THE CUBAN SITUATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200220027-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 7, 2004
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: January 1, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE 4341
it so long we are not really conscious
of what it is. While we have the cour-
age and will to die for freedom, we some-
times wonder if we have the guts to live
for freedom.
It is particularly refreshing to me to
see those seemingly few dedicated indi-
viduals today who are living and work-
ing and fighting to preserve this precious
inheritance. My friend, Mr. Ben H.
Wooten, chairman of the board of the
First National Bank in Dallas, Tex., is
one such individual. A living example
and dynamic exponent of the free-
enterprise system, Ben Wooten travels
thousands of miles each year speaking to
Americans about their precious heritage,
their freedom and their responsibilities.
We had the honor and privilege of hav-
ing this free enterprise spokesman visit
our west Texas area this month to speak
at the annual chamber of commerce ban-
quet in Pecos, Tex. I commend Ben
Wooten for the very- excellent, non-
partisan, thought provoking message he
delivered.
I would like, unanimous consent, to
Include Mr. Ben Wooten's remarks in
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD at this point:
THE WILL TO BE ECONOMICALLY FREE
(By Ben H. Wooten, chairman of the board,
First National Bank in Dallas, annual
chamber of commerce banquet, Pecos, Tex.,
Tuesday, March 12, 1963)
Anyone is honored by an invitation to talk
to this outstanding group. If I were able
to coin beautiful and expressive phrases at
will, I could better tell you of my gratitude
for being with you this evening. My mind
wanders down memory lane and dwells upon
y most precious possessions friends.
iendaliips have been likened unto the
homing ships that touch our evening shores;
{unto the flowers fair that sweeten the desert
air; unto the stars that slip out at night and
give us light after the sun has gone away.
There is a poem I like very much:
viduals, are financially broke when their
liabilities exceed . their assets. This is a
simple financial and economic fact easily
understood--one that cannot be circum-
vented.
Robert Louis Stevenson once said: "Soon
or late everybody sits down to his banquet
of consequences." Regardless of the amount
of wealth possessed by our Nation, if we
continue in our annual deficits and unbal-
anced payments, we will finally come to the
banquet of consequences that result from
further depreciation of the dollar. We, of
course, will spend whether at a deficit or
not any amount necessary to defend our
country, but certainly, until the great danger
is past, we should not adopt any new give-
away plans abroad or at home.
Back in the year 1932, one of the presi-
dential candidates said along with other
things that, if elected, his party would sup-
port laws establishing a minimum wage, un-
employment insurance, medical care, a 30-
hour week and improved workmen's com-
pensation. He further stated that his party
would support spending $5 billion annually
for relief and another $5 billion for public
works. He favored Federal aid to agricul-
ture and socialization of power. His party
wanted steep increases in income and in-
heritance taxes and a tax on the interest
of Government securities. He also asked
Federal aid for homeowners who had mort-
gage problems. This platform was offered
the American people by the presidential
candidate of the Socialist Party. He did not
win the office of president but his platform
cast before it the shadow of coming events.
It is not my purpose today to discuss the
merits of any individual plank in the So-
cialist candidate's program; however, we
must, in the light of present-day policies
and laws, admit that in the main his so-
cialistic ideas have prevailed in the United
States.
I once read an. article by a young man who
said: "I favor private enterprise because I
am poor. I would never be happy to be a
mere cog in the wheel. I could- never be
happy were every choice concerning my life
made by someone else. I would rather be
poor and live under the freedom and op-
this statement; however, we direct attention
to other admonitions of Mr. Lincoln just as
important, just as vital and deserving of as
much attention as the one quoted above. We
regret that these admonitions appear to be
ignored by a large segment of our people in
authority. Mr. Lincoln gave us nine essential
economic "cannots" all worthy of our deep
concern. They are as follows:
"(1) You cannot keep out of trouble by
spending more than you earn.
"(2) You cannot help the wage earner by
pulling down the wage payer.
"(3) You cannot establish sound security
on borrowed money.
"(4) You cannot strengthen the weak by
weakening the strong.
"(5) You cannot bring about prosperity
by discouraging thrift. `
"(6) You cannot help little men by tear-
ing down big men.
"(7) You cannot help the poor by destroy-
ing the rich.
"(3) You cannot help men permanently
by doing for them what they could do for
themselves.
"(9) You cannot build character and
courage by taking away men's initiative and
independence."
In effect, these great Americans-Messrs.
Wilson, Brandeis, Franklin, and Lincoln--
say that the socialist state makes beggars
out of proud men, cowards of strong men,
and serfs of freemen. The socialist state
ultimately brings Inflation through the
deficit door and continued spiraling inflation
always produces restrictions on personal
liberties.
Inflation has long been the greatest
destroyer of freedom in the world. Deficit
financing is inflationary. When the value of
a nation's money is lost, some kind of dic-
tatorship usually takes hold in order to avoid
complete chaos. We would be reminded
that since 1946 the value of the dollar has
gone down 21 %a cents,
We may well ask what can you and I do
about it. The antidote is a renewed faith
in God, in ourselves, in the American tradi-
tion, and the principles under which we have
reached the highest living standards of any
people ever on earth. Let us emphasize
thrift, courage, personal independence, a will-
ingness to live for individual economic free-
dom, and support officeseekers that are dedi-
cated in purpose and deed to the tenets of
Americanism. Under drastic inflation the
American people would suffer more intensely
than the people of any other nation in history
in that 90 percent of all the life insurance
in the world is written in the United States.
The security we have provided through in-
surance loses the exact amount as the dollar
in circulation.
John Milton once said: "Awake, arise, or
be forever fallen." This admonition was
given 275 years ago, but it is applicable to-
day to every American, so let's resolve that
our individual freedoms shall not be further
whittled away. We are firmly of the opinion
that in the afternoon of life when the gold
of the sunset has been driven away by the
gray of the twilight, there will be more dig-
nity, joy and comfort In living off what we
have created for ourselves than in wondering
for whom to vote in order to keep a socialistic
stipend from being cut. Liberty is more
precious than any governmental handout
or subsidy.
We are reminded that Ella Wheeler Wilcox
once wrote:
"One ship drives east, another west,
With the self-same gale that blows;
'Tis the set of the sail, and not the gale,
That determines the way we go."
It is certainly time for us to reexamine
the setting our our economic sails and steer
our financial ship of state into the harbor
"It is always a joy in life to find, portunities that private enterprise offers
At every turn of the road, than to be rich and live in a penthouse on
A strong arm of the comrade kind, Manhattan Island under the restrictions of
To help me onward with my load, national socialism."
"And since I have no gold to give,
'Tis love must make amends,
It is my prayer that while I live,
God shall make me worthy of my friends."
I trust that God shall make me worthy of
my friends in Pecos.
My subject is an abiding one, namely,
"The Will To Be Economically Free." I have
no apologies for the seriousness of my talk
and it is completely nonpartisan.
In the din of battle with accompanying
stresses and strains, men do not falter in
pushing the fray even to death in order
that freedom survives. Yet, history tells us
again and again that in order to keep free-
dom, we must daily live it, embrace it eco-
nomically as well as guard it militarily,
With Kipling, let us pray:
"God of our fathers, known of old,
Lord of our far flung battle lines,
Beneath whose awful hands we hold,
Dominion over palm and pine,
Lord, God of Hosts, be with us yet,
Lest we forget, lest we forget."
Like the young man who favored private
enterprise, let us remember that economic
freedom is a personal thing, a precious thing
to be valued much greater than subsistence
security. There Is no economic reason what-
ever for us`to surrender the mastery of our
individual fate to the state. We have the
highest living standard in the world under
our unique American system, and we should
never tamper with success. Every American
should keep In mind that if he becomes a
ward of the state, he will no longer be a
free man.
Woodrow Wilson said: "Liberty has never
come from the government. Liberty has al-
ways come from the subjects of it. The
history of liberty is a history of limitations
of governmental power, not the increase of
It."
Judge Louis D. Brandeis said: "Experience
should teach us to be more on our guard to
protect our liberties when the government's
purposes are beneficient."
Benjamin Franklin said: "They that can
give up essential liberty to obtain a little
temporary safety deserve neither safety nor
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4342 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 21
of a sound dollar and there permanently
drop anchor.
An author whose name I do not know once
wrote:
"Isn't it strange that princes and kings,
And clowns that caper in sawdust rings,
And common folk like you and me,
Are builders of eternity.
"To each Is given a book of rules,
A shapeless mass, a bag of tools.
And each must make 'ere life has Sown
A stumbling block or. a stepping stone."
We know the rules of individual freedom
and we have the tools to maintain and
promote it. Let's resolve that we shall be
stepping stones along the pathway of free-
dom and humbly pray that we shall have the
will, the courage, and the determination to
bear the personal economic risks of freedom
and thus keep America what it is today-
the most blessed place this side of Heaven.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA
(Mr. MATHIAS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. Speaker, several
months ago, we were expressing concern
over a rash of violent crime in the Dis-
trict of Columbia. In the ensuing
months, that rash has become a virulent
fever. It is in a critical stage. I am
not one who believes that crime can be
prevented, or even abated, solely by rigid
police methods. But law enforcement Is
an important and essential factor in se-
curing the peace and guaranteeing the
safety of citizens as they go about upon
their lawful occasions. The Congress
must not neglect to provide the legisla-
tive tools for law enforcement.
On March 15, 1963, the practice of
investigative arrest In the District of
Columbia was terminated by adminis-
trative order. I did not condone the
practice and do not mourn it. Every
reasonable man must be concerned, how-
ever, with the legal void created when
the suspension of investigative arrest
was not coordinated with the substitu-
tion of some constitutional alternative.
In fairness to the Commissioners of
the District of Columbia, it Is generally
known that they did seasonably prepare
a recommendation for authorizing Judi-
cial officers to require the giving of evi-
dence relating to crimes. The Commis-
sioners draft has not been offered as a
bill, allegedly because It Is the subject of
an extended constitutional debate in
some pigeonhole in the Justice Depart-
ment.
With all deference to the able lawyers
In the Justice Department, I would sub-
mit to the House that there are some
Members here who are capable of con-
sidering constitutional issues. If there
is to be a debate on this subject, let it
be open, let it be free, and above all, let
it begin.
I have, therefore, today introduced the
draft legislation on this subject. It has
been neither ratified by the Bureau of
the Budget nor confirmed by the Justice
Department. To be candid, I have not
had an opportunity to research the con-
stitutional history of this procedure and
I cannot personally vouch for every word
in this bill. I am offering it as a basis
of discussion to encourage prompt ac-
tion. The people of the Nation's Capital
look to us for protection. We must act
THE CUBAN SITUATION
(Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, I have as
of this date sent the following letter to
the Secretary of State:
MARCH 31, 1963.
Hon. DEAN RUSK,
Secretary of State,
Department of State,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. SECRrrARS: I have called to the
attention of the Congress, and to your
agency, previously, my remarks In the CoN-
cRrssioNAt Rzcoso of Thursday. March 14,
and Monday, March 18, evidencing my con-
cern over the existing open door of subver-
sion through the Cuban Embassy and Cu-
bans Airlines in Mexico City, which facili-
tates the visitation of not only Latin Ameri-
can but U.S. citizens as well to Cuba.
By the State Department's own announce-
ment of January 16, 1961, such travel by
U.B. citizens is in violation of the U.S. law,
punishable by penalty of $5,000 or 5 years in
jail. or both.
It is quite obvious that a number of per-
sons visiting Cuba by this route are engaging
In subversive activities and rendering serv-
ices to the Castro Communist government,
which appears obvious for two reasons, the
first being that Cuban Embassy approval,
thus Castro government approval, Is neces-
sary and, secondly, some of those known to
have visited Cuba since the State Depart-
ment announcement have known Commu-
nist backgrounds.
This open door to subversion in this hemi-
sphere obviously must be closed and I am
therefore asking that a strong protest be
made to the Mexican Government, urging
that government to withhold flight permis-
sion from any and all U.S. citizens who at-
tempt. contrary to U.S. laws, to secure pas-
sage to Cuba and to demand that the Cuban
Government atop issuing visas to those citi-
zens and that all other Latin American gov-
ernments be encouraged to make a similar
demand of Mexico.
I am requesting that unified action by all
the Latin American countries In this respect
be taken up by the State Department
through the Organization of American
States, believing that a strongly worded
protest from that Organization and from a
number of Latin American nations and the
United States could result in closing this
open door to subversion.
I am further recommending that the State
Department consider, in the event the Mex-
iean Government does not heed this protest,
that Alliance for Progress funds be withheld
from Mexico until this necessary action Is
taken.
I am further requesting that the State
Department, In cooperation with the De-
partment of Justice, seek immediate prosecu-
tion of persons known to have violated the
law, title 8, United States Code, section 1185,
particularly In view of the fact that some
of these persons who have visited Cuba since
January 16, 1961, are known to have Com-
munist backgrounds and others have openly
and notoriously evidenced their recent visita-
tions to Cuba In the Worker and the Peoples
World, Communist front newspapers. Pub-
lic statements emanating from the State De-
partment to the effect that prosecution is
dimcult would seem to be without substance
in view of the notoriety some of these Cuban
travelers are providing themselves.
I would be delighted to discuss this matter
with you or your representative at your con-
venience and to make available to you such
Information as I have. I also suggest that
the House Un-American Activities Commit-
tee has a copy of the list of some 73 U.B. citi-
zens who, in the short period of 4 months,
illegally visited Cuba through this open door
of subversion through Mexico, the list of
which I turned over to the committee and I
am sure the committee would make it avail-
able to your Department. I have already
asked that this list be made available to
the Justice Department.
With best wishes, I am,
Sincerely,
WILLIAM C. CRAMER,
Member of Congress.
Mr. Speaker, I _have previously set
forth in the RECORD some 73 U.S. citizens
who have gone to Cuba despite the fact
BIPARTISAN OPPOSITION
(Mr. CRAMER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. CRAMER. Mr. Speaker, the St.
Louis Globe-Democrat has a well-de-
served reputation as one of the fairest,
most forthright newspapers in the coun-
try. In its lead editorial of March 6, the
Globe focuses a clear and timely light on
the subject of "Bipartisan Opposition,"
noting that:
The fact is, antagonism for the sterile
policy Mr. Kennedy improvises at Cuba is
itself bipartisan. Responsible Members of
Congress are Americans first, party members
second. If they fear an administration shuf-
Sing into critical national hazard, they have
an obligation to oppose policy.
BIPARTisAN OPPosrnoN
Administration spokesmen, even the Preel-
dent by his attitude, are blaming Republican
politics for the bristling worry In Congress
and the wide public disenchantment over
Kennedy policy in Cuba.
But far more than that Is at the root of
national anxiety about our acute fumbling
at Cuba.
Many Democrats have joined GOP Mem-
bers of Congress in opposition, at least in
open criticism, of New Frontier ploys In the
Castro-Soviet issue.
The deep concern transcends politics. It
is a rising tear that the country, under Mr.
Kennedy's vacillating tactics and endless
temporizing, nurtures in Cuba the military
and subversive seeds of Communist takeover
throughout Latin America-eventually a
bloodless Moscow triumph In the Western
Hemisphere.
The lament Is heard in Washington that
politics should end at the water's edge; bi-
partisan backing ought to rally behind the
President's Cuba policy-no matter appar-
ently what it is. Closed ranks will always
be true in time of war. It Is neither wise
nor realistic under present conditions.
The fact Is antagonism for the sterile pol-
icy Mr. Kennedy improvises at Cuba is itself
bipartisan. Responsible Members of Con-
gress are Americans first, party members,
second, If they fear an administration shuf-
fling Into critical national hazard, they have
an obligation to oppose policy.
This is precisely what has been happening
on Capitol Hill. The back-and-fill conduct
of the New Frontier at the time of the
abortive Cuban blockade-and subsequelit
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4467
in raising the standards of living of their These are the facts, as the Vice Presi-
people, and thus to help them maintain dent cited them. I am sure when this
and strengthen free institutions and colleagues _ in the Senate study this
democratic values. speech, they will find it to be one of the
If our aid is not being effectively used, most thought provoking and one of the
we will fail, or at least fall short of the most ably documented speeches on U.S.
objectives of our country and of the policy relating to Latin American coun-
countries we assist. tries that has been delivered to date.
So I submit the resolution today, and I compliment the Vice President and
I have asked that it lie on the desk until thank him for this splendid presentation.
