ANTI-SEMITIC POLICIES OF THE SOVIET UNION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200190013-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2010
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: September 25, 1963
• Content Type: OPEN

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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?HOUSE
from $20 per month for second lieutenants,
to $30 a month for first lieutenants, $40 a
month for captains, and $50 a month for
majors. The Senate receded from this por-
tion of the amendment.
2. The Senate amendment increased the
pay of officers With over 2 years of service
serving in grades from second lieutenant to
lieutenant colonel.
(a) The House bill provided base pay for
second lieutenants of $280 a month with
over 2 years of service; the Senate amend-
ment provides $300 a month for these officers.
First lieutenants with over 3 years of serv-
ice received $420 a month under the House
bill and $450 under the Senate amendment.
Captains with over 8 years of service re-
ceived $540 a Month under the House bill
and $565 a month under the Senate amend
Ment.
Majors with over 14 years of service re-
ceived $666 a month under the House bill,
and $830 per month under the Senate
amendment.
(b) The Senate amendment continued the
special pay scale for commissioned officers
with over 4 years of prior service as enlisted
personnel. The House bill deleted this
special pay scale.
The increases for this group run from $10
per month for second lieutenants with over
4 years of service, to $20 per month under
the Senate amendment for the captain with
-over 20 years of service,
(c) The Senate amendment added in-
creases over those contained in the House
bill, in the enlisted grades, for the E-4 with
over 4 years of service ($5 per month); E-5
with over 6 years of service ($5 per month);
E-6 with over 14 years of service ($5 per
Month); and E-7s with over 14 years of serv-
ice ($5 per month). The House receded to
the Senate increases over those contained in
the House bill,
3, The Senate amendment provided an in-
crease in special pay for physicians and
dentists which was not contained in the
House bill.
Under present law, physicians and dentists
receive $100 a month special pay upon enter-
ing the service.
Physicians and dentists who have com-
pleted at least 2 years, but less than 6
years of service, receive $150 a month special
pay.
Physicians and dentists with at least 6 but
less than 10 years of service receive special
pay of $200 a month.
Physicians and dentists with 10 or more
years of service receive $250 a month special
pay.
The Senate amendment raises special pay
for physicians and dentists at the 6-year
point from $200 to $250 a month; and from
$250 to $350 at the 10-year point. The House
receded.
4. The Senate amendment deleted all in-
creases in subsistence allowances.
The House bill provided subsistence in-
creases of $3.12 per month for officers, and
an average of a little under $7 per month for
enlisted personnel. The House receded.
6. The Senate amendment retains the hos-
.11e fire provision providing $55 a month, but
rliminated that portion of the House bill
which made this provision retroactive to Jan-
aary 1, 1961. The House receded,
6. The Senate amendment retains sea pay
es now provided in law but provides that f or-
lgn duty pay will be permissive rather than
aandatory.
The amendment gives the Secretary of De-
ense the authority to authorize this pay in
-cations outside the continental United
tates that he selects. The House receded.
7. The Senate amendment retained the
raise provision which provides for a family
paration allowance of $30 a month, but
Iminated that portion which authorized
Beers to receive one-third of the basic al-
Neatiee for an officer without dependents.
25 YEAR RE-REVIEW
The House receded to that portion of the
Senate amendment.
8. The Senate amendment added a provi-
sion which authorizes officers in the grade of
major and above who are without depend-
ents to elect not to occupy Government
quarters even though they are available, and
at the same time be eligible to receive their
quarters allowances.
There was no comparable House provision.
The House receded.
9. The Senate amendment deleted that
portion of the House bill which would have
made the new pay scales applicable to all per-
sons who retire during calendar year 1963.
The Senate receded with an amendment to,
the effect that any person retiring between
April 1, 1963, and before the effective date of
the proposed legislation will be authorized to
cOmfiute his retirement pay under the new
pay scales. The language agreed to by the
conferees is not intended as a precedent for
future pay increases.
10. Under the House bill, persons retired
prior to June 1, 1958, who are paid retired
pay under the Career Compensation Act,
would have been permitted to recompute
their retirement pay under existing pay
scales, and in addition receive a 5-percent
increase.
Under the Senate amendment, these indi-
viduals will be entitled to recomputation
under existing pay scales, or a 5-percent cost
of living increase, based upon their present
retirement pay, whichever is greater. The
House receded.
11. The Senate amendment deleted that
part of the House bill which would have au-
thorized the Commandant of the Coast
Guard to receive the basic pay provided for
members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The
House receded.
12. Under the House bill, permanent pro-
fessors at the Military and Air Force Acad-
emies received two new basic pay increments
after 31 and 36 years of service.
The House amendment provided monthly
pay of $1,165 for colonels with over 31 years
of service (as opposed to a maximum of
$1,085 per month for all other colonels with
over 26 years of service), and $1,235 per
month for permanent professors with over
36 years of service.
The Senate deleted these proposed incre-
ments for permanent professors.
The Senate receded with an amendment to
the effect that permanent professors at the
Military and Air Force Academies would be--
entitled to a supplemental pay increment of
$250 per month while serving as professors,
after 36 years of service for pay purposes.
Under this language permanent professors
with 36 years of service or more will draw the
basic pay of colonels with 30 or more years
of service,, but, in addition, will receive a
pay supplement of $250 a month while serv-
ing as permanent professors. Upon retire-
ment, however, they will compute their re-
tirement pay on the basis of colonels with
30 years or more of service.
13. The House bill repealed the authority
to provide responsibility pay for certain
officers.
The Senate amendment deleted the pro-
vision in the House bill which sought to re-
peal the authority to pay responsibility pay.
