PROBLEMS IN CUBA

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200230005-2
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1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -OUSE
As a result, American constitutional gov- a tax incentive to modernization and many years suffered from persistent un-
This seatbroad program to stimulate
ernment emerges in new strength, vi- taxat on ofam ome of equsavingsitable tue empl
ality, and dedicated purpose.
Freedom is a way of life which only Lions and the treatment of deductions new industrial development in every de-rea
Nation. :free men and women can maintain and businss
on income expenses, and American apressed ttempt a to fo us the power land mihd
-def endof the Federal Government upon the
And freedom prospers from year to subsidiaries farm abroad.
year only as the Congress is alert and re- - Our frbills of 1961 and 1962 were basic need of the people-jobs at decent
sponsive to the demands of orderly con- landmark measures. The 1961 bill en- wages.
stitutional government. The national abled us, and the 1962 bill strengthens Every State, indeed, every factory in
will and purpose find effective expression these efforts, to reduce farm surpluses, the land, will be benefited ,, the ex-en raise
o
farm
the in government only through the laws en- maintain
tax d llr s evand provide thelAmeri- bodied in th is p og a sivg ~slation. -job acted by the Congress. save
During these 2 years, Congress has can people with an abundance of basic Wages and hours hay ' een protected
ments the
notable sessi o8 months out of and de- We r pealed the 1958 feed grain prgram, Fa rh Labort Stan1961 da as A ct. Mi imum
been
frtbubute to the dedication and de- under which surpluses began to mount wages are fixed a i/'$1.15 an hour for 2
Our o first rlo the sessMembers. at an impossible cost to the American years, and $1.25 n hour thereafter.
votion
kr was put on the books
Our beloved late Speaker neak the leadership
act W which eliminated an for archaic
an injl 38, then 1 nimum wage was only 25
of our
able SamRayburn of Texas, as of ble wheat taxpayer.
for measures strengthening the national arblionr acres regardless of our domestic cents Coveaho of the act was extended by
defense against world comm nism, and our 196 amendments to 3,600,000 addi-
economy legislation buttressing the domestic or foreign exports.
economy against our fourth postar eco- We authorized this country to loan tional orkers, bringing the total now
nomic recession. up to $100 million to the United Nations. cove}} d to approximately 28 million. For
th first time in history, the 1961 amend-
America today pays sincere tribute to The Communications Satellite Act will nos extend this minimum-wage cov-
the memory of Sam Rayburn for his., lead to the creation of a joint public Rrage to about 2,200,000 retail clerks.
heroic leadership in that great session of `,end private corporation which will usher We amended the Welfare and Pension
the Congress. All Members here present iK the age of instantaneous world-wide plWe Disclosure Act and put a teeth sion
pause to honor his devoted patriotism spa communications. Federal efforts to protect our laborers
zp' and his wise and determined consecra- Ou ,foreign aid program was cdm- against mismanagement of their welfare
tion to America's steady advance in secu- pletely ""vamped to emphasize Tong- and pension funds.
rity and peace. term assistance and loans ins i ad of Other enactments of major interest to
In our second session, this year, we grants. T Alliance for Prifgress is labor brighten the record of the 87th
have all admired and honored the de- history's fir dramatic assault on Congress-perhaps the most fruitful
termined and inspired leadership of poverty in Lati America, ax c1 it repre- Congress in 25 years in this area of
Speaker JOHN W. McCORMACI, a great sents a bold offe ive aga fist the seeds legislation.
and dedicated American truly in tune- of communism in o r he isphere. VETERANS' LEGISLATION
with the mood and temper of his time. We made the first a or revision since No less than 30 new laws have been
In these two great leaders the 87th 1950 in our public lfare programs, enacted in these 2 years for the benefit
Congress reflects the true dimensions of stressing rehabilitaon d training in-
, of our war veterans, increasing disability
American statesmanship. stead of cntinue decen boy' compensation, veterans, extending.the home loan
We salute also the high quality of lead- We amended e Social curity Act, program, revamping procedures before
ership which our country has had in the reducing the le retiremen age, in- the Board of Veterans' Appeals, and before
U.S. Senate. creasing frony$33 to $40 the nimum the the benefits of Government
DEFENSE POSTURE STRENGTHENED monthly Federal benefits, increa g by panding
insurance.
The 87th Congress has contributed 10 percent Ahe benefits for widows,yand OTHER MAJOR ENACTMENTS
substantially to modernizing and liberalizing eligibility and retirem
s e- Public works and military construe
ts Nearly 5 million tent perso
strengthening our U.S. military posture. quireme #.
We now command a new and awesome are re iving new or increased benefits. tion have been expanded and accelerated
ability to respond to aggression through- TVHousing Act of 1961 represented spn every front-highways, housing,
out the entire spectrum of military theAnost comprehensive and far-reach- N. ban renewal, homes for the aged, edu-
power. In every kind of defense-from irld housing program in congressional ca 'on, and. recreation. The $900 million
ub 'c Works Act of September 14, 1962,
brush-fire engagements to nuclear ex- history. P soon ill provide 400,000 new jobs
'
After 20 years of congressional effort, throng ut the country.
change-our security posture has been
increased significantly. y this session's legislation authorizing an Public ealth has been protected by a
Our new nuclear striking power pr f- amendment of the Constitution to pro- comprehe aver new law to police both
vides a retaliatory force capable of afir- hibit poll taxes marks a great monu- the products and distribution of pre-
vival even after a surprise attack.?' All ment in the battle for civil rights. prod ion dru Experimental drugs
our operational weapons syste now LABOR WINS THE TOOLS OF FREEDOM which may end ger health are brought
and concealed. The Manpower Development and under Federal sins ection and license for
hardened dispersed
,
are
The combat readiness of all a r forces Training Act of March 15, 1962, marks a the first time in his Y.
has been steadily improved. /Our con- new frontier in Federal assistance to na- Juvenile delinque y has been at-
quest of space during these last two tional development. tacked on the nation front, through
years has been the most spectacular in This act-seeks to provide industry with enactment of Public LKw 87-274, the
the entire history of cosmic exploration. the trained manpower necessary to meet first comprehensive measu IT, in our his-
MAJOR ENACTMNTS - the challenge of automation and tech- tory to mobilize the Nation'3 energies in
The Trade Expans}do Act of 1962 nological change. It is a new and vig- behalf of young people unab,e to find
marks an historic milestone in U.S. trade orous approach to full employment and constructive employment. have
seen policy. It is one of she legislative y. nland- newts oppo business a expansion. It is a
several million mente&o Y 17 demonst ationse5projects
struggle r only lyuggle American workers so long unemployed or under this new program, plus 26 train-
adds marks a of new the dimension lion to . the It not
between freedoms and cd communism, it underemployed because they lacked the ins grants for Youth Workshops in our
equips the American people with the skills demanded by technological prog- great unpme t of our natural resources
tools to meet -the challenge of a rising ress. Develo
European Ec6nomie Community. The Area Redevelopment Act of 1961 was significantly advanced by our crea-
The Revenue Act of 1962 represents is a companion measure of the 87th Con- tion of three national seashores and an
the first major revision of our tax laws gress to advance the economic develop- authorization of nine new reclamation
since 1954. By this measure, we provided ment of those areas which have for so projects. We also made possible the
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 ZdZZ44 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE October 13
world's largest atomic electric power
plant by authorizing the use of the steam
of the Hanford Reactor for these pur-
poses at no expense to the Government
of the United States.
Educational Television has been stim-
ulated on a truly national scale, through
an authorization of $32 million for con-
struction grants to the States and col-
leges as well as by legislation requiring
television sets manufactured in the fu-
ture to receive ultrahigh frequencies.
Federal laws to fight air and water
pollution have been extended and sup-
ported vigorously with appropriations
commensurate with today's national
needs.
Postal rates and Federal pay scales
have been revised to promote national
economic expansion and price stability.
Through a new agency of Government,
the Peace Corps, established in 1961,
we have added a vital new dimension to
foreign aid. Today, the Peace Corps
operates in 38 countries, and by July 1,
1963, will have some 10,000 volunteers
engaged in educational development
works overseas.
These are the highlights of the last two
years. In addition, a tremendous volume
of subsidiary legislation-more than 760
Public Laws in all-make the complete
record of this historic 87th Congress.
Let this table of worthy accomplish-
ments stand as a tribute to the faithful
public service of all the Members of
this House.
(Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin (at the
request of. Mr. Bow) was given permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD, to revise and extend his
remarks, and to include tables.)
[Mr. BYRNES of Wisconsin's remarks
will appear hereafter In the Appendix.]
THE HONORABLE FRANK KOWALSKI
The SPEAKER. Under the previous
order of the House the gentleman from
New York [Mr. RYANI is recognized for
15 minutes.
Mr. RYAN of New York. Mr. Speaker,
It has been said: "All that is necessary
for the triumph of evil is that good men
do nothing." The greatest evil that has
confronted the world since the dawn of
civilization Is war. We have now reached
the stage where men possessed with
nuclear weapons can end civilization.
As this 87th Congress adjourns, It is
appropriate to honor a man of great
goodness and courage, a man who has
labored long and hard for a lasting peace,
our distinguished colleague and my friend
the use of GI's as military servants. As
part of this campaign he was instru-
mental in the establishment of the Sub-
committee on Manpower Utilization.
His campaign contributed to an im-
proved defense posture and resulted in
the savings of millions of the taxpayers'
dollars. Only a few weeks ago Secretary
of Defense McNamara revealed that the
Department of Defense has now identi-
fled and will transfer to military duties
the "lost division" of 15,000 enlisted men
engaged in nonessential Jobs.
Devoted to the principles of democ-
racy, FRANK KowALSKz has been a strong
advocate of strict civilian control of our
Armed Forces. He has advocated the
unification of our military services along
functional lines.
FRANK'S courage in speaking out
strongly for patient moderation when
others seemed clamoring for war has
been an inspiration to many of us. His
experience of the horror of nuclear war
as Military Governor of Hiroshima
taught him a lesson which is never out
of his mind. He has repeatedly, often
without much support, spoken out
against nuclear testing for political, psy-
chological, or aggressive purposes. He
has been a crusader for international
cooperation, disarmament, and a
stronger United Nations as the best
means for achieving world peace. His
exciting tool bank proposal Is typical of
his Intelligent and human approach to
international understanding.
Knowing we cannot have a strong and
free world without a strong and free
America, FRANK KowALSKI has fought
hard for progressive social legislation
that would make it possible for every
American to obtain his full civil rights,
a decent home, a good education, and
security in his old age. He has been a
leader in the fight for a higher mini-
mwn wage, school desegregation, incen-
tives for the small businessman, Federal
aid to education, improved social se-
curity benefits, essential veterans bene-
fits, and medical care for the aged.
One of his most notable contributions
was to call to the attention of the Nation
the inequities in our defense procure-
ment policies which permit Government
subsidies for extra costs incurred by
firms with Government contracts when
their workers go on strike.
FRANK KOWALSKI's service has not gone
unnoticed. In his first two action-
packed years in the Congress he made a
deep impression on the people of Con-
necticut and the Nation. In 1960, on the
basis of his record of achievement, the
people of his State gave him an over-
whelming vote of confidence by return-
office
a,_ ._. .
ing hi- t
o
wi
resentative at large from Connecticut, necticut f Spurred on byte strong sup-
FRANK KOWALSKI brought with him the port of the people of Connecticut, he re-
priceless experience in national defense doubled his efforts in his second term.
which he gained during a brilliant 33- There has been no more vigorous and
year career as an officer of the U.S. Army. outspoken supporter of the administra-
His colleagues, recognizing his extraordi- tion's program than FRANK KOWALSKI.
nary abilities, selected him to serve on The fact that FRANK KOWALSKI is not
the House Armed Services Committee. running for reelection Is a severe loss to
Out of his deep concern for the dignity Connecticut, the Congress, and the Na-
of the individual and for the efficient use tion. As he retires from the Congress, I
of our military manpower, FRANK KOWAL- am sure he goes with the respect and
sKi Immediately launched a drive to halt best wishes of all of us. I know we all
hope that FRANK will be given the oppor-
tunity to continue in the service of his
country, fighting for peace and guided
by his deeply human philosophy: "Man
is the most important concern of govern-
ment."
NATIONAL DEBT SHOULD BE
REDUCED
The SPEAKER.. Under the previous
order of the House the gentleman from
New Jersey [Mr. WALLSAVSERJ, is rec-
ognized for 5 minutes.
(Mr. WALLHAUSER asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks.)
Mr. WALLHAUSER. Mr. Speaker, It
Is my earnest hope, as the 87th Congress
adjourns, that we will all carry home
with us two compelling thoughts that, in
my judgment, will be for the benefit of
this great country of ours. First, the
legislative branch of our Government,
as represented by the House of Repre-
sentatives and the Senate, must continue
to resist efforts of the executive branch
to dilute our authority and powers
granted to us under the Constitution.
Second, the stability of our monetary
system is of such great importance that
it should always be uppermost in the
minds of those of us whose duty and
responsibility it is to preserve it. Em-
pires have fallen when the octopus of
inflation has strangled them, and we
who have built on a strong foundation
stone of fiscal responsibility must never
let this happen. Our debt, now at $300
billion, should be systematically reduced
so that our children, and our children's
children, will not be faced with the real
danger of collapse of our free enterprise
system, on which the greatness of our
country has been built.
PROBLEMS IN CUBA I
The SPEAKER. Under previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
West Virginia [Mr. STAGGERS] Is recog-
sized for 10 minutes.
Mr. STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, since
the Bay of Pigs fiasco In 1961, those who
do not wish us well have used every
stratagem in their arsenal in an attempt
to pin the responsibility, and conse-
quently the blame, for the incident on
the American people, and especially on
the administration.
To say that the American people are
not concerned over the plight of en-
slaved Cubans would be a gross error;
to say that they look on Castroism and
all It implies with anything except hor-
ror and indignation would be worse
than an error. But It must be denied
emphatically that the American admin-
istration accepts any responsibility for
aninvasion in the Bay of Pigs case.
The invasion was hopeless from the
start. Responsible Americans knew it.
Cubans who had fled the island, many
of them accepted in America, were brave
enough and rash enough to undertake a
hasty and poorly organized attack. Ef-
forts on the part of more sober-minded
advisers to restrain them until a more
favorable condition could be created
were futile. The attack was made, and
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962 pp ~, ORD - HOUSE 22245
Riled. Some thousand or more unfor- I commend these farmer committees senator Benton is an astute and ex-
nate Cuban patriots were captured. for their exceptionally fine record of tremely knowledgeable observer in this
hey were jailed, and appear to exist local farm program administration. field, and I believe that his remarks
nw under daily threat of being exe- This record extends back for nearly 30 should be carefully read by every Ameri-
-Ited. To ransom them and restore years. I have had occasion to contact can citizen.
Rem to liberty in exile seems to many some of these committees in my district. Last year I was privileged to tour the
nople to be a noble purpose. But let I have always found them to be most Soviet Union to study the quality of high-
Ris be understood clearly. These un- cooperative and am es M.11
^rtunate people are Cubans. They the work they have donee to ybringthe
ught as Cubans, and lost. For Amer- programs to the farmers of my district
n to'pay tribute to Castro fortTiel''r. re- to help them solve their conservation and
cla
reSpon-
UEfoI t eir a emp . would ad-
America him Sent them to their
-te, and now could make reparation
_ly by submitting to blackmail for their
lease.
In many parts of the world American
wilians and American military person-
a sent out under the American flag to
=ve American purposes during the
arld War and the Korean war are still
ng in jail somewhere, if they are not
der the sod. There is no movement,
icial or unofficial, to ransom them.
-ould a different policy apply to Cuba?
_n an effort to block further buildup
'Communist force in Cuba, the admin-
nation, with the full concurrence of the
Digress, has initiated measures to in-
cept shipping carrying arms to Cuba.
me of the ships involved actually are
Rerican owned, operating under for-
in flags. Now a friendly nation t--- t
small farmers in West Virginia who grow'
wheat, tobacco, corn, and other cash
crops and who manage dairy and beef
herds; these small farm operators need
and appreciate the help and assistance
given them through our farm programs
administered by their locally elected
committeemen. Our farmers appreciate
this "grass roots" approach to farm pro-
grams under the committee system. As
in all other States, ASCS county and
community committees in West Virginia
are elected by farmers themselves.
These committees function much like a
"board of directors" and they help adapt
Federal farm programs to local condi-
tions.
The agricultural conservation pro-
gram is one of the programs these com-
mittees administer at the local level,
fain, suggests that she will deem any Virginia where we have so many small
fain, nee with shipping which flies her farms and extensive woodland. Farmer
an act of war. This is a re es her
committee guidance of this conservation
Ly which we should be prepared to program, under which the Government
ept. shares the cost with the farmer for car-
Military buildup in Cuba is condemned rying out approved soil conservation
a number of Latin American nations, trict. It measures, has means a helped to great solve deal to my on-
well as by the United States. Such a many con-
-
well is a direct threat to our own servation Productivity probleme soil ha fertility The fertility and
_onal interests, and an almost equal creased. It a helped e been in-
-at to the survival of free govern- creased. It has reduce the prob-
Rts everywhere. If we are going to be lems of erosion and gullying. Across
Re in defending democracy, we might with the count many ry farmer rmer committees work
well know it now. If our allies re- programs including
to accept their share of the burden,
hey interpose their temporary eco-
_ic interests between the real enemy
the prosecution of the great objec-
Rlf the West, then we must reluctantly
e to the conclusion that they are not
terablyYon our side. In such a case,
We will protect our own national
ests, as we see them.
price support, production adjustment,
soil bank, feed grain and other programs
authorized by the Congress designed to
help farmers in time of natural disaster.
At this time, I want to compliment all
those who have served so well in the
farmer committee system, both in West
Virginia and throughout the land, and
also our Secretary of Agriculture, Orville
L. Freeman, for his untiring efforts in
revitalizing and strengthening the com-
mittee system of administration of n?r
IT VIRGINIA FARM PROBLEMS
_e SPEAKER. Under previous or-
:)f the House, the gentleman from
Virginia [Mr. STAGGERS] is recog-
for 10 minutes.
STAGGERS. Mr. Speaker, for
years I have carefully watched the
iopment of farm programs in the
?n, particularly as they affected the
ors of West Virginia and my district.
recent passage of new farm legis-
R will place additional responsibility
Ce shoulders of the ASCS farmer-
d committees who administer most
e action farm programs. Enroll-
for participation in the 1963 pro-
f will open soon and once again
ASCS farmer-elected committees
me called on to spark the programs
local level.
many of the sentiments expressed by the
Senator, and I would like to convey to
him my appreciation of this perceptive
and brilliant series.
RUSSIA'S QUIET WEAPON: EDUCATION-BENTON
SEES SOVIET SCHOOLS OUTSTRIPPING THOSE
OF WEST-EX-SENATOR REPORTS ON FOURTH
VISIT TO U.S.S.R. IN 7 YEARS
(First in a series of articles by former U.S.
