CUBA: SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR MULTILATERAL ACTIONS

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: March 28, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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A2480 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
titular issue. It would, in effect, reflect
American opinion.
The delegates to the Congress could be
elected by districts of, say, 6 million per-
sons, with universal suffrage. This would,
of course, give the larger nationalities heavy
representaton; however, such must be the
case if the people of the Americas are to be
represented. In any case, the OAS Coun-
cil would continue to represent nations. .
A multinational OAS military force
should be created to handle acts of aggres-
sion in the Americas; and the concept of
an Inter-American Common Market should
be discussed.
Almost 140 years have passed since the
first proposals for Pan-American unity were
made. It is time that something was done
to make the dream of American unity a
reality, for there may not be much time left.
JACK D. FoasEs.
NORTHRIDGE, CALIF., February 8, 1963.
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: A
April 24
freedom even more restricted, but we 1943, the Jewish ghetto quarter of War-
are still alive. saw.. There was no Moses to lead these
Some found a chance to escape the people to freedom, only their dedication
ugly city life by going off on a work gang, and courage could give them honor.
into the. countryside. The Germans There was hope at least for a brief
needed men to help in the war plants. quiet time to celebrate the occasion with
At least that is what they said when, prayer and the breaking of unleav-
first by asking for volunteers, then by ened bread. Not even this small hope
force, they took whole families into their was answered. The word spread quickly,
"work camps." They would suddenly ar- the Germans were coming, they were
rive at a given section in the ghetto, call marching to the walls. It was time to
all inhabitants out of the buildings, and, prepare a greeting for them.
if necessary, drag them off to the dis- And what a greeting it was. Hand
tribution center for shipment to the grenades, gunfire, liquid fire, fists, and
countryside. Families were broken up, stones. The SS men were taken un-
children torn from mothers' arms, all . awares, they fell back, leaving many
property left behind was taken by the dead in their wake. It was long in com-
state to cover the Jewish debt. Yet still, lug and they had suffered through un-
in the ghetto, organized resistance to speakable indignities, but the time had
what was happening could not be started. arrived-the people of the Ghetto were
Still the people chjng to what they had in revolt.
left, hoping that quotas for the work Nazi armies returned, and were driven
gangs would soon be filled, that they back again. Ammunition of the ghetto
would be left alone
even if isol
t
d
r
,
a
e
f
om fighters was running low, they were driv-
Commemoration the rest of the city. After all, there was en underground into bunkers, or hide-
a shortage of factory workers ith' th
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. LEONARD FARBSTEIN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 24, 1963
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, Hit-
ler's invasion of Poland was the signal
for a Second World War, it was the sig-
nal for treachery and deceit, it was the
beginning of the collapse of the Balkan
'countries before Hitler's might; it was
also the beginning of something far
more. ? It was the beginning of the mass
extermination of an entire race of peo-
ple, for the Jews of Poland were to be
erased by methods even now almost im-
possible to comprehend.
city, so those who were working for the outs in attics of buildings, yet the fight
Germans or their Polish supporters felt in cramped m on. ped quarters s day they hid out
in cs without water and
safe in their position. n,a+,, ,;,.,.,.. .- .1 . , , ..
~sa?+ w uiittuate. Were theirs, and they used the time to
Those families that were sent off to the stren
th
th
i
g
en
e
r positions.
work camps in the countryside-nothing Then disaster struck. The Germans
was ever heard from them again. Spies set fire to the entire area, burning the
were sent out to follow the trains of fi
ht
f
g
ers
rom their attic cover; all sup-
misery, to learn what was happening, plies were cut off, there was no water,
to confirm or deny some stories that were no food, the women and children had to
so incredible few dared repeat them, remain underground all the time. Some,
The spies went out, they saw, they re- men and women, with spirits broken,
turned. The work camps, they were marched out to the Germans to sur-
death camps. The potential workers- render, the others held out. They held
their only work was to strip off their out against constant attack from the
clothes and be marched into the huge ground and air, against hunger and
communal showers, to be washed with thirst, against fear of death yet fear of
poison gas, to be slaughtered by the tens not dying before the Nazis got a hold of
of thousands, to have their bones cre- them. On May 8 the Germans launched
mated, to literally disappear without
When the victorious Germans first trace. This was Hitler's answer to the a concentrated attack on the central
marched into Warsaw in the fall of.1939, Jewish problem. bunker containing the headquarters op-
the wheels were already beginning to Back in the Ghetto of Warsaw the eration. All 200 d rship,rs, erelu killed for
r
turn in the plan to take care of the stories began to circulate with more au- core m the leadership, weld capture.
Jewish problem, although very few thority. As the awful truth dawned Still, some suicide to avoid optyrealized what was in store. First there some were stunned into apathy, but a small some held out s the end of May,
were the restrictions: Jews were for- others, many others, in the agony of ai -, id up of heroic men and women.
wurK in Key inaustries, to bake bread, to
earn more than a certain amount of
money, to buy or sell from any outsider,
to use public transportation, to possess
gold or jewelry, and each had to wear a
distinctive armband. How could any
man be asked to do these things? If
such were to happen to us we would fight
back. But no, we have our homes, chil-
dren, our past lives and all that we own
and hold dear to think of. Maybe we
must accept, because is it not more im-
portant to survive?
Next came the ghetto. All Jews had
to move to a certain part of town, to
be walled in so as not to contaminate
others with their Jewishness. They
could only leave their walled area by
pass, to work in the factories supporting
the German war effort. Surely now is
the time'to stop permitting ourselves to
be so pushed around, but wait-we are
still together, we are still a family, and
we can move all of our possessions to the
new area. Living may be more crowded
that awaited them, thee.they would not vaders. r'inally, after almost the entire
meet it -voluntarily, they would fight, ghetto area had been flattened, with
4,00 J, resistance
The Nazi occupation authorities, and was only 8 buildings
broken. Of e still standing
their henchmen, finally decided in reply ghetto at the beginning neo of 0 the ews in ing
to the insistent demands of Himmler and fighting
Eichmann in Berlin to get on with the only a few hundred were left to filter out,
job, that the remaining Jews in the some
continue through
fighting the in the gasfilled
e -forests. sewers, to
ghetto were to be marched out to the The distribution centers, to be Thhe e revolution had been broken, but
prepared for the spirit and heroism of the partici-
shipment to the countryside, to annihila- pants, the faith which made them with-
tion. Word of this intent was received in stand such torture, these are not for-
the ghetto. Time had come to resist. gotten. The State of Israel today, and
It was Passover. It was the time when the fact of its existence, stands as a liv-
Jews the world over remember the lot ing and dynamic monument to the
of their people in Egypt under the Phar- heroic Jews of the Warsaw ghetto, who
aohs, when God sent down his plagues laid down their lives for life-for future
upon the Egyptians, when all the first life in freedom from persecution of their
born of the country suffered death, only people.
the Jews remaining untouched. It was On this 20th anniversary of the heroic
the time of year when one remembered uprising of the Jews in the Warsaw
Moses leading his people as the Red Sea ghetto against their Nazi persecuters,
parted, and they beheld before them let us remember with awe their heroism,
freedom in the land of their ancestors, let us not forget what they were fighting
But this was the evening of April 18, against, let us honor with our prayers
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2479
REDUCING SEISMIC SIGNALS of the "big hole" by installation of manned
Mr. Wadsworth haplessly based his criti- seismic observatories inside the U.S.S.R.
cism on the Disarmament Agency's weird Only an effective treaty which inhibits
contortion of these facts which culminated nuclear progress to the same degree on both
in its erroneous assertion that the "big hole" sides of the Iron Curtain has any chance of
in Soviet test cheating depends for its exist- reducing the risks of today's nuclear war. A
ence on carrying out clandestine activities in "big hole" treaty would stop our nuclear
U.S.S.R. alluvial soil. Actually the "big progress and create the new risk of sur-
hole" exists, as explained below. because of reptitious Soviet testing to gain the surprise
the size to which seismic signals from sig- military superiority needed to back up a
nificant cheat tests can be reduced Irrespec- surrender-or-die ultimatum.
tive of geology, not (unfortunately for Mr- CRAIG HOSMER,
Member of Congress.
Wadsworth, who staked part of his prestige WASHINGTON, April 15, 1963,
on it) upon testing g In Tn scarce Soviet alluvium. .
The indisputable facts which establish
the existence of the "big hole," brought to
light during the Joint Committee's hearings.
What Freedom Meant to Me
were:
Disarmament Agency witnesses testified
that both current Anglo-U.S. proposals, and
new ones soon to be announced, will rely
on seismic observatories outside the Soviet
Union to discover underground cheat testing
inside its borders. Only a token number of
unreliable delayed-reporting, tamper-prone
unmanned and, as yet uninvented, "black
box" devices will be demanded for placement
In Russia.
The Defense Department's top seismolo-
gist, Dr. Carl Romney, testified that the
capability of seismographs to record intelli-
gible data is physically limited by natural
earth background noise which occurs every-
where, Its effect on seismographs is similar
to static on a shortwave radio: unless a
seismic signal is larger and stronger than
background noise, it is simply unintelligible.
Seismic signals double the background
noise level are needed to "detect" seismic
whether they be created by
disturbances
,
man or by nature, Signals 10 to 20 times the
background noise level must be recorded to
be able to "distinguish" unnatural seismic
events in the U.S.S.R. from earthquakes.
Recording signals big enough to make this
distinction are the key to arousing the sus-
picion of monitors and of setting a treaty's
on-site Inspection machinery into motion.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
oil
HON. LESTER R. JOHNSON
OF wISC(SNSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 24, 1963
Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. Mr.
Speaker, Thomas J. Rice, a 17-year-old
junior at Regis High School, Eau Claire,
Wis., was recently chosen as Wisconsin's
winner of the 16th annual Voice of De-
mocracy Contest sponsored by th
Veterans of Foreign Wars.
I am very proud that a Ninth District
student won the statewide contest and
wish to call his essay, "What Freedom
Means to Me," to the attention of my
colleagues:
privileged men crucified along the Appian
Way, knowing that your wife and children
will be sold in Rome's slave market for less
than the price of a horse. Yet you are
happy. _ You were born a slave, and under
Spartacus you tasted freedom for 4 years.
You feasted on the thought of Richard Love-
lace: "Stone walls do not a prison-make, nor
iron bars a cage." You knew well that when
the courage of freedom is defeated, there is
no battle to win, no challenge to conquer.
But to most of us, courage won't mean
death; but rather, a way of life-a life to
pound nails day after day: to check accounts
day after day; to drive a truck day after day.
But still, a life to be lived in its fullest: a
life that we must not live half-heartedly:
a life guided by the words of the Reverend
Bob Richards: "It's not where you are that
counts, but in which direction you are
going." And we know that we are going
toward a star, helped along by courage.
We only hope that courage will never be
defeated. If our personalities give us the
words, we want to be able to say them. It
means a life to us. It means freedom.
Yes, think of the men, the blood, the
ideas, the hopes and prayers that put mean-
ing behind the Hungarian freedom fighters
-put meaning into the "we" who "hold
these truths to be self-evident."
Some Suggestions for Multilateral
Action
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. JAMES C. CORMAN
. WHAT FREEDOM MEANS TO ME
"We the people of the United States of
America. ` ' ?" Think of the Ideals that
put freedom Into that pronoun "we." These
two common letters supply the lifeblood.
people, behind the thought of freedom, per-
wnnality. and courage. For truly, without
it exists because Soviet scientists can keep sonality and courage, men are helpless.
the seismic signals from secret test so small To any man-to us-personality means the
in size by the time they emerge from Soviet individualism of freedom: for we each have
borders that even though they are detected, our very own. We want to enjoy it and be
they cannot be distinguished from hun- proud of It. We want it to be as great as
dreds of similar sized small earthquakes oc- a personality can be. It means a life to
curring annually In the U.S.S.R. This can us-to any man.
be done by holding yields down below three For freedom is the developing of a per-
kilotons and testing In formations like sonality-the personality that gives Men a,
alluvium which transmit seismic waves mountain and the longing to climb it. gives
poorly; testing In underground cavities which them a challenge and the desire to conquer
decouple explosive shock from surrounding it, gives them a star and the wish to reach
earth and drastically reduce the seismic sig- it. Pity the man without a star; his person-
nal, or a combination of the foregoing. ality is Incomplete. as no Re's like Iron ids It
This eliminates the key to arousing sus- in a cage.
piclon and dispatching on-site inspectors. are attracted to him, and he likes their strong
While the United States stopped all its test- points, but he can never quite touch them.
ing, in effect it would simply be trusting a He likes the ability of his friends. the nails.
Soviet promise not to test by these undis- to hold rising ideas together, to unify hopes,
coverable means. and to make them firm. But he can't quite
The Atomic Energy Commission Director touch them. He can't pick up their sharper
of Military Applications, Maj. Gen. A. W. points and use them to give
Betts, U.S. Army, testified that the entire broader, well-rounded personality. He likes
spectrum of nuclear weapons of military In- the ideas his typewriter key friends have ex-
terest, except very large yield super H-bombs pressed: but he can't communicate with the
which the Soviets already have anyway, can keys. He's locked in. His personality is
be perfected by tests carried out under depressed: he loses friends; he has no ideas
these conditions of undiscoverability. Gen- to cherish-all through loss of freedom. For
eral Betts revealed that even without a need being able to develop a personality
for-secrecy approximately one-half of U.S. freedom.
underground tests in Nevada are carried on But a growing personality is just the
precisely at these very low, undiscoverable privilege of freedom: courage Is its duty.
yields. Freedom without courage is complacency.
These are the facts not faced by the above- Without courage, we are content at the
mentioned writers. They must be faced if bottom of the mountain. The challenge will
nuclear test-ban negotiations are to be be unconquered, and freedom will be lost,
carried on with the realism American For freedom gives us the privilege of a
citizens demand of their Government. personality, and the personality must have
Even the most ardent test-ban proponent courage or the privilege will be lost.
should join In vigorously demanding closure It takes courage to be one of 6.000
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 28, 1963
Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, in view
of the continuing discussion and debate
concerning our Cuban policy, I wish to
submit for consideration some construc-
tive proposals for multilateral action
which have been made by a professor at
San Fernando Valley State College.
This letter was printed in the western
edition of the New York Times on Febru-
ary 28, 1963:
To STRENGTHEN OASSUGGESTIONS OFFERED
To INCREASE INTER-AMERICAN UNITY
To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES:
The Cuban situation, the tension evident
between Canada and the United States, and
the widespread anti-Yankee feeling south of
the Rio Grande all point, in this writer's
view, to a great need: the strengthening of
the Inter-American Community. There has
been a great deal of discussion in regard to
the North Atlantic Alliance, but very little
mention of the fact that, after all, the
United States and Canada are a part of the
Americas.
I would like to propose that the Organiza-
tion of American States be strengthened in
the following manner:
Canada should be Invited to membership
along with the other American members of
the Commonwealth;
An Inter-American Congress, representing
the people of the Americas, should be orga-
nized. This body would help to cement the
feeling of community by providing a com-
mon meeting place for delegates who would
not be attached to a particular nation's
diplomatic corps. It could be empowered to
make advisory declarations on matters of
concern to the Americas as a whole. and it
could, perhaps, be granted the power to en-
force the OAS Council to consider a par-
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
all my heart that we can `count on you,
Mr. SHORT, to fight Federal aid to education
all the way. It would bring about so many,
many injustices-and what it would do to
education itself. From what I have heard
and read, I honestly believe that we can
count on you, Congressman SHORT, to protect
and defend our rights, in your name-in the
name of our parents-and in the name of
us-the teenagers.
Yours truly,
The Joke is on the United States
EXTENSION. OF REMARKS
OF
HON. DURWARD G. HALL
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 24, 1963
Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I cor-lmend
to the attention of our colleagues the
following editorial from the Montgom-
ery, Ala., Advertiser of April 20, 1963.
[From the Montgomery (Ala.) Advertiser,
Apr. 20, 1963 ]
THE JOKE IS ON THE UNITED STATES
Anderson, Mo., may become the most
famous small town in America, If only for
a few days, because it has petitioned the
United Nations for the kind of help that Is
routinely dispensed to such improbable
places as Senegal.
Anderson Mayor Bill Hall has solemnly
Informed the U.N. that the town needs a
natural gas plant and $337,500 from the
U.N. to get started on it. The usual agency
for such requests, the Federal Housing and
Home Finance Agency, Informed Anderson
that no domestic help was available. Where-
upon Anderson's Congressman, Representa-
tive DURWARD HALL, sicced Mayor Hall (no
kin) on the U.N.
Congressman HALL, who admittedly Is no
passionate admirer of the U.N., reminded An-
derson that U.N. technical assistance is avail-
able in generous doses to almost any country
that calls itself backward and to such mem-
bers of the Communist bloc as, Bulgaria,
Albania, Cuba, Yugoslavia, and Polbnd.
Congressman HALL was impressed by the
fact that the United States is the most faith-
ful dues-paying member in the U.N. But
whereas the United States got nothing back
for its contribution to U.N. technical assist-
ance programs, the Communist contributors
came out with more than they put in.
So Anderson, Mo., is asking for about half
what Senegal got for a mineral survey pro-
gram and about a third what Cuba got for
an agriculture station.
You are probably not wrong to sense a large
element of horseplay in Anderson's petition,
but the jest is not without meaning. Amer-
icans are reminded of the great lengths to
which the United States has gone In an effort
to keep the U.N. on its feet, even when so
much is invested and so little withdrawn.
The reference is not merely to money.
Anderson's practical joke-very practical,
in fact-is well-aimed. Americans support
the U.N. but they don't have to idolize it.
They don't have to applaud when the United
States clamps airtight sanctions on Cuba
with one hand and, through the U.N., forks
over money to Cuba with the other hand.
Or when American dollars go to build the
technology of a Communist country at the
same time that many small American towns
are gasping for want of local industry.
If it is to be largely supported by the
United States, the U.N. is properly subject
to the constant, scalding auditing that is
directed at any other Government-supported
agency.
The ones, who give a pain in the neck are
the fanatics who get a goofy look in their
eyes and denounce any slight criticism of the
U.N. as rank apostasy.
A2465
agree that the expectations of businessmen
and consumers influence the business cycle,
but just how much has been a matter of dis-
pute. Those who downgrade its importance
note that we have never talked ourselves into
a recession or out of one.
MOOD FLUCTUATIONS ,
This is true, but changes in mood can have
a considerable economic effect, giving added
The Role of Business Confidence in Our momentum to an upsurge or acting as a de.
OF
HON. THOMAS B.
OF MISSOURI.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 24, 1963
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, a factor
which administration officials, business-
men and economists often overlook or
insufficiently emphasize in discussing the
problems of our economy is the role of
business confidence.
According to a recent column by M. J.
Rossant in the New York Times, busi-
ness confidence is a positive factor that
must be considered in any economic
analysis. In his opinion, last year's steel
price dispute "was a blow to confidence
and had a definite, if Immeasurable, im-
pact on business activity." The quar-
terly survey of manufactures by the Na-
tional. Industrial Conference Board sup-
ported this conclusion. by noting that
during 1962, capital appropriations were
increased "in every quarter but the sec-
ond, the period embracing both the steel
dispute and market break."
Mr. Rossant pointed out that con-
sumer spending proved to be a vital sup-
port in the anxious days last summer
when a recession was feared, but con-
sumers themselves would have been
easier with their money if businessmen
had demonstrated more faith in the
economy. He concluded:
It seems unwise to underestimate the
power of confidence in a market economy.
In my opinion, Mr. Rossant offers a
sound analysis of the confidence factor
in any study of economic behavior, and
I ask unanimous consent that his col-
umn from the April 15 New York Times
be included in the RECORD at this point.
The article follows:
[From the New York Times, Apr. 15, 19631
CRISIS OF CONFIDENCE: A VIEW OF THE ,,SPIRITS
OF BUSINESSMEN AND How THEY MAY AF-
FECT THE ECONOMY
(By M. J. Rossant)
President Kennedy and the steel manufac-
turers, those battle-scarred veterans of last
year's bitter dispute, are demonstrating an
understandable reluctance to reopen the con-
flict. I With an awareness stemming from
experience, both sides appear anxious to avoid
any new blows to business confidence, which
has been undergoing a strong revival since
its deterioration a year ago.
Last year's crisis of confidence was never
healed through a formal truce. In fact, the
President and Roger M. Slough, chairman
of United States Steel,, have continued to
pressant in a decline.
The late John Maynard Keynes, who is the
patron saint of many of the administration's
economists, stated that confidence, or what
he called the animal spirits of businessmen,
can have an impact on business activity.
According to Keynes, "if animal spirits are
dimmed and the spontaneous impulse (to in-
vest) falters, leaving us to depend on nothing
but mathematical expectation, enterprise will
fade and die-though fears of a loss may
have a basis no more reasonable than profits
had before."
The chilling of spirits is probably greatest
when there Is an abrupt change caused by
some unexpected event. This seemed to be
the case last year.
Just last week, before Wheeling Steel an-
nounced its selective price increases, Mr.
Slough implied that the administration's
successful effort in blocking the across-the-
board advances in 1962 had weakened the
economy and slowed growth.
Economists who give weight to the confi-
dence factor tend to support Mr. Vlough's
position that the steel imbroglio and the
market break that followed made the advance
slower than it might have been.
One significant piece of supporting evi-
dence is the survey of manufacturers' capi-
tal appropriations made each quarter by the
National Industrial Conference Board. In
1962, these appropriations were increased in
every quarter but the second, the period em-
bracing both the steel dispute and the mar-
ket break. Quite obviously then these
events had a dampening, if temporary, effect
on the spirits of businessmen.
If the second quarter reversal in confidence
had not taken place, the rise in business ac-
tivity might well have been spritely rather
than sluggish last year. Fortunately, the
economy has enough basic strength to with-
stand. this caution when businessmen con-
vinced themselves that the administration
was intent on altering the delicate power
relationship that existed between govern-
ment, management, and labor; but It was a
pretty close call.
CONSUMER STRENGTH
Consumer spending proved a powerful sup-
port in the anxious days last summer, when
fears of a recession were growing. Despite
the magnitude of the market decline, which
meant heavy losses-at least on paper-for
many investors, the strength of consumer
demand helped to restore business confidence.
Consumers, too, however, might have been
easier with their spending if businessmen
had behaved less cautiously. Again, no one
will ever know, but it seems unwise to under-
estimate the power of confidence in a market
economy.
Confidence, it should be noted, has little
to do with political preferences. Most busi-
nessmen are Republican partisans, yet the
most Serious deterioration in confidence took
place under Herbert Hoover, a stalwart mem-
ber of the business fraternity, and there were
several jolts to confidence under the Presi-
dent Eisenhower administration.
Wherever businessmen congregate these
days, there are jokes about the Kennedys,
griping over the new expense-account rules
d
complaints about tax reforms. This,
its of each case, however, their dispute was an
however, is a return to normalcy, There is
a blow to confidence and had a definite, if no open hostility and no sign that they want
immeasurable, impact on business activity. . to dig up the past.
The intangible factor of confidence has This show of healthy animal spirits, which
been of great interest to economists. Most is apparent in the stock market, rising capi-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX April 24
tal appropriations and in surveys of con-
sumer intentions, can give added momentum
to the economy, already in good shape.
There may be some disappointment if tai
cuts are not voted this year. But it is doubt-
ful that failure to act on taxes will have
much of an impact on either confidence or
business activity in the short run. The real
test will ome in 1964 when animal spirits
and theconomy may both need a lift.
Heading Nowhere
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. STEVEN B. DEROUNIAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday. April 24, 1963
Mr. DEROUNIAN. Mr. Speaker, our
foreign policy is heading nowhere.
When President Kennedy first assumed
office, it was understood that he had no
experience; but he has been In charge for
2 years, now, and it would seem that
some kind of foreign policy ought to be
proposed. It is no wonder that frustra-
tion is in full swing.
In the April 16 issue of the Wall Street
Journal, William Henry Chamberlin
discusses this frustration and in today's
New York Herald Tribune, David Law-
rence points out the contradictions in our
Laos and Cuban policies.
The article follows:
[From the Wall Street Journal, Apr. 16, 19631
FRUSTRATION FORMULA: ADMINISTRATION
MIRES TIMIDITY ON CUBA, UNREALISM ON
ATOM TEST BAN, WEST BERLIN
(By William Henry Chamberlin)
The word frustration frequently appears In
dispatches from Washington at the present
time.
The Kennedy administration probably
reached the height of its prestige in foreign
affairs when It faced down Nikita Khru-
shchev on the issue of withdrawing the mis-
siles which had been stealthily installed In
Cuba.
Since that time, however, much has gone
wrong, from the standpoint of American for-
eign policy. General de Gaulle, by vetoing
British admission to the European Economic
Community and Insisting on his national
nuclear deterrent, tossed a monkey wrench
into administration plans for closer Western
defense and trade coordination. Soviet
troops have remained in Cuba, emphasizing
a clear breach of the Monroe Doctrine. The
fragile agreement for the neutralization of
Laos is beginning to fray around the edges.
Some of these disappointments are due to
factors beyond the control or anticipation of to lead anywhere and policies that are self-
at
But on three issues
t
ti
i
i
.
s
ra
on.
n
the adm
least, the United States has been pursuing contradictory furnish an excellent formula
frustration.
icto
policies based on questionable premises and for therefore Inviting failure and frustration.
First, there Is the attempt to reach an [From the New York Herald Tribune, Apr.
agreement banning nuclear tests at almost 24, 19631
any price. This might be justified if it could DICHOTOMY or U.B. POLICY TowARD CUBA AND
be assumed (a) that the Soviet Union would LAos
observe any such agreement and (b) that (By David Lawrence)
the spread of nuclear weapons to other ~f -, a.. s., o?a e??*
kno
ma
orld
-_ South Carolina, has urged, the United States
coolheaded survey of the situation, in the point `" re In a
p. Asia.
southeast
light of past experience, both these assump- somewhere in Yet they read
In the faces up to the Communist threat every-
tions seem most improbable. are being rushed newspapers to the that area, that American American marines where and begins to consider a severance of
BROKEN TREATIES soldiers have been losing their lives next door diplomatic relations with the Soviet Govern-
It would be superfluous to recite the long in south Vietnam, and that the President of meat, then-and only then-will situations
list of Soviet broken treaties and agreements. the United States is engaged in serious die- such as have arisen In Laos and in Cuba be-
One need only recall the unpoliced moratori- cussions which are Indicative of a crisis with gin to be changed from defeat to victory
um on nuclear testing which began In Octo- the Soviet Union about Laos. for the free world,
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her 1958, and dragged on until the end of In contrast, just 90 miles away is Cuba,
August 1901, when it was unilaterally de- where the Soviet Union has between 10,000
nounced by the Soviet Government, although and 20,000 troops and technicians and the
Khrushchev had solemnly affirmed earlier latest weapons of warfare, but the United
that the Soviet Union would never be the States hesitates to invade Cuba, though it is
first to resume nuclear testii.g. It is difficult apparently ready to threaten the use of mil-
to estimate how much the United States lost itary force in Laos.
by denying itself the advantages of research it isn't explained just why It is an act of
while the Soviet Union, at the very least, was war to invade Cuba, but Isn't an act of war
preparing for new tests. to use troops in southeast Asia.
Nor is there any reason to believe that an And it isn't clear to anybody just why in-
American-Soviet agreement would stop the ternational complications and the escalation
proliferation of nuclear weapons. Is there from one stage in the crisis to another Isn't
any reason to believe General de Gaulle feared with respect to Laos, but is given as
would cease and desist from his development the reason for American hesitation in Cuba.
of French nuclear power merely because an The foreign policy of the United States to-
American-Soviet agreement bad been signed? day toward Russia Is a mixture of strong
Would Red China, visibly on the outs with words at times and long periods of inaction.
Khrushehev, heed a request from him to The (range attitude with reference to Cuba
stop its nuclear development? because of a fear of offending the Soviet
Second, there Is an obvious disadvantage Union is, of course, explained in the hack-
about the talks on West Berlin which have neyed phrases of diplomacy. In the one
just been resumed. There could be no ob- case, It is argued that Thailand-next door
jection to raising, as a serious potential to Laos-has Invited American help, while,
threat to peace, the unnatural partition of in the case of Cuba, it is pointed out that
Germany. But a discussion limited to West Castro has Invited Soviet help.
Berlin places the United States before the But there Is In both situations an anomaly.
awkward alternative of making unilateral For the Government in Cuba doesn't repre-
concessians or refusing any change in the sent the people, and in Laos the neutralist
present situation. Government has been threatened from with-
THWARTINO ANTI-CASTRO CUBANS in by a Communist takeover, and it Isn't
Third. some aspects of our policy. or lack clear just what any government in that area
of policy, toward Cuba since the withdrawal represents. There is an unwillingness in
of the Soviet missiles are timid, self-con- Washington, however, to recognize the Com-
tradictory and calculated to raise the clues- munists as the true enemies of the people in
tion whether our diplomatic victory In Cuba both Laos and Cuba.
last October was as complete as it seemed. Although, for Instance, the United States
We have all but renounced any intention 1 as addressed several communications to
to use our forces in an invasion of Cuba. Moscow about the missiles and the continued
No one in his senses .would like to see a presence of Soviet troops in Cuba, there is
repetion of the Bay of Pigs fiasco. Both no inclination to use force to clean up the
as Senator and as President, Mr. Kennedy situation there. With respect to Laos, how-
has expressed the hope that the Cuban people ever, the U.S. Navy is moving into the area
will rise to vindicate their freedom. The with thousands of marines, and there is a
Implication would seem to be that the definite threat to take military action.
American Government, through properly American officials state flatly that the Com-
covert channels, should extend sit feasible muniats have broken the truce in Laos..
aid to the anti-Castro Cubans, Meanwhile, the debate Inside and outside
By announcing a crackdown on the ac- of Congress continues as to whether Invasion
tivities of such groups we are making our would mean a big war over Cuba. But for
avowed objective look ridiculous and crest- some reason there is little talk of a big war
ing doubt as to the steadfastness of our will arising when the United States undertakes
and purpose among our friends in countries military steps to thwart Communist imperial-
threatened by Castroite propaganda and sub- ism in Laos.
versive activity. Successful guerrilla move- The Kennedy administration is wellaware
ments have always depended on support of the pressure of public opinion fora more
from without. The Algerian nationalist determined policy with respect to Cuba.
bands, that eroded French rule in that coun- There is no doubt that public opinion out-
try would, in all probability, never have suc- side the United States is manifesting an in-
ceeded if they had not received a steady creasing disapproval of Washington's atti-
supply of arms from across their frontiers. tude of watchful waiting and Indifference to
It Is unlikely that boycots and other forms Communist encroachment.
of economic pressure will bring down the In the last few days, Senator MIKE MANS-
Castro regime so long as all the resources FIELD of Montana, Democratic leader in the
of the Soviet bloc are mobilized to prop him Senate, has come out in favor of an eco-
up. and many of our NATO allies refuse to nomic embargo against Cuba by all countries
join in the boycott of Cuba. To give Castro in this hemisphere. He wouldn't have made
the protection of our Armed Forces while such a statement without the approval of
proclaiming his downfall as our objective the President. The plan undoubtedly is to
is a policy of sorry confusion. mobilize sentiment behind the whole idea
channels, begins to urge the Latin-American
countries to organize an economic boycott
against Cuba under the aus(Yices of the Or-
ganization of American States.
This, however, is a long and tedious proc-
ess and looks like a temporary scheme to
answer the criticism about a do-nothing
policy. After several months It will become
apparent that an economic embargo against
Cuba is hardly effective. When and if, as
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A2460 - . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD APPENDIX
The missiles do only the explosives deliv- The first Is to acquire the capability to
ery job. They have to be pretargeted and, utilize-space In support of the military forces
o ct launched, cannot- be recalled or redi- operating in- the familiar environments of
rted. They cannot follow a movable land, sea, And air. Space offers new aids.
target. They cannot discriminate. They Observation, warning, communications, mili-
cannot assess damage, nor'report battle con- tary geodesy, and meteorology are areas for
ditions. They make for a rigid defense pos- the application of space technology to de-
ture. While they necessarily carry the fense. All of the services have requirements
brunt of the strategic strike, total depend- of their own, and It is up to the Air Force
ence upon them would not be consistent to provide them the access they need for
with our objective of controlling destruction their purposes. The Secretary - of Defense
and preserving always some foundation for has assigned the responsibility to us.
ending the conflict. Right here, let me caution against letting
Because of the variety of such require- any interservice differences blur either judg-
ments in our approach to strategic warfare, ment or vision. It is my position that com-
some type of manned system seems called petition in ideas among the three services
for. The type of aircraft we've been calling is desirable. The imaginative, strongminded
strategic bombers are characterized by ex- people we need in this business are going
treme range capabilities, -very high ceiling, to have differences, and they must be re-
great load-carrying capacity, long endurance, solved constructively.
multiman crews, and multijob possibilities. - Our second general objective is to acquire
Our current studies are directed at deter- the necessary defense capability for the
mining the possible application of these aerospace regions themselves. - We must be
flight characteristics at the point within the able to protect the peaceful activities in
missions bracket between missiles on one space of the nations of the free world. We
side and high performance fighters on the believe that space can be free to all for peace-
other. The RS-70 is the most advanced of ful activity only if somebody keeps it free.
these concepts, but it is not by any means We are that somebody. The job involves
the only type of manned system of signfl- mastering the space environment in order
cant strategic potential to deny to a hostile power the uninhibited
We can not say now just where we will come military exploitation of space. We can only
out, but there doesn't seem to be any ques- do this if we have the ability to detect and
tion as to the value of manned vehicles able counter any military threat. We believe that
to stay aloft for long periods, travel very both manned and unmanned systems will be
great distances, fly high or fly - low; and fly
fast. There required, but we cannot say now in what
are many jobs to be done, recon- relative investment. -
naissance-strike missions, observation or We have a lot to learn. The recent agree-
surveillance, command and control, or ment with NASA for joint participation in
We can get the flexibility of my second the Gemini program is one way. That agree-
point with airpower. This is one reason ment represents an answer from both DOD
why I have no taste for- the salty beer that and NASA to critics who said there was no
results from the crying into it by those who place in space for military man. Our own
seem to write off manned systems because activity directed toward manned space ve-
of the job changes I've mentioned. hicles will increase, and with NASA's back-
But the main reason why I don't intend up we'll -attain the needed capability earlier
to join in drinking any tearsalted beer is than we would otherwise.
that while we still have to do all the 'old A term you hear around Washington to
jobs assigned to airpower, we have the dif- denote the areas of cooperation between
ficult, demanding, challenging, and expand- Government agencies is "interface" Such
ing new job to do in space. terms usually leave me pretty cold but this
Before I say anything about our future in one does have some descriptive value.
space, let me establish two benchmarks. The There will be plenty of problems between
first is that the Air Force need everything the Air Force and NASA, but not by any
it can get from NASA. NASA needs us, too, means all at the "interface" points such as
as the record of how NASA puts things into Cape Canaveral. Neither of us would be true
space indicates, but if there weren't a NASA, to trust or tradition if there weren't. Any
the same facility and capability would have machine as big as the national space effort
to be created some other way. is bound to have some kind of friction. But
There is reassuring precedent for the prin- just remember, a clutch is a friction inter-
cipie of having an outside-of-defense civilian , face. Its purpose is to join two shafts for
agency provide the type of support we need. the transmission of power.
The case at point is the Atomic Energy Corn- The power we can get will provide protec-
mission, Our own nuclear weapon flexibility tion for the free world in space. This was
as well as the Polaris-carrying submarine is my third point-to make sure that no ag-
sufficient testimony. gressor can exploit space, either for expan
The clear lesson for us in the space field sionism on earth or interference space
e
is that we must put requirements on NASA with the peaceful pursuits of the free ee world.
met in this way. We must utilize every pos- muss nave an Air r'orce second to none if accepting his word that they are being
sible resource to build the necessary military they are to apply their strength construe- removed in spite of the fact that he has
capability, and I can assure you that NASA tively in peace. My fourth point covers just never been known to honor his word or
is ready to respond. Jim Webb, the NASA a few things, then, that the Air Force officer
Administrator, harbors. no illusions about must believe, know, and practice, any agreement.
Adman s rotor, i harbors.
in no support of abo a t Get these ideas straight: _ At this point I would like to include A's defense requirements. The Air Force is at the highest state of an editorial from the Wall Street Jour-
The second benchmark is that there is no readiness and response capability in all Its nal pointing out the risks of the Kennedy
such thing as peaceful space or military history. - inaction, and that the President must
It - is strengthening that posture almost
space. There Is just space.- A new and mas- monthly. formulate and execute a plan of action
sive space program in a civilian agency was It needs better people than ever before. It to reimpose the Monroe Doctrine:
launched nearly 5 years ago,. with-for rea- has more opportunity which seemed not unreasonable at the PPortunity for their professional THE RISKS OF INACTION
sons w great seemed
hullabaloo unreasonable the growth and potential contribution to the President - Kennedy is perfectly correct
t
ject
imives. Nation's defense than ever before. when he observes that it's pointless for peo-
The Nation is holdin to those peaceful It needs the old skills, but to a far greater pie to just say we've got to "do something"
g P degree, for AFCOIN and general purpose about Cuba. And he Is equally right in
objectives, but we also know that the mili- forces, for airlift and air defense, and for noting that a good deal has been done since
tary services will have to do the same thing the new mission of heavy multiman crew, October in terms of restricting trade and
in space that they have always done in the long endurance aircraft. maintaining surveillance of the Communist
media of the land,. sea, and air. The Air And then it needs that whole new range of island.
Force forward. space program is, therefore, skills, the skills and techniques which are But these are not the issues which 'bother'
aimed at two general objectives. being developed by the Slaytons, the Coopers, so many people: The causes of concern are
. April 24
the Grissoms-and all of their colleagues,
civil and military-to enable America to keep
her place as freedom's leader by strength and
conviction. -
The Air Force is an organization of profes-
sionals. It takes brains and hard work to
keep up. The competition is tough, but the
opportunities to serve your country and make
a mark in the service to which you have
dedicated your lives will continue to expand.
It all adds up to a-reminder for those who
wear the Air Force uniform that the wild
blue yonder Is still beyond.
A Plan Needed for Liberation
HON.
BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE.HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, April 4, 1963
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, the dete-
rioration of our relations with the Cuban
exiles. and the apparent inability to cope
with the Cuban situation stems from the
apparent lack of any concrete plan by
President Kennedy. In his usual manner
of dealing with problems he confounds
everyone by a series of conflicting state-
ments emanating from the White House
and through his brother, the Attorney
General.
Since the Bay of Pigs disaster -we have
been told by the President, by his spokes-
men, and by the Attorney General that
we did promise air cover for the invasion,
that we did not promise air cover, that
we would support the freedom fighters
in their struggle to liberate their home-
land, that we would arrest any of them
that tried it. - - -
In a brave and heroic speech to the
world a few days before the election last
fall, the President demanded the removal
from Cuba of Russian missiles and
troops. The quarantine he called for
turned out to be no quarantine nor
blockade indeed. We never halted any
ships and evenallowed the first Russian
vessel to proceed even though its cargo
was oil, the most vital commodity neces-
sary to the Castro economy. No on-site
inspections were ever made to assure that
the missiles had actually been removed.
Months later we are still trying to get the
Russian troops out of, Cuba by appealing
to Khrushchev to honor his pledges and
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2459
the United Nations. It 1s gratifying to the
committee that the interest of Wisconsin
citizens in international affairs and the
United Nations is greater than ever.
Secretary Zuckert's Challenge to America
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. ED EDMONDSON
OF OKLAHOMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 23, 1963
Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, the
April 1963 issue of the Air Force Digest
contains an inspiring and challenging
address by Secretary of the Air Force
Eugene M. Zuckert which he delivered
last month to personnel at the Air Force
Missile Test Center at Patrick Air Force
Base, Fla.
In his remarks, Secretary Zuckert out-
lines the strategic role the modern Air
Force must play in our Nation's overall
defense posture, in our searching probes
Into the uncharted frontiers of space, and
In our continuing campaign for victory in
the cold war.
Secretar9 Zuckert's speech inspires our
challenge in the history of any military or-
ganisation.
In this cold war confrontation, the tech-
nological and Industrial capabilities of both
sides are such that sooner or later, If not
now, the unrestrained use of that power
for nuclear destruction would make its em-
ployment In war a net losing proposition for
both sides. The defender must have power to
wreak unacceptable damage on the aggres-
sor as a first requirement of his defense.
This Is where strategic deterrence starts.
But an aggressor whose political system
may make expansion a necessity will, If de-
terred by fear of retaliation from using his
full power, seek other opportunities. He will
try to find the place to apply his power
which he calculates will not provoke his own
destruction. Close one avenue to him and
he tries another. He can logically be ex-
pected to stay short of triggering his own
destruction. The aggressor naturally has
the initiative In this game so we must be
able to apply whatever force is necessary to
deny him his objective.
8o far, we have been able to do so. The
risk has been too great for him. We must
keep it that way. We have our own reasons
for desisting from war but until we can make
him apply the same reasoning to his national
behavior, we have no choice but to make sure
-and make sure he knows-that war-any
war he starts-means certain military defeat
for him. We know, of course, that all-Out
war makes no sense for either side, nor for
the rest of the world.
The defender, of course, has to maintain a
imagination. Threaded throughout his force adequate pchange, prevent ultimate dufe t.
remarks is the position that the Ameri- This requirement may
can Air Force must attain and maintain the force is his final effort. Two courses are
then open. The defender can, as a matter of
firm superiority in space and elsewhere judgment, wait and weigh each application
and settle for nothing less in every chal- of the aggressor's power In order to or until
lenge which confronts it. he can decide It Is sufficiently threatening
I heartily recommend the reading of to warrant the jugular response. As a see-
the remarks of this brilliant service Sec- and course. hecan prepare to overcome the
retary and I wish to Insert the text of his aggressor's 'smilitary m to before that point
speech in the RECORD. course is closed at the end. A sensible de-
The speech follow fense is to be ready to respond at a lower
CHALLENGE To AMERICA BY THE HONORABLE level with whatever force is deemed necessary
EUGENE M. ZuciEaT, SECRETARY OP THE Ara to stop the aggressor-and at a net loss for
FoscE his attempt.
It was suggested that I discuss the future The United States Is leader of the free
of the Air Force in space. As both starting world, in President Kennedy's words, by both,
point and finish line for everything I say, strength and conviction. Our conviction,
just keep in mind that the job of the Air both moral and military, is that we must be
Force is not space; It is defense. It Is not prepared to stop aggression at levels of in-
research and development, not strategic, not tensity below the level of the maximum de-
tactical, nor any of these. It is the applica- struction.
tion of airpower or aerospace power to the Our basic strength, our power to deter ag-
defense of the United States and the free gression, our ability to defend ourselves must
world. always be greatest at the top. In our stra-
Some of my remarks may be responsive to tegic bomber and missile forces, we main-
the suggestion about space, but it seems tale power adequate to deter an enemy from
more important to me to talk about the striking for our jugular. Strategic forces,
future of the Air Force in the defense of of course, have the capability of counter-
the United States. The future is from now force attack which does not constitute total
on, and now is cold war. devastation of a nation.
The cold war, reduced to essentials, to a We have to maintain this superiority at
confrontation of sovereign powers in which the top, but we must also have it at levels
one side maintains a pressure of aggressive of war more likely to be brought against us.
expansionism, forcing the other to maintain That is why we are building deterrence down
a defense against It. The most urgent re- from the top level of Intensity. The reason
quirement of that defense is to deter the ag- is simple. The only way we know of forcing
gressor from using military force to attain an aggressor to keep down his use of military
his ends. We are the defenders, force is to make each level of Intensity of
I would like to make four points about conflict more certain of defeat for him than
the one below it. He won't be deterred un-
s
h
e .,,,?,
~?-- ??- is -_~ _________
First, we must have superiority at the top uaa
level of intensity of war, and must extend up, his chances go down. and machines than would be possible with
that deterrent superiority to lower levels in One hears talk about the danger and prob- manned bombers of today's design.
order to contain or limit war and aggression. ability of escalation. The effect of my first In other words, the B-52 Is passing the
Second, we must have flexibility and con- point, extending the deterrent with superior- heavy explosive delivery part of its job on to
trol of the application of destructive power ity at each level, is to make escalation a the missiles. The Air Force believes that
at each level. penalty and not an opportunity for an the effective life of the B-52 could be ex-
Third, we must be prepared to protect our- aggressor. tended, in a joint role with missiles, through
selves against the extension of aggressive At each level where we determine we want use of the Skybolt, but the return on the
pressure into space, and to stop aggression, we must be prepared to projected Skybolt investment was judged not
Fourth, the Air Force role In this overall make the most emclent possible use of every worth the cost in the light of all the factors
defense requirement presents the greatest resource available to us, skillfully employing Involved.
advancing technology to save huran re-
sources. It is imperative that, for the long
haul, we hold the Investment at each- vel
to the absolute minimum necessary to nft-
tain effective deterrent superiority. The
cheapest way to stop war is at the lowest
level of conflict with the quickest possible
stop to aggression. To me, this means we
use tactical nuclear weapons whenever we
determine the military situation demands
their use, whether by Army, Navy, Marines,
or the Air Force.
If we would have the aggressor desist from
any course of action which may be desirable
to him but unacceptable to us, we must
have him know that we will use whatever
force it takes, nuclear or nonnuclear, to stop
him. This kind of deterrence employs all
services.
The President has made clear his deter-
mination to have more choices than no re-
sponse or total response. This is the purpose
of counterforce. This is the reason we must
have flexibility In strategic forces. This is
why the great increase in what has been
called tactical forces, now designated in the
budget as general purpose forces. One phase
of the buildup is the combining of ground
power with' airpower in the new STRICOM,
headquartered-at MacDill Air Force Base, Fla.
At the Air Force Special Warfare Center
at Eglin AFB, the accumulated experience
of four decades of air operations is being
applied to the job of developing airpower
techniques for the very low rungs on the
ladders of war's intensity. This Is the AF-
COIN program, or the Air Force part of the
Nation's preparation for counterinsurgency
struggles.
For this work, we are trying out beefed-up
T-28's and 8-28's with more power and more
weapons-14 .50-caliber machineguns and a
dozen external ordnance stations, for ex-
ample, on a B-28 with a thousand more
horsepower than the original.
Support techniques are keeping pace. We
can snatch a 10,000-pound cargo package off
a C-123 without touching down. We can
get a C-130E fully loaded into a grass or clay
runway of less than 1,000 feet. We are work-
ing on a system for snatching a cagelike
capsule of 20 to 25 men off one of these
planes without landing it. This technique
will be a 4jg help to the Army in getting
over that first difficult period of concentra-
tion of men during an airborne operation.
For the general roles of air superiority and
Interdiction, our effective power will go up
by an order of magnitude with the advent
of the F-4C added to the F-105, with both
then to be supplemented by the first fighter
designed from scratch for dual-service use-
the F-111, better known as the TFX.
While we are extending downward the
effectiveness of our deterrent power, great
changes are taking place at the level of the
strategic deterrent. Missiles are coming
into the inventory to provide a very special
kind of delivery system for nuclear explo-
sives.
The concept of strategic deterrence, of
course, Is a progression from the strategic
bombing concepts of the 1930's. The B-47's
and B-52's also progressions from those early
bombers, will continue to carry the burden
of strategic deterrence for some years. Cur-
rent projections of the strategic forces, how-
ever, assume that a major part of the job
can be done by missiles-land based or sea
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A 9.dCIi
an uneasy feeling that the administration is Second, it. is not Castro, it is Khru- sons for it. The President disregards the
not telling alPit safely could about Cuba, the shchev, Khrushchev's position is firmer dangers of Krushchev controlling Cuba,
unhappy spectacle of the U.S. Government
bitterly fighting with the Cuban foes today in Cuba than it was- a year ago. the military buildup, the base for sub-
Castro and, above all, the continued presence of Third, there has been no significant de- version of other:nations, the submarines
of Soviet troops with no apparent American crease in Russian troops in Cuba. The bases, and the continuing violation of the
plan for getting rid of them once and for all. Russian troops are being rotated, not Monroe Doctrine and the sound reasons
As former Vice President Nixon put it the taken out. Fourth, there is substantial underlying this doctrine.
other day, whether there are 12,000 or 17,000 evidence that missiles remain in Cuba To be successful what is needed is a
Soviet troops in Cuba, Khrushchev's position and a good submarine base and sub- sound consistent, firmly stated world-
"is firmer today than a year ago." Senator "marine pens are in existence. Fifth, wide foreign policy of toughness and
KEATING also says the precise number is
somewhat beside the point; one Red soldier there is increasing evidence that other self-interest, then a consistent hemi-
is too many. What matters is not Castro, Latin American countries are in danger spheric policy and then consistent ac-
who by himself would be just another pip- of being subverted by Khrushchev- tions directed to freeing Cuba. Isolated
squeak dictator. Rather, - the threat to all Castro directed Communists. Sixth, single shot actions like the quarantine
the Americas is Khrushchev in Cuba, and, in my opinion, most important, the are worse than any action without a con-
The New York Senator does, however, in- seeming absence of any real plan by the tinuing, consistent, tough understand-sist
has been
prac t ontinethe number since Ncal ov ember, because Kennedy administration for freeing able policy.
the troops that have left have been replaced. Cuba and getting the Russian aggressors The Kennedy policy of indecision,
Government officials retort in effect that it's out of this hemisphere. vacillation, inconsistency, appeasement,
easy to make such charges without docu- The President, in his news conference and accommodation is no basis on which
mentation, and especially easy for political today, complained that his critics have to launch any new Cuban action.
critics of the administration. not come up with any concrete plan. A The President's inability to see a clear
Unfortunately for that answer, the charges look at the RECORD any day of the week course of action does not mean that such
are coming from nonpolitical sources as will disclose that many of us have been actions are not possible or are not seen
well. For a notable example, from the New advocating a number of measures, short b others.
York Times' Ruby Hart Phillips, who spent y
25 years in Cuba before being expelled by of military action, which can and must
Castro in 1961 and who still remains in close be taken. I would suggest as a starter
touch as head of the Times' Miami bureau. that the United States recognize a Cuban
According to Mrs.. Phillips' information, Government-in-exile. Contrary to the
the Russian troops are being rotated, not President's disavowal of the importance
taken out. Moreover, she declared flatly in of exile governments in today's press
a speech the other day that the missiles still conference, we have only to point to the
remain Cuba. "And I have not a doubt important role such governments played
that hat they y have a good submarine base and
extensive submarine pens." in rallying underground forces in oc-
Whose Side Is Egypt On?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
RE
Such assertions, whether right or wrong, cupied countries in World War II to re- OF NEW YORK
deserve more than an official brush-off. They mind him that once again he is wrong IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
could hardly be more serious; in Mrs. Phillips' or does not understand history. Wednesday, April 24, 1963
view, unless Cuba is taken out of the Com- Another phase of a positive program Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I com-
munist camp, all of Latin America is going which we could enact now is to support mend to the attention of our colleagues
to fall, country by country. Or, in Mr.
Nixon's words, Khrushchev didn't spend a a massive propaganda effort to encour- the following article which appeared in
billion dollars merely for the purpose of age the Cubans, within and without that th American Examiner of March 21, 1963.
acquiring Cuba; he has far bigger game in country, to throw off their dictators. I am greatly disturbed by the continu-
mind. Support internal uprisings of the Cuban ing support and assistance this country
Nor do all those who are disturbed by people and let them know that we will is rendering to President Nasser and his
administration policy take refuge in the "do not fail them if they do accept our grand designs to rule the Arab world; I
something" generality. Mrs. Phillips is
forthright enough; she says only force of promise to support their efforts to win know that many other Americans and
arms will get communism out of Cuba, freedom. We should institute an effec- many of our colleagues are also disturbed
Many disagree, but it is a possibility that tive blockade. From all available in- by this. Recent events in the Middle
cannot be ruled out for all time. formation it is apparent that if we were East as outlined in this article indicate
Meantime Mr. KEATING, among others, ad- to cut off only tile oil supplied to Cuba that further trouble can be expected; the
vocates a number of further economic, dip- from Russia, the Castro government situation in Jordan during the past few
lomatic and military moves short of invasion. would be in immediate, danger of col- days should make us stop and think about
Certainly it does seem, that, after facing up lapse.
to Khrushchev last fall, it ought to be possi- the possibility that this dictator may
ble to demand the withdrawal of troops and Yes, Mr. Speaker, Cuba can be freed gain control over not only his own coun-
weapons. It is hard to believe that it was and the Russian menace to .the United try but over Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Jordan,
necessary to lose October's initiative and States and this hemisphere can be elimi- and Saudi Arabia.
move to the extreme of protecting Khru- nated if the President will quit the dou- A more distressing fact is the absurd
shchev's men from attacks by Cuban exiles. bletalk and replace his high-sounding position we find ourselves in when
vaMr. Nixon when may, perhaps, abe charged with words with deeds and action. We can Egypt-a nation we have provided or
s he says the United again take the initiative in winning the committed ourselves to provide over $70
must make "a command decision to do what-
ever is necessary to force the removal of the war in which Communist Russia is en- million in, supporting assistance, devel-
Soviet beachhead." But his real point is gaging us if the President will face the opement grants, and development loans
that without such a decision, the problem issue with courage and will trust the in fiscal year 1963 alqne-votes in the
can only get worse for us. American people with the facts. He can United Nations almost consistantly
Will the risks of action, he asks, "be less electrify all those who believe in free- against the United States and with the
in 6 months, 1 year, 2 years? If we allow dom and ic
i
an rensp
re the Cuban people. Soviet Union.
Cuba to remain an example for Communist to renew their fight for liberty if he will The American
takeovers in other Latin American countries,
the risks are certain to grow ? immediately impose the Monroe Doc- 1
ow
s.
trine and in no uncertain terms notify
The issue is not, it seems to us, whether SPOTLIGHT ON STATES U.N.-No ONE HAS KICKED
we should dispatch the Marines this minute. " Khrushchev that all Russian troops and d THE UNITED STATES IN THE FACE MORE
The deeply disquieting thing is the seemipg all Russian equipment and all Russian OFTEN THAN EGYPT, YET WE VALIANTLY
absence of any real plan. Or if there has subversion must be removed from this CONTINUE To SUPPORT NASSER
been any decision, for all the American peo- area without further delay, (By Saul Carson)
ple can tell, it is to accept an intolerable The people are ready to back you up, UNITED NATIONS, N.Y.-Keen observers here
coexistence with Soviet conquest in our Mr. President. Are you ready to lead the are watching the new developments in the
hemisphere. Nation? Middle East with a good deal of concern.
Mr. Speaker, I think it is important Of course the distasteful truth is that Colonel Nasser, the dictator of Egypt, has
to emphasize the points made in this no action that President Kennedy ini- risen once main rrom the ashes under his editorial: First, the administration is tiates will be successful, if the President fori leadership f the Arab ehegem nyitwere
not telling all it safely could about Cuba. does not understand the need and rea- buried.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX April 24
Nasser has a knack for comeback. Re-
member 1D56 when Israel licked him in the
Sinai but France and Britain bowed to him
and he came out victorious-with the help
of the United States and Its manipulation of
votes at the United Nations-plus pressures
on Its major European allies? One recalls
also that, although Nasser's desire for recog-
nition as the leader of the Afro-Asian bloc
drew a clinker, he had nevertheless set him-
self up as the most powerful of the Arab
rulers, able to maintain his own regime's
stability. Taking these, and other factors
into account-one cannot dismiss too glibly
the more recent developments.
First there was a revolution, Nasser In-
spired, in Yemen. Then came Iraq. Syria
followed. Now Nasser is bringing pressures
on Jordan and Saudi Arabia. There Is talk
of a possible move for unity, at least on the
military plane, among five Arab States-
-Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Algeria, and the so-called
republican forces of Yemen. Once such
unity is established the first drive would
probably be toward whipping Jordan and
Saudi Arabia Into line. Once Egypt gets its
toe into Jordan-the entire Issue becomes of
immediate concern to Israel.
Israel circles here are, In fact, saying al-
most nothing for publication. The problem
of possible Increase of tensions in the Middle
East is not merely an Israeli problem.
Some people here are worried not only
about Nasser and the possible Arab unity to-
ward an anti-Israeli crusade, but also about
the manner in which the United States
seems to be too willing to continue to sup-
port Nasser. The Egyptian dictator Is still
talked of by Americans as a plus factor in
the war against communism. The fact that,
in both Iraq and in Syria, there is a cam-
paign on to wipe out domestic communism,
is meaningless. The U.S.S.R. has never hesi-
tated betraying Its own domestic pals in any
country for the sake of larger moves on the
international level. Let an anti-Israel war
break outr-and Moscow would be the first
to offer arms to the Arabs, even If they put
every local Communist before a firing squad.
Diplomats here are aware of the weakness
in Nasser's Internal economy. Recently.
Peter Wright, an economist, made a secret
study of that economy for the World Bank.
The Bank Is a U.N. agency. Mr. Wright
found severe strains in Nasser's economy.
Nasser has been siphoning off too much
money for the purchase of Soviet armaments
and for the fomenting of revolutions In
other Arab lands. Nasser has had to Impose
severe restrictions on his country's foreign
currency allocations, he has had to slow
down the work on the Aswan Dam, and he Is
having a tough time financing those sops he
wanted to give his own people in the form
of improved educational facilities and hous-
ing.
Yet Mr. Wright's visit was a preliminary
move toward formation of a broad Western
consortium which would give Nasser still
greater funds-wherewith to purchase more
Soviet arms and tighten his hold on other
Arab lands.
Here at the United Nations, some of the
keenest diplomats shake their heads at
American gullibility when It comes to Nas-
ser. No member here has kicked the United
States of America in the face more often
than Egypt. Analyses have shown that. in
one session of the General Assembly (in
1960), Egypt voted almost consistently
against the United States of America when-
ever there was an issue at dispute between
Washington and Moscow.
On 73 different occasions, Egypt voted the
Soviet way 53 times and for the American
point of view only 4 times-abstaining 16
times.
These figures hold, in general, for other
Assembly sessions-including the session In
1962. By such a count-whose friend is
Nasser?
Yet the U.B. Official policy is to support
him. On the other hand, there is no doubt
that the Kennedy administration has done.
much for Israel too. Of greatest importance
was President Kennedy's decision (and it
was a personal decision) to permit Israel to
purchase Hawk missiles as a defense against
Nasser's new rocketry.
No one here believes for a moment that
the United States of America wants to sell
Israel down the Nile. But people are in-
credulous at Washington's patience with
Nasser.
Now that Nasser is moving toward a live-
nation military bloc, which could lead to-
ward a war against Israel, the puzzlement
in regard to Washington's wisdom on the
Nasser front Increases in the halls of the
United Nations.
How Can I Help Preserve American
Democracy?
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. FRANK T. BOW
or oHio
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, April 24, 1963
Mr. BOW. Mr. Speaker, the 16th
District of Ohio has the distinction this
year of having produced two of the
State's winners in the annual American
Legion essay contest, and I am pleased
to include the essays herewith In the
RECORD.
The essays follow:
HOW CAN I HELP PRESERVE THE AMERICAN
DLMOCRACY?
(By Eric Blatz, 751 Rotch Avenue. Massillon,
Ohio loth Grade, Washington High School)
Democracy is government by the majority
of people under a constitution which pro-
tects the rights of all the people. It is a
way of life that looks easy but is dlflicult.
It recognizes the inner dignity of all men.
Democracy in the strictest sense is rule by
the people.
I can help preserve democracy in the
United States by being proud of my country
and by showing this pride in my speech and
deeds. If I must oppose my Government, I
should do it in a peaceful manner. I must
not tolerate a one-party system, because it
becomes a rubber-stamp government. Some
men in high office are advocating a one-
party system, at present it looks harmless,
but it can grow and destroy our balance of
a true democracy. A two-party system serves
as a check and balance.
The Constitution guarantees me freedom
of religion. I may practice the religion of
my choice, and as a good American. should
be tolerant of religions other than my own.
My right to vote must be exercised for
many nations are without this privilege.
In the last midterm election 51 million
American people exercised their right to
vote, but 68 million people did not vote.
I must respect our judicial system. We
must rule by majority but recognize the
rights of minorities. If I serve as a jurist,
I should think with an open mind and
arrive at an honest opinion. I must obey
the law of the land to the best of my ability.
We must respect the opinions of others
even though they are different from our own.
Mob rule is a form of anarchy and has
no place in a democracy. I should take no
part in riots, unruly mobs, or unlawful acts
of violence against man or subversion
against my country. I should go through
due process of iaW to right a wrong.
I must be well informed on certain prob-
lems of my country. Survival ef}d preserva-
tion of freedom are our problems .Oday. Mr.
Herbert Phiibrick said, "Apathy, indifference,
and complacency on the part of many Amer-
icans are the reasons for the tremendous
Communist gains during the past 45 years."
Ignorance of geography and inability to live
up to national ideals have been a big weak-
ness too. The greatest weakness of our cul-
ture is unwillingness of our people to work
hard and the inappropriate use of leisure.
I should serve and help defend my country
at all times. In order to serve my country
I should be physically and mentally pre-
pared. Our forefathers knew that fighting
for and winning liberty was not the end, but
only the beginning. Many sacrifices were
made by our Founding Fathers and patriots
who have given their lives many times to
preserve our Nation from military attack.
We must guard against the temptation to
accept the philosophy of defeatism.
By being proud of my country, practicing
the freedom of worship, exercising the right
to vote, obeying the laws of my country,
having no part in mob rule, being well in-
formed on my country's problems, recogniz-
ing and upholding the rights of my fellow
men, and helping to defend my country at
all times. I can help preserve the American
democracy.
How CAN I HELP PRESERVE THE AMERICAN
DEMOCRACY?
(By Thomas Burrier, Route No. 1, Newcom-
erstown, Ohio, ninth grade, Stone Creek
High School)
Americans have a great heritage. We are
proud of everything that has made the
United States what it is today. We have a
great democracy to save or to lose. We
have beard President Kennedy's quote used
many times: "Ask not what your country
can do for you. rather, what you can do for
your country." How can I as a student, help
to keep the American democracy?
I can be a good student. Our country
needs young people who are well trained in
history, science, languages and literature.
If we are good learners, It will help us to be
good leaders.
I can be a good citizen at home and in
the community. If we misbehave and do
criminal things, we weaken our Nation.
What we do today will shape what we will
be tomorrow.