The House receded,
14. The House bill contained a provision
requiring 1 year of continuous active duty
following recall of retired personnel in or-
der to recompute under any higher rates
which might be in effect at the time the
individual is reretired.
The Senate amendment required that in
order to recompute at the time on officer re-
retires, he must serve at least 2 years con-
tinuously under the new higher rates fol-
lowing recall in order to recompute under
any higher rates which may be in effect.
The Senate receded with an amendment to
the effect that persons serving on active duty
17201
on the effective date of the act may com-
pute their retirement pay under the new pay
scales if they hav.e served 1 year or more of
continuous active duty following recall, but
persons recalled to active duty after the ef-
fective date of this act must serve on con-
tinuous active duty for 2 or more years fol-
lowing recall.
15. The House bill provided that the pay
increase would become effective on Octo-
ber 1, 1963, or on the first day of the first
month after enactment, whichever is later.
The Senate amendment provides that the
pay increase will become effective on Octo-
ber 1, 1963. The House receded.
COST
The House bill, involved an annual cost of
$1,222,345,000 for the Department of De-
fense. The original proposal submitted by
the Department of Defense involved a con-
templated expenditure of $1,243,000,000.
The Senate amendment contemplated an
annual expenditure of $1,227,330,000, or
$4,985,000 more than the House-passed bill.
The conference report involves an annual
estimated cost of $1,213,000,000, or $30,000,-
000 under the Department of Defense pro-
posal, and $892,500,000 for the remainder of
fiscal year 1964, or $7,500,000 under the Presi-
dent's budget.
L. MENDEL RIVERS,
PHILIP J. PHILBIN,
F. EDW, IIABERT,
ARTHUR WINSTEAD,
WALTER NORDLAD,
WILLIAM BATES,
WILLIAM G. BRAT,
Managers on the Part of the House.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Mr. KORNEGAY. Mr. Speaker, my
colleague, the gentleman from North
Carolina, BASIL L. WHITENER, is attend-
ing the International Textile Exposition
at Hanover, Germany, together with a
large delegation of prominent North
Carolina textile executives. He is for
the passage of H.R. 8363 and has au-
thorized me to say that if he had been
here today he would have voted for it.
ELECTION OF MEMBER TO A STAND-
ING COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mr. BROMWELL. Mr. Speaker, on
behalf of the minority leader [Mr. HAL-
LEM] , I send a privileged resolution to
the desk and ask for its immediate con-
sideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
Resolved That Richard S. Schweiker, of
Pennsylvania, be, and he is hereby, elected
a member of the standing committee of the
House of Representatives on Armed
Services.
The resolution (H. Res. 534) was
agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
TO BIGOTRY NO SANCTION
(Mr. BARRY (at the request of Mr.
BROMWELL) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BARRY. Mr. Speaker, today I
am introducing a bill providing that the
George Washington 5-cent stamp be re-
designed to include the immortal words,
"To Bigotry No Sanction."
Our first President, George Washing-
ton, used this phrase to express the fun-
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GONGRESSTONTAL RECOrtri 1-- 110115E
re eons Treedoin
'Wit-letter to the Jewish Con-
'tir-Nelniort, RI. His words
chosen. In four words, he
linf the great underlying prin-
ciples of our Re-Public.
By enacting this legislation, the Con-
gress can give- the world a daily re-
Minder of America's belief in religious
and racial tolerance. The depraved
bombing in Birmingham and religious
persecution in South Vietnam call for
new exPression of our traditional belief
In fair play for all.
Although atoneirient for the sad events
In Birmingham andSouth Vietnam nec-
essarily' rests in the hands of the execu-
tive and judiciary, nevertheless Con-
are= can at Feast give expression to the
national ideal through adoption of this
I111. Mottos reflect the aspirations of
nations.
This bill is similar to one introduced
. by the distinguished gentleman from
Connecticut Mir. Sr. ONCE! who de-
serves Credit for initiating this legisla-
tion in the House.
(Mr. WITYNALL (at the request of Mr.
Beostwetr) W88 given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RSCOND and include extraneous matter.)
iikir,IVILMTALL'S- remarks will appear
the ppendix
Wlee ip.fri'
..UNION
NITINSKI (at the request of
Mr. tRottvtEtt) was given permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
R,zeogo and Include extraneous matter.'
'Mr. DlERWEvISKI. Mr Speaker, much
Is being said in a Cleverly organized fash-
ion concerning the East-West thaw and
the Validity of coexistence with the Soviet
It is well for us to point out that de-
spite the smiles, the objective of the So-
viet nion as it directs the international
Communist conspiracy is to deprive all
the people of the world of their free-
To demonstrate the consistent Corn:
=Mist activity in this field. I submit for
the REcoab an article which appeared in
the BepteMber 24 edition of the New
York Herald Tribune, dealing with the
anti-Sernitic policies of -the Soviet Union.
As 'additional illustration, I place into
the RECOab? as part of my remarks a
resolution passed at the Eighth National
Convention of the Catholic League for
Religious Assistance to Poland, which
discusses the persecution of the Catholic
religion by the Polish Communist
Government.
These two items, Mr. Speaker, prove
beyond an doubt that Communist poli-
cies remain unchanged, and that the
present administration is moving in the
direction of committing an even more
tragic series of blunders than Chamber-
lain at Munich, Roosevelt at Yalta. and
Truman at Potsdam:
!Prom the New 'Tort Herald Tribune. Sept.
24, 19631
OF THE
Jsman Leanint's PLEA
Dr. Israel Goldstein, honorary vice presi-
dent of the World Jewish Congress, yesterday
appaitleartifrleaders of the Soviet Union to
repudiate -the anti-Semitic phases of the
Stalin terror- against the 2.5 million Jews
in Russia.
The World Congress leader, who has lust
returned from a 1-month tour of Russia,
Hungary. Poland and Rumania, spoke at the
local offices of the organization, 15 East
84th Street.
Be said he had found that Russian Jews
did not share in "the liberalization policy
initiated by Khrushchev" and unless this
unequal treatment is corrected "public
opinion will be driven to the conclusion that
there is a calculated plan on the part of the
regime to liquidate Judaism and Jewish
culture. This would be cultural and spiritual
genocide."
He asked that the Soviet regime permit
Jewish congregations to establish a central
Jewish religious address and to choose their
own religious and lay leaders, with Jewish
leaders being allowed to visit Jewish con-
ferences abroad and Jewish leaders outside
Russia permitted to visit religious confer-
ences in the 11:15.711. .
Dr. Goldstein also sought permission to
train more religious students In Moscow, and
for a larger reprinting of the Jewish prayer-
book. He asked for a cessation of arrests and
imprisonment of those who bake and sell
Matzoth or unleavened bread, release of
those arresdy in-rested, and creation of fa-
cilities to bake this bread for the coming
Passover. He appealed for the right of Jews
to have separate burial grounds, as in the
old cemeteries.
He said that the Russian press treats the
names of those arrested for economic crimes
In a way that reflects unfairly on the Jewish
minority, seeking to distort and exaggerate
Jewish involvement in these crimes.
In a talk last night on anti-Semitism in
the Soviet Union, Representative LEONARD
A. Fanesriarn Democrat, of New York, re-
vealed that he was visited last week by Ana-
ton, G. Mishkov, First Secretary of the Soviet
Embassy in Washington. In pursuit of "estab-
lishing better relations" with this country,
"I told him I certainly favored better re-
lations but asked, 'Why do you permit these
irritations?' and 'Why don't you tell your
Government to stop this persecution of
Jews?'" Mr. PARRSTEIN related to the Far-
band-Labor Zionist Order at Its headquar-
ters. 575 Sixth Avenue, that a blot is put
on better relations as long as Americans
hear reports of synagogue closings, the ban
on the baking of matzoth (unleavened bread
for Passover), the arrest and trial of Jews
who baked matzoth on the charge of alleged
black Marketeering and the so-called eco-
nomic trials of the last year and a half.
Mr. PARBSTEIN appealed to the fraternal
organization to ask "all (Jewish) coreligion-
ists to file a formal protest" with Soviet au-
thorities against repressions directed against
Soviet Jews.
DELEGATES TO THE EIGHTH NATIONAL CONVEN-
TION OF THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE FOR RELIGIOUS
ASSISTANCE TO POLAND, lame IN GREEN BAY,
WIS., ON Aucusr 6, 7. AND 8. 1963, UNANI-
MOUSLY ACCEPT RESOLUTIONS
1. With proper humility we profess our
filial devotion to His Holiness Pope Paul VI,
Christ's vicar on earth. We express our
heartfelt gratitude for the paternal apostolic
blessing which His Holiness imparted to all
participating in the deliberations of this
Eighth National Convention of the Catholic
League for Religious Assistance to Poland.
2 To the President of the United States,
John F. Kennedy, we reaffirm our pledge of
love and loyalty to this Nation and Its Gov-
ernment. As citizens of this country, we
remain ever mindful of the splendid means
and freedom of opportunity this land affords
'us whereby we are enabled to assist those
less fortunate than we.
3. To his excellency Archbishop Egidio
September
Vagnozzi, apostolic delegate to the United
States, we express our deep appreciation for
his sympathetic interest in the activities of
the Catholic League for Religious Assistance
to Poland.
4. To the Most Reverend William E.
Cousins, archbishop of Milwaukee, we con-
yea,' our thankfulness for welcoming this con-
vention Into his province, for gracing its
opening with his presence, and for his words
of encouragement.
5. To the Most Reverend Stantslaus V.
Bona. bishop of Green Bay and beloved
senior member of the Episcopal Committee
of the Catholic League for Religious Assist-
ance to Poland, we tender our affectionate
gratitude for the time and guidance he un-
stintingly gave in making preparations for
this convention, and for his being a perfect
host.
Furthermore, on the occasion of the golden
Jubilee of his priesthood, and 30th anniver-
sary of his Episcopacy, we humbly offer hint
our prayerful esteem, respect, and admira-
tion. May God continue to bless and keep
him in His loving care.
6. To the Most Reverend Stephen S. Woz-
nick!, bishop of Saginaw, for the inspiring
sermon he prepared for the solemn pontifical
mass which opened this convention, we ex-
press our sincere praise and admiration, and
as a token of our feelings we call upon the
*executive secretary to send an appropriate
message, to be signed by all the delegates,
expressing our prayerful wishes that God
may quickly grant robust health to his ex-
cellency. Furthermore, on the occasion of
the silver jubilee of his episcopacy, we extend
our joyful felicitations and sincere wishes
for God's bountiful blessings.
7. To the Episcopal Directors of the Cath-
olic League for Religious Assistance to Po-
land: namely, the Most Reverend John J.
Krol, archbishop of Philadelphia, and to the
Most Reverend Bishops: Stanislaus V. Bona,
Stephen S. Woznicki, Thomas L. Noa, Henry
'T. Klonowski, Roman T. Atkielski, Alexander
M. Zaleski, and Aloysius J. Wycislo, we ac-
knowledge our profound gratitude for the
interest, solicitude, and devotion they mani-
fest for the welfare of the Catholic League
and the success of its undertakings.
8. We are also deeply grateful to the
American hierarchy for its effective interest
and sympathy with the activities of the
Catholic League.
9. We acknowledge a tremendous debt of
thanks to the Very Reverend Monsignor
Alfred L. Abramowicz, the national executive
secretary of the Catholic League, for his
untiring and zealous performance of the
duties of that office.
10. We are mindful of our increasing debt
of gratitude to Mr. John F. Aszkler, the
national president of the Catholic League,
and Mrs. Catherine Bajek, vice president,
for their many years of conscientious and
self-sacrificing service rendered In their
offices.
II. Finally, we expres our appreciation to
Rt. Rev. Monsignor Chester A. Ropella, gen-
eral chairman of the preconvention com-
mittee, and to all the members of that com-
mittee for expediting the planning and
arrangements for this convention in a
praiseworthy manner. We are sincerely
grateful to the respective proper authorities
for hospitably placing at our convenience
the facilities at St. Francis Xavier Cathedral,
St. Mary of the Angeles Parish, and the Green
Bay Register, the Franciscan Fathers of
Pulaski, Wis.
12. Whereas In the practice of their Cath-
olic religion, the faithful people of Poland
continue to face tremendous obstacles in
the form of insidious propaganda, numerous
inane restrictions, artincally created short-
ages of supplies, and onerous taxation;
Whereas this relentless harassment of
religion places the Catholic Church in Po-
land in an embarrassing position in which,
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1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
through no fault of its own, it is unable
to satisfy its many needs; and
Whereas charity?love of God and love of
neighbor?is the very essence of Christianity,
upon which our civilization must rest if it
Is to survive: Therefore be it
Resolved. That we reaffirm to the people
of Poland our onenes with them in the Mys-
tical Body of Christ and pledge to them our
prayers and our substance in goming to their
assistance so that they may with dignity
exercise their Catholic faith.
13. Whereas the Catholic religion has been
a mainspring of the Polish nation through-
out its thousand-year history; and
Whereas today this same Catholic religion,
the very lifeblood of the Polish nation, is
endangered because it is not permitted to
flourish free and unhampered: Therefore
belt
Resolved, That we, in the name of the
more than 6 million fellow citizens of Polish
ancestry in the United States of America,
call upon the Government of Poland-
1. To recognize and acknowledge the fact
of history that Catholicism is an integral
part of Polish culture and the wellspring of
Poland's noblest deeds;
2. To guarantee complete religious freedom
to the people of Poland.
Most Rev. Stanislaus V. Bona, D.D.,
Bishop of Green Bay; John F. Aszkler;
Rev. Joseph Prusinski, C.R.; Mother
Mary Benjamin, S.S.J.; Sister Mary
Jolanta, C.S.S.P.; Rt. Rev. Msgr. Peter
P. Walkowiak; Rev. Theodore A.
Zaremba, O.P.M.; Rt. Rev. Msgr.
Edward J. Smaza.
THE THIRD LIBRARY OF CON-
GRESS BUILDING IN THE NA-
TION'S CAPITAL
(Mr. WIDNALL (at the request of Mr.
BROMWELL) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. WIDNALL. Mr. Speaker, I take
occasion to call attention to an article
published in the September 25, 1963, is-
sue of Roll Call newspaper, Washington,
D.C., entitled "Library, Monument, or
Park?"
This article deals in considerable de-
tail with the third Library of Congress
Building, and the $39 million memorial
_ proposed to honor President James
Madison.
The article follows:
LIBRARY, MONUMENT, OR PARK?
(By Oscar Johnson)
Congress has tackled some of the Nation's
biggest problems during the past 9 months,
but it still has not acted on the boondoggle
in its own backyard?the proposed James
Madison Memorial.
Somehow, propelled by powerful Capitol
Hill interests, the much ballyhooed $39 mil-
lion project has risen to a position high on
the priority list of construction. Yet just
how it ever got on the list in the first place
remains a mystery.
Presently, the memorial's chief claim to
fame seems to be that it has effectively stalled
progress on a much-needed third Library of
-Congress Building. Its proponents are deter-
mined that the memorial should be built
on one site only?one which otherwise might
serve for the Library addition.
The "Madison Men," as the influential
memorial backers are becoming known on
the Hill, apparently concede no possibility
that the memory of the former President
can be served in any way other than by
erecting a tomb-like marble _monument
No. 153-23
squarely in the way of Library of Congress
expansion.
The site in question, a huge tract bounded
by Independence Avenue, and First, Second,
and C Streets, SE., has already been bought
and cleared at a cost of more than $5 million.
Situated adjacent to the Library of Congress
and Cannon House Office Building, it is now
devoted to the purpose of growing a fine crop
of grass and weeds.
Meanwhile, the Madison Men are advocat-
ing condemnation and purchase of another
site?located immediately east of the present
Library of Congress Building and its annex?
at a cost of $5 million more. Through con-
demnation, the Government would uproot
families and many restored homes in a thriv-
ing Capitol Hill neighborhood to get library
space.
Led chiefly by Representative WILLIAM
WIDNALL, Republican, of New Jersey, a move-
ment has been initiated to block purchase of
any more land and to build the library on
the already-owned site, known as District of
Columbia Square 732. It would be called
the James Madison Memorial Library.
Reacting swiftly to this threat to their
plans, the Madison men have thrown up
counterarguments. In the resulting debate,
little progress is being made on meeting the
library space need which according to Li-
brarian of Congress, L. Quincy Mumford,
"becomes more critical with every passing
day."
However, it is hard to fault Congress for
failing to act when the staff experts?
some of them are devoted Madison men?
have allowed so much confusion. The ex-
perts include Mumford and Capitol Archi-
tect George Stewart.
As much as can be pieced together from
the public record, the present impasse had
its beginnings in May 1960, when the 86th
Congress approved a study of LOC space
needs with a view to designing a third build-
ing.
The Capitol Architect was directed to hire
a team of outside architects to prepare pre-
liminary plans and estimates of cost for the
new facility. These were duly employed, and
studies were started in April of the follow-
ing year.
Shortly thereafter, according to Mumford,
"there was a proposal that the James Madi-
son Memorial, with subgrade (underground)
vaults for the Library of Congress be con-
structed on Square 732." Accordingly, he
adds, the architectural study "was redi-
rected" toward splitting up the Library's
planned new space between a third building
and the Madison vaults.
By what authority this step was taken re-
mains unclear from the disclosed record. Al-
though the private James Madison Memorial
Commission and the House Office Building
Commission have endorsed legislation to
build a memorial, it appears that the Madi-
son men were successful in embarking on a
course taking for granted that a Madison
memorial would be built, without prior ap-
proval of Congress itself.
At any rate, having been directed to divide
up the space, the outside architects came up
with a proposed 13-level (4 underground)
LOC Building to cost $70 million and pro-
vide library space needs for 30 years. This
would, of course, be contingent on construc-
tion of library vaults under the Madison
monument, which would account for $24
million of the monument's total $39 million
cost.
Thus, with the usual increases in actual
costs over estimated costs of Capitol Hill con-
struction, the Library's needs would be met
for about $100 million. ,
According to Librarian Mumford, the Li-
brary needs "nearly 2 million square feet of
space, net," By happy "coincidence," the
combined third building-memorial vault
1nO3
project would provide "about 1,993,000 square
feet."
A report prepared by Architect Stewart
shows that the building itself would have
a total gross area of 1,925,767 square feet,
with a usable net of 1,519,660 square feet.
The Madison vaults would have 554,000
square feet gross, but the report omits any
reference to the usable area. Presumably,
this would be about 377,000 square feet.
Nowhere in the public record is the possi-
bility mentioned that the proposed LOC
Building could be redesigned to provide
377,000 square feet of net additional space
within itself. Since the study was redirected
toward a split arrangement, it does not seem
beyond the realm of plausibility that Amer-
ica has the architectural talents to accom-
plish a. one-unit library for $100 million?
or less?if this is established as a goal.
Before Congress commits itself to spend-
ing $100 million for library space, it would
seem expedient to at least perform a cursory
study of the single-building alternative.
Mumford himself has said, "the ideal ar-
rangement would be to have a single addi-
tional building of adequate size, because the
more locations in which we have to operate
the less economical and, efficient the opera-
tion will be."
In a statement which seems to be the
first crack in the previously solid Mumford-
Stewart pro-Madison alinement, Mumford
has gone on record as conditionally accept-
ing WIDNALL'S proposed idea.
"If it were possible to get all of the addi-
tional space needed by the Library east of
our present annex, or on lot 732, I would
consider either of these solutions ideal,"
Mumford says. This apparently relegates
the Madison Memorial to the third-place
priority.
However, Mumford says that "the pro-
posed structure in square 732 would add
(only) 1,386,000 square feet of net usable
space." Whether that figure was drawn from
the air or stems from an architectural study
not yet made public remains unclear.
He adds that square 732 could accommo-
date a single Library building of adequate
size "only if enlarged, for example, by ex-
tension to the south."
This seeming size disadvantage of square
'732 is one of the most puzzling aspects of
the whole controversy, in view of the fact
that the eastern Library site favored by the
Madison Men is reportedly smaller. This
land now in private hands, is known as
squares 787 and 788, bounded by Inde-
pendence Avenue and 3d, 4th, and East
Capitol Streets SE, and now divided by A
Street SE which would be sealed off.
According to WINDALL, square 732 has
258,038 square feet of space, 15 percent more
than in the combined 787-8 plot. ?Since
the smaller location was envisioned in 1960
as the prospective area for a then-proposed
single building, it is mysterious how an even
larger area has suddenly become "too small"
for this approach. Mumford does not point
out that 787-8 would be useful only if en-
larged.
Although some of the Madison Men may
retain an objective outlook on the various
alternative solutions, others have gone out
of their way to find objections to using 732
for a plain old library. Stewart has in-
voked everything from the seemingly
sacrosanct 1861 study to the memory of the
late Speaker Sam Rayburn in opposing the
idea.
In addition, says Stewart, construction of
a library on square 732 would bottle up the
House of Representatives forever, although,
apparently, a Madison Memorial would not.
WIDNALL says that when the condemnation
of 732 was discussed before the House Appro-
priations Subcommittee on June 17, 1960,
"such distinguished Democrats as the late
Speaker Sam Rayburn, Clarence Cannon,
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Dirl, Vinson, and Subcornmittee Chairman
Albert Thomas gate every indication that
this 314$ plot would be the site of the third
Library, orConereas building: The Architect
'
of 'the Oaxiitol, Creotge Stewatt, told the
? stibcomMittec this 5-acre plot would be an
? 2de.a1,40Catlian for the 'Library:" '
$9, the cot fueed sittiSticin goes. -The
, Joint LibiarzCOrnmittee is fePOrtedly Sitting
tight to See whether the Noitie Public Works
onimittee does ,anythIng about WM14ALL'6
' Madison Jjbrary bill, Ell. 73E11, Or the
senate- acts on a cdropardorf mea suit -Of
Senator Ps-vi DOUGLIA Democrat of Illinois,
0.1930.
140
anpile, the space situation grows more
acute. ormer President Madison, a man or
action, Would probably Moan in his grave.
aovIE CROP FAILURE s'orrigns
P:E01.17
(Mr. rnfrasy (at: the request of Mr.
thiorkwgi.) was Oven permission to
otettcrmis remarks at this point in the
REcosa 'and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. FITUDLEY. Mr. Speaker, the
widely discussed crop failure in-Russia
a a Phony ring and may actually be a
trninPeci-uP sYMPathi pitch for exiSatid-
ed trade with the 'United States.
rushchev May figure' the best way
toilet the United States to trade with the
-the Communists is by taking advantage
of the deep American sympathy ter
hiMgry.people. U.S. grainhins are over-
fiowint, so a Soviet food Shortage is a
natural story for the Communists to
circulate. '
Whether the crop failure is genuine or
phony, we should look all the *ay down
the road before we expand trade with
the Coninhimists. If we accept the Preni-
bie that we should sell Wheat to Russia,
the same premise is apt to 'lead to other
trade. 'Once trade is firmly established
With the Soviets, why notRed China and
Cuba?
In fact, if we sell wheat to Russia. We
can be sure some of it will wind -up in
Cuba.,
- Badly is we need to unload surplus
grain for hard cash, we had better think
carei'ully about doing business with
E:hrushchev.
We were hungry for foreign markets
back in I941?so hungry, in fact, that we
sold Scrap iron to Japan Just -before
Pearl Rarbor.
, There is more than meets the eye in the
big wheat deal, and before We go for a
wheat-baited Russian beartrap we had
better ,get, the facts. We could be helping
Kbruslachev bury us Using our owri spade.
The crop failure sounds phony, be-
-cause,. it was not noticed nor mentioned
until after the world-record Canadian
wheat deal with Itussis. Was announced.
?
Secretary of Agriculture Orville Free-
man made no mention of a crop failure
until after the deal was annOunCed,
despite the fact that he and an entour-
age of agriculture department specialists
'
had reoentfy made in intensive month-
-1,0M ?Otir of Russia and other- Commu-
niSt Countries. '
Ota- 'blind bridles could have kept
them irons observing a crop failure if it
actually had oceurred.
In it Seilternber -21 speech, Freeman
told of 'hit ,group's 18-day. 6,000-mile
study of Soviet agriculture, including
COV61ESSiONAL REt
J
hundreds of miles over bumpy roads.
The only Western newsman to accom-
pany Freeman was Charles W. Bailey,
of the Minneapolis Tribune. In his
seven-article series, Bailey mentioned
production problems of Soviet agricul-
ture, but gave no hint that this year was
one of crop failure.
Since announcement of the so-called
crop failure and the wheat deal, stories
are circulating that Freeman was ex-
cluded from certain areas in Russia.
Neither Bailey nor Freeman gave any
hint of this exclusion in their post-trip
reports.
In fact, Freeman was quoted after his
tour as saying that Soviet total produc-
tion has raised considerably. They have
the ability to feed their people.
Even if he had been kept horn certain
areas, it is incredible that theCommu-
nists could have successfully concealed a
crop failure.
? Hot SE
(Mr. SKUBITZ at the request of Mr.
BROMWELL) was given permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and include extraneous matter.)
SKuun.Z remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
BRACEROS
(Mr. GONZALEZ (at the request of
Mr. HAGAN of Georgia) was given per-
Mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and include extra-
neous matter.)
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, that
accident out in Califotnia last week
generated a little curiosity about Pub-
lic Law 78. One of the consequences
was that the news services sent out some
stories on braceros.
One Associated Press stark explains:
Braceros, like the 28 killed in a Salinas
bus crash Tuesday. are ventuiesome farm
laborers wild come from Mexico 'to earn what
they consider to be a small fortune at back-
breaking stoop labor.
They earn from $1 an hour to as high as
52.50 at piece labor.
Almost everybody likes these quiet, usual-
ly gentle folk. The farmers, because they
pose no union problem. The police, because
they are no police problem. The underworld,
because they are easy victims of strong-arm
robberies, camp burglaries or swindling sales-
men. The shopleeepers,"because they go on
payday spending sprees?usually on clothes
and radios?before visiting the post office
to send money home.
Mr. Speaker, that last item is fairly
revealing, and shows clearly why the
brae,ero program is such -a beautiful
thing. The braceros are lid problem to
anybody. They keep quiet, because they
know better than to complain. No union
organizer can touch them, so you can be
sure that they will never ask for higher
wages. They are easy prey for the un-
scrupulous and the criminals.
About the only thing that can beat
braceros for tractable:cheali labor would
be slaves, or maybe robots.
(Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina (at
the request of Mr. HAGAN of Georgia) was
given permission to extend his remarks
?
September 25
at this point hi the RECORD and include
extraneous matter.)
[Mr. RIVERS of South Carolina's re-
marks will appear hereafter in the Ap-
pendix.)
RESEARCH PROJECTS
The SPEAKER. Under previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Indi-
ana [Mr. BRAY! is recognized for 10
minutes.
(Mr. BRAY asked and was given per-
mission to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker, America's
increasing interest in the importance of
research is being used as an excuse by
certain free-spending, visionary Govern-
ment bureaucrats to foist their hare-
brained projects on the American tax-
payer.
Congress has become aware that the
magic word "research" is being used as a
pretext to squander our national re-
sources and wealth. Just a few days ago
this House authorized a special study of
multitudinous research projects being
supported by the Federal Government.
I want at this time to bring to the
attention of the House a very recent
project planned by the Child Research
Branch of the National Institutes of
Health.
Today they are opening bids for leas-
ing to the Government certain buildings
to be built or altered to meet the specifi-
cations of the Child Research Bilreau.
The announced general purpose of this
building is research in the development
of children, which sounds like a worthy
project. However, I heard weird stories
about this project.
In studying a copy of the invitation to
bid?No. GS-PBS-02-589?I found that
the buildings are to be located within a
3-mile radius of the National Institutes
of Health, in Bethesda, Md.
While the announced use for the build-
ing Is the study of the development of
children, allow me to read from the in-
vitation to bid on this project as to some
of the Uses to which the building is to
be planed:
The research subjects are volunteer fami-
lies residing in Montgomery County who are
either newlyweds planning to remain locally,
or couples with one or more infants or pre-
school children. Emphasis is placed upon
accurate sound recording and direct visual
observances through one-way screens, and
by means of movies or television cameras
to permit detailed and reliable data. Be-
cause generally the newlywed couples both
work during the day, most study sessions in-
volving husband and wife are scheduled at
night or on weekends.
Some areas of the building (such as the
family observation facilities) will be used
to foster Interaction and give-and-take be-
tween members of the family.
On page 12 we find:
Each family living unit (apartment) shall
have a separate private entrance enabling
the family to come and go and maintain
some sense of isolation from the scientific
program.
I have serious doubts as to the great
value of having "Doctor Peek-A-Boo"
observing the newlyweds in their home
through the one-way mirrors similar to
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Congressional Record
United States
of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 88th CONGRESS FIRST SESSION
Vol. 109 'WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1963
No. 153
The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian,
and was called to order by the Vice
President.
The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown
Harris, PD., offered the following
prayer:
Eternal Spirit, Thou hast written Thy
law in our hearts. In the brooding si-
lence of this still moment, may open win-
dows of faith flood our gloom with light,
so that in Thy sunshine's blaze our day
may brighter, fairer, be.
Dowered with privileges as no other
nation, may the richness of our heritage
be to us Thy call to clear the way for
freedom, that through the potent min-
istry of our dear land, all the people of
the earth may be blessed.
In the global decisions now facing the
Republic, make us sensitive to any subtle
attempts to lure us by promises of a false
peace, and thus to compromise principle
and betray the rights that are given by
Thee to every individual on the face of
the earth.
Amid all life's changes we ask "Thou
who changeth not" to abide with us now
and forever. Amen.
THE JOURNAL
On request of Mr. SMATHERS, and by
unanimous consent, the reading of the
Journal of the proceedings of Tuesday,
September 24, 1963, was dispensed with.
MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT
Messages in writing from the Presi-
dent of the United States submitting
nominations were communicated to the
Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre-
taries.
LIMITATION Op STATEMENTS
DURING MORNING HOUR
On request of Mr. SMATHERS, and by
unanimous consent, statements during
the morning were ordered limited to 3
minutes.
COMMITTEE MEETING DURING
SENATE SESSION
On request of Mr. SMATHERS, and by
unanimous consent, the Permanent Sub-
Senate
committee on Investigations of the Com-
mittee on Government Operations was
authorized to meet during the session
of the Senate today.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate proceed to the
consideration of executive business, to
consider the nominations on the Execu-
tive Calendar.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Senate proceeded to the consideration of
executive business.
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED
The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the
Senate messages from the President of
the United States submitting sundry
nominations, which were referred to the
appropriate committees.
(For nominations this day received,
see the end of Senate proceedings.)
EXECUTIVE REPORT OF A
COMMITTEE
The following - favorable reports of
nominations were submitted:
By Mr. FULBHIGHT, from the Committee
on Foreign Relations:
Dwight J. Porter, of Nebraska, a Foreign
Service officer of class 1, to be an Assistant
Secretary of State.
The VICE PRESIDENT. If there be no
further reports of committees, the nomi-
nations on the Executive Calendar will
be stated.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
The Chief Clerk read the nomination
of Abraham L. Marovitz, of Illinois, to be
U.S. district judge for the northern dis-
trict of Illinois.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, the nomination is confirmed.
The Chief Clerk read the nomination
of Walter E. Craig, of Arizona, to be U.S.
district judge for the district of Arizona.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, the nomination is confirmed.
SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL
BOARD
The Chief Clerk read the nomination
of Thomas James Donegan, of New York,
to be a member of the Subversive Activi-
ties Control Board for the term expiring
April 9, 1967.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, the nomination is confirmed.
FOREIGN CLAIMS SETTLEMENT
COMMISSION
The Chief Clerk read the nomination
of Edward D. Re, of New York, to be a
member of the Foreign Claims Settle-
ment Commission of the United States
for the term of 3 years from October 22,
1963.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, the nomination is confirmed.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the President be
immediately notified of the confirmation
of these nominations.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, the President will be notified
forthwith.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate resume the con-
sideration of legislative business.
The motion was agreed to; and the
Senate resumed the consideration of
legislative business.
RESOLUTIONS OF MASSACHUSETTS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President,
on behalf of myself and my colleague,
the junior Senator from Massachusetts
[Mr. KENNEDY], I present two resolutions
of the Massachusetts House of Repre-
sentatives, which I ask to have printed
in the RECORD and appropriately re-
ferred.
There being no objection, the resolu-
tions were received, appropriately re-
ferred, and, under the rule, ordered to
be printed in the RECORD, as follows:
1/027
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORIS -- SENATE September 25
To the Committee on Commerce:
"Rzsoz.orrow tiaorwo rera Cowaazas or TIES
UNrrED STaras To Tax" Airsorativit /Lc -
Trozr To Extern) till Per.fft Tasahroxist.
'Whereas the presence Of some 200 Rus-
sian fishing boats operating as close as 4
miles from Our shores poies BOUMs threat
to the commercial fishing industry Of Mas-
sachusetts and this country; tint '
"Whereas the historic dahlrig grounds of
our fishing fleets are being depleted at an
alarmirtg sign fleets, total food fish landings
rate by the great invasion of for-
having dropped 13 million pounds in New
England so far this year; and
"Whereas the economic Welfare of the
coastal communities of our Commonwealth
and their citizens depends upon the lea to
produce sufficient quantities of fish and the
Wes of cur domestic fishing industry would
have a crippling effect on the econotby of
our State; and
'Whereas this situation with all Its at-
tendant problems is of vital and primary
concern not only to Massachusetts, but to
the New England States and to the United
States: Therefore be It
"BesoWed, 'That the Massachusetts House
of Representatives respectfully urges the
Congress of the United States to take ap-
propriate action to extend the territorial
limits in regard to fishing rights from the
present 3-mile limit to one of 200 miles:
and be It further
"Resoived, That copies of these resolutions
be transmitted forthwith by the secretary
of the Commonwealth to the President of
the United States, to the Presiding Officer of
each branch of Congess, and to each Mem-
ber thereof from this ConarnonweiOth,
"Adopted by the house of representa-
tive?. September 17, 1963.
? - ? "Wrx.rasst C. Mama,
? eincrk.
"Attest;
Mavis It. Winn?
"ffieretary oi the Common wea7th."
Ordered to Ile on the,table:
.'`Itrs01.17TIorr URGING THE Ssisisrs at vvre
tiNFfi;D STATES To Rarnre THE MicLitAlt
Tort RAN TazAvy
"Whereas Under Secretary of State W.
"Merin Harriman, the U.S. representative at
the recent test ban talks in Moscow, success-
fully negotiated with the representatives of
Great Britain and the Soviet Union a nuclear
test bah trsaty; and
"Whereas this treaty was formalized and
concluded under the supervision of the Sec-
retary of State Dean Rusk; and
"Whereas this nuclear test ban treaty is
of vital importance and significance to the
future peace and well-being of the entire
world; and
"Whereas the Senate of the United States
is currently debating the ratification of said
treaty; and
"Whereas it is most urgent that thesSenate
unequivocally ratify said treaty without
crippling amendments so at to present to the
world at large a unified front: Therefore
belt "
"Resolve; That the Massachusetts Rouse
of Representatives respectfully urges the
Senate of the United States to ratify the nu-
clear test ban treaty as aforesaid: and be it
further
"Resolved. That copies of these resolutiona
be transmitted forthwith by the secretary
of the Commonwealth to the Presiding Officer
of the Senate and to each Member thereof
from this Commonwealth.
"Adopted by the house of representatives
September 12, 1063. -
"Wria.rsar C. Manses,
"Clerk.
'Attest:
? -"Kam H. Wfirrz.
"Secretary of the Commonwealth."
_
1111.1.8 INTRODU hJ
Bills were Introduced, read the first
time, and, by unanimous consent, the
second time, and referred as follows:
By Mr. MOSS:
S. 2174. A bill for the relief of Joseph H.
Lyrn. doing business as Lyra Engineering
Co.; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
By Mr. COTTON:
S. 2175. A bill for the relief of Nicholas
Skafidas and Michael Eikaffdas; to the Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.
By Mrs. NEUBERGER:
8.2176. A bill to extend Federal meat in-
spection and to permit cooperation with
State meat inspection services, and for other
purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture
and Forestry.
(See the remarks of Mrs. Nisommaxa when
she introduced the above bill, which appear
under a separate heading.)
By Kr. INOUYE:
8. 2177. A bill for the relief of Rosauro L.
Lindogan; to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
By Mr. EDMONDSON (for himself and
Mr. Idorntorixy)
8.2178. A bill to provide that the Milted
States shall hold certain Chilocoo Indian
School lands at Chilocco, Okla., in trust for
the Cherokee Nation upon payment by the
Cherokee Hatton of $3.7k per acre to the
Federal Government; to the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs.
By Mr. PELL ifor hInaself, Mr. Pas-
Toar?, Mr, JAMB, and Mr, 13xsxuro) :
S.2179. A Sill to authorise the coinage
of 50-cent pieces In commemoration of the
200th anniversary of the Toxixo Synagog:Cie,*
to the Committee on Bariking and Currency.
(Bee the remarks of Mr. Pau when he
Introduced the above bill, which appear un-
der a separate heading.)
By Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey (for
himself. Mr. Bretz. Mr. )3tntoicx, Mr.
ck1,1ALCAL Mr. Coma. Mr. FAWN, Mr,
KOMPHREY, Mr. INOUYE, MX. JACK-
som, Mr. JORDAN of North Carolina,
Mr. KEATING, Mr. Loma of Missouri,
Mr. Want, Mr. MCCARTHY, Mr.
Alsorivsorf, Mr. MrreAlm Mr- MIL_ -
LE11., Mr. blOast, Mr. M.Oarow, Mrs.
Naussacas, Mr. RANDoLPH, Mr.
SIMPSON, and Mr. Yeaiott000m) :
S. 21E10. A bill to amend title VII of the
Public Health Service Act so as to extend
to qualified schools of optometry and stu-
dents of optometry those provisions thereof
relating to student loan progiams; to the
CoMmIttee on Labor and Public Welfare.
(see the remarks of Mr. WILLIAMS of New
Jersey when he introduced the above bill,
which appear under a separate heading.)
By Mr. HARTKE (for himself, Mr.
Wri.rasms ofNew Jerset, Mrs. Surrx,
Mr. 1ior4u5os, 'Mrs. Ilfruentsrai, Mr.
Ylisabacrocti, Mr. Mrrcal.r, Mr.
Moss, Mr. McCsaxxv, Mr. RAN-
DOLPH, Mr. RIINIPIIREY, 'Mr. MORSE,
Mr. CLARK, Mr. Yourro of Ohio. Mr.
Baermrrr, Mr. Dicuryx, Mr. BATH, Mr.
EASTLAND, Mr. Scow, and Mr. Berw-
yn:21r:
S. 2181. A bill to amend titles X and XVI
of the Social Security Act to improve the
programs of aid to the blind so that they
will more effectively encourage and assist
blind individuals to achieve rehabilitation
and restoