THE CUBAN SITUATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250008-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2004
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: April 18, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

6238
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 18
power to secure the removal of the .So= Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, first I
viet presence in Cuba. wish to say to the distinguished majority
Our country stands upon solid ground leader that he has my continuing re-
in pursuing this policy. If Mr. Khru- spect, simply because of the fairness
shchev promised the removal of the So- with which he comments on all public
viet force, I cannot see that the con- questions, in this instance on the very
that he keep his promise will lead to
any confrontation that would be different
from that which existed last fall.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Not at all.
Mr. COOPER. But Mr. Khrushchev's
promise is not the true base of such a
policy. The extension of Soviet force
into this hemisphere violates even the
kind of status quo that Khrushchev has
urged for the Soviet Union's purposes.
Not long ago he spoke about East Ber-
lin and East Germany. He said that
they had become an integral part of
Communist Eastern Europe, and that the
Soviet Union would not tolerate any in-
trusion by the Western Powers, includ-
ing the United States, into that area.
Yet he has extended Soviet force into
this hemisphere.
I say this reluctantly: taking into full
consideration the very strong position
of our country last fall at the time of
crisis-when Mr. Khrushchev was re-
quired to admit his wrong by the with-
drawal of, missiles-if the Soviet Union
continues to maintain its forces in Cuba,
then the Soviet Union has made the
great gains In the whole affair.
I am sure the President is using all
the means, other than force, which are
available to him at this time, to Insist
upon the withdrawal of the Soviet
forces-and we support him.
Nevertheless, if the country can know
that, with respect to Cuba, it is our pur-
pose 'to secure the withdrawal of Soviet
forces, and to take every step that can
properly be taken to do this, it would
be indeed helpful, and it would give more
comfort to all of us.
If these means fail, if provocations
occur, and if the danger to our security
continues because of the Soviet presence,
I would believe that it could lead in time
to a crisis such as we faced last fall,
Mr. MANSFIELD. I believe the Sen-
ator is making an assumption which
could possibly turn out to be a justified
assumption. I do not know. The Sen-
ator from Kentucky does not know. I do
wish to assure the Senator that, so far as
the President is concerned, he is doing
everything in his power to bring about
not only a reduction in the Soviet troops
and technicians in Cuba, but also to
bring about a withdrawal of both from
that island back to their homeland or
elsewhere outside the Western Hemi-
sphere.
I know that the president is doing all
he can do, in his position, and in the
light of the circumstances which con-
front him. I assure the Senator from
Kentucky that what he has said has
been taken to heart.
I compliment the Senator from Ken-
tucky on his consistency, and I wish to
say that, while it is true he has not
spoken much on Cuba or any other as-
pects of our foreign policy, that fact has
meant a loss to the Senate, to the coun-
try, and to the administration.
guished junior Senator from New York
[Mr. KEATING] today.
It is needless for me to add that he
has also my fond friendship, just because
he is a "good guy."
I wish to make some comments on
the subject he has discussed, if I may.
I am a Republican. I am a Republican
U.S. Senator. I am an American first,
just as the Presiding Officer is first an
American, and just as every other Mem-
ber of the Senate is first of all an'Amer-
ican.
There will be some lurid, emotional,
and ill-considered comments made by
some people, whose intellectual gyrations
get a little phrenetic on foreign policy
generally. Some of these statements
will be made by Democrats, and some
of them will be made by Republicians.
I believe that my friend, the majority
leader, will, not mind my recalling that
when Dwight Eisenhower determined to
cancel our recognition of the Castro gov-
ernment, because Mr. Eisenhower would
not make the people and the Govern-
ment of the United States take anymore
insults from that vile little person,: some
of my brethren across the aisle de-
nounced Eisenhower for doing it. I do
not believe that served a very construc-
tive purpose. Eisenhower was right in
what he did. I hope we over here on
this side of the aisle will try to be con-
structive when we speak out on public
questions, particularly on those ques-
tions which involve the very future of
America.
A few days ago the second anniversary
of the Bay of Pigs occurred. It was from
Eisenhower on, down that the tone of
the Republican Party in this country
was set. It was . General Eisenhower,
speaking from Gettysburg, who said,
"We all face the same evil. Let 'us not
now engage in partisan, political com-
ment. I suggest we do not now make
I want this country to be united. I
want the country to recognize that the
President of the United States, whoever
he is, during his- term, speaks for all of
us in matters of foreign policy. But I
want it also to be clearly understood that
when able men, like the junior Senator
from New York, rise in the'Senate or in
the country to make constructive com-
ments, they have a right-indeed, a
duty-to do so, and that they reflect the
heartfelt, soulfelt concern of the Ameri-
can people when they do so. The Amer-
ican people are concerned-deeply
concerned-and will continue to be con-
cerned so long as there is any commu-
nism in this hemisphere; so long as there
is communism anywhere on the globe.
Let us never forget the duplicity and
the deceit by which the Soviet Union took
into Cuba rockets which could have
blown into ruin and rubble great cities
in the United States and in this hemi-
sphere.
I think some of us can be pardoned for
wondering whether a promise on any
subject by the Soviet Union Is susceptible
of complete credibility. The American
people-and I believe the junior Senator
from New York [Mr. KEATING], reflects
their thinking-want firmness, vigor,
and honorable dedication to principle by
any occupant of the White House. That
is what we want. The people of the
country are united with respect to that
desire.
We seek peace; but in the words of the
present occupant of the White House, we
have fought wars before. We seek to
advance the cause of peace with justice
in this country. And, in advancing that
cause, responsible and constructive com-
ment is the duty of each of us.
I merely say to my friend, MIKE
MANSFIELD, a great Senator, a great rep-
resentative of the Democratic Party, a
great leader in this Chamber, that there
will be no division between Senators
whom he represents on his side of the
aisle and Senators on this side of the
aisle in wanting and urging the President
of the United States to apply firmness
and vigor in the conduct of the foreign
policy of this country.
the fiasco of the Bay of Pigs one of polit-
ical discussion." There was a responsi-
ble, patriotic American speaking. There
was a great American, who acted as he
saw the light in the best interest of the
country as, indeed, he always did. Yet, ?
occasionally, some of the lunatic fringe
have denounced Eisenhower as a "Com-
munist dupe." Think of it.
My able friend, the Democratic leader
in the Senate, has mentioned the goal
of our country. What is the goal of the
Government of the United States and
the people of the United States? Is it
not the security of our country? Is it
not the perpetuation of our liberty? Is
it not the advancement of this world
toward peace and justice with honor?
I think it is; and particularly with re-
spect to Cuba, I believe the goal of the
American people and of our Government
was reflected in the Cuban resolution
which we wrote here in the Senate and
in the other body last year.
MODEL U.N. ASSEMBLY
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, this year
on April 19 and 20 the Ninth Model
United Nations Assembly is to be held at
the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.
Students will participate and represent
member nations in sessions similar to
those held by the real U.N. Assembly in
New York City. These students will
concern themselves with the same inter-
national problems with which that
organization must deal. They will en-
deavor to see problems through the eyes
of the nationals whom they are desig-
nated to represent.. Even the Iron Cur-
tain countries will be represented with
vigor and zeal. The realism of the de-
bate and the Insight displayed by these
high school students is reassuring to
oldsters who wonder how our land will
fare for leaders when we are gone.
Through such participation, these stu-
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
Clothing: Up a bit. When the April In-
dex Is Issued, it well may be higher be-
cause of the introduction of the spring
lines.
SERVICES STILL GOING
Services: Higher. Coats of medical and
personal care are still climbing, but again
the rate of rise has perceptibly slowed.
So, where do you come out? If you
have a steady job with year-to-year pay in-
creases of more than l t/2 percent, you come
out ahead. Your "real" purchasing power Is
continuing to Increase an average Of 2 per-
cent a year.
As a housewife, you also can come out
ahead if you shop with moderate care. Tak-
ing advantage of the food specials and bar-
gain sales In reputable stores can cut big
chunks from your expenses.
We cannot ignore the tragedy of the mil-
lions who are unemployed and the mil-
lions who are wholly dependent on small,
fixed pensions. These challenges we must
meet.
But for the vast majority, 1963 is shaping
TH C AN ITUATION
Mr. M r. President, I am
sure the RECD will reveal that I have
refrained from making any extremist
type statements on the Cuban situation.
but I have been sitting here long enough
to have heard some of the comments
made about some of the positions of the
Republican Party. I wish to say, speak-
ing as only one Member on the Republi-
can side of the Senate, I wholehearted-
ly endorse the principle of a bipartisan
foreign policy and particularly with re-
spect to Cuba. I also point out that we
do have a bipartisan foreign policy with
respect to Cuba. That is not the prob-
lem.
The problem is that while we have a
bipartisan foreign policy with respect
to Cuba, and the Republicans and Demo-
crats alike are joined together on it, one
reason why the Republicans and a good
many of the Democrats, I might point
out, are unhappy about the situation is
that we have not had an implementation
of that policy. Until we have an imple-
mentation of the policy, I fear and re-
gret this is going to be an Issue.
I thank the Senator.
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I know
I share the feeling of all those who
heard the majority leader. We com-
mend him upon the dispassionate and
objective critique that he has made of
the speech of the junior Senator from
New York [Mr. KEATINGI-the speech
which he is now making before the
American Society of Newspaper Editors.
It is characteristic of the majority lead-
er's fairness.
The speech of the majority leader has
meaning because, in the last few weeks
and months, there has been some criti-
cism, which I believe unjustified, of the
junior Senator from New York because
he has made from time to time com-
ments and recommendations regarding
our policy in Cuba. I know that on sev-
eral occasions, after hearing his speeches
or reading them, I have said on the floor
that I have considered his speeches to
be constructive, informative, and useful.
They did not bear the mark of a "war
hawk" or, as the majority leader has
said, "war whooper."
I know that a great many of us feel
strongly that bipartisanship in foreign
policy is essential. particularly in regard
to issues which bear upon the security
of the country.
Bipartisanship Is always difficult to
describe. I know I have attempted to do
so several times. I believe it means we
should be mutually thoughtful, con-
structive, moderate, just, and fair in our
discussion of these issues, and have the
knowledge that when a decision is made
at last by the President of the United
States, we must support him, and sup-
port him gladly.
I think It is also agreed there should
be an opportunity, under bipartisan pol-
icy, to discuss these matters and discuss
them fully.
I know we remember, at the time of
the crisis last fall, the great concern we
felt when we were briefed and knew the
country might be very close to war.
There was deep concern among the
people of the country, and we stood by
the President when he made his coura-
geous decision.
What happened at that time points up
the danger of the continuing situation-
one which under certain circumstances
might again lead to war.
What has troubled me, and I think It
has troubled a great many people in this
country, is the feeling which the Senator
from New York mentioned a while ago-
a feeling of unclearness, a feeling that
the policy or goals of the administration
on Cuba are unclear, unclear to the peo-
ple, difficult as is the problem.
I believe the Soviet presence in this
hemisphere Is really the Issue which
troubles the people. It is their presence
In Cuba which gives power and authority
to Castro. It is troubling not only be-
cause It establishes a base for arms and
subversion, but also because It gives
strength and force and support to Castro
and to Communist elements throughout
this hemisphere.
I consider that a goal which the peo-
ple of our country would understand,
and one which Is rightful, is the con-
tinued insistence by the administration
that Soviet Russia must withdraw Its
troops. For if circumstances develop be-
cause of their presence which provoke
or increase the danger to our security,
we might again have to face the issue
which the President faced last fall.
Now I wish to ask the majority leader
a question, and I speak with knowledge
and understanding of the problems fac-
ing the President of the United States-
a man whom we knew In the Senate,
whom we respected then, and respect
today. I have no doubt that the Presi-
dent Is trying to bring about the removal
of Soviet troops. It was stated last fall,
and on many occasions since, that Soviet
Chairman Khrushchev said the Soviet
troops would be withdrawn.