-April 1. I expect to consult with other The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
Senators about it, Later, next week, I objection to the request of the Senator
shall elaborate in more detail on my from Minnesota?
reasons for submitting the resolution. There being no objection, the address
ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT
TO MONDAY
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
was:.ordered to be printed in the RECoen,
as follows:
REMARKS- BY VICE PRESIDENT LYNDON B.
JOHNSON, FIRST INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE
COLLEGE GRADUATION, FORT MCNAIR, WASH-
INGTON, D.C.
Senate completes its business today; it This is a proud occasion for all the Amer-
adjourn until Monday next at 12 noon. icas-and all Americans. Only a year ago
The PRERTT)TNC OFFICER the Inter-American Defense Board observed
14
success. - Where West Berlin stands behind
the Iron Curtain as a conspicuous example
of the superiority of freedom, Cuba today
exists within the community of free Amer-
ican Republics. as an even more glaring ex-
ample of Communist failure in and for the
New World.
We must not overlook-we must not mini-
mize-the significance and importance. of
these facts:
1. In Cuba, under communism,. the gross
national product has fallen by 25 percent.
2. In Cuba, as elsewhere, communism has
demonstrated again Its inability to meet the
food requirements of the people. Food con-
sumption has declined 15 percent under
Castro. For the past 1 year, foodstuff's have
been rationed. Clothing was added to the
ration list last month
3. Sugar production, the lifeblood of
Cuba's economy traditionally, has consist-
ently declined each year under the Commu-
nist regime and the 1963 crop will be the
smallest since the end of World War II.
4..The Cuban economy has already cost
the Soviet Union more than $1 billion. We
estimate that Cuba currently is costing the
Soviets $1 million per day. Yet even this
support has been unable to arrest the de-
terioration and decline of the Cuban econ-
omy.
5. Finally, it is of significance to Ameri-
cans in each Republic of this hemisphere
that since communism seized control of
Cuba, nearly "a quarter million people 'have
fled from Cuba. The United States has is-
sued authorizations to another 300,000
Cubans to enter this country if they are per-
mitted to leave their island prison. I might
add that we have received nearly 600,000in-
dividual Cuban requests, for visa waivers.
To recite these facts is to recite a story - of
failure-the failure of communism In this
hemisphere. That failure is inherent in the
Communist system itself. But we must not
overlook the fact that this failure is also a
result of the unity and cooperation of free
nations acting together through nonmilitary
means to accelerate and precipitate that
failure.
While some argue that the application of
selective controls' are not enough, it is well
for us to examine the results of our efforts
in this regard.
. 1. In 1962, free world tradewith Cuba.was
less than $90 million-only one-tenth the
precommunism level. That trade will be
even lower this year.
2. Total trade between Cuba and all of
,
Latin America last year was only $12 million
and will virtually disappear this year. - I
would emphasize that a large portion of the
free world's' limited 1962 trade with Cuba
was food. None of it was in arms. : None of
it was strategic goods. None of Cuba's oil
came from or is coming from free world
sources.
3. Contrary to some beliefs, free world
countries are cooperating closely, in these
efforts. Free world shipping to Cuban ports
is now one-tenth what it was before Octo-
ber. Where in January 1962 128 free -world
ships put in at Cuban ports, in January of
this year only 12 free world ships carried
cargoes to Cuba.
4. Increasingly effective political isolation
of the Communist regime in Cuba has been
achieved on a hemispheric basis. Fourteen
Latin American countries have broken diplo-
matic relations with Cuba. Last October
complete hemispheric- solidarity on the
Cuban -issue was achieved for the first time
with the unanimous vote in support of the
(ADDRESS BY VICE PREfIDENT
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the body of the RECORD a remarkable
address which was delivered yesterday by
Vice President LYNDON B. JOHNSON. The
address was delivered at the First Inter-
American Defense College graduation at
Fort McNair. The speech was heard by
many Central and South American am-
bassadors and distinguished representa-
tives of those countries in both civilian
and military life. It was received en-
thusiastically. In fact, I have been told
today that many of the embassies of the
South American and Central American
countries have asked for copies of the
speech, including the tape recording that
was made of it.
The Vice President not only gave a
challenging message relating to the need
for solidarity and the cooperation among
the members of the American states, but
presented some good, hard, factual ma-
terial concerning our relationships with
all the countries of this hemisphere, in-
eluding Cuba.
I call to the attention of the Senate
particularly the facts the 'Vice President
outlined relating to Cuba.
First., He said in Cuba, under commu-
nism, the gross national product has fal-
len by 25 percent.
Second, In Cuba, as elsewhere, com-
munism has demonstrated again its in-
ability to meet the food requirements of
the people. Food consumption has de-
clined 15 percent under Castro.
Third. Sugar production, the lifeblood
of " Cuba's economy traditionally, has
consistently declined. each year under
the Communist regime, and the 1963
crop will be the smallest since the end of
World War II.
Fourth: The Cuban economy has al-
ready cost the Soviet Union more than
$1 billion.
Fifth. It is of significance to Americans
ident Kennedy to discuss the concept of the
Inter-American Defense College. The col-
lege was an improved plan then-but still
on paper. Today the first class of the col-
lege -meets for graduation.
It is fitting that the emphasis of the
college emphasizes more than the study of
military affairs alone. As the charter of this
institution spells out, economic, political,
and social factors-as well as military
"constitute .essential components of inter-
American defense."
The Republics of this hemisphere share
the common purpose of safeguarding peace,
independence and well-being of all men
who bear the name of Americans. But that.
purpose cannot be accomplished by arms
alone.. To preserve peace, to maintain inde-
pendence, and to further the well-being of
all our people, we must achieve political,
economic and social stability under respon-
sive and responsible democratic institutions,
That is the purpose of the Alliance for
Progress. That is the purpose of the deliber-
ations underway today in Central America.
That is-and will continue to be-the pur-
pose of our expanding efforts to achieve
greater unity and more effective cooperation
among the free nations of this New World.
At this moment, the most urgent problem
in our hemisphere is the existence of com-
munism in Cuba. Our mutual objective is
to end that Communist regime in Cuba. We
cannot be really content until communism
is gone from Cuba and gone from this hemi-
sphere. -
The united action last October of the Or-
ganization of American States made indelibly
clear that the Americas will not acquiesce to
the establishment of Communist armsin the
Western Hemisphere.
--Equally, we shall not be content until the
last of Soviet forces are withdrawn from
Cuban soil.
We are mutually determined that the
Cuban people shall have opportunity to
choose their own government,, freely and
Without oppression.
If the naked attempt of the Soviet Union
to transform Cuba Into. a military. threat
to the hemisphere required realism of us
all, no less realism is required of us in meet-
ing the broader threat to our security which
is presented by the presence of poverty,
privation, illiteracy, disease, and injustice
anywhere among our Republics.
The basic problem of security in our hem-
isphere is not Cuba, not Castro, not commu-
in each republic of this hemisphere that su'?"n' ,.,Au IIIDSL impressive lesson learners
an-
since communism seized control of Cuba, swer to Cuba the is need that of f this this hemi hmisp phenot the ba
er
nearly a quarter million people have fled is clearly proving to be for the Communists
from Cuba. a showcase of failure-not a show window of
quarantine. In many student and :labor
elections in the hemisphere during the past
2 -years there have been significant gains for
the democratic forces and a significant de-
cline in the appeal and influence of Castro
communism. -
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5. Members of the OAS are now taking sistanoe program-and we are now actively a private bath, toilet, or hot running
vigorous steps to deal with the threat of planning expansion of this program In other water, or which is otherwise dilapidated
Cuban subversion of democratic institutions countries of the hemisphere. or deficient. And many others live in
throughout the hemisphere. Bemuse we live in a hemisphere where housing unsafe or unsuitable for elderly
More could be mentioned. These mea- peace has found a home, we can realistically
sures make the point, however, that both look forward to utilizing our military forces people.
President further pointed out
the will and the capacity of American Re- for the full realization of the promise of The publics to units in common purpose is peace. This is a pioneering concept-a new that almost half of those over 65 and
maturing responsibility-and this offers all departure In the affairs of man. It Is a new living alone receive $1,000 or less a year.
of us solid and tangible encouragement to departure of which all members of the mill About half the spending units headed by
believe that we can achieve and maintain tary of our Republics can be especially proud persons over 65 have liquid assets of less
the unity essential to meet and master the to take an active and creative part. than $1,000. Two-fifths have a total
long-standing and continuing problems of All of our achievements In hemispheric net worth, including their home, of less
our hemisphere. unity-whether military or nonmilitary in than $5,000.
If Cuba offers to Americans, North and character-aim toward the common purpose
South, convincing proof that communism of realizing the fruits of peace. We must Last year, the Subcommittee on
does not hold the answer to the needs and not be deterred from this goal. We must Elderly Housing of the Special Commit-
aspirations of the peoples of this hemisphere, maintain the strength, efficiency, and alert- tee on the Aging, of which I had the
we must not fail to look at the other side of ness of our military forces. We must be honor to serve as chairman, held exten-
the coin. Communism's failure merely sure of our state of preparedness, as we sive hearings on the shelter problems of
underscores for us freedom's responsibilities. must be swift in our response to danger. the elderly. Out of those hearings came
The needs of this hemisphere are needs of the But the presence of military challenges must important legislation but it was intro-
people. Those needs must be met-and we not mislead us to believe that the solution must meet them under freedom. of our problems in this hemisphere is a mill- duced too late in the session for action.
The presence of Communist forces in tary solution alone-or even foremost. Mr. President, the subcommittee's
Cuba is testimony to the ultimate failure of Today, as throughout the modern history findings coincided precisely with those
communism in this hemisphere. Those of the Western Hemisphere. our guard must of the President. Many of our older
forces are there because communism can- be constant and strong against subversion of people with very limited income live in
not-in either the New World or the Old our democratic institutions and integrity. rental housing which falls far short of
World-dare to permit the people to exercise But we can well recall the words of a great any reasonable standard of health or
the rights of representative democracy. free world leader-not of our hemisphere-
The high purpose of the Alliance for Prog- Winston Churchill, who said: "The first vic- safetlivey y. . rental Nearly housing 40 ate in those who
quarters
ress is to make real for all the peoples of tory we have to win is to avoid a battle;
the Americas a democratic alternative to the second. if we cannot avoid it, to win it." classified as substandard and yet they
the doctrine and dogma and defaults of to- Against the dangers which face us, we are frequently charged exorbitant rents.
talitarianism-in all its forms, must bring the response of responsible free- It is true, of course, that over the
The ultimate goal of the Alliance for men to bear-the response of greater unity, years Congress has enacted a variety of
Progress is to serve the people of this hemi constant cooperation, continuing joint pur- measures designed to ease the shelter
sphere. The Alliance for Progress is for pose. There can be no peace In the hem)- problems of the elderly. Within the
people-it was designed to solve human sphere unless there is peace in the world and income brackets these programs
problems, to help people to live better and there will be no peace In the world if we higher
more productive, more dignified and satis- are irresponsible as peacekeepers in the have been generally successful in meet-
factory lives. Through the Alliance, we are hemisphere. Our purpose is peace-with ing a vital need. But they fail to meet
trying to make accessible for every citizen honor. But we shall not allow our honor to the requirements of most single older
of this hemisphere the opportunity to satisfy be compromised, our freedom to be jeop- persons and those couples who can af-
men's basic needs for home, land, work, and ardized, and our opportunity to be defaulted. ford to pay only $40 or so per month.
schooling in an environment of freedom and Under the public housing program, for
health and opportunity.
The real story of the Alliance for Progress ASSISTANCE IN PROVISION OF example, approximately 120,000 persons
$5 ~ and over now have been provided
is not the present story of Its difficulties but. HOUSING FOR ELDERLY PER-
rather, the long-range story of its absolute shelter-Just under 80,000 families.
necessity. All alliances, all effective confed- SONS But over 2 million elderly persons have
erations, all successful unifications among Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, I Intro- incomes low enough to qualify for this
freemen have begun uncertainty. Unity it- duce for appropriate reference a bill to kind of housing.
self Is more difficult to achieve than are the assist in the provision of housing for el- Under section 202 of the Housing Act,
works which flow from unity. But unity of deity persons on behalf of myself, Sena- long-term loans may be made to private
spherre e e and .thewe can special s be genius confident that this t this tor MoasE, Senator RANDOLPI3, Senator
sphan nonprofit corporations, consumer coop-
genius will find Its finest hour In the 10 years McINTYRE, and Senator NEUBEROER. I eratives, or public bodies which sponsor
of common purpose of our efforts through ask that the bill be allowed to lie on the rental or cooperative housing for older
the Alliance for Progress. desk for 1 week for additional cosponsors. people. Fund authorizations for this
Building new Industries and new roads, The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will program currently are far below the ap-
laying new rails, and modernizing old agri- be received and appropriately referred; plications. This has occurred despite
easier a are
cr difficult labors. Even tso, hings It than and, without objection, the bill will lie difficulty in finding sponsors to under-
to prouudce a quicker people with do
an n these economy mcapable thanapable on the desk, as requested by the Senator. take these projects in specific commu-
of fully utilizing such works. Under the from Pennsylvania. nities. Such an undertaking requires a
Alliance for Progress, we are trying to do The bill (S. 1170) to assist in the pro- high level of expertise-in many com-
both. Long, hard years may lie ahead. But vision of housing for elderly persons, and munities most available in the local
those years of effort and progress will be for other purposes, introduced by Mr. housing authority. Unfortunately, how-
an of inertia an long nor so hch lie the pears be- CLARK (for himself and other Senators), ever, such authorities are presently ex-
hind inertia usand inaction wh ich lie forever be- was received, read twice by its title, and eluded from participation In the pro-
.
La the work that we must do as Americans. referred to the Committee on Banking gram,
the military of the American Republics will and Currency. The subcommittee found that rental
be filling a creative and constructive role of Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, In his housing stimulated by section 231 of the
the first magnitude. Under the civic ac- message on the aging. President Ken- Housing Act, which insures lenders
tion program, we began last year actively nedy painted a full portrait of the sorry against losses on mortgages used for
encouraging Latin American armed forces plight in which many of our older sift- construction or rehabilitation of rental
works, expand trove pagricu agriculture. In zens find themselves. He drew atten- accommodations for older persons, has
imp ens. health trporta-
tion and d commununicatlorss h, sanitation, tion. In particular, to the very special been largely in so-called retirement
and other such lasting contributions to eco- problems of shelter faced by those who communities in the sunshine States of
nomic and social development. such wort are past their middle sixties. Arizona, California, and Florida. Com-
has been performed as a matter of standard One-fourth do not have households of paratively little use of the program is
practice over the years by armed forces in a their own, but live in the homes of rela- found In the more populous States.
Bombay of our and Chile. and
such as Peru, tives, In lodging houses, or In institu- The F'HA loan program for moderate In Feill Bolivia, is Brazil, country and has supported Bo- In 1961, is
construction unis through poouur m litaary as- r CtiOns. Of the ent live in _substandard housing lacking greatly impaired bya itsd limitation to
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A1649
Mr. Justice Reed replied, "A rule of law
should not be drawn from a figure of
speech." He pointed out that Jefferson's
letter says religion is a matter between a
man and his God; he owes account of it to
none other; and the powers of government
reach actions only.
He could not see in these propositions any
clear prohibition against the released-time
program in Champaign. On the contrary,
he suggested, Jefferson himself, with Madi-
son's approval, had worked out a scheme by
which the University of Virginia could see
to it that all students received religious
instruction.
The wall builders on the court may be ac-
cused of misplaced piety. Their devotional
sentiments might better have been directed
to the Constitution, which speaks only of
the prohibition of establishment and the ex-
ercise of freedom, than to words appearing
in what may have been a routine acknowl-
edgment of a complimentary address, words
written by a man, however great, who did
not take part in the adoption of the first
amendment,
The same may be said of Mr. Justice
Frankfurter's quotation-in the McCollum
case from General Grant, who there receives
i hat must be the first tribute ever paid
him as a political philosopher.
The wall has done what walls usually do:
it has obscured the view. It has lent a
simplistic air to the discussion of a very
complicated matter.. Hence, it has caused
confusion whenever it has been invoked.
Far from helping to decide cases, it has
made opinions and decisions unintelligible.
The wall is offered as a reason. It is not
a reason; It is a figure of speech.
