
SIXTY-FIVE FROM STATE WORK IN 29
COUNTRIES
WASHINGTON.?In its first 12 years, the
Peace Corps has drawn 65 volunteers from
Indiana who now ?are working in 29
countries.
Four Hoosiers are in training now and will
be assigned roles in the programs within
the next few weeks. Tn. the last 2 years,
321 other Hoosiers have taken the examina-
tion to jointhe Corps.
In addition to the Indiana volunteers' par-
ticipation, three Indiana institutions of
higher education have aided in the Peace
Corps training program.
The University of Notre Dame, South Bend,
and Purdue University, West Lafayette, both
have trained contingents to work in Chile.
Volunteers for Thailand now are training
at Indiana University, Bloomington, and the
same school has sent trainees to Tunisia.
As a provider of Peace Corps volunteers,
Indiana ranks 18th among the States. Cali-
fornia's 510 volunteers give that State top
place while Alaska's 4 corpsmen rank it in
the 50th spot.
Following are the Indiana volunteers, listed
alphabetically, with their address and their
assignments:
Anabel It. Stafford, Hobart, teacher's aid,
Philippines.
Barbara A. Rush, Indianapolis, nurse, Sier-
ra Leone.
Bernard J. Winburn, Richmond, nutrition,
Peru.
Billie J. Sweany, Seymour, metalworking
specialist, Ecuador.
Carole E. Harris, Indianapolis, cooperative
worker, Dominican Republic.
Caroline L. Siedling, Brookville, English
teacher, Thailand.
Charles E. Schimmoeller, Indianapolis,
agricultural extension, Ecuador.
Cynthia A. Campbell, Columbus, elemen-
tary education, Philippines.
Dale E. Stickel, Elkhart, poultry extension
worker, Brazil.
David E. Harris (husband and wife) , In-
dianapolis, cooperative worker, Dominican
Republic.
David E. King, Waterloo, teacher's aid,
Philippines.
Donald W. Yancey, Madison, animal hus-
bandry, Malaya.
Dorothy M. greed, Waterloo, nurse, Afghan-
istan.
Edwin N. Viorol, Monroeville, commercial
subjects teacher, British Honduras.
Elden L. Hatter, Stendal, art teacher,
Ethiopia.
Emilie A. Clevenger, Brookville, chemistry
instructor, Thailand.
George J. Craciun, Indianapolis, forester,
Malaya.
?
A1859
Hamilton J. Elms, Gary, elementary edu-
cation aid, Philippines.
Helen McGill, Gary, English teacher, Ivory
Coast.
Henry Dalleave, Ragsdale, carpentry in-
structor, Somali Republic.
Henry Leroy Jennings, Frankfort, physi-
cal education, Tunisia.
Jack L. Crowell, Tipton, physical educa-
tion teacher, Ivory Coast.
James Crandel, Brookville, agricultural
extension, Niger.
James Michael Justice, Newport, commu-
nity development, Ecuador.
Julius J. Macy, Columbia City, irrigation
specialist, Morocco.
James T. Mullins, Fort Wayne, mechanic,
Colombia.
John T. Evans, Madison, physics teacher,
Nigeria.
John D. Harvey, Indianapolis, construction
worker, Jamaica.
John M. Summers, Middletown, teacher's
aid, Philippines.
John R. Swallow, Cambridge City, Englif.h
teacher, Dominican Republic.
Karel A. Crowley, Anderson, elementary
education aid, Philippines.
Lance S. Dodson, Wheeler, 4-H worker,
North Borneo and Sarawak.
Lawrence West, Goshen, agriculture, Chile.
Kenneth D. Buckstrup, Indianapolis, co-
operative worker, Chile.
Kay E. Aylor, Muncie, home economics
teacher, Ethiopia.
Linda A. Cover, Gary, teacher's aid, Philip,
pines.
Linda Elaine Oatman, Fort Wayne, lab-
oratory technician, Thailand.
Margaret M. Heineman, Connersville,
teacher's aid, Philippines.
Marsha Anita Luzzi, Hammond, teacher's
aid, Philippines.
Marvin S. Adams, Huntington, 4-H worker,
North Borneo and Sarawak.
Mary T. Atwood, Indianapolis, nurse, Chile.
Mary E. Craig, Beech Grove, home econom-
ist, Chile.
Mary J. Smith, Sullivan, English teacher,
Ethiopia.
