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21266 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
$435 million Federal program for re-
training workers whose jobs have dis-
appeared because of automation has been
launched by this Congress. A distressed
area bill was also enacted which will aid
great numbers of unemployed to jobs
and a more abundant life.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
The President's program to regulate
tariffs on certain goods and to reduce or
raise tariffs on other items, and to pro-
vide Federal aid to United States firm
and workers damaged by imports was a
step in the right direction to increase
prosperity and combat unemployment.
AGRICULTURE
The President's program on agricul-
ture although crippled by amendments
will greatly reduce surplus and the
ridiculous grain storage cost of over a
billion dollars a year. The farmers of
the Nation suffered greatly under the im-
practicable surplus program created
under former Secretary of Agriculture
Benson. The Benson farm program
aided greatly in bringing about four de-
pressions under the Eisenhower admin-
istration. When the American farmer is
prosperous and possesses purchasing
power, he is indirectly creating demand
for steel, oil, and numerous manufac-
tured products in American cities and
towns.
sax CUT
This Congress repealed 10 percent tax
on railroad, bus, water travel, and cut
tax to 5 percent on airline tickets ef-
fective November 15.
WELFARE
Revised and extended Federal benefits
and State-operated public assistance
programs by rehabilitation and help for
the needy, aged, blind, and disabled.
VETERANS
Enacted legislation giving increases
of 9.4 percent to veterans drawing com-
pensation for injury or ailment resulting
from military service.
PUBLIC WORUS
The House of Representatives author-
ized the outlay of $900 million in Fed-
eral matched grants to launch public
works projects or accelerate existing
projects in areas of heavy unemploy-
ment.
PEACE CORPS
Congress authorized the Peace Corps
In 1961 and enlarged it in 1962. It is un-
fortunate that this program was not in-
augurated 15 years ago as the Peace
Corps would have expanded each year
and by today, we could have an interna-
tional organization to combat false com-
munistic propaganda in backward na-
tions and new governments throughout
the world. Members of Congress who
opposed the Peace Corps a year and a
half ago are today enthusiastic support-
ers of this program.
DEFENSE
This Congress has made outstanding
progress in our much delayed space pro-
gram. Through the outstanding ability
and leadership of Secretary McNamara
and Vice President Johnson, our Nation
once again has been placed as the world's
only military citadel that keeps the Com-
munist dictators of Russia and China
from aggressing in their mad conquest
to enslave mankind. Taxpayers should
remember that approximately 84 percent
of every tax dollar is applied to expenses
of past wars, the present cold war opera-
tion, and the protection against future
wars. Approximately $11 billion is ap-
propriated annually as interest on our
national debt coupled with Veterans'
Administration cost incurred by past
wars.
MEDICAL CARE
The much needed legislation known as
medicare which includes hospitalization,
nursing, and medical costs for the aged
was killed in the Senate by the same
political coalition which defeated the ed-
ucation program.
Millions of our pioneer citizens
throughout the Nation are living on so-
cial security checks or small income and
are barred from receiving proper and
needed medical care unless legislation
is enacted to relieve this deplorable sit-
uation.In 90 percent of the States the
Kerr-Mills bill is not functioning, and in
the remaining States, it is a replica of
the ancient poorhouse operation.
Legislation for medical care for the
aged will be a No. 1 campaign issue, and
I am satisfied that when the people
speak from the ballot boxes we will next
session, enact a suitable medical care
program for our pioneer citizens.
URBAN AFFAIRS
The President recommended legisla-
tion to create a Department for Urban
Affairs which was defeated by the coali-
tion. Almost two-thirds of our popu-
lation now reside in cities and towns
throughout the Nation. Legislative ap-
portionment of 50 years ago still exists in
most States and especially in Indiana.
I hope the next Congress and State leg-
islators enact legislation giving our met-
ropolitan areas fair representation in
the legislative halls of our States and
Nation.
CIVIL RIGHTS
This Congress passed the first Federal
legislation in history completely outlaw-
ing poll tax laws. Poll tax laws still
remain in five States. Legislation mak-
ing the sixth grade a test for proof of
literacy for voting qualification, was
defeated by filibuster in the other body.
EXPOSE COMMUNISM WITH TRUTH
For the last dozen years, I have con-
sistently fought for an education pro-
gram which would send qualified edu-
cated experts to South America, Africa,
and other nations to tell the uninformed
the real truth on how the Soviets en-
slaved Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Slo-
vakia, the Balkans, and other nations,
through infiltration, force, slave labor
camps, and mass executions. I have
constantly fought to get action on a
number of pending resolutions to inves-
tigate the Soviet takeover and contin-
ued enslavement of captive nations.
The Communist tyrants one great fear
Is to have millions in neutral and new
governments learn the true facts con-
cerning Communist methods in taking
over and enslaving small nations.
CUBA
Mr. Speaker, I now wish to insert in
the RECORD my remarks to the Congress
October 5
In opening the debate on the Cuban
resolution on September 26, 1962:
When Castro's regime came into power in
January 1959, the Eisenhower administra-
tion looked upon it with sympathy and
welcome its promises of political freedom
and social justice for the Cuban people.
Even before Castro came to power, he and
his followers were engaged in anti-Ameri-
can activities in their underground war
against the then-established Cuban Gov-
ernment. Castro's brother who some stated
was a card-carrying avowed Communist was
the real power in Cuba.
Back in 1960, Cuba established close'
political, economic, and military relation-
ships with the Chinese-Soviet bloc and con-
tinued violent measures and verbal attacks
against the United States, On June 11, 1959,
when it was apparent that the Castro gov-
ernment was Communist controlled, our
Government expressed sympathy with agrar-
ian reform and raised no remonstrance
against the Cuban Communist government
confiscating American property.
During the month of October 1959, Cas-
tro government officials seized land, capital,
equipment, and timber belonging to U.S.
citizens.
On January 26, 1959, President Eisenhower
reaffirmed the adherence of the United States
to the policy of nonintervention in the do-
mestic affairs of other countries, including
Cuba. In so doing, he stated that we recog-
nize the right of the Cuban Government and
her people to undertake social, economic, and
political reforms. This statement was made
by the former administration when almost a
year after, the Castro Communist government
was well-entrenched in our neighboring land.
During 1960, Cuba signed trade and eco-
nomic pact agreements with the Soviet Union
and most of the Communist satellite nations,
including China. On March 19, 1960, the first
shipment of Soviet crude oil arrived in Cuba
on the Soviet tanker Vishinalcy.
In 1960 Cuba committed offenses against
our Nation by confiscating U.S. property; at-
tacks on U.S. sugar plantations; air incur-
sions and LaCoubre and Pocher incidents.
On June 10, 1960, the Cubans seized four
U.S.-owned hotels in Havana. On June 29,
they seized the Texaco-Esso refineries. On
July 21, 1960 Castro stated in Moscow that
Cuba "is grateful for the political and moral-
support from the Soviet Union."
I merely mentioned these facts because
already in Indiana certain politicians and a
candidate for U.S. Senator would have the
people believe that all our troubles started
with the Cuban Communist Government
since January 1961. Some Republican poli-
ticians say that armed intervention and tak-
ing over Cuba are necessary now. Why were
they so quiet several years back before the
Soviet military buildup became entrenched
within 90 miles of our shores.
Mr. Speaker, all American citizens
should realize that we are living in a
scientific and space travel age. The
same yardstick of solving international
problems of 25 and 50 years ago cannot
apply today.
All Americans should devote extra time
and study on details and facts concerning
domestic and international problems.
Your Congressman and other elected of-
ficials' merely reflect the opinions of the
majority back home. It is your opinions
that will guide the destiny of our Nation
and the free world for future generations.
ACTION WITH RESPE
The SPEAKER pro temiJore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Kansas [Mr. ELLSWORTH) is
recognized for 10 minutes.
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
time. In the 83d Congress, Mrs. CHURCH
sponsored and pushed to successful
enactment H.R, 116?Patair Law 385_..a
national law bearing her name, pro-
hibiting bootleg fireworks, which pre-
sented such a grave menace to children.
In the 84th and 85th Congresses, she
took the lead in introducing legislation
to implement the new plans for re-
organization, for efficiency and economy
in government, proposed by the Second
Hoover. Commission. She worked ex-
tremely hard on this and proved to be
most valuable in these plans. In the
85th Congress, Mrs. CHURCH was highly
instrumental in the successful House
passage of H.R. 8002, a bill to place the
budgeting system of the Federal Gov-
ernment on an accrued annual expendi-
tures basis, which incorporated the pro-
visions of H.R. 3961, introduced by Mrs.
CHURCH early in the session. She has
constantly fought for economy in gov-
ernment. She sought to put Govern-
ment operations on the same footing of
efficiency and donomy that she felt pre-
vailed in private industry.
' She has, over the years, taken an active
part in many civic and welfare organiza-
tions, including the Family Welfare As-
sociation of Evanston. the Illinois
Children's Home and Aid Society, the
Infant Welfare Society, et cetera. She
also served as president of the Congres-
sional Club in Washington, and as presi-
dent of the National Alumnae Associa-
tion of Wellesley College. She is a
member of the League of Women Voters,
the Business and Professional Womens
Clubs of America, the American Associa-
tion of University Women, Phi Beta
Kappa Associates, Zonta International.
Delta Kappa Gamma, Illinois Women's
Press Association, et cetera, and is an
international honorary member of Beta
Sigma Phi and other organizations. She
is also a member of the Woman's Ad-
visory Committee of the National Safety
Council, the National Advisory Council
of the Girl Scouts of the United States
of America, and the Woman's Board of
the University of Chicago.
In August 1960, the gentlewoman from
Illinois [Mrs. CHURCH] was honored with
a merit award for service in behalf of
economic and political freedom, from the
Civic Affairs Associates, Inc., and also,
that year, was recipient of the VIP Award
of the Illinois Club for Catholic Women,
and in 1962, of the Founders' Day Award
of Loyola University of Chicago.
This, Mr. Speaker, is the story of a
lifetime in which every minute was put
to some use for people, for her neighbors.
for her fellow women, for her fellow
citizens, for her district, her State, her
country, and for her college and its
alumnae.
yet ahead that I know
'ill do, and I and all of us
th and opportunity. She
life so that all of us in this
a very special benefit from
e charm, the dignity?in-
tige?she has, by her work
duct, bestowed upon it. She
for international peace. The
her personality, through her
ds of miles of travel, has
182-6
been felt in the Middle East, and the
Far East, in Asia and in Africa, and of
course on this continent. She gave the
image of the United States the impres-
sive and enlightened aspects of a portrait
that wins us respect, admiration, even
love in the far corners of the earth.
Recently. I had a part, along with
others, in forming for the first time, a
U.S. Capitol Historical Society.
It is significant and of interest to note
that Mrs. CHURCH was one of those who
cooperated, encouraged, and helped im-
measurably to bring about the realiza-
tion of this organization.
Her eloquence, her deep feeling, her
understanding Is revealed in the fact that
she had a major part in writing the
statement of purpose and objectives of
the organization and her attention to
detail and development of the constitu-
tion and bylaws was of great help. She
was very helpful with suggestions at
every meeting and attended every meet-
ing that had to do with the initial and
final planning of the organization.
Nowhere, I like to think, is she more
appreciated than she is right here in this
Chamber among her colleagues who have
been so close to her work. I bow in
homage and admiration, in affection and
tribute, to MARGUERITE STITT CHURCH, for
12 years a Member of this House.
REPORT ON .tHh 1962 SESSION OF
THE CONGRESS
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. AL-
BERT), Under previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Indiana IMr.
MADDEN] is recognized for 20 minutes.
(Mr. MADDEN asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, during
my service in Congress, I have endeav-
ored to give the citizens of Lake County
a true and factual review of our ac-
complishments and omissions after each
session. This will be a brief report on
some of the more important Issues con-
sidered in the 1962 session now close to
adjournment.
COMMUNISM EXPANSION NO. 1 PROBLEM
The dark cloud of international com-
munism covers the horizon of all free
nations throughout the globe. As your
Representative under four Presidents:
Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower. and
Kennedy. I have made every effort to
support the Commander-in-Chief on all
foreign policy programs which each ad-
ministration has recommended for the
best interest of our Nation and the free
world,
Presidents Truman and Eisenhower
have publicly stated that the Executive
Department possesses all information
and confidential knowledge on condi-
tions over the globe and their decisions
on International matters are often based
on facts not known to the general pub-
lic. World conditions today demand that
the American people must be united
and all differences on international
problems should stop at the oceans'
shoreline.
The braintrust behind Stalin and his
successor Khrushchev is the most dim-
21245
gerous and intelligent crowd of superbly
organized criminal conspirators to
threaten mankind in all world history.
The free world has failed to realize the
magnitude of their organized success to-
ward global enslavement.
EDUCATION, COMMUNIST GREATEST WEAPON
For 30 years the Soviets' greatest proj-
ect has been the wholesale education of
selected youths to become scientists, lan-
guage experts, technicians, teachers, and
skilled workers in all crafts. These
graduates have been sent to other lands
for infiltration and the spreading of
Communist propaganda. The Soviets
are now reaping benefits of this educa-
tional program in Asia, South America,
Africa, Cuba, and other neutral or re-
cently established governments.
News reports from Cuba in 1961 re-
ported the graduation of large classes
from two universities where the speaker
at each ceremony was a Soviet professor
from Moscow. I mention this because
in the last 12 years our Congress has on
several occasions, by close votes, defeated
legislation which would have expanded
our critical deficient educational facili-
ties. General Hershey's Selective Serv-
ice Department reveals that in World
War II in 10 States 28 percent to 33 per-
cent of draftees were rejected on ac-
count of illiteracy. One State had 33
out of every 100 boys whose mental IQ's
prevented them from serving their
country in wartime. Montana was the
banner State with but 13/4 percent re-
jections.
I am proud to report that I have sup-
ported all legislation for educational ex-
pansion: scientific, medical, elementary,
and for much-needed school construc-
tion. Most citizens in my congressional
district know that these programs on
educational expansion have been de-
feated by the coalition of Republican
leaders aided by a large percentage of
Southern Democrats. Powerful special
interests lobbies defeated Federal legis-
lation which would give millions of
American youth greater opportunities to
meet the problems of this scientific space
age. In Indiana these interests sub-
stituted special State laws for school
construction which today have taxpayers
burdened with high interest rates and
30-and 40-year bonds. In my congres-
sional district, school construction can-
not keep pace with the yearly increase of
student applications.
In this session a bill for Federal help
to aid students in the higher education
bracket has been pigeonholed by the
same above-named political coalition.
This bill would aid public and private
schools and help us compete more easily
with the Soviet aggression and propa-
ganda program throughout the free
world.
UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM
Regardless of political speeches mis-
representing the legislative record, this
Congress has made remarkable progress
in carrying out the much-needed New
Frontier program of President Kennedy.
Automation and the entrance of a mil-
lion young job applicants every year have
made unemployment the number one
domestic problem, facing our Nation. A
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 21267
Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, the
administration's handling of the situa-
tion in Cuba remains ineffective and
without form or substance. Along with
many others, I have long urged the adop-
tion of a positive, decisive policy of ac-
tion with respect to Cuba.
In May of 1961, in my weekly question-
and-answer column in the newspapers
of my district, I urged a course of action
that would enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
In June of 1961, in 11ly weekly columns,
I opposed the paying of ransom to Castro
for the Cubans he had kidnapped, and
denounced the involvement of the ad-
ministration in the deal.
In January of this year I stated pub-
licly that Communist Cuba posed a viru-
lent threat to us and to our hemisphere,
and deplored the confusion, lack of coor-
dination, and lack of purpose on the
part of national leaders in Washington
which resulted in there being, in effect,
no national policy at all toward Cuba.
At that time I reviewed the entire Cuban
situation and pointed out that Castro
was 100-percent Communist, devoted to
the overthrow and destruction of the
United State's and all Western civiliza-
tion.
I concluded by urging a policy looking
toward the overthrow of the Castro re-
gime in Cuba.
In a speech here in the House of Rep-
resentatives, on May 9 of this year, I
stated we had lost an opportunity in
Cuba and that all Latin America was
paying for that loss. I joined with three
other first-term Republican colleagues
from across the Nation in sharp criti-
cism of the administration's handling of
the Cuban fiasco of April 1961, and
urged a shift from a policy of surveil-
lance, to a policy of positive, creative
decisiveness.
And just last week, on September 25,
in debate on the Cuban resolution, I
made it clear in my support of the reso-
lution that the tine for decision is now.
Actually, Mr. Speaker, there are a
number of alternatives available to the
administration for dealing with the situ-
ation in Soviet Cuba.
For one, the administration could go
ahead and let the Soviet arms build-up
proceed, saying?as they have?that the
weapons, manpower, and Communist
missile and naval bases are merely de-
fensive in nature, but that if it turns out
otherwise we will do something. That
is a little like saying there is no real
trouble but we will take action in case
it doesn't come to a stop.
This kind of a so-called policy will
be interpreted throughout the world as
a sign of weakness and irresolution.
Added on top of the Bay of Pigs fiasco
and the building of the Berlin wall, it
can only reinforce the feeling that a
vein of indecisiveness is embedded in the
present administration. Let us hope
this is not true.
Another kind of policy would be a mili-
tary invasion by the U.S. armed forces.
This would be as profitless to the United
States as it would be dangerous to the
stability of Latin America and Berlin.
A third alternative would be to pro-
vide material support and encouragement
to free Cubans both within and outside
Cuba, so that the Castro regime could
be overthrown by those Cubans who have
the most at stake.
Our Government could take the lead,
for example, in getting all the friendly
governments of this hemisphere to ex-
press their readiness to come to the im-
mediate aid of any uprising that takes
place in Cuba against the Soviet regime
there. Surely those nations of the West-
ern Hemisphere who are benefiting so
greatly from partnership in the Alliance
for Progress would be eager to join in a
partnership for the rebirth of a free
Cuba.
In any case, surely the time for leader-
ship, decisiveness, and effective action
on the part of this administration, is
now.
Luis Aguilar Leon, a Cuban, put it
rather well when he wrote recently:
Of all the lessons Fidel Castro has taught
us, the bitterest and most obvious is this:
He who proclaims himself a Communist can
count on help from the Soviet Union even
through he is 9,000 miles away from its bor-
ders, while he who proclaims himself a
democrat can fight and die 90 miles from the
shores of the United States and no one will
come to his aid.
Mr. Speaker, this is true; and we in
North America are deeply disappointed
and profoundly frustrated with the
quality of leadership in our own admin-
istration that has made it so.
The time for effective action is now.
FRIENDLY RELATIONS BETWEEN
PORTUGAL AND THE UNITED
STATES?A VICTORY FOR FREE-
DOM
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Massachusetts [Mr. O'NEILL]
is recognized for 60 minutes.
(Mr. O'NEILL asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his
remarks.)
GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND
Mr. O'NEILL. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that all Members
may have 5 legislative days in which to
extend their remarks following my re-
marks on the subject on which I am
about to address the House.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
There was no objection.
Mr. O'NEILL. Mr. Speaker, the dis-
trict I represent in Massachusetts is one
of the most cosmopolitan areas in the
world. We have people of 50 different
ethnic groups who are represented in an
area of about 10 square miles, all living
together in peace and harmony.
Among this group I have gotten to
know very, very well are people of Ameri-
can-Portuguese extraction. They are
proud Americans, proud of their heritage
in Portugal, but immensely proud that
they are U.S. citizens.
Naturally they have nostalgic memo-
ries when they think of the land of their
birth or the land of their ancestors, and
it has been with pride through the years
that they have always considered the
great feeling that has existed between
the United States and the Government
of Portugal. The feeling between the
two countries has been one of mutual
affection, mutual love, an inextricably
interwoven and intertwined feeling that
we have always been on the same side
regardless of what conflict may have
occurred through the years.
But during the past year there has
been somewhat of a break in the rela-
tionship between the United States and
Portugal, and it has been over her
colonies in Africa and because of the
policy that we have followed at the
United Nations. I personally believe
that the policy we have followed has been
a wrong one. I have talked with the
people of Portuguese extraction in my
area. They are greatly upset by the
policy we have followed. Consequently
I have made a study of the situation.
I am convinced that the situation calls
for better relations between the United
States and Portugal and that the rift be-
tween these two allies will be and should
be mended.
The controversy and ill feeling between
the two originated over anticolonialism.
The United States, consistently and vig-
orously has opposed colonialism. Our
policy is responsible for the rapid with-
drawal of European rule in many Afri-
can and Asian areas. The creation of
many new nations has followed.
Portugal holds extensive areas in
Africa, notably the huge province of An-
gola in West Africa and Mozambique on
the east coast. Last year, the United
States sided with the Afro-Asian na-
tions, and incidentally, the Soviet Union,
in resolutions aimed at Portuguese rule
in Angola and Mozambique. The United
States voted for inquiries into the situa-
tion in these provinces and also voted
to condemn the Portuguese for repres-
sive measures in opposing an outbreak
in Angola last March. During this up-
rising, or invasion as the Portuguese
claim, the dissidents were guilty of hor-
rible atrocities. The Portuguese feel
that this country voted to condemn them
for defending themselves against Outlaws
and terrorists.
Since last March a good many events
have taken place. The example of the
Belgian Congo indicates that freedom
for a former colony is by no means the
solution of that colony's difficulties. In
fact, events in the Congo have convinced
many persons that independence should
not be given to a colony under circum-
stances and conditions which finds it un-
able to govern itself.
The developments in the Belgian
Congo are familiar to most of you. The
termination of Belgian rule, for which
many Belgians blame us, was followed
by disorders which resulted in a mass
exodus of the whites. The politicians in
the Congo began a struggle for power
Which still continues. We have taken
part in that struggle and so has the
United Nations. In fact, as you know,
United Nations troops have attacked the
forces of Moise Tshombe, leader in the
Katanga Province of the Belgian Congo.
We also heartily disapprove of Mr.
Tshombe, for reasons which are compli-
cated and need not be detailed here. In
any event, the U.N. venture has created
a huge deficit in that organization's
budget.
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21268 CONGRESSIONAL RECQRD - HOUSE
? I =1 citing the Congo situation to
emphasize the fact that premature in-
dependence for a colony may be the
worst thing which could happen to the
people in the area. The Congo is in
much worse shape now than it was before
the Belgians withdrew. Cyrille Adoula.
the Congo leader outside Kistariga, has
submitted a budget which shows a deficit
of $222 million for 1962, and the actual
deficit may be much higher. Industry
and agriculture are deteriorating rapidly
In the Congo; lawlessness and unemploy-
ment have risen rapidly and the conflict
between rival politicians certainly does
not help.
The Portuguese claim that Angola and
Mozambique are integral parts of Por-
tugal, just as we regard Hawaii and
Alaska as integral parts of this country.
I do not intend to discuss this matter
today but I would like to point out that,
admittedly, Angola and Mozambique are
not ready for self-government. If Por-
tuguese rule were to end tomorrow, the
Congo would be repeated all over again.
Already, the groups which are fighting
the Portuguese in Angola have fallen out
among themselves. One faction is led
by a man called Holden Roberto, who has
been widely quoted as admitting he or-
dered the slaying of Portuguese women
and children during the fighting in An-
gola last March. Another faction is led
by Mario de Adrade, who is reported to
have close Communist ties. There are
still other factions.
In Angola, there are approximately
4 minion natives, almost all Negroes,
and about 500,000 whites, mulattoes and
Negroes ivho regard themselves as
Portuguese. Portugal has an en,-
lightened multiracial policy. Inter-
marriage between the races is fairly com-
mon in Angola and Mozambique. Many
Negroes and mulattoes hold high posi-
tions. The racial feeling, which is such
a barrier to progress elsewhere in Africa,
Is absent in Angola and Mozambique.
These 500,000 constitute the upper
Classes. Most of the natives are Primi-
tive and, in fact, most of them maintain
the tribesmen status they had when the
whites first invaded Africa. As I have
said, everyone familiar with Angola and
with Mozambique admits that these
areas would deteriorate rapidly if the
Portuguese should be forced out.
The enemies of the Portuguese say the
backwardness of the masses is the fault
of the Portuguese, this is debatable. I
do not doubt that Portuguese rule has
left a good deal to be desired. Few gov-
ernments are perfect and, unfortunately,
exploitation of backward people has been
a familiar pattern throughout human
history. But. the Portuguese are aware
of their faults. After the fighting in
Angola last year, the Portuguese Gov-
ernment instituted sweeping reforms,
expanding greatly the privileges of suf-
frage, and local autonomy. The pro-
grams for educational and material
development were accelerated. Amaz-
ingly enough, Angola progressed rapidly
In 1961, despite the fighting in the north-
ern part of the country. A pamphlet
Issued by the U.S. Department of
Commerce "Economic Developments
In Angola in 1961," states that many
records were established. The report
states:
Industry was largely unaffected by the
political situation. Production increased and
some aignificant new Industries were
Inaugurated or reached the plant construc-
tion stage.
One of the aims of the terrorists under
Roberto was to prevent the harvesting
of the coffee crop, coffee being one of
Angola's principal export commodities.
But for the fifth year in a row, record
crop was harvested.
In contrast to most of the new Afri-
can states, both Angola and Mozambique
are making rapid material progress.
The political situation in Mozambique
has remained stable and, after the first
flurry, the Portuguese regained control
of most of northern Angola. Apparently,
only pockets of terrorist resistance are
left. This seems to substantiate the Por-
tuguese claim that the so-called rebels
have little support inside Angola, itself.
Even in the name of anticolonialism, it
would seem unwise to throw Angola and
Mozambique into chaos at this time.
The real question, of course, is whether
the people of Angola and Mozambique
are to have anything to say about their
political and economic destinies. If Por-
tugal insists that Angola and Mozam-
bique are to remain Portuguese, regard-
less of the attitude of the majority in
both countries, the differences between
this country and Portugal may be hard
to compose. For this country is firmly
committed to an anticolonial policy and
seems likely to adhere to this principle.
But the Portuguese are reasonable and
flexible on this matter. In an interview
given to Life magazine in May 1961, Pre-
mier Seleeer of Portugal said he was not
opposed to independence for Angola and
Mozambique, but only to independence
granted too hastily and, in response to
force from the outside. He said:
The fact of a territory proclaiming its In-
dependence Is a natural phenomenon In hu-
man society and, therefore. It is a hypothesis
that is always admissible. But indeed no one
can or ought to set a time limit for it. What
Is being subjected to time tables Is the in-
conceivable politics of our time, which claims
that states should set a time limit to destroy
their unity and break up.
The Portuguese Ambassador to the
United States, the Honorable Pedro The-
otonio Pereira, stated the policy of his
Government with regard to independ-
ence for Angola and Mozambique in an
excellent speech before the Common-
wealth Club of San Francisco last
March. He said:
I would like to remind you that we have
never said that we oppose self-determina-
tion. We regard our great provinces of
Africa as an integral part of Portugal, just
as the United States regards Alaska and
Hawaii as Integral parts of the United
States.
We hope to develop these provinces, to
raise the standard of living, and to use their
rich resources in the 1i:iterate of an, We are,
however, determined that self-determination
must be a process of political evolution from
within and must rest In the hands of the
people concerned and not with outside ter-
rorists and agitators.
What we bitterly resent and win oppose
with all our strength is for outside violence
to tear these provinces away from Portugal.
What we protest Is the cynicism which uses
the cry of anticolonialism and the disguise
of a nationalist movement to further racism
and communism. We have fought the in-
vaders and the murders, and we will con-
tinue to fight them. If we lose. it is not our
loss alone. All the West will lose with us.
It seems then to me that the Portu-
guese attitude is a sensible one and one
which can be accepted by our own Gov-
ernment and by all fair-minded men. I
need not remind you that Portugal has
been an ally for a long time and that the
country is a member of NATO, our prin-
cipal defense against the Communists.
Under Premier Salazar, Portugal has
been stanchly anti-Communist. The
Soviet Union has gone along enthusi-
astically at the U.N. with the resolutions
aimed at Portugal. If we continue pres-
sure against the Portuguese Govern-
ment, it could fall and we could find
ourselves confronted with a government
along the lines of the Castro regime in
Cuba.
Moreover, Portugal since 1943 has
given us invaluable air bases in the
Azores. These bases were turned over
to us, free of charge, at a time when
World War II was in doubt. They were
invaluable then; they are invaluable now.
The lease is up for renewal in 1962
and negotiations with regard to it now
are going on. Understandably, the
Portuguese are upset over our attitude
toward them and are reluctant to renew
the Azores lease if we continue to be
hostile on the Angola and Mozambique
questions.
It would seem in the interests of all
concerned for Portugal to continue its
work of developing Angola and Mozam-
bique. Portugal has received little in the
way of foreign aid from us since World
War II, the total, aside from military
aid under NATO. being less than $100
million. Premier Salazar did not ask
for Marshall plan aid, stating that other
countries needed it more than his coun-
try. If the aid is needed now to develop
the provinces, some program should be
worked out.
There is another reason for a better
understanding between the United
States and Portugal at this time. Many
persons are concerned with the race feel-
ing which is so manifest in Africa today.
If the continent is to make . any real
progress, this progress must come from
cooperation between the whites and other
races, including the predominant Negro
race. Otherwise, there will be chaos
and deterioration, as is evident in many
of the new states. The only way the
Communists can take over will be
through chaos which will necessitate
order, if it even means a Communist
dictatorship.
The Portuguese have an excellent
record on the race question. Long ago,
they dismissed skin color as a basis for
exploitation and discrimination. If
Angola and Mozambique develop as they
should, they can furnish an example to
the rest of the continent, an example
which will be in the interests of Portugal,
the United States, and the entire Western
World.
I am hopeful then that the negotia-
tions between the United States and
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1962 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 21315
Thus the low-income white population would
also benefit and a more equal income dis-
tribution among whites would result.
Finally, the community responsibilities of
taxpaying and of military service could be
more equitably shared among all the citizens
of the Nation. The essential characteristic
of such gains is that they are related to al-
location and distribution problems rather
than to output considerations. But by im-
proving allocation and distribution they do
increase the total welfare of the society
While they cannot be added to the GNP
gain measured above, they are significant and
should not be ignored.
APPENDIX ON DERIVATION OF ESTIMATES
The key figures in the foregoing memo
are the percentages by which wages and
salaries are assumed to rise in the two cases
of (a) no change in education, and (b) a
change in education.
For (a) the following method was used,
based on 1949 data for individuals. (The
1959 data will not be available for several
months, and only decennial census data give
the necessary breakdown of income by edu-
cational level by age and sex by color.) For
each age-sex group the income of nonwhites
was changed to the income of whites hav-
ing identical education. These changes
amounted to a 3.1-percent rise in total money
Income, This 3.1-percent figure was applied
to wages and salaries. Since wages and
salaries are 68 percent of GNP, this would
mean a 1.8-percent gain in GNP. This esti-
mate was raised to 2.5 percent for the rea-
sons given in the text.
For (b) the following method was used,
based on 1960 data for families and unat-
tached individuals. Total money income per
consumer unit for first, nonwhite families,
and second, nonwhite unattached individ-
uals, was assumed to change to equal that
of the appropriate white groups. Then wages
and salaries were assumed to rise by the
- same percentage that total money income
rose; namely, 4.0 percent. Since wages and
salaries are 58 percent of GNP, the rise in
GNP is 2.3. The final GNP increase was esti-
mated to be perhaps 1-percent higher, or
3.2 percent, because of the additional gains,
discussed earlier, due to increasing capital
and entrepreneurial income.
The income data required for this study
are available in terms of the standard cen-
sus classification, "white," "nonwhite." The
nonwhite classification includes, in addition
to Negroes, American Indians, Japanese, Chi-
nese, and others. The Census Bureau esti-
mates that, of the 20.5 million persons in
the nonwhite category in the 1960 census,
18.9 million persons (or 92 percent) were
Negroes.
DESIGNATION OF CERTAIN CAR-
RIERS AS CARRIERS OF BONDED
MERCHANDISE
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
BURDICK in the chair) laid before the
Senate a message from the House of
Representatives announcing its disagree-
ment to the amendments of the Senate
to the bill (H.R. 5700) to amend the
Tariff Act of 1930 to permit the desig-
nation of certain carriers as carriers of
bonded merchandise, and requesting a
conference with the Senate on the dis-
agreeing voles of the two Houses there-
on.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. I move that
the Senate insist upon its amendments
and agree to the request of the House
for a conference, and that the Chair
appoint the conferees on the Part of the
Senate.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. BYRD of
Virginia, Mr. KERR, Mr. LONG of Louisi-
ana, Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware, and Mr.
Cusris conferees on the part of the
Senate.
AMENDMENT OF INTERNAL REVE-
NUE CODE OF 1954 RELATIVE TO
CERTAIN MANUFACTURERS EX-
CISE TAXES
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
BURDicit in the chair) laid before the
Senate a message from the House
of Representatives announcing its dis-
agreement to the amendments of the
Senate to the bill (H.R. 8952) to amend
the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 with
respect to the conditions under which the
special constructive sale price rule is to
apply for purposes of certain manufac-
turers excise taxes, and requesting a
conference with the Senate on the dis-
agreeing votes of the two Houses there-
on.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. I move that
the Senate insist upon its amendments
and agree to the request of the House
for a conference, and that the Chair ap-
point the conferees on the part of the
Senate.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. BYRD of
Virginia, Mr. KERR, Mr. LONG of Louisi-
ana, Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware, and Mr.
Cola's conferees on the part of the
Senate.
INCOME TAX TREATMENT OF TER-
MINAL RAILROAD CORPORATIONS
AND THEIR SHAREHOLDERS
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. BUR-
Dim< in the chair) laid before the Senate
a message from the House of Represent-
atives announcing its disagreement to
the amendment of the Senate to the bill
(H.R. 12599) relating to the income tax
treatment of terminal railroad corpora-
tions and their shareholders and re-
questing a conference with the Senate
on the disagreeing votes of the two
Houses thereon.
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. I move that
the Senate insist upon its amendment
and agree to the request of the House
for a conference, and that the Chair
appoint the conferees on the part of
the Senate.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Presiding Officer appointed Mr. BYRD of
Virginia, Mr. KERR, Mr. Loris of Louisi-
ana, Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware, and Mr.
CURTIS conferees on the part of the
Senate.
tSTATr DEPARTMENT DESERVES
HIGH COMMENDATIONS FOR
BLOW TO CUBAN TRADE
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, I
congratulate Secretary of State Rusk
and the State Department on their in-
genious action in planning to put into
effect 2 weeks from now a program
which will put real pressure upon our
allies and other countries to stop trad-
ing with Cuba. This action comes at
an appropriate time. The Senate has
just watered down its proposal in the
appropriation bill that came from the
House which would have, outright, pre-
vented aid to countries whose ships sup-
plied Cuba with goods, munitions, and
the like.
The proposed action on the part of
the administration will be much stronger
and much more effective. It is a 4-point
program. This is what the program
will do:
First, it will threaten any foreign ship-
owner with the loss of all cargo owned
or financed by the U.S. Government if
one of his vessels engages in the Soviet-
bloc Cuban trade.
Second, the United States will close
its ports to all shipowners of a country if
any vessel under the flag of that country
carries military goods or equipment to
Cuba. Such pressure was provided in the
House language of the appropriation bill;
but it was an academic provision, be-
cause the administration's intelligence
reports disclosed that only Soviet ships
have been carrying supplies to Cuba, and
that for years no Soviet vessel has
docked at a U.S. port.
Third, the program will also ban from
U.S. harbors any ship which, on the same
continuous voyage, has delivered non-
military Communist cargoes to Cuba.
This will be a very effective embargo
provision.
Finally, the Presidential order forbids
U.S.-flag ships or U.S.-owned ships to
carry goods to or from Cuba.
Without taking warlike action, the
Secretary of State has accomplished a
real diplomatic coup, and his very ef-
fective action deserves high commenda-
tion.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD an
article entitled "Reprisals for Cuba
Trade Tougher Than Expected," written
by Ted Szulc, and published in the New
York Times of October 5, 1962.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REPRISALS FOR CUBA TRADE TOUGHER THAN
EXPECTED
(By Tad Szulc)
WASHINGTON, October 4.?The administra-
tion's plan to penalize all shipowners who
transport Soviet-bloc supplies to Cuba is
tougher than was at first expected. Officials
disclosed today that the plan, in the form
of a four-point program, would be set in
motion in 2 weeks.
The program will threaten any foreign
shipowner with the loss of all cargo owned
or financed by the U.S. Government if one
Of his vessels engages in the Soviet-bloc
Cuba trade.
Under another provision, the United States
will close its ports to all the ships of a
country if any vessel under the flag of that
country carries military equipment to Cuba.
It will also ban from its harbors any
ship that on the same continuous voyage
has delivered nonmilitary Communist car-
goes to the Cubans.
COMPLETE BAN ON U.S. SHIPS
Finally, the Presidential order, forbid
U.S.-flag ships or U.S.-owned ships to carry
goods to or from Cuba.
As another part of its plan to put pressure
on Cuba, the United States prepared to seek
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n nest week in the Council of the Or-
Ionization. of American States. The Latin-
American Countries will be asked to carry
out autisubversive measures discussed in last
night's communique from the hemisphere's
foreign ministers.
U.S. diplomats, who are pleased with the
?Wits of the informal 2-day ministerial
conference here, expect to open consultations
immediately on steps against Communist and
Cuban subversion.
The ministers agreed yesterday that it was
urgent to study "the transfer of funds to
the other American Republics for subversive
purposes, the flow of subversive propaganda
Sx4 the, utilization of Cuba as a base for
Vitiring in subversive techniques."
STIIrD2 ar sescraz. Gawp
It was expected that the Council would
instruct the special consultative committee
on security, created in January by the Amer-
inert foreign ministers' conference at Punta
del Este, Vriiguay. to start the studies and
present recommendations.
The United States as, well as many Latin-
American governments believe that one of
the principal dangers presented by Cuba is
training in subversion?offered to thousands
of visiting Latin American youths?the ex-
port of revolutionary propaganda and the
transfer of Cuban and Communist funds.
to revolutionary groups in other countries.
Perhaps the most difficult job facing the
eomMittie will be finding a way to prevent
travel to alLINI. Many governments believe
It may be politically impossible for them to
forbid students to accept "scholarships"
offered by the Havana regime, even though
they lead to subversive training.
In general, U.S. officials believe that
the tenor of the communique?which
said the Chinese-Soviet "Intervention in
Cuba" was the hemisphere's most urgent
problem?represented another step in Wash-
ington's long campaign to persuade the Latin
Americans of the seriousness of the Cuban
problem.
The ministerial statement said that Soviet
intervention in Cuba required individual
and collective action in the economic field.
such as extending to other items the sus-
pension of trade in strategic goods.
PROVISION MEDI=
A provision that the United States was par-
ticularly eager to insert in the communique
trap inadvertently dropped from the text of
the document when it was distributed by the
State Department last midnight.
wala call upon "all other independent
COUlltrrea7 to refrain from making ships
available for the trade between the Soviet
bloc and Cuba, ,Today, the Department Is-
sued a corrected test,
Many Latin American diplomats believe
that the %S. SUCCORS in obtaining what
ataminted to a condemnation of the Soviet-
Cuban alliance and in paving of the way for
further measures was due largely to personal
effort by Secretary of State Dean Rusk.
Some diplomats said that under the Sec-
retary's direction, the meeting had gone
much further than the ministers had planned
when they arrived.
Although the bases of the new policy have
been settled by the administration, officials
Indicated today that many of its details were
still to be worked out.
It was emphasized that for the time be-
ing the restrictions will not apply to ships
bringing cargo to Cuba from non-Communist
countries. Such routes account for 25 per-
cent of Cuba's imports; the rest comes
through trade with the Soviet bloc. But the
possibility of extending the sanctions was not
ruled out.
Matt= or am aliNCUD
Under the new program, the immediate
Impact will be upon allied and neutral ships
that carry U.S. Government cargoes to Europe
230019-7
and return to the Western Herpiaphere with
490;Challdiee fta Cba, The Sallie 01 the
shipments involved in this trade was not im-
mediately known.
In this instance, the administration aimed
its threat against individual shipowners
rather than against all the ships of a nation.
In the case of ships bringing Soviet cargo
to Cuba and then picking up goods in U.S.
ports for a return voyage to Europe, only the
Individual vessels would he penalized.
The object here is to face the shipowners
with the prospect of going back to Europe
empty.
The provision banning from 17.S. porta all
the ships of a national that his allowed one
of its vessels to carry military equipment to
Cuba may, however, be academic.
The administration's intelligence reports
indicate that only Soviet ships have been
carrying military equipment to Cuba. For
years no Soviet vessel baa visited the United
States.
The only Soviet-bloc country to maintain
maritime trade with the United States is
Poland and there are no indications that
Polish ships have been used to carry military
goods to Cuba.
Among the many details to be worked out
is the definition of military equipment. To-
day. officials could not say whether ships
carrying tents, army boots, or uniforms
would be included in the definition.
In another action related to Cuba, Presi-
dent Kennedy signed the congressional reso-
lution today that authorizes him to use
troops if necessary to counter any acts of
aggression emanating from Cuba. He also
signed the resolution authorizing him to call
up 150.000 reservists if needed.
Mr. PI:COX/JURE, Mr. Pxesident, the
proposed action is in order also because
it has just been revealed that the British
plan no law to bar trade with Cuba.
According to the New York Times, there
Is no possibility that legislation will be
adopted or will be passed by. Parliament
prohibiting British trade with Cuba.
I ask unaniraous consent that an arti-
cle entitled "British Plan No Law Bar-
ring Trade With Cuba but Will help
United States Otherwise," published in
the New York Times of October 5, 1982.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BR/TISH PLAN No LAW BARRLNG TRADE Wrsu
CUBA BUT WILL HELP UNITED STATES
OTHERWISE
(By Seth S. King)
LONDON, October 4.?An authoritative
source said today that Britain would con-
tinue to cooperate with the United States
in a search for a formula to reduce the vol-
ume of strategic cargoes reaching Cuba in
British ships.
There is no possibility, however, the
source added, that the British Government
will introduce legislation forbidding British
ships to call at Cuban ports.
The British have apparently not ruled out
the possibility of placing Cuba on the Co-
ordinating Committee's boycott list. It con-
sists of countries to which specified strategic
Materials may not be shipped by members
of the committee.
The Coordinating Committee consists of
all the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
countries except Iceland?the United States,
Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France,
West Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and
Turkey. Japan is also a menibeIr.
n n
WOULD REPIUSSZ trurr
NE a
?r -
Although the Committee's boycott list
consists of Soviet-bloc countries and Com-
munist China, Cuba Is not on the hat
Octobqr
The placement of Cuba on the list would
indicate an abrupt change in British policy.
In the past Britain has often been a pro-
ponent of reducing the numbers of goods
barred from sale to the Soviet bloc.
The U.S. plan to keep ships carrying anus
to Cuba from calling at US. ports would not
affect British-owned shipping, a Foreign Of-
fice source said.
For 2 years, Britain has refused export
licenses to British arm? manufacturers who
intended to sell their products to Cuba.
"So far as we know, no British ships are
knowingly carrying arms from any other
sources to Cuba," a Foreign Office official
said.
If the United States should bar its ports
to ships carrying cargoes other than arms to
Cuba, British shipping would definitely be
hurt. British shippers ar among the chief
carriers of oil to Cuba and sugar from there.
British officials do not agree with the con-
tention that by refusing to carry nonstrategic
cargoes to Cuba, the West would force the
Soviet Union to divert its ships to do this.
Neither does Britain believe that an em-
bargo on all goods and shipping from the
West would harm the regime of Premier
Fidel Castro.
"We think it might actually stabilize his
position." a source said, "giving him a source
of sympathy from his own people and a rea-
son to stir them up further against the
West."
AGREES ON PRINCIPLE
The official said Britain agreed with the
idea of preventing communism's spread from
Cuba into Latin America.
"We share your alarm over this possibility,"
he said. "But we do not agree on-the means
Of combating it.
"Britain is a maritime country. We believe
in freedom of the seas, and the U.S. proposals
cut directly across some of our oldest tra-
ditions."
The British Government does not have the
authority to stop the transportation of non-
belligerent cargoes to Cuba by her ships, a
Foreign Office source said.
Legislation would have to be adopted by
Parliament. "There is neither any possibility
that the Government will introduce such leg-
islation nor that Parliament would pass it,"
the source said.
Shipping is one of this country's largest
earners of foreign currency and one of its
greatest industries. Nearly 3 percent of
Britain's large merchant fleet is now idle,
however.
CVRBS URGED IN NORWAY
OSLO, October 4.?The Norwegian Shipown-
ers Association has requested its members
not to engage in shipments to Cuba. In a
statement Monday, the association said that
Norwegian ships had carried only civilian
cargoes to Cuba.
CANADA PLANS No BAN
Orrsws, October 4.?The Government does
not plan to forbid Canadian-owned ships to
carry cargoes between the Soviet Union and
Cuba. the External Affairs Minister, Howard
C. Green, said today in the House of Com-
mons.
Mr. PROXMIRE Mr. President, the
New York Times has published today an
editorial entitled "The Embargo On
Castro," which reads, in part, as follows:
The Kennedy administration, refusing to
be stampeded by advocates of direct action
against Cuba, has now produced a program
that might materially reduce the Soviet
bloc's military and economic support with-
out risking an armed collision or violation
of international law. ? ?
But the United States long ago adopted
the embargo policy; and as long as we main-
tain it in respect to our own trade with the
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962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
:land, there is certainly every reason to try
make it as effective as possible by meth-
-ds. The present program is in fact an in-
-enious way of extending this embargo
lirough the control that we exercise over
-he use of our own ports and over the ship-
ment of goods exported at the cost of the
kmerican taxpayer.
I think this action is exceptionally
praiseworthy. Because trade with Amer-
5.ca, is of far more importance to ship-
owners of those countries than is trade
with Cuba it will be mighty effective in
choking Castro. The coup by the Secre-
tary of State deserves our congratula-
tions. I am mightily heartened by it.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have the entire editorial printed
at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE EMBARGO ON CASTRO
The Kennedy administration, refusing to
be stampeded by advocates of direct action
against Cuba, has now produced a program
that might materially reduce the Soviet
bloc's military and economic support without
risleing an armed collision or violation of
international law. This policy was discussed
by Secretary Rusk with the foreign ministers
of the Organization of American States at a
2-day meeting in Washington this week,
It is fundamentally designed to compel for-
sign shipping companies to choose between
the permanently lucrative American trade
and the quick short-term profits they are
earning by carrying Soviet bloc cargoes to
Castro.
When operative, the program would bar
from American ports all the ships of any
country any one of whose ships was found
transporting weapons and munitions to
Cuba. So far as is known, the arms already
imported into Cuba have in no case been
brought there under the Sag of a non-Com-
munist country. But there are many vessels
of non-Communist lands that have been
carrying other types of supplies to Cuba.
When the program goes into effect they will
be prohibited from loading American cargoes
in American ports for their return voyage.
This means that in many cases they would
be forced to recross the Atlantic in ballast
without any payload. Furthermore, the
owners of any foreign ships engaged in the
profitable trade of carrying American surplus
commodities to countries receiving grants-
in-aid or loans will stand to lose their con-
tracts if they also trade with Cuba. All
U.S.-owned ships, whether flying the Ameri-
can flag or sailing under foreign registries,
will be prohibited from engaging in the
Cuban trade.
This program was born of the reluctance
of many foreign maritime countries, allies
of the United States, to abandon their trade
with Cuba. On the ground that neither we
nor they are at war with Cuba, they claim
their undoubtedly legal right to carry peace-
time goods to Cuba as usual. Some make
the argument that an embargo is not the
way to destroy Castro, and that in fact it can
boomerang and even strengthen his grip on
the Cuban people. This may be true; there
is no guarantee that a cessation of trade
with Cuba will have the desired effect on
Castro.
But the United States long ago adopted the
embargo policy; and as long as we maintain
it in respect to our own trade with the island,
there is certainly every reason to try to make
It as effective as possible by peaceable meth-
ods. The present program is in fact an
Ingenious way of extending this embargo
through the control that we exercise over
the use of our own ports and over the ship-
ment of goods exported at the cost of the
American taxpayer. It is another question
whether the hoped-for result will be
achieved, not to mention the cost in good-
will of our maritime allies.
There can be no doubt that the trans-
formation of Cuba into a Soviet-supported
enterprise is a ,danger to this hemisphere,
and the Latin American foreign ministers
at the Washington meeting clearly acknowl-
edged this fact. Although their assessment
of the methods to be employed to combat
this danger varied, they agreed on this im-
portant conclusion; "that now more than
ever It is necessary to strengthen the sys-
tem of representative democracy and to
redouble the efforts being made to bring
harmonious progress to the peoples, and the
earliest and most effective improvement in
their standard of living, within the frame-
work of the Alliance for Progress, and with
the most complete respect for human rights."
This statement recognized the essential pre-
requisite in warding off the political dangers
emanating from Castro's Cuba. This is really
the crux of the problem so far as Latin
America is concerned.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I
join with the able Senator from Wiscon-
sin in commendation of the Secretary
of State and the administration upon
the particular move which they have
just made.
There are two other subjects as to
which action should be taken promptly.
I shall refer to them in a speech which
I shall deliver at 2:30 this afternoon. I
hope that the Senator from Wisconsin
will be here so that we may exchange
views.
Mr. PROXMIRE. I thank the Sen-
ator from Florida.
THE U.S.-U.S.S.R. ENERGY RACE: A
SOBER WARNING
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, on
September 28, 1962, I placed in the
RECORD portions of an article written
by Howard Morgan, Commissioner of the
Federal Power Commission, in which he
discussed his recent trip to Russia.
Today I present for the consideration
of the Senate a more detailed report on
that trip, in which Mr. Morgan com-
ments especially on the technique of the
Russians in long-distance power trans-
mission.
As I read the excellent speech by Mr.
Morgan, I could not help recalling that
one of our colleagues, the distinguished
senior Senator from Louisiana [Mr.
ELLENDER3, had made successive trips
to the Soviet Union, where he visited
powerplants. Upon his return, he
warned the Senate?and I considered
his remarks as a warning?that the Rus-
sians were fast creeping up upon us in
their production of hydroelectricity and
their development of long-distance
transmission. I think we owe a special
tribute to the Senator from Louisiana
for calling this subject to our atten-
tion; and these remarks by Commissionef
Morgan again remind us of it.
Commissioner Morgan mentions names
with which Americans are unfamiliar,
names of places which Americans do not
know how to pronounce: rivers such as
the Yenisei, Angara, and Sungari; Lake
Baikal; and cities such as Bratsk, Kuy-
byshev, Novosibirsk, and Krasnoyarsk.
It is in these cities that the Russians have
built huge powerplants and on these
21317
rivers that they have constructed the
biggest power dams in the world. They
are places which most Americans prob-
ably have never heard of.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed at this point in the RECORD the
outstanding address delivered *by Com-
missioner Howard Morgan before the
Western States Water and Power Con-
sumers Conference at Portland, Oreg.,
October 2, 1962.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
Tres U.S.-U.S.S.R. ENERGY RACE: A SOBER
WARNING
(Extracts from address by Howard Morgan,
Commissioner, Federal Power Commission,
before the Western States Water and Power
Consumers Conference, Portland, Oreg.,
October 2, 1982)
About 3 weeks ago I returned from a 2-
week inspection trip through Russia, Siberia,
and Sweden, in company with Secretary of
the Interior Udall, Chairman Swidler, of the
Federal Power Commission, Bonneville Power
Administrator Charles F. Luce, Gen. R. G.
MacDonnel, of the Corps of Engineers, and
a group of highly qualified engineering ex-
perts in hydroelectric generation and high
voltage transmission. The purpose of the
trip was to study those two subjects and, in
addition, the operation of large integrated
power pools.
During the course of the trip, Mr.
Khrushchev, in a conversation with Secretary
Udall, issued a challenge to the United States
to engage in a peaceful energy race with
the Soviet Union. The challenge was of
course accepted by Mr. Udall, and both the
challenge and its acceptance was reported
by the press. During the intervening period
there has been surprisingly little editorial
comment in the United States about this
energy race to which we are now committed.
Most of the comment I have seen reflects
little understanding of the seriousness of
such a contest and expresses a comfortable
and complacent point of view concerning our
prospects.
After a careful examination of the com-
parative electric power statistics of the two
countries I am convinced: that we have al-
ready been in an electric energy race with
the U.S.S.R. for 15 years, that while we
are ahead in that race by a very wide margin,
the Russians are gaining on us at an alarm-
ing rate, and that the seriousness of the race,
together with the possibility that we can
eventually lose it, are matters which urgently
need informed public discussion in this
country. I shall try to make a small con-
tribution toward such a discussion in this
talk.
At the time of the revolution Russia was
the most backward European nation in the
development of electric power, but the total
electrification of Russia was at once made
the goal, the center and the heart of the
industrialization plans laid down then, over
40 years ago. * * * During the twenties and
thirties American engineers and contracting
firms, together with American generator and
turbine manufacturers, worked with the
Russians to develop both hydro and steam
generation, as well as high-voltage transmis-
sion. Lend-lease assistance helped rebuild
war-damaged plants and lines, and even
built a few new ones for war production
during the forties. Since shortly after World
War II the Russians have been self-sufficient,
and have carried on an increasingly large
and rapid construction program unaided;
even developing enough capacity to send
skilled engineers, technicians and first-rate
electric equipment abroad to newly-develop-
ing areas. Today, in the generation of elec-
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21318 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
tric power, Resale has outstripped not, only
every nation in Europe by very wide margins,
but every other nation in the world as well,
except for the United States,
In 1927, the earliest year for which the
ITC has statistics. Russia had 1,905,000 kilo-
Platte of Metalled generating capacity. The
United States bad passed that figure in 1900.
By 1.948 Russia had 12,338.000 kilowatts. The
United States had passed that figure exactly
80 years before in 1916. But. by 1981 Russia
had 74 million kilowatts, a figure equalled in
the United States only 12 years earlier, in
1949.
'The United States is still ahead of Russia
by a wide margin, wide enough to give rise
to a good deal of self-congratulation in our
electric Industry. In 1961 we had nearly 200
rnillinr icilowatta of capacity; the Russians
Only 74 million. kilowatts. But a closer look
at the Agures is disturbing. ? ? ? In 1932
We had almost 10 times as much capacity
ail they; about 43 million compared to 4.875.-
000.. By 1961 this margin had shrunk to less
than three Macs. There are two ways to
look at, this. Notice that the absolute margin
had widened, while the percentage of margin
hat* shrunk- " ?
By 1961 the United States had reached the
leVe,101 about 333percent of its 1948 capacity.
Or an increase of 233 percent. In the same
period the U.S.S.R. had reached the level of
eXaetly 600 percent of its 1946 capacity or an
Increase of 1500 percent. Both these rates
Of growth are impressive and represent great
achievements. but the latter figure represents
& rate of growth absolutely unparalleled in
szky 15-year period In the history of the
United States or. for that matter, in the
history of any other important nation in the
World,
I ?
The absolute amounts of our yearly addi-
thinia While reassuring, are not as important
OA the percentage of existing capacity which
'We?and they?add each year. These per-
centages are ominous.
a, ? ? ?
Mr, Slirushchev knew perfectly well, be-
fore he challenged the United States to a
rade in the held of electric energy, that our
capacity is nearly three times that of Rus-
sia, and that the annual additions to U.S.
generating capacity are currently greater
than those being made in Russia. Does this
mea.B.
as the complacent executives in our
electric induetry would have you believe.
that Mr. Xis out of his mind and has stayer-
tiled tO the World that the Soviet Union
ban entered a race it cannot win?
I hope I May be pardoned if I remind you
that the world has by now formed an en-
tirely different view of that wily old gentle-
man. Be is, as we all have reason to know.
an exceedingly well informed man; he knows
the stakes that are involved in an energy
race between the United States and the
U.S.S.R.; and as a master politician he knows
very well the risks of outlining policies and
goals which are beyond the possibility of
execution. It will pay us, if for no other
reason than to avoid panic later on, to take
a careful look at the same figures he has
been looking at and try to understand real-
istically what he and his system are driving
at,
What gives rise to the greatest concern
among Americans who have studied these
figures carefully, and who have gone to Rus-
sia for a look around, is the accelerating
pace of the construction the Russians have
recently built and the even faster accelera-
tion of their plans for future construction.
Both countries are pu.nning and building on
curves which rise more steeply each year,
but the Reetnens' curve of actual construc-
tion Is rifting faster now than ours was 12
years ago, when we had the same capacity
they presently have. What is more impor-
tant, they plan to steepen their construc-
tion curve more drastically in the years
ahead than some people think would be jus-
tified in the United States by the demands
of our own economy. If this happens, the
curves will Inevitably converge, Intersect, and
Whether this will happen, of course, de-
pends on a complex of economic and per-
haps political factors probably beyond the
ability of anyone to predict with certainty.
But in 1980 a U.S. Senate committee, which
toured Russia with engineering staff and
studied power matters carefully, reported
that "The U.S.S.R. is catching up with the
United States in electric power production,
the basic field in which supremacy counts
heavily in peaceful economic competition or
in event of war. ? ? ? The Russians could
overtake us In 1975?in 15 years?unless we
speed up or they slow down."
Whatever we?or they?actually do in the
years to come, I can report that they have
not the slightest intention of slowing down.
? ? ? ? ?
Take comfort in the fact that an far we
seem to be ahead of the Russians in design,
size and efficiency of steam generating units,
which comprise the bulk of both their own
and our power systems. One of our manu-
facturing concerns is now building a
1.000,000 kilowatt single-unit steam genera-
tor, and several 800,000 kilowatt units are in
operation, while the Russians are only now
building their largest at 300,000 kilowatts.
Mile doesn't seem to bother them, though
It actually may; it is bard to tell. They
claim they would rather standardize at a
moderate size and build more of them, which
may or many not be the case. This would
not maks economic sense in our system but
it is sometimes hard to be sure whether the
economic factors in their system would pro-
duce the same decisions as in ours, even
granting that they have the technical capac-
ity necessary for free choice. In any case
Mr. lihrushcbev, in a recent policy speech,
directed his engineers to step up their mas-
tery of larger steam units, and on the basis
of past experience we can realistically expect
that they will proceed to do so.
But it is in the hydropower (about 20 to 25
percent of their capacity) and in extra-high-
voltage and integrated transmission systems
that they have made important advances,
and this is what we went to see and learn
about.
Rumba has several very large rivers that
dwarf the Columbia in size and power. On
the Volga we saw the dams at Stavropol; 2.3
million kilowatts (compared to 1.9 million
kilowatts at Grand Coulee) and VolgOgrad;
2.5 million kilowatts.
? ? I ? ?
At Bratsk, 200 miles north on the Angara
from its origin at Lake Baikal, we saw what
will presently become the world's largest
darn at 4.5 to 5 million kilowatts. It is now
about two-thirds complete, already has 200
feet of water behind the dam (eventually It
vrill have 350 feet or so) and is generating
power with 5 of what will eventually be 20
generators.
These generators, and the turbines which
drive them, are the largest in the world and
were especially designed for this dam by
L. A. Artemov, an English-speaking engineer
now in his sixties who spent several years
In America working on lend-lease during
the war, has many friends here, and is widely
respected in the electrical world. He is in
charge of all hydroturbine and generator
designs in Russia. Incidentally, as a very
young man he built the first hydroplant in
Russia, beginning in 1922.
We were able to see some of these tur-
bines and generators being installed The
largest in the United States are at Niagara
and have a capacity of 150.000 kilowatts.
Those at Bratsk are of 260,000-kilowatt ca-
pacity. That means more than 300,000
October 5
horsepower is developed by a single turbine
on a single, slow-speed shaft. At Krasno-
yarsk, 200 miles west from Bratsk on the
Yenisei, is a dam we did not visit because
construction is just now getting well un-
derway. This dam, when completed, will
take the title of "biggest" away from
Bratsk. It will generate 6 million-plus kilo-
watts. Its equipment, also designed by Mr.
Artemov but not yet built, will produce
500.000 kilowatts per generator, or more than
600,000 horsepower per turbine. The shafts
necessary to take such power are too big
to forge in a single piece, so they are made
of slabs of foot-thick steel, which are rolled
into partial cylinders, welded lengthwise Into
tubes, heated in soaking pits to relieve weld-
ing stresses, and then machined to size?
something over 8 feet in outside diameter
and about 8 feet inside diameter. The de-
sign and construction of these shafts is a
real engineering achievement by itself.
It is planned that both the Angara and
the Yenisei, aa well as a number of other
Siberian rivers, will be fully developed from
headwaters to their mouths on the Arctic
In the next several years, some of the dams
being larger than those I have mentioned,
and some smaller. But the real giant, one
planned for construction beginning 10 or 12
years from now, is on the Lena quite near
Its delta on the Arctic. Preliminary engi-
neering studies, we were told, yield the as-
tounding prediction of from 20 to 22 mil-
lion kilowatts to be generated by this single
dam. It is expected to electrify the entire
Pacific coast of Siberia.
The secret of getting power from such
remote regions to the centers of Industrial
production involves the thorny problem of
very long-distance transmission without un-
economic line loss. So far as I can determine
the longest lines in the United States are
no more than 225 miles from point of gen-
eration to load centers. The distances in-
volved in moving Siberian power to load
centers are in excess of 1,500 miles. This
accounts for the strenuous research and
construction the Russians have been doing
in the extra-high-voltage field, for in that
very difficult technological field lies the an-
swer to the problem.
The heaviest lines actually constructed in
this country are at 345,000 volts (345 kilo-
volts) and there are not many of them. The
Russians have for some years been operating
500-kilovolt lines as long as 600 miles, from
Kulbyshev to Moscow and from Volgograd
to Moscow. In addition, a 500-kilovolt line
is in operation from Irkutsk to Bratsk, is
being extended from Bratsk to Krasnoyarsk.
and before that dam is complete will be
extended clear across central Asia to the
Ural Mountain area. Work is now going on
which will eventually boost some or all of
these lines to 750 kilovolts and ultimately
to 1,000 kilovolts-1 million volts. All this
is alternating current.
Even more challenging, and holding out
the promise of even more economies, is direct
current, and here too the Russians have
heavy lines?eventually planned for 800 kilo-
volts?in operation from Volgograd to the
Don River basin industrial area. We saw all
this extra-high-voltage research and con-
struction, Including the world's largest di-
rect current laboratory at Moscow, and
found it all very impressive.
Finally, we were shown the control center
In Moscow where, in a single room, all of the
power generated and consumed in European
Russia, except for two minor districts which
are now being hooked up, is dispatched un-
der computerized control on a single inter-
connected grid. We have two such inter-
connected grids in the United States, the
Northwest power pool (mainly Bonneville)
and the TVA, each controlling about 12 mil-
lion kilowatts. In the Russian pool is almost
55 percent of the power generated in the
entire nation?about 39 million. kilowatts.
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