The problems of Mr. Justice Jackson are
instructive. In Everson v. Board of Educa-
tion he said in dissent that (1) Catholic
education is the rock (another unfortunate
metaphor) upon which the Catholic church
rests, and aid to a Catholic school is the
same as aid to the church. (2) "Our public
school, if not a product of Protestantism, at
least is more consistent with it than with
the Catholic culture and scheme of values."
This would mean that supporting public
schools is supporting Protestant churches,
or at least something that by being more
consistent with them tends to lend them
support. (3) Public education is organized
on the premise that education can be iso-
lated from all religious teaching so that
the school can inculcate all needed temporal
knowledge and also maintain a strict and
lofty neutrality as to religion.
Mr. Justice Jackson adds, as it seems to me
indefensibly, "Whether such a disjunction
is possible, and if possible whether it is wise,
axe questions I need not try to answer."
A man who rests his opinion on the neces-
sity of separation is bound to try to answer
the question whether separation can in fact
occur. If it cannot occur, then, according to
is own doctrine, the State will be support-
ng religious teaching.
Concurring in the McCollum case, Mr.
Uustice Jackson went in even deeper. There
^e said: "I think it remains to be demon-
trated whether it is possible? even if de-
drable, completely to isolate and cast out of
ecular education all that some people may
easonably regard as religious instruction.
he fact is, that for good or for ill, nearly
verything in our culture worth transmit-
_ng, everything which gives meaning to life,
s saturated with religious influences. But
.ow one can teach, with satisfaction or even
ith justice to all faiths, such subjects as
ae story of the Reformation, the Inquisi-
-on, or even the New England effort to
.und a Church without a bishop and a
;ate without a King,is more than I know.
hen instruction turns to proselytizing and
aparting knowledge becomes evangelism is,
cept in the crudest cases, a subtle inquiry.
It is idle to pretend that this task is one for
which we can find in the Constitution one
word to help us as judges to decide where the
secular ends and the sectarian begins in
education. Nor can we find guidance in
any other legal source.
"It is a matter on which we can find no
law but our own prepossessions. If with no
surer legal guidance we are to take up and
decide every variation of this controversy we
are likely to make the legal 'wall of separa-
tion between church and state' as winding
as the famous serpentine wall designed by
Mr. Jefferson for the university he founded."
And sure enough, in the Zorach case, Mr.
Justice Jackson found that "the wall which
the Court was professing to erect between
church' and state has become even more
warped and twisted than I expected."
A man who proposes to erect a wall in the
midst of a saturated solution and have the
material on one side different from that on
the other should not be surprised at the fail-
ure of his experiment.
Like Mr. Justice Jackson, the Educational
Policies Commission holds that "knowledge
about religion is essential for a full under-
standing of our culture, literature, art, his-
tory, and current affairs."
But if knowledge about religion is to be
communicated, it will presumably be com-
municated by somebody who has a view of
the subject and who cannot be expected to
conceal it. If he is paid by the state, what
has happened to the wall?
As Mr. Justice Jackson suggests, the wall
is really a permeable membrane, and is get-
ting more porous all the time. The well-
worn catalog of. so-called aids to religion
that Mr. Justice need began in the McCollum
case and that Justices Douglas and Stewart
reiterated in Engel v. Vitdle is getting longer
every day.
Whenever public policy seems to require
the expenditure of public funds for a public
purpose, the incidental "aid to religion," if
any, is disregarded.
This has been held tru~ of bus transporta-
tion, free textbooks, and hospitals. It is
true of aid under the GI bill of rights, of
school lunches, of expenditures under the
National Defense Education Act, of scholar-
ships and fellowships awarded by public
agencies, some of which are granted to theo-
logical schools.
And certiorari was denied when New York
helped Fordham University acquire land in
Lincoln Center at less than cost.
As nondiscriminatory tax exemption, which
is solid financial aid, has never been suc-
cessfully challenged when granted a church
or church schools, so financial aid directed
to a public purpose other than the support
of religion has never been struck down by
the U.S. Supreme Court even when the
financial benefit to religious organizations
was obvious.
This is as it should be. When something
has to be done through schools, colleges,
and universities, it should be self-defeating
to try to act as though schools, colleges, and
universities under religious auspices did not
exist and did not have innumerable stu-
dents, teachers, and scholars who ought to be
involved.
If it is objected that nonbelievers are
thereby taxed to aid religion, the answer is
that by hypothesis the aid to religion is
incidental to an overriding public benefit
that cannot be obtained without including
institutions under religious auspices, and
that, since the object of the religion clauses
of the first amendment is to guarantee and
promote religious freedom, such incidental
benefits, which do not limit religious free-
dom, do not invalidate the legislation.
Federal aid to education is inevitable, and
the sooner it comes the better. The flagrant
injustice, to say nothing of shortsightedness,
in committing the support of education to 50
States characterized by wide economic dis-
parities and highly mobile populations re-
quires no elaboration here. Federal aid has
arrived in a large way by the back door. Its
formal admission through the main entrance
cannot be long delayed.
Federal aid should go to all educational
institutions that meet Federal standards.
Mr. Justice Jackson is wrong in saying a
school is a church if it is managed by a
church and is important to its religious
work.
A school is an educational institution and
not a church if its object is intellectual
development and if it is engaged, bona fide,
in this task. The fact that it is owned by
a church, or that it gives some religious in-
struction, or that its teaching is permeated
by religion, or that aid to it is incidentally
of some benefit to the church is immaterial.
Aid to all educational institutions that
meet Federal standards would promote reli-
gious freedom as well as education. 'The
overriding public purpose would be to im-
prove education, including education in in-
stitutions under religious auspices.
Supporting them would no more be a vio-
lation of the first amendment than it would
be to hold institutions under religious aus-
pices to Federal standards as a condition of
receiving Federal aid.
Since the object of the first amendment
is to guarantee and promote religious free-
dom, including freedom from religion, it is
a violation of the amendment to apply pres-
sure, direct or indirect, upon the conscience
of any person.
Such pressure may have been present,
though Justices Douglas and Stewart did not
detect it, in Engel v. Vitale. It may also
lurk in the Zorach case and in Doremus v.
Board of Education.
The "brief moment with eternity" the
Supreme Court of New Jersey there said the
statute compelled every child to have every
day is not within the competence of the
State, and excusing any pupil in the bor-
ough of Hawthorne upon request may sub-
stitute indirect for direct pressure. Dis-
tinctions among schoolchildren on the basis
of their religion, or lack of it, are bound to
seem invidious.
This brings us back to the perplexities of
Mr. Justice Jackson. We may all agree that
a school that children are compelled to at-
tend should not hold religious ceremonies in
which some children or their parents do not
believe.
But suppose the educational authorities,
taking the hint from Mr. Justice Jackson and
the Educational Policies Commission, decide
that every child in such a school, before he
reaches the school-leaving age, must take
a course in religion, or in the history of
religion, or in comparative religion,
Since the object is education and not the
propagation of religion, no question. can be
raised about the support of religion or the
invasion of religious freedom. The only
questions are whether the course and the
teacher are adequate. It is.doubtful whether
these are questions for the courts, or even
for the legislature.
We need to learn what education is and
who is responsible for its general direction
and its content, I suggest we might try to
establish the distinction among edification,
indoctrination, and education and then work
toward the elimination of everything but
education from educational institutions.
My principal objection to the prayer con-
sidered in Engel v. Vitale is not constitu-
tional; it is educational. The prayer was a
part of the so-called moral training program
of the board of regents. It had little or no
value as such training.
In any event, the primary responsibility
of the board of regents is not moral train-
ing, which is the province of the family and
the church, but education, which may sup-
ply the intellectual foundations of morality,
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A1650 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
but which does not attempt to convey Its
moral message by way of edification or In-
doctrination. In general we may say that
a teacher who tries to indoctrinate his pupils
Is incompetent and should be subject to
discipline from the proper quarter.
In Pierce v. Society of Sisters the court
said the child was not the mere creature of
the state. Is the school the mere creature
of the state?
We may admit the self-evident truth that
an educational system supported by taxes
cannot survive if It does not command the
allegiance of the taxpayers. Does this mean
that the policies and curriculum of schools
are to be determined by the taxpayers?
Two ancient propositions are the starting
point of any discussion of the autonomy of
educational institutions. The first is, all
men by nature desire to know. The second
is. politics Is the architectonic science, which
determines what shall be studied in the
State.
The first proposition is normative: the
second is descriptive. Any actual educa-
tional system is judged by the degree to
which it meets the standard of the first
proposition and makes It possible for all men
to know. The free speech, free press, and
free assembly provisions of the first amend-
ment proclaim this ideal for the United
States.
The New York Supreme Court, dismissing
a suit to compel the board of education to
remove "Oliver Twist" and "The Merchant
of Venice" from school libraries and class-
rooms. sald:
"Educational institutions are concerned
with the development of free inquiry and
learning. The administrative officers must
be free to guide teachers and pupils toward
that goal. Their discretion must not be In-
terfered with in the absence of proof of actual
malevolent Intent."
Concurring In Wfeman v. Updegraf, Mr.
Justice Frankfurter, joined by Mr. Justice
Douglas, found that State and National
power could not limit the functions of edu-
cational institutions, from the primary par-
ticipation of teachers in "that restless en-
during process of extending the bounds of
understanding and wisdom, to assure which
the freedoms of thought, of speech, of in-
quiry, of worship are guaranteed by the Con-
stitution of the United States against in-
fraction by the National or State govern-
ment."
The wall has no future. What has a
future Is the rational. nonmetaphorical dis-
cussion, in the light of all the provisions of
the first amendment, of the methods by
which we may guarantee and promote re-
ligious freedom and the methods by which
we may obtain an educational system worthy
of the potentialities and responsibilities of
our people.
The first amendment is a charter of learn-
ing. It confirms empowerments as well as
immunities. We are to learn how to use
our freedom.
If we are to be metaphorical. let us recog-
nize that the first amendment is not in-
tended as a fence, or wall, around a vacant
lot. Something Is supposed to be going on
inside. What is supposed to be going on is
learning. A political community Is an edu-
cational life In process.
The walls has no future because it cannot
help us learn. if taken literally, it Is arbi-
trary and unreasonable, pretending to sepa-
rate things that are not in all respects
separable, thwarting efforts to understand
what education and freedom of (and from)
religion demand, hampering us in our search
for what we need above everything else, a
national idea of education and a national
program to carry it out.
If the West has a future, it is as the
schoolmaster of the world. It democracy has
a future, It lies In struggling to be what no
big, advanced, Industrial country has suc-
ceeded In becoming, a community learning
together to govern Itself and to achieve the
common good.
American participation in these great en-
terprises should not be obstructed by a figure
of speech,
SION OF REMARKS
or
HON. ROBERT W. HEMPHILL
OP SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 21,1963
Mr. HEMPHILL. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks in the REC-
ORD, I enclose a newsletter from the
Yorkville Enquirer, York, S.O., from our
beloved and distinguished senior Senator
from South Carolina, Senator OLIN D.
JOHNSTON. The letter is as follows:
CUBAN PROBLEM
(By Senator OLIN D. JOHNSTON. of South
Carolina)
Overshadowing all other problems facing
the Congress is the needling and dangerous
problem of Cuba. In a very short time,
Castro and his brand of communism in
Cuba has become a great funnel for world
communism to pour to on the Western
Hemisphere. Castro and Cuba do not just
represent an island of Communist activity
but a dynamite key which could blast us
into world war if treated carelessly.
In view of this situation, it is my opinion
that any public official making statements
concerning the Cuban situation should do
so only with care and when he is armed with
facts. Officials of tiovernmont. whether
they are elected like myself or appointed as
they are in the State _and Defense Depart-
ments, must realize that when they speak to
the people of the United States and the
world, they have the ability to inflame and
excite or to calm and subdue.
REPUBLICANS RESPONSIBLE
The Kennedy administration Inherited the
Cuban mess from the previous Republican
administration and the very ones who are
now attacking the administration for Its pol-
ley in Cuba, were a part and parcel of the
Eisenhower administration which helped to
put Castro in office. It was back in 1957
that I conducted an investigation into Com-
munist activity in Latin and Central
America. In my published report I warned
the Republican State Department and Presi-
dent Eisenhower that unless we took affirma-
tive action in the Caribbean area as well as
In other points In Latin America to lead
these people away from communism, that
world communism would gain a foothold In
the Western Hemisphere. Those who now
criticize President Kennedy, at that time
laughed off my report and continued to
ignore Latin America.
Later, when Castro's revolt was progressing
in Cuba, the State Department under El-
senhower, together with his own executive
orders, baited the shipment of arms and
supplies necessary to protect the Cuban Gov-
ernment against the Rebel Castro. The Re-
publican administration closed its eyes at
shipments of American arms and other help
to Castro's Communist guerrillas In the
mountains of Cuba.
NAIVE STATE DEPARTMENT
Castro had hardly reached Havana to
claim his new odllce of Dictator When the
State Department rushed In blindly to recog-
March 21
nine the new regime without even so much
as asking a question. During all this time, I
had pointed out in the Senate by speeches
and press releases. Castro was surrounded
by a brother and a number of key friends
who had been trained by Russians in guer-
rilla warfare tactics and who had been
schooled in communism. Long before the
first Russian saw Cuban soil, the Eisenhower
administration could have acted out of a
just cause when our properties were seized
and our citizens jailed and some even shot
to death. This was the time to act.
The leadership in the Republican Party
which now criticizes Kennedy for his policies
toward Cuba, conveniently forgot the mess
they made and handed to President Kennedy
when he took office. The time to preserve
the Monroe Doctrine should have been when
it was being torn up and not wait until now
when the Russians are holding the pieces.
NOT POLITICAL ISSUE
Any politician who harps on the Cuban
situation to make it a political Issue is doing
his nation a great disservice. Those who
cry invasion without just provocation should
accompany their remarks with an estimation
of how many Americans will die as a result.
We are not cowards but neither do we wisp
to be foolhardy. So I urge every citizen to
weigh carefully the charger and counter-
charges that may come as a result of major
and lesser crises coming from the Cuban
situation. We must rid Cuba of communism,
but the means we use to achieve this end can
be the difference between peace and war.
Message to Hibernian Society of Balti-
more From President Kennedy
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
Or
HON. EDWARD A. GARMATZ
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, March 21,1963
Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Speaker, as is
customary, the Hiberian Society of Balti-
more left no stone unturned to make
their St. Patrick's Day celebration last
Saturday one of the biggest and best the
city has seen for a long time. Approx-
imately a thousand members and guests
were in attendance, including all the
members of the Maryland congressional
delegation.
Our colleague, the gentleman from
Maryland, GEORGE FALLON, not only the
dean of the Maryland delegation In the
House, but obviously Irish, was honored
by the society by being selected to toast
the President. Incidentally, several
years ago President Kennedy was the
guest speaker at the annual dinner. Fol-
lowing the toast, the gentleman from
Maryland [Mr. FALLON], read the for
lowing message which was sent to the
group by the President:
THE WHITE HOUSE,
Washington.
It has been said, by an Irishman I am
sure, that the whole world is Irish on the
17th of March. Perhaps not the whole
world, but it Is indeed true and worth noting
well that the joyful observance of St. Pat-
rick's Day is now fully as much an American
as an Irish tradition.
It Is no simple matter to fix in words the
teeming and contrary past, far less the
bounding future of the Gael. Effort, even
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 .1963 Approved F~~ SIC7N~I~ / C~I DP ATE3R000200220027-9 4497
"OurtSchools and Their Prospects." The American countries, along with the unanimous consent to have printed in
report outlines the present state of the President of Panama and the President the RECORD, at this point in my remarks,
at the problem in its fullest dimensions of the United States, is a remarkable an article reporting on the meetings in
District school system, and spells out document, and in the years ahead will Costa Rica.
what must be done to bring the, physical rank as one of the basic documents of There being no objection, the article
plant up to acceptable standards. The the Alliance for Progress. In this docu- was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
present situation is so poor as to be prac- ment the Presidents of the seven coun- as follows:
tically beyond recall, without immediate tries addressed themselves to two key [From the Washington Post, Mar. 19, 1963]
improvement in the budgetary support problems facing the Cent.
A-,,.
