V-E DAY --UNANIMOUS-CONSENT REQUEST

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7478 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 8
the Senate and other interested persons
that the Senate Subcommittee on Inter-
governmental Relations has scheduled a
hearing on S. 855 and S. 915, both of
which deal with metropolitan area plan-
ning. The hearing will be held at 10:30
a.m. beginning on May 21.
Any Senator or other person wishing
to testify at the hearing should notify
the subcommittee, room 357, Senate Of-
fice Building, extension 4718, in order
that he might be scheduled as a wit-
ness.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE AP-
PENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, and
so forth, were ordered to be printed in
the Appendix, as follows:
By Mr.RANDOLPH:
Remarks.before the first plenary session
of the Ninth Pan American Highway Con-
gress, Washington, D.C., May 7, 1963.
By Mr. BURDICK:
Address delivered by Hon. Paul Rand
Dixon, Chairman of the Federal Trade Com-
mission, to Law School Honor's Day Student
Bar Association at the University of North
Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak., on April 27,
1963, which will appear hereafter in the
Appendix.
By Mr. HUMPHREY:
Address by Robert Moses, president of the
New York World's Fair, 1984-65, delivered
at the dedication of the Press Building,
Flushing Meadows, Long Island, on May 4,
'1963.
Address by Dr. Ralph T. Collins, delivered
at a meeting of the Minnesota Governor's
Committee on Employment of the Handi-
capped, relating to the problem of mental
disease.
By Mr. JAVrrS:
Statement of 53 university foreign lan-
guage and area center directors on title VI
of the National Defense Education Act.
Statement of the American Jewish Con-
gress Governing Council on Peace. In the
Middle East.
Memorandum on relations between church
and state, written by Raymond L. Wise.
By Mr. TIIURMOND.
Editorial entitled "Continuing No-Win
Policy Avenue to Disaster," published In the
Nashville Banner of May 3, 1963.
By Mr. DOUGLAS:
Editorial entitled "Whither the Truth-in-
Lending Bill?" published in the Department
Store Journal of April 17, 1963.
By Mr. ENGLE:
Editorial on electric intertie legislation,
published in the Sacramento Bee of April
18, 1963.
By Mr. KEATING:
Article entitled "Soviet Oil Trade a Con-
fidence Trick," written by C. L. Sulzberger
and published in the New York Times.
By Mr. FULBRIGHT:
Article entitled "Must Equality Hold Us
Each From Excellence?" written by Joe
Stroud and published in the Arkansas
Gazette of April 21, 1963.
Article entitled "Jesus, the Most Beloved
Man, the Humblest and Greatest of All,"
"
written by Judge John Park Cravens.
By Mr. SALTONSTALL:
Article entitled "Fish Flour Fracas," pub-
lished In the Wall Street Journal, issue of
May 8, 1963, relating to the use of fish pro-
tein concentrate to relieve suffering from
malnutrition.
By Mr. HARTEE:
Article entitled "Hero Goes Back to White
House," published in the Evening Republi-
can, Columbus, Ind.
Editorial entitled "Youth Dependable,
Too," published in the Palladium-Item,
Richmond, Ind., on April 30, 1963.
By Mr. COTTON:
Column entitled "Ponzi Did It First," writ-
ten by Austen Lake and published in the
Boston (Mass.) Record American on Febru-
ary 14, 1963.
By Mr. MUNDT:
Column entitled "A Foreign Academy-To
Match the Communists," written by Roscoe
Drummond and published in the Washing-
ton (D.C.) Post of May 8, 1963.
By Mr. BFALL:
Poem entitled "Two-Party System," writ-
V E DAY-UNANINIPUS-CONSENT
REQUEST
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I have
conferred with the majority leader. I
indicated that today was the. 18th an-
niversary of V-E Day. It is a day suit-
ably to be observed. A number of
speeches will. be delivered on this side
of the aisle, and perhaps on the other
side of the aisle, in commemoration of
that event. I ask unanimous consent
that, notwithstanding the 3-minute
rule, I may be recognized so that I may
recognize other Senators for that pur-
pose.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I rec-
ognize the distinguished Senator from
Texas.
pum
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, on V-E
Day, the United States stood on a pin-
nacle, universally respected and trium-
phant. Today our international stand-
ing has slipped low indeed. The primary
reason can be summed up in one short
word--Cuba.
Every American knows what Cuba
means, hard as that little group of theo-
rists clustered around 1600 Pennsylvania
Avenue try to twist it. Cuba means that
,an enemy, intent upon our destruction,
is based 90 miles away. Cuba means
that we have endangered our children's
future by. forgetting that vigilance is
the eternal price of freedom. Cuba
means we have abandoned our Christian
neighbors next door to atheistic terror-
ists.
Worldwide, Cuba invokes an image of
a weak and wavering United States.
In permitting what has happened in
Cuba, we have cast aside the traditions
of this Nation as embodied in the Mon-
roe Doctrine and have reneged on carry-
ing out our solemn obligation under the
Rio, Caracas, and Bogota Treaties. We
have done violence to the charter of the
Organization of American States, which
binds member states to assist each other
"to defend their sovereignty, their ter-
ritorial integrity, and their independ-
ence."
We have demoralized and discouraged
those Latin American Republics who,
threatened by Communist subversion,
have urged us to take tough and decisive
steps to purge Soviet colonialism from
this hemisphere.
This, I may comment, is quite different
from the speed-with which the late, great
' John. Foster Dulles had the Red regime
broken In Guatamala.
It seems worthy, to note that, a decade
and a half before the Monroe Doctrine,
Jefferson's Cabinet put itself on record as
against the acquisition of Cuba by Brit-
ain or France, the world powers then.
President Polk tried to buy Cuba for $120
million and President Pierce for $120
million. Down through our history we
have recognized that, because of prox-
imity, the Cuban-American relations
were special. -
After the Cubans rose in revolt in 1895,
we went to war with Spain to aid them.
The Organic Act of Cuba-her first con-
stitution-declared that no foreign pow-
er was to secure partial or complete con-
trol of the island and authorized the
United States to intervene in Cuba, if
necessary, to prevent this.
President Kennedy himself stood in
1960 upon a Democratic Party platform
which unequivocally declared:
The new Democratic administration will
also reaffirm our historic policy of opposition
to the establishment anywhere in the Amer-
icas of governments dominated by foreign
powers, a policy now being undermined by
Soviet threats to the freedom and independ-
ence of Cuba.
Nevertheless, we have followed a policy
more fit for a Byzantine emperor than a
great modern world power, and straight-
forward world power like the United
States. We denied at the time we had
anything to do with participation in the
U.S. conceived, U.S. prepared, and U.S.
directed Cuban landing force at the Bay
of Pigs. One result. of this hypocritical
policy was that the landing was made
wthout adequate air cover or support.
Three days after that disaster, Presi-
dent Kennedy appeared before the Na-
tion's editors here and said:
If the nations of this hemisphere should
fail to meet their commitments against out-
side Communist penetration, then I want it
clearly understood that this Government
would not hesitate in meeting its primary
obligations which are the security of the
Nation.
Mr. Kennedy made a similar statement
to the released Cuban prisoners he saw
fit to address in Miami despite the fact
he had repudiated them on landing day.
Both statements were widely interpreted
to mean Mr. Kennedy would help liberate
Cuba. -
Instead, he has repudiated the Cubans
he once induced to risk their lives and
the leader he selected for them.
On this V-E Day, I would recall to the
President's mind the further pledge of
his platform:
The Government of the United States un-
der a Democratic administration will not be
deterred from fulfilling its obligations and
solemn responsibilities under Its treaties and
agreements with the nations of the Western
Hemisphere.
Nor will the United States, in conformity
with Its treaty obligations, permit the es-
tablishment of a regime dominated by inter-
national atheistic communism in the West-
ern Hemisphere.
I ask, along with the American people,
why this pledge has not been kept.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I rec-
ognize the distinguished Senator from
Pennsylvania [Mr. SCOTT].
Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, a
parliamentary inquiry.
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The resolution (S. Res. 138) was re-
ferred to the Committee on the Judiciary,
as follows:
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate
that the President should take such action
as he may deem appropriate to provide for
the conduct, by a conference including rep-
resentatives of small business organizations.
of a comprehensive study and investigation
to determine (1) the economic effect of the
antitrust laws of the United States upon
the operations of small business organiza-
tions, (2) the respects in which such caws
are advantageous, and the respects in which
such laws may be disadvantageous, to the
economic success of small business organi-
zations, and (3) the nature and extent of
any revision of such laws which may be
necessary or appropriate to facilitate ef-
fective competition by small business or-
ganizations with business organizations hav-
ing greater economic resources.
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT RE-
GARDING THE MAINTENANCE OF
CERTAIN LIGHTS IN THE RED
SEA-REMOVAL OF INJUNCTION
OF SECRECY
Mr. HUMPH REY. Mr. President, the
President of the United States trans-
mitted to the Senate today Executive F,
88th Congress, 1st session, the interna-
tional agreement regarding the main-
tenance of certain lights in the Red Sea.
I ask unanimous consent that the in-
junction of secrecy be removed from the
agreement, and that the agreement, to-
gether with the President's message be
referred to the Committee on Foreign
Relations, and that the President's mes-
sage be printed in the RECORD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
The message from the President is as
follows:
To the Senate of the United States:
With a view to receiving the advice
and consent of the Senate to acceptance,
I transmit herewith a certified copy of
the international agreement regarding
the maintenance of certain lights in the
Red Sea, which was open for signature
from February 20, 1962 to August 19,
1962, and during that period was signed
on behalf of the United States of
America and seven other countries.
The agreement primarily concerns the
sharing of the costs of maintaining the
lights as aids to navigation, and is fur-
ther explained in the report of the Secre-
tary of State, which is transmitted here-
with for the information of the Senate.
JOAN F. KENNEDY.
THE WinTE HOUSE, May 8, 1963.
Enclosures:
1. Report of the Secretary of State.
2. International agreement on main-
tenance of certain lights in the Red Sea,
opened for signature February 20, 1962,
REQUEST FOR ENGROSSED HOUSE
JOINT RESOLUTION 5 OF INDIANA
LEGISLATURE TO BE EXPUNGED
FROM RECORD
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, on
March 7, 1963, a joint resolution of the
Legislature of the State of Indiana was
laid before the Senate and referred to
the appropriate committee. The reso-
lution appears in the RECORD of the above
date on page 3408 as "Engrossed House
Joint Resolution 5."
Recently, I received a letter from the
Honorable Matthew E. Welsh, Governor
of Indiana, regarding this resolution.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent
that Governor Welsh's letter be printed
in the RECORD at this point.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection. it is so ordered,
The letter is as folio's:
STATE OF INDIANA.
Orricz or T= OovERNOa,
Indianapolis, Ind., April 28, 1963.
Hon. It. VAxc5 HART,RE.
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
YTCAS VANCE: With further reference to
"Engrossed House Joint Resolution No. 6."
it is my feeling that this resolution on the
Liberty amendment should be expunged from
the permament REcoxn since it passed only
one house of the legislature apd is not an lo-
tion of the general assembly of our State.
Very best.
Sincerely.
MArrlrsW E. Wrisa,
Governor.
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, in ac-
cordance with the Governor's wishes as
expressed in his letter, Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that "Engrossed
House Joint Resolution No. 5" be ex-
punged from the permanent RECORD.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without'
objection, it is so ordered.
ESTABLISHMENT OF FORT UNION
TRADING POST NATIONAL HIS-
TORIC SITE, NORTH DAKOTA-
ADDITIONAL COSPONSORS OF
BILL
Mr. BURDICK. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that on subsequent
printings of Senate bill 187 to authorize
establishment of the Fort Union Trading
Post National Historic Site, North Dako-
ta, and for other purposes, the name of
the Senator from Montana (Mr. MANs-
Irmt,Dl appear as a cosponsor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, It is so ordered.
CONSTRUCTION OF TRAWLERS--
ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR OF BILL
Mr. MAGNUSON, Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that at its next
printing the name of the junior Senator
from New Hampshire (Mr. McINrvasi
be added as a cosponsor of the bill (S.
744) to authorize the Secretary of the
Interior to construct two modern steam-
ramp trawlers to be used for experi-
mental commercial fishing, research, and
for other purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
AMENDMENT OF CERTAIN PROVI-
SIONS OF THE AREA REDEVELOP-
MENT ACT - ADDITIONAL CO-
SPONSOR OF BILL
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the junior Sena-
7477
tor from West Virginia [Mr. BYRD] be
listed as an additional cosponsor of S.
1163, the Area Redevelopment Act
amendments which I and other Senators
introduced on March 21, 1963, and that
his name be added to the bill at the next
printing.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
PROHIBITION OF CERTAIN SHIP-
PING CONTAINERS-ADDITIONAL
COSPONSOR OF -BILL
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that at the next
printing of the bill (S. 1342) to prohibit
the introduction into interstate com-
merce of any shipping container manu-
factured in the United States from im-
ported ,steel unless the container is
marked so as to indicate the country of
origin of the steel, that the name of the
senior Senator from Alaska [Mr. BART-
LErr) be added as a cosponsor.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, It is so ordered.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON H.R. 3872--
EXPORT-IMPORT BANK
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I should
like to announce that the Subcommittee
on International Finance of the Banking
and Currency Committee plans to hold
a hearing on the bill H.R. 3872, to
increase the lending authority of the
Export-Import Bank of Washington, to
extend the period within which tha-
Export-Import Bank of Washington may
exercise its functions, and for other
purposes.
The hearing will be held on May 17.
1963, at 10 a.m., In room 5302, New Sen-
ate Office Building. All persons who
wish to appear and testify on the bill
are requested to notify Mr. Matthew
Hale, chief of staff, Senate Committee
on Banking and Currency, room 5300,
New Senate Office Building, telephone
CApitol 4-3121, extension 3921.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON SENATE
BILL 176
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, as chair-
man of the Retirement Subcommittee of
the Committee on Post Office and Civil
Service, I wish to announce that pub-
lic hearings on S. 176 have been sched-
uled to begin at 10 a.m., on May 14, 1963,
in room 6202 of the New Senate Office
Building.
S. 176 would amend the Civil Service
Retirement Act so as to provide for
retirement from the Federal service at
age 55 after 30 years of service. Rep-
resentatives of the Bureau of the Budget
and the Civil Service Commission will be
heard first. -Then others interested in
the measure will be given an opportun-
ity to testify.
NOTICE OF HEARING ON S. 855 AND
S. 915, DEALING WITH METROPOL-
ITAN AREA PLANNING
Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, I would
like to announce for the information of
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECOD SENATE 7479
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- establishing a beachhead in the Western we already support a British deter-
pore. The Senator will state it. Hemisphere. The creeping communiza- rent.