I can keep myself informed by reading
newspapers, magazines, and books so I will
keep alert to the world and to what is hap-
pening in it today. There are many trou-
bled places In our world today. Cuba, the
Congo, and Berlin, know no security nor
place. These governments in distant coun-
tries have an Influence on us. If we know
the ideas and beliefs of these people, we will
understand their problems and will not make
the same mistakes ourselves. A great philos-
opher once said, "A nation that does not
know history is fated to repeat it."
I can learn now to accept responsibilities
and do my share. Too many people shirk
their responsibilities and say "let George
do it." This is wrong: because unless each of
us does his part, the Nation is much weaker.
I can attack race prejudices and other
injustices whenever I see them. When we
refuse to let people eat In restaurants or
enter schools because their skin is a different
color than ours, we are being unjust and
justice is a great preservation of democracy.
I can learn to obey and to get along with
others now so that later I will know how
to cooperate and accept the suggestions and
plans of others. To preserve our democracy,
I must be willing to obey laws that are writ-
ten as well as unwritten laws such as kind-
ness and unselfishness.
I can be honest. The honesty we prac-
tice today will help us to be honest later
in our lives. Dishonesty and cheating other
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1 RESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
April 24
normal unemployment compensation given
by the State. Monetary allowances depend
on age and family status ranging from no
compensation for those under a certain age
and no head-of-family status, such as a re-
cent high school graduate, to head-of-house-
hold pay of approximately $33 per week while
in training status.
A Checking with the Missouri State Em-
ployment Service disclosed that in Missouri
the Manpower Retraining Act is a going con-
cern and that courses are offered in the
clerical, service, medical occupational, farm,
mechanical, construction, and production
fields on a continuing statewide basis dic-
tated primarily by needs of both people and
places.
As an example, an auto mechanic course is
slated to begin soon in Mexico with 15 stu-
dents, with both travel allowance and pay
granted in pertinent cases. A practical
nursing course of 16 weeks is well past the
planning stage here. A clerk-stenographer
course of 48 weeks is scheduled to begin this
summer. Aptitude tests are required of
prospective students in every case.
Here is something new, but tried and
proven in one short year of existence. For
unemployed, or the underemployed person,
this training can provide a new skill where
needed or upgrade present skills to meet
the job needs of workers displaced by auto-
mation, technological change, geographical
change of industry, and shifts in market
demands.
However, job openings in most cases, must
be available or anticipated In an area before
courses are established. The trainee must
have reasonable expectation of employment
in the immediate area or give assurance that
he or she will accept employment elsewhere.
There is a need for more trained personnel
in the practical nursing field and in the
clerk-stenographer field here in Columbia.
Here is a program that portends a bright
future, and is a, good deal for the unem-
ployed or the underemployed. For further
information, job seekers should check with
the Missouri State Employment Service, 804
Locust Street, which acts as the project office
for the adjacent four-county area. .
TRIBUTE TO GEORGE E. MAHER, OF
IOWA
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, too
often a State sees its outstanding resi-
dents pack up their bags and leave for
what appear to be greener pastures else-
where. But the tide can be stemmed
when a young man demonstrate's his
willingness to contribute to the better-
ment of his community and State, thus
setting an example for others not only
to follow but to imitate in selling their
State. Such a man is George E. Maher,
of Red Oak, Iowa, recently named win-
ner of the 1962 Iowa Junior Chamber of
Commerce's - Distinguished Service
Award. His story is the reason why
Iowa and other States are able to.retain
their young leaders. To list all of Mr.
Maher's accomplishments would be no
small job. But to cite only a few:
First, a member of a special church
committee to raise several hundred thou-
sand dollars for construction of a new
church.
Second, chairman of a citizens' steer-
ing committee to push a successful mil-
lion-dollar school bond issue.
Third, active in a drive for funds to
enable Red Oak's Industrial Foundation
to -purchase an 80-acre tract of land to
attract new industry. One firm already
has located-there.
Fourth, chairman of a committee to public lands. We in the Izaak Walton League
modernize the Red Oak- Jaycee Commu- say that we, too, have a trust to represent
nity Development Survey, which resulted the public's interest in U.S. held lands.
in water fluoridation, renovation, and As, an official elected by a group of con-
painting of all street signs. As a result, servationists, most of whom are hunters and
fishermen, committee won first place in State by the he r rest I s Of am
tock fined
you, the you problem
competition. by especially y you sboen ,
who are here by the election of your user
Fifth, chairman of a committee urging group. No doubt you are to a large degree
turnout for the oral polio program. beholden.to them as I am to my sportsmen
Some 15,000 persons, more than double electors. You wildlife members have a mixed'
Red Oak's population, participated, loyalty-if one is due our electors. - You got
Sixth, Chairman of the Red Oak Jay- on an Advisory Board by selection of a
cee committee for establishment of a th
State e nominees director, submitted sub probably picked you from
youth center: the ubmitted by the State fish
With all this time spent in civic ac-
tivities, George Maher still has not ne-
glected his wife, Pat; son, Mike; or
daughters, Kim and Kristy.
He has been an inspiration and an ex-
ample to those in his community and his
State.
TENURE AND THE PUBLIC LANDS
Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, on
March -11, 1963, Mr. L. C. Binford of
Portland, Oreg., who is now the national
president of the Izaak Walton League of
America, made a very thought-provok-
ing talk before the National Advisory
Board Council of the Bureau of Land
Management.
In his position as president of the
Izaak Walton League, he outlined in ex-
tremely capable fashion the views held
by many in the league. I believe that
his speech deserves serious consideration
by all who are interested in public land
management, and therefore, I ask unan-
imous consent that it be printed in
the RECORD at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TENURE AND THE PUBLIC; LANDS
(Address by L. C. Binford)
It is a pleasure to join with you in coun-
seling the Bureau of Land Management as
to the public lands under their direction.
I want to thank you for,having invited me
,
as national president of the Izaak Walton
League of America, to present our views on
the joint and multiple uses of the public
lands and - areas of understanding and mis-
understanding of the users. .
This meeting may become a new milestone
In publid land management. As a council,
you have evolved from a body elected by the
livestock user group plus wildlife representa-
tives from each State, to a group that repre-
sents all users.
visory board selected you for this national
group.
The rest of you-representing county gov-
ernment, urban-suburban development, oil
and gas, outdoor recreation, forestry and fish,
conservation, petroleum, and soil conserva-
tion-were selected and appointed by the
Secretary rather than by the Interest you
represent.
Within your Council every used interest is .
represented-at least if broad definition Is
given to such Interests as outdoor recreation
and conservation. Numerically you are still
a livestock group.
Let me suggest that John A. Carver, Jr.,
Assistant Secretary of the Interior, in his
address to you at - Las Vegas, used words
which should become the preamble to all
your deliberations.
"`We are concerned not just with the eco-
nomic benefits which flow directly, but we
are also concerned with values which do not
easily have an economic base attached to
them; certainly some types of recreation
value, certain types of outdoor experiences
are included in this, and certainly the wild-
life values have an importance above and
beyond any economic price tag that you may
put upon wildlife benefits. -
"In larger sense, we are Interested in the
future, We are conservationists, all of us,
whether you are a sheep or a cattle operator
or whether you are a county official or what-
ever. We have an interest in the future. We
want to leave the land in at least as good a
shape and if possible in better shape than
we found It when we came upon it. So we
have that common objective in the correct
management of the land."
If you follow this broad concept as your
common objective, It will be a milestone in
public management. If you do not do so,
if you are only individuals each represent-
ing a special user interest, the public will
eventually demand your abolition and the
creation of a comprehensive advisory group.
Multiple use of public lands is not a
concept created by some public official or
department of Government.
Multiple use is a fact created by people.
There are values on the public-owned lands
At your first meeting under the expanded people want to use. Primary push was for
membership held only last November at Las some economic advantage, such as trapping
Vegas, Karl Landstrom, Director of Bureau fur-bearing animals, even early day market
of Land Management, reminded you that hunting, logging, grazing, and mining. As
you reflect broader consideration than; the numbers of people increased, there came
e
domestic livestock grazing alone, and that fossil and recreational rock hunting, hunting, fishing, ing, sicking,
you must carefully identify the place of pub-'
In-
of outdoor use and in
lice -land management in the natural re- Just numerable h vpeieties with of utdoot use. source program as a whole. cope this multiple-
use fact,
At Las Vegas, you were necessarily involved governmental
these demanded uses. This multit
entirely in the question of grazing pie-use concept has long been the guiding
fees, which I hope is settled for now. By the, principle of land management by the De-
nature of the subject you have asked me to partment of Agriculture and the Department
discuss, I take it that this meeting will con- of the Interior, its application being carried
sider the broad aspects of public land man- out to the extent of public demand.
agement. If you do this it will truly be a In 1960 the Forest Service was given a
milestone, and could mark the beginning of congressional mandate to apply the principle
sound, comprehensive, multiple use manage- of multiple use; and now the people's de-
ment of Interior's 178 million acres of land. mand for multiple use on ELM lands is recog-
Maybe we should include Alaska and add -nized in a bill before Congress.
another 273 million acres. After I prepared this Introductory
say that we, too, have a trust to represent my speech, was Inform Part of
186 million people, the folks who own the was limited to Tenure and that the sPublic
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1963 O
strengthen the Nation. The program isn't The simple extension of veterans' benefits am convinced, however, that a concerted
identical to the earlier GI or Korean plans. Of title $8, chapter 37 as proposed in new program of this character can lead the
There is no mustering out pay or business section 18 for "veterans who serve between Soviets to the conclusion that their
loans. Veterans must have had 180 days of January 31, 1955, and July 1, 1963." is Im- Cuban venture was a costly and foolish
active service. Six-month trainees under incentive for will industries. economic mistake. Certainly this is a policy
the reserve I rIe testified program are not sueligible. pport of t of similar leg- Seven hundred thousand new homes, be worth pursuing before more drastic
When
islation In 1961, , 1 I noted d that to Alaska the they in the city or on farms or in suburbia, measures are considered.
number of veterans who would be entitled will use vast quantities of lumber. bricks. The majority leader has recognized of const bate
to educational and vocational training bane- con reteCInsulavtln~ sewage fa ilities. shin one b randehas ne eru joined ewith
fits under nder provisions of f the e bill would be ap-
proximately Coo. The figure in 1963 Is sub- gles. etc. jobs stimulated by this proposed those who treat every suggestion or
stantially the same. The assistance pro- The new j GoveOVera-
vided by the bill would enrich the contribu- legislation will mean a great deal to the Critrititiicism In as his an remarks attack attack on in our
the -
C each to Alaska and to the Nation. unemployed.
Certainly the post-Korea 01 is as much In Mr. Chairman, I thank you and the rAm- last Thursday he made several refer-
need of assistance in obtaining loans for mittee for this opportunity to endorse S. 6. ences to my views on Cuba and voiced
the purchase of homes and farms as was his and I ask unanimous consent that an ex- his ti wnnsplea forAll "solun d and g~ure,
older comrade who served in a different time. cellent article by Dr. gar A. Levitan, director
Interruption of a man's career cannot be of the area redevelopment project at George place our Nation's Interests above those
political party. I am certain
heeded one moment, and Ignored the next. Washington University, Washington, D.C.,
that if any this debate can be carried on in
Senator WILLIAM FutsswfrT made a valu- entitled "Youth Unemployment-A Problem of
able contribution to our heritage education That's Getting Worse: What's To Be Done?" tha tone and sate exam by the
when he fought for and successfully enacted be placed in the hearing record at the close majority leader comments, ir will help 's it
legislation which we know today as the Ful- of my testimony.
bright scholarship program. Only last year, Dr. I,evitan describes the pressing need and rather than hinder the development of
Senator FULBRIO1T in a speech on the Senate demand "for skill, education, and technical an urgently needed bipartisan consensus
floor on March 22, said: know-how needed to man jobs in our com- on Cuba.
"Through education we strive to bring out plex technological civilization."
the good in our young people and to culti- MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT AND
vats in them a desire to preserve and pro-
test the values of our society. A good edu- GROWING EVIDENCE OF TI- TRAINING ACT OF 1962
-e+,r? is 1,"Ie to aood citizenship." SAN CONSENSUS Mr. LONG of Missouri. Mr. President,
words of President James Madison who once that the United States is preparing to 87-415, the Manpower Development and
said:
?Popular government without popular edu- ask the OAS to declare an economic em- Training Act of 1962, have been remark-
cation is a prologue to a farce or tragedy." bargo against Cuba are very encourag- ably successful during the first year they
Madison's words are pertinent as we dis- Ing. have operated.
cuss the need for this proposed legislation. These follow the suggestion of the ma- As is more often than not the case with
We dare not set the U.S. stage for either jority leader on a Sunday television in- such Federal-State programs. the key
farce or tragedy. We dare only to set our
stage for our posterity. that the United States partict- to success lies in the level of local In-
much time for scene ctyh. anges, We do not have nor do we have pate with the OAS in an economic guar- terest and support. In this regard, my
many pieces of furniture with which to work. antine against Cuba similar to the one State of Missouri is a good case in point.
We need the new tools and equipment of used successfully against the Dominican Industrial and civic leaders have joined
5 Republic in 1960. with representatives of both local and
In his state of the Union address to the It has been my view of some time that State governments to launch in Missouri
x new
nedy discussed n ethe importance rtaofieduc lion strong economic measures are the key to an aggressive program under the
law. The sure-fire formula that attacks
He dy said d the the quality y of our f our education was* ation a successful policy toward Communist
both ends of the domestic employment
equally important to our strength. Said Cuba, The first steps of the program of problem by making esible for ohm unt
the President: graduated economic sanctions which i ro It possible
new skills and and underemployed upgrade present ent to learn
"U we Nation is to grow in wisdom and outlined in the position paper which I employed
strength, then every able high school gradu- presented to Secretary Rusk and CIA Di-
ate should have the opportunity to develop rector McCone in February included the fill the critical occupational shortages
his talents. Yet nearly half lack either the curtailment of flights and steamship that exist, is proving to be a great mutual
A funds the facilities attend cn" benefit to workers and employer alike.
A few w lines n later r the President t r e referred routings between Cuba and other Latin Moreover, Missouri's program is serving
to the remark of H. G. Wells that "civlliza- American countries, a trade boycott be- to uplift and stabie gra local com-
tion is a race between education and catas- tween Cuba and other Latin American to State economy.
trophe." Added the President: countries, and the dental of Latin Ameri- nity uplift a a and S thoughtful e econom editorial, the
"It is up to you in this Congress to deter- can cargoes or refueling facilities to ships
mine the winner of that race. I welcome his or planes trading with Cuba. Columbia Missourian lauded the pro-
challenge and I accept it. gram as "something new, but tried and
"Nearly 150 years ago another President No one would realistically expect such proven," and traces the success it has
suggested: 'If a nation expects to be ignor- measures alone to drive the Soviets out been in my State. I believe all the read-
ant and free. In a state of civilization, it ex- of Cuba. The United States embargo era of the CoxoRESSIONAL RECORD will
p ets what never was and never will be"' has not had this effect, and trade be- find this editorial interesting and edify-
The words are Thomas Jefferson's, a man tween Cuba and most other Latin Amer- InB For that reason, I ask unanimous
who never stopped in his fight to improve lean countries is already at a low point. consent that it be printed at the con-
men's minds, a roan who after servings The real lifeline to Communist Cuba elusion of these remarks.
o pu President his efforts There being no objection, the editorial
of f enlightenment sby helping e establish the runs from the Soviet Union, and any
by g
University of Virginia in Charlottesville. realistic long-range program must con- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
Americans, given the choice, will select en- template an economic squeeze on the as follows:
lightenment and freedom for these are in- Soviet Union as well as Castro. This or7 To GOOD START
separables in a democracy. The bill, S. 5, now will require, as I discussed in my Feb- Seven out of every ten persons retrained
under consideration offers simple equality. roars position paper and earlier this through the Government Manpower Re-
Nothing And ning the more. bill offers assistance to young month on the Senate floor, action by training Act of 1962 found work after com-
farmers and to men and women who would NATO paralleling the steps we are now pletion of their courses.
like to have homes of their own. Last year urging upon the OAS. Public Law 87-415 authorized the 3-year,
in its report on this measure, the committee Nevertheless, I am heartened by the >1,435-million program for the training of
said it expects that some 1 million post- growing evidence that the United States unemployed persons In vocational skills or
Korean veterans would be able to purchase the economic ad- on-the-job training to develop new skills.
homes and farms under one title of the bill. attempting to shape The first 2 years the cost will be paid by the
The proposed language has been retained in vantages of the free world Into a Federal Government while the third year
this bill. - powerful weapon against communism. the cost will be shared equally by the States.
Conservative estimates place the possible This is not an easy task, and it will re- The program offers up to 52 weeks of train-
construction of new homes at 700,000. quire determination and sacrifice. I ing with monetary allowances equal to the
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all work together, with diligence and with
integrity, to make an even greater Chicago.
I would like to express my appreciation to
all of the media of communications, the
metropolitan press, the community press, the
radio, and TV stations, civic organizations,
the clergy, labor organizations, all who have
a part in shaping public sentiment, all who
are truly concerned with. promoting the
physical, material, social, and spiritual wel-
fare of the millions of people, of every race,
creed, and color, who live and work and
worship here in harmony.
Always we have to bear in mind that in
Chicago, great among the greatest of indus-
trial, commercial, and cultural centers of
the world, the greatest resource of all is the
people themselves. It is from the people
that our proud spirit of "I will" springs. It
is with the people that this spirit resides,
spurring all of us to greater effort, impelling
us to live up to the heritage we have from
those who have gone before us.
There is no greater honor to me than to
serve the people of Chicago as their mayor.
This is the city of my birth, this is the city
of my upbringing and all that Pam I owe to
my mother and father, to my good wife and
family, to my teachers and to my good neigh-
bors and friends.
The goal of the metropolis is to offer to
its citizens the widest possible variety of
choice in all aspects of living and working,
providing the greatest variety in choice of
jobs, and the maximum variety of educa-
tional and cultural opportunities.
It is the destiny of Chicago to be a great
metropolis.
With your cooperation and with the coop-
eration of the people of Chicago, and with
God's help, we shall not fail.
TIME FOR MANDATORY SEVERANCE
OF AID TO NASSER
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from New
York [Mr. HALPERN] is recognized for 15
minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, it is
ironic that our Nation is commemorating
the 20th anniversary of the heroic-but
ill-fated uprising of the persecuted Jews
in the Warsaw ghetto at the very time
that a new totalitarian despot, Nasser of
the United Arab Republic, is preparing
new aggression to wipe out the State of
Israel and to annex other territory.
If the observances of the Warsaw
ghetto anniversary are to have any real
meaning, it is essential that we prevent
a repetition of the notorious atrocities of
the Nazis. Former Nazis and other Ger-
man technicians and scientists are now
in Egypt aiding the United Arab Repub-
lic to perfect the missiles and weapons to
destroy those Jews, now resident of Is-
rael, who managed to escape Hitler's
holocaust.
The United Arab Republic, in advocat-
ing "Arab socialism" is pursuing a policy
reminiscent of the "national socialism"
of Hitler's Germany. Instead of raising
the living standards of. the masses
through reforms in education, health,
housing, and peaceful production of
necessary commodities, Nasser is con-
centrating on building a police state
which is preparing for a space age war.
Nasser is squandering his own assets to
buy Soviet jet bombers and jet fighters as
well as military rockets. The Arab
peasant remains in the horse age but
No. 59-6
Nasser dreams of a vast Arab empire
ruled by his missile-equipped army,
trained by Soviet and ex-Nazi military
technicians.
Mr. Speaker, we cannot dictate the in-
ternal affairs of the United Arab Repub-
lic despite the threat to peace. Nasser
has openly announced that his expanded
Arab union will "liberate Palestine"
through destruction of Israel. His agents
and spies are plotting to overthrow pro-
Western Jordan and Saudi Arabia. His
treasury is paying out millions for Soviet
equipment of even more recent design
than that supplied Cuba. His shipping,
incidentally, trades with Cuba while his
press condemns the United States and
condones Castro.
No, Mr. Speaker, we cannot dictate
the internal affairs of the United Arab
Republic even though the conscience of
mankind has just been shocked by the
employment of former Nazis to perfect
missiles to sow mass destruction on
Israel.
But, Mr. Speaker, there are things
that we can do in the national interest
of the United States. There is certainly
no logic in the American taxpayer sub-
sidizing, however indirectly, the U.A.R.
military missile build up and further
acquisition of a dangerous arsenal of
Soviet weapons. I do not think that 1
cent -should go to defray the Soviet
weapons expenditures of a country like
the U.A.R. which supports Communist
Cuba.
A country which takes upon itself to
jeopardize world peace by irresponsible
and power-mad proliferation of the
rocket race does not deserve our sub-
sidies.
Mr. Speaker, I am preparing there-
fore legislation which I intend to pro-
pose to make mandatory the severance
of American assistance to the United
Arab Republic in view of its use of its
own resources, to finance sophisticated
Soviet weapons systems, to train its offi-
cers and specialists in the Soviet bloc
military centers, and to establish a Nazi-
staffed missile center in the inflammable
Near East.
There has been on the books the stipu-
lation introduced last session by Senator
KEATING and myself known by some as
the Keating-Halpern amendment to fa-
vor, in dispensing our aid, those nations '
which do not divert their own resources
to buy Soviet arms. Those implement-
ing our aid program have ignored this
expression of the sense of Congress.
The time has come for more forceful
action and I call on all my colleagues
to join with me in writing language into
this year's bill to end our misguided and
disastrous subsidy of Mr. Nasser, the
Fidel Castro of the Near East.
I would like in this connection to draw
attention of the Congress to a pertinent
syndicated news column by Milton
Friedman, a White House correspond-
ent, whose writings appear in many
newspapers. Mr. Speaker, I wish at this
point in my remarks to insert the Milton ing of Warsaw ghetto Jews was "an inspira-
Friedman column: tion to the peace-loving people of the world
and a warning to would-be oppressors which
MILTON FRIEDMAN COLUMN will long be remembered."
WASHINGTON.-There are actions the ad- This proclamation was a kind and sincere
ministration could take to give deeper mean- statement by the President. But it would
6547
ing to President Kennedy's proclamation call-
ing for observance on April 21 of the 20th
anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising.
Mr. Kennedy noted that the Jewish mar-
tyrs lacked military resources but struggled
against the overwhelming forces of the Nazi
occupiers for more than 3 weeks, thereby
providing a chapter in the annals of human
heroism.
Today, the scene shifts to Israel, Nasser's
goal; annihilation of Israel, is no different
from that of SS-General Jurgen Stroop,
commander of the Nazi forces assigned to
liquidate the Warsaw ghetto.
The survivors of the Nazi holocaust and
other Israelis have nd desire to die in another
fiery and doomed ghetto. They see Egypt
being armed and trained by the Soviet Union.
Egypt has received Russian, offensive weap-
ons more modern than those removed from
Cuba at American Insistence. Meanwhile,
Egypt is developing a new Afrika Corps of
West German scientists and technicians, in-
cluding Nazis, to build missiles and super-
sonic Messerschmitt jet fighters.
But the fact most difficult to live with is
the indirect subsidization by the United
States of the Egyptian military buildup.
State Department officials still refuse to
draw a moral distinction between democratic
Israel and totalitarian Egypt and equate the
two nations as equally worthy. There are
hints that if Israel says too much about
Egyptian missiles, some people here might
start questioning Israel's development of
new weapons.
President Kennedy last year met a situa-
tion which then existed. He authorized
Israel to purchase Hawk antiaircraft missiles
from the United States. Negotiations over
purchase terms are just ending. The Hawks
are yet to be delivered.
A gap now exists, to Israel's perilous dis-
advantage. An "escalation" of weapons sys-
tem has occurred. Nasser no longer has to
use bombers to blast Israel. He needs only
to push buttons and dispatch salvos of mis-
siles which are unstoppable by Hawks or
anything else.
The Egyptian missile does not have to
land on top of Tel Aviv's Dan Hotel, Allenby
Road will do.
The Hawks will arrive this year to meet
last year's situation. Israel once more lags
behind.
Nasser has received hundreds of millions
of dollars in American loans, grants, and
other aid. He uses his own resources, thus
freed, to build missiles .nd pay Nazis. Even
funds generated by sale of American surplus
food given. to Egypt are used partially for
military purposes.
The American taxpayer is thus made to
help Egypt buy Soviet arms, pay Commu-
nists for instructing Egyptian personnel, and
compensate Germans, Including Nazis, now
working in the Egyptian military establish-
ment.
This issue will certainly be raised, by
Democrats and Republicans alike, when the
aid program comes before Congress this
spring.
America is buying Nasser's favor by subsi-
dizing the work in Cairo of former Naei
Storm Troop Col. Ferdinand Brandner who
directs one of the new special weapons
groups. America also finances, however in-
directly, the German unit's medical officer,
the notorious Dr. Eisele, who escaped to
Egypt from Germany to avoid trial for
atrocities he committed as camp doctor at
Buchenwald concentration camp. -
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6548 L
achieve functional significance if American
policy withheld aid from "would-be op-
pressors" and otherwise prevented Nasser
from becoming another SS Gen. Jurgen
Stroup.
A fitting commemoration of the Warsaw
ghetto uprising could include a new look by
Washington at Egypt. the nation which is
arming to wipe out the survivors of Hitler's
holocaust.
I U.S. POLICY
cize the police for momentarily resisting With the publication of "Mater et
the temptation to shoot and trying the Magistra" in July 1961, it became clear
other alternatives first-nobody, that is, that Pope John's pontificate would mark
except someone who needed to keep his a turning point, not merely in the his-
name in the headlines at any cost. tory of the Catholic Church, but in the
It has been something of a shock to history of all mankind. And now we
me to come back and find that over the have "Pacem In Terris"-"Peace on
Easter week the same old people are at Earth." It is a great and good docu-
the same old stand, still peddling the ment. I earnestly hope it will be read
same old campaign of fear, distortion, and pondered by Catholics and non-
confusion- and pretense over Cuba. Ob- Catholics, by Christians and non-Chris-
(Mr. STRATTON aslcdd'd'Was given from the lecture platforms and the mim- The whole of "Pacem in Terris" has
permission to address the House for 1 eograph machines because it Is a cinch already been included in the RECORD.
-minute and to revise and extend his it does not come from the foxholes or the It Is a wide-ranging document and al-
remarks.) command plotting rooms of American most all of it impressed me. But what
Mr. STRATTON. Mr. Speaker, I have fighting men. particularly caught my attention were
just returned from a tour of Naval Re- As one who is proud to be` a naval the Holy Father's references to funda-
serve duty to our naval base at Guan- reservist, I resent these continuing ef- mental human liberties. Perhaps never
tanamo Bay, Cuba, our Atlantic Com- forts to portray our American military before has a great Christian leader
m eral o her top milit at Norfolk, and sev- forces as either stupid or liars. If the shown so clearly how the rights of man
Il haver come back deeply impressed Member of the other body who claims he can e be eprivedlfr m the religious doc-
with the clear and convincing evidence knows all about all these Russian troops aw.
I found that the situation In Cuba is getting back into Cuba had taken the By the natural law every human being
trouble to visit Cuba Instead of trying to has the right to respect for his person, to his
well under control, that our forces are run American Cuban policy from the good reputation, the right to freedom in
well trained, alert, their morale high, searching for truth and in expressing and
their weapons outstanding, and ready press gallery at the other end of the communicating his opinions, and in pursuit
for anything that comes. I found the Capitol, he would never have dared to of art, within the limits laid down by the
level of our military intelligence about launch those preposterous charges of a moral order and the common good.
Cuba still of the highest quality. new Cuban buildup. The plain fact of The Holy Father added:
After such a visit one realizes that the matter is that shipping into Cuba And he has the right to be informed truth-
only the sheerest kind of demagog could today Is vastly smaller than it was last fully about public events.
still maintain that the United States has summer.
no Cuban policy. So how are these new Russian troops The holy father lists other human
Of course we have a policy, clear, supposed to get into Cuba anyway-by rights.
simple, and precise. It is to proceed, in paddling rubber boats all the way down From the dignity of the human person-
company with our Latin American allies, from the North Sea? He says-
to isolate Castro as completely as pos- Some people, I suppose, will never be there also arises the right to carry on eco-
sible, to keep his Cuba under complete happy until we are fighting a full-scale nomic activities according to the degree of
and constant military surveillance, to war in the Caribbean. But I am con- responsibility of which one Is capable.
apply a whole myriad of political and vinced that the overwhelming majority There is also a right to a working wage
economic pressures to his regime, and to of Americans understand and support sufficient to give the worker and his fam-
maintain immediately available and In our present Cuban policy. If new condi- fly a standard of living in keeping with
full combat readiness an overwhelming tions arise, if new actions become neces- the dignity of the human person. In
military force capable of completely wip- sary, they know that that decision can addition, the individual has a right to
ing out his regime in case the Cuban only be made by the President of the move freely within his own country and
dictator should ever again threaten *di- United States-just as he made It be immune from all arbitrary attacks.
rect military operations anywhere in the bravely and effectively last October. It Human soctety-
society-
Caribbean. And our basic objective is assuredly cannot be made on the floor of
to remove Soviet troops from Cuba, to the U.B. Senate and much less so in its The holy father states-
eliminate the Castro regime, and to es- press gallery. Is realized is freedom, that is to say, in ways
tablish a free and independent Cuba. Coming back from Cuba, I find myself and means in keeping with the dignity of its
This is a policy which at the moment a little bored with the antics of old men citizens, who accept the responsibility of
involves actions short of war. But It still desperately trying to stir up wars their actions, precisely because they are by
is a policy which also takes into account for young men to fight-all the time nature rational beings.
every possible contingency. No reason- piously proclaiming both their opposi- I should like to draw attention to two
able Informed American would expect us tion to invasion and of course their com- other points, both of them stressed by
to publish those contingency arrange- plete nonpartisanship. his holiness. The first appears In the
ments in the newspapers any more than section of the encyclical headed
he would have expected us to broadcast "Duties." Pope John notes that both
the time and place of the Normandy "PACEM IN TERRIS"-POPE JOHN'S rights and duties stem from natural law.
landings over the radio a week before ENCYCLICAL ON THE DIGNITY OF He continues :
D-day. Once this is admitted, It is also clear that
MAN In human society to one man's right there
It is not Castro who has us boxed in
down there-it is we who have Castro (Mr. LINDSAY asked and was given corresponds a duty in all other persons;
boxed in. And I for one would certainly permission to address the House for 1 namely, of acknowledging and respecting the
hate to be in his shoes, and on his side minute and to revise and extend his right in question. For every fundamental
of the Cactus Curtain right now. remarks.) human right draws its indestructible moral
We can best understand what Is going Mr. LINDSAY. Mr. Speaker, when force from the natural law which, in granting
on in Cuba. I think, by comparing Castro 412 years ago John .X= ascended the it Imposes a corresponding obligation.
Those, therefore, who claim their own rights,
to a fugitive from the police, holed up papal throne, people everywhere sensed, yet altogether forget or neglect to carry out
in a farmhouse with the farmer's wife I think, that something remarkable had their respective duties, are people who build
and youngsters as hostages, and with the happened, that a new force for good had with one hand and destroy with the other.
police surrounding the house on all sides. come Into the world. Here, it seemed,
The police can wait the fugitive out, they was a man of extraordinary wisdom and The are lessons o be many, but drawn from those
m those
can go in shooting and run the risk of humility-a man who, though old In sentences absolute necessity y paramount
hurting the wife and children, or they years, was young in his zest for life and among among restraint the hecan lob tear gas shells at him until the in his sympathy for modern humanitar- tolerance them
in our r dealings
and Is e those who may au differ us.
heat and irritation force him out with Ian Ideas. Men of good will welcomed with
his hands up. Pope John's elevation in 1958. They The second point also appears under
Nobody in his right mind would criti- have not been disappointed since, the heading of "Duties," where the holy
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 6536 Approved For RelegM4f_Mf)0.03N@Q200250014-0 April 24
said. "T,'at's inherently impossible because
of the vast capacity of the human mind to
learn and change society. - But the, issue
reaaly is, Are we doing all we should to pro-
vide the people for the kind, of society we
will have in the next decade?"
He and some others answer this question
with a loud, impassioned "no." With not-
able exceptions, however, not many people
seem concerned.
One who is concerned is Secretary of Labor
W. Willard Wirtz, who told a House Educa-
tion subcommittee last month that there is
no future in America for the unskilled
laborer.
Noting that the economy used to have
a "shock absorber" mechanism permitting
it to make use of millions of unskilled
workers, Wirtz said machines are removing
the shock absorber. The problem of older
unskilled workers losing their jobs to ma-
chines will get worse between now and 1970,
he said, as 26 million young people enter the
labor market-"a far greater number than
the country has ever had to educate, train
and absorb into employment in any com-
parable length of time."
As Wirtz pointed out, the employment
problem is twofold: technology is changing
the job growth pattern, and the postwar
baby boom is adding an unprecedented sup-
ply of manpower to the labor force this
decade.
One difficulty is that no one knows exactly
how many people will be needed in various
vocations by 1970. Rough estimates by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics are based on as-
sumptions which are themselves uncertain.
It is assumed, for example, that there will
be no major war, that business productivity
will be high, that unemployment will be
below the present 5.6 percent rate, that cur-
rent labor force trends will continue with-
out abrupt change, that college enrollment
will double and "that the trend toward
higher levels of education will not be stifled
by lack of school facilities or staff or of
needed aid to students."
With all these "ifs" in mind, the Bureau
predicts that over this decade the labor force,
about 67 million in 1960 and going up 21
percent to more than 80 million in 1970,
will include:
A remarkable 43-percent increase in the
number of professional and technical work-
ers-from 7.5 million to 10.7 million, or 13.3
percent of the 1970 labor forces.
A 34-percent increase in the number of
service workers, such as nurses, waiters,
cleaners, to total nearly 14 percent of the
work force. Growth percentages in other
categories are clerical, 31; sales, 23; man-
agerial, 21; craftsmen and foremen, 20, and
semiskilled, 13. The semiskilled will con-
tinue to be the largest group In the labor
force-16.9 percent in 1970 compared with
18 percent in 1960.
A static number, 3.7 million, of unskilled
industrial laborers, who will drop from 5.5
to 4.6 percent of the work force.
A 22-percent reduction in the farmworker
population, dropping from 8 to 5.3 percent
of the labor force.
Given the uncertain profile of the Nation's
1970 employment, the next question-one
with an even more uncertain answer-is:
How many trained people will American edu-
cation (public, private, vocational, and gen-
eral schools and apprenticeship programs)
supply? A few examples will demonstrate
the problems.
Labor Department studies show that dur-
ing this decade 5.5 million new professional
and technical workers may be needed to fill
new ins and replace those leaving others.
Ho only 3.7 million college graduates
fed to enter these fields by 1970.
'sneers required by 1970 could total
0 to provide the projected 1.4
byes in this field. But unless
,re taken, new engineering en-
trants will be only 450,000, including those
transferring into engineering from other
fields and those without degrees who are
-upgraded into the profession.
Scientists, who numbered 313,400 in 1960,
should total 548,000 by 1970, according to
a. 1961 study. To meet the projected aver-
age annual demand for 25,000 new scien-
tists to fill new jobs and to replace losses,
83,000 person with science degrees should
be graduated each year. About 80,000 will
be, but this near balance may not bridge
a great gap between supply and demand in
certain specialties.
Teachers required for elementary and sec-
ondary schools should number about 2.2
million, and nearly 2.1 million (newly grad-
uated and those reentering the field) will
be supplied. The deficit over the decade will
be 84,000.
About 225,000 new electricians will be
needed to meet growth and replacement re-
quirements by 1970. Apprenticeship pro-
grams will supply only 31 percent, or 70,000.
For tool and the die makers, 85,000 will be
required to meet growth and replacement
demands, and apprenticeship programs will
supply 45 percent, or 38,000.
These projections take into consideration
the fact that nearly 70 percent of American
young people were high school graduates last
year and that more than 72 percent will be
by 1970. Now about 18 percent are com-
pleting college, and 20 percent will do so by
the end of the decade,
What happens when education does not
supply the manpower demand is simply that
people without all the qualifications get the
jobs. Teachers are hired on a "temporary
basis; nondegree holders ebcome - engineers;
electricians learn their trade on the job.
"The saving thing is that peopleare adapt-
able; and industry is willing to be flexible,"
says Assistant Commissioner Harold Gold-
stein of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
But, as he noted in a recent speech, "the
implications are clear that the general edu-
cational level of the work force will have
to increase and (that) there will be fewer
jobs open to people without at least a high
school education."
Goldstein sees a danger in the possibility
that with one of four boys getting, college
degrees, "we may starve our skilled trades
of the bright people they need" since most
college men avoid this field.
Growing attacks have been directed at vo-
cational training programs in public schools,
and recently 81 percent of the school admin-
istrators responding to a survey by the Na-
tion's Schools magazine said such programs
must be improved and updated. Most criti-
cism centers on the emphasis on agriculture
in many programs and on their failure to
keep pace with the country's technological
development.
Ward Beard, consultant in the Vocational
Division of the U.S. Office of Education, says
additional funds can solve most of these
problems.
Commissioner of Education Francis Keppel
says that "we'll be shooting ahead of the
1970 employment target" if Congress passes
the administration's proposed reform of vo-
cational education, aid for technical insti-
tutes, and plans for improving the quality of
education. "Vocational" programs should
stress the kind of knowledge that has the
widest application-math, science and lan-
guage," he added. Keppel also advocates
more retraining for people on the job or
those who must change jobs..
Other serious problems which the Nation is
just beginning to attack are school dropouts
(about one-third of the young people enter-
ing the work force lack a high school educa-
tion) and job discrimination against Ne-
groes.
The problems of both groups, who often
are the same people, overlap-both lack the
training for any but the most menial jobs.
Most educated Negroes face additional diffi-
culties of either inferior quality of schooling
in segregated institutions or rebuffs in many
trades and white-collar jobs despite their
good education.
When the Nation's educational mechanism
cannot keep up with employment demands,
obviously the economy does not fall. But as
Goldstein observed, "There will be more
stresses, more pressures. We should be
thankful that the adaptability of our people
can alleviate the pressure. But then we
canngti,continue indefinitely to count on it."
PRESIDEkIrFAILS TO UNDERSTAND
PEOPLE
(Mr. ALGER asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, the Pres-
ident's failure to understand people is
at the root of the present trouble both
at home and abroad. This is apparent
as applied to the Cuban exiles who are
seeking to free their homeland and is
also why this Nation is moving ever
closer to dictatorship.
President Kennedy shows no under-
standing of what motivates freedom-lov-
ing people. He does not trust them. In
aggrandizement of his own role he sub-
stitutes his judgment and his solutions
for the will of the people in the apparent
belief that only he can be right.
Lacking human understanding, the
Kennedy administration has come dan-
gerously close to taking the heart out
of the Cuban people. In his beautifully
phrased speeches he- promised them a
brighter tomorrow, in which their native
land would be free; then he dashed their
hopes and shattered their dreams by
adopting a policy of protecting their op-
pressor and turning the might of this
great Nation against those seeking free-
dom.
This same failure to understand the
yearning and determination of the Cuban
people to rid themselves of their Com-
munist masters, has been in evidence in
the domestic policies of the Kennedy ad-
ministration. The President does not be-
lieve in the wisdom and the judgment
of the people of his own country. He
does pot trust them to solve their own
problems, to determine the course of their
own lives, but insists that only through
bureaucratic planning can free Ameri-
cans achieve happiness. He does not
understand that a people controlled by
a dictatorship cannot be free and with-
out freedom there can be no happiness.
The Kennedy failure to solve the Cu-
ban problem emphasizes again that the
administration is not telling all it safely
could about Cuba. He ignores the fact
that Khrushchev's position in Cuba" is
firmer than it was a year ago. He in-
sists that Russian troops are being re-
moved from Cuba while there is ample
evidence to indicate they are merely be-
ing rotated. He ignores the threat of a
Communist, Russian-dominated Cuba to
the rest of Latin America. He refuses
to use the means available to him, short
of military action, to help free Cuba.
In short, the President seems to lack any
real plan to bring about the overthrow
of communism in this hemisphere, and
failing to have a plan is misleading both _
the Cuban freedom fighters and the
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FRANCIS KEPPEL, COMMISSIONER
OF EDUCATION
(Mrs. GREEN of Oregon asked and was
given permission to extend her remarks
at this point in the RECORD, and to In-
clude extraneous matter.)
Mrs. GREEN of Oregon. Mr. Speaker,
a fine portrait of a splendid Commis-
sioner of Education, Francis Keppel, has
been drawn by George Oakes in an ar-
ticle published in the April 14, 1963, edi-
tion of the Sunday Star. Commissioner
Keppel has impressed many members of
Congress with his knowledge, his grasp
of the complex education field, his
charm, his vision, and his direction. We
wish him well in his task.
In this connection, Mr. Speaker, I also
ask unanimous consent to have placed
in the RECORD an article that gives a
glimpse of the major problems confront-
ing public officials and educators alike as
they grapple to bring our education sys-
tem into harmony with the revolutionary,
explosive trends In our economic system,
FRANCIS KEPPEL, COMMISSIONER Or EDUCATION
The appointment of Francis Keppel as
Commissioner of Education is probably the
most important action taken so far by the
Kennedy administration to advance its pro-
gram for Federal aid to education.
The former dean of Harvard's graduate
school of education is a professional whose
entire career has been devoted to education
at the highest academic level. He was born
in the world of education for his father, the
late Frederick P. Koppel. was dean of Co-
lumbia College and later president of the
Carnegie Corp., one of the largest founda-
tions dedicated to the Improvement of Amer-
ican and international education.
Francis Keppel Is noted for a keen, incisive
mind, and the ability to express forcefully
his ideas. A graduate of Groton and Har-
vard, he is 47, a dark-haired, Blight man with
a brisk manner.
Although he has only been grappling with
his job as Education Commissioner since last
December (he was confirmed by the Senate
a little more than a month ago), lie has had
time to formulate some of his ideas on na-
tional education problems generally.
TIED TO NATIONAL STRENGTH
He is deeply convinced for example, that
improvement of our entire educational sys-
tem Is central to the Nation's strength and
status in the modern world. He believes
that the American people must be made to
understand that whatever this country can
do to relieve unemployment, to retrain man-
power, to accelerate the economy, to carry
out our defense and space programs basical-
ly depends on the urgent expansion and up-
grading of our education from elementary
school through university graduate training.
Once the public appreciates the relationship
between Improving the education of our
youth and these national programs, which
have widespread popular backing, then
rapid progress will be made on the educa-
tional front. As he said on March-B at the
University of North Carolina: "A growing
body of evidence indicates that the develop-
ment of human capital-particularly Invest-
ment in education-has actually been more
important as a source of economic growth
than has the accumulation of physical capi-
tal. Education contributes directly to eco-
nomic growth becasue it improves the equal-
ity of the labor force ' ' '. As I see the
situation, national security and economic
growth now change the need for a Federal
program in education from a desirable
domestic goal to a deadly serious necessity."
SPECIALIZES IN COOPERATION
In tackling the task of trying to bring
together the views of educators and educa-
tional organizations whose rivalry was par-
tially responsible for the defeat of higher
education legislation in Congress last year,
Dr. Koppel has the advantage of command-
ing their confidence. He has already made
a beginning in developing greater coopera-
tion between the American Council on Edu-
cation, the largest organization represent-
ing higher education, and the National Edu-
cation Association. the major spokesman
for elementary and secondary schools. A be-
liever that successful operation results when
a consensus has been achieved, Dr. Keppel
has been moving vigorously to bring this
about among various educational organiza-
tions and groups. He has pointed out that
educators cannot pass education legisla-
tion. but by their action or inaction they
can keep It from passing.
Dr. Keppel is convinced that the key ele-
ment in raising the level of education is
expanding the number and especially im-
proving the caliber of our teachers both In
school and college. The most significant
factor in the learning process, next to the
aptitude of the learner, is the quality of in-
struction.
This job of raising standards must start
in the home. Parents must think that
learning is important and show It when
dealing with their children.
The Commissioner believes that the Fed-
eral Government must help Increase very
low starting salaries in many States to at-
tract better schoolteachers and also to raise
the top salaries, as he has proposed In the
new education bill. Too often a 21-year-
old man can reach the top salary after 15
years. If we are going to retain good teach-
ers, there must be a satisfactory goal to
work for. This would encourage more male
schoolteachers to enter and stay In the pro-
fession and this Dr. Keppel feels is impor-
tant, for he thinks that there is too large a
proportion of women teaching in our public
schools.
The tremendous expansion of college stu-
dents between now and 1970, when college
enrollments are expected to double is going
to require a substantial number of new
teachers, especially in science.
Starting from the premise that reforms in
education "require training of people," Dr.
Keppel Is pleased Vice Qdm. H. G. Rickover
keeps stirring up a critical point of view
toward our educational deficiencies but he
believes a national examining standard must
be considered flexibly. For example, It would
be hard to give the same examination In
schools located In wealthy suburban areas
as In those In city alums. Thereis also the
danger that a single examining standard
might stultify the independence of the
teaching staff. Dr. Koppel thinks that new
curriculums and educational research proj-
ects will be important Instruments in raising
standards.
Pointing out that the role of the Federal
Government In education "has been evident
since before the adoption of the Constitu-
tion" and citing such landmarks as the Land
Grant College Act, the 01 bills of World War
H and the Korean war and the National
Defense Education Act of 1958, Dr. Keppol
stresses that "Federal participation should
continue to be selective, stimulative and,
where possible, transitional." He favors the
Federal Government working through and
strengthening the State departments of
education In quality and independence.
SEES A LIAISON TASK
Dr. Keppel is not pushing for the creation
of a Department of Education as was pro-
posed last year by Secretary Ribicoff. Rather
be sees the role of the Office of Education
Ili the Federal structure as a "convener" or
"liaison point" but not a director of the
40 Government departments and agencies
that operate different educational progrgms
In schools and colleges. As Commissioner of
Education, It to believed that the President,
who occasionally telephones Dr. Keppei di-
rectly, regards him as his primary adviser
on education matters. Dr. Koppel expects to
keep his eye on the overall effects of govern-
ment on education and, if possible, help
to settle any obvious conflicts on educational
policy among the departments and agencies.
Dr. Koppel plans to improve the Office of
Education by upgrading the key positions
and attracting more well-qualified person-
nel. However, some claim that his own
status was not enhanced by the recent
establishment of two additional new Com-
missioners of Welfare and Vocational Reha-
bilitation In the Department of Health, Edu-
cation. and Welfare. Nevertheless, Secretary
Celebrezze is reportedly letting Dr. Keppel
run his own office without Interference.
SEEKS TO PERSUADE STAFFERS
As the principal administration advocate
for the primary school to graduate college
education bill, Dr. Koppel began his cam-
paign of persuasion with the strong personal
indorsement of such influential figures as
Senator MORSE, Democrat, of Oregon, chair-
man of the Senate Subcommittee on Educa-
tion, and Representative EDITH GREEN, Dem-
ocrat, of Oregon, chairman of the House sub-
committee handling major elements of the
bill. He has been active on the Hill, talking
to Congressmen who both favor and look
with skepticism on the administration's
program. Unlike many Government admin-
istrators, he has taken pains to seek out In-
fluential staff aide on both sides of the
Capitol who play a vital role in advising
their congressional bosses.
Although Dr. Koppel contributed to the
education bill and indorses it, many of its
features and particularly the omnibus ap-
proach were determined before his arrival.
The real question on the education bill is
whether the administration, highly sensitive
to the religious issue It always stirs up, will
give Dr. Keppel the support he needs for
major education legislation before the 1964
presidential election or-whether they will use
him to prepare the ground for a possible
push during a second Kennedy term.
EDUCATION NOT MEETING Joe NEEDS
,By Susanna McBee),
American education is failing to pass one
of Its most important tests: training enough
people to meet the Nation's future employ-
ment needs.
Education never has achieved the goal of
placing the most qualified people in the right
jobs-right for them and for the country-
and It probably never will.
The fault lies not just with the educa-
tional system but with the facts of life in
a free society. Some men get engineering de-
gross and become high-salaried business ad-
ministrators; some women prepare to teach
and get married Instead.
Thirty years ago it was not so important
to be trained specifically for certain jobs;
today it is.
With what educators call the "knowledge
explosion" (the world's store of knowledge
is doubling every 10 or 15 years), there is
an increasing need for more people to per-
form more tasks produced by more new
knowledge.
"This has become such a big problem that
It isn't really being faced," says one of Ameri-
can education's strongest critics, Vice Adm.
Hyman G. Rickover, father of the nuclear
submarine.
"No country has ever had an educational
system adequate to its needs," Rickover
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American people through management
of the. news and by withholding infor-
mation.r 7
I would like to inquire once again of
the President, What is your plan to en-
force the Monroe Doctrine and protect
this hemisphere from foreign aggression?
What is the- Kennedy master strategy
for the United States? As the head of
a Nation that is still free, the people
have a right to know where you intend
to lead us and what form of government
you and your advisers have in mind for
the United States.
HOUSE JOINT MEMORIAL 24-
STATE OF OREGON ON EL PASO
NATURAL GAS CO. PETITION
(Mr. DUNCAN asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. DUNCAN. Mr. Speaker, on be-
half of the gentlewoman from Oregon
[Mr. GREEN] and the gentleman from
Oregon [Mr. ULLMAN] and myself, I wish
to place ill the RECORD a certified copy
of House Joint Memorial 24, adopted
by the 52d Legislative Assembly of the
State of Oregon, now in session. This
memorial relates to a petition of the El
Paso Natural Gas Co. for authority to
construct a gas line from Eugene, Oreg.,
to Grants Pass, Oreg. I am pleased to
bring this matter to the attention of the
House.
HOUSE JOINT MEMORIAL 24
To the Honorable CHAIRMAN OF THE FEDERAL
POWER COMMISSION:
We, your memorialists, the 52d Legislative
Assembly of the State of Oregon, in legisla-
tive session assembled, most respectfully rep-
resent as follows:
Whereas the Federal Power Commission
has under advisement the petition of the El
Paso Natural Gas Co. for authority to con-
struct a gas line from Eugene, Oreg., to
Grants Pass, Oreg., being petition No.- CP
62-265; and
Whereas the plans and proposals of many
persons and organizations in Oregon and
elsewhere are dependent upon the granting
or denial of such petition by the Federal
Power Commission; and
Whereas the season for construction of
major facilities of various kinds in the State
of Oregon is rapidly approaching; now,
therefore, be it
Resolved by the Legislative Assembly of
the State of Oregon:
1. The Federal Power Commission is
urged to expedite its determination of peti-
tion No. CP 62-265 and render a prompt de-
cision thereon.
2. The Secretary of State shall send a copy
of this memorial to the President of the
United States, to each Member of the Ore-
gon congressional delegation, and to the
Chairman of the Federal Power Commission.
Adopted by house March 26, 1963.
CLARENCE BARTON,
Speaker of House.
Adopted by senate April 9, 1963.
BEN MUSA,
President of Senate.
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY-
LAW DAY U.S.A.
(Mr. MACGREGOR asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD.),
Mr. MACGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, the
United States and the Communist world
celebrate May Day in sharply contrast-
ing ways. The Reds will flaunt their
military might. In quieter, less spectac-
ular fashion, we will pay tribute to
the law-for May Day is Law Day in
America.
The basic differences between the rule
of men in Communist lands and the rule
of law in the free world are summed up
in one phrase: individual liberty, and its
handmaiden, law. Liberty without law
is license, and law without liberty is
tyranny. America's objective is the ad-
vance of peace and individual freedom
throughout the world under the rule of
law. Communism seeks to smother free-
dom under an oppressive rule of men.
A full flowering of human endeavor is
possible only when the individual is free
to think for himself, to follow his own
bent, and to enjoy the fruits of his own
efforts. Men can do this only when they
live in a free society in which individual
rights are protected and basic obliga-
tions fixed by law.
It is literally true that law is the alter-
native to chaos on the one hand, and to
terror on the other. No system of gov-
ernment knew to man is free from errors
of judgment in the lawmaking process,
or in the executing of its laws. There is
need for constant vigilance against the
enactment of unwise laws and for the
modification of other laws that do not
serve the general welfare.
It is true that no system of govern-
ment is slower to change its course than
a democratic society such as our own.
In our Republic, lawmaking is usually a
slow, thoughtful process. Representa-
tives of the people must give individual
citizens an opportunity to participate in
that process by contributing their ideas
and opinions. This format has produced
the best system of government yet known
to man.
. We must never forget that we are an
orderly people under the rule of law, and
that if we don't like a law we neverthe-
less obey it while we work to change it.
'May we never listen to those who say
that our present form of constitutional
government is outmoded in this advanced
scientific age. Our Constitution and bill
of rights are flexible documents which
allow room for change within the guide-
lines of individual liberty.
As Somerset Maugham so aptly put it:
If a nation values anything more than free-
dom, it will lose its freedom; and the irony
of it is that if it is comfort or money that
it values more, it will lose that too.
it is my pleasure to join with the Min-
nesota State Bar Association, the Amer-
ican Bar Association, the news media,
and other civic, patriotic, and educa-
tional groups by urging Americans every-
where to participate in this, the sixth
annual Law Day observance in America.
REPEAL OF SECTION 14B OF THE
NATIONAL RELATIONS ACT
(Mr. SICKLES (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
body of the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. SICKLES. Mr. Speaker, at the
present time, under section 14B of the
National Labor Relations Act, State law
is permitted to diminish a right recog-
nized under Federal law. This section
provides that if States enact legislation
concerning union security that is more
restrictive than the Federal law, which
allows a union shop, the State law pre-
vails. This provision permits a State to
override and nullify the intent of Federal
labor-management policy: The "right-
to-work" laws enacted at the State level
outlaw the union shop-an arrangement
that is both permitted and regulated by
the Taft-Hartley Act.
Today I am introducing legislation to
repeal section 14B of the National Labor
Relations Act, by which States are em-
powered to enact the so-called "right-
to-work" laws. This grant of power to
the States abridges the right of free col-
lective bargaining. It is neither equit-
able nor conducive to peaceful and
enlightened labor-management rela-
tions.
Section 14B of the Taft-Hartley Act
now permits any State to outlaw collec-
tive-bargaining agreements which are
otherwise permissible under Federal law.
Sixty percent of the States, including my
own State of Maryland, do not infringe
on the rights of employers and unions
to include a union shop clause in their
freely. bargained contracts. In these
States without "right-to-work" laws, a
contract can be negotiated which re-
quires an employee, after he has been
hired, to join the union where he works
or pay to the union an initiation fee and
an amount equal to monthly dues. This
is the maximum union security per-
mitted under Federal law. In addition
to permitting union shop, the Taft-
Hartley Act also contains several safe-
guards to prevent abuse of the union
shop. Of course, no contract is legal
which requires union membership as a
condition for getting the job in the first
place.
At the present time, restrictive right-
to-work laws exist primarily. in non-
industrial States. Indiana is the only
industrial State to enact such a law.
Maryland has considered passage of this
restrictive legislation but wisely rejected
it, as have other States with maximum
experience i;i labor-management rela-
tions.
The practical effect of the so-called
right-to-work laws is to pit State
against State in a ruthless battle to lure
industry by virtue of restrictive State
legislation.
For the most part, States which have
adopted regressive laws to attract indus-
try have done their citizens no favor. An
employer with so little civic responsibil-
ity that he will abandon a community on
the hope of paying lower wages and no
taxes elsewhere is a questionable asset
to the community to which he moves.
When the "gifts" run out in this new
area, so does the employer.
The term right-to-work itself is a
misnomer. These laws do not give any
person the right to work. These laws
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give him the right to enjoy the benefits
of union negotiated contracts without
"paying the freight" so to speak. It Is
not only fair, but the very essence of re-
sponsible democratic self-government in
this country, that one who derives the
benefit of a union negotiated contract,
should be obliged to help pay his share
of the cost of such services. it has been
my experience that the absence of a pro-
vision for sharing the costs of union
representation frequently leads to un-
stable labor-management relations.
Thus, In reality, right-to-work laws
undermine union security and with it
responsible collective bargaining.
The workers themselves have over-
whelmingly shown that they favor union
security agreements in a collective bar-
gaining contract. When the Taft-Hart-
ley law was first passed in 1847, there was
a section which provided that, after the
union and the employer negotiated a
union shop contract, that clause had to
be ratified by a secret ballot vote of the
affected employees. The results of these
elections were so overwhelmingly in fa-
vor of the union security clauses that
Senator Taft moved to discontinue these
votes. In- more than 97 percent of the
elections, the union shop was ratified
and 91 percent of the employees voted
for a union shop. Moreover, the employ-
ees under a union shop agreement have
the right to secure a secret ballot vote to
rescind the provision. The use of this
procedure has been negligible.
History has shown that the over-
whelming number of workers want these
union shop clauses. Where an employer
and the union want to incorporate such
a provision in a contract, It is unfair
for a State to restrict this right. If the
workers favor union security clauses,
who then advocates right-to-work laws?
These laws are of course advocated
by those who have shown little real
concern regarding the rights of work-
ers. If the right-to-work advocates
were really sincere about Insuring oc-
cupational choice, they could properly
concern themselves with fair employ-
ment practices legislation instead of
using noble thoughts about freedom to
cripple legitimate collective bargaining
activities.
The 1960 Democratic platform adopted
in Los Angeles states "we will repeal the
authorization for right-to-work laws."
Enactment of my bill would make this
pledge a reality. "Right-to-work" laws
are opposed by many religious groups on
the grounds that such laws are an un-
necessary restriction on free collective
bargaining. These include the general
board of the National Council of
Churches, the United Presbyterian
Church in the U.S.A., the Board of Social
and Economic Relations of the Method-
ist Church, the Rabbinical Council of
America, and the Catholic Committee of
the South.
Enlightened members of the business
community have also favored repeal of
the authorization to the States to enact
right-to-work laws because they realize
that the mischief and divisiveness caused
by this legislation is a heavy price to pay
for legislation that is largely Irrelevant
to the great labor-management issues of
our day.
In conclusion, I see no reason why any
State should be permitted to exercise
undue interference with the rights of
negotiating parties in collective bargain-
ing. Union membership as a basis for
continued employment should be left to
agreement by labor and management
through collective bargaining. Reason,
justice, and experience point to the need
for repeal of the existing pernicious au-
thorization to the States which enables
them to Infringe on the collective bar-
gaining process.
FAIR HOUSING ACT FOR THE DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA
(Mr. MULTER (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point In the
body of the RECORD and to Include extra-
neous matter.)
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I have to-
day introduced H.R. 5843, which is de-
signed to prohibit discrimination by
reason of race, religion, color, ancestry,
or national origin against persons seek-
ing or utilizing housing In the District
of Columbia. This bill is in the form
as recommended by the Corporation
Counsel of the District, acting pursuant
to Instructions of the chairman of Sub-
committee No. 6 of the House District
Committee,
Although I am convinced that the
Commissioners have the authority un-
der existing law to Issue appropriate
regulations accomplishing this purpose,
I have, nevertheless, introduced this bill
so that the District Committee and the
Congress will have full opportunity to
examine the issues and so that all In-
terested parties can be heard.
PERMITTING NATIONAL BANKS TO
UNDERWRITE AND DEAL IN
SECURITIES ISSUED BY STATE
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(Mr. ST GERMAIN (at the request of
Mr. ALBERT) was granted permission to
extend his remarks in the body of the
RECORD at this point and to include
extraneous matter.)
Mr. ST GERMAIN. Mr. Speaker, this
bill is designed to aid States and munic-
ipalities by permitting national banks
to underwrite and deal in securities
Issued by State and local governments.
Since 1933 commercial banks have
been prohibited from all underwriting
and trading in securities. An exception
was made In the case of general obliga-
tions of States and municipalities, obliga-
tions of the United States and certain
other issues. The purpose of the legisla-
tion which enacted this prohibition was
to take commercial banks out of specu-
lative development projects and out of
the corporate and foreign bond business.
At that time, the volume of bonds payable
solely from the revenues of a specific
project was relatively small and tended
to be concentrated on new development
projects. Therefore, with some excep-
tions, revenue bonds were considered
greater risk investments than general
obligation bonds.
For many reasons there has been a
shift in municipal financing. More and
April 24
more, new types of revehike bonds are
being used In place of general obliga-
tions. However, these new types are
quite different from the old high risk
.revenue bonds. They have an excellent
record and are fundamentally general
obligations in different form. They
have been used to build schools, high-
ways, bridges, water and electric plants.
This type of revenue bond financing has
greatly increased in recent years.
This bill will permit banks to under-
write, trade and deal in revenue bonds
only to the extent national banks can
Invest in such bonds under the National
Banking Act. Any bank can only own or
be obligated to buy an amount of bonds
limited to 10 percent of the bank's
capital and surplus. Therefore the risk
level Is not raised.
Revenue bond financing from which
commercial banks are now automatically
excluded runs about one-third of the
total market. State and local govern-
ments need the broadest possible markets
for their growing volume of securities.
The broader the market the greater the
competition and the lower the interest
rate. If commercial banks' were per-
mitted to participate in revenue bond
financing the Interest rate that the mu-
nicipalities and States must pay would be
lower. Therefore more public Improve-
ments which are financed in this way
would be possible.
THE NIAGARA FRONTIER IN WEST-
ERN NEW YORK STATE
(Mr. DUI-SKI (at the request of Mr.
ALBERT) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks in the body of the
RECORD at this point and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, on Fri-
day, April 19, 1963, the Niagara frontier
in western New York State was honored
by a very impressive ceremony-the New
York Army National Guard assumed
operational responsibility for the first
Nike-Hercules air defense sites in the
State of New York.
It was my pleasure to witness this
eventful occasion and under leave to
extend my remarks in the RECORD, I am
happy to include the program.
Music by the 27th Armored Division
Band, New York Army National Guard,
which was followed by the rendition of
honors. The invocation was given by a
National Guard officer and the change
of command- ceremony followed. Lt.
Ronald J. McQuaid, U.S. Army, was re-
lieved by Capt. Robert H. Dupont, New
York Army National Guard; Lt. William
R. Pooley, U.S. Army, was relieved by
Capt. Henry E. Close, New York Army
National Guard.
Col. Thomas A. Rodgers, commanding
officer, 31st Artillery Brigade-Air De-
fense-made the opening remarks which
follow:
Distinguished guests, ladies, and gentle-
men, it is a pleasure and a privilege to wel-
come you to the Lancaster Missile Site. The
symbolic ceremony that you have just wit-
nessed marks the transfer of manning re-
sponsibility for two Nike-Hercules sites to
the New York Army National Guard. This
unit, the 2d Missile Battalion, 209th Artillery,
has a proud record of service in the Nike-
Ajax program. It is only proper that it is
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