Michael E. Connelley, East Chicago, coop-
erative worker, Chile.
Michael B. Murphy, Peru, teacher, Costa
Rica.
Murray M. DeArmond, Indianapolis, physi-
cian, Malaya.
Myrtis Jean Becker, Elkhart, social worker
assistant, Bolivia.
Paul D. Meier, Anderson, construction,
Peru.
Peggy L. Davis, Worthington, home econ-
omist, Philippines.
Ralph B. Thomas, North Manchester,
teacher's aid, Philippines.
Richard L. Kunz, Indianapolis, builder-en-
gineer, Colombia.
Richard L. Vittilow, Rockport, teacher's
aid, Philippines.
Robert T. Milhous, South Bend, civil en-
gineer, Tanganyika.
Robert B. South, Bloomington, community
development, Chile.
Robert B. Taylor, Fort Wayne, teacher's
aid, Philippines.
Roger U. Schneidewind, Richmond, teach-
er's aid, Philippines.
Rosalie A. Replogie, Bremen, teacher, Cos-
ta Rica.
Ruth Ann Becht, Floyds Knob, home econ-
omist, Brazil. -
Stephen T. Cockerham, Elwood, agronomy,
El Salvador.
Thomas D. Carpenter, Portage, teacher's
aid, Peru.
Susan J. Miller, North Manchester, pri-
mary teacher, Liberia.
Thomas R. Reno, Plymouth, physlcial edu-
cation teacher, Iran.
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A180r
J.F.K. and San Jose
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX April 1
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. H. R. GROSS
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF' REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I would
like to call the attention of the House to
an excellent article which appeared in
the Wall Street Journal of March 21.
The article points out that Kennedy's
publicity trip to Central America has not
helped solve the basic Cuban problem,
but has succeeded in pledging a huge sum
for an aid program.
Text of the article is as follows:
J.F.K. AND SAN JOBE: TALKS Am KENNEDY'S
LATIN IMAGE BUT WILL Do LITTLE TO QUIET
CONGRESSMEN ON CUBA
(By Allan L. Otten)
SAN Jose, COSTA RICA.--President Kennedy
winged homeward yesterday satisfied his 3-
day Caribbean visit accomplished most of
what he had hoped for in improving U.S.
relations with Central America.
But the trouble is his expectations never
were very high and the congressional pressure
on Mr. Kennedy to do something about Cas-
troism has been great. Thus, even adminis-
tration officials concede the south-of-the-
border sojourn will do little to quiet, and
might conceivably aggravate, back-home
criticism of the Kennedy policy toward Cuba
and Communist activity in the Western
Hemisphere.
Viewed in this larger context, then, the
Kennedy trip looms largely as a public rela-
tions triumph that will do more to enhance
the Presidential image in the isthmus than
to curb Castroism and, in the process, ease
the political impact of the Cuban issue on
Mr. Kennedy and the Democrats come elec-
tion day 1964.
It's quite true the steps discussed here,
if ever carried through, would be stronger
than the United States expected. Top rep-
resentatives of the six Central American
nations that took part in the isthmus sum-
mit?Costa Rica, El Salvador. Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama?agreed
to meet again next month with U.S. officials
to devise ways to Inhibit travel to and from
Cuba and to slow the flow of money and
propaganda from Cuba to Latin American
lands.
At the same time the Organization of
American States is to be prodded to urge
tougher stands on other hemisphere nations
still soft on Castro. There's to be additional
sea and air surveillance and inspection of
shipping in Central American waters and
improved exchange of intelligence on sub-
versive activity.
Nevertheless, the "Ifs" are big. As they
'head for home, U.S. officials seem optimistic
that the Central American nations, which
now do not grant visas for travel to Cuba
but which do not penalize citizens who man-
age to get there anyhow through Mexico
or some other gateway, will get tough.
They also seem hopeful that Mexico will
cooperate.
FREE TRAVEL GUARANTEED
But most of the isthmian nations have
constitutional guarantees of free travel and
it remains to be seen just how strongly they
move to clamp down on indirect travel to
Cuba by their citizens. If Mexico does co-
operate, some new shipment point may open
elsewhere.
As for exchanging intelligence, most Cen-
tral American nations sharply distrust each
other still. "I just cannot see Costa Rica,
for example, turning over Its list of suspected
subversives to Nicaragua," a Latin American
official says.
Similarly, there seems no good reason for
official optimism here that several of the
nations still having diplomatic relations with
Cuba may sever these ties in the next few
months. There are five nations In this
group?Bolivia. Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and
Uruguay?and U.S. officials are convinced
Cuban Embassies in these countries are ma-
jor sources of propaganda and money for
local subversive movements.
U S. sources suggest that the OAS may
soon put pressure on these five, but the very
fact that relations still exist, even after the
Cuban mLsiie crisis, shows just how tough
a domestic political problem the diplomatic
break must be for the governments involved.
But perhaps most Importantly of all, some
Government spokesmen?both United States
and Central American?suggest that, even
though there unquestionably is real concern
among Central American groups over Com-
munist subversion, some countries stress the
Castro menace largely to keep the United
States handing out money.
If that is a motive, then it worked. Mr.
Kennedy promised "substantial" aid on f
wide variety of fronts to help promote re-
gional economic Integration and develop-
ment, at the same time stressing the need
for local reforms in these nations.
Just how much financial help has been
pledged was not revealed, but apparently it
is a very large sum indeed. There will be a
long-term loan to permit the Central Ameri-
can Bank for Economic Integration to study
a raft of new economic development proj-
ects. There will be an "Immediate substan-
tial initial contribution," with even more to
come later, for a new fund to carry out re-
gional development projects. Other finan-
cial help will be extended to help each coun-
try set up a bank for low-Interest loans to
private industry, for a regional bank to pro-
vide a secondary home mortgage market,
and to give vocational training to young men
and women in agriculture and business
practices.
FOCUS ON ECONOMICS
All this, of course. contributed mightily
to the President's public relations success.
Indeed. Mr. Kennedy and the Central Ameri-
can presidents, for the most part, focused
their discussions on economics. Kennedy
speeches throughout his visit stressed U.S.
support of regional integration and the need
for action to raise Latin American living
standards as the most effective long-term
defense against communism.
On Cuba, U.S. officials say, the President
scored with major impact in a long and de-
tailed briefing of his fellow presidents on
what the United States is already doing and
is prepared to do: The pledge against rein-
troduction of Red offensive weapons into
Cuba; intensive air surveillance of the
island; a determination, communicated to
the Soviet Union, to move against any
Hungary-type action to suppress an uprising
in Cuba; a policy to fight attempts by Castro
to ship arms to other Latin American na-
tions or to overthrow another Latin Ameri-
can government; the campaign to cut back
free world shipping to Cuba; increased U.S.
propaganda activity in the hemisphere.
Back home, of course, the administration's
task will be much more difficult. Despite
the expected pledges of anti-Castro action
by our south-of-the-border neighbors, White
House officials have resigned themselves to
continued and perhaps intensified criticism
of the administration's Cuban policy, and
that this unpleasant prospect will never
really end so long as Cuba or any other Latin
American nation remains in Communist
hands,
Eyewitnesses Refute U.N.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JAMES B. UTT
OF' CALIFORNIA
114 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. UTT. Mr. Speaker, under unani-
mous consent to include my remarks
in the Appendix of the RECORD, I wish
to insert an editorial appearing in the
Santa Ana, Calif., Register of Friday,
March 22, dealing with the U.N. atroci-
ties in Katanga, and points up the fact
that it is high time to sever relations with
the United Nations.
EYEWITNESSES REFUTE U.N.
The American Association for the United
Nations has sent out another batch of propa-
ganda, this time in defense of the U.N. "rape"
of Katanga. A covering letter from Clark M.
Eichelberger, executive director of the
A.A.U.N. says it is in "an effort to set the
factual record straight."
One piece Is a beautifully printed piece
from the United Nations called The United
Nations and the Congo?Some Salient Facts.
It is an effort to defend the U.N. stand in the
Congo where more than 20,000 troops have
imposed the collective will of the U.N. on the
former prosperous Katanga area.
Here's a good example of the propaganda:
"There have been many allegations of
atrocities against civilians by United Nations
troops. For the most part, these have been
wild, irresponsible, and a deliberate product
of propaganda sponsored and paid for by the
Katanga information machine.'"
Well, how about that? We have received
a copy of a letter from R. H. Wentland,
president of the Congo Union Mission of
Seventh-day Adventists. Here are two
paragraphs from his letter to Bob Bartlett
of Cleveland:
"Before the U.N. came Into Katanga we
had prosperity, peace, and order. The U.S.-
backed U.N. came in and brought war,
lawlessness, murder, looting, ruination,
poverty, and chaos and general destruction
on the state of Katanga. Those of us who
live here, cant see why civilized nations
can ever think of doing such a thing.
"The idea is that if Katanga does not go
back into the Central Government then
Central Government will fall. Why should
it? Only for this reason, that Mr. Gizenga
wants all of the Congo to turn over to com-
munism. The Central Government is far
over the majority on the side of commu-
nism, and all they want is Katanga to make
it complete, Russia gets it and America pays
for it."
Here is part of a statement by Julia Hoel,
a medical missionary associated with Mr.
Wen tland :
"We see and hear of tragic cases every day
out at the refugee center. Today a man
was standing at the desk with a foot band-
aged. We asked him about it and he told us
a woman had called the Red Cross * say-
ing she was under constant fire and could
not get out. When the e was a lull in the
shooting, they went out in an ambulance
after her. The driver and hospital assistant
were Katangans. They found the woman
and on the way out the Gurkhas shot and
killed both of them and wounded the
woman in the head and the Belgian in the
foot. They had to stay there all night with
the bodies of the two Katangans and with
their wounds sore and bleeding until the
next day when others came to rescue them."
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A1872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX
Telling the Cuban resisters what not to do
isn't going to further the cause of a free
Cuba. If the administration is convinced
that the Cuban refugees are doing it wrong
then, at the very least, it should be suggest-
ing to them and helping them to do it right.
Voice of Democracy Contest
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. EUGENE SILER
OF KENTUCKY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. SILER. Mr. Speaker, a young
lady in my congressional district, Miss
Susan Cardwell, of Barkley Drive, Mid-
dlesboro, Ky., has succeeded in winning
the Voice of Democracy contest in my
State of Kentucky that was sponsored
by the Veterans of Foreign Wars. Miss
Cardwell submitted a splendid and elo-
quent essay under the title "What My
Freedom Means to Me" and I now wish
to insert her essay arid make it part of
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SO that many
People throughout our Nation may read
this very fine, prize-winning essay writ-
ten by one of our Kentucky high school
girls. The essay is as follows:
WHAT MY FREEDOM MEANG TO ME
Tonight, I am doing as I usually do about
this time of day, I am doing as girls all over
the world do at one time or another in their
lives, I am doing as old men do sitting in
front of a country store, as the young man
does while receiving his high school diploma,
or as he leaves for war, I am doing as children
do, I am dreaming.
I am dreaming of my senior year and of
my graduation. I am dreaming of becoming
an airline hostess, a veterinarian, a lab tech-
nician, or a writer. I am dreaming of my
college years, of my marriage, and of the
children I will raise, happy, free children.
There is one element that makes my
dreams special, the element lacking in? the
dreams of girls in other lands. And that
element is behind each of my dreams lies
the hope of opportunity. Only in America
does this hope exist. Only in America could
I dare to hope that my dreams would ever
be fulfilled. America is the land of oppor-
tunity, the land of dreams come true.
Over 350 years ago, in another land, there
existed another dream. This dream con-
ceived in a land of oppression and monarchy,
was the dream of a free nation. It was this
dream that helped our forefathers as they
crossed the ocean in the Mayflower, suffering
hunger, storm, and disease. It was this
dream that brought them through that first
winter, when food was scarce, and Indian
attacks were everyday things. This dream
grew and prospered, until it now stands as
a brilliant symbol of the greatest nation
on earth.
Yes, my dreams are special, because I am
an American. Only in America will my
dreams have the opportunity to grow and
develop into realities. Only in America
could Edison's dreams of the electric light
have existed. Only America would allow the
dreams of Thomas Jefferson, Jonas Salk, or
Robert Frost to develop into the important
achievements that they are today. Our Na-
tion was born of a dream. This dream was
behind Washington at Valley Forge. Behind
"our boys" at Okinawa, Iwo Jima, and Pork
Chop Hill. This dream brought about the
Declaration of Independence, the Emancipa-
tion Proclamation, the Constitution of the
United States. This dream inspired the
speeches of Daniel Webster, Thomas Paine,
Samuel Rayburn and all of the other great-
statesmen who dedicated their lives to the
duty of making America and her people the
free individuals that they are. ?This dream
makes America's waters bluer, her pines
taller, and her wind fresher and freer than
that of any other nation on the face of the
earth.
And yet, America is more than a dream,
she is reality in its truest sense. She is a liv-
ing, prospering, symbol of prosperity, justice,
truth, and brotherly love. She is "One na-
tion under God."
She is my Nation, the Nation in which I
invest all my hopes, my dreams, and even
my future.
And so, with this in mind, I return once
again to my dreams. And perhaps I have
gained a better understanding of my Na-
tion, of her past, her present, her future,
her hopes, her dreams, and of what my free-
dom means to me.
Ban the Bombers
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 13, 1963 -
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, last
week the Chicago Sun-Times editorially
endorsed H.R. 4058, which I introduced
on February 21, 1963. This legislation
would make the bombing of any building
or other real or personal property a Fed-
eral offense.
It is my earnest hope that the Judi-
ciary Committee will give serious consid-
eration to my proposal. I believe the
editorial in the Chicago Sun-Times very
convincingly spells out the reasons this
legislation should be approved.
It is most encouraging to see a respon-
sible newspaper like the Chicago Sun-
Times take a positive stand on this much-
? needed legislation. Mr. Speaker, I deem
it a great privilege to call the attention
of my colleagues to this very fine edi-
torial.
The Chicago Sun-Times editorial fol-
lows:
BAN THE BOMBERS
Last week Representative ROMAN C. PUCIN-.
SKI, Democrat, of Illinois, asked the chairman
of the House. Judiciary Committee for re-
ports and an early hearing on HR. 4058, a
bill sponsored by Pucursxr.
PUCINSKI'S bill would make the use of ex-
plosives to damage or destroy any building or
other real or personal property a Federal
offense. The bill creates the rebuttable pre-
sumption that the explosives used in the
bombing were transported in interstate or
foreign commerce with the knowledge or in-
tent that the explosives were to be used for
such purposes.
The Sun-Times questioned Representative
PUCINSKI about applying the Same logic of
rebuttable presumption of interstate com-
merce in every other crime. PUCINSKI takes
the stand that bombings are peculiar and
special unto themselves in that this is a pre-
meditated crime, 'riot only against an individ-
ual, but against the entire community.
Speaking from his years as a Chicago news-
paperman before Poonsisici went to the Con-
gress he further noted that for the most part
these bombings are done by hired mobsters
April 1
who come into Chicago from out of State
and who leave the State Jurisdiction after
the crime to avoid detection and arrest.
If the bombing of a place of business?or,
as covered in Pocmsx.es proposed bill, "any
building or other real or personal property
used for educational, religious, charitable,
residential, business or civic purposes"?were
to be made a Federal offense, as kidnaping
was, the bombers would think twice. It is
one thing to terrorize and bomb a helpless
restaurant owner. It is quite another to take
on the full might of the Federal Government.
A businessman has the right, under the
Federal Constitution, to conduct his business
without the interference of syndicate hood-
lums. PUCINSKI'S bill (H.R. 4058) is a good
one and should receive the support of every
businessman in Chicago.
U.S. Aid Calls for Attack on Pollution
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN D. DINGELL
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursuant
to permission granted I insert into the
Appendix of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
an article appearing in the Deseret News
and Salt Lake Telegram of Salt Lake
City, Utah, on Thursday May 10, 1962,
in which the distinguished Assistant
Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare gave warning of grave danger
to the pebple of our beloved land from
the fearful amount of poisoned and
toxic substances which we are inserting
into -our waters today.
U.S. AID CALLS FOR ATTACK ON POLLUTION
The United States still hasn't solved water
pollution problems which have arisen dur-
ing the postwar period, said James M. Quig-
ley, Assistant Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare during a visit to Salt Lake
Thursday.
Mr. Quigley, who is here to dedicate a
water pollution laboratory, said "We would
be kidding ourselves if we thought we had
solved the problem."
He referred to such homely pollutants
as detergents, which were unknown before
the war, and said these are real problems
for water sanitation.
INSECTICIDES, TOO
"Insecticides and pesticides are also a
problem," he said. These have increased in
use among farmers since the war, and are
being washed into the Nation's streams.
These poisons are "potentially a real prob-
lem and could develop into a serioUs situa-
tion soon in some areas," he said. "It de-
pends on the water supply available."
He said the country had not developed
adequate techniques to take care of these
pollutants. "For those problems that existed
before the war all we have to do is be more
vigorous in our enforcement," he said.
DIFFICULTY OF VIRUSES
Another problem which has defied tech-
nology is treatment of water with viruses in
it. To date there is no evidence that these
are harmful, but sometime the country will
have to find a means to filter them, he said.