Senator William'Benton, a recognized au-
thority on the Soviet educational system)
The competition between the Soviet Union
and the United States-between the Com-
munist world and the free world-is likely
to turn on which society makes the best use
of its potential educational resources. The
cold war struggle is one for intellectual pow-
er.
For some years, the Russian drive in this
competition has been undergoing tremen-
dous expansion on all fronts. It is now so
intense that it threatens to surpass the
United States and the West.
I make this statement, after my fourth
visit to the U.S.S.R. In 7 years, on the basis
of information and observation previously
afforded no other American.
My latest visit, between June 21 and July
8 of this year, was both illuminating and
sobering. I found Russian education at all
levels bursting forth with new energy, new
initiative, new inguenity.
I found remarkable gains over those re-
ported after my first visit to the Soviet Union
in 1955, when the disparity between Russian
dedication to education and our own was so
grave that I came home a deeply worried
citizen.
Soviet education is, of course, not "edu-
cation" as we understand it. Our U.S. ob-
jective is to train our young people for in-
dividual development and fulfillment-for
the best use of their highest powers in the
pursuit of a happy and useful life. The So-
viet objective is simpler. It is an easier one.
It is merely to train young people for maxi-
mum value to the State.
Toward this end the Soviet Union's most
potent weapon may very well be her quiet-
est weapon: education.
Having been in Government and educa-
tion off and on for a quarter century, I was
aware that the Russians were practicing wise
propaganda as well as courtesy when, as their
guest, they revealed their progress to me.
I am sure they expected me to warn my fel-
low Americans that the Soviet competitive
threat to our educational supremacy is very
real-calculated, dedicated, and purposeful.
THE CHALLENGE OF SOVIET As Vyacheslav Yelutin, Minister of Higher
Education, said to me, "Better an education
EDUCATION race than an arms race." We are, of course,
The SPEAKER. Under faced with both.
der of the House, the previous or- Illiteracy is now a thing of the past except
gentleman from among the elderly. Education of all Rus-
Connecticut [Mr. GIAIMO] is recognized ?sian youth not only is compulsory, but the
for 30 minutes. primary-secondary school program
now re-
(Mr. GIAIMO asked and was given quiring a minimum of 8 years of schooling,
Permission to revise and extend his re- will be expanded to 11 years for all by 1970.
marks and include extraneous matter.) mFurther, the curriculum is much more de-
extraneous
GIAIMO. Mr. Speaker, the Hon- Russian than our own.
orable William Benton, distinguished for- a week, 10 m n ghs asye r. to school 6 clas
Study hours are
mer Senator from Connecticut and long. Discipline is strict. Examinations are
chairman of the board and publisher of frequent and searching, many of them oral
the Encyclopedia Britanica, has recent- At all the levels-presence Soviet students st outside observers ly written a series of articles on the chal- harder all nd0 ours.
work much
lenge Soviet education is making to our Since 1955, seven new universities have
own educational system, been established. On my 1955 visit, Minister
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invfao-
222A6 RE s i ~ perhaps Yelutin told me that 1.8 million students it isrtial p trueonly recent
There have been scandals only to pThe extra ractical experience-on farms, will
pare enrolled in higher institutions. Be p
placed the current figure at 2.8 million and The rector stressed, however, that all ap- tortes, in offices. This is said to be in line
told me that by 1980 It will reach 8 million. plicants from within the U.S.S.R. are now with the Marxist goal to eliminate the class betw
hand a d Intellectual
labor on the other.
labor His per, said, was rising at a rate of fully poointteed with prides to the factlltehat his o difference
8 to 10 percent ts year.
The e Russians are now completing a giant own student body was drawn from the 80 But it accelerates the productivity of labor.
"academic city" in the middle of Siberia nationalities of the U.S.S.R., plus another 70 It helps prepare the labor force for the fac-
consisting of a university and 15 modern nationalities from abroad. Indeed, there is tortes.
research institutes, capable of accommodat- a quota system to govern the admission of MI klan interview wit
tih" with Alexei Iv nova ch
lug , 50,000 they have drawn plans for more. Fur- suSincevtthe Communist educational reforms Education of the great Russian Republic,
11
the
that
. I learned
ol will "The they only limit In the number and ngats na the has tion oalspof tohe compulsory for every Russian yooungster by
go
sty advanced ced Institutions of learning is the new masses ld the educational al
ex apt !n thewehoie of the foreign
the economic resources of the country," I old pre-Wined War I elite, the high standards e9e ~ the Further,
iwas told by E. K. Federov, chief learned sec- of the czarist system which were based on ea dives wcept must be studied thin gNo retary l the is admitted; Academy Russia Is dethThe German. 1s not merely per- Every boy and girl, for example, must study
economic witted to develop his talent to the full. He trigonometry. Only 8 percent of ours now
mtop to co to Continue to expand to expBess the ie Is deter-
mined
resources available for science and research, is pushed. Prodded-an f viritutal enfo risdthe the doThus all mathematics Russian needed to move youngsters will have
ahead into e The living standard may not go up appre- develop it-especially engineering or science-in contrast to only a
ciably In any given year. The prices of but- kind the state particularly values. small fraction of oter and meat have just been upped 25 per- Thus the wastage of potential manpower V acractio of u ours.
Higher
s Minister of Higher
city and 30 percent. priority But the new tolerated blIn the e In United would be Education, told me that the present enroll-
city top the budget. ment of 2.6 million In higher education will
Nor does the She Sov viet et effort stop at what For every American student who enters Increased to o 8 million by 1980.
we might call conventional methods of edu- college, there Is another of equal ability be incMacreasd t 8 who visited America
cation. Correspondence courses are being who falls to enter. Even worse, of the top schools c 68, remarked that the ice provided for those who cannot get to the 20 percent of our high school population in uaool In 191 5 In , as Cremar d he rethe cornclassroom; classroom motion pictures are academic ability. only about one-fourth t, was l0 pears. When I told him that
spreading; television and radio are being ap- finish college-this despite the fact that it, astood 50 percent of all Chicago that higI
plied to educational techniques on an ever- we have taken some steps to meet the So- sunde chool students dropped out before fintshinl
broadening scale and a full-time television viet challenge trumpeted at us by the first sscho12-year tuden elementary and hishoo
instated that and high i student
network Is planned to train engineers and sputnik. We have passed a National te- their
other professional students; and while Rue- fense Educational Act, President Kennedy courses, be permitted to withdraw until student
scan teaching machines may lag behind ours bas called for the program of Federal will not
the 11-ye of be ermum.
in their present development, i predict that scholarships which I proposed in 1956, the ea a Russian school year is mucl Furth
they will pick up our ideas, develop them But the key question still remains un- than ours. It is 10 months-and
week. Compulsory studies months -and
11
to days longer
rapidly and in 5 years may be far ahead answered: Can we take the further steps longer
of us. gird ourselves to the educational challenge year schools are 4 years of physics, 4 c
Moreover, the Russians arc more energetic being hurled at us by the U.S.S.R.? chemistry and biology-and plenty of Rue
and resourceful in their use of the work- If the Russians goad us into doing a Stan literature,
study plan than we in the United States. better educational job, then we shall do only So intense is Russia's drive to make a coin
At least a year In the 11-year schools Is what our own best traditions call for. But if plete education universal that the "temp
applied to work. At the college and advanced we are complacent about our educational of growth of the students Is faster than tl
study level, only the most brilliant students achievements, if we allow ourselves to fall tempo of growth of teachers," Markuchevitc
are admitted without an intervening period behind, we may find ourselves outwitted, stated.
of work. And, after admission, about 1 year outmaneuvered, outthought, and outbuilt "We must cut down on the time for trait
of the 5-year course is devoted to work in throughout the world. ing elementary teachers," he told me. (I
office, factory. farm, or laboratory. said it now takes 5 years to train a teach
Speaking of the work-study policy. Educe- SOVIETS DETERMINED TO GIVE SCHOOLING TOP after graduation from the 11-year schools
tion Minister Yelutin told me in approved VRIORrrY-i I YEARS OF STUDY WILL BE "We must seek new ways to improve tl
y only REQUIRED BY 1970 skills of teachers. We must adopt and stu
Communist "This is a concern not ofm of practical Importance but of great social (Second in a series by former U.S. Senator the uewcnumbers of students in our ur
rmportonsp. Won't you agree that tL is not William Benton. a recognized authority on step up the
rig- h wort the ndphetint into two lay- the Soviet educational system) varsities who are being trained as teacher,
He commented: "Your English system
erste wingers and the in tack t to In 1955, after the first of my four visits measurement a to greatly in the way yo
"cr," h Everything d. l"fe goes back have brought tto the Soviet Union, I wrote that Russia swhen they greatly in he way of y
ug was not only trying to steal the American chemistry. ens metric system (used in Rt
tabor:" he added. "People who have b
their
difficulties scold children with and physical who labor have have permitted often had often hdream of providing every child an equal op- the is far, far better, Your sy(use place:
r unity for an education but was actually heavy burden far be your chur syst
many th n to
ma stem of work hem. Under our puss- walking off with It In broad daylight.
mint of t I found that Markuchildreh felt he b
people to study, late the Is adjust- fast- On the basis of my latest firsthand study acquired a rather keen insight into be b
ant tyofthe of wyoung rk and
try
on to s
and it Is much better." of the Soviet educational system this June can students rather a visit si our counAme
men and women in the and July, I can only conclude that the Rus- 1958. He tthat hey if could the de andsc
While many young stons now are threatening to run off with
United de States must forgo a college educes that dream and create a nightmare for an with them.
put the higghhe,er Soviet education within educators thin n America all too inclined to rest on Its edu- "The difference between your students e
clan because of
claim that they cational laurels. ours," he said, "is the difference betty,
Sov reach of all who can qualify. In the This Is true not only In elementary and film which is moving at slow speed and f ather than higher vidual, S s the sta~on. In secondary education-at the grade and high which Is moving at regular speed"
a t p p school levels-but in higher education as When Markunhevitch, a specialist
tact, students udennts ts receive stipends, depending on
the subject and their theoretical mathematics, visited Amert
n grades. ward.
Full tuition is paid to full for full-time Because the U.S.S.R.. as a Gauntry, is not schools, he sat through the classes and tal
to be snahe at le told h th With he met students very affte terrwa d. F
students. Evening and correspondence stu- nearly as developed economically
dente are not paid because ohey are earning United States, it is easy for at daytime j. , they are and complacent in the proess e, the kind who ave no
given money month off each yeairlat full pay while Russia has made and its lplanning forgrthe with the subject matterlofthe Sovietrsch es, the
instruction
and
ad ex
they
azis if
they prepare for their -and near future. eiifor guns.NThe hours ofhwork comparable with gave exam 4 to 6 months off full a pay pay . In their last claimed they gave up butter Americans a problem of reasonable a yo
year r before final examinations. They get Soviets have been giving up milk and meat But he found that when he g
the same courses and the same diplomas as for education. roblem h would c ex:
full-time students, but, of course, take Ingtforiall SSovietichildren to being expanded So let st dents to handle--and he said
longer.
As for admission requirements, Rector Ivan from 7 to 8 years. (When I first visited the was true in Boston,~Chicago d with end
na tray
Petrovsky of Moscow University denied re- U.S.S.R. It was only 4 years In many rural ~6 ho 93 he hec surge not solve it. Amer
ports that children of the privileged class areas.) The present 10-year program, standard methoc
receive any preference. I do not wholly ac- is almost universal in the cities, has been solving probl" m "
cept this. It may be true in wide areas, but extended to 11 years.
Approved For Release 2004/06/23 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200230005-2