If it Is a matter of which the majority
leader has cognizance, and on which he
can speak out, I would like to know If
that was his understanding.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President,
may I say to the distinguished Senator
from Kentucky that that was the under-
standing of the Senator from Montana,
and still is his understanding. However,
I would point out that, to the best of my
knowledge, no date certain was set when
they would be taken out of Cuba; and,
to the best of my knowledge, the Presi-
dent's statement to the effect that there
are approximately 12,000 Soviet troops
and technicians remaining in Cuba, from
a high of 22,000 last October or Novem-
ber, is approximately correct.
The Senator from New York [Mr.
KEATINGI cites the figure 17,000. I do
not know what the source of his infor-
mation is, except that he does refer to
naval personnel as having informed him
on some subjects. But certainly, if the
President of the United States cannot
depend on the Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency, who in turn Is alert
not only to intelligence which his own
Agency furnishes, but that which is fur-
nished by other intelligence groups in
our country, then I do not know on
whom he can depend. I personally am
prepared to take the President's word,
and I do so wholeheartedly and unques-
tionably.
The Senator from New York has said.
we should not play the numbers game.
He cites the figure 17,000. He refers to
the administration figure of 12,000 or
14,000. He brings in 20,000 somewhere.
I agree with him that we should not
play a numbers game, but we should
recognize that our intelligence agencies
in this country are adequately staffed
with personnel and adequately financed,
so far as money is concerned, and these
are the agencies which must furnish the
administration in power-or any admin-
istration-with the best intelligence at
their disposal. Only on that basis can
the Chief of the Nation, the President,
and the National Security Council op-
erate the plans and work out the prob-
lems which concern them.
Mr. COOPER. I have never ques-
tioned the authority of the President.
Mr. MANSFIELD. The Senator from
Kentucky has not.
Mr. COOPER. I have always assumed
the President and the Government have
more sources of information and better
means of evaluating information than
has a Member of the Senate. I accept
that as a fact.
Mr. MANSFIELD. If the Senator will
yield, that was the assumption under
which I worked even when Mr. Eisen-
hower was President of the United
States, I think it is a good assumption
to work under at all times, because the
Congress has made adequate prepara-
tions to take care of the right kind of
agencies to furnish the right kind of in-
formation to the persons who have the
right to conduct the foreign affairs of
this country.
Mr. COOPER. I have always assumed
the thesis expressed by the distinguish
majority leader, although these agencies
Can make mistakes. But I want to get
off the subject of numbers, and empha-
size the policy-the goal which the peo-
ple of the United States will understand;
one which is valid, and one which the
majority leader has said, and I think
correctly, can be bottomed upon the
promise of Khrushchev. It is that our
administration will do everything in its
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6230 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
STATUS
Status of projects is Indicated as follows:
1. Project approved (grant offer made).
2. Project under construction.
3. Project completed.
Listed alphabetically by State.
NAME OF APPLICANT
As listed in the project application.
POPULATION CODE
Federal grants made on a basis of population:
1.. Less than 2,500
0. 60,001 to 128,000
2. 2,500 to 5,000
7. 126 001 to 250,000
a. 5,001 to 10,000
8. 250,001 to 800,000
4. 10,001 to 26,000
0. 500,001 and over
5. 25,001 to 50,000
April 18
1)ESCILIPTION
Description ofthe project as outlined in project application:
1. Treatment plant G. Treatment plant and outfall sewer
2. Outfall sewer 7. Treatment plant and intercepting sower
3. Intercepting sewer 8. oa.tfall sewer and intercepting sewer
4. Other 0. Waste stabilization ponds with appurte-
5. Treatment plant, outfall sewer, and nances
intercepting sewer
TYPE CONSTRUCTION
Type of construction as described in the application:
1. Now 8. New and extension
2. Extension or addition e. Now and remodeling
3, Remodelhigand alteration 7. Ex tension and remodeling
4. New, extensionandromodeling
ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT
Estimated project cost in which Federal grant funds are participating.
FEDERAL. GRANT ORDER
Amount(s) of the Federal grant(s) offered to the applicant. Accelerated public works
grants are always identified. Water pollution control grants are identified as such only
when a project has also received an AI'W grant.
PROJECT APPROVED
Montle and year in which the project was approved and the offer of a grant was Blade
to the applicant.
Mr. MANSFIEb ,.--fir. President,
when I turned on the radio this morn-
ing I was greeted with the announcement
on the news broadcast that "HEATING
Strikes Again."
Naturally I was interested. I always
wonder what is happening when one of
my colleagues strikes: In the broadcast,
I was informed that the distinguished
junior Senator from New York [Mr.
KEATING] was going to make a speech
on the Cuban situation before the Amer-
ican Newspaper Publishers Association
today.
I have had an opportunity to read the
speech of the distinguished Senator, and
I find it is a well prgpared speech, and
that in many respects it is a most con-
structive speech.
There are areas in which I would dis-
agree with the junior Senator from New
York. However, by and large I believe
that he is making a distinct contribution
to a better understanding of the situa-
tion which confronts us all, regardless
of party affiliation.
In reading the speech of the distin-
guished Senator from New York, I note
that he says, on the first page:
It is foolish for anyone to pretend that
there are easy answers to the Cuban problem.
There are not now. There never were.
I agree with that statement com-
pletely.
Then he continues:
The candidates in every national cam-
paign-when interest in public affairs is at
its highest-do a great deal to confuse and
mislead the public by excessive promises of
solutions, results, and changes.
I would suggest there.that in addition
to the word "national," he might use
"State, district, local, and county cam-
paigns." I say that because it is not
confined to presidential campaigns, as I
assume that is what the Senator is speak-
about, and in the past tense.
I would say it would be more accurate
to include all kinds of campaigns.
On the second page the Senator states:
In my own judgment, both major parties
have made serious blunders in Cuba and
must share responsibility not only for the
conditions which now exist, but for the lack
of any consistent policy for coping with
them.
I would agree with that statement.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
JAVITS in the chair). The time of the
Senator has expired.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Is there further
morning business?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. If there
be no further morning business, morning
business is closed. The Senator from
Montana is recognized.
Mr. MANSFIELD. On the second page
the distinguished Senator from New York
states:
In developing a common policy, we must
start with agreement on certain premises.
I see no useful purpose to be served, there-
fore, by recriminations over past mistakes.
The only hope for bipartisanship on Cuba;
in my judgment, is for our political leaders
to leave the past to historians and devote
their energy to devising a common policy for
the future.
Again I thoroughly agree with the
distinguished Senator from New York.
In the next paragraph he states:
The first lesson of Cuba is that-
Let me say parenthetically that it
seems rather strange for me to be mak-
ing this speech before the Senator from
New York has even had an opportunity
to make his speech before the Newspaper
Publishers Association.
The Senator states:
The first lesson of Cuba is that we must
concentrate our attention on the key pieces,
not the pawns of the cold war struggle.
Khrushchev is the problem in Cuba, not
Castro.: Castro himself is no more of a
menace to the United States than any other
Latin American dictator, past or present,
who has put his own personal megalomania
and position ahead of the welfare of his
people.
Well, Mr. President, I would not give
the chief credit to Mr. Khruschev, that
he is the real problem in Cuba. I would
go a step further, and, instead of dis-
sociating Castro from Khrushchev, I
would lump them both together, because
they are made of the same cloth.
In. the next paragraph the Senator
states:
The missile crisis showed that there were
limits to our forbearance, but of late we
have also given the impression that under
some circumstances we will take steps to
protect the Communist establishment in
Cuba.
Mr. President, I would agree with the
first part of that statement, that there
are limits to our forbearance. However,
I certainly disagree with the second
part of the statement, that "of late we
have also given the impression"-he
does not say that we are doing it, but
that we have "given the impression that
under some circumstances we will take
steps to protect the Communist estab-
lishment in Cuba."
Nothing could be further from the
objective of this administration.
Then on the next page the distin-
guished Senator from New York says:
Those who say we must deal with commun-
ism in Cuba by concentrating all .our efforts
on social and economic problems in Latin
America, however eloquent they may be and
however worthy and necessary such efforts
may be, just aren't fully facing up to the
facts.
That is a questionable statement, be-
cause, if I recall the historical back-
ground of the Alliance for Progress, it
did not state- that a concentration of
efforts under the Alliance or under any
other program would cure the social and
economic problems of Latin America.
I think the emphasis was that the
"cure" so-called, would have to be ad-
ministered by. the nations themselves,
and that all that our country could do
would be to help on the periphery.
I emphasize, however-and I think
history-even modern history-will bear
this out-that there are Castro columns
in many countries in Latin America, and
that if something is not done by the
countries of the hemisphere to help
themselves, along with the peripheral as-
sistance from us, those Castro columns
will take advantage of the difficulties,
such as hunger and poverty, which will
make themselves felt and are even now
making things extremely difficult for the
governments now in power.
In the next paragraph, the Senator
from New York continues:
I have supported the Alliance for Prog-
ress in the past and expect to continue to
do so. But the. Alliance can no more be
relied upon as a complete cure for Castro-
Ism In Latin America than a few addi-
tional public works projects would be re-
garded as a complete cure for unemployment
in our own country.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6229
ment is, and has b:cn, exploring all avenues
of approach to an effective amelioration of a
worrisome and complicated problems." At
the same time, it ought to be made clear
that it all attempts at regional arms con-
trol fall, Israel will get the help It needs
and not just snappish lectures about worri-
some and complicated problems.
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ACT-MONTANA
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, the
Federal grant-in-aid program has been
one of the most beneficial aspects of our
Federal system. Through various grant-
in-aid programs the Federal Govern-
ment has come to the aid of cities, com-
munities, and Institutions by supple-
State have been improved because of this
program.
The Water Pollution Control Act has
provided incentive and the means for im-
proved sanitation, improved water sys-
tems, and clean streams. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent to have printed
at the conclusion of my remarks in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a tabulation of
individual projects approved in Montana.
It is an impressive documentation of a
Federal-State program which has been
of tremendous service to the people of
Montana.
There being no objection, the -tabula-
tion was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
Popu- Dc- Type
lalfon scrip- con-
code tJon struc-
Linn
Estimated
eligibles
Federal
grant offer
MONTANA
9
1
856
160
$4!t, 256.87
May 1962.
Belt
---------------------------
City of Belt --- ----------------------------------
9
,
893
63
16, 167.89
January 1958.
-------
Bi
Timber
----------------------
City of Dig Timber---------------------------------
5
1
,
191
217
571.43
38
July 1962.
g
------
Bigfork
-------------------------- ---
Flatliewl (`County Board of County Commnera__
5
3
1
,
157
333
,
101,447.24
March 1957.
---
Billinga-------------------------- - ------
City of Billing,-------------------------------------
1
2
,
410.000
123,000.00
March 1963.
do
-
------------?-----
-
--do---------- ----------------- -----
5
3
1
064
623
150
518. 80
May 1961.
_--
-
-----?-------
-------------------------
-
do
do---_-------
9
1
.
740
87
,
322.03
26
October 1958.
-------
-
-
Boulder
-----------?-------------
-
Montgomery State Training School-----------------
1
9
,
31
792
,
9,537.55
January ]NO.
------
-
Boz Elder
--------------------------
County of Bill-- -----------------------------------
4
1
7
,
34
373
10, 311.96
October 19611.
----
Bozeman
----------------------------
City of Bowman -----------------------------------
4
3
2
,
245
02
18,673.46
October 1962.
---
do --
-------------------------------
do------ ----??-------------------------------
4
3
2
,
85, 681
26,704.22
June 1962.
-----
-
do ------------------------------
___
-.do---------------------------------------- .----
9
1
25, 574
7,1172. 27
April 1980.
-----
:
- --------------- ---
Bridger
Town of Brldger -___-______
I
i
6
3
1
118
877
1
250,00(1.00
November 1957.
------- ----
Butte
--------- -------------------
_-_-_.
ct
Meirupollttn Sanitary Storm Sewer Distr
9
1
,
,
50,248
15, 074.40
April 1961.
-----
Cascade
---------------------------
Town of Cascade ---------------------- -----------
1
1
105
748
31, 724.32
September 1961.
-----
Columbus
--------------------
Town of Columbus-----------------??------------
9
1
,
062
46
13
81& 60
May 1957.
. ---------
Culbertson -
---------------------------
Town of Culbertson ------------------ -..............
2
9
,
200,971
,
00.
August 1957.
-
Cut Bank-----------------------------
City of Cut Bank -?------------------ --------------
2
9
212,492
63, 747.60
July 1958.
Deer Lodge
---- -------------------
City of Deer Lodge-------------------------------
9
Y
24 440
7, 63100
August 1957.
-----
Dodson
------------------------
Tows of Dodson -------------------------??-----
9
43, 272
12, 981.49
April 1960.
-------
Drummond-
-- -------------------------
Town of Drumm,and.------------------------------
6
68, 087
20, 606.22
October 1959.
-
Eureka
-
---------------------------
Town of Eureka------------------------------------
B
j-09. 057
38,717.22
Do.
----
-
Fort Benton ------------------------ ----
City of Fort BcoLon- ------------------------------
9
45, 200
13, 860.00
April 1960.
Fromlerg
--------------------- ----
Town or Frulnix-rg___------------------------------
9
12, 646
3, 763.99
March 1957.
------
Geraldine
-----------------
Town of Geraldine----------------------------------
2
9
4
167
145
43, 550.02
October 1958.
--------------
-------------------------
Glasgow
City of Glasgow ------------------------------------
3
9
,
15, 000
4, 500.00
April 1902.
-------
----- do__________________________________
Olendlve
-------------------------
valley County lnlprotiement District 2-__-___-__---
Rural Intprovenlent District I______________________
t
3
9
9
1
1
83, 163
428, 046
24, 948.80
128, 413. 71
May 1958.
February 1959.
------
----- o----------------------------------
------------------------
-
Great Falls
City of CIendive------------------------------------
City of Great Falls-- ------------------------------
6
5
9
1
1
1,620,011
47, 949
261, 000.00
14,384.61
October 1958.
April 1958.
-
-
-------------------
Harlowton
City of ll clowton----------------------------------
9
1
40, 309
12, 092.68
October 1959.
-----------
Helena
-------------------------
Vocatiomd school girls-------------------------------
4
5
1
542, 000
162,600.00
April 1958.
_------
--- --------------------
do
City of Ilclens--------------------------------------
9
2
5,500
1, 650.00
November 1962.
- --------
-
- Hingham
------------------------
Town of llinghom----------------------------------
9
1
41,110
12,333.00
January 1962.
-------
Joplin
----------------------
City ofJopiln ---------------------------------------
3
1
7
217,070
85, 120.95
August 1958.
----------
------------- ____________
Kalispell
City'of Kalispell------------------------------------
61,293
18,397.77
April 1966.
-------
Kevin
-------------------------
Town of Kevin------------------------------- ----=--
2
7
4
451,058
135, 317.37
October 1960.
---------
Laurel
------------------------
`
City of Laurel--------------------------------------
6
6
738.248
220, 874.40
February 1963.
-
-------
Libby---------------------------------
Livingston
--------------------
Lincoln count) SID--------------------------------
Ci ty or Livingston ----------------------------------
3
6
9
436,129
131,360
130,838.37
30, 408.07
October 1959.
September 1957.
----------
M alts---------------------------------
Manhattan-
-----------------------
-
City of Malts ---------------------------------------
Town of Manhattan _____________---_--------------
1
3
9
9
50,790
248, 540
15.236-97
74, 551.01
April 1960.
October 1960.
-
-
Miles City
-----------------------
City of Miles City----------------------------------
6
1
1
1113, 976
1
365,193-06
March 1962.
-------
Mbsoula-------------------------------
(:ity of Missoula -----------------------------------
---------
d
-
8
5
,
1, 085, 302
32.5, 617.60
Do.
1961
b
----- do----------------------?-----------
Yhili]>aburg
-------------? ? ------
o-------------------------------------
.
;r own of Philip"burg-------------------------------
I
-
1
1
9
1
1
87, 5211
19,973
26, 266.50
5, or. 14
.
Septem
er
July 1957.
--?-
Plcvma
--------------------------
Town ofl'lev-na ------------------------------------
-
1
9
1
243, 609
72, 900.00
January 1960.
--------
Poison
-----------------------
C'ity of Pobon------------------------- ------------
9
1
54,760
16, 428.00
May 1962.
-----------
Poplar ----------------------------------
Riche
--------------------
City ofl'opta ---------------------------
Town of Richey------------------------------------
r
- 1
1
_
9
9
1
1
29,685
35,281
8, 9m. 64
10,584.33
March 1957.
February 1062.
y -------------
Roberts ---------------------------------
rnlxove-
Carbon County Board of Commissioners
rnent District 3.
I
9
1
192, 000
57,600.00
January 1963.
Itonan
-------------------------
City of It-nun ---------------------------?--------
-
-
2
9
1
91.137
27, 341. 21
May 1958.
--------
Shelby
-------------------------
- C'ity of Shelby--------------------------------
1
9
1
70,326
21,097.84
Appril 1958.
--------
Sheridan
--------------------------
Town of Sheridan _--------------------------------
-
-
2
9
1
127,054
38, 116.17
vlarch 1959.
-----
Sidney
--------- -
City of Sidney -----------------------------------
-
-
1
9
1
26.4110
7, W20. 00
November 1962.
--------
Stanford--
-----------------------
-
StevensviBe
Town of Stanford ------------------- ---------------
Town of Stevemsville-------------------------------
-
-
- 1
1
9
9
1
6
32,7:9
87.000
9,833.6
26,100-0
1 November 1959.
0 July 1960.
-
--
-------------------------
Three Forks
Town of Three Forks------------------------------
-
-
1
9
4
48, 851
14, 655.1
2 May 1958,
--
-------- -------------------
Townsend
Town of Townsend--------------------------------
-
-
1
9
1
91,511
27,453.2
9 July 1062.
--
Twin Bridges
----------------------
Town of Twin Bridges-----------------------------
-
'
-
1
9
1
40,871
1 2, 261.3
September 1957.
0
---
-----------------------
Twin Bridges
s Home_________________
Montana State Children
-
1
9
1
35,254
10, 576.2
August 1959.
0
---
\'after
---------------------------
Town of Wier -------------------??--------------
-
-
2
5
1
128, 897
38, 669.1
0 Do.
-------
Warm Springs ----------------------?
White Sulphur Springs________--------
- Montana Mail, Hospital ---------------------------
Town of White Sulphur Springs-------------------
-
-
-
- 1
2
9
6
1
1
64,540
350,000
19,302.0
1(15, 000.0
5 September 1957.
0 October 1960.
Whitefish
--------------------
City of t
hiteliah---------------------------------
-
--
1
9
1
79,425
23, 827.4
0 November 1959.
----------
Whitehall----
-------------------------
City of WhitchalL_-___--_------------------------
-
--
1
9
1
26. 505
7,960.6
1 January 1960.
-
Winifred --
--- ----------------- ------
Town of Winifred ---------------------------------
-
--
2
6
1
78,954
23, 680.2
May 1958.
9
-
Wolf Point----------------------------
- City of Wolf Point_ -_-------------------------
--
menting local funds, participating in
local betterment projects, and making
technical and planning services avail-
abll. The Federal agencies have stepped
in where others have not been able or
willing.
Perhaps one of the most successful
grant-in-aid programs has been the Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Act. Since
the beginning of the program In 1957
and up to the end of March of this year
67 projects have been approved in Mon-
tana. Grants under the program totaled
$3,750,311.56 during this period. These
funds aid local pollution projects cost-
ing in excess of $15 million. These proj-
ects have benefited 309,625 Montanans,
and 933 miles of streams In the Treasure
Addendum to project register, Per. 31, 1962
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 1963 Approved For Release 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200250008-7
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
6231
I am delighted that the senator from he suggests in that respect? In the next structive manner and offered something
New York will continue, as I knew he paragraph the senator refers to his 14- in the way of possible alternatives. I am
would, his support of the Alliance for point program. I believe that that pro- happy to say that so far as the senator
Progress in the future, but again I reit- gram, either in whole or in large part, from New York is concerned, he has, by
erate that we know that neither the Ei- has been elucidated on the floor of the and large, always been constructive. He
senhower administration, which started Senate. I believe' also that the Senator has presented ideas and made sugges-
the Alliance for Progress, nor the pres- from New York stated that this program tions. I wish I could say the same for
ent administration, which continued it, had been given to the Director of the CIA, other critics of the administration, has has stated that the Alliance for Progress Mr. McCone. I am glad to note that can find disagreement with everything
would be "a complete" cure for Castroism later in his speech the Senator from New but nothing constructive to replace it.
in Latin America or anywhere else. York mentions that he has been In fairly The junior Senator from New York also
Continuing, the Senator from New York close contact with both Mr. McCone and says:
says: Secretary of State Rusk. In his spec h,
While I do not regard the recent outburst the Senator states: often, our own onc ecern ned to often,disc credit heir
of refugee hit and run attacks on Cuba as of, are more conredit this
a very After all, nothing is older and more tradi- critics than to use the national concern as
promising or effective remedy for tional than a naval blockade as it was ap- a powerful part of their diplomacy. This
Castroism, these outbursts mirror the frus- plied by the President in October. Although national conviction .determination
Cuban tration and friends, confusion that has overcome our and
I do not favor such action now, that so- should be one of the diplomatic strengths
called quarantine was one of the standard of a representative form of government. In-
I Would agree with that statement in tools of the 19th century diplomacy. We stead one gets the impression that it is
all
details, as I suppose every other statement made it work again, against a 20th century regarded as an embarrassment, that many
all of this body would, ev too. Further threat by using y our own 20th century would rather defend the status quo, what-
der
on page 3, ag, the fls of this the Senator too from New enforcement ability. ever it is, than try to alter it. Again and
York refers to what he calls the fourth I am glad that the Senator from New theiconcentrat d attacks rofhour toprofflci is and
lesson of Cuba. I should say, after read- York is so emphatic with respect to are directed not at the Communists, but at
ing the paragraph beginning his discus- where he stands on the question of a those Who are worried over the present situa-
sion of the fourth lesson of Cuba, that naval blockade at' this time. On the tion and working, and fighting to defend the
what the Senator has said there and in next page of his speech, the Senator from very same ideals to which we are or should
the succeeding paragraph would meet New York states: be ,publicly committed.
with the approval of all Senators. On For'instance, I see little to be gained in Let me say that I, as one Senator,
the next page, on the same point, he engaging in any numbers game with regard certainly would not approve of any at
says: to Soviet troops in Cuba.
tempt to bring discredit upon any Sen-
On this same point, I also understand from But then the Senator states: ator or any other American, either in
Navy personnel that in spite of the sur- But, according to my information, since or out of Congress, for expressing the
veillance we are conducting to make sure the withdrawal of the technicians who right to disagree. I think that is an in-
that weapons, personnel and other tools of accompanied the MRBM's and IRBM's and herent American right. I would quali-
subversion are not clandestinely shipped out bombers in mid-November, there has been fy that only to this extent, again, as
of Cuba, some Navy ships have specific orders no substantial reduction of Soviet I ilitary I have
not to searchlight smaller vessels that are personnel in Cuba. There were and are in
that
Wheal criticism preVm is USIy maadde, ne I would hope it
constantly moving in the Cuban and Carib- the neighborhood of 17,000 men there.
bean waters at night. would be constructive.
I should assume that the information He compares those figures with the Toward the end of the speech, the
which the d personnel the information ormatio figures given out by the administration, Senator from New York [Mr. KEATING]
ing h the bevy persn the Cmin t- and then states: made it clear that he has had oppor-ief lu
feof Frankly, however, I don't think the basic tunity to meet both with Secretary Rusk
Naval I- problem in g wo ntelligence and would he
tainly be available to Mr. John McCone, whether there are 17,000,414,000, a orr 20 00b and with Mr. McCone, the of
Director of the Central Intelligence Russian troops in Cuba.
0 the CIA, on Cuba , and that Dhe has the
Agency.
Agency. I express the hope that there impression that his recommendations
division pr split among the that there I point out-and it is, of course, public have been given serious consideration.
intelligence agencies which are su information-that the statement made In fact, I am sure they have.
osed
to combine their findings and rep
ot by the administration as to the number The Senator from New York stated:
them to the Director of the Central In- of troops and technicians in Cuba was Its, fact, while many points of my pro-
telligence Agency, who in turn, after ail made on the basis of information fur- gram, obviously, have not been implemented,
analysis, is supposed to bring the inter- nished by Mr. John McCone, Director of a number of measures have been taken by
ligence before the National Security the CIA. Mr. McCone, in turn, got his the Government in recent months, parallel-
Council
information from the combined intel- squeeze some of my proposals for an leo cer-
Council and the President for their con- s tainly have the Communists. While I cer-
sideration.
Continuing, the Senator ligence agencies which make up an, tainly have not been consulted in the formu-
New York states: aspect of this Government's security ration of the policies-nor is there any rea-
The Soviets will continue to advance, arm. I believe also that Mr. McCone, son why I should have been-the attitude
test us, to apply Communist pressures on the Mr. McNamara, and the President have of both Secretary Rusk and CIA Director
frontiers of the free world wherever and all stated that they were not in a posi- McCone was entirely constructive and from
whenever they thing they can gain by it. tion, and could not be in a position, to a personal point of view, very encouraging.
That is true. Continuing, the Senator give hard and fast figures as to the num- I think that is a sound statement and
from New York states: ber of troops that were in Cuba, and a statesmanlike comment.
It is up to us, not to tell them to stn that what they gave to the appropriate And toward the end of his speech, the
home, but to make it so unpleasant for them congressional committees, to the people Senator from New York said:
that they will come to that conclusion on of the country, and to the press, was
their own. We cannot tell them what to do. their best estimate based upon the best ican p opJ, a le4 can be developed inf su gned the ors erof
We have to prove to them that there is intelligence they could compile.. a firm and realistic program to
nothing else they can do. That is what we Later in his speech the Senator from drive the Communists from Cuba. eThis designed c to
in October, but we have not done it be- New York states: sensus would be reflected by a return to
fore or since. Until we convince them that The sixth lesson I draw from the Cuban bipartisanship in the spirit of the Vanden-
these excursions=and incursions-are a situation is that while disagreements are in-
berg era. What this will require, as I have
part of a "travel now-pay dearly" plan on evitable, attempts to discredit the motives tried to point out in my remarks, is bet-
their part, we are inviting them to continue sincerity of every critic are bound to
and
planning their all-expense tours to this contribute to disunity, ter communication, a sharing of responsa,
hemisphere, bility for the conditions which exist in Cuba, a I certainly would not find it difficult Amermore iri andifl disclosure of facts to the
aders In
Well, what program does the Senator to appreciate what a critic of this ad- either party will notn attempt to make politi-
from New York propose that the admin- ministration has said, provided that ' cal capital out of success or failure in Cuba,
istration enforce in carrying out what when he criticized, he did so in a con- and the articulation not of an easy, but
No. 56-5
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 18
of a clear and consistent program of ac-
tion.
I wish to say that, by and large, I
agree with what the distinguished junior
Senator from New York said. There are
points of difference; but his is the kind
of speech which I think is constructive
in large part and can be considered a
contribution to a better understanding
and a better facing up to a difficulty
which confronts us in this hemisphere.
Mr. President, at this moment the dis-
tinguished junior Senator from New
York [Mr. KEATING I is delivering a major
address on the Cuban situation-or,
more accurately, on our Government's
response to that situation-to the Amer-
ican Society of Newspaper Editors. The
major purpose of his speech is to define
and examine the concept of bipartisan-
ship in foreign affairs, as it has developed
in recent years, and as it relates to Cuba.
In this speech the Senator from New
York very rightly calls bipartisanship "a
means of strengthening the role of the
United States in its International and
diplomatic ventures." He says it repre-
sents "a symptom of the consensus
shared by the American people on for-
eign policy issues." He says:
Communist Cuba is an obvious case on
which no clear consensus of opinion exists.
In part, that is clearly true.
Mr. President, in our country there
are voices--Walter Lippmann calls them
"the voices of the warwhoopers"-who
call for an immediate invasion of Cuba.
Some of them would have us participate
in such an invasion, and some believe the
job could be done by other countries in
the Organization of American States.
The Senator from New York [Mr. KEAT-
ING] is not one of those "warwhoopers."
As he says in his remarks, he opposes a
blockade now, and has always opposed
an invasion.
But there are other voices, even in high
places, who insinuate that the adminis-
tration has "appeased" the Soviets in
the Cuban affair. But, Mr. President, as
the Senator from New York says about
"easy answers to the Cuban problem"-
The course of events in Cuba shows bow
unwise and dangerous such campaign ora-
tory Is, and I hope it will serve as an object
lesson as to the need for restraint in future
political contests.
Mr. President, I am reminded of the
visit of the Governor of the great State
of New York to the Capital of the Na-
tion during the past week, and I am re-
minded of some of the things he said and
some of the insinuations he made and
some of the peculiar comparisons he
made. He did not in my opinion, speak
in a statesmanlike manner on the Cuban
issue while he was here-in contrast to
the way in which the. Senator from New
York [Mr. KEATINC] is today addressing
the American Society of Newspaper Edi-
tors.
Other voices are calling for "unleash-
ing" the Cuban exiles on our shores, no
matter what consequences that might
have on the conduct of U.S. foreign
policy in the area. Again, the Senator
from New York [Mr. KEATING] Is not
among those voices.
We do heat- the voice of the Senator
from New York [Mr. KEATING] asking
for a forthright and firm policy aimed
at the elimination of the Soviets from
Cuba. In other speeches he has pre-
sented a plan for economic action
against the Communists in Cuba-a plan
which seemed to me to be directed not
so much against the Soviets as against
Cuba itself. But the Senator from New
York [Mr. KEATING) says that a Castro
Cuba, with the Russians absent, would
be more an object of pity than an object
of fear. What concerns him is the con-
tinued existence of Soviet forces In Cuba.
He calls for firm action by the President.
The Senator from New York says he
believes this strengthens the President's
hand, and does not undermine him "as
do cries for caution, more acceommoda-
tion." and so forth.
At this point, Mr. President, I may
suggest that the voice of caution is not
to be abhorred, even in connection with
the Cuban situation. Voices, such as
that of the Senator from South Da-
kota [ Mr. MCGOVERN 1, which call for an
end to our obsession with Cuba as the
only matter of consequence in Latin
America, should be listened to. Any-
one who believes that the excision of the
last Russian from Cuba will "cure" the
problem of Latin America, is Indeed a
dreamer.
It is part of the duty of responsible
Government officials not only to urge
firm action against obvious dangers, but
also to caution the people against self-
delusions of that kind.
I share the faith of the Senator from
New York [Mr. KEATING] in the wisdom
of bipartisanship in foreign affairs. As
he says, he has had numerous meetings
with officials of the State Department
and the CIA over the Cuban matter.
The Republican leadership in Congress
has been kept informed of developments.
Ultimate responsibility for the conduct
of our policy vis-a-vis Cuba rests, of
course, with the President.
I should like to point out, in follow-
ing up what the distinguished Senator
from Florida said earlier today, that
there are other suggestions which might
be considered, in addition to the setting
up of -a government-in-exile to which
recognition might be extended by this
country.
But let me say that recognition of a
Cuban government-in-exile should be
seriously considered only when the vari-
ous anti-Castro groups get together un-
der a responsible and recognized leader-
ship. That is not the case today, be-
cause, as I understand the situation.
there are at least 12 major groups of
anti-Castro Cuban refugees, and there
are many more smaller groups. If there
is to be a possibility of recognition of
a Cuban government-in-exile, solidarity
and real accommodation and real leader-
ship must be forthcoming.
In addition to giving serious consider-
ation to the recognition of a Cuban gov-
ernment-in-exile, I think consideration
might well also be given to a hemispheric
quarantine of Cuba, on the model recom-
mended by the organization of Ameri-
can States in imposing economic sanc-
tions against the Dominican Republic
in 1960, and that ways should be found
to prevent the training of propagandists
between Cuba and Latin America-both
ways-and in that way to lessen contacts
between Communist leaders and parties
in Latin America with thgir counter-
parts in Cuba.
The OAS should not only proclaim
principles and adopt resolutions, but
should also -take the leadership in a
matter which is not only a U.S. prob-
lem but a hemispheric problem as well.
The authority exists in the Organiza-
tion of American States if its members
wish to exercise it.
I would hope that we would not be-
come so involved in any one particular
problem that we would lose sight of the
other problems which confront the
President of the United States. Of
course, he must consider Cuba. He does
give it prior consideration. He must
consider the rest of Latin America, West-
ern Europe, the emerging African situ-
ation, the situation in the Middle East,
the difficulties which confront us now
in southeast Asia, and most especially in
Vietnam, and possibly in Laos. He
must consider also the situation as it
affects the 7th Fleet in our relations
with Taiwan; the situation in Korea,
which is far from settled, because there
all we have is a truce and an uneasy
one.
This man who is President of the
United States, who is criticized so often
and so easily by so many, not only must
consider the foreign policy of our coun-
try in at least a dozen areas, if not more,
but he also must consider the domestic
policy of our Nation. Problems are
brought to his attention day after day
after day by people who do not have to
make the decisions. They can make
speeches. But there is only one man in
our country who has final authority and
responsibility under the Constitution in
the field of foreign policy. That man is
the President of the United States. He
has it whether he is a Democrat or a
Republican President of our country.
What he needs is support. I hope that
regardless of party, that support, based
on sound and good bipartisanship, will
be forthcoming, because the President is
one man in this Nation who needs that
kind of backing.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. New York seems to be
very much in the news this morning and,,
in the forefront of the Senator's mind.
Since I am at the moment New York's
sole representative on the floor of the
Senate, I hope the Senator will allow me
a minute to speak.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted, be-
cause I have some more information on
New York if the Senator wishes to bring
it up.
Mr. JAVITS. I think that what the
Senator has said about my colleague
[Mr. KEATING1 will be very much appre-
ciated by him. I gather that the general
thrust of the Senator's feeling is that
the remarks of my colleague [Mr. KEAT-
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1963
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6233
ING] represent on the whole an exercise
of bipartisanship in the development of
our policy in Cuba in a responsible way.
I appreciate what the Senator has said
about the President's burden. I have
just been through a very intensive cam-
paign in New York, where 10 percent of
the Nation's population live. I know of
nothing in the foreign policy field, and
though I am not too happy about it, I
am almost tempted because I feel so
strongly about the civil rights issue, to
say that it is probably the paramount
issue, both foreign and domestic. It
gives the American people a deep sense
of malaise that there is something wrong
about what is going on in Cuba. Ameri-
cans desire very much to find a course on
which they can feel more secure on Cuba.
They not only feel that the situation
in Cuba is very dangerous, since that
country is so close to our shores,. but also
in a personal sense, too, they believe
that it is a very serious source of infec-
tion for the whole Western Hemisphere.
We talked about the Marshall plan and
NATO to deal with the Communist
threat to Europe. I believe the American
people were never more cognizant of
the fact that the Communist threat is
right here at home. Perhaps every pol-
icy, economic as well as military, may
have to be revised to take care of the
Cuban situation..
It is very understandable to me, there-
fore, that my colleague has addressed
himself in such a thorough way to it.
That he was proved right last fall is now
a matter of history. Therefore, I am
glad to note that his words are being
listened to with the respect that they
deserve. But I emphasize to the Senator
that those of us who talk about Cuba
are impressed with the way it appeals
to the people we represent and how it
appeals to our sense of urgency and con-'
cern. It is fair to -say that they con-
sider it the No. 1 security issue before
them.
As to the constructive aspects, I join
with the Senator, I as does my colleague
[Mr. KEATING], in a bipartisan effort to
strip this whole discussion of partisan
aspects or partisan advantage. I have
noted the important points which the
Senator has made which would repre-
sent affirmative American policy.
I should like to make two observations
to the Senator.
First, I believe what is disquieting the
American people more than anything
else is that they do not know accurately
what commitments, if any, President
Kennedy has made to Chairman Khru-
shchev. They do not know, whether
there is any vestige of a commitment
with respect to Cuba which does. tie our
hands. I do not believe that there is
any. I so much respect the President's
view anfl appreciate the delicacy of his
position that, I myself have not uttered
words which would force him to disclose
precisely whether there are any com-
mitments. In the same way I have said
that I support the President in his ac-
tion regarding Cuban refugees. at the
present moment. I may" nqt feel that
way tomorrow if I think the situation
has changed. But for the present I feel
that he must be supported because he
is the man at the gun, and he has the
best understanding of the delicacy of.
his situation.
As the Senator Is commenting on the
question, and since he is a man of such
authority in respect to the administra-
tion, I desire to say that sooner or later
the American people, to obtain some inte-
gration in their thinking about Cuba,
need to understand that our hands are
really completely untied in every conceiv-
able respect in respect to any action we
might feel called upon to take, whether
it is a quarantine or anything else.
Our colleague, the Senator from Ken-
tucky [Mr. COOPER], who is the present
occupant of the chair, desired to be sure
that we were free to reimpose the quar-
antine. I joined with him in his ques-
tion.
The people wish to know-and they
have a right to know-that we are com-
pletely free to take any action on Cuba
necessary to our national interest.
The other subject I should like to
place before the Senator is a question in
relation to a security organization or a
mutual defense organization in the
Caribbean and Central America. Again
recognizing the delicacy of the Presi-
dent's position, I do not wish to force
any suggestion on him. I only point out
that here is something critically im-
portant that could complement the idea
that.we keep a check on who goes in and
out of Cuba. We should give the Central
American and Caribbean countries a
sense of strength in respect of resistance
either to Communist subversion or in-
filtration from Cuba. I know very well
the problems of Mexico. But I think
even Mexico would be very much affected
by the Impressive demonstration of the
willingness of Central America and the
Caribbean nations to commit themselves
to a mutual defense obligation. Those
are two of the points which are not
covered in the Senator's statement which'
I should like to submit to the Senator
for, his observation.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
do not believe I heard everything that
the Senator said. But I believe he men-
tioned the fact that the President should
have a free hand to decide what should
be done under any circumstances. In
other words, the President should have
the same kind of flexibility in the con-
duct and carrying out of our foreign pol-
icy as the Senator has expressed his
point of view in regard to his present
position on the question of Cuban exiles
and the hit-and-run raids on the islands
of Cuba and certain Soviet ships.
"Freedom" is a pretty hard word to
define in relation to an individual who
has the responsibility which the ?resi-
dent of the United States has. As I see
it-and I am sure that the Senator will
agree-the President cannot look at
merely one piece on the chessboard, but
must see the whole board and how all
the pieces fit. What he may do in one
part of the world will undoubtedly, in
this day and age, have an effect in other
parts of the world as a consequence.
The President does retain a degree of
-flexibility, When a situation arises
which puts a different slant on a partic-
ular question, it has been the President's
policy, by and large, in his less than 21/2
years in office, to call down the leader-
ship and discuss many of his problems.
I see the acting minority leader, the
distinguished Senator from California
[Mr. KUCHEil, on the floor. He has
been there on a number of occasions.
His colleague the Senator from Illinois
[Mr. DIRxSEN] has, also. The Senator
from Iowa [Mr. HIcKENLOOPERI, the Sen -
ator from Massachusetts [Mr. SALTON-
STALL], and other Senators on that side
of the aisle, as well as their counterparts
on the Democratic side, have been called
on occasion. So I would say that, if we
can intertwine the words "freedom" and
"flexibility," that would be about the best
way we could describe the responsibilities
which must be administered by any
President of this country.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, if the
Senator will yield further, I know that
my colleague, the Senator from Iowa
[Mr. MILLER], apparently is under some
compulsion to catch a plane. Could we
suspend this. discussion temporarily, for
I wish to continue it, so that the Senator
from Iowa may be recognized?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes.
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I thank
the distinguished majority leader and
also my good friend from New York.
THE BALANCE-OF-PAYMENTS
MIRAGE
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, the
American Institute for Economic Re-
search, in its Research Reports dated
April 15, 1963, explores again the ques-
tion of "The Balance-of-Payments Mi-
rage." It calls attention to the need
for more definitive information from the
Government on its policies regarding
this vitally important matter. And it
warns of the consequences of continu-
ing deficit financing of international pay-
ments by the Government, asserting that
"further tampering with the Nation's
purchasing power could open the flood-
gates to the ravage of domestic infla-
tion."
I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticle, entitled "The Balance-of-Payments
Mirage" from the April 15, 1963, issue
of Research Reports of the American
Institute for Economic Research, may be
printed in the RECORD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
JAVITS in the chair). Is there objection
to tie request by the Senator from Iowa?
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE BALANCE-OE-PAYMENTS MIRAGE
In the 1962 balance of payments of the
United States the net value of all receipts
for goods, services, long-term investments,
and unilateral transfers was less than pay-
ments for the same items by $1.3 billion.
However, the Department of Commerce re-
ported a deficit of $2 billion.
The $1.3 billion is a measure of the change
in net short-term indebtedness of the U.S.
Government and all residents of the United
States. If the. purpose is to show only the
Government liquidity position, which ap-
pears to be the Commerce Department inten-
tion, that purpose should be stated more
clearly than it usually has been. At present
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
the official definition of balance-of-payments
deficit twists the transactions Into a form
that serves this particular purpose. In do-
ing so, it gives rise to uninformed proposals
for elimination of the deficit.
In one sense the balance of payments is
always In balance, like the balance sheet
of a corporation. This is not an absurd
idea to those who understand double-entry
bookkeeping. Exports of goods. for example,
are offset either by receipt of goods from
abroad or creation of credit obligations. The
credit obligations would appear in the bal-
ance of payments as long-term investments
or short-term loans. In this way all pay-
ments offset all receipts, including settle-
ments made by transfers of gold ownership
for those who are able and willing to con-
vert claims Into gold.
The gold outflow from the U.S. Treasury
in 1962 was $890 million; In 1981, $857
million.
In 1962 net short-term obligations to for-
eign countries Increased $445 million; In 1961
they decreased $52 million (see table 1).
This may be interpreted as a deterioration
of our balance-of-payments position in 1962
by one-half billion dollars. Since these
obligations Included an Increase in short-
term loans to the U.S. Government, they
represent deficit financing of international
payments by the Government.
This may be compared with official reports
of an improvement In the balance-of-pay-
ments deficit from $2.4 billion In 1961 to
$2.2 billion In 1962,
Separating private transactions from Gov-
ernment transactions and Government-
financed transactions in the 1962 balance
of payments, we find that private receipts
exceed private payments by $879 million.
When short-term loans are eliminated, the
excess is $1,441 million, a possible measure
of balance-of-payments surplus on private
accounts.
Table 2, which separates private transac-
tions from Government transactions, Is based
on Department of Commerce figures. Al-
though it is the best information available,
nobody really knows exactly how much of
private transactions results from Govern-
ment grants and spending abroad. Although
aware of these limitations, we are taking the
official reports at face value for the purposes
of this particular analysis.
Net private receipts from goods. services,
and long-term Investments were $2,122 mil-
lion more than private payments. Included
in this figure are payments for private foreign
investments of U.S. residents amounting to
$2,584 million. However, in seeking to im-
prove the balance-of-payments position it
would be shortsighted to restrict Investments
and lose future receipts from income on
those investments.
Private exports of goods and services In
1962 topped private Imports by $4,460 million.
Artificial devices to Increase this trade bal-
ance, If successful, can lead to undesirable
distortions In the American economy. De-
valuation, unpegged foreign exchange rates,
exchange controls, and protective tariffs are
proposed solutions that fall to come to grips
with basic causes.
Some urge that balance-or-payments defi-
cits require either a domestic price decline
or foreign exchange det)rectation as a cor-
rective. This reasoning may be more suit-
able when economic maladjustments are the
cause of the balance-of-payments deficit.
When political decisions are behind the
problem, economic solutions are not In order.
Excluding gold exports, the Government's
international payments exceeded receipts
from those exports of goods and services that
were directly financed by Government pay-
ments, Here is the crux of the balance-of-
payments problem.
TAStx 1. Changes in short-term indebted-
ness reflected to the U.S. balance of pay-
ments
1662
[Millions of dollars]
Receipts:
Net short-term foreign loans to
U.S, Government---------------- 990
Sales of foreign convertible cur-
rency--------------------------- 17
Gold sales------------------------ Boo
Total------------------------- 1,897
Payments :
Net trade and capital payments -_- 1,335
Net private U.S. abort-term loans
abroad------------------------- 407
Net decrease in private short-term
foreign loans to United States-_-- 95
loot
Receipts:
Net increase In private short-term
foreign loans to United States---_ 1.552
Gold sales------------------------ 857
Total------------------------- 2,409
Payments:
Net trade and capital payments---_ 805
Net decrease In short-term foreign
loans to U.S. Government-__----- 17
Purchase of foreign convertible cur-
rencies -------------------------- 115
Net private U.S. short-term loans
abroad-------------------------- 1,472
Total ------------------------- 2,409
TASK 2.-U.S. balance of payments'
1962
[Millions of dollars]
Private receipts:
Exports of goods and services--_- 25, 723
Net foreign direct and long-term
Investments In United States-- 246
Total------------------------ 26,060
Private payments:
Imports of goods and services---- 21, 263
Net U.S. direct and long-term in-
vestments abroad--------------- 2,584
Private remittances to foreign
countries---------------------- 881
Net U.S. short-term loans abroad-- 467
Net decrease In short-term foreign
loans to United States --------- 95
Balance-------------------------- 879
Government receipts and Govern-.
ment-financed receipts:
Nonmilitary exports of goods and
services financed by Government
grants and capital-------------- 2,798
Net short-term foreign loans to
U.S. Government--------------- 990
Sales of foreign convertible cur-
rency-------------------------- 17
Balance from private sector----- 879
Gold sales----------------------- 890
Government expenditures:
Net military expenditures---__--- 2,368
Nonmilitary grants--------------- 1.872
Pensions, etc--------------------- 243
Net payments for nonmilitary
services------------------------ 75
Net US. long-term loans abroad-- 16
Unrecorded transactions---_-_--- 1,000
'Excluding exports of goods and services
transferred under military grants and pay-
ments made on military grants of goods and
services.
April 18'
Maladjustments in the balance of pay-
ments due to political considerations do not
lend themselves to correction by tampering
with the motivating forces of a market-
directed economy. A better approach is to
apply corrective action to the Government
sector of the balance of payments, where
the problem originated.
The fact is that the United States has, by
governmental actions, created much of the
balance-or-payments deficit. The deficit
was not created by the band of God, or an
unkind late. They planned it that way. The
problem could be solved in part by reversing
the steps taken.
Any other balance-of-payments remedies
will be self-defeating. Devaluation would
destroy some of the value of foreign loans
to the United States, nullifying our attempts
to be the benefactor of those countries suffer-
Ing dollar losses from devaluation. More-
over, further tampering with the Nation's
purchasing media could open the floodgates
to the ravages of domestic Inflation. In one
way or another this Nation must live within
Its means. If It Is going to do so, we should
protect the stability of the dollar and avoid
other harmful consequences, including a
serious loss of prestige throughout the world.
DEMOCRATS USE GUILE ON
MONEY BILLS
Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, in the
Washington Evening Star for April 15,
1963, there appeared an article entitled
"Democrats Use Guile on Money Bills,"
written by Jack Bell, of the Associated
Press. I believe the point made by Mr.
Bell in this article merits attention by
readers of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,
so I ask unanimous consent that the arti-
cle may be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
GOP OUTFOXED-DEMOCRATS USE GUILE
ON MONEY BILLS
(By Jack Bell)
Democratic congressional leaders have
found a pinchback formula they believe will
lessen the political impact of Republican
economy demands and help gain passage of
major administration bills.
Their formula is a simple one. They get
committee approval of measures calling for
a relatively high level of expenditures.
When the bill Is brought before the full
membership for action, they support a Dem-
ocratic amendment to reduce the amount
while resisting all Republican efforts to cut
deeper.
The Senate leadership followed this pro-
cedure In gaining passage of the administra-
tion's mass transit bill. A committee had
put a price tag of $500 million on the pro-
gram. A floor amendment by Senator SYM-
rNOroN, Democrat, of Missouri, trimming the
total to $375 million, was adopted and the
bill was passed after all Republican pro-
posals were beaten down.
Similarly, a youth-employment measure
which had called originally for a $100 mil-
lion outlay was increased to $120 million
in committee.
When it reached the Senate floor, Senators
PaoxMIax, Democrat, of Wisconsin, and
SYMLNGTON got it reduced to $100 million.
Republicans got nowhere in efforts to trim
it further.
The Democratic House leadership found
itself In P. dilemma when Republicans joined
with southern Democrats in committee to
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
in his own behalf that man has been able
to live on earth in a civilized way."
What of possible alternatives to chemical
pesticides?
Farming practices-plowing under crop
refuse in which pests otherwise can survive
over winter, use of crop rotation which
breaks their food chain, and, where possible,
planting at dates unfavorable for pests-are
valuable but have not unfortunately, pro-
vided complete solutions.
Nor have resistant crop varieties. While
many plants have been developed to resist
specific pests, they may be attacked by
other pests-and, after a time, even by new
tough strains of the original pests against
which they were bred.
Parasites and disease organisms have been
introduced with some success. One notable
example: use of imported beetles to combat
the poisonous Klamath weed, widespread in
California, has returned some 100,000 acres
of land to useful production.
Sterilization clearly has possibilities. It
is being used successfully in a campaign
against the screwworm fly, which attacks
livestock. Male flies treated with radiant
energy from cobalt 60 are released in heavily
infested areas. The sterile males mate with
normal females. Eggs are produced but
do not hatch. Since the female screwworm
mates only once, the result is race suicide.
Along with radiation, more than 2,000
compounds have been under study for ster-
ilant activity. Some have been found
active for houseflies, mosquitoes and Mexi-
can fruit flies. Although still experimental,
there is reason now to believe, Dr. Alexejb
Borkvac of the Agriculture Department's
Entomology Research Division reported re-
cently, "that chemosterilants will, possibly
within the next decade, assume an impor-
tant place in the control and eradication of
many harmful insects and perhaps starlings,
rats, and nematodes."
Recently, Dr. R. A. Harton of the Army
Quartermaster Research and Engineering
Command reported isolation of the sex at-
tractant of the female cockroach, a substance
so potent only a few molecules are sufficient
In June 1961, before the present contro-
versy erupted, a Federal Pest Control Re-
view Board was appointed to scrutinize Fed-
eral agency programs. it points to some
progress in promoting more refined and safer
techniques-for example, substitution of spot
treatment of breeding areas of grasshoppers
and Mormon crickets in the West to head
off incipient infestations, in place of wide-
spread aerial spraying after pest populations
have built up.
It has been suggested that the board be
given definite authority by law to review,
modify or veto pest-control programs pro-
posed by Federal agencies. The special Pesti-
cide Committee of the Federal Council for
Science and Technology, set up in the sum-
mer of 1962 to review the whole problem of
pesticides, may have something to say on
this score along with making recommenda-
tions for other measures.
It has been suggested, too, that other
States might well follow the lead of Massa-
chusetts, which now has a pesticide board
in the State department of public health
with power to license aerial sprayers and
others who apply pesticides commercially
and to issue rules and regulations covering
application of pesticides. to protect public
health, wildlife, waters and other natural re-
sources.
But even the best legislation cannot solve
the whole problem. Pesticides would seem
to belong in the same category as automo-
biles-with great potential for good or harm,
depending upon how they are used. And the
present controversy, if it teaches not only
farmers and pest-control operators but every
home gardener and housewife to respect and
use them with caution, will have served a
lengths to explain why the United States
cannot and must not support an in-
vasion from its shores and warns that
a blockade of the island might lead us
into a direct confrontation with Russia
and perhaps nuclear war. And with
these observations, I generally agree.
But is there not some course of action
we can follow which, while avoiding a
conflict of American and Russian
troops, will provide a realistic and long-
range solution to the Cuban affair? I
believe there is.
On March 15 of this year I made a
lengthy Senate speech on Cuba,' in
which I proposed that the United States
recognize a Cuban Government in exile.
I do not intend to expound on this pro-
posal, as I am sure that my Senate col-
leagues who are interested in this idea
can refer to the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD
of the aforementioned date.
I would not be presumptuous enough
to'state that my plan provides the only
possible solution to the Cuban situation.
Ilut I do submit that it has as its final
goal the ridding from the hemisphere
of Fidel Castro and communism, and
proposes to do this with the least possible
involvement of the United States.
Furthermore, it seems to me incum-
bent upon us to offer to the displaced
refugees from Cuba-men and women
who have been driven from their home-
land because they refuse to knuckle un-
der the Communist dictatorship-some
source of hope. We must do more than
pay lip service to the sacrifices which
they have made for the ideals of indi-
vidual liberty and democracy which we
in this country extol. This must be done
if we are not to suffer a tremendous loss
of prestige in the eyes of the world. And
it must be done to provide much needed
inspiration to the Cuban refugees, lest
they become completely disillusioned
with democracy as a way of life and a
form of government.
Furthermore, all Latin Americans
must know that we mean what we say
about communism; that, actually, not
only will. we make speeches about it; but
also we will in fact oppose it and we will
help others to oppose it, and that our
opposition is total and unrelenting.
Anyone, I am sure, who has been read-
ing the papers in the past few days will
agree that our relations with the Cuban
exiles in the United States have never
been worse. While not having all the
facts in the matter, or being in a-position
to make a judgment in the dispute, I do
believe that the frustration and resent-
ment which exists among the exiles is due
primarily to the fact that they do not
see any U.S. proposal being thought out,
much less implemented, to bring about
the downfall of Castro communism.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator from Florida has
expired.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that I may proceed
for an additional 2 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, let
me make it clear that while the United
States has a great stake in freeing Cuba,
Mr. Sid H S. Mr. President,
within the pat' few months there has
been a preponderance of articles in our
Nation's newspapers on the Cuban sit-
uation. Nearly every syndicated writer
has devoted at least one column to this
subject, and I would venture to say that
there is hardly a daily newspaper in our
country that has not expressed an edi-
torial opinion on the matter.
Although the positions taken in these
articles range from advocacy of a U.S.-
led invasion of Cuba to a policy of tem-
porary .containment and coexistence,
they all agree that Castro-communism
cannot be permanently tolerated in, the
hemisphere and that something must be
done to eradicate it once and for all.
This preoccupation over Cuba among
our news media, not only in the abund-
ance of printed words but also in the
general tenor of the articles, I believe
reflects two things. First of all, the
American people are deeply concerned
over Cuba and regard it as a serious
threat to world peace. Secondly, be-
cause Cuba does not lend itself to an
easy solution and because the problem
has had such a long and unsatisfactory
history, there is the feeling that some-
how from the outpouring of words, the
careful analysis of past events, and the
calculated appraisal of future conse-
quences and alternatives, someone
might stumble upon an answer, to this
difficult problem.
Unfortunately, this has not been the
case. Almost every article on Cuba that
I have read in the past 3 months-and
there have bQen many-goes to great
to excite a male. "It may be used to control
the insect by attracting the male to traps.
baited with it," Dr. Hartoh, suggests. "As
more insect attractants become known and
available by synthesis, they can be expected
to aid or even supplant existing methods of
control.
Last December, University of Hawaii zo-
ologists reported that 160 decibels. of sound
will kill a cockroach in 30 seconds and that
male mosquitoes can be lured to an electri-
fied screen by a device which imitates the
noise of female mosquitoes wings, Although
many practical obstacles -remain to be over-
come, the day may come, the researchers
reported, "when a person could carry with
him a little box about the size of a portable
radio that would give off a sound, preferably
ultrasonic, to drive insects from the area
around him."
As of now, however, chemicals remain the
mainstay. Many who worry about them
clamor for more intensive efforts to develop
practical, nonchemical methods of pest con-
trol. And perhaps one healthy result of the
present controversy will be, increased em-
phasis on, and financial support of, such
research.
There could be other healthy results.
It seems clear that pesticides have made
important contributions to. human health
and progress but that they can be danger-
ous when abused-and that they have been
abused in the past.
It has been alleged that even some Gov-
ernment agencies have been callous in carry-
ing out pest-control programs, failing to give
enough consideration to hazards to. animals
and to how pesticides could be used with
minimum risk.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE April 18
this is essentially a problem of the Cuban problem. It is the beginning of wis- today? It has a direct lesson for the refugee
Cubans and the Latins. It is not the dom, in everything that concerns Cuba, to leaders no less than for the American Gov-
obligation of the United States to send resist the allurement of cheap solutions, ernment. The United States may blunder
a division of marines into Cuba, but I This lesson is particularly true about the Into a premature and avoidable risk if it
do believe that it is up to the United role Of the Cuban refugees, sponsors a Cuban Government In exile now.
One must States to help develop an effective Plan, suffering of the Cubanl le tto~look with gov rnmennt. There are other objections, but
a plan that places the major responsibil- anything but admiration and respect upon that one Is enough to justify patient analysis
ity for the liberation of Cuba In the the determination of these refugees to over- before any final judgment is made. The
hands of the Cubans and Latins of Cen- throw the Castro regime. Many of these Cuban leaders must ask themselves whether
tral and South America. In this way people know from cruel, personal experience they would really wish to be thus identified,
the fprogram undertaken would be the magnitude of the tyranny which has in public, as the clients and wards of the
tthhe final i Cub os versus undertaken
and Latins would bcaught Cuba in its grip. All of them resent United States. That may not be the pas-
one versus Cuban Cuba's inglorious drift into Communist servi- sage to power In Cuba.
Recognition of a Cuban government sexy to die, are
for ready redemption of their lesi by Washington uoraMlawill be
mithantby what
in exile, I believe, is the best way to country. Their devotion is in the great tra- happens inside Cuba itself. The refugees
make a start toward eliminating com- dition of freedom. Only a churl would ques- and the American Government can succeed
munism in Cuba from the hemisphere. tion the credentials of their faith or remain in their common task only if they place
Based in some Central American coup- skeptical about the ultimate triumph of themselves on the side of the emergent
try and headed by Cubans, assisted by liberty over despotism, forces in Cuba that will one day be domi-
Latins, an exile government would sec But Idealism by itself does not make a nant in a free country. That day may not essarily refugees and the require the ernmrial and fines- policy. The harsh tasks which confront the be as distant as the Impatient advocates of
cial assistance of the United States. quire the most careful exercise Government re- of responsible I everdibe hastenedobye the reckless nadvice
But the manpower, the involvement of judgment. They require the selection of the of Governor Rockefeller.
military troops-should that unhappy right men; the right objectives, and the right
situation ever occur-and all the eon- time. Otherwise the enterprise of Cuban Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, it is
sequences of the use of arms, would freedom will flounder In failure, entirely possible that the Latin American
se collectively upon all the nations would There Is a common impression, whose nations, upon closer examination of this aton
Its this hemisphere, and not primarily upon the Kennedy dmint trate in some cre en proposal for a Cuban government in
the United States. way has kept the refugee leaders from more oexile will it le,
r b, cau also reject time as being f " for
Because I believe in this program and resolute action. This version of recent or because the time is not grie ripe" for
think it should be afforded the consid- events will be supported by no official In undertaking this kind of program. I
eration of those nations and peoples Washington who has been given a significant only ask that, by calling a meeting of
whose task it would be to implement this ? part in the shaping of Cuban policy. The the Organization of American States, we
an, I again recommend that a meeting administration, despite many contrary ru- give them the opportunity to decide-
plan, again recommend that a States more, has vetoed or diluted no heroic pro- no matter what their decision may be. f of called for the gram of unified action for the sufficient rea- It is my Judgment that after all the
b purpose of submitting son that no such program has been pre- facts are in and the situation carefully
for their evaluation a proposal calling seated. It is dramatic but misleading to weighed, the Organization of American
for recognition'of a Cuban government ill picture the Cuban refugee leaders as men
exile. aflame with a noble purpose which they States will conclude that recognition of
In suggesting this action, I am not at- are unable to reach because of the awkward a Cuban government in exile is the best
tempting to force my idea for an exile timidities of American officials. course of action on which we should
government on the United States or any It is closer to the mark to suggest that the embark in order to free the hemisphere
nation in the hemisphere. refugees must still compose all their differ- from Castro and communism.
ences and agree
I am happy to say, however, that defended in terms of success and not merelbe Some ttime ma
he great ago, our Senato for from Mont ontana y since I first offered this proposal nearly In terms of splendid aspiration. Sweeten- leader, thr arum ane
2 years ago, a number of spokesmen from Ing one`s judgment with every measure of who Cho. have conve constr tr, tive s hied all those
Latin America, representing Latin Amer- generosity, it Is still necessary to say that uctve solutions to the
ican nations, have exhibited an interest the refugee leaders have not always been the Cuban problem to come forth with them.
and a desire to see an exile government wisest or the most farsighted counsellors on I have done so. In some areas my plan
for a da established. Cuban policy, has been criticized, but I submit that at
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Perhaps It Is unreasonable to expect this least one of Itsvirtues is that it is a plan,
wisdom from men suffering such adversity. and r do not know of any other con-
time of the Senator has expired. But here is one neglected element of the structive plan that has been proposed.
Mr. SMATHERS. I ask unanimous problem that deserves to be taken Into ac- I think it will work.
consent to proceed for 1 additional count before the United States makes its
minute. next move In Cuban affairs. Mr. MANSFIELD, Mr. President, I
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without Nor Is It possible to Ignore his problem ask unanimous consent that the Senator
objection, it is so ordered. when one weighs the risks and the gains of from Florida may have 1 additional
Mr. SMATHERS. In the Washington titledtno full and open support -from an- minute, the Post of April 15, Max Freedman, whose United States. Thin proposal,pfirst advanced objection, The the PRESIDING OFFICER. orida is
literary style and artistry in the use of many months ago by Senator SuATFIERS, recognized for or 1 Senator al from Florida is
the English language are unexcelled, Democrat, of Florida, had a dusty reception recgnize additional minute.
mentioned in his column my idea for a but It has gained strength, If only because Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will
Cuban government in exile. Although ?t the failure of better ideas to emerge in the Senator yield?
Mr. Freedman opposes this plan for rev- the debate. More will be heard of it In Mr. SMATHERS. I am delighted to
eral reasons, he states that it has gained coming weeks. yield to the distinguished Senator from
history of governments In exile is not Montana.
some strength. encouraging. Few of them ever succeed In
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- becoming the real government of the coun- Senator Mr. Senator from Florida from I that shortly to tn-
sent to have included in the RECORD at try for a significant period. Think back to that I fn-
this point the article by Max Freedman the days of the last war. A cluster of exiled tend to make some remarks on the Cuban
to which I he attic governments took refuge in London. situation, and most especially on the
There being no objection, the article ican go ghad access to overnments. In some ome British they and Amer- had by speech
the being made from during
New the Yorkn [Mhou
r
was ordered to be printed In the RECORD, promises of political and military support. KEATING]. I may say, though, relative
as follows: But in the main this comradeship was a to what the distinguished Senator from
SOLUTION IN CUBA WILL NOT BE CHEAP-U.S. delusion, Events went their own way, and Florida has just said, that he has of-
ATTITUDE TOWARD EXILES REFLECTS ABSENCE thecm~ttr of exieleaders signified little. fered proposals, that his statements on
op UNITY AM?NG REFUGEES ption was General
de Gaulle, and he, significantly enough, was the Cuban situation have not been gen-
(By Max Freedman) always the exile who showed the greatest eral, and one particular proposal, his
Gov. Nelson Rockefeller has deserved, and independence in his dealings with Washing- idea of a government-In -exile, isworthy
has received, a widespread rebuke for his ton and London. of serious consideration, because we can-
slapdash and mean-spirited comments on the Has this experience any meaning for Cuba not operate with 12 major groups of
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196,3 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6225
Cubans, and numerous smaller groups value. Neither can these weapons be die Eastern policy. Now is the time to
going off in all directions. That has been dismissed as defensive, for the facts make sure that such a war never comes
one of the weaknesses in our relations show the weapons are ground to ground about, however small the possibility.
between the Cubans-in-exile and the missiles with the range to strike Israel's Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
Government of the United States. That major cities. If President Nasser ever sent that an article from Newsweek max-
is one of the weaknesses which must be decides to use the missiles he has de- azine 'knd an editorial from the Wash-
corrected before any effective policy can veloped at such.great expense, they will ington Post which describe the danger-
be found. give him a very great, and possibly deci- ous situation in the Middle East be
ida for being consistent in this instance,
as he has in the others, and, most im-
portant, for coming here with proposals
which he thinks will be effective and
which are worthy of serious considera-
tion.
Mr. SMATHERS. I thank the Senator
from Montana.
power in the Middle East has maintained
a precarious peace so far. It is now
undergoing a radical shift. The Middle
East is beginning its own small-scale ver-
sion of the expensive East-West, arms
race. It must be remembered that Israel
is developing .a nuclear capacity of her
own, a nuclear capacity that would prob-
ably be turned to warlike uses, if the
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr. We face an explosion in the Middle
President, in recent weeks a number of . Eastern tinderbox that would endanger
disturbing reports have appeared in the the life of our faithful friend, Israel, and
press regarding the growing missile ca- open the way for renewed Russian inter-
pacity of Nasser's Egypt. The fact that vention. Now is the time to press for a
these missiles are being built with the divide sett from her to the issues that
help of German scientists, is - many whom have to be conducted in the
Or former Nazis, is a bitter
Hitler ea reminder negotiations and confusion of a crisis
that evils spawned their regime heat atmosphere. We must continue to make
h
still ow exist. President Nasser There can be intends doubt
use these about every effort, both through the United
how Nations and our own diplomacy, to bring
short-range weapons; they are e and will an end to the Middle Eastern arms race.
enemy a direct threat to Iat. In still the the shiNo. ft- There is no excuse for standing by
Arabian States.
ing morass the e Arab
politics if while the forces for conflict gain mo-
constantly with mentum. Nothing is more tempting to a
gimes, the changing alliances and h and re-
t potential aggressor than the feeling that
has been e the one solid irrational ground o hatred for the agreement he might be able to get away with some-
free, Let Nasser be absolutely sure
dangers free, d of this democratic situation State of Israel.
are now in- The of the disastrous consequences of start-
are against three Israel.
creased by the new alliance of Iraq, Syria, ing a There war
that should be.
and E. Syria ail and Egypt three both ancient border enemies di- of taken to preserve the balance of power
Israel.
ly on St Is , while the we lbequip and the peace of the Middle East. First,
armmrae1l, is separated the this Government should reaffirm our in-
Kristin by y the well-equip
small of Iraq tention to uphold our moral obligation
Israel
small Kingdom General e Jordan. nn only
s had to defend the independence of Israel. ruled some respitehe while Arab world was split h Secondly, the strongest pressure should
Iraq and the bor the or- his - be brought to bear on Egypt, already a
feud with Nasser. With t substantial beneficiary of our aid, to
maat io a
Ir new United will Republic, abandon the senseless development of
stitute a Egypt, powerful and Syria ol her se again concurity. , unnecessary missiles. Just because
Mr. . President, poent, , our ties threat with at have Egypt has in recent months adopted a
Israel
a n strongly anti-Communist line does not
that n close from the - have very watched give her an absolute guarantee of U.S.
country.
admiration her struggle with h st wruggla aid, particularly if this aid is indirectly
for sympathy independence and her growth rowth as a used to threaten the security of other free and democratic nation. In the be- nations.
ginning many thought that this small Thirdly, we should also call upon the
country could not long survive. But German Government to use every legal
Israel, approaching her 15th anniversary, means to prevent the employment of
has grown to a point where she is now their citizens in this deadly work. Al-
lending valuable technical assistance to though we cannot blame the German
the developing nations of Africa. Yet, in Government for the unworthy actions of
a part of the world where politics are too some of her citizens, Germany has a
often marred by bloody revolutions, dic- heavy responsibility to do everything in
tatorial rule and feudal despotism, Israel her power to put an end to their activi-
has -always remained faithful to. free ties.
democratic institutions. The progress of The aim of our Middle Eastern foreign
Israel is vivid proof that even in the policy is not merely making sure that
Middle East a nation can defend itself everyone is suitably anti-Communist.
and develop its economy without recourse Our goal is to insure the peaceful politi-
exemplified the ideals of the free world. Middle Eastern nations. If these na- man wife of Egyptian scientist Hassan Kamel
Are Egyptian threats to Israel genuine tions become truly independent and eco- was killed when a bomb, intended for her
or only for propaganda purposes? It nomically strong nations providing a husband, exploded in a plane over Germany.
does not seem logical that a country with decent life for their people, we would one German rocket expert, Heinz Krug, work-
the meager capital resources of Egypt have nothing to fear from Communist Ing for the Egyptians, mysteriously disap-
would spend the vast sums required for infiltration. But the outbreak of war peared, and is rumored to be in the hands
missile development just for their parade would mean the total failure of our Mid- of the Israeli secret police.
There being no ob.iecrion, One ari,ieie
and editorial were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From Newsweek, Apr. 15, 19631
ROCKETS IN EGYPT
Once before the small one had entered
Prime Minister David Ben-Gurlon's office in
Jerusalem. All he said was: "Adolf Eich-
mann is captured. He is on his way to
Israel." Ben-Gurion held out his arms and
embraced Iser Helperin, his secret service
chief. Last week, the small one was back
again, visiting the Prime Minister at a vaca-
tion hotel on the banks of Lake 'jJberias.
By the time the interview was over, Helperin
knew that he had to resign over a matter of
policy-and he did.
Helperin quit because his latest mission
had carried him into the delicate realm of
international politics-particularly the re-
lations between Israel and West Germany.
In his efforts to see to it that the 300 German
technicians who work in Egypt's Military
Mactory 333 return home, he had poached on
'B-G's particular strategy to keep Israel and
West Germany on amicable terms.
Military Factory 333 (mainly devoted to
the assembly of small jet trainers) is the
place on the banks of the Nile, near Cairo,
where the Egyptians are reported to be pro-
ducing ground-to-ground rockets. By mod-
ern standards, these missiles are not very
good, hardly more advanced than the V2's
which Hitler rained down on Antwerp during
World War II. This reflection is of little
consolation to the Israelis, for there is no
defense against these rockets with their high
explosives and they are powerful enough to
reach Israel's crowded cities.
The key German rocketeers-perhaps 12
altogether-are headed by Prof. Wolfgang
Pilz, a silver-haired veteran of Nazi wartime
rocket development. Protected by a heavy
security guard, the team lives in and around
the fashionable Kubba suburb of Cairo,
changing residence every few months and
never appearing in public.
THE PAST
Other scientists and technicians in Egypt-
around 200 of them-are working on the
prototype of a supersonic jet fighter for Pres-
ident Nasser. The brains behind the team,
from his headquarters in Augsburg, Is Hitler's
ace designer Willy Messerschmitt, whose
planes gave the Luftwaffe air supremacy dur-
ing the early part of World War II. Two of
Messerschmitt's top men in Egypt are former
Nazis. Ferdinand Brandner, a 51-year-old
Austrian, was a colonel in Hitler's Storm
Troops. Senior medical officer of the team
is the notorious Hans Eisele, who conducted
human guinea pig experiments at Buchen-
wald.
These scientists have been living danger-
ously in recent months. Although there is
no concrete proof, it would seem that they
have been hounded by the agents of the
small one. Six Egyptian workers were killed
when they opened a crate and picked up a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 18
THE ENEMY
There is no evidence that Ben-Gurion is
against this campaign of Intimidation. But
he does believe that it should not interfere
with good relations with West Germs y,
particularly as Bonn Is still sending Israel
payments under its $820 million reparation
agreement. Halperin evidently didn't agree,
since he launched a worldwide press attack
that tried to place the blame on Adenauer 8
government for condoning a Nazi-like effort
to help Nasser, a sworn enemy of the Jews.
Moreover, the ominous fact that Egypt may
soon possessan arsenal of ground-to-ground
high-explosive missiles was obscured by in-
flammatory talk of nuclear and bacteriologi-
cal warheads.
The whole affair has actually deeply em-
barrassed the West German Government
which is trying to live down its Nazi past.
Bonn's Foreign Minister is seriously consid-
ering canceling passports held by the scien-
tists if they continue their missile-building
activities in Egypt.
ISRAEL'S SECURITY
The American anxiety about armaments
in the Middle East was inadequately re-
flected in Under Secretary of State Harri-
man's curious letter to a New York Con-
gressman. Writing to LEONARD FARRSTEIN,
Mr. Harriman said that alarm over Ger-
man scientists in the United Arab Republic
was exaggerated-after all, if the Germans
weren't there, Egypt would be more depend-
ent on the Soviet Union for developing mis-
siles and jet aircraft. This comes close to
arguing that we should be grateful for the
Soviet forces in Cuba because otherwise
there might be a Chinese army in the Carib-
bean.
What is missing in Mr. Harriman's note-
and indeed In most of the lofty State De-
partment utterances on the Middle East-is
any real feeling for the plight of Israel. Here
is a tiny country wholly surrounded by na-
tions that have sworn Its elimination. The
United Arab Republic, now flushed with po-
litical success in Iraq and Syria, is on the
verge of developing ground-to-ground mis-
siles that could rain terror on Israel. It is
of small comfort to Israel that these may be
good, non-Communist missiles developed
with the help of Germans so thoroughly
anti-Russian that some of them worked for
Hitler.
The air surely ought to be cleared, and
quickly, by a reassertion of American inter-
est in the continued security of Israel Of
course this will be interpreted by some Arabs
as further tribute to the so-called "Jewish
vote" which, like a pernicious ectoplasm, is
supposed to permeate Am rican policy. But
where was the Jewish vote at the height of
an election campaign In 1956 when the
United States not only opposed Israeli ag-
gresslon but also Great Britain and Fradce-
all partners in the folly of Suez?
In point of fact, the United States has
leaned over backw :rd to encourage cordial
relations with President Nasser and all other
Arab States. There is broad sympathy for
the social goals of the United Arab Republic.
This support has taken concrete form in for-
eign aid, and In the case of recognizing the
republican regime of Yemen, Washington
has crawled out on a limb in good part in
order to demonstrate good faith toward Arab
nationalism.
But if the United Arab Republic is deter-
mined to develop an offensive missile capac-
ity, then it should be made plain that the
United States will not simply express pained
disapproval and find comfort in the political
purity of the weapons. Ground-to-ground
missiles would place Israel at a perilous dis-
advantage, even if conventional bombs were
lodged In their nose. Missiles can strike at a
compact target and nullify the reserve power
of Israel's Army. If Mr. Nasser develops an
operational offensive missile, then there will
be no alternative but to see that Israel has
an adequate deterrent capacity too.
No American can contemplate without sor-
row such an escalation in the Middle East
arms race. Even the Soviet Union has given
tacit recognition to the delicate balance of
forces in the area; though Moscow has been
willing to provide defensive missiles to Arab
countries, It has stopped short of assistance
In equipping Iraq or the United Arab Repub-
lic with offensive ballistic missiles.
The immediate task of American diplo-
macy Is to explore every reasonable means of
curtailing arms shipments to the Middle
East on a multilateral balls. Specifically,
this could include informal approaches to
the Soviet Union, now in a mood of disen-
chanted reappraisal concerning the Arab
world. There is at least a theoretical com-
mon ground between East and West on the
desirability of preserving the peace in the
Middle East. The world would breathe easi-
er if both offensive missiles and nuclear de-
vices were ruled out of the region under an
agreement that provided effective Inspection.
This should be the goal of American pal-
icy, and it would be vastly encouraging if the
United States would state a large purpose
rather than retreat Into the lifeless plati-
tudes of the Harriman letter ("the U.S. Gov-
ernment is, and has been, exploring all ave-
nues of approach to an effective ameliora-
tion of a worrisome and complicated prob-
lem"i. At the same time, it ought to be
made clear that If all attempts at regional
arms control fall, Israel will get the help it
needs and not just snappish lectures about
'"worrisome and complicated problems."
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Mr. ALL-OTT. Mr. President, once in
a while some of us receive communica-
tions which are really outstanding, com-
menting on events of the day. Some time
ago I received a letter from Thomas
Patterson Campbell, of Denver, a long-
time friend of mine, whose grandfather
was a Member of this body. The letter
was later printed in the Denver Post. I
ask unanimous consent that it be printed
at this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
it takes In or by cutting personal income
taxes--or both. The Federal Reserve
System can help achieve this by making bor-
rowing easier and cheaper, for this encour-
ages consumers to borrow and spend more
than they earn."
In passing, we got a covert chuckle out of
Conrad's heretical cartoon (Jan. 30, 1963),
depicting a wife telling her frantic, debt-
ridden husband: "According to Mr. Kennedy,
the reason we're broke is we're not far enough
In debt."
For whatever reason, It Is evident that the
Messrs. Lippmann and Heller (and their as-
sorted shills) have chosen to ignore (if
they ever knew) the history of money and
debt. Otherwise they would have noted that
their wonderful new principle was first
tried out in Athens some 2,600 years ago;
that it has been repeated, without significant
variation, in every land, language, and age,
by both public and private crooks, innumer-
able times, and that it has been a uniform
and dismal failure in each and every attempt.
But apparently the lesson is never learned.
Some 200 years after Solon rescued the
farmers and shopkeepers of Athens from
bondage to creditors (594 B.C.), by abrogat-
ing all debts and debasing the coinage,
Aristophanes ("Frogs") wrote: "In our Re-
public bad citizens are preferred to good,
just as bad money circulates while good dis-
appears." (Some 1.900 years later, Sir
Thomas Gresham rediscovered this truth) ;
and about 2.000 years after Arlstophanes,
Thomas B. Macauley (History of England)
commented: "It may be doubted whether
all the misery which had been inflictd on the
English nation-by bad kings, bad minis-
ters, bad parliaments and bad judges was
equal to the misery caused by bad crowns
and bad shillings."
Again, and hastening to a period the ven-
erable Lippmann should remember in his
own experience, in 1919 the Weimar Repub-
lic found Itself with an unmanageable in-
ternal debt. Perhaps the Germans did not
realize that they should not worry about
such trivialities; after all, they owed it to
themselves. But their duly elected rulers
chose to pay off that debt by increasing the
disposable personal Incomes of consumers in
a simple, direct method; namely, by print-
ing more and more money. By 1923 the
Reichsmark was worth (in purchasing
power) one-trillionth of its original gold
value; the debt had ben wiped out. alone
Hon. Gozoow Araoz-r,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAa GoanoN: As the years sneak by. we
all become somewhat accustomed to the
sights and sounds of Idols tumbling off their
pedestals. But. In the idiom of the day, I
was really bugged when the revered Walter
Lippmann suddenly appeared in the role of
pitchman for Doe Heller's shell game (Denver
Poet, Feb. 1, 1963). True to type, of course,
Walter was a bit condescending In his spiel
and quite evidently annoyed that some of the
yokels were a bit reluctant to be fleeced
again.
Well, out here on the old frontier, some
of us peasants are not convinced that it the
same mistake Is repeated often enough,
everything will turn out right-even when
assured by the learned Walter that "the
principle of the 1984 budget to a new one-
because the country is confronted with an
economic problem which first appeared to-
ward the end of 1957"
Noir were we greatly reassured when an-
other self-annointed (though lesser), prophet,
one Sylvia Porter (Post, Jan. 80, 1963),
proclaimed that all our economic woes can
be cured by greater consumer spending, by
"Increasing the disposable personal incomes
of consumers. The Federal Government can
help achieve this by paying out more than
had been paved for the advent of Hitler, the
Third Reich, and the Second World War.
Surely Uncle Walter remembers October
24. 1929. But one wonders If be knows that
the speculative stock bubble was punctured
by selling based initially on distrust of for-
eign borrowing in New York (to stimulate
artificial gold movements) and by a break
in the bond market in May 1928? Does he
know what closed the Kreditanstalt in
Vienna In September 1931, and how that
forced England and France off the gold
standard: not to mention what later hap-
pened to their currencies?
Surely Lippman, Heller and Co. recall the
8 years of tax and tax, spend and spend,
elect and elect under FD.R.; 8 years of
pumppriming, killing pigs, plowing under
crops, confiscating gold, tinkering with the
discount rate, clipping the dollar by 41 cents;
8 years of pirouetting to the arcane incanta-
tions of John Maynard Keynes-then and
now (as Lord Keynes) the high potentate of
the ancient order of the greek swindle-and
finally sideslipping into World War II with
some 14 percent of the civilian labor force
still unemployed.
That's all history; and maybe Uncle Walter
holds with G. B. Shaw that history is a set
of lies agreed upon. Anyway, say both Wal-
ters, things are all new and different now:
"The chronic sluggishness since 1957 has been
due to insufficient total demand."
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