. -
.
eric
problem C
t
l
en
a
COSTA RICA CROWD HAILS KENNEDY-PLEDGE
I am confident that the Appropriations American economic integration, and To CONTAIN CUBA COMMUNISM IS WILDLY
Committees of both Houses of Congress second, the problem of the threat to the CHEERED
will give this report the `l
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SAN JosE, COSTA RICA, March 18.-This
whatever I can to see that its basic rec- subversion. usually sleepy Caribbean capital Went wild
ommendations are carried out. In my report, on the Alliance for Prog- today as virtually the whole population
If we reject the recommendations con- ress that was issued last week, it was turned out to welcome President Kennedy in
tained in "Our Schools and Their Pros- my privilege to discuss these matters at a frenzied reception that surprised even the
pects," let us do. so honestly, and without some length. optimistic observers.
deluding ourselves in the process. Let us Today I will note Only one or two high- The crowds that greeted Mr. Kennedy were
frankly admit that our District schogls lights contained in the Declaration Of eumul t o at more than 2so,ooo. A3-m e
are rapidly becoming mere way stations Central America. First, I am happy to rotelfrom t ereairpoort too the Preside t al
between the streets, the reformatories, note the expressed determination of the Palace, Mr. Kennedy last night addressed
and the penitentiaries. If we are willing seven Presidents to accelerate programs the Presidents of the six Central American
to accept this policy for District schools, aimed at achieving the economic ante- Republics in San Jose's ornate National
h
per
aps we might just as well begin cut-
ting the existing budgetary requests.
On the other hand, if we decide to pro-
vide more adequate facilities, let us look
and courageously-accept our respon-
sibilities.
I know the Senator from West Vir-
ginia [Mr. BYRD] is deeply concerned
about these conditions, in his capacity as
chairman of the District Appropriations
Subcommittee. He has "advocated in-
creased expenditures for the District
schools, and has consistently demon-
strated a keen determination to bring
about a more adequate building and sal-
ary program. He certainly will have
the full support of .the Senator from
Minnesota, who is honored to serve with
him as a member of the, Districts Appro-
PRESIDENT- KENNEDY'S MEETING
WITH THE PRESIDENTS OF THE
CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLIC'S
Mr. HUMPHREY. _ Mr. President, I
wish to comment on President Kennedy's
trip, this week, to Costa Rica, to meet
with the Presidents of the six Central
American Republics. This is, indeed, a
notable event. It is one more indication
that the Kennedy administration con-
siders Latin America to be one of .the
most critical areas in the world. The
personal visit of our President is a true.
reflection of the importance which our
country places on the Alliance for
Progress. It is hard to overestimate the
importance of a Presidential visit to the
long-neglected Central American Re-
publics; and already the press reports
informing us of the overwhelmingly en-
thusiastic reception the President re-
ceived indicate that our Central
American neighbors fully appreciate the
significance of the visit.
I was sure the President would receive
that kind of warm and enthusiastic wel-
comb. In my visits to Central America
and South America; I found that Presi-
dent Kennedy is exceedingly popular and
highly respected.
The Declaration of Central America,
issued by the ' Presidents of the Central
make a substantial ~contributionv to a
special fund to promote regional integra-
tion. I take particular pleasure in not-
ing that -this proposal is similar to one
contained in my report on the Alliance
for Progress. I am also encouraged that
the President of the United States in-
dicated our willingness to make available
substantial assistance to implement a
regional plan for economic and social
development, when such a plan is com-
pleted by the Central American coun-
tries. In all of these actions, our
Government is once .again making un-
mistakably clear our support of the
regional integration movement in Cen-
tral' America.
On the question of resisting Commu-
nist subversion in Central America, it is
encouraging to note that the Declara-
tion of Central America places high
priority on early action by members of
the OAS to restrict movement of mate-
riel, propaganda and funds, as well as
arms and trained saboteurs, to and from
Cuba. To achieve this aim, the Central
American countries and the United
States will cooperate in joint programs
for additional air and sea surveillance
to cut down on the movement of men
and materiel from Cuba,. and will work
out a system of exchanging intelligence
information on the movement of people,
money, propaganda and arms between
Cuba and Central American countries.
Third, I am happy to note that the
Presidents took note of the plight of the
Cuban people, and expressed their sym-
pathy for them. In my report last week
I stated:
At the same time it is important that
throughout Cuba and all Latin America it be
"We will build a wall around Cuba-not
a wall of mortar or brick or barbed wire but
a wall of dedicated men determined to pro-
tect their own freedom and sovereignty," he
said after. hearing speeches by the other con-
ference participants.
In opening his 3-day meeting with the
Presidents of the six Middle-American na-
tions he vowed "fierce and unyielding resist-
ance" to the spread of "foreign tyranny" In
the Western Hemisphere,
"The Soviet Union through its Cuban
puppets absorbed the Cuba nation into its
despotic empire-and it now seeks to ex-
tend its rule to the shores of continental
America," Mr. Kennedy said.
"At the Organization of American States,
,at this meeting and wherever Americans
gather to consult about the future of their
continent, we will continue tb strenghten the
structure of resistance to subversion."-
ALLIANCE, STRESSED
A major portion of the President's speech
was devoted to the Alliance for Progress.
Mr. Kennedy pledged continued U.S. aid
toward the developing Central American Ec-
onomic Community and congratulated the.
assembled nations on their long-range eco-
nomic vision. Ali except Panama have joined
in a move toward economic integration.
"We shall continue under the Alliance. to
build economies more balanced and less de-
pendent on one or two export commodities,"
he said. "To. this end, we must push for-
ward plans for industrialization, greater crop
diversification, strong educational facilities
and better utilization of resources."
From the moment the President and his
party left the airport, where he was greeted
by his host, President Francisco J. Orlich
of Costa Rica, the waiting throngs were an
explosive mass of emotion. The President's
car was swallowed up in a sea of screaming
people waving United Staten and Central
American flags, and it was impossible to see
him, or the car, even from several feet be-
hind.
Dozens of youths climbed aboard the press
buses th
t f
ll
a
o
owed and stamped on the roof.
Communist tyranny to be replaced with the Others reached into the windows to shake
best of governments, that we will not toler- the hands of reporters who were reminded
ate a rightwing dictatorship. A Cuban of the tumultuous welcome given President
government dedicated to political liberty and 'Eisenhower in New Delhi 4 years ago.
economic and social reforms will have the Smiling women ,in summery print dresses
firm support of the United' States. held up their children to seethe procession.
It is heartening to note that the Presi- Many people made the V-sign with 'their
dents of the Central American countries fingers.
This .is one of the most important days
and the President of the United States 1n' Latin American history," one Costa Rican
share' this View. Mr. President, I ask official said.
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It was apparent that the spirit of mutual at San Jose"; also the official text of the translate these ideas and aspirations into
partnership in which the Alliance for Pros- Declaration of Central America: and also working reality for our people. In this re-
ress was spawning was at last showing signs the text. of President Kennedy's speech spect it has been unique among efforts at
of blossoming. The Central American people world collaboration and this is why it has
were known to be friendly to the United at Costa Rica 'University endured and will endure in future.
States, and their hospitality was anticipated. There being no objection, the ad- In the first three centuries of our history
But today's demonstration appeared to Indi- dresses, the article, and the declaration seeds of Western civilization and culture
cate more than friendliness. It seemed to were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, were here an InterIn the next
system which
eflect a sense of genuine kinship. as follows: helped to can Inte and maintain our hiThd tremendous welcome given Mr. Ken- From the Washington Post. Mar. 19. 19631 help from foreign mple rule.
reedy augurs well for the 3-day Presidential
here This freedom has often been challenged-
conference that started today, There is hope ilex or KeNNEDY SPEECH AT SAN JOSE
here that the h as it is challenged today in Cuba. But with
here twild enthusiasm will give the CONFE&ENCE
Alliance for Progress a significant shot In In 1885 a son of El Salvador and a citizen help of dedicated and brave men-men such
the arm, at least in Central America. of Central America, Antonio Jose Canes, first as those who drove out Maximilian or men
And it seemed to give more meaning to minister accredited by the 'United Provinces such as those who prevented Spanish re-
President Crlich's welcoming remark that of Ceneral America to the United States, conquest in 1866, men such as Costa Rica's
the results of the Conference may affect all delivered an invitation to Secretary of State Juan Rafael Mora, who helped drive out
Latin America as well as the rest of the Henry Clay. William Walker-with such help we have
world. He asked him to send representatives to destroyed all efforts at foreign conquest in
In a brief reply at the airport. Mr. Ken- the first Inter-American Congress at the past as we will ultimately triumph over
nedy said: Panama, a meeting at which he said the aggressors of today.
"I come here today not only with Members struggling new nations of this hemisphere In the 60 years following its creation the
of Congress and the Secretary of State but "might consider upon and adopt best plan inter-American system worked to establish
as the representative of 180 million fellow for defending states of new world from Politically the equality and national dignity
Americans who want this hemisphere to be foreign agrgesslon and ? ? ? raise them to of all its members to extend political democ-
free and an example to a watching world In that elevation of wealth and power which racy and to strengthen the principle that
the crucial years of this century," he said. from their resources they may attain." no nation should forcibly impose its will
American oMcials here are stressing that Today, 108 years later, we erg gathered in upon another.
economic integration under the Alliance will this theater in pursuit of those same Those. goals have been largely met.
be the main topic of conversation, and that goals-preservation of our independence. ex- Equality of sovereign states Is accepted by
the issue of subversion will be secondary. tension of freedom and elevation of welfare all. Intervention and force have been re-
The meeting Is regarded as a means of put- of our citizens to n level as high as "from our nounced, machinery of peaceful settlement
tln.g some teeth Into a settemept made by resources" we can attain. has been strengthened. Democracy rules in
President Kennedy at a recent news confer- And today 1, too, have come from the most of our lands and It will ultimately pre.
ence that the social and economic improve- United States at the Invitation of Central vail over the last vestiges of tyranny in every
ment of the Latin nations was the most im- America, which, with Panama, is rapidly land in this hemisphere.
portant hemisphere problem. alltaining a unity of purpose, effort and NEW Cf3ALLENCEa
Measures to be taken to reduce Castro- achievement which has been unknown since Now, in our own time the inter-American
Communist subversion, it appears, will be the dissolution of that earliest federation. system faces old foes and new challanges
discussed more for political purposes than as That early conference did not achieve all and it is again demonstrating capacity for
a topic of overwhelming importance. The its goals. But from it flowed a dream and change which has always given it strength.
Presidents of the six isthmus nations repre- creation of Bolivar and Canes and Jose Foes are stronger and more determined than
seated--Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua. Ceeilio de Valle of Costa Rica-a dream ever before and challenges are more difficult,
E1 Salvador, Guatemala, and PanamR-actu- which became the Inter-American system, more complex and more burdensome.
ally seem more interested In discussing sub- and this system has been the most success- For today we are faced not merely with
version than do the others. fur, the most fruitful and most enduring protection of new nations, but with remold-
This is attributed by diplomatic observers system of International order in the history ing of ancient societies-not only with the
partly to an honest fear of Castro-Commu- of all the world. destruction of political enemies but with
min acoivity, partly to efforts to take the UNMATCHED RECORD the destruction of poverty, hunger, ignorance,
problems, and partly to a desire to please We can say this without exaggeration, be- and disease-not alone with the creation of
what is believed to be a large segment of cause every effort to reimpose despotisms national dignity, but with the preservation
s
ericasenormouhave
American popular and congressional opinion. of the old world on the people of the new of human dignity. ofo meeet this
It is expected that the final communique has been ultimately beaten back, because peoples will recommend that antlsubversion meas- within this system 20 their publics have
sovereign fashioned an Alian Progress is a system in The Alliance ores be taken by the participating nations full recognition
individually, particularly in regard to re- nations-and because this system has main- which all American states have mobilized
strictlons on travel to and from Cuba. tained an unmatched record of peaceful their resources and energies to secure land
relations among its members, for the landless, education for those without.
United wev r, for States is Impressive likely to offer set the stage, There have been occasional conflicts to mar schools, and a faster rate of economic growth
the conference to facilitate the ad- economic this record. But nowhere else have nations within a society where all can share in fruits
bow avertee , for
aid e Central lived as neighbors with so little hostility and of progress.
mncmerk t the other American Coco- warfare. And today the principle of non- Here in Central America we have already
more negr son other measures for see- intervention and peaceful resolution of dis- begun to move toward goals of Alianza.
sary f Itgraaio' which fcwandered recce sites has been so firmly Imbedded In our You have made enormous strides toward
ally for the area's advancement under the p
Alliance and the containment of tom- tradition that the heroic democracy in which creation of the Central American economic
munism. we meet today can pursue its national goals community of 13 million people. New
without an armed force to guard Its fron- regional institutions have been created, a
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, the tiers. In few other spots In the world would Cedntralcentral America pBn k h abe di ectbonhed,
first article tells of the warm and en- this be true. annd thusiastic reception which the President We have not attained this strength by try- going ahead in education, finance, and many
of the United States received when he Ing merely to protect what was already won. other fields.
to preserve gains of the past to maintain I congratulate you on your effort to re-
arrived at San Jose. The article is en- the status quo. If these were our system' establish a historic unity to meet new needs
titled "Costa Rica Crowd Hails Ken- goals it would Inevitably have crumbled as and I pledge my Government's continued
nedy." The article states, In part: old orders crumbled. assistance to that effort.
This usually sleepy Caribbean capital Instead it has survived, prospered and REFORM CrrED
te
went wild today as virtually the whole popu- grown despite wars and revolutions, despite addition, you hbegun to formulate
ve begun to plans
to n-addit economic have
latlon turned out to welcome President Ken- changing Ideologies and changing technol- In
es- ent nedy In a frenzied reception that surprised ogles, despite shifts In power and shifts In ongr to tee success of lopm Allanza. In nears-
even the most optimistic observers. wealth -because ch, has itself been a tnstru- every country represented here, new land re-
ment of change, profound revolutionary form or tax. reform programs have been
I also ask unanimous consent to have change which has molded the history of this adopted In an effort to meet basic pledges of
printed in the RECORD the text of Presi- hemisphere and shaped the thinking of men increased social justice contained in the char-
dent Kennedy's speech, delivered in San seeking freedom and dignity. ter of Punta Del Fate and demanded by
Jose on March 18, for the opening of his UNIQUE EFFORT your people.
conference with the presidents of the As each powerful new wave of ideas and In the 2-year period byn Jthe u y 11 961
Central American Republics ; also a news aspirations has swept across our shores the under programs
article entitled "Anti-Castro Plan Set Up inter-American system has been able to States as its contribution to the Alliance, al-
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1963 Approved 689&cft",3R
most 3,000 new classrooms will have been not easily yield up those freedoms which
built in nations represented here today, al- they shed so much blood to achieve.
most a million now books have been distrib- At the OAS, at this meeting and whenever
uted, and tomorrow we will begin to distrib- Americans gather to consult about the future
ute more than 2 million more to children of their continent, we will continuE to
hungry for learning. strengthen the- structure of resistance to
More remains to be done. Some 7,600 new subversion.
homes will have been built during this 2- I am hopeful that at this meeting we will
year period under Alianza programs in these again increase our capacity to prevent infil-
nations, but far more remains to be built. tration of Cuban agents, -money, and propa-
Six thousand new teachers have been ganda. We will build a wall around Cuba-
trained as well as many thousands of agri- not a wall of mortar or brick or barbed wire,
cultural workers, public health, and other but a wall of dedicated men determined
public administrators. Still . more are to protect their own freedom and sovereignty.
needed. In 1822, Bolivar, father of the inter-Ameri-
During the last 18 months almost 3 mil- can system, said this: "United in heart, in
lion people in Central America-farmers, spirit, and in arms this continent * *
workers, children, and slum dwellers-have must raise its eyes * * * to peer into cen-
received some form of direct benefit under turies which lie ahead. It can then contem-
Alianza, and almost $250 million of external plate with pride those future generations of
resources has been committed in support of men, happy and free, enjoying to full. the
the alliance in Central America and Panama blessings that heaven bestows on this earth
"to help strengthen the basic structure of the and recalling in their hearts protectors and
economy and at the same time meet basic liberators of our day."
needs of people for improved health, educa- My friends and colleagues: today we meet,
tion, and housing. representing seven of the great Republics of
COFFEE AGREEMENT America, united in spirit and in arms. We
are confident of our ultimate success in pro-
Finally a revolutionary worldwide agree- tecting our freedom, in. raising living stand-
ment to stabilize the price of coffee has been ards of our citizens, in beginning a new era
entered into which we in the United States of hope in American history. Secure in that
are determined to make work-to protect confidence, we, too, can look forward to
your most vital -source of export earnings. future centuries, knowing that our descend-
And we are also willing to move ahead on ants also will gratefully recall in their hearts
agreements stabilizing' prices of other com- ''protectors and liberators" of, our day.
modities so that your future prosperity-
will not depend on often destructive-fluctua- ANTI-CAsTRo PLAN SET Up AT SAN JOSE-
tiori of prices beyond your control. SEVEN PRESIDENTS AGREE ON AID FOR CEN-
Tomorrow, at El Bosque, we will see with - TRAL AMERICA
our own eyes-how Alianza enters into lives (By Morris W. Rosenberg)
of-the citizens of Costa Rica, providing them
with new homes in which they and their SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA, March 19.-The
families could find decent shelter for the United States and six middle American na-
first time. , tions vowed tonight to halt Castro Com-
We shall continue under the Alliance to - munist -subversion with ships- and planes if
build economies more balanced and less de- necessary and combat the threat of Soviet
pendent on one or two export commodities. imperialism via Cuba with a masisve assault
To this end we must push forward plans On economic and social ills. - -
for industrialization, greater crop diversifica- President Kennedy and the Latin chiefs
tion, stronger educational facilities and bet- of state wound up the second day of their
ter utilization of resources. San Jose meeting with a 2,000-word "Declar-
Yet we cannot be satisfied with the prog- ation of Central America" that raised no
revs we have made. Peoples who have waited threat of armed intervention in Cuba but
centuries for opportunity and dignity can- affirmed their "conviction that Cuba soon
not wait much longer. And unless those of will join the family of free nations."
us now making an effort are willing to re- They emphasized that in the meantime
double our efforts, unless the rich are will- they would not suffer the Castro regime's
ing to use some of their riches more wisely, efforts to subvert the six nations.
unless the privileged are willing to yield up The declaration disclosed arrangements
their privileges to common good, unless the for special U.S. cooperation in additional sea
young and educated are given opportunity and air surveillance and interception within
to - use their education, and unless govern- territorial waters to block any Cuban at-
ments are willing to dedicate themselves tempts to smuggle agents, guns, and propa-
tirelessly to the tasks of governing efficiently ganda into Central America.
and -developing swiftly, then let us realize RESTRICTIONS PLANNED
our Alianza will fail and with it will fall the In addition, the- Presidents of Panama,
society of free nations which our forefathers Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salva-
labored to build. dor, and Honduras summoned a meeting of
CUBA UNDER COMMUNISM - I iterior Ministers for early April to "put
Unfortunately, while this new endeavor into immediate effect common measures to
goes forward we are also confronted by one restrict the movement of their nationals to
of the oldest of our enemies. For at the very and from Cuba and the flow of material,
time that newly independent nations ' rise propaganda, and funds from that country."
in the Caribbean the people of Cuba have Secretary of State Dean Rusk, in response
been forcibly compelled to submit to new to questions at a news briefing, would not
imperialism more ruthless, more powerful, rule out a possibility that Attorney General
and more deadly in its pursuit of power than Robert F. Kennedy would represent the
any this hemisphere has known. United States at the meeting. It probably
Just when it was hoped that Cuba was would be held in Managua, Nicaragua.
about to enter upon a new era of democracy Rusk said President Kennedy gave the six
and social justice, the Soviet Union through Latin Presidents "the full story" of U.S.
its Cuban puppets absorbed the Cuban military commitments in the Cuban crisis.
nation into its despotic empire and it now Citing measures to isolate the Castro regime,
seeks to extend its rule to shores of the Rusk said "about the only thing not being
continent itself. done (by the United States) is shooting at
But other foreign powers have discovered Cuba."
the American hemisphere is not fertile After their second closed-door meeting- of
ground for foreign tyranny and any effort the day, the seven Presidents sat in a box
to spread such rule will meet with fierce and in Costa Rica's ornate National Theater
unyielding resistance. For Americans will , while Foreign Minister Daniel Odubur of
Costa Rica read the declaration from the
stage at a formal meeting of the Foreign'
Ministers.
Most of the statement was devoted to plans
for economic development of the middle
American nations, and Mr. Kennedy pledged
what was called a substantial initial Amer-
ican contribution to a new fund to finance
regional development projects. No figure
was given, but Central American leaders -
spoke earlier of the need for $200 million.
It was emphasized, however, that money
was not - enough to turn back the threat
of communism.
"In order to carry out their programs
for social and economic betterment," it said,
"it is essential to reinforce the measures to
meet subversive aggression originating in
focal points of Communist agitation which
Soviet imperialism may maintain in Cuba
or in any other place in America."
As for Cuba, the seven Presidents declared
they "have no doubt that the genuine Cuban
revolution will live again and that its be-
trayers will fall into -the shadows of history
and the martyred people of the oppressed
isle of the Caribbean will be free from for-
eign Communist domination." -
As the most effective means of combating
Communist agitation and social discontent
in the area, the declaration emphasized that
Panama and the Central American States will
join with renewed vigor in implementing the
aims of the Allianee for Progress.
Between conference sessions earlier today,
Mr. Kennedy visited a suburban housing
project under construction as a joint United
States-Costa Rican effort and said such
projects will further the goals of democracy
in this hemisphere.
These goals, he said, "call for ever-increas-
ing standards of living which can liberate
each individual for the full use of his ca-
pacities in the pursuit of a better life."
Today's sessions`fel4 on the Feast Day of
St. Joseph, Patron Saint of Costa Rica. This
Roman Catholic holiday is a national holi-
day here and Mr. Kennedy observed it by at-
tending special services at the San Jose
Cathedral.
President Francisco J. Orlich of Costa Rica,
his host, was seated at the place of honor in
front of the altar and President Kennedy in
a special chair nearby.
[From the Washington Post, Mar. 20, 1963]
OFFICIAL TEXT or DECLARATION OF CENTRAL
AMERICA
The Presidents of the Republics of Central
'America and Panama are determined to im-
prove the well-being of their peoples and
are awaresuch a task demands a dynamic
economic and social development program
based on the carefully planned use of hu-
man, natural and financial resources. - It
also depends on important changes of the -
economic, social, and administrative struc-
ture within the framework of principles that
govern our democratic institutions. They
have met with the President of the United
States in San Jose to review difficulties which
impede the achievement of these objectives
as well as the progress thus far made in the
isthmus since the integration programs be-
gan and since the Alliance for Progress was
jointly established by the Republics of the
hemisphere in August 1961.
Following an analysis of the situation, the
Presidents of the Republics of Central Amer-
ica are convinced the best hope for the de-
velopment of the region is through economic
integration and, bearing in mind extraordi-
nary efforts made toward this end in the last
decade and of the importance of accelerating
overall economic growth, pledge to their
peoples: -
To accelerate the establishment of a cus-
toms union to perfect the functioning of
the Central American Common Market-to
formulate and implement national economic
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and social development plans, coordinating
at the Central American level, and progres-
sively to carry out regional planning for va.l-
ous sectors of the economy.
To establish a monetary union and com-
mon fiscal monetary and social policies with-
in the program of economic integration.
To cooperate in programs to Improve the
prices of primary export commodities.
To complete soonest possible reforms need-
ed to achieve the objectives set forth In the
Act of Bogota and the Charter of Punta del
Este, especially in the fields of agriculture,
taxation, education, public administration
and social welfare.
To take the above measures with a view to
achieving creation of a Central American
Economic Community which will establish
relationship with other nations or regional
groups having similar objectives.
The Central American Presidents affirm the
economic Integration movement in itself con-
stitutes an effort which is laying the ground-
work for regional planning in which aectoral
plans of common interest to the isthmian
Republics serve as a point of departure. Their
governments already have taken measures to
coordinate national plans so their execution
will aid, rather than impede, achievement
of the objectives of the economic integration
program.
It is intended that the first global plan for
harmonious regional development will be
presented as soon as possible for evaluation
in accordance with procedures set forth in
the Charter of Punta del Este. Meanwhile,
the Central American Presidents declare their
resolve to proceed immediately with their
seetoral plans and with projects of interest
to the isthmus. The President of the United
States agrees to consider a long-term loan to
enable appropriate Central American region-
al organizations, principally the Central
American Bank for Economic Integration, to
conduct an economic feasibility survey rela-
tive to this program of regional development.
The Presidents of Central America reaf-
firmed their hope the Republic of Panama
will participate more closely in the economic
integration movement and the President of
Panama declares his government fully re-
affirms its-support of the program of Central
American economic Integration. He further
declares his government is prepared to ini-
tiate immediate negotiations with the gov-
ernments of the general treaty of economic
integration as a whole, with a view to con-
cluding a special agreement to facilitate as-
soctation of his country with the program.
The President of the United States is im-
pressed by the determination of the Preal- '
dents of the Central American {epublics to
move as rapidly as possible toward integra-
tion of the economies of their countries and
their intention to formulate a regional eco-
nomic development plan within which na-
tional plans will be monetary, fiscal, econ-
omy and social policies. It is a great step
forward in achievement of this objective as
well as toward achievement of the goals set
forth in the Charter of Punta del Este.
The President of the United States is pre-
pared to offer the greatest cooperation in
preparation and implementation of the re-
gional and national development projects of
Central America and Panama and declares
that his Government will intensify Its joint
efforts with the governments and appropriate
regional organizations in order to extend to
them Increased technical and financial as-
sistance for this purpose within the frame-
work of the broad regional program entitled
joint exposition of the Presidents of Central
America Ilnd the development plan being
prepared by Panama.
U.B. CONTRIBUTION
To this end he proposes a fund for Central
American economic integration to be made
available through the Central American
Bank for Economic Integration, to which
the United States would make an immediate
substantial initial contribution to assist in
carrying out regional development projects
in accordance with various sectoral plans
now being developed by regional organiza-
tions.
For the longer term he also declares that
as soon as the Central American Republics
have formulated an overall regional de-
velopment plan and as moon as this plan
has been evaluated favorably In accordance
with procedures established in the Cherie
of Punta del Este, the United States will
enlarge and expand its participation in the
fund and will work with the Central Ameri-
can countries in obtaining other free world
resources so that the agreed plan can be
effectively implemented.
The Presidents have discussed the funda-
mental importance to economic development
of a vigorous and freely competitive private
sector and declare their intention of taking
necessary steps to encourage private invest-
ment which is prepared to accept normal re-
sponsibilities compatible with development
of a modern economy. These measures in-
clude establishment of regional trade and
promotion offices for the specific purpose of
attracting private foreign investment. They
also agree that development banks or corpo-
rations should be established in each coun-
try as soon as possible to provide credit on
reasonable terms for the growth of private
industry, the President of the United States
offering financial assistance to their opera-
tion.
az'rrEa LIVING STANDARD
Currently they agree that economic and
social conditions should be created to as-
ewe labor of an improved living standard
through better distribution of national in-
come. Furthermore, they agree to encour-
age and support free democratic labor or-
ganizations as a means of contributing
toward greater worker participation in the
common effort on behalf of the general
welfare.
The Presidents also agree that opportu-
nities should be given to the people of Cen-
tral America to build and purchase their
homes. There exist in Central America na-
tional savings and loan institutions which
have been assisted under Alliance for Prog-
ress, and others are about to be created. In
order to give further support for these na-
tional efforts the Presidents of Central
America suggest that a regional home loan
department which would be a secondary
source of home mortgage funds should be
created as a division within the Central
American Bank for Economic Integration,
and the President of the United States agrees
to offer technical and financial assistance to
it.
The Isthmian Presidents indicate that
Central American institutions should be
strengthened as much as possible to en-
able them to play a major role in training
personnel who will be needed to put into
effect plans for integration of the Isthmus.
The large part of the responsibility for
training will devolve on the Superior Coun-
cil of Central American Universities (CS-
UCA). Recognizing, moreover, that trained
manpower at all levels is needed for econo-
mte development, they agree to a proposal
of the President of the United States to
establish a multimillion-dollar scholarship
fund for vocational training in agriculture
and in Industry for young people of out-
standing ability who cannot afford normal
expenses of such training, to which the
United States will offer substantial financial
assistance.
IMPORTANCE OF COFFEE
The Presidents note the primary role of
coffee in the economies of Central America
and the importance of an International cof-
fee agreement for achievement of stable and
remunerative prices.
They reiterate the intention of their gov-
ernments to fully support the agreement so
March 21
that It will serve as an effective instrument
to improve the earnings of exporting coun-
tries from coffee and to promote their econo-
mic development.
Other primary commodity problems exist
and the Isthmian Presidents will hand to
President Kennedy studies on these prob-
lems.
President Kennedy agrees he will have
them reviewed Immediately on his return to
Washington.
The Presidents, notwithstanding the fact
that present conditions are favorable to
undertake a solution of economic and social
problems of the Isthmus through joint action
of countries of area, believe that all of them
are faced with an extremely provoked politi-
cal problem which by its very nature can im-
peril the exercise of representative de-
mocracy and normal development of piaps
In which their respective governments are
engaged to attain as rapidly as possible the
highest levels of economic and social justice
and to bring to full realization plans for
Central American Integration. Consequen-
tly the Presidents declare that in order to
carry out their program for social and
-economic betterment it is essential to rein-
force measures to meet subversive aggression
originating In focal points of Communist
agitation, which Soviet imperialism may
maintain in Cuba or in any other place in
America.
The Presidents note that the Council of
Organization of American States is actively
engaged in maintaining vigilance over con-
tinued intervention of the Sino-Soviet
powers in this hemisphere as requested by
the eighth meeting of consultation of for-
eign ministers. They express special interest
In early completion by the Council of OAS
of studies on Castro-Communist subversion
in the hemisphere and particularly in early
action by the Council on recommendations
to the governments for counteracting those
activities in these areas.
MEETING CALLED
The Presidents agree that the Ministers of
Government of the seven countries should
meet early in April to develop and put Into
immediate effect common measures to re-
strict movement of their nations to and from
Cuba and the flow of material propaganda
and funds from that country.
This meeting will take action among other
things to secure stricter travel and passport
controls, including appropriate limitations in
passports and other travel documents on
travel to Cuba. Cooperative arrangements
among not only the countries meeting here
but also among the OAS members will have
to be sought.
To restrict more effectively not only these
movements for subversive purposes of people
but also to prevent insofar as possible in-
troduction of money, propaganda, materials,
and arms arrangements for additional sea
and air surveillance and interception within
territorial waters- will be worked out with
special cooperation from the United States.
In addition to these measures a more rapid
and complete exchange of intelligence infor-
mation on movement of people, propaganda,
money, and arms between Cuba and our
countries is to be developed by a meeting
of ministers.
The Presidents voice their deep sympathy
for the people of Cuba and reaffirm their
conviction that Cuba soon will join the
family of free nations. The Presidents re-
call how in 1959 the Cuban people were fired
with hope of a purely Cuban revolution that
was to bring them freedom and social jus-
tice, honest government, and free elections,
fair sharing of goods, opportunities for all,
more schools and jobs, better health and
housing, and constructive land reforms, not
collectivization of land. In sum a progres-
sive republic which, in the words of Marti,
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1963 Approved For ReletsWfflJ&ff
ll~tl'~TeORD SENATE 4501
would be "con tooos y Para todos." The opportunity to shape history and serveman el Progreso. Within the framework of this
Presidents declare that they have no doubt which has come to few generations of men. Alianza are contained four basic principles
that a genuine Cuban revolution will live RENDEZVOUS WITH DESTINY of American society which it will be
again, that its betrayers will fall into your
shadows of history and the martyred people And what Franklin Roosevelt said to the task to build.
of the oppressed isle of the Caribbean will people of the United States I can say now First of these is the right of each nation
be free from foreign Communist domina- here to you: This generation of Americans- to govern itself, to. be free from outside
tion, free to choose for themselves the kind your generation of Americans-has a rendez- dictation or coercion, to mold its own. econ-
of government they wish to have, and free to vous with destiny. omy and society in any fashion consistent
join their brothers of the hemisphere in a I am confident that you will meet that with the will of its people. Within our in-
common undertaking to secure for each in- rendezvous. For I can remember my own ter-American system we will accept no new
Finally the Presidents solemnly reaffirm many years ago that I was a university stu- Second is the right of each individual citi-
their adherence t e the principles established dent as you are now. - And at that time zen to political freedom and Individual lib-
by treaty adh re reciprocal arinciples s the Rio only 1 out of every 10 American farms erty-the right to speak his view, to worship
de Janeiro Charter of the OAS, in the act of was electrified-half the farmers of our God in his own way, to select the govern-
Bogota and in the charter of Punta del Southland were tenants and sharecroppers- ment which rules him and to reject it when
Este. thousands of families in the Tennessee River it no longer serves the good of the nation,
Valley had cash incomes of less than $100 a We have taken great strides toward achieve-
[From the Washington Post, Mar. 21 1963 year-and all this was in addition to a great ment of this right -in the last two decades
depression which had thrown 12 million but the job is not yet finished and it will not
TEXT OF KENNEDY'S SPEECH AT COSTA RICA people out of work, 10 times the population be finished until every American lives under
UNIVERSITY of your country and almost the population freedom.
It is a great pleasure to leave Washington of all Central America. This was the United Third is the right to social justice, the
where I am lectured to by professors to come States of my own university days. right of ever citizen to
to Costa Rica where I can tajk to students. Then under the leadership of Franklin y participate in the
In 1834 it was written of your city that Roosevelt we carried through a great New the landless e of his his and nation.
for means thosew whhoo for
education This
"the people of San Jose (are) persuaded Deal, One program after another brought today l are
denied the right to learn. It may
that. knowledge produces all good and dispels an end to tenancy, helped farmers win title often mean that ancient Institutions which
all evil, that from it come good laws, good to their own land, brought electricity to the serve merely to perpetuate the privileges of
customs, good-government, and that in short countryside, transformed the poverty- a fortunate few will be ended. It means
it is the soul of all happiness." stricken Tennessee Valley into a thriving that rich and poor alike must bear a fair
mTis great
from uivehity Is stproof of that cjudg- ome industrial and agricultural riu the immense and power demon- of share of the burden of national development.
strated to ever y It will not be easy to achieve social justice
, for much of the knowledge, the -skill and the an affirmative free government-the power j
learning that have made Costa Rica one of which adds the idea of social responsibility been but t the experience of my own nation vi-
the most enlightened and progressive democ- to the idea of individual liberty. - - tably to o that once it achieved it leads l nev
racies in the world-a principal source of I tell you this story not out of any sense of a richer and fuller life for all.
good laws, good customs and a good govern- complacency or satisfaction that the job. The fourth principle of the Alianza is the
ment. Although I am not sure that your In my country is done. For we in the United right of every nation to pursue a course of
university courses can take credit for the States still have much unfinished work-- rapid economic progress which modern
beautiful women for which your country is to improve our housing and cities, our econ- knowledge and technology have made pos-
also famous, they are well represented here omy, our education and equal opportunities sible. We of the United States who have
today. I. think therefore it Is appropriate for all our citizens. That fight is still going been fortunate in our own development have
h
- _ ~.a a
e elves have pled timer-
America should take place at this center of transformation which a single energetic gen- scan nations themselves have pledged to
learning in a nation so dedicated to democ- eration can make' In the life of a country. . mobilize their own resources and energies to
racy, and I am honored that you have invited And it is also an illustration of the capac- carry forward the task of development. This
me here. Ity of free men to achieve a profound peace- task is not easy either. To break centuries-
For the past 3 days seven Presidents of fuI revolution on' behalf of economic pro- old bonds of hunger and poverty. and ignor-
seven American nations have been grappling gress and social justice. ance will require sacrifice and unending toil.
with great questions which confront this It is perhaps difficult for you to think of But we are determined to pursue this road.
hemisphere. On the answers to these ques- the United States as a revolutionary coun- These are principles of our Alianza para
tions depends the preservation of our lib- try-a country which has carried out many el Progreso whose ultimate fulfillment is in
erties, the extension of democracy and the basic and sweeping social changes during your hands. They will not be attained by
welfare and dignity of our people. But be- Its short history. But my country like all speeches or documents but by work and sac-
hind all the efforts of this week, behind the the countries of the Americas is the posses- rifice, courage and endurance, on the part
communiques and declarations, elaborate sor of a profound revolutionary tradition of millions of individuals throughout this
programs and the ambitious projects, lengthy which has helped shape the modern world. hemisphere.
speeches and formal proclamations, behind For it was in Philadelphia in 1776 and in I speak to you as men and women pursuing
all this there has been one fundamental and Guatemala in 1821 that the American na- the highest calling of a free society. A dis-
essential assumption. And that is the as- tions became the first to strike against colo- tinguished leader of my own country, Thomas
sumption that you students-and young vial rule. And today in Africa, Asia and -Jefferson, once warned us that "if a nation
people of Latin America-are prepared to the Middle East, newly emerging nations expects to be ignorant and free * * * take up the great cause of liberty and wel- are.still struggling to perfect national inde- expects what never was and never will be,
fare on which we are embarked. pendence and the freedom from foreign that no other foundation than education
More than half the population of Latin domination which we were first to achieve, can be devised for preservation of freedom
America Is in your age group or younger. - TRIBUTE TO FREE MEN and happiness."
Without your effort and sacrifice and leader- This history Is an 'answer to those who That is why you who are fortunate enough
ship, the plans and hopes of today's leaders claim that free people lack the drive and to be attending this school have also as-
for tomorrow's hemisphere will be doomed flexibility to remold the societies in which sumed a great obligation along with that
to failure. But with your help we can and they live. The history of the Americas-the opportunity. A distinguished rector of your
will succeed. history of
This is an awesome task and a great op- years-is a tyour own ribute to the capacity, oftfree university- .for wham this- campus i-Ordigo portunity. For we-you and I-are em- men to call upon the deepest reservoirs of h'u- erty is not a th ng but Ia way of life which
barked together on a great adventure, the man mind and spirit. And If the task of needs to constantly -grow, to expand, to be-
greatest perhaps since an Italian mariner progress with freedom is more complex, come stronger, if it is to live-for her to
first set sail for the West and touched on subtle and difficult than the promise of pro- stop is to surrender-to become rigid is to
this old land. To you has been given the gress without freedom, we are unafraid of lose the breath of life."
task of demonstrating that free men can the challenge. We are prepared to follow In your hands, my friends, have been
conquer ancient enemies of poverty, hunger that path which advances man's welfare - placed tools of knowledge and skill which
and ignorance-of protecting freedom without destroying his dignity. And we can make liberty grow and flourish.
against those who would destroy it-of know that lessons of our past promise sue Now I return to the United States. I re-
bringing hope to those who search for hope- cess for our future. turn with renewed and of extending liberty to those who lack Our goals for the future of this hem- have seen hereeat this university those whose
it. This is an immense task. It is filled isphere-the challenge we have issued to you- efforts will insure that the hopes and labors
with difficulties and dangers, hardships and and to your compatriots throughout the of my generation of-Americans shall not have
hazards. But you have also been given an Americas-is contained in the Alianza para been in vain.
No. 44-22
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 Approved For Release 2004/0 IA- 0383R0002002200 t 'ch 21
4502 CONGRESSIONAL R
Mr. j;UMPIiREY. Mr. President, I tural, spiritual, and material riches avail- nical assistance to economic development
able in the 20th century, and to put these was occurring, the administrative machinery
particularly call to the attention of the within the reach of full populations rather In Washington was becoming even more
Senate and to the attention of those who than only a select few. Its origins and its complex, which is to say more cumbersome
may read the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the operation spring from both the northern and less capable of making decisions, even
remarkable address delivered by Presi- and the southern halt of the hemisphere. wrong decisions. One expects some admin-
dent Kennedy to the young people at the Now that the Alliance is In operation, It istrative confusion in launching a new pro-
University of Costa Rica. Is readily acknowledged that the actions of gram, but much of this is plainly inexcusa-
Frequently we hear it said that uni- Latin American countries themselves in ble, especially In a government which thinks
versity students in such countries are not achieving the goals of the Alliance are far It is good enough to include projects In pub-
very friendly to American visitors. On more Important than those of the United lice administration among some of Its tech-
States nical assistance programs abroad. I for one
the other hand, I have never found that It is silly to think that a program of the have never received an adequate answer to
to be the case when, as a Senator, I have magnitude of the Alianza pars el Progreso the question, "Why does It take a year to
visited these countries. In my visits. I can he carried out without making any mis- decide whether to build a housing project in
have found the university students to be takes. Indeed, the effort to do so is the the Dominican Republic, and then another
quite very inquisi- score is the one that reads, " no runs, no, wrong here. to If yherebuildareitnot sufficient loan
very
tive, friendly, very active,
their and nd sometimes quite are always with th no errors." A team can survive a few errors, officers or engineers available to review and
thei questions. But they are Rg if it gets some runs, but no matter how appraise proposals, more should be hired-
willing to listen and always willing flawless its play, it will surely lose without and if the law does not permit this it should
learn. runs. The Alianza has made a few hits: it be changed. If legislation is required, Con-
President Kennedy thrilled the stu- has managed to get some men on base. But gress should be informed accordingly.
dents there, and I am sure he set an it badly needs some runs, and It ought to be Since 1948 there have been 10 administra-
excellent example for the Presidents of prepared to take a few chances to get them. tors of the foreign aid program. The loca-
s
other great countries. In his address, For 2 years now, the long-range (i helaid tion of the as agency has ch nged almost st as
President Kennedy cited the history of program) has been on the United States as an example of the menf -on economic growth and social Prot- movement at physical facilities all over the
United Movement of flies, desks and parted itionsmoralehas
g With eteer csomtions. ewh at, and the oversim
revolutionary, progressive spirit which resin
y
should grip a people who are seeking a States has been trying to run a develop- been enough to leave officials in a state of per-
better life. ment program with a machine designed for a manent bewilderment. Under two adminis-
trations (1953-63) the foreign aid program
Mr. President, earlier in these remarks technical assistance program.
I mentioned that last week I had released We speak off Latin that represents but at beat bhas ungling tine best example of ad min administrative
phrase
entitled " Report on the Ails- It only a
a report
ance for Progress." based upon two wo tripsgeneralization and roughly identifies a geo- actual handling of the aid program, both
to South and Central America. I now graphical area. Actually, Latin America is have operated under the even while that
made up or individual nation states all with the program is temporary n
ask unanimous consent that selected ex- their own history, background. and culture, ing to recognize that it is permanent.
cerpts from this report be printed at this and all very different. Therefore, we must Possibly the lghee greatest atest t single factor nen weak-
point in the RECORD. face the fact that each country requires ening
There being no objection. the excerpts special and separate consideration. There succession of 1-year appointees as adminis-
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, is no general program that can be applied ttrratotr. It ise dent hoped othe point
universally.
asfollow by
release of Mar. 16. 19831 Whatever we do in Latin America we need enced administrator, known to have the
(Fr to remember that Brazil is the key to success President's confidence will mean the end of
SELECTED EXCERPTS: REPORT ON ALLIANCE FOR or failure. Brazil is the big country, and if the senseless pattern In which 1-year men
------ ._.,_ i., n-il and ewe --t-pd to do a 10 year-job. The knowl-
iey directives they must impiemeni, w=u
be changed every year will do much to im-
prove their morale and that of their sub-
ordinates. The knowledge that the AID Ad-
ministrator enjoys the complete confidence
of the President will do even more.
To implement successfully such a program
requires experienced professionals who will
remain in the program over a long period of
time. We have learned over the past decade
that you cannot tackle 30-year problems
with 5-year plans using 1-year money. We
must learn that the job cannot be done with
2-year personnel-who leave the program 6
months after they have really learned their
job. One must not only recruit good men at
both the higher and lower levels but must
hold them. The Foreign Service has suc-
ceeded in this. The foreign aid program has
not.
THE ROLE OF AID
(By Senator HUBERT ti. nuM1 use- ; Y,h? point of noncooperation or emotional
In terms of wPro a
It ar so has a a taken a ago. the
giant hostility, then whatever we seek to do in the All leap el Progreso of where yet t Western Hemisphere will be endangered. It
leap forward. In terms should be recognized that the Success or
to go, it has taken taken only a short ort it has faltering failure of the Alliance for Progress in either
far-reaching
step.
In reviewing the Alliance today, there are Chile or In the hemisphere.
solid grounds for encouragement-and
serious grounds for concern. The Alliance The experience of the past 2 years Indi-
has begun to gather momentum: the ques- cates that a basic mistake made was not in
tion Is whether it can maintain and increase switching from technical assistance to eco-
this momentum sufficiently to overcome the nomic development but in attempting to ap-
obstacles it now faces and those which loom ply the new economic development formula
in the near future, universally. U.S. officials have attempted to
Latin America needs a new deal. And apply it to Venezuela. Chile, and Mexico-
the United States needs to understand that with renson-but and also to Honduras,
the changes we are calling for in Latin Paraguay. Ecuador.
ing-vdn bring eInrttheirnwakeepolitcal, eco- elopment.ntlTheylatdifferent ter countries at the pres-are demand- are at an nomic, and social developments which may ent time need futhe technical assistance
not be readily understood or even acceptable before any economic
to the United States. We are asking for can be effective must be used
a peaceful democratic revolution. We ought Economic aid to
to understand that such a development 1s where there is competence in management.
unique in history, particularly in areas skilled workers, and modern business know-
where oppression. exploitation, poverty, and how. Capital without the trained people is
discrimination have been an established but a palliative. It yields little or no de-
pattern for many generations. Such a velopment. At best, it gives o lyd mpor of
democratic revolution, if it can be accom- relief. The U.S. aid program
plished, may bring into power democratic other aid institutions participating in the
governments that are left of center. In Alliance must be prepared to gear aid pro-
other words, liberal, progressive, and even grams to the development level of the vari-
radical political parties will be to the ous countries i1 Latin America, not just to
ascendancy and in power. We should be those of the more advanced countries. This
f technical
l
ance o
prepared to see a good deal of disorder, will require a different ba
temporary confusion, and political disarray assistance and capital aid in the Central gram was placed with the rest of the foreign
as the reforms and changes come about. American countries than in the advanced aid program in the State Department. Yet progra ADMINISTRATION OF THE ALLIANCE countries of the southern cone such as Ar- it of entaapp aarreed that theeAlla d key deem
In Ste The Alliance is not just another U.S. aid gentina and Chile.
program. but rather a cooperative endeavor Another factor In administration, closely slops were made in the White House. If
of the
b 19 Latin American cotries and th related to the second Is that at same
Unit d States to enjoy more fully the cute time that this process of change f ohm tech- Alliance aidnproigramrareeto stand a dance
Who makes the key decisions on aid mat-
ters for Latin America? sid Where thee Stthey
ate
made? On the political
Department the locus of decision making
has been fairly clear since the spring of 1962.
This unfortunately, is not true on the for-
eign aid side. When the Alliance was first
announced, it was suggested that U.S. pro-
grams under it be directed from the White
House. This was considered but rejected
In view of the formidable obstacles that
would result in coordinating them with the
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 1963 Appr'ove~d(f1~ its ~AL /~ GC~it A= ,? 383R000200220027-9 4503
of, success, they must have the authority
commensurate with their responsibilities.
Effective orderly administration of the Alli-
ance program is impossible if designated
Alliance officials cannot make final decisions.
The morale of AID personnel in Washing-
ton dealing with Latin America is suffering.
In some of the missions abroad it is even
worse. There is no more urgent task for the
Washington headquarters of AID than to
give a sense of confidence and firm policy
direction to officials in the field. A good
way to start would be to delegate more au-
thority to AID mission chiefs and to am-
bassadors. If the Administration feels a
man cannot be trusted, it ought to replace
him with a man it-feels can be trusted. But
it ought not to give men responsibility with-
out authority.
Since mission directors. are the representa-
tives of the T.I.S. Government in the field, it
is essential that they understand the think-
ing of their Washington superiors and enjoy
their confidence-. This understanding and
confidence will ordinarily be gained through
regular consultations in Washington, during
which directors meet individually with the
AID Administrator and the Director of the
Latin American region. Ready access to one's
superiors in Washington is essential. I am
encouraged to hear that the new AID Admin-
istrator places a high priority on regular
meetings with aid mission directors.
THE COST OF THE ALLIANCE
There are at least three Striking dIfferences
which should be noted between those three
successful programs (point four, food for
peace, and Peace Corps) and the economic
and military aid programs. All three of these
involve the " outlay of comparatively small
amounts of American'doIlars; All three have
an immediate impact upon the recipient
country. All three benefit the common peo-
ple, rather than the elite group. Because
they benefit the common people, they have
been gratefully received.
Both military and economic aid are expen-
sive=they involve expenditure of large sums
of money. In both cases, the impact of the
aid is usually delayed. There is a long time
span between the agreement to support the
building" of a dam, an airport, or an industrial
plant and the realization of the goal. In
both cases, the immediate benefits are often
enjoyed to a- disproportionate extent by a
small minority of the population-by the
military, by contractors, businessmen, and
high government officials. There is a press-
ing need for those types of immediate impact
projects which will at least partially. satisfy
popular demand while long-range projects
are being developed. Such programs in edu-
cation, health, and housing can yield quick
politically valuable results.
As the Alliance for Progress develops and
more and more countries qualify for the
abovp combination of aid programs, the total
aid required may substantially increase. The
United States must be prepared to face this
prospect. For example, if the plans current-
ly being discussed in Brazil to mobilize the
resources of that great country to meet
pressing economic and social problems are
carried through, the United States should be
prepared to render the massive assistance re-
quired-assistance which would undoubtedly
be on a scale similar to that now available
to India.
We should prepare to face the fact that the
prospect of increasing of our aid program in
Latin America may require a careful re-
evaluation of our assistance to other parts
of the world.
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The importance of rural development can
-hardly be overstated. Over half of the coun-
tries of Latin America continue to spend siz-
able amounts of precious foreign exchange
reserves to import food :to feed their popula-
tions. This occurs in countries that are pri-
marily agricultural. For the common man
in most.of Latin America,. the key to a higher
standard of living in the near future is still
an increase in agricultural productivity. In
this. field the United States has a record of
proven performance. We abound in technical
expertise in the field of. agriculture and the
key to success appears to be our ability to
secure the widespread adoption -of known
and proven techniques.
A successful agricultural program will re-
quire not only support of programs aimed
at providing supervised credit, seed and fer-
tilizer, machinery, land drainage, but will re-
quire continued technical assistance on a
large scale. In the United States this mas-
sive dissemination of technical know-how
was achieved through the agricultural exten-
sion system of county agents. Until some
Latin American. equivalent of this is realized,
it is doubtful this can be done even through
cooperatives. The choice in Latin America
is between 'cooperatives and collectivism.
Cooperatives provide an opportunity to pool
resources and technical expertise. -
LABOR
Throughout the Central American area, as
well as Mexico and Venezuela, progress dur-
ing the past year has been made in the field
of labor. Mexico is a good example. Through
our labor information officers assigned to
USIA, we are now reaching the trade union
movement In Mexico. One reason why we
are now being effective is because we are
using experienced union men, Five of the
nine labor information officers now serving
in Mexico City have a union background.
These men have earned the confidence of
Mexican labor leaders and now are beginning
to make an impact in a labor milieu long
dominated by Marxist-oriented groups.
Some progress can also be 'noted in the
training of Latin American labor leaders in
this country. Through the American Insti-
tute for Free Labor Development, hundreds
of labor leaders are now being brought to
the United States for training. This is an
excellent program, but can handle only a
small fraction of the total number of leaders
eligible. Much more needs to be done in
this crucial area.
IMPORTANCE OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE
I found in my discussions in Latin Ameri-
can countries and I find in my discussions
with businessmen here in this country much
agreement with the U.S. Coordinator's con-
clusion: Two years after the - Alliance was
launched, Latin Americans have come a long
way in learning the truth-the fact that
the Alliance will succeed only if it accords
a large role to a vigorous system of modern-
private enterprise. They have come a long
way in facing the fact that of the $20 billion
that will be required from abroad for in-
'estment under the Alliance program, $3
billion must come from the United States
in private investments.. Manyow.recognize,
if they did not when the Alliance was
launched in 1961, that the larger share of
the investment capital needed for the Alli-
ance must come from private sources,' both
domestic and foreign.
The pattern for busipess success in Latin
America has already been established-right
here in the United States. The U.S. busi-
nessman has a record of unparalleled success
in adapting to a changing environment, in
combining profitable business ventures with
farsighted social welfare programs. In
adapting to the changing environment of
Latin American countries, American business
must follow the same practices implemented
here at. home: support of education, training
of nationals for responsible supervisory and
managerial positions; sharing of profits, bona
fide collective bargaining; opening up stock
ownership to the people of the country. In
Brazil a prominent and successful business-
man told me that American business must
expand its stock ownership to more and more
Brazilians. He said, "Either get naturalized
or be" nationalized. Become a part of us in-
stead of using us." His analysis may be
prejudiced but it seems to represent the
attitude of Latin Americans, rich or poor."
To promote new large scale foreign private
investment, some system of international in-
surance may be needed to guarantee new in-
vestments. No individual government can
supply all the capital needed. But the U.S.
Government, working with European and
Latin American governments, could devise
a system to guarantee capital lent by private
banks to private businesses interested in
investing in manufacturing enterprises in
Latin. American countries. This would fol-
low the, procedure now. in effect for the
housing investment guarantee program un-
der section 224 of the Foreign Aid Act of
1961.
Another essential means of strengthening
the private sector is through expansion of
trade. The private sector of Latin American
economies cannot be strengthened unless
markets are available for exports, both com-
modities and manufactured products. The
immediate need is to expand trade between
Latin American countries-which is now only
10 percent of their total trade.
One possible way of increasing this Inter-
country trade would be through the estab-
lishment of an export credit system modeled
on the U.S. Export-Import Bank. Such. a-
system might be worked out through OAS
members, possibly administered through in-.
stitutions such as the Inter-American De-
velopment Bank and/or through the Central
American Bank.
THE BATTLE OF ATTITUDES
Even more important than equipping peo-
ple with the skills needed in a developing
economy is exposing both' youth and adults
to the values- and traditions of a free society.
This in turn will require that special at-
tention be given to the institutions and
media that. shape the -minds of the men
who shape the society-specifically to 'the
university professors, the teachers, to the
textbook writers and publishers, to the writ-
ers, journalists, and news media personnel.
A good example' of progress in this area is
the textbook program supported by AID in
Central America. For the first time, first
and second grade children will have modern
textbooks published, not by Marxist-oriented
presses shipped in from Eastern Europe, but
by pro-Western groups and competent edu-
cators. This program could profitably be
repeated in over, half the countries of the
continent.
Strange and alien as it may sound to North.
American ears, the key to controlling a uni-
versity in many Latin American capitals is
control of the student government. For
years, Communists have had free run of
universities-have had no competition. The
vast majority of students and professors are
non-Communists.. But through organization
Communists have dominated the university
scene. It is now being proven that they can
be beaten through counterorganization.
Marxist influence in the national univer-
sities in Chile, Venezuela, and the Dominican
Republic is now on the decline because the
Christian Democratic student organization
backed by other pro-Western groups, have
organized and have won the student elec-
tions, thereby. gaining control of the student
government. In these instances, democratic
oriented groans have matched the leftwing
groups in zeal, In organization and in per-
severence-all of which are required to win
the intellectual struggle being. waged in the
universities of Central and South America.
We in the United States are beginning to
learn what the Communists have learned
long ago-that resources invested in wooing
and training the future leaders of society,
in all fields, ' will pay high dividends. But
our investment is still a pittance, consider-
ing the. magnitude of the challenge. I for
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one have never heard a convincing explana-
tion of why we have not launched a massive
program to bring Latin American students
and potential leaders to the United States
for training and schooling. By massive, I
mean 10,000 per year. The cost would be less
than that of one modest highway loan, and
the benefit for U.S. foreign policy could not
bs compared.
INFILTRATION OF JOURNALISM
On my trip to the Caribbean area In 1962.
I was favorably Impressed with Improve-
ments In the work of the U.S. Information
Agency; Its activities seem to have a better
sense of proportion and of priority. The
Voice of America broadcasts are better, but
not yet as good as they ought to be, espe-
cially as regards to signal strength. Serv-
ice to local broadcasters has been effectively
strengthened.
In the daily press of many Latin Ameri-
can cities, however, the portrayal of the
United States as the "Yanqui imperialist"
1s continued-or at least goes unchallenged.
It is a well-established fact that journalists,
and radio and TV commentators are regu-
larly trained In Havana and Moscow and
carefully placed in positions In the commu-
nications world. The journalist profession
has been heavily Infiltrated by Marxist
trained writers and It is notorious that some
large U.S. business firms regularly advertise
In the Communist dally that is found In
many capital cities.
HELP FROM THE CHURCH
One of the most hopeful signs in Latin
America in recent years is the renaissance
of the Catholic Church and a new awakening
on the part of the church leaders to the
shocking social and economic problems of
the continent. The farsighted social and
economic plJlosophy of Pope John's recent
social encyclical Mater et Magiatra is being
strongly pushed by the Vatican. Men who
once would have been promoted to mountain
parishes for their advanced views are now
being appointed bishops and cardinals.
Efforts are now being pursued to extend the
programs In education and health in which
the church has long been involved to the
mass of the people. An excellent indication
of the change taking place In the church
in Latin America Is found in the pastoral
letter on "Social Reform and Common Good"
issued in November 1962 by the 24 Roman
Catholic bishops of Chile. The pastoral
letter scathingly criticized existing social and
economic abuses, deplored the Inequality in
distribuiton of incomes, and called on the
government to extend and speed up Its re-
forms and Its social welfare programs. Of-
fering its own example, the church in Chile
is now redistributing most of Its own lands
to local peasants.
Closely related to the new orientation
developing in the church Is the growth of
the Christian democratic movement In
Chile, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic,
Brazil. Argentina, and Panama. Although
currently electorally strong in only two
countries, Chile and Venezuela, these strongly
reformist pro-Western parties have growing
strength in university and labor circles.
Such leaders as Eduardo Frei and Radomiro
Tomic, In Chile, and Ralfael Caldera, in
Venezuela, can be expected to play an In-
creasingly significant role In providing
leadership for progressive democratic forces
in Latin America.
ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
One of the most promising movements
toward economic and political integration is
taking place today in Central America, The
progress of the six small Central American
Republics to achieve economic and political
integration Is especially gratifying in view
of the minimal progress made by the coun-
tries of South America in achieving Integra-
tion through the Latin American free trade
area. President Kennedy's trip to San Jose
In mid-March to confer with the Presidents
of the six Republics Is a grand gesture of the
support we are giving to the Integration
movement.
In order to deal with Central America as a
unit, the United States has established an
AID mission known as ROCAP (Regional
Office Central America and Panama) with
headquarters In Guatemala.
ROCAP Is only a few months old, and its
precise relationship to the U.B. country mis-
sions and to Washington has not yet taken
form, but Its general role is clear: It Is to use
the AID program as a means of encouraging
the Central American economic integration
movement. Similarly, the basic role of the
Central American Bank for Economic Inte-
gration is clear: It is to use credit as an in-
strument of encouraging the movement.
ROCAP has able leadership, it has the strong
support of the U.S. Coordinator of the Alli-
ance for Progress, It has been well received
by Central American leaders. In the alloca-
tion of U.S. funds under the Alliance for
Progress program, this regional mission
should receive high priority.
As It is our policy to promote integration
in Central America. U.B. diplomats and AID
officials assigned to Central American coun-
tries will be expected to endorse and promote
this aim. If the regional mission, the re-
gional bank and the Common Market are the
Instruments chosen to achieve this goal, then
U.S. officials should support them.
I believe the time has come for another
dramatic gesture by the United States-this
time to accelerate the efforts now being made
to achieve economic'and social development
In Central America. I propose that the
United States offer to make available Im-
mediately up to $50 million toward the es-
tablishment of a Regional Integration Trust
Fund to be administered by the Central
American Bank. Because of the preference
of some countries for bilateral aid, the de-
cision on whether to accept the offer would
be made by the governments of the partici-
pating countries. It should be discussed at
the meeting of presidents next week in San
Jose. Costa Rica. The purpose of the fund
would be to initiated new projects and accel-
erate those now underway that contribute
most directly toward economic and political
Integration.
The following discussion of the Cuban
Issue reflects the conversations held with
numbers of Latin American leaders in the
Caribbean and in South America. It should
be recognized, of course, that differences exist
among Latin leaders on this question.
THE THREAT OF TERRORISM
In the case of Latin America today, there
Isan immediate problem which must be dis-
tinguished from the long-range economic,
and social problems which the Alliance is de-
signed to solve. This is the problem of the
external Communist threat from Cuba,
backed by the Soviet Union and China.
Cuba by itself is not a military throat to the
United States, but Cuba as an extension of
Soviet military power is a threat to our secu-
rity. The Cuban threat to Latin America
however Is not mythological but real. In the
immediate sense, It is not economic, but pri-
marily political, propagandistic and para-
military. The threat arises from the fact
that Castro's Cuba, backed by the Soviet
Union and China, has become a forward base
for the subversion of the hemisphere. It is
now a base for indoctrination and training
of hundreds of Latin Americans, including
training in sabotage, terrorism, and guerrilla
tactics. The threat is magnified by the fact
that the aroused peoples of Latin America
are pressuring their governments to meet
basic social and economic problems that have
gone unsolved for centuries.
This systematic attempt to subvert demo-
cratic governments In Latin America Is best
seen In the case of Venezuela. Venezuela
is today the No. 1 Immediate target of
Castro-Communist subversion because the
Alliance for Progress is succeeding there. It
is the immediate target because the sub-
version of Venezuela with Its huge resources
of oil and iron would provide a springboard
for the penetration of the entire- South
American continent. It could convert the
Caribbean Into a Communist sea. The
United States has now made it clear that
these attacks on Venezuela will not be per-
mitted to succeed. They will be repelled-
regardless of cost. Venezuela has top prior-
ity for U.S. support. From Cuba, the Com-
munists have unleashed a continual tor-
rent of intimidation, violence and terror in
Venezuela. It Is no surprise that of the
1.500 persons from Latin America trained
in Cuba In 1962, the largest number have
been Venezuelans.
Venezuela has withstood attacks from the
radical right and Communist conspirators
because its democratic government has been
capable of defending itself against armed at-
tack from within and because its action
programs In economic and social betterment
command popular allegiance. It Is obvious
to the Betancourt government and to the
United States that ? to cope with such at-
tacks. economic aid alone is not sufficient-
ly effective. Meeting the threat requires
measures which are primarily paramilitary,
political and propagandistic. All of these
programs are designed to provide a shield of
security behind which the Alliance for Prog-
ress can develop. They are essential to re-
pulse the Immediate threat to the stability
and internal security that are necessary if
the long-term Alliance for Progress eco-
nomic programs are to succeed.
In considering the Communist problem In
relation to the Alliance for Progress, we
must therefore always bear in mind the dis-
tinction between the two salient Commu-
nist threats in the Western Hemisphere: (1)
the appeal of the Communist economic mod-
el as a solution to the economic needs of im-
poverished people; (2) the attempt of a
Communist regime (i.e., Cuba) and Commu-
nist groups within Latin American coun-
tries to subvert non-Communist govern-
ments through armed attack, internal ter-
ror and sabotage and propaganda.
The economic threat cannot be met by
military solutions-but rather by effective
mobilization of resources and accomplish-
ment of reforms by local governments, com-
bined with U.S. help in the form of foreign
aid loans. Food for Peace, the Peace Corps
and technical assistance. The subversion
and terrorism problem requires specific po-
litical and Internal security measures. Vio-
lence and subversion in Latin America can-
not be defeated by relying wholly on the
elimination of hunger, poverty and disease.
A POLICY ON CUBA
The United States has made it clear that
our policy is to eliminate Castroism. The
Cuban satellite will never be permitted to
gain the status of an Eastern European sat-
ellite. Here the commitment itself is more
Important than the particular means and
methods chosen to implement the commit-
ment.
At the same time, it is important that
throughout Cuba and all Latin America It
Is clearly understood that we want the Cas-
tro-Communist tyranny to be replaced with
a progressive government, that we will not
tolerate a rightwing dictatorship. A Cuban
Government dedicated to political liberty and
economic and social reform ,will have the
flan support of the United States, just as
the progressive government of Venezuela
does today.
We must emphasize again and again that
the United States Is dedicated to the welfare
of the Cuban people. Although our Govern-
ment has placed high prior,,}}ty in getting this
message to the Cubans thgmselves (and was
particularly successful at the time of the
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1963 ' CONGRESSIONAL
Cuban crisis. In October 1962) a good share
of the American public has been so pre-
occupied with the Castro military threat that
it has given too little thought to considera-
tion of a program for post-Castro Cuba.
Our goal must be a free Cuba participating
in-the Alliance for Progress working for eco-
nomic progress, better health, housing, and
education-as well as political liberty.
Latin Americans are acutely aware of be-
ing under attack. They sometimes express
the feeling that North Americans are mes-
merized by Cuba as a military threat, where-
as they feel the real war with communism
goes on year after year at every level of ac-
tivity. They are as concerned about the
young Brazilian who returns from the Soviet
Union, Cuba, or China to enter the journal-
istic profession as they are about the .young
Peruvian who comes back trained for guer-
rilla warfare in the Andes.,
In describing the degree of infiltration of
Communist-trained opinionmakers into the
.press, radio, TV and other areas of Latin
American life, a perceptive Brazilian con-
eluded that over the past decade the Latin
American Republics had already received the
billionth bullet in the Communist assault,
Our Latin American friends rightly re-
mind us that the Communist problem ex-
isted in Latin America long before Castro
came to power in Cuba. The Communist
Party has been operating in Latin America
for decades, and the threat of communism
has been growing because the shocking eco-
nomic and social problems in so many of
these countries.have gone unsolved.
Even if -Castro and communism should be
removed from Cuba, this would not elim-
inate from the Western Hemisphere the
problems of Communist terror, subversion
and psychological warfare, nor solve the
terrible economic and social ills that plague
vast areas of Central and South America.
We must keep in mind that Cuba, however
important, is only a part of the total prob-
lem; part of the total challenge we face in
Latin America.
If the Alliance for Progress is to succeed
In meeting the staggering problems of pov-
erty, Illiteracy, maldistribution of wealth,
and economic stagnation in vast areas In
Latin America, we must administer and sup-
port - the Alliance with the same sense of
urgency that presently motivates our think-
ing about Cuba.
We are. obliged to take note- of the dif-
fering attitudes toward Cuba among. Latin
American countries. The governments of
the countries on the South American cone,
plus Brazil and Mexico, will continue to be
under strong pressure from well-organized
groups to oppose firm measures against Cas-
tro. Most Latin American leaders in the
Caribbean - area, on the other hand, will
firmly support a strong policy although dif-
fering sharply on tactics. In my conversa-
tions with leaders of the Caribbean coun-
tries, I was repeatedly told that Castro had
lost much of the popular. appeal that he
may once have had, and that public opinion
regards his government as a dangerous men-
ace to be eliminated, rather than as a model
to be copied. But they look to the United
States for leadership. I am hopeful that the
guidelines of a common policy with respect
to the Cuban problemwill be agreed to in
San Jose at the meeting of the Presidents.
In implementing such a common policy -
toward Communist-Castro Cuba, we must
recognize that our leaders require wide lati-
tude in choosing means, tactics, and timing.
The national interest is not served by emo-
tional and flamboyant public speeches, but
rather by cooperative planning, cold reckon-
ing, and persistent action to solve the Cuban
problem. - - -
. Mr. HUMPHREY. I should like to
invite the attention of my colleagues
4505
particularly to the contents of this report nism and Castroism from spreading through-
on the organizational structure of the out Latin America. In the Central Ameri-
AID administration and the problems can nations, he has a good starting place.
which exist in the administration of our As Representative MARTHA GRIFFITHS re-
ported after her December trip to the area,
Alliance for Progress program. I have these six nations-Panama, Costa Rica, El
called for the same sense of urgency in Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Hon-
carrying out this program that we have duras-are largely ignored in the rest of the
in our concern over Cuba. world. They are, in varying degrees, desper-
We ought to recognize that whether - ately poor, and their main export crop,
or not the Communists ever gained a coffee, has suffered a 30- to 40-percent price
foothold in Cuba, the social and econom- Some of the nations, in fact, are so poor
is problems of South and Central Amer- that they can hardly afford the temporary
ica would be with us. The problems we drop in tax revenue that a sensible tax reform
face today result from years of neglect, program would bring. Instead, to get work-
years of tyranny, despotism, and aristoc- ing cash, they have to rely on a jerry-built
racy. Therefore, we are now trying to program of high excise taxes on such things
do in a very few years what should have . as cablegrams and slaughtering licenses.
been underway for decades. Also I have In Panama, rural roads are so bad, she
pointed out in the report the importance said, that it takes a farmer longer to get his
of our private investments and private . goods the 7 miles to market than it did for
John Glenn to circle the earth. In Hon-
enterprise in the Latin American area. 'auras, there are no roads in the eastern half
I believe that some of the observations of the country, and even the Inter-American
on the economic integration movement -Highway is far fromthe economic center.
in Central America are worthy of our Instead of being able to use Alliance for
thoughtful consideration. Progress funds for developing industries, the
The Central American Republics have money must go first for roads,
possibly done more than any other area In addition, we have long ignored the
in the world, save Western Europe, to Central American nations in favor first of
urri Asia ngg ; the and era a then of of the go America,
Europe, a program of economic Integra- Since nce 1 1 -939, then d. during,
the good nefgh-
tion and of a common market.- They bor policy, U.S. disbursements to Central
have made great progress. They have America, partly in loans already repaid, have
competent, experienced, intelligent lead- come to only $14.10 per person, or 56 cents
ers who are doing their very best to a year. - -
bring about a more stable, just, and Mrs. GRIFFITHS found that these nations
progressive society in this hemisphere. need to do major work on improving their
Mr. President, on the same subject higher 'education programs, both in the
caliber of the work and the role of the uni-
matter,. I also wish to -invite the atten- varsities. Five of the six nations, excluding
tion of Senators to an editorial entitled Panama, have begun to pool their graduate
"Castro: Time Waster for Latin Con- level studies, but this Isonly a beginning.
ference," which appeared in the Detroit A further problem facing these countries-
Free Press, of Tuesday, March 19. It and us-is the simple problem of how to give -
relates to the report by Representative or lend our money. When we get into aid
proams,
ead fl t. we do not dip a toe, but plunge
MARTHA GRIFFITHS, on her recent trip h
into the Latin American area. Repre- There are, for example, six agencies in the
sentative GRIFFITHS traveled in Panama, tiny country of Costa Rica borrowing or
Costa Rica, El Salvador, -Nicaragua, begging from six different U.S. agencies.
Guatemala, and Honduras during De- -- Add on the international lending agencies
cember of this past year, and the United Nations, and - there are 15
Her report made a very favorable im- channels of U.S. -assistance, many working
pact upon Members of the House -and without knowing what the others are doing,
upon those persons who were privileged and some even working at- cross-purposes.
that much of er- money
to receive it. I commend Representa- It is no wonder
is wasted, while le the r rich get richer-and the
tive GRIFFITHS on the very fine report poor get poorer. - - -
of her study mission and journey. I To begin on these problems is as much as-
commend the Detroit Free Press for the the Presidents of the six nations, plus Mr.
thoughtful and constructive editorial Kennedy, can do in the short and formal
that relates to this report and to all the time alloted to the San Jose meeting.
problems that we face in Latin America. It is all well and good that the six Latin
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- Presidents want a declaration of opposition
Castro. to have the editorial printed at this w. But the conference be a
time Is spent discussing wshow
point in the RECORD, to waste to him.
get rid of hThere being no objection, the editorial Their most effective way, ` as -President
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, - Kennedy said, is to solve their own problems,
as follows: so that the seeds of Castro's communism
CASTRO A TIME WASTER FOR. LATIN CONFERENCE cannot find fertile soil in Central America.
Telling the Central American nations to THE STATE DEPARTMENT AND BRAZIL -
forget about Castro for the moment and con- Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President,
centrate on their own problems, as President since we are speaking on matters re-
Kennedy did yesterday, is like telling junior lating to South and Central America, I
to quit tattling on sister and clean up his
own room. should like to -take theState Depart-
.
Junior may not like it, but mother knows meet to task for just a moment for what
best. I consider to- be a rather amateurish,
Without running the real risk of war, unprecedented and, I believe, unwar-
there is not much the United States or the ranted handling of very difficult -- and
Central American nations' can do about com- sensitive relationships ' between - our
munism within Cuba right now. The Pros- ,Country and Brazil,
ident is doing about as well as anyone can
expect. I cannot imagine how this situation
The real question, which the President developed. To say that the Government
wants to -deal with, is how to keep commu- of Brazil was being Infiltrated by Com-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE March 21
monists, and to say so In the public press,
does little to help our efforts to improve
our relationships in Latin America.
There is a time and a place for mak-
ing statements of tha'. kind If we believe
them and if we have evidence to sup-
port them. If other so-called friendly
governments were to make that kind of
charge about our country, we would be
very much disturbed, and rightly so. it
is not a good idea for the officials of one
country to inject themselves into the
internal politics of another country,
publicly at least, We had ways of doing
this through our embassies and our
diplomatic missions. But, as many of
the newspapers in our country have
noted, there was little to be gained and
much to be lost by the rather crude and
abrupt public comments upon the situa-
tion in Brazil. The Brazilian Republic
has many problems. As a fellow member
of the OAS we have every right to be
concerned about those problems- If
Brazil should fall by the wayside or
should fall into the lap of the Castrottes
and Communists, the Alliance for Prog-
ress would surely fail. Not only that.
but the security of our hemisphere would
be seriously jeopardized.
There are many men in the Govern-
ment of Brazil today-and I know some
of them-who are as deeply dedicated
to the principles of freedom and democ-
racy as is anyone iii our country.
I ask unanimous consent that the edi-
torial which appeared in the Washing-
ton Post of recent days be printed at
this point in my remarks.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD.
as follows:
DEALING WITH BUZ=L
Whatever the chill wind from Puris, there
is at least one rift in this country's historic
alliances that can and should be promptly
repaired. Few countries in the world have
been older friends and allies than Brazil, the
giant Republic of South America. which,
more than any other. may determine the
success of the Alliance for Progress. For
more than 2 years there has been static in
United States-Brazilian relations, a melan-
choly outbreak of petty vexations in which
an insistence on being right on small things
has obscured larger common goals.
Fortunately. with the visit of Francisco
Clementino San Tiago Dantas, Brazil's pow-
erful Minister of Finance, there is at hand
an opportunity for a fresh start. Mr. Dantas.
a pragmatic liberal leftist of formidable gifts,
brings an important distinction to his mis-
sion. He represents an administration that
has the power (and hopefully) the will to
govern. Last January, the voters gave Presi-
dent Goulart the full executive powers that
had been withheld from him 2 years before
when he succeeded the erratic Janto Quadros.
The overriding hope in this country is that
Mr. Goulart will use this power to cope re-
sponsibly with the single most pressing eco-
nomic problem in Brazil-uncontrolled in-
flation. Though Brazil has had a dramatic
rate of economic growth, fiscal Insolvency
has eaten away at the fruits of development.
Everyone acknowledges this. To his credit,
President Goulart has begun the task of re-
form. Brazil's anti-inflation program calls
for a 35-percent cut in public expenditures.
an elimination of subsidies for fuel and
wheat, credit ceilings on Bank of Brazil loans
to private firms, an internal price freeze on
coffee and wage limitations for governement
employees.
In the past months, Brazil has received
ample and unsolicited criticism In the Unit-
ed States fo} its failure to set Its house in
order, What Brazil now needs is support
and encouragement in carrying out an anti-
inflation program that is long overdue. Spe-
cifically, Mr. Dantas is seeking to reschedule
debt payments and release $84 million in aid
money held up by the United States pend-
ing a genuine counterattack on inflation.
But what Brazil also needs in an amrma-
tive attitude in the United States based on
an understanding of life and politics In a
swiftly changing country. Brazil is not a
banana republic and Is on the threshold of
great power status. It is foolish to expect
Brazil to see eye-to-eye on the details of
foreign policy, yet the amount of noise
aroused by dissent on specifics has tended to
obscure solidarity on fundamentals. When
the Cuban crisis shook the world last Oc-
tober, there was no question of where Brazil
stood.
As elsewhere In Latin America, there is an
exotic spectrum of left-wing politics in
Brazil. There are men like Mr. Dantas who
describe themselves as liberal leftists. There
are netlonalists who want free enterprise at
home but anti-American policy abroad.
There are Moscow Communists and Castro
Communists, and some of these, as our Am-
bassador, Lincoln Gordon, accurately re-
ported, are In the government.
But no responsible U.S. official, emphati-
cally including Mr. Gordon, would describe
the government of Brazil as pro-Communist.
The places of power are held by non-Com-
munists, leaders whose influence will grow If
Brazil prospers. it is this vigorous center,
speaking for a burgeoning middle class, that
should get more attention than the fanatic
fringe. By dealing justly and generously
with Brazil. by remembering that the overall
terms of trade have tipped to Barztl's dis-
advantage, and by viewing Brazil in conti-
nental perspective, the United States can
now give new strength to a faltering part-
nership.
SEISMIC CALCULATIONS SUPPORT
U.S. TEST BAN PROPOSAL
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I
had hoped that I might present for the
RECORD of the Senate earlier today some
observations on recent statements that
have been made by Members of Congress,
as well as other citizens, concerning the
U.S. proposals at the nuclear test ban
conference in Geneva.
,I should like to comment today on the
seismic calculations that support the U.S.
test-ban proposals.
It has been alleged that there is a
big hole in our present proposals for a
nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet
Union. I would like to point out a few
rather substantial holes in this un-
warranted attack on the administra-
tion's proposals for an effective and safe-
guarded halt to the further testing of
nuclear weapons.
The opponents of the U.S. proposal
now assert that underground nuclear ex-
plosions below 3 kilotons carried out
more than 620 miles inside the borders
of the Soviet Union could not be detected
by the U.S.-operated network of control
posts, which would be located around the
periphery of the Soviet Union but out-
side its borders. In order to create this
so-called big hole or zone of undetectabil-
ity, three assumptions have been made,
none of which stands up under close
analysis.
My colleagues will recall that about 3
days ago a map appeared in one of the
local newspapers, showing a picture of
the Soviet Union and an area within the
center of the Soviet Union called the
zone of undetectability, or the big hole
in the proposals of the United States
at Geneva.
The map was not drawn very well. As
I said earlier, it was a poor example of
map drawing. The geographical aspects
were even more unlikely and inadequate.
As I said, there were three assump-
tions which had been made, none which
stands up under close analysis.
First, it is assumed that our detection
capability necessarily decreased as the
distance of the detection station from
the location of the clandestine test in-
creased. This assumption is not based
on scientific fact.
The truth is that our capabilities to de-
tect underground nuclear explosions at
long range are frequently better than our
capabilities to detect the same explosions
at shorter ranges. This is due to the
characteristics of the seismic waves
which are generated by an underground
nuclear explosion and the manner in
which these waves pass from the point
of detonation through the earth's crust
or mantle to the detection station. For
example, detection capability actually
increases from about 2,000 to 3,000 miles.
As a matter of fact, two relatively simple
seismic stations located 2,000 and 2,500
miles away from our Nevada test site
detected most of the 3 kiloton under-
ground shots which have occurred in the
dry desert dirt at the site. Improved
equipment at these two stations would
certainly have permitted detection of
even smaller explosions.
These significant discoveries as well
as overall improvements in our long-
range detection capabilities have been
the result of the continuing research ef-
fort in the field of the seismology of
nuclear explosions-an effort which has
been carried on by the Department of
Defense since 1959.
The second assumption upon which
the "big hole" argument is based is that
the explosions of 3 kilotons or less would
occur in a type of dry sandy soil known
as alluvium. The proponents of this
theory seem to recognize that tests in
harder rock would Increase the size ofthe
seismic signals generated by the explo-
sion, and therefore increase its detecta-
bility. This Soviet Union, however, con-
tains precious little of the required type
of soil to muffle the 3-kiloton tests. in
fact, according to a U.S. Geological Sur-
vey map, no dry alluvium beds are to be
found more than 620 miles inside the
Soviet Union, which, according to the
theory, would be the distance required
to be outside the range of detectability.
The two relatively small areas where soil
of this alluvium type is shown to exist
are both within 500 miles of the southern
border of the Soviet Union.
Moreover, testing in this dry, loose soil
creates many more hazards of external
detection than does testing in other more
substantial types of rock. In order to
prevent a large cavity clearly visible on
the earth's surface, tests in alluvium
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