Speaking at the dedication Thursday after-
noon, Mr. Quigley said the "Federal Govern-
ment has the resources, the scientific capa-
bilities and the enforcement, power to clean
up all our Nation's streams and keep them
clean.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? APPENDIX A1871
Testimony indicated that our various Gov-
ernment agencies are doing a creditable job
in expanding foreign trade but more must be
done. Expanding ow' foreign trade so as to
provide a stimulus to our economy and to
help in solving the balance of payment prob-
lem is one of the most Important tasks facing
us today. Small business should be encour-
aged and helped to participate in foreign
trade to the fullest extent possible and I so
pointed out to agency, bureau, and depart-
ment heads which appeared before our com-
mittee.
Taxes and Political Responsibility
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, fiscal re-
sponsibility, sell-discipline, balanced
budget, debt reduction and other sensible
economic principles for the proper con-
duct of Government may not be out of
style. It may be too much to hope but
it is possible that those elected and ap-
pointed officials who believe it is politi-
cally wise to be for every appropriation
and against every tax may be displeas-
ing to an awakening public.
True, some witnesses testifying on the
tax bill before the Ways and Means Com-
mittee tried to have their cake and cat
it by saying they were both for a tax
cut and a balanced budget, by' accepting
a transitional deficit, but some knowl-
edgeable and influential representatives
flatly stated that tax cuts must be earned
first by a balanced budget.
So it is that I would like to point out
the editorial in the Wall Street Journal
which bears on this point of tax cut and
fiscal responsibility for politicians and
constituents alike.
LEAVES FROM A POLITICIANS HANDBOOK
One of the most persistent cliches about
democracy is that the thoughtless masses,
being given their head, would run headlong
to disaster by whooping it up for all spend-
ing by the Government while howling down
the taxes.
This has been the stereotype fear of philos-
ophers about America since the beginning,
moving De Tocqueville to concern and Emer-
son to indignation. "Of all debts," said the
man from Concord, "men are least willing to
PRY the taxes. What a satire on govern-
ment."
For politicians this thought has been a
cynical truism. The successful officeholder,
so it is said, is the one who votes for all
appropriations and against all revenue
measures. And in the politician's handbook.
nothing is supposed to be more sure-fire
than a tax cut.
So it has been fascinating to watch the
parade of witnesses before the House Ways
and Means Committee on the pending tax-
cut bill, which in the words of one of its
proponents was going to have the voters
with their tongues hanging out.
True, there have been few witnesses not
in favor of reducing the burden of taxes on
the people. Economists, labor leaders, busi-
nessmen, all have testified to the stultifying
effects of the present taxes on their personal
affairs and on the growth of the Nation
itself. If the question were simply a yea
or nay on tax reduction, the tax cuts would
win hands down.
But the question is not so simple. For
what is actually proposed is that taxes be
cut. while spending is increased, the result
being a deficit in the Government's account
of at least some $12 billion and very likely
much more. And the truly miming thing
Is that witness after witness, looking at the
facts, is resisting the temptation the admin-
istration has put before him.
Most of the support for the presently pro-
posed tax cuts, and this is the quaintest
irony of all, has come from some professedly
learned economists, who presumably should
be the men standing against the tide of the
masses clamoring for more spending and less
taxes. The people whose self-Interest should
make them in favor of the proposal, accord-
ing to the cynic's cliche, are the ones op-
posing this apparently lovely gift.
Their opposition, moreover, is based on
something more than a Puritan ethic. As
Roger Fleming, of the American Farm Bu-
reau Federation, put it, "If the Federal Gov-
ernment expenditures are increased, a tax
cut means more deficit financing, an in-
creased national debt, the threat of inflation,
and a loss of confidence in the soundness
of the economy, which would discourage in-
vestment and prevent sound economic
growth." Dr. Charles Walker, of the Amer-
ican Banks Association, was equally out-
spoken on the present proposal. "If the
Congress cannot find effective ways to pre-
vent the planned increase in spending * ? ?
the entire tax proposal should be rejected."
Not all the people Congress has been
hearing from have been so economically In-
formed in their arguments. But every Con-
gressman has noted with astonishment the
number of letters instinctively opposing big-
ger spending and smaller taxes simultaneous-
ly. If there's a clamor for this fiscal proposal
It has not been heard on Capitol Hill, which
may explain why many Congressmen are los-
ing their enthusiasm for it.
All this doesn't necessarily mean that the
solemn plausibilities of its proponents may
not carry the day; whatever the mind says,
each man's heart hopes for lower taxes and
hopes that h anyway can come out ahead.
Certainly it doesn't mean we aren't going
to get the bigger spending, the smaller taxes,
and the bigger deficit all together. It will
still take a brave politician to say "Nay."
Nonetheless, we find this public mood a
rather heartwarming reply to philosophers
gloomy about the commonsense of the com-
mon man. And maybe?well, just maybe?
somebody is going to have to rewrite the
politician's handbook.
nedy Talks One Way
Patriots, Acts Anothe
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STEVEN B. DEROUN1AN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, April 1, 1963
Mr. DE'ROUNIAN. Mr. Speaker,
President Kennedy has mastered the art
of being on both sides of an issue. The
current one is what to do about the
Cuban refugees who are patriotic enough
to risk life and limb for a free Cuba.
We all recall the dramatic visit the
President made to Miami to welcome
back the Cuban prisoners of war, whom
the President himself had helped to be-
come prisoners. He promised them that
some day there would be a free Cuba.
This promise Is reminiscent of the many
others made during the campaign of
1960, very few of which have been kept.
In today's New York Herald Tribune,
Roscoe Drummond, who can hardly be
called a rightwinger, brings into bold
perspective what Mr. Kennedy is doing
to the freedom lovers he loudly pro-
claimed, before a TV audience, he wanted
to help:
REFUGEES VERSUS CASTRO: A PUZZLE TO AMER-
ICANS: WORDS AND DEEDS ON CUBA
(By Roscoe Drummond)
WssuiNcTorr.?Many Americans must feel
both confused and frustrated by the differ-
ence between what the administration says
about Castro's Cuba and what it does.
Unquestionably President Kennedy seeks
the goal of a free Cuba, He told the released
Cuban Invasion prisoners on their return to
Florida that he was confident that their bat-
talion flag would fly victoriously in Havana.
But when those Cubans hit at the Castro
and Soviet forces, the President wants them
to stop it.
Vice President "minor? JOHNSON tells the
graduating class of the Inter-American De-
fense College that we "cannot be content un-
til communism is gone from Cuba."
But when the Cuban refugees, who are in-
tent upon wresting their freedom from those
who have taken It from them, take action to
do something about it, the highest officials of
the administration express only disapproval.
Thus far President Kennedy has given no
adequate explanation as to why he does not
want the anti-Castro Cubans to fight the
Ckstro-Soviet forces at any point they can
make contact.
Until the administration makes a more
persuasive case against the Cuban refugees'
harassing their oppressors every chance they
get, my instinct is on the side of the refugees.
I think a good case can be made that the
refugee raids are useful and that we ought
not to discourage them or stand in their way.
We say we want the Castro regime over-
thrown. We say that only the Cuban people
can bring it about. With those two condi-
tions, who is to begin the process unless it is
the Cuban refugees?
You may believe that the hit-and-run
raids are only insignificant, hectoring pin-
pricks. So were Castro's first hit-and-run
attacks on Batista. The only way to begin is
to begin.
Remember Hungary? Surely any prudent
man could have told the latent and ferment-
ing Hungarian freedom fighters that it would
be fantastically foolhardy for them to con-
sider attacking the occupying Soviet tanks
with their bare fists and handmade grenades.
But they did. You couldn't have prevented
them. And despite the ultimate repression,
It was a revolt for freedom which was worth
all the bravery that went into it. Hungary
is better off today for R.
Admittedly there are risks for the United
States in the Cuban hit-and-run raids. Cas-
tro might sink an American boat in a spasm
of anger. But might it not be better to deal
with such an incident than to say that the
Cuban freedom fighters must not decide how
they shall fight for their freedom?
The administration-has said it "will not be
content until the last of Soviet forces are
withdrawn from Cuban soil." It can be hon-
estly argued that the refugee raids may pro-
vide an excuse for Moscow to keep Soviet
troops in Cuba. The opposite may be nearer
the truth. Is it likely that finding things
calm in Cuba will provide any incentive for
Mr. Khrushchev to call his troops home?
In 1960 Mr. Kennedy proposed that we
should do more to help the Cuban resisters
"both inside and outside Cuba." Now that
the refugees are regaining their morale after
the Bay of Pigs, it seems ironic, at the very
least, that the United States should send the
FI31 and the Coast Guard after them.
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