Mr. ROBERTSON. Is the Senate op- tion of Laos, otherwise. known as Harri- Concern is sometimes voiced, by NATO
erating under the 3-minute rule? man's folly, is opening a brand new countries and rn others, over West Ger-
Mr. DIRKSEN. It is operating under door into Vietnam, where we are heavily many's potential for a nuclear capabil-
a unanimous-consent agreement. committed. The policy of watchful wait- ity. Their scientists in this field are
Mr. ROBERTSON. That agreement , ing in the Middle East amounts to watch- among the very best. To quote Har-
does not violate the 3-minute rule, does ing a tinder box that is already burning yard's Henry Kissinger, a noted expert on
it? at one end and waiting for it to ignite these matters who is frequently con-
Mr. DIRKSEN. It does. at the other. And Indonesia's playboy sulted by New Frontiersmen:
Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, on V-E potentate, Sukarno, goes his merry, ex- If West Germany is seriously interested
Day, just 18 years ago today, we stood travagant, and anti-American way with in acquiring strategic weapons, the multi-
with trusted friends and allies, trium- our support. Such policies and events lateral force (missile-carrying freighters) is
apt only to prove an interim step and
phant over the totalitarians who had laid have not increased our prestige. may turn out to be the easiest way of get-
waste much of the world in their attempt Even freedom's shield, NATO, is today, ting Germany into the nuclear business.
to dominate it. to use the currently fashionable phrase,
When the Soviet Union reverted to its "in disarray." One recent sequence in Is that what we want? Indeed, is that
Marxist-Leninist policy of world con- what the New Frontier describes as dip- what the Germans want, a backdoor into
quest, we strengthened the old friend- lomacy illustrates this massive under- potential disaster?
ships and forged new ones, first under statement of our European dilemma. But this missile freighter-idea is the
the Democratic administration of Presi- The administration's shock tactics closest discernible thing to a policy on
dent Truman, and then under the Re- with the British in abruptly canceling this problem to emerge from that New
publican administration of President, construction of the Skybolt missile, on Frontier combination of computer-man-
Eisenhower. which Britain has based her future nu- aged-military-hardware-thinkers, ab-
Many Americans had misjudged So- clear deterrent, led to the hastily im- stract theorists, and spenders.
viet intentions during and immediately provised Nassau agreement providing for There is an alternative to this stop-
after the war, but through aid to and British Polaris submarines. This con- gap gimmick, a constructive alternative.
alliance with our friends abroad, we firmed General de Gaulle's suspicions Instead of futile and negative efforts to
restored economic stability, built the about an Anglo-American "special rela- discourage any European nuclear de-
NATO shield, and brought the Red band- tionship" and served as a trigger for his fense initiative outside of Britain, we
wagon in Europe to a decisive halt. rejection of British entry into the Com- could encourage an integrated, overall
Indeed, on the 15th anniversary of mon Market. De Gaulle reportedly had European force as a vital part of the
NATO, in 1960, we stood at a pinnacle. hoped that Britain would pool her nu- drive toward unity and true Atlantic
of power and prestige. We were Preemi- clear know-how with France. partnership.
nent in the field of nuclear weapons-the And what was the administration's re- I share the concern of those who are
myth of the missile gap did not even sponse to this ferment and confusion in continuously vocal about the dangers of
survive the present administration's first the "New Europe" which it had done so nuclear proliferation; of too many hands
months. Our space effort, which had much to jog into being? A missile- on too many nuclear triggers. But
been ignored during the Truman admin- carrying freighter to be financed by all, certainly a joint force combining the ef-
istration, was beginning to make up the and with mixed NATO crews, but with forts, assets, and aims of the British,
lost time. A series of alliances, sup- the U.S. finger on the firing button. French, and other Europeans would be
ported by both of our great national par- Such a scheme is not what the Europeans preferable to many separate independ-
ties, ringed our cold war enemies. We really want; for, despite their participa- ent nuclear forces. If. we cannot relate
dealt with the Soviets, but in concert tion, they will still have no control. It our nuclear needs and strategies with
with our friends. And, our unyielding will add little to their defense or to ours. theirs now, how can we expect to do .so
opposition to Communist oppression was And yet these ships will be very ex- when the present seeds of nuclear pro-
clear. pensive-estimates run as high as $6 liferatlon really begin to sprout?
Looking back on V-E Day, of which this
In spite of this, there was a great deal billion, a large portion to be paid by the is the anniversary-looking back on the
of talk during the 1960 campaign about German Federal Republic. United States
prestige and polls. A so-called decline Former NATO Commander General great then-looking prestige of back on the the Uninrtef and the
in American prestige was made a prime Lauris Norstad has pointedly observed breast beating, the public categorizing
issue by Democratic candidates. The that "no matter how you tinker with the of our status in the world as sadly low
then junior Senator from Massachusetts gadgetry of weapons" the heart of the
exhibited great concern when he told a problem "is the question of control." and declining, during the last Presiden-
Portland, Oreg., audience: it is time, i believe, that, in the Pres- tial campaign, one .finds now the true
situation be
To rebuild American prestige will not be ident's words of 1960, we began to "un- ward in American a has taken great leap back-
easy. It cannot be done overnight by a new derstand the needs of other nations as ward past prestige 2sti
administration.. But I can assure you that well as our own. And, the best place place over o the cep 2 years. It will
a new administration will make the effort. continue unless w wee face up to the diffi-
a start would be with those nations who cult challenge of exercising positive and
He told a Kansas City audience that are our proven friends and allies. In coherent leadership among equals, un-
the great challenge of "rebuilding our short, we should recall that the NATO less we recognize that the era which be-
prestige" would require us to "under- Alliance is just that, an alliance, and gan on. VE Day is closing, that great
stand the needs of other nations as well that we should treat it as such. changes have been and are being
as our own." General Norstad has termed the Eur- wrought. We ought to move with the
He painted a grim picture. And it opean desire for a nuclear capability a course of .history, attempting to influence
was all backed up by talk of mysterious "very legitimate desire." It seems to me and mold it, rather than standing against
and secret Government polls which pur- that instead of deploring the fruits of it,
portedly indicated declining American our own successful investment-Europe's In Cuba, for example, in Laos, and else-
prestige abroad. economic miracle-we should seek to where, a. policy of wait and see usually
Well, those and other polls are being help and influence those who, as com- ends up as wait and be shown.
used now, though under odd ground mitted Allies, should be in our corner if W. Baldwin, the distinguished
rules-one uses them when they prove the horrible necessity for a resort to nu- Hanson
military d t the New York
his point, and abuses them when they do clear weapons should ever arise. Times, summed it up, I believe, when he
not. France's desire for an independent de- wrote:
As for our prestige, after 2 years of terrent is a natural one, and one which No alliance has room for second-best allies
"rebuilding" the Russians are now in will spread to other European nations in or discriminatory practices. A really coor-
Cuba, where we have gone from eyeballs a disorderly and dangerous way if we dinated multinational European nuclear
to elbows- with them. This is the first do not move to influence, rather than to deterrent, keyed to the two principles of col-
time in modern history that an enemy obstruct, the normal reach for security, lective European control without an Ameri-
of the United States has succeeded in nation by nation. can veto and a minimum deterrence, probably
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May 8
offers the beat hope for tomorrow. It is
time to recognize that President de Gaulle
has a point, to shift our emphasis to coor-
dination rather than Integration, and to
attempt to influence, rather than to control.
Europe's nuclear future.
Mr. President, we are now confronted
with a Russian military presence in
Cuba. An international brigade is being
organized there-with the exporting of
revolution from Castro Cuba presently
and overtly underway, after the training
of numerous cadres. And we are con-
fronted by an administration which has
deplored the very existence of any form
of communism 90 miles from our shore
and yet has complacently accepted not
mere existence, not even mere coexist-
ence, but the actual, thundering, omi-
nous menace of foreign Communist
armies, the very introduction of Euro-
pean systems condemned by the Monroe
Doctrine. If the Monroe Doctrine Is
dead, in the administration's judgment,
they should say so.
In my judgment, the answer Is to as-
sert our rights under the Monroe Doc-
trine, under the various declarations of
Rio and Caracas, and under the state-
ment of the Organization of American
States of October 23, 1962.
Let us again, as Americans, be proud
of and assert the facts that we know
how to defend ourselves against com-
munism, and again all other enemies,
foreign or domestic; that we are pre-
pared to defend ourselves; and substi-
tute a policy which makes sense, that is
in keeping with the desires of the Amer-
ican people, for the sad lack today of
any foreign policy in relation to Cuba.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I rec-
ognize the distinguished Senator from
Utah [Mr. BENNETT].
Mr. BENNET I'. Mr. President. on this
anniversary of V-E Day, I think we
should look south of the border to the
rest of Latin America, outside Cuba.
Latin America was the one major part of
the world that was not involved In or en-
gulfed by World War II. But it has not
escaped the tidal wave of the war's con-
sequences. We thought that V-E Day
marked the end of both the forces and
philosophies of totalitarianism, but we
were wrong. A particularly evil germ
lay dormant, protected by a nominal
participation in the forces of freedom;
and since V-E Day, it has infected the
bodies politic of many of the nations to
the south of us. Unfortunately, we have
not yet found the antibiotic that prom-
ises a cure.
We have tried words and phrases like
"good neighbor policy" and "Alliance for
Progress," as substitutes for the old
homely remedy of the Monroe Doctrine.
But the infection continues to spread.
We know where the source is. it is in
Castro's Cuba, and we have made sev-
eral apparent attempts to eliminate it-
notably at the Bay of Pigs and, last fall,
on the "day of the missiles."
Both times when we prepared our
friends to see surgery, they enthusiastic-
ally approved and supported us, and then
we ended with aspirin. No wonder their
faith in us is wavering.
In such a situation-and to change my
metaphor-I am reminded of the lines
of the poet, Pope:
Vice is a monster of so fierce a mien
That to be hated needs but to be seen
But seen too oft, familiar with its face
We first endure, then pity, then embrace.
For the word "vice" in the poem, read
the word "communism."
South American leaders live in a world
of political insecurity. Their history,
with its pattern of revolution, tells us
that. They also live in an economic
world whose pattern resembles pre-1917
Russia more than it does ours, an-eco-
nomic world with little or no middle
class. and no widespread base of private
capital available for investment in homes
and jobs. The phoney promises of com-
munism-the lure that hides the hook-
sound good to them.
And yet they are proud, as we are, to
be Americans. Those of their citizens
who are not native are descendents of
men who fled Europe, as our Founding
Fathers did. Their tradition of law and
government, with its roots in Rome, is
different than ours, whose roots are in
England, but the difference is less than
between Europe and Asiatic Russia. I
believe they want mostof all to be like us,
In personal opportunity and well-being.
I think they would turn to communism
only as a second choice, and In despair.
And yet they seem to be turning in
that direction, or at least to be hedging
their bets on American leadership-and
increasingly so since 1961. Even the
President of Mexico, who may not leave
the country for more than 2 days with-
out Mexican congressional permission,
has made the pilgrimage to Moscow.
Where is the fault? With them? I
think not. It must be with us. We must
look within for the causes of failure.
When we do we may discover these
among others:
First. We have not tried to under-
stand them, but rather to assume the
arrogant posture of prescribing without
diagnosis. The Great White Father
knows best.
We went into Latin America with the
Alliance for Progress before its details
had been presented to the Congress.
Second. We have satisfied ourselves
with catch phrases and Washington-cen-
tered programs, hoping that they would
take the word for the deed-and when
deeds have been inevitable, they have
been weaker than the words that prom-
ised them.
Third. In the typical pattern of the
New Frontier, every Idea we come up with
is based on the spending of money, In-
cluding the ransom of the Cuban pris-
oners. Money is always a completely
inadequate substitute for understanding
and solutions based on human values.
Fourth. We never seem to be able to
establish a satisfactory system of com-
munication. Not only do we face a dif-
ference in language, but a difference in
the meaning of words that are basic to
an understanding of our goals. To them
free enterprise is an evil concept, with
the meanings of exploitation Marx at-
tached to It over 100 years ago, To them
social justice Is the ultimate good; and
Communists, not we, call themselves so-
cialists.
V-E Day found us with the greatest
power in the world, military as well as
economic. Since then we have failed
in courage to use both. So who can`
blame the South Americans if they be-
gin to shop around and take a look at
communism? Unfortunately, that is
exactly what they are now doing.
In the American tradition, the custom-
er is always right. We must present
the American system to our friends in
Latin America more realistically, as
though we were dealing in their interest,
and not our own, and we must begin to
live up to the promises we have so glibly
made, realizing that time and confidence
are slipping away from us very rapidly.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I rec-
ognize the distinguished Senator from
Kansas (Mr. CARLSON].
Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, 18
years ago today at 2:41 a.m., the German
armies surrendered unconditionally at
Rheims, France.
It was a day for rejoicing. It was also
a day of great sorrow for the cost in
lives-for the suffering of men and wom-
en wounded and crippled from the fray.
It was a day of mourning for those whose
lives were laid down for liberty and for
their families whose losses could never
be repaid.
Out of this holocaust we emerged the
mightiest Nation in the world. Our
power and prestige were at a peak. The
United States was looked upon not only
as the savior of the free world, but as
the protector and helper of all freedom-
loving nations.
Now, 18 years later, where do we
stand?
Mr. President, our foreign relations all
over the world are in disarray. Our
prestige Is at a low ebb. Today we find
Castro "home free" as puppet ruler of
his apparently permanent Moscow sup-
ported Western Hemisphere Communist
base. In Laos our situation is deteriorat-
ing every day, as a result of our agree-
ment to accept a governing body that
should be neutral, but is actually Com-
munist.'
In Berlin, In Latin America, in Korea,
and In Africa-no matter where you go-
our efforts have not made us friends, nor
built our prestige.
In the continent of Africa, the political
situation is most unstable. In many
countries of Africa, our own money is
supporting individuals and organizations
that are bringing about chaos and in-
stability.
President Kennedy, in seeking the
Presidency, declared in a speech at Bowl-
ing Green, Ky., October 8, 1960:
First, we must ally ourselves with the ris-
ing tide of nationalism in Africa.
Second, we must make the United Nations
the central instrument of our energies and
policies in Africa.
Today, in the United Nations, we are
barely holding our own against a bur-
geoning of new little African nations be-
ing born almost daily, many of which are
smaller than our smallest states and
with less population than some of our
middle-size cities.
In Africa, many of these emerging
nations are neither emerged nor are they
nations. If we count Egypt and the Ma-
lagasy Republic among those African
nations, there are 32 of them in the
United Nations at present. Yet their
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7481
Influence is as great as the number of which figured in the ransom deal, such tion of the administration with respect
votes they have. as wheat, flour, potatoes, and possibly to the Middle East at this time and the
Out of the 111 member nations in .the also a few luxury items, have been pur- grave dangers that amount to a war
United Nations, we, who shoulder the chased with private or semiprivate funds. threat, including the accelerated arms
greatest burden, have but 1 vote. We Mr. DIRKSEN: Mr. President, I rec- race which it poses. I do not believe we
find ourselves weighted in African votes ognize the distinguished Senator from can be even-handed in the Middle East
32 to 1 with even little Togo having the New York [Mr. JAVITS]. between the aggressors and the defend-
same vote as the United States. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. ers, between the oppressors and the op-
Because Soviet Russia finds its greatest IxouYE in the chair). The Senator from pressed. eI do not d concerning an aggression we can of
advantage by fishing in troubled waters, New York.
and because of the diversity of languages, Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, we are, power under the leadership of President
tribes, and economies, we find that Afri- in a way, taking inventory of the foreign Nasser. Nasser threatens to use his
ca is seething with all sorts of Commu- policy of our Nation with respect to VE power to destroy a state to whose preser-
nist activities and subversion. They are Day. This is certainly a deeply moving vation we are pledged-pledged by Presi-
carrying on a campaign of hate, not only day for all of us in the United states dent Truman in his recognition of that
against each other, but also against the and, if we may be forgiven a little par- state; by President Eisenhower in his
United States. ticularization especially for those of us support of that state; by Secretary
Despite official U.S. claims. that "no who served in the Armed Forces of our Dulles in his declaration that constitutes ou support
new nation has gone Communist" both country. to of Israel policy; and one of
Mali and Ghana have declared their I should like to say a word about a the of by the
ign whicPresident the
governments as the Soviet-type "social- particular area of the world, to which I campaign tenets
e con-
with pledgpledg a I e and ake
Guinea have addressed myself recently. Wady fundamental are
Guinea is cooperating with Soviet- I am as devoted to a bipartisan foreign fronted undertook.
bloc nations; and Ethiopia has been a policy affecting the Middle East, about When itself such uch a in mistake ways fucah is believe which are made, it mistake.
s s most mani-
center for Soviet espionage in Africa. which I would like to say a word today, Pests wise. For example, we made a very grea
Mr. President, in. making the United as I am with respect to every other area
group of
Nations the central instrument of our of the world, and I trust that nothing mistake For
Arab-Asian nations standing which athwart a were seeking
energies and policies in Africa, we found which I shall say, even in the context A A United
Nations a
ourselves embroiled in a bloody civil war of these remarks, which would betray to have ian have adopted a calling in for the direct ipeace Nations a
in the Congo. The list could go on and my deep devotion to that fundamental ations slu between Israel di and the Arab
on. approach. States. I can hardly see how we could
We find ourselves called "imperialists" However, I believe that it is the funs- have taken that attitude in view of the
and worse by many of these tiny so- tion of the opposition or the minority in
called African nations still engaged in respect to questions of foreign policy not policy of the President of the United
bloody tribal warfare and drifting into merely to be quiet and close ranks, but States, who, when he was a candidate,
the Communist orbit. to be fully informed about the facts upon speaking before a convention of the
Today, in commemorating this anni- which foreign policy decisions are made, Zionists in New York City, said:
versary of V-E Day, instead of a world in and also to make its contribution-and I propose that all the authority and pres-
which we had the opportunity to lead to often it could 'be a very marked and tige of the White House be used to call into
strength and freedom, and in which we conference the leaders of Israel and the Arab
strong one-to the way in which that States.
did lead so that Europe is strong and policy is administered and decisions are
prosperous in a world in which we freed made, so that the impact may be had be- Certainly, there was a chance to move
of Japanese aggression those countries fore grave damage is done to the na- to do that, but we did not do it; again, I
in the Far East who are now their own tipnal interests, rather than to seek po- believe, because of the mistaken idea that
people, we find we have fewer friends litical.advantage after it is done. we can be even-handed between those
than. we ever had. It is in that spirit that I speak with who threaten aggression and liquidation
On V-E Day we realized that major respect to the Middle East. I think it and those who are defending themselves.
problems can never be solved by appease- is fair to say that this is one of the areas I think we see the same thing happen-
ment. It is hoped that this principle is of the world which has caused consider- ing now in the way that foreign aid from
realized in the future. able difficulty since V-E Day. It has been the United States to President Nasser is
Only by a firm and clear foreign policy suggested that, perhaps the letters "VE" being used to assist in the economics of
can we hope to regain the prestige and might be reversed so as to be "EV the situation, and which unfortunately
respect which we had on that fateful "eternal vigilance"-the price of the se- enables him to use Egypt's cotton crop for
day, in Rheims when the once powerful curity of our Nation and our Nation's the purpose of buying Soviet-bloc arms,
German Army capitulated and.the world future. thereby jeopardizing peace and security
dared to dream of a bright future. ? In the Middle East I see certain direc- in the area of the world especially se-
Mr. DIRKSEN. I now yield to the dis- tions of policy being pursued by the ad- cured to the State of Israel.
tinguished Senator from Vermont. ministration against which I called out I believe we did the same thing again
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I have the other day in a speech. I should like when we moved rather precipitately, in
been listening to the remarks of the elo- very much to include that speech within my judgment, to recognize the new re-
quent and patriotic-speakers who have the context of constructive criticism; if gime in the Yemen. Incidentally, recog-
preceded me. I must confess that, so far you will, within the context of construc- nition was withheld by our great ally,
as Cuba is concerned, I cannot under- tive criticism of the bipartisan policy on the United Kingdom. But the United
stand the shift of position in our policy. which I believe we are basing our ac- States recognized Yemen, notwithstand-
Last October I do not believe any of us tion in the Middle East. I am not di- ing the fact that the new government
would have believed that 6 months later recting my criticism. exclusively at this was maintained essentially by Egyptian
the U.S. Navy and Air Force would be administration. I have had my diifi- troops shipped there by United Arab
used for the protection of the Russian culties in this regard with previous ad- Republic President Nasser.
occupant of that island or the puppet ministrations, both Democratic and Re- Again, enough problems have been
government of Mr. Castro. publican. But, after all, the President raised for us by Syria and Iraq with the
It is also beyond my understanding to is the President. He administers our United Arab Republic, whose declared
fathom the purpose of our own Govern- foriegn policy, and we must deal with intention is the liquidation of Israel, and,
ment, not only to use our own Armed the President who is presently in office. therefore, with the consequence of bring-
Forces to protect the Russians, but also That is the sense in which I wish to be ing war to the Midle East, a war which
to send shiploads of food to feed them. understood. would be bound to involve the great pow-
We have contributed 15 million pounds I believe we make a grave mistake in ers, as well.
of Government-owned powdered milk for thinking that we can be "even-handed." So on the aniversary of the great V-E
this purpose. We have also contributed Those are the words used by the Under Day, as it focuses on the Middle East, I
20 million pounds of vegetable oil. I un- Secretary of State in a letter sent to me ' again pledge myself to a bipartisan for-
derstand that other articles of food, and other Senators, explaining the posi- eign policy. I have laid on with equal
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Mr. JAVITS. I wish to yield on this
subject, and then to submit certain other
matters.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, in-
asmuch as there has been a concerted
attack on the administration and on the
Government over the past 18 years, I be-
lieve some Senator should respond to
that criticism; and I hope that I may
do so.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I had
thought the Senator from Montana
would take the floor when the Senator
from Illinois [Mr. DIRxsENI concluded.
I shall be glad to have the Senator from
Montana proceed now.
Mr. MANSFIELD. No, Mr. President;
I should like to have all the diatribes and
criticisms presented first.
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President. I
should like to add to these remarks.
Mr. MANSFIELD. That is what I un-
derstood. -
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President-
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I yield
to the Senator from Colorado [Mr.
Doasnazcrc] .
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
HARTRE in the chair). The Senate Is now
proceeding In the morning hour; and the
Senator from Colorado is recognized.
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President. it
seems to me that 18 years after V-E Day
we have had clear expositions in the
Senate today of some of the problems
that we are facing on a nationwide and
worldwide basis.
LATIN AMERICA
The threat to the internal security of
Latin America, and hence the entire
Western Hemisphere, is greater today
than at any time In history. Overlook-
Ing this fact, or pretending it will go
away if Ignored, Is a policy fraught with
danger which is doomed to absolute and
final failure. As the most powerful na-
tion in the hemisphere it is our responsi-
bility to assume the lead of eradicating
this menace. We have done this In the
past and are expected by our Latin
American friends to do It again.
During World War Ir, the United
States, along with the Latin American
nations, cooperated to prevent Axis
penetration of the Western Hemisphere.
In 1954, under the Eisenhower adminis-
tration, a Communist-dominated gov-
ernment in Guatemala was overthrown
with encouragement from the United
States and the Central American nations
after it began to receive heavy arms
shipments from the Soviet Union. Firm
action by the United States during the
October Cuban crisis received unani-
mous and unqualified support from all
members of the Organization of Ameri-
can States. The will Is there. The need
Is there. The leadership of the United
States cannot fail to be there.
The policy of the present administra-
tion on Latin America defies description.
We are unable to see through the series
of State Department smokescreens long
enough to determine what, if anything,
our Government is doing, or plans to do,
with regard to Cuban exported subver-
sion. That such subversion is going on,
that saboteurs are being trained,
equipped and sent to Latin American
countries from Cuba is irrefutable. The
testimony of John A. McCone, Director
of the CIA, makes this point clear.
Mr. McCone's testimony showed that
between 1,000 and 1,500 Latin Americans
received guerrilla and sabotage training
in Cuba last year, and more have ar-
rived this year. The CIA Director
testified :
The Cuban effort at present is far more
serious than the hastily organized and ill-
conceived raids that the bearded veterans of
Sierra Maestra led into such Central Amer-
ican countries as Panama, Haiti, Nicaragua,
and the Dominican Republic during the
first 8 or 9 months Castro was In power.
Today the Cuban effort is far more sophis-
ticated, more covert, and more deadly. In
its professional tradecraft, it shows guidance
and training by experienced Communist ad-
visers from the Soviet bloc, including vet-
eran Spanish Communists.
Mr. McCone has stated clearly that the
nations of Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, and
Panama are marked targets for this sub-
version by the Communists. Mr. McCone
also indicated that Cuba furnishes money
to buy weapons and other items neces-
sary to conduct subversive activities.
By the end of March 1963, the Presi-
dent had both the proof of extensive
Communist penetration in Latin Amer-
ica beyond Cuba, and evidence of grow-
ing alarm among our Latin American
friends.
On April 15, 1963, President Kennedy
attended a meeting of Central American
Presidents in San Jose, Costa Rica. In
spite of pressures by Central American
Presidents, Mr. Kennedy did nothing to
clear the issue of our policy toward sub-
version in Latin America.
In line with the strange things that
are happening In Latin America are the
questions being raised regarding the
possible evacuation of the U.S. forces
from Guantanamo Naval Base. Is the
administration searching for a naval site
in Puerto Rico as a prelude to such an
evacuation? The Congress, the Ameri-
can people, and the freedom-loving Latin
Americans have a right to know just
what is being planned for Guantanamo:
The Latin Americans as well as citi-
zens of the United States cannot help
but be concerned over this administra-
tion's policy regarding Cuba. They can-
not help but wonder whether the admin-
istration has a policy of assistance to
Cubans to regain control of their own
government or whether it intends to try
to coexist with communism in this hemi-
sphere while subversion and infiltration
continue from Castro's Communist gov-
ernment in Cuba.
Mr. ALLOTT. Mr. President, will my
colleague yield?
Mr. DOMINICK. I yield.
Mr. ALLOTT. I compliment my dis-
tinguished colleague from Colorado on
the remarks he has mad@, and I join in
them wholeheartedly. The Senator has
performed a very valuable service In
pointing out that all of us, as Americans,
desire to support the President's policies
in Latin America if we can. But first we
need to know what those policies are.
As Members of the Senate we have a
right to have those policies defined for
us. In that respect, the remarks of my
colleague from Colorado have been very
helpful, It is my hope that he will con-
candor with respect to the administra-
tion in power, whatever may be its po-
litical obligation. The President has very
heavy responsibilities. He is the man in
authority. He is the man who is doing
the work. Nevertheless, I believe we
have made and are making some ex-
tremely grave mistakes in respect to our
Mideast policy, and I believe It Is my
duty to point out, as well, what I con-
sider to be appropriate solutions for
them. I am trying to be true to that
duty in the effort which I have described
to call the attention of our people to
what are the dangers-and I believe they
are real dangers, as.I have described
them-amounting to a threat of war and.
In my judgment, what needs to be done
in order to avoid war.
In this connection I ask unanimous
consent to Include with my remarks an
editorial entitled "Our Mideast Policy
Under Fire," which appeared in the New
York Post, May 2, 1963.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
OUR MIDEAST POLICY UNDER FIRE
The Kennedy administration Is smarting
under the harsh criticism of its Mideast
policies voiced by a dozen Senators last Tues-
day. The Senators, of both parties. assailed
the administration for building up President
Nasser while he continues to threaten the
peace and stability of the Middle East.
In an Indirect answer to its critics, the
administration has let It be known that it
recently took precautionary military meas-
ures and warned Nasser that we would inter-
vene if there were a coup against King
Hussein of Jordan. Washington also dis-
closed that It has been pressing the United
Arab Republic, Iraq, and Syria to call off
their propaganda war against Hussein.
But these diseldsures only underline the
contradictions in our policy. Who threatens
Hussein? Who denounces Hussein as a U.S..
puppet? It is President Nasser-the same
Nasser who is a substantial beneficiary of
U.S. aid and support.
It is a policy that makes little sense. Re-
publican and Democratic Senators warned
the administration that events in the area
were now moving In a direction that can only
end in war, a war that would endanger the
peace of the world.
To halt this trend, they urged revival of
the United States-British-French guarantees
of the region's peace and stability, coupled
with Initiative to end the arms race.
If Nasser is unwilling to cooperate with
a peace and stabilization program at a time
when he issoliciting our help, what [Hakes
us think he will be more amenable later,
when our help is less Important?
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, will
the Senator from New York yield?
Mr. KEATING. Mr. President-
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
time of the Senator from New York has
expired.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, Is
the Senate now operating In the mom-
Ing hour, or under the dispensation
granted to the minority leader?
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Senate is now operating in the morning
hour. "
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that I may have 5 ad-
ditional minutes.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Five additional
minutes In which the Senator from New
York will speak?
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1963' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
7483
Ptinue, as I hope others will continue, to troops would be removed. And if there named Dr. Joseph Sizoo. It is worth
discuss that subject until we find out should be any attempt by the Soviet recounting that his father came from
whether we have a policy and, if we do Union to take advantage of other situa- Norway. He went to work for the Pull-
not have a policy, that we will start de- tions which develop in Latin America man Co. in South Chicago, when Abra-
fining a policy for -Cuba and Latin such as might develop in Haiti-our ham Lincoln's son was the president of
America. country should prevent, promptly, any the company. When the elder Sizoo got
Mr. DOMINICK. I thank my col- further intrusion by Soviet forces. his first raise he put the money into a
league. I believe that the establishment of sequestered account for the education of
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I rec- such a policy would clarify our purposes. his son, and that son was Dr. Joseph
ognize the distinguished Senator from It might not be possible to achieve its ob- Sizoo, who long presided as the minister
Kentucky. jectives immediately, but the establish- of the New York Avenue Presbyterian
Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, on the ment of the policy and the determination Church.
18th anniversary of V-E Day, it is very to continue to insist upon withdrawal of I always thought it was one of the
appropriate that we turn our thoughts troops accompanied by other measures, interesting postscripts of history that
to that day 18 years ago when the great even the resumption of the quarantine, that is a church in which Lincoln at-
conflict in Europe ended. It marked the in time, would I hope bring results. tended prayer meetings-where, almost
end of a 12-month campaign in which I close by saying that on this anniver- stealthily, he went on Wednesday nights
American soldiers and other members sary of V-E Day. it is best to remember through a side door, there to engage in
of the armed services, in conjunction the thousands who gave their lives dur- the fellowship of prayer.
with our allies, liberated Europe. These ing World War II. Dr. Joseph Sizoo found a larger minis-
forces moved into Germany and Czecho- It would be presumptuous for any of try in New York. On Saturdays he used
slovakia and defeated the Nazi totali- us, to recall our own experiences, but it to go to the Veterans Hospital. One
tarian regime. is especially appropriate for all of us who . Saturday afternoon he was talking to
There is much to consider today, as had the opportunity to serve in World a youngster there. He found that the
we still struggle with the consequences War II, and in Europe, to remember to- patients had been "washed up" by the
of that great war. We remind ourselves day the sacrifices of those who died, of backlash of war. They were the wrecks,
of history to afford light for today and those who were wounded, of those who in large part.
the future. suffered, and the sacrifices of their He was talking about responsibility
I think that the judgment of history families. and social obligation, which come later,
will be that the agreements which were I close my remarks by paying tribute and in the middle of his discourse one
made during that war-agreements to those who fought in World War II particular youngster stood up. He had
which permited the division in Berlin, and who gave all that was asked of one arm shot off. The other arm was in
which permitted the Soviet Union to them, and more, for our country and for a sling. He had a steel girdle around
move into Manchuria and ports along the preservation oi: freedom. his middle, because a Japanese sniper
the Pacific-brought about the unhappy Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, an had shot him in the spine on one of the
consequences with which we still must anniversary occasion is rather high islands of the Pacific. He would never
deal. ground in what can otherwise be a drab walk again under his own power.
Despite the promises made by the and routine existence. It gives one an As he listened to Dr. Joseph Sizoo, he
Soviet Union, it broke them callously opportunity to stand up a little higher, suddenly stood up, with agony on his
and fastened its control on every coun- to look back to see from whence he came, face as if the chisel of Phideas himself
try it entered, except Austria and Iran. and then to look ahead in the hope that had put it there, and said, "Padre, Padre,
The Soviets agreed to the establishment the road is clearly demarked. will anything come of it?"
of democratic governments in Poland Today is the 18th anniversary of V-E That is a good question, Mr. President,
and the Eastern European states, but Day. 18 years after this deafening silence on
proceeded to deny any democratic choice Sometimes a journey can be described the battlefields of Europe.
to the people of those countries. as a tour from one epochal event to an- I was in Paris that day. I asked the
That denial was followed by the block- other. Certainly the cessation of con- commander of the Paris quarter to give
ade of Berlin, by the coup d'etat in flict and killing in a great sector of the me a car and a doughboy, and I went to
Czechoslovakia, and later by its open world is an epochal event. I lived Versailles, that great garden built by
domination of Eastern Germany. through it once, Mr. President. I lived Louis XIV. The place was locked, and
These events provided us with lessons through it on a battlefield on the West- I wandered around, and I finally found
which, unhappily, we have not recalled ern Front in World War I. a poilu with only one arm. We had
often enough. The Soviet Union has People used to say about Lexington _ something in common. He also had
established its presence in Cuba and the and Concord that the shot fired at the served in World War H.
Western Hemisphere, and I am fearful bridge was heard round the world. I In my limited French, I asked him how
that, despite whatever promises the So- can tell Senators that the stillness which I could get in. Then I asked him,
viet Union made last year, it will not comes in such sharp contrast can fairly "Where Is the Salle de la. Guerre?"-
withdraw its forces. be heard around the world. the Salon.of War, with all the magnifi-
The question of Cuba troubles the So there was something eerie about cent oil paintings. Then I said to him,
country. What kind of policy shall we the situation on the 8th of May, 18 years as we went into that room, "Where did
pursue, and what can be done? It is a ago. Clemenceau sit?" He said, "Voila." I
difficult question to answer for the. ad- ' What a ghastly business it was, with asked, "Where did President Wilson
ministration and for those who criticize the damage which was done to the sit?" "Voila."
its policy. ancient churches and cathedrals; to And then, at the end of one com-
I believe that it ought to be our de- buildings and housing equipment, where ponent of World War 11, I was standing
clared policy that the Soviet presence men found a livelihood; to homes of all where the peace treaty was signed. I al-
in Cuba and the Western Hemisphere kinds; and, of course, the scars on the lowed myself to fal into something of a
cannot be' accepted. I say quite honest- earth. All that suddenly came to an end. reverie. I thought, "Had we learned
ly, it is difficult to implement this policy, it was a bloody business, to say the least. anything?" It seemed not, because more
but at, least there should be a declara- So when we stand on the pinnacle of men were under arms. The methods
tion that the ending of this presence is an anniversary and look back and look and devices for killing were more ef-
our policy-a declaration which will have around, we look forward, to try. to assess ficient and expeditious. And a rather
meaning in our country, and which will the future and come to some kind of peculiar feeling possessed me.
have meaning in Latin America. conclusion. Then one is lost in puzzle- Four months after V-E Day came V-J
I believe the President should continue ment and wonderment as to whether Day. A bomb brought a new a.ge and a
to insist that Khrushchev keep the mankind learned a lesson or not. new era and the end of a war. Then
promises he is said to have made last fall, I think of a great minister of the New we had an opportunity to think a little
at the time of the crisis, that Soviet York Avenue Presbyterian Church about what was taking place.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 8
It is an astounding thing, Mr. Presi-
dent, that one of God's greatest blessings
to mankind is grass, because It heals
and covers the scars of the earth. How
quickly the rubble is gone. Go out to
the Ruhr or any place else in Ger-
many or Austria. New buildings have
risen, and the rubble has disappeared_
Man's ingenuity and imagination have
encompassed all that.
But, singularly enough, a nation, like
Phoenix, can rise from the ashes of war
and fairly rehabilitate its great physi-
cal plant, its shattered earth, and every-
thing else; but, somehow, that healing
has not reached the hearts and minds
of mankind.
I had a very quaint experience the
other day. I went to address a mass
meeting. of Republican women. My
speech was taken down by a reporter
using shorthand, and when she trans-
cribed her notes, where I had spoken
about the "balm of Gilead," she put in
the words "bomb of Gilead." What an
amazing thing, then, that, somehow, the
very atmosphere in which we live im-
presses Itself in little ways, and the balm
of Gilead seemed to be pretty far away.
I asked the distinguished majority
leader to let us have this time, and he
graciously consented, because I thought
we ought to look back and observe this
day and think a little about the problems
of today, and also the circumstances and
conditions that have evolved since that
day 18 years ago when, in a delirium of
jubilation, I thought I saw a million peo-
ple in downtown Paris as the lights came
on for the first time in years.
So we stand here on this pinnacle. and
we look back, and then we look down, and
then hopefully we look ahead. But as
we look around, what do we see? Name
any continent. Name any great area,
and, Mr. President, you will see it on the
front page.
If you name me Asia, Mr. President, I
name you a divided Korea that cost us
nearly $20 billion a year, and is costing
us every year. A parallel of latitude di-
vides North Korea from South Korea.
Mr. President, you name me China,
and I name you a great, hulking coun-
try, with prehaps 600 million people,
under the tyranny of dictatorship driv-
ing their people down the Red road of
communism.
Mr. President, you name me Thailand,
once known as Siam, and I name you a
country that is under the dynamics of
fear. A part of our 7th Fleet is stand-
ing at the Gulf of Siam.
Mr. President, you name me Laos,
where we finally assented to a troika gov-
ernment-Commun st, neutral, and one
for their own coup y-and I name you
a country that is in grave jeopardy to-
day of being overwhelmed and taken
over by the Red ideological scourge.
Mr. President, you name me Burma,
and I can recite you the agony of the
acting Prime Minister when I was in
Rangoon.
Mr. President, you name me Indonesia,
which has been referred to on the floor
today, and I name you a country which
is seething with difficulty and which it-
self could become a victim of this virus.
This is 18 years after V-E Day and
after men surrendered the ghost in the
Islands of the Pacific.
Mr. President, you name me Europe,
and I name you a stone wall that sep-
arates East from West Berlin.
I name you France, which vetoed
Britain's entry into the Common Mar-
ket, and which evidently Is seeking to
develop a third force. I name you all
the countries in Eastern Europe that are
under the Red heel, and particularly a
great country like Poland, which pro-
duced so much In culture, so many great
musicians, artists, and the like. Today,
for practical purposes. It is the victim
of the virus that is In the atmosphere
of the world today.
Mr. President, if you name me the
Middle East, which has been discussed
here today, one wonders if all the coun-
tries of Moslem extraction and Moslem
base will finally consummate what they
have In mind, and what will happen to
the Republic of Israel, which was born
and recognized in the Truman adminis-
tration.
Mr, President, you name me Latin
America. with its poverty and Its
wretchedness, and I name you a con-
tinent were the peasant league, evidently
2 million strong in the largest country
there, is seeking, by might and main, to
overwhelm the constituted authority and
impose the imprimatur of communism.
Mr. President, you name me Cuba, and
I name you a country that was liberated
by American arms, sustained, and taken
by the hand, until it obtained Its own
Independence; and today It is under the
heel of communism, and is the stooge of
Khrushchev, 18 years after V-E Day.
So, Mr. President, you can name any
hemisphere, any continent, most coun-
tries, and it will be seen that we are
confronted with problems seemingly
greater than those that were on our
doorstep when we summoned the youth
of America and our ingenuity to stop
the rising tide of dictatorship. It is a
tragic business, one that can bring only
distress to human hearts.
One thing that bothers me more than
anything else is the phrase that is creep-
ing Into our conversation. We no longer
talk of the cold war. We seem to talk
of a permanent cold war. That phrase
recurs so many times that It Insinuates
itself into the thinking of the people, 18
years after the deafening silence brought
the delirium of joy to millions of people
in all corners of the world
It is a day to be remembered. It is
a day for rededication. It is a day for
reconsecration to the purpose that
makes this Republic the greatest coun-
try on the face of the earth, and sets
In motion those divine forces in the mind
and in the heart of the individual which
are the great swelling motive power for
American achievement and accomplish-
ment.
How quickly we forget. The Senate
has not observed the anniversary of this
day during my service in this body.
However, I think it is time to take ac-
count of some of the ancient landmarks
that those before us have set, and to
take account of the sacrifices they have
made.
The word "sacrifice" has in it the con-
notation of something sacred. When a
young man forfeits his life for his coun-
try, and when a million casualties-our
casualties-are the result of conflict, we
can afford in this deliberative body to
take a little time to go into communion
with ourselves and- measure the cost of
what we enjoy today.
One of the most pathetic and touch-
ing stories that I have ever heard was
'that of a young GI who, when last seen,
was getting on a transport to go to one
of the Pacific Islands. His commanding
officer noted that when he last saw him
alive he had in his breast pocket a little
paperbacked book, the outside cover of -
which displayed the title "Our Hearts
Were Young and Gay."
When his commanding officer saw him
the next time he was upside down and
covered with blood, and his blond hair
was out over the sand. But the book was
still in his pocket: "Our Hearts Were
Young and Gay."
I helped to send these young men over
there, by my vote, and I mean to re-
member it. I believe that Members of
this exclusive legislative body, to which
was committed the purse, while the Con-
stitution was committing to the Com-
mander in Chief the sword, must always
remember that we cannot get into for-
mal conflict without a vote of this body,
and no dollars can be spent unless we ap-
propriate them to send the flower of
America out Into the far reaches of the
earth, to do battle-yes, and for what?
Sometimes we forget; but I have talked
with many of them, in Germany, France,
the Middle East, India, and the Far East.
I have said to each of them, "Soldier,
what do you think about? What is this
all about? Why are you here?"
Almost invariably they become inar-
ticulate and tonguetied. Then I would
get a kind of halting answer, which
came not so much from the lips as from
the heart, "Well, I guess it's for freedom."
What blessed beneficiaries we are of
the great hordes who have gone before
us. May we never cast aside one of the
greatest attributes that God has con-
ferred upon mankind, the attribute to
remember.
This day, Mr. -President, we remember.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
have been listening for at least an hour
and a, half to a series of speeches by my
Republican colleagues in the Senate on
a number of subjects which had very lit-
tle, if any, relation to the observance of
the 18th anniversary of V-E Day, mark-
ing the end of World War II in Europe.
During the course of these remarks,
some of which were quite statesmanlike,
such as that of the distinguished minority
leader and that of the distinguished Sen-
ator from Kentucky [Mr. COOPER] and
others, I thought that due honor was be-
ing paid to the subject under considera-
tion. However, some of my other Re-
publican colleagues in the Senate men-
tioned V-E Day at the beginning of their
remarks, and that was the last reference
made to that historic occasion.
It seems to me that while this was
a well-led and well-directed brigade, the
arguments which were advanced to show
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196 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD NATE
that this country has enjoyed 18 years in accepting our responsibilities, how- with the newly emerging countries in
of misrule were very poorly documented. ever, we must recognize the limits of Africa? What about the situation in the
I heard such words as "inventory of our our ability to affect events around the 'Middle East, where the perennial Israeli-
foreign policy" over the past 18 years. globe. I think it is important that we Arab conflict is blossoming again, poten-
I heard such descriptions as "clear ex- avoid what D. W. Brogan calls "the il- tially dangerous?
positions" concerning foreign policy and lusion of omnipotence"-that American I suggest that Senators ask themselves
our lack of it over the past 18 years. I policy and power can reverse any un- one question about the man and the
heard references to Cuba, with Latin fortunate trend or repair any difficulty Government whom they so freely criti-
America thrown in incidentally. I heard that occurs anywhere in the world. cize: What would I do if I were in his
fleeting references to Africa. I heard , President Truman, President Eisen- shoes and had to make the decisions
references to the Middle East, which I hower, and President Kennedy have all which only he can make?"
do not believe should be considered with- learned, if they did not already know; If we ask ourselves that question, we
in the context of the "Charge of the the truth of this situation. will have a pretty good idea of the great
Light Brigade" today, because they had I wonder why it is that on this sad and responsibility which is his, and his alone,
to do with a resolution which was sub- happy occasion-sad because of the lives not because he is the head of the Demo-
mitted. lost; happy because of the end of a war- cratic Party, put because he is the Presi-
Until the minority leader spoke, I it has been necessary for the Republi- dent of the United States, and as such
heard no reference to the situation in can light brigade to launch a series of represents all the people of this country.
southeast Asia; no reference to Formosa; attacks against what has occurred in our
no reference to Korea; no reference. to own country over the past 18 years.
Thailand; and I believe no reference to What do they mean when they speak REDESBATIGNA IGNATTIOION OF NATIONAL BIG MON HOLE
E
LEFI-
Laos. A good deal was overlooked in of "surgery" as being needed? I do not BA I'
the course of these discussions, and much know. Are we being accused of "losing" MENT
was left unsaid. Criticism was leveled Cuba and possibly Haiti? Are we being The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BAYH
against the policy of this Government accused of, or commended for, "saving" in the chair) laid before the Senate the
over the past 18 years. the Dominican Republic and Guatemala? amendment of the House of Representa-
I did not hear mentioned once the Are we Republicans and Democrats tives to the bill (S. 138) to redesignate
name of General Eisenhower, the mili- first, and Americans last? Or are we the Big Hole Battlefield National Monu-
tary leader of the Allied Forces on V-E Americans first and members of two ment, to revise the boundaries thereof,
Day. I did not hear mentioned once the great political parties second?, Are we and for other purposes, which was, to
name of former President Truman, who politicians first and Americans last? I strike out all after the enacting clause
was in office at that time. I did not hear urge Senators to consider some of the and insert:
mentioned the name of the present Pres- statements which we make. That the Big Hole Battlefield National
ident of tie United States, who at that Over the years since V-E Day, the Monument, established by Executive Order
time was, I believe, a lieutenant, junior United States, under Republican and Numbered 1216 of June 23, 1910, and en-bered 2339 grade, in the Navy, and who was fighting Democratic administrations, have been larged 29 1 Proclamation
hereon Numignated as the
in the Pacific, doing what he could accused on the floor of the Senate of HNational rebefield.
through personal courage to advance continual failure. I have heard no al- Big SEC Hole N tonal to preserve historic fea-
nd sites associated with the Battle of
the security, welfare, and well-being of- ternatives offered; but I have listened tures a. 2. In
his country. to criticisI'ns of what was being done and the Big Hole and to facilitate their admin-
But I heard much criticism without of what was not being done. I have istration and interpretation, the boundaries-
any names being mentioned; and evi- heard no Senator advocate that an em- of the Big Hole National Battlefield are here-
dently it was criticism of the Govern- bargo be imposed on Cuba. An embargo by revised to include the following described
ment_over the past 18 years. I should is an act of war. I have heard no Sen- lands: MONTANA PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN
have hoped that our Republican col- ator urge today that the United States
leagues would have given their own ad- should invade Cuba. I have heard much Township 2 south, range 17, west: Section
ministration and our own country a bet- criticism, generally speaking, but I have 13, southwest quarter southeast quarter,
ter mark for what has occurred over the heard nothing in the way of specifics. southeast southwest tr ut ter, ear;
past 18 years than was given on the floor The easiest thing a politician can do is section 23, east half northeast quarter south-
of the Senate today. to find fault, without offering construe- east quarter; section 24, west half east half,
Who halted and reversed the Soviet tive alternatives. Not one constructive north half southwest quarter, southeast
threat in Iran? The U.S. Government. alternative or suggestion has been made quarter southwest quarter, east half south-
Who inaugurated-the Greek-Turkish aid on the floor of the Senate today. west quarter southwest quarter; section 25,
I have heard criticism of our Govern- those portions of the northeast quarter
program and the Marshall plan? This ment and of our policies over the past northwest quarter and the northwest quarter
Government-and, incidentally, in the northeast quarter lying north of the north
18 years; criticism of our sacrifices
our leader- over right-of-way line of relocated Montana State
Republican-controlled 80th Congress. the past 18 years; ; criticism of our leRoute 43; consisting of approximately 466
Who was responsible for lifting the Ber- ship over the past 18 years.
lid blockade?, This Government. Who All of us, regardless of party, should SEC. 3. (a) The Secretary of the Interior
instituted the Marshall plan, which re- examine a 'map of the world. Look at may acquire by donation, purchase, ex-
Vietnam, where today we have 12,000 change, or otherwise, lands and interests in
ing of a powerful, friendly, democratic men stationed-"advisers," as they are lands within the area described in section 2
Germany? This Government. Even the called. Recall that the 7th Fleet is in of this Act.
power of President de Gaulle in Western not only the Straits of Taiwan but in (b) Any lands described in section 2 of
affairs is a testimonial to a strong and the South China Sea and the Gulf of this Act that are a part of the Beaverhead
vigorous France, a nation which was as- Siam, as well. Look at Korea, where National Forest when this Act takes effect
axe from near ruin by our aid within two American divisions are still std- dereby excluded from the forest and
the past 18 years. Who resisted com- added to the Big Hole National Battlefield.
tinned, and where I am afraid they will (o) Lands Included in the Big Hole Na-
munism successfully in Korea? be stationed for a long time to come, tional Battlefield pursuant to this Act shall
In all that time, our country has re- because there is no peace in Korea-only be administered in accordance with the pro-
mained strong and able to meet such a continuation of an uneasy truce. visions of the Act entitled "An Act to estab-
emergencies. Russia has added nothing When we look at the rest of Latin lish a National Park Service, and for other
to her direct territorial control since America outside the Caribbean we can purposes", approved August 25, 1916 (39 Stat.
1945, while our power has maintained a hardly, find a single country which is 535; 16 U.S.C. 1-3), as amended and supple-
nuclear standoff. stable today. Consider Cuba and Haiti, mented.
SEC. 4. There is hereby retroceded to the
Great problems still remain, but they where anything may happen. Consider State of Montana, effective when accepted by
are not solely the responsibility of either the Dominican Republic. What do we said State in accordance with its laws, such
Democrats or Republicans; they are the see? We see trouble, real or potential. jurisdiction as has been ceded by such State.
responsibility of all Americans, regard- What about our relations with West-
the boodUnited aariies States Big Ho le Nwithin'
less National
lof party. ern Europe9 What about our relations
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 8
Battlefield reserving in the United States.
however, concurrent legislative jurisdiction
over such lands.
SEc. 5. There are authorized to be appro-
priated such sums not exceeding $20,000 as
are necessary for the acquisition of lands and
interests In land pursuant to this Act.
Mr. METCALF. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate concur in the
House amendments.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the motion of
the Senator from Montana.
The motion was agreed to.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
BAYH in the chair). Is there further
morning business?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr, President, I
ask unanimous consent that the morn-
Ing hour be continued for the next 20
minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
THE WHEAT REFERENDUM
Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I wish to
speak on a matter, which may have al-
most as Important a bearing on the wel-
fare of the country as the solution-if we
find one-to some of our foreign en-
tanglements.
On May 21 a vote will be taken by the
wheat growers of this country as to
whether they will accept a program, and
the controls connected with It, which
were promoted last year and approved
last year, for future application, or
whether they will reject the program.
A vigorous controversy is now In prog-
ress as to whether the Department of
Agriculture is putting forth an intensive
propaganda effort to secure a "yes" vote
in the referendum. Probably the
methods used by the administration may
be of as much concern to us as the out-
come of the wheat referendum itself. I
believe that we had better let the facts
speak for themselves. Therefore. I shall
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the RECORD at the close of my remarks
a document which has been sent out to
wheat growers. The one I have comes
to me from the Labette ASCS county
office, at Altamont, Kans. I understand
that documents similar to this one have
been sent out to wheat growers all over
the United States.
The document purports to show that if
the wheat grower who is raising 40 acres
of wheat votes "yes," he will receive
$1,805.06 for his crop; whereas, If he
votes "no," he will receive $1,014.20 for
his crop.
It seems to me that the administra-
tion is proceeding on three or four false
assumptions in regard to the fortlicom-
Ing wheat referendum vote.
First. It seems to assume that the
American farmer, particularly the wheat
farmer, is gullible, and will believe al-
most anything that the Department of
Agriculture sends to him through the
mails.
Second. It seems to assume that the
will gladly give up controls over his own
business in order to have a temporary
increase in income.
Third. The administration assumes
that the American farmer is a timid
person, who will fall on his face if he is
threatened with any loss of Income.
The fourth assumption seems to be
that If the wheat farmer votes against a
program desired by the administration,
the President and Congress will punish
him by not enacting legislation which
will give a fair recompense for his crop..
I believe that the administration in
this case would do much better if it were
to busy Itself with studying the real
character of the American farmer, rather
than proceeding under these several false
assumptions.
Besides receiving copies of this docu-
ment from Kansas, I have received them
also from Colorado and other States.
There Is no question about the fact
that at least 1 million copies of the docu-
ment have been distributed to the wheat
growers of the country. I believe all of
them have received copies of this docu-
ment. We know that the Department
of Agriculture Is very busy trying to pick
up new votes. That might be very
helpful in the forthcoming referendum.
Also, there have been some very inter-
esting meetings throughout the country
for the purpose of explaining the new
wheat program. If it were explained
impartially, I would have no objection,
but I will leave It to the readers of this
document to decide for themselves
whether the administration Is Impartial
in this matter.
I ask unanimous consent that the
document be printed in the RECORD at
this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the docu-
ment was ordered to be printed In the
RECORD, as follows:
U.S. DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE,
AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND
CONSERVATION SERVicE, LABrrrE
ASCS COUNTY OFFICE,
Altamont, Sans., May 3, 1963.
DEAR Mx. AND MRs. FARMER: Are you ready
to decide on 1984 wheat? Yes, $1.90; ' no,
$1.10'
May 21 is coming soon.
Producers who have an Interest In a 1964
farm wheat acreage allotment are eligible to
vote. This Includes:
1. Landowners who receive all or a share
of the wheat crop or proceeds thereof. Both
husband and wife can vote It both names are
on the farm deed.
2. Tenants or sharecroppers who receive a
share of the wheat crop or proceeds thereof.
Both husband and wife can vote if-
(a) Both names are on the lease; or
(b) A verbal lease applies and the county
committee determines that both are respon-
sible for carrying out the tenant obligations
under the lease.
The eligibility of the wife to vote should
be established with the ASC County Commit-
tee before May 21.
If you live outside the county, or you will
be out of the county on May 21, you can
secure the ballot by signing and returning
the enclosed request for an absentee ballot.
Special step to take by May 1S:
1. If your farm acreage allotment is 14.9
acres or less, the operator must sign on the
back of the allotment notice by May 13 and
I Warehouse stored. $1,90; $2 farm stored.
? Warehouse stored, $1.10; $1.20 farm
stored.
get this to the ASCS office. This signature
will make landowner and tenant eligible to
vote and eligible to participate and obtain
price support, wheat certificate, and diver-
sion payments.
Are you in favor of marketing quotas for
wheat for the 1964 crop? Yes -. No -
What a "yes" or a "no" vote can mean to
you based on estimated 1964 wheat loan rates
for warehouse stored grain:
LABETTE COUNTY
A "yes" vote means:
1. $2.03 per bushel price support ware-
house stored rate on certificate wheat--80
percent of normal production-$1.33 on non- -
certificate wheat.
2. Assuming a 40-acre 1963 allotment and
36 acres for 1964: 38 acres times 25.6 bushels
normal yield equals 922 bushels.
3. Eighty percent certificate wheat equals
737.6 bushels at $2.03 per bushel equals
$1,497.33.
4. Other sale or use: 184.4 bushels feed,
seed, or price support of $1.33 equals $245.25.
5. Four acres diverted at $15.82 per acre
equals $82.48 diversion payment.
8. Total $1,497.33 plus $245.25 plus $82.48
equal $1,805.06.
You can substitute date for your own
farm.
A "no" vote means:
1. About $1.10 per bushel price support
warehouse stored rate If within allotment.
Market price estimated $1 per bushel or -.
2. Assuming a 40-acre 1963 allotment and
38 acres for 1964: 36 acres times 25.6 bushels
normal yield equals 922 bushels.,
3. $0 certificate wheat.
4. Other sale or use: 922 bushels at $1.10
price support equals $1,014.20. If seeded
above allotment like 50 acres times 25.6
.bushels equals 1,280 bushels at $1 equals
$1,280.
5. $0 diversion payment.
6. Total $1,014.20 or $1,280.00?
GEO. W. MAavELE,
Labette ASC County Committee.
Postage and fees paid U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
DAR GOOD CITIZENSHIP AWARD TO
MISS KATHLEEN BARDEN OF LIT-
TLE ROCK
Mr. McCLELLAN. Mr. President, on
April 18 at Constitution Hall here in
Washington, a very talented' and ex-
tremely capable young lady from Little
Rock, Ark., Miss_ Kathleen Barden,
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. S. J. Barden
of 8 Kavanaugh Place, was awarded the
National DAR Good Citizenship Award
for 1963, together with the $1,000 schol-
arship that accompanies the award.
Miss Barden achieved this high honor
in competition with 10,869 senior girls in
accredited high schools throughout the
Nation. Judging for the award was
based On outstanding qualities of de-
pendability, service, leadership, and pa-
triotism.
The Arkansas award winner will use
her $1,000 scholarship to attend the Uni-
versity of Arkansas, where she plans to
study either to become a teacher or to
pursue some other vocation in the field
of Christian education, Miss Barden Is
an outstanding example of the fine young
people in our State and of the high cali-
' Cost of production would increase due
to planting additional 14 acres.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX - May 8
Castro is
ear after his visit to Cuba
th
m l
st
ld
t
.
e
a
y
o
now
Castro's Moscow Visit archy on the benefits that cou
from stepped-up aid to Cuba in armament, unstable and volatile, and not dependable
HON. BRUCE ALGER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 8, 19?3
food merchandise, and equipment of many from the Kremlin viewpoint. It seems clear
kinds. to experts on Soviet affairs. that Khrushchev
Khrushchev, for his part, gained an oppor- decided the time had come to summon Ca--
tunity to seek assurances from Castro that tro to Moscow and give him a talking to.
Russian guidance would be accepted to a More than just the plight of Cuba is in-
greater degree in trying to bring some order volved in the visit. Communist politics
out of economic chaos on the island. It is at the highest level enter in.
known that many top Communists are con- Official experts in Britain who study such
cerned because what they had hoped to make things say the Castro trip is a major move in
a show window of Communist success in the the mounting competition between Russia
Mr. ALGER. Mr. Speaker, Khru- Western Hemisphere looks more like a junk and Red China for Communist leadership.
shchev is now confident that he has won heap under Castro. According to these experts, the side that
ti 411 in
a a
hind the Iron Curtain. The invitation
to Castro to visit Moscow, the joint in-
sulting statements directed toward the
United States, all were intended to dem-
onstrate that Cuba now belongs to
Khrushchev _ and, that as far as the
Communists are concerned, the Monroe
Doctrine is dead.
The failure of President Kennedy to
take a firm stand against Communist ag-
gression in the Western Hemisphere; his
refusal to invoke the Monroe Doctrine,
his acceptance of Soviet terms on keep-
ing Russian arms and soldiers in Cuba,
gave Khrushchev this victory.
We can seize the initiative again in
ridding this hemisphere of Communist
subversion, but only if the President will
demonstrate courage and support the
demand of the American people to put
the security of the United States ahead
of his fears and frustrations. The Mon-
roe Doctrine must be reinstated, the
Communists driven out of Cuba and that
country returned to its people. If the
President is unable or unwilling to be
the true leader of the United States, he
should so state before it is too late.
The propaganda victory President
Kennedy has given to Khrushchev
through mishandling the Cuban situa-
tion is told in the following article from
the U.S. News & World Report of May 13 :
WHEN KHRUS$CHEV AND CASTRO GET TO-
GETHER-WHAT THE MOSCOW MEETING MEANS
Fidel Castro, by his state visit to Moscow,
has made formal the position of Cuba as
Russia's first satellite in the Western Hemi-
sphere. .
Castro traveled abroad, confident of his
position at home. He had public assurance
against any move by his neighbor, the United
States, to cause him trouble at this time.
The United States, too, was acting to keep
in check anti-Castro Cubans.
It is clear that Khrushchev shared Cas-
? tro's confidence. Soviet experts say Khru-
shchev wouldn't have risked his own prestige
by having Castro in Moscow if he thought
there were any possibility of imminent trou-
ble in Cuba.
The Russians, too, by honoring Castro, gets Castro s active coopers on w g
sought from him a commitment that he decisive advantage in Latin America. Since
would go along with the Soviet Union and Khrushchev announced the withdrawal of
avoid ties with Red China on issues that are Soviet missiles from Cuba last autumn,
dividing world communism. Castro has been flirting politically with the
Both men saw the trip as a blow to U.S. Chinese Reds.,
prestige in all of Latin America. Khrushchev may have called Castro to
THE INVITATION Moscow suddenly because he got word that
It seems agreed that initiative for the Castro had scheduled a high-level meeting
with
meeting came from Moscow. There had been the Chinese Communists for later this
a long-standing, generalized invitation to month. With Castro' s cooperation, the
Chinese Reds
Castro to visit the Soviet Union, but it was have been preparing to make a
vague in terms of time. major bid parties for the allegiance of all Commu-
,There are signs that, when the trip did in latin America.
The Kremlin, already worried by Chinese
come, it was planned in a ,hurry. The pur- successes in the Communist Parties of Asia
pose may have been to forestall a gesture and Africa, considers it of prime importance
by Castro that would be regarded as favor- to block such gains in Latin America. And
able to Red China. Castro could be it the experts say the Castro trip may accom-
played in Moscow as the symbol of Soviet push that Khrushchev can point out to
Russia's first territorial gain since the years Castro that China is doing next to nothing
just after World War II-and the first such for Cuba, while Russia is doing a great deal,
gain under Khrushchev. and at considerable financial sacrifice.
In Russia, Cuba is now dealt with as a Specifically, it is believed that Khrushchev
full-fledged Soviet satellite. In greeting wants Castro to drop his plans for a confer-
Castro, the Soviet dictator described the ence in'Havana of representatives from un-
bearded Cuban as "the envoy of the first derdeveloped countries around the world.
Socialist revolution on the American Con- The Red Chinese, who induced the Cubans
tinent." to propose this meeting, have been count-
Cuba, as a satellite, is listed in alphabeti- ing on it as a way to establish a foothold
cal order among the Communist-bloc na- among Latin America's Communists.
tions. The Communist May Day slogan for Castro is known to be anxious to stay on
Cuba is similar in phrasing with those of good terms with both the Russian and Chi-
other satellites-worded to a pattern made nese Communists. There has been specula-
in Moscow. tion in Britain, and among some U.S. ex-
The' Russians seem confident that their perts, that he might visit Peiping in an
American satellite is nailed down. But effort to keep himself balanced between the
there is evidence.that they are not altogether two Communist factions.
happy with the way Castro is operating that But talk of such a visit has been generally
satellite. discounted, for several reasons, since Castro
The Communist empire is supplying Cuba showed up in Moscow.
with aid that amounts to about $1 million For one thing, the Chinese under present
a day. They are pouring in petroleum, meat, circumstances are thought to be unwilling
rice, fats find oils, steel, wire, tractors, buses, to play second fiddle to Khruschev as hosts
road machinery, and many other things. to Castro. Another point is that Castro,
Khrushchev has had to tap his European needing more economic props from Moscow,
satellites for materials to keep Cuba operat- wouldn't go to China without Khrushchev's
ing. Czechoslovakia, in particular, is pro- approval-which he is not likely to get.
viding a substantial share of this aid-and PRICE TAG ON CASTRO
the Czechoslovaks are publicly grumbling
about What price is Khrushchev prepared to pay
the burden they bear and about the help us the power struggle
inefficiencies of Castro and those about him. for Castro's s within communism?
SUGAR SHORTAGE American experts disagree, but British oflf-
In spite of all the help that Castro is cials believe Khrushchev is prepared to
getting, the economy of Cuba appears to be promise to keep Soviet troops in Cuba in-
running steadily downhill. Cuba's total out- definitely=or, at a minimum, until Cubans
put is down 25 percent from what it was 3 can be thoroughly trained in the handling
Castro was communism's May Day hero in years ago, and is still declining. Estimates of their Soviet weapons.
Moscow. But there was more to the trip are that the main trading crop-sugar-will The logic in this reasoning is that the'
than public display. be less than 4 million tons this year. That withdrawal of Soviet missiles and bombers
When Khrushchev and Castro got together is just about half what it was in the best from Cuba has left Castro uncertain as to
in the Soviet Union, their objectives were years before Castro came to power. just how solid are Russian military inten-
described as varied: Living standards for larger and larger sec- tions in the Western Hemisphere. As a
By meeting, the two leaders of Communist tions of the Cuban population are dropping means of reassuring Castro, some experts
states advertised their confidence that they steadily. Letters from Cubans to refugees in would not be surprised to see the' Moscow
can carry forward -an anti-U.S. operation the United States increasingly plead for trip produce a mutual-defense pact between
unmolested, right under the nose of the shoes, medicine, clothing, food, and other Cuba and the Soviet Union.
United States. Soviet diplomats proclaimed necessities. If that happens, it will be Russia's first
the death of the Monroe Doctrine shortly Castro needs more help than he is getting. formal military alliance in the Americas-
after Castro landed in Russia. The price he may have to pay is to grant and will raise anew the question of when
There was the opportunity to explore open- Moscow closer supervision of Cuban affairs and where the Monroe Doctrine applies.
ings and programs to promote communism so more efficient use can be made of the aid That doctrine is a U.S. pledge=now broad-
more aggressively in the countries of Latin the Soviet Union is willing to supply. ened to include the backing of the Organiza-
America. Castro has been a troublesome character tion of American States-to prevent the es-
Castro was able, at first hand, to sell Khru- for the Russians to deal with right along, as tablishment of any foreign system of gov-
shchev and others in the Communist bier- Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan reported ernment in the Western Hemisphere.
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ONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2877
American Revolution, summarize our present They have been conquered by guerrilla UNITE RATHER THAN REFORM
world situation. warfare, a kind of warfare which our gallant We have stated officiall we have no de-
Man-with his great achievements, his Spanish friends understand well. They've sire y
staggering scientific discoveries-yet faces been conquered by infiltration and subver- to reform our eform soo ur friends. us Let not then
the threat of annihilation. sion, by blackmail or coercion and bribery, to to unite rather than n tfri to reform.
AT EXPENSE OF OLD FRIENDSHIPS by external pressure and Internal force-and It is not too late to take effective action,
The State Department and Indeed the we Americana must learn to operate effec- but it will take time. Let us be as resource-
United Nations are obviously trying at the tivety in this twilight zone of action In which ful in thinking up reasons why it is to our
expense of old friendships to be popular with the Communists excel. We must also con- Interest and the entire free world to act as
new nations. centrate more on conventional forces (as we are in thinking up reasons why It Is not.
The United States is friendlier toward In- General Norstad recently pointed out) in Let us hope that our leaders In Washing-
dia than towards her victim, Portugal, And order not to be confronted with an all-or- ton will at long last understand that peace
this In spite of the fact that India Ignored nothing choice.
!8 the product of strength, that war is the
the right of the people of Goa to self-deter- In Berlin there is a precarious standoff
ess result of weakness. and that appeasement
mination, and that Portugal In a small na- which could be turned against us by reckless merely multiplies the hazards of war.
tion compared to India-and that our bases and timid miscalculations, such as occurred Castro has taught us a bitter lesson: That
in the Azores came up for renegotiation last In the Bay of Pigs. The ransom to liberate he who proclaims himself a Communist can
January. 1,113 Cuban heroes certainly appeal to our count on help from the Soviet Union-even
The Dutch, the Belgians, the French, the sense of humanity and brotherhood. Yet, though he is 9,000 miles away-and he who
Portuguese, and the British do not enjoy bur their freedom was obtained by helping our proclaims himself a lover of freedom can
doctrinaire, somewhat sanctimonious, anti- enemy materially and psychologically. fight and die 90 miles from the shores of the
colonial attitude, especially since we don't Certainly we had an obligation but the United States--and no one will come to his
often talk about the Russian colonies-the honorable way to rescue them was to help aid. And now we are helping to make the
greatest and most tyrannical colonial em- them to- carry out them original noble Caribbean physically sale for the Com-
pire In the history of man. Yet we joined objectives--to rescue-not bribe them. inunists.
Russia in demanding that the U.N. Invests- In Laos. the troyka coalition government, U.S. POWER IMMOBILIZED?
gate Portuguese Angola. endorsed at Geneva and organized by the
Last summer, while on active naval duty United States, as I said last summer, has Americans are i South Vietnam, just
with the 7th Fleet in the Far East, I had op- done nothing to prevent Communist infiltra- gone e Russians ca as
out to are prevent , Viet yet no Cong orders attacks have
portunity to observe the dark clouds charg- tion-and indeed helped bring the leftists to American t soldiers. v Russian officers are
ing down upon us. a controlling position. present n to Laos, as advisers to are
Among our friends and allies there is con- The Communist Viet Cong terrorists have Khrusbehev , as well o the Red side.
siderable dismay regarding the drift In our warned there can be no peace in Laos while that t American fear may well convict on will
foreign affairs. a confrontation will
war is being waged in South Vietnam. Immobilize American power in Laos as it has
s
CONCESSIONS ENCOURAGE SOVIET "MATURITY" In South Vietnam we are heading toward In the Caribbean.
To suggest, as the administration has a second Dien Bien Phu some 10 years later, Winston Churchill summed It up for us,
repeatedly suggested, that the Soviet Union an American version. I think we should as he has many times. He said:
is maturing, and that concessions will en- make an shout effort to win, or withdraw. "Still if you will not fight for the right
courage further maturity, is a naive and AIDED LEFTISTS AGAINST PRO-WESTERN THAIS when you can easily win without bloodshed;
egregious error. This struggle in 1963 is just We gave leftist Cambodia economic aid if you will not fight when your victory can
as Intense, the threat just as menacing, as at in spite of Thailand's objection. Thailand be sure and not too costly; you may come to
any time In the past 17 years. Is pro-Western. the moment when you will have to fight
The theory that Khrushchev represents The Prime Minister of Singapore says with all the odds against you and only a
an evolution, that the Soviet Union is not either there will be a Malaysia quickly or precarious chance to survive. There may
only at odds with Chinese communism but Is the Communists will take over his city- even be a worse case: You may have to fight
moving toward modification and modera- state and the rest of southeast Asia_ when there is no hope of victory and it will
tion, is a dangerous illusion. ,.,-_ . _ - - ha hntfa.. +? --1 .,..,r ... ,.__- ._
o- ...n= na.,, vrrn n"elr gained West New Guinea, Is now threaten- ANSWERS TO WRITTEN QUESTIONS FROM FLOOR
This whole concept is the same story all ing North Borneo, Brunei, and Sarawak. Question (R. Cathcart) : "Will Franco
over again. Russia has a capacity for put- the Russians have given Sukarno $1,400 mil- survive wave of strikes predicted for sum-
ting It over which Is almost incredible and lion military and economic aid. mer?"
some have an equally incredible capacity for The United States encouraged transfer of Answer. Strikes in Spain have been small
accepting what Russia is propagating. West New Guinea from the Dutch to Sukaf- compared to United States. Spain is very
In 1961, 3,600 million pieces of Soviet no, although there Is no relationship between stable, with practically no juvenile delin-
literature Inundated us and our friends and the Papuas and the Indonesians. The In- quency, low crime rate, low suicide rate. Re-
allies. We facilitate this In the United donesians have acted like old-fashioned cent strikes were handled with moderation
States by free postage, decreed by the Press- imperialists. on both sides and I hope that will be the
dent. We are paying for It. ,.nee thiv
real internal unity, she is saddled witha The President of the Philippines stated Question (William J. Ebert) : "How does
colonial empire that detests her, and yet she last year that the Communists were win- Junior Achievement plan to overcome Com-
gains position after position. ning southeast Asia. The situation Is much munist threat at home?"
It Is a catastrophe that we of the Western worse now. Answer. The only way It meets the Com-
World should be so drugged with half- In the field of diplomacy our pattern of munist threat is that young people, forming
truths and distortions, and that public sup- what is called "flexibility" against the Com- their own corporations under advice of pro-
port has not been mobilized to a realize- monist threat has produced discouragement fessionai businessmen, learn about the free
tion of the imminent and implacable danger. and lack of confidence among our friends- enterprise system by their own experience;
KHRUSHCHEV LOST FACE BUT GAINED OBJECTIVE and few discernible results favorable to our manufacture and sell their own products.
cause. Perhaps we should be more flexible Polled, 91 percent of Junior Achievement
In Cuba, following the disaster at the Bay toward our partners-less flexible toward our youth were against state taking over busi-
of Pigs, the obscene Communist dictator enemies. ness. This contrasted with much lower per-
Castro has, assisted by his Communist allies We might consider whether It might be centage by those not enrolled in Junior
and in spite of our brief action last October, better to be firm In Berlin-rather against Achievement. This itself leads to healthy
built a fortress where tanks, Russian migs, pro-Western Tsombe in the Congo. dislike of communism and its methods.
heavy artillery, arms, supplies, and merce- Perha s we should be more Question (Howard C. Ellis) : "What is ac-
naries in large numbers. constitute an In- _ Indignant
orn it
"" p
their colony Hungary than over the fact that Answer. It would be mistake to conclude
he has effectively accomplished his objet- our NATO partner Portugal is determined to because she is in bad shape economically,
tive-not to destroy the United States by resist the Communist-Inspired attack against she cannot wage war. We should give as
nuclear force, but to protect his conquest of the people of Angola. much aid as we can to Nationalists, I Was
Cuba and to help him conquer other nations Ins sad of waxing resentment over the at Quemoy last year while on naval dui
in our hemisphere. g Y?
fact that General Franco, who has since If I were an enemy, I'd hate to have to make
RED CONQUEST BY GUERRILLA WAR 1953 cooperated fully with the United States, a lending there.
The fact is that the many millions of still rules Spain-prosperous Spain-per- Question (W. M. Strother) : "Prospects of
people who since World War II have been baps It would be better to deweli on the getting communism out of Cuba?"
subjugated by the Communist tyranny have monstrous fiasco of the Invasion of Cuba Answer. All sorts of things could have
been defeated in no case by nuclear attack and on the monstrous fact that a Communist been done, still could be, but it is getting
and In no case by the contagion of the Com- dictator threatens us in our entire hems- more difficult every day. Prospects are good
muntst doctrine. sphere. If we decide what we ought to do and do it.
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPEN
and Freedom
Specialists in Soviet affairs-both British cultural chemistry ever issued. It was Taxes, Spending,
and American-do not expect Khrushchev to translated' into German, Russian, Swed- REMARKS
support or encourage Castro in any action ish, and Italian, and used as a textbook EXTENSION OF
to try to force the United States out of its in those languages. It was followed in of
Guantanamo naval base in Cuba. 1870 by a second book, "How Crops HW. PAT JENNINGS
They say the Soviet leader knows that the Feed." HON. t
United States, if provoked, could overthrow it was, therefore, a fitting tribute when OF VIRGINIA
the Communist regime in Cuba by military IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
action. They also say that, should military the Connecticut Agricultural Expert- May 8 ,1963
force be used, Khrushchev would scream ment station on March 29 announced a Wednesday,
about U.S. aggression, and might even harass. series of annual lectures named for its
the Americans in Berlin-but that he is not first director, Samuel W. Johnson. The Mr. JENNINGS. Mr. Speaker, 1 week
willing to risk a war to save Castro. first lecture in the series will be given ago today the Honorable Douglas Dillon,
by an internationally known speaker as Secretary of the Treasury, spoke before
the principal address at the annual "Sci- the chamber of commerce here in Wash-
ence at Work" meeting, to be held at ington, D.C., on the importance of a tax
Seventy-fifth Anniversary of the Connecti- Lockwood Farm, Mount Carmel, on Wed- reduction this year.
His remarks explain succinctly the
cut Agricultural Experiment Station nesday, August 14.
A leaflet issued last Year, "The Con- causes of our economy's lack of growth.
necticut Station Story," tells of out- They set forth the President's tax pro-
EXTENSION OF REMARKS standing accomplishments at the station gram as the best means of overcoming
of during its first 75 years. Among them this chronic problem. It may serve as
.HON. ROBERT N. GIAIMO was the corn seed production technique an example to those who endeavor to
OF CONNECTICUT first used by Donald F. Jones in 1917. He find common grounds for supporting this
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES invented the four-way cross that made legislation.
hybrid corn practical. Protein investi- Secretary Dillon's - address merits the
Wednesday, May 8; 1963 gations by Thomas B. Osborne led to the 'attention of this body, and under leave
Mr. GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, on May 7 discovery of the significance of amino to extend my remarks in the Appendix of
and 8, the Connecticut Agricultural Ex- acids in the diet. The Morgan universal the RECORD, I am including his address.
periment Station at New Haven marks extractant, simulating the action of The address follows:
the 75th anniversary of work in two im- plant roots in removing minerals from TAxES, SPENDING, AND FREEDOM
portant fields of science that have con- the soil solution, made possible the wide- (Remarks by the Honorable Douglas Dillon,
tributed greatly to this Nation's emi- ly used Morgan method for quick- Secretary of the Treasury, Before the
nence in farm technology and its steadily testing soils. The zineb fungicides had Chamber of Commerce of the United
advancing standards of living. The their origin in research at the Connecti- States, at- the Statler Hilton Hotel, Wash-
areas of scientific work to be commemo- cut station, and organic fungicides gen- iinogt theD.C, April 30, 196 session of your
rated are botany and plant pathology. erally are originally tested by methods
Scientists from numerous States, Can- or modifications of methods the station annual meeting, you have chosen the theme,
ada, Great Britain, and the U.S. Depart- developed. Station research made the "Taxes, Spending, and Freedom." It is a
ment of Agriculture have gathered at tobacco shade tent practical- in 1900, theme both timely relatively few significant. Timely,
House
Haven to present papers and take thereby creating a new agricultural in- - be cause becas andn a Means Commewee eks tthe he Huse will out
part in discussions on topics such as the dustry in the Connecticut Valley. the tax bill it is now working on in executive
history of plant pathology, biochemical In his report to Gov. John N. Dempsey session. And significant, because there is no
resistance, and plant chemotherapy. in 1961, Director James G. Horsfall most more urgent task confronting the Nation to-
They were welcomed on May 7 by Di- ably defined the purpose and nature of day than the adoption of a program of tax
rector James G. Horsfall, himself an in- the work done by the Connecticut Agri- reduction and reform, a program that is at
ternationally recognized plant patholo- cultural Experiment Station-and by oiblence fair, substantial, and fiscally respon-
gist. those established subsequently in all the no doubt in my mind that such
I am pleased to represent the district other States-in the following words: There is n
a program will be einto law this ouch
which includes this pioneer station. Its This station was established as a unique The public ill be enacted
on the tax this year. testi accomplishments are legion, and I would venture of government in 1875. It was to T strengthened onny earlier n btax that tax
of reduction is essential. It is no surprise that,
to le stationris unique knowledge toand daypamong The my
briefly to take this opportunity to mention
government whose reports are Included in on an issue so complex, so farreaching and
briefly a few of its many notable
achievements. that as deeply affects so many people, there
Te Connecticut this digest. is
The CoAgricultural Expert- It is true that the statutes assign to the is no nely unanimity remarkab of le is that agreement. the under-
in What at s
ment Station is the oldest such station station specific duties, duties that in them- genuigenuinely and sometimes sharp disagreemen-
the United States. Since 1875, its selves have little to do with scientific, in- st has in no way weakened the
strong and widespread consensus weakened a
business has been and continues to be vestigations. In this respect the station is details
overhaul of our tax system can
the scientific investigation of agricul- like other departments of State government. rog the lasting impetus our economy
s sciences. to be Its The however, station has because been they given call for these the skills assignments, and p
to work. pro thorough vi
ture's overt' product problems and biological related
has been and continues to be dis- knowledge the station has in putting science More than 200 witnesses have testified be-
c
Te
he Connecticut station's first direc- The general mandate, however, the respon- fore the House Ways and Comm While
tor was Dr. Samuel W. Johnson. He sibility for science, does not involve execu- on the President's tax proposals.
fathered the idea on which the Ameri- tion of manmade laws. It asks rather for their views have differed widely on specifics,
can experiment station inovem
founded and succeeded. This was ast ` was to laws,vand forninformat on'on and themeanings ir applica- with the central thesis witnesses
of tae Prresidents only two of these an experiment station near tion now and in the future. We do not program, the need for a substantial tax re-
know expperiment station should be near to why these laws came into being, or duction to encourage economic growth.
but not a part of art academy." Johnson where, or when, and we are unlikely to find While your organization, for example, has
had a unique combination of scholarship, answers to these questions. We do know questioned certain data ils i stione d its essi ent's '
aim.
t
ability as a writer and speaker, and mis- that natural laws cannot be evaded or re- proposals, it has no
you have made it d very clear that
sionary zeal for the principle that knowl- pealed. Through organized research; men in strongly shave mthe principle of tax beginning be taught. to be sought before can have ofaundes told anding how someeofig antic you fact,
reduction as- vital to the continuation of a
be tasiughtht. in was one one establishment the active aws work and how the knowledge gained healthy free economy. The practical ques-
of the in ate agricultural abtuesnt canoe used. tion is: What can you actively do to make
s the State experiment
Act o of f e I congratulate the station on that goal a reality when you do not agree
stations under er the Federal Hatch Act oc- with all the means proposed to reach it?
1887, 13- years after Connecticut's "first casion of its '75th anniversary, and I am An excellent answer to that question has
station in the Nation was -founded. sure that my colleagues in this House will just been given by the group of distinguished
In 1868, he published "How Crops join me in thanking the station and its business leaders who, last week, here in
Grow," a book described at the time of most able director for its outstanding Washington, formed the Business Commit-
who
his death in 1909 as more widely read and record of accomplishment and scientific d eWfor Tax , Retdu ctiionoinp1963 and upon
studied than any other work on agri- contribution
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 A2880 Approved Fo Q~~ g RDP65B00383R000200240021-3
rC 1 ~E~`S~Lxtdt~ E F D- APPENDIX May 8
which businessmen can unite in support of th-en, by 1970. our unemployment rate would that, if our economy were operating at rea-
meaningful tax reduction in 1963. soar to a shocks 12.7
Certainly, the time is ripe. Four or five g Percent, today b full capacity, our tax system would
months ago, few of us coulde. have realletieal- such The a result. American It people
would inevitably calliforth noueato flnancecour currentanation 1 needs
ly expected that the economic conditions massive governmental action to provide the within a balanced budget. Instead of worry-
for a tax cut would be as favorable as they jobs that our private economy bad not pro- Ing about deflicits we would be enjoying
now seem. For, based upon the performance vided. The President's tax program Is proof budgetary surpluses.
of our economy in the last few months, our enough that such a prospect Is as unwel- But the harsh truth is, that unless we
prospects for the year are relatively better come to us in Washington as it must be release the drag which our tax system now
than most observers had expected. If the to you. exer on our
hope to
improvement continues, our estimated rev- High unemployment is at once the most move signific ntlyonclosere toaaot balanced
enues for fiscal 1964 may well be more than enduring anti the most unendurable result budget. In fact, the experience of recent
we estimated In January perhaps by as of our slow growth over the past 5
much as a billi
ears
y
,
on dollars, thus reducing but it is only one of the many ills which
the deficit. flow from an inadequate economic perform-
theve o omy ie areas nably buoyant would gram of subs[ nt altaxarethat duct on, our plants
be far more effective in carrying us toward will continue to operate below the levels
full employment than a tax cut when the that businessmen themselves feel they need
economy is merely limping along. For the for most efficient production; that there will
tax program that the President has pro- be no letup in the pressure upon profit mar-
posed is designed as a long-range program, gins; that new Investment which, In real
a program not merely to shield us from an terms, is just equally the levels reached 6
economic downturn, but to accelerate our years ago, will continue to lag, that we will,
economic growth well into the future. The In short continue to suffer from the many
present state of our economy is ideal for the ills that accompany an economy whose re-
Inauguration of that kind of program. sources and Incentives for growth are ham-
As you are well aware, the aim of the pered by an overly restrictive tax system.
President's tax proposals Is to break the As long as our economy is so hampered, we
Iron grip upon our economyof a tax system are likely to continue to suffer as well from
which helped control inflation during the the chronic budgetary deficits that grow be-
Second World War and Its aftermath, but cause our economy fails to grow. The record
which now throttles growth. It is a program Is clear that the deficit we now face Is the
to promote economic growth by promoting result of an economy which produces too
economic freedom. And by economic free- little, rather than of a government which
dom I mean not only the freedom of the spends too much. Let us briefly review that
market place, of investment, and of enter- record:
prise, but the freedom that Is the right of We are all well aware that within the past
every American, to have the opportunity to 2 years the Soviet rulers felt enough confl-
work, to grow, and to prosper in accordance Bence In their power to confront us with a
with his talents. mill Lary challenge on a scale we have not seen
Far too many Americans have not had since the Berlin blockade, 15 years ago. For-
that opportunity for far to long a time. Not tunately, President Kennedy had, in one of
for a single month In the
ast 5
p
years has
unemployment fallen below 5 percent. Yet
for the greater part of the preceding 5 years,
unemployment was either below or only
slightly above the 4-perc^nt level that many
regard as reasonably full employment. Last
month, 4iZ million of our citizens could not
find the jobs they sought.
Unless we do something now, the pros-
pects are that many more millions will be
unable to find jobs in the future. Next year,
those young people who were born in 1948,
the first year of the postwar baby boom, will
turn 18 and begin to enter our labor force
In largo numbers. During the mid-sixties
our labor force will have to absorb an aver-
age annual inflow of around 2,700,000 young
people, compared to 1,800,000 during the
mid-fifties, an increase of 50 percent. We
must be able to provide jobs for all of these
young men and women. And we must do It
in a time of ever-increasing automation.
For the Impact of automation that has long
been felt among our bluecollar factory work-
ers is now spreading rapidly In the white-
collar and service areas.
We welcome the progress of automation.
But we cannot accept the unemployment
that too often accompanies it. We can.
and we must, take steps to meet, with a
many-sided response, the twin challenge of
automation and a rapidly growing labor
force. The Government has a clear and di-
rect responsibility in this area. But It will
act only to the extent that the private econ-
omy cannot, or does not, meet this chal-
lenge.
The President's tax program is evidence of
his belief that a free and vigorous private
economy can provide our citizens with abun-
dant job opportunities. Should we fall to
achieve this kind of economy, let no one
imagine that the result would be anything
but catastrophic. For instance, Mr. W. P.
Outlander, president of the National Asso-
ciation of Manufacturers, recently estimated
that, if our economy continues to create jobs
no faster than It has during the past 5 years.
our mill ?--r ,..sue up oy an increase in the tax base was o
mitary ur mil sC engthe . and it the steads Increased
rea of against which the lower rates are charged.
our cat! There is evidence of this not only in our own that urh the Eerlin crlen oil 19!31 a o withstand the Cuban experience but also in the experience of such
crisis of last fall. That military buildup was countries as Canada, West Germany, and
P Austria, each of which has enacted several
vital to preserve our freedoms. it was also tax relief measures in the post-World War II
expensive. Our annual defense budget grew period."
by some $10 billion. That statement was made by the National ion to
their Sovietsdhave also challenged us In~the vast noIts cbulletin on Federal Tax Facts, June 4,
new arena of space. Thanks to a consider- 1958.
able headstart and rockets far larger than Last year, we took our first important steps
ours, they have been able, up to now, to out- in tax relief. They were the enactment of
perform us In manned space night
h
,__.__._
and t
e
visi
feats. But, In the spring of 1981. our Con-
gress agreed with President Kennedy, that we
were no longer willing to continue second
best in space. It approved a program de-
signed to put an American on the moon
before the end of the decade, and hopefully
before the arrival of any Soviet space ox-
plorer. That decision was extremely costly,
but P. involved far more than a symbolic
race to the moon. It represented our clear
determination as a nation that we will not
permit the Soviet Union to preempt world
leadership In a new and unknown environ-
ment whose potential we have scarcely begun
to foresee.
These two decisions in defense and space.
along with relatively normal Increases in
other programs vital to the needs of our
growing population, have combined to push
our expenditures substantially higher than
the revenues we collect from our underem-
ployed economy. I mean exactly what r say
when I characterize these other increas
es as
relatively normal. Because, for all programs
except defense, space, and Interest on the
public debt, President Kennedy's current
1964 budget recommendations exceed actual
1961 expenditures by only $4.5 billion, as
compared to an Increase of $4.9 billion in
these same programs during 8 preceding
years. 1958--61. There can be no question
will take place. rr~
Thus, we are faced with what might seem
at first to be a paradox: while our present
tax rates are so high that they would pro-
duce a substantial budget surplus at reason-
ably full employment, we have little hope of
ever achieving that surplus unless we first
reduce our tax rates.
Actually, this should not be very mysteri-
ous. The explanation Is that the major
factor ih our economic progress, and, indeed,
in the progress of any free market economy
such as ours. is the vitality of the private
sector, both the business community and
the consuming public. The across-the-board
reduction in our tax rates recommended by
the President will stimulate both. We can
expect more economic activity, and higher
tax revenues, to result. This has been the
record in the past, and there Is no reason
to expect that it will not prove to be the
case again. We are not alone in this analysis
of the results of tax reduction. One of the
clearest statements of this thesis that I have
ever seen reads as follows:
"Any appreciable downward revision in tax
rates will, of course, cause an immediate re-
duction In revenues. But there is substan-
tial evidence from the history of tax relief
measures, particularly with respect to Income
on and extensive liberaliaztlon, for tae
first time in 20 years, of the tax rules d
l
ea
-
ing with depreciation. The combined effect
of these two actions was to reduce the tax-
load on business by some $2.5 billion a year,
the equivalent of a five-point reduction in
corporate taxes.
Today, business is -reacting to these two
measures as we had anticipated. The en-
larged flow of new orders for machinery and
equipment that marked the opening months
of the year, and the recent striking increase
In business appropriations for modernization
and expansion, can be tracted largely to these
two actions. Most of you, I am sure, have
seen the report in the magazine, Iron Age, of
the effect of these measures on the steel
industry, an increase b f 32 percent in depre-
elation writeoffs.
The investment credit and new deprecla
tion guidelines were a preliminary part of
the tax program now under consideration by
the House Ways and Means Committee. That
program, as you know, offers a broad, top-to-
bottom reduction in tax rates, both corpo-
rate and personal, accompanied by a num-
ber of structural reforms. The overall result
would be a reduction of $10.3 billion in taxes,
designed to unleash our economy and allow
it to reach Its full potential.
The President's program is not weighted in
favor of any one sector of the economy at
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX May 8
7. Once again, world communism had suc-
ceeded in choosing the point of conflict and
crisis in the cold war, and once again, as
with South Korea or South Vietnam or West
Berlin or Laos, the focus of contention is
inside the realm of the free world, not in
the Communist realm.
Whatever the precise degrees of blame to
be placed on American administrations, past
and present, or on Cubans, past and present,
the net result is as described above; and in
spite of the trade restrictions and the partial
efforts of the OAS at diplomatic "isolation"
of Cuba, no persuasive evidence has yet de-
veloped to justify optimistic assumptions
about the future effects of Castroism in the
Caribbean and in continental South America.
At the moment Guatemala is holding and
in Venezuela the local Communists have been
weakened and disorganized. But quick re-
versals have been a hallmark of the volatile
politics of Latin America, and its strains
credulity to assume that a general era of
stability is now beginning. For countries like
Peru and possibly Brazil it is hard to con-
vince oneself that the fundamental forces
for _integration are stronger than the fun-
damental forces for disintegration. Latin
American Communists believe the contrary,
and are relatively quiescent right now only
as a matter of strategy, waiting for the time
when the United States will relax about
Cuba, take its nervous finger off the trigger,
and gradually slip into a state of de facto
coexistence with Mr. Castro. As we drift in
that direction, most Latin governments as
well as those European allies anxious to re-
sume trade with Cuba will try to force us
further in that direction.
STRATEGY SEEN CHANGING
When northern opinion is adjusted to ac-
commodation, Communist strategies will
change again, and with the present electric-
ity dissipated, we shall find it far harder
to rouse ourselves to forceful action in the
case of some attempted uprising in Cuba or
in the case of Communist coups in nearby
nations. This is the prospect unless some-
how we will find a way to increase our pres-
ent pressures on Cuba. If they are not in-
creased, they will decrease; it is not in the
nature of these things that a status quo can
be indefinitely maintained.
Wise and good men are reminding us that
a Communist Cuba is not a mortal threat
to our vital interests. In and of itself, of
course, it is not. But that opens, it does not
close, the argument. A Communist Viet-
nam, or a Communist Laos, or Indonesia, or
Venezuela or West Berlin would not be mor-
tal threats, either-in and of themselves and
separately considered. But the Communist
world strategy of protracted conflict is a
strategy of the piecemeal advance. There
are only so many pieces on the board. With
the capture of Cuba they have taken a tre-
mendously important piece. Dozens of Rus-
sian ships would not be plying the Cuban
trade and thousands of Russian citizens
would not be turned out to cheer Castro, if
the Kremlin didn't think so.
Agate Springs Fossil Quarries, Sioux
County, Nebr.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. DAVE MARTIN
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 8, 1963
Mr. MARTIN of Nebraska. Mr.
Speaker, under unanimous consent, I
wish to insert a statement in the RECORD
in connection with- a bill I have intro- "help wanted" columns in our newspap-
duced today, as a companion bill to one ers indicate the many job opportunities
being introduced in the Senate by Sena- for workers at all levels of the skill
tor ROMAN L. HRUSKA, of Nebraska, to ladder.
preserve and designate the Agate Springs In order to provide workers, and es-
Fossil Quarries, located in Sioux County, pecially the unemployed, with market-
Nebr., as a national monument in the able skills for this age of automation and
National Park Service System. technological change, we need effective
These unique fossil beds are 'known training and retraining programs. It
around the world, and this fame rests would be a mistake, however, to think
principally on the wealth of geologic in- that all the job vacancies in our society
formation and paleontologic informa- require a high level of skill. , Many per-
tion gained from them since their dis- sons could qualify if they had the inter-
covery. This may well be the world's est and put forth a minimum of personal
mains, and it is estimated that only about
25 percent have been explored after some
60 years of digging by scientists.
The superintendent of nearby Scotts-
bluff National Monument estimates that
his site now has 96,000 visitors a year
and that the Agate Monument could con-
ceivably attract 50,000 per year. The
proposed project would include almost
3,000 acres of land, construction of a
visitor's Center, an Indian artifacts mu-
seum, and development of a museum at
the fossil quarries. Three stories could
be told at the site: First, paleontology of
of the area dating back 21 million years;
second, pioneer ranching; and third, the
Indian experiences of Capt. James
Cook-Government Indian scout, cat-
tleman, author and amateur bone col-
lector, who purchased Agate Springs in
1887. It was Captain Cook who earlier
discovered the first fossil material in an
area now recognized to be one of the
world's richest finds.
The Regional Director of the National
Park Service, Omaha, Nebr., is now pre-
paring a final report of the Advisory
Board of National Parks, Historic Sites,
Buildings and Monuments, and both
Federal and State officials feel that these
fossil beds should be preserved for re -
search and future generations' The area
could be developed into a prime tourist
attraction in addition to neighboring
Scottsbluff National Monument, Chim-
ney Rock, the Black Hills, and so forth.
As presently proposed, the cost of the
project would run an estimated $1,750,-
000-including the acquisition of the
land, construction of a visitor center, an
Indian artifacts museum, development of
a museum at the quarries, and the Hav-
ing of roads to the fossil sites.
I believe this is a worthwhile project,
and I feel it is our duty to protect these
fossil- quarries for additional research
and posterity.
Jobs Going Begging
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 8, 1963 -
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, a recent
column by John Chamberlain in the New
York Journal-American points to the
fact that there are many more jobs going
begging in our society than is commonly
realized. As Chamberlain says, the long
effort. Mr. Chamberlain presents a
thought-provoking column discussing
this problem and -under unanimous con-
sent I include it in the RECORD at this
point:
THE PUZZLE PIECES JUST DON'T FIT
(By John Chamberlain)
The job of us professional commentators,
or licensed libertines, as Arthur Krock once
called our breed, i,* to suggest answers to
certain perplexing questions. Well, we try.
But there are so many contradictions be-
tween official claims and statistics, on the one
hand, and the evidence of our senses on the
other, that the business becomes almost im-
possible at times.
For example, there are the unemployment
figures and the projections therefrom.
Automation, so it is said, is putting a hard
core of irreclaimable people out of work.
Maybe this is true. But the other day I
started reading the "help wanted" columns
of a daily newspaper. Having just been in-
formed that 50 percent of the unemployed in
New England, which happens to be my sec-
tion of the country, are women, I looked at
the "female help wanted" section first.
The results startled me, for, though many
of the advertisements called for some kind
of training, most of them were asking for
a type of schooling or apprenticeship that
almost anybody could obtain with even a
minimum of get-up-and-go.
How much experience does a woman need
in order to act as an attendant in a coin-
operated laundromat, for instance? Or to
become a cocktail waitress or a part-time
counter girl? Or, given a natural gift of
sharp eyes, to succeed as a proofreader? Or,
given some previous business life, to take a
crack at managing a snack bar.
These are some of the jobs that are, at the
moment, going begging. And there seem to
be scores of openings for typists, and regis-
tered nurses, and cleaning women, and
dental assistants, and for general office work-
ers, and - for waitresses, and for sewing
machine operators. -
The list of openings for the more obvious
types of trained or semitrained women went
on and on, occasionally interspersed with a
request for some more esoteric skill. Not
many, I imagine, could meet the require-
ments demanded of a mortgage girl or a legal
secretary or a claims examiner with a knowl-
edge of surgical instruments. But if such
skills are needed in our, economy, surely
there are good openings for_ teachers who
know how to teach them. -
The "male help wanted't columns seemed
to be filled with notes of urgency. Barbers,
cooks, automobile mechanics, accountants,
adjusters, auto seat cover installers, simon-
izers, concrete masonry workers, counter-
men, drill press operators, welders, news-
boys, dishwashers, steel warehousemen, rate
clerks, registered pharmacists, salesmen of
all types and descriptions, porters, plumb-
ers, pressmen, clam and oyster openers, tool
and diemakers, delivery vehicle drivers, sci-
ence and mathematics teachers, commercial
artists, service station attendants, motel
managers, linotype operators-well, the list
eventually became a droning bore to read.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A2873
5945, by the Honorable WAYNE AsPINALL,
chairman of the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs; H.R. 5946, by the
Honorable Leo O'Brien, chairman of the
Subcommittee on Territories and In-
sular Affairs; H.R. 5947, by the Honor-
able JOHN KYL, member of the Commit-
tee on Interior and Insular Affairs, and
H.R. 5948, by myself. These four bills
were introduced on April 30. 1963.
On May 1, 1963, the Honorable JACOB
H. GILBERT introduced H.R. 5991, and on
May 6, 1963, the Honorable HuGH L.
CAREY introduced H.R. 6047; the Honor-
able WILLIAM FITTS RYAN introduced
H.R. 6076, and the Honorable HENRY
GONZALEZ introduced H.R. 6083. These
eight bills are all identical bills and they
are entitled:
To establish a procedure for the prompt
settlement, in a democratic manner, of the
political status of Puerto Rico.
These bills have been introduced in
response to Joint Resolution No. 1,
adopted by the Legislative Assembly of
Puerto Rico, on December 3, 1962, pro-
posing to the Congress of the United
States of America the procedure for
establishing the final political status of
the people of Puerto Rico.
The editorials follow:
From the San Juan Star, May 1. 19631
THE LONG. LONG TRAn.
The resolution introduced in the House of
Representatives of the Congress yesterday Is
an extremely delicate measure. It is also a
historical document that proposes to lay the
legislative groundwork for a precedent-
setting formula for establishing a permanent
relationship between citizens and the coun-
try of their citizenship.
The resolution contains a number of key
phrases long discussed here as indispensable
to the enactment of legislation that would
give constitutional validity to any compact
agreed to by the people of the United States
and the people of Puerto Rico.
Before any such compact can have validity,
permanence. and irrevocability, the Congress
must recognize the sovereignty of the people
of Puerto Rico and their Inherent right and
juridical capacity to enter Into such a com-
pact.
Congress Is being asked to make such a
recognition in the resolution. The purpose
of the carefully drafted wording of the meas-
ure is to put an end, for all time, to charges
of colonialism by the United States in Puerto
Rico, and to legalize beyond any doubt the
decision of the people when they choose
among Commonwealth, statehood, and in-
dependence, the final political status of
Puerto Rico.
The formula for achieving that desirable
end, as represented by the resolution intro-
duced in Congress, is an admirable one. It
embodies the principle of democracy by rec-
ognizing that the people are the highest au-
thority in the process of self-determination.
We would want to say here that the pros-
pects of success are as good as the formula
itself. We cannot, because the long, long.
trail between Introduction of this sensitive
resolution and its approval by Congress has
many windings that can come upon tricky
detours without warning.
The delicacy of the wording requires that
the resolution be approved almost intact, as
written. Any one of various amendments
could nullify its high purpose, and the Con-
gress is composed of 535 Members who have
the right, which they cherish exceedingly
high, of making changes that satisfy their
sense of duty and responsibility in any leg-
islation that comes before them.
Whether the resolution is approved in a
manner that meets the objective of its ar-
chitects, or is defeated, or dies in committee,
should not alter the fact that the job must
be done. The status debate will end one day,
and it should be terminated as soon as pos-
sible.
When all who have an Interest have been
heard, we sincerely hope the final result will
be congressional approval of legislation that
will resolve Puerto Rico's political destiny in
a manner that meets with the approval of Its
people.
[From the Washington Post, May 4, 19831
PERPLEXITIES OF STATUS
Three members of the House Interior Com-
mittee have introduced a bill that offers the
best method of tackling the question of
Puerto Rico's status. The legislation would
create a 12-member commission that would
draft a proposed compact of permanent
union between the United States and the
people of Puerto Rico.
The compact would go into effect if the
following conditions were met: (1) adoption
by Congress of authorizing legislation after
receipt of the commission's report; (2) rati-
fication of the compact by the people of
Puerto Rico In a referendum in which three
choices would be submitted-an amended
version of the present Commonwealth status,
independence and statehood. In the event
the majority of voters choose either inde-
pendence or statehood. the results would be
transmitted to Congress "for such action as
it may consider appropriate"
The virtue of the commission proposal Is
that it skates around some fixed constitu-
tional objections and at the same time pro-
vides ample time for deliberation. By creat-
Ing the commission, Congress would not be
committing Itself or any future Congress to
acceptance of the recommendation. The
mechanism envisaged by the legislation is
essentially a repetition of the procedures
used In framing the original measure that
created the Commonwealth a decade ago.
It is quite true that Puerto Rico poses
some special problems for our Federal sys-
tem. The question is whether that system Is
flexible enough to accommodate the needs
of a people who want to remain within the
United States without acquiring a political
status that would be ruinous to the econ-
omy of an overpopulated Island. Certainly
the Founding Fathers did not contemplate
the special Issues raised by Puerto Rico. but
neither did they foresee a trip to the moon.
A living constitution must be continually
reinterpreted in the light of fresh circum-
stances. It Is in this perspective that Con-
gress should consider the Puerto Rican bill.
EXTENSION OF R
or
HON. DON L. SHORT
OP NORTH DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 8, 1963
Mr. SHORT. Mr. Speaker, in all the
hue and cry about Castro and Cuba, there
are a few outstanding facts which appear
clearly to those who take the trouble to
analyze the situation.
Coleridge once said:
If men could learn from history, what
lessons it might teach us. But passion and
party blind our eyes, and the light which ex-
perience gives Is a lantern on the stern-
which shines only on the waves behind us.
The lantern of Coleridge shines on
waves which are now behind us-and we
should open our eyes and see what the
lantern reveals. We should do this re-
gardless of passion and party, for only
in this way can we hope to save ourselves
from the consequences of our failure to
learn lessons from the past history of
the march of communism toward its
goal-enslavement of the world and the
peoples of the world.
I was impressed with a column written
by Eric Sevareid, which appeared in the
Washingtgn Evening Star, of May 7,
"Man and the Times." Mr. Sevareid's
article is called "Cuban Issue Not Clear
for Debate."
Mr. Sevareid outlined seven facts
which we should seriously consider, in
all our debate on the pros and cons of
Cuba and the handling of that very con-
troversial issue by several administra-
tions. His last point-that "once again,
world communism has succeeded in
choosing the point of conflict and crisis
in the cold war" should be a sobering
reminder to all of us that we are not
dealing with, nor should the security of
this country ever be a partisan issue-but
with a long view and an impassionate
evaluation of the outcome, as far as Cuba
is concerned-of the continuing battle
between communism and capitalism.
Under unanimous consent I would
like to Include Mr. Sevareid's column
with my remarks In the Appendix of the
RECORD.
The column follows:
Cua.{N ISSUE NOT CLEAR FOR DEBATE
(By Eric Sevareld)
Cuba may well be, as now predicted, the
prime issue In the national politics of 1964.
But unless the issue is clarified far beyond
Its present state it will be a rhetorical ques-
tion, not a question for true debate. Alter-
native policies are required for true debate
and all we have on either side, so far, Is
attitudes.
With justice, the President has Insisted
that his critics show more precision in their
prescriptions for handling Cuba; but with
equal justice his critics can insist on more
precision from the administration. What
we are now witnessing Is a collision of two
fog banks. This never clears the air, in
nature or in politics; it merely produces fog
of double thickness.
WHAT HAS GONE BEFORE
How uncertain the future course, there can
be little uncertainty about what the imme-
diate past has produced:
1. The Russians now possess a military,
political, and propaganda base in the heart
of our area of security and influence.
2. Their troops in Cuba constitute a "trip
wire," paralyzing to American' action, as
our troops in Berlin constitute a trip wire
there.
3. Cities and Installations of the U.S. main-
land are now open to damage by conven-
tional weapons. and have become, therefore,
in some degree hostage to Communist pur-
poses. Theoretically, at least, the Russians
could damage us by proxy, their method else-
where, without themselves being directly in-
volved.
4. Fidel Castro's physical hold on the
Island Is complete, with the underground
movement facing probable extinction.
5. The mass of Cuban manpower In exile
Is now a "blown Instrument," a handicap
and thorn In our side, not a weapon for our
uses.
6. A foreign policy quarrel of serious pro-
portions Is engulfing an administration
which has not yet found Its feet in the area
of Its domestic policies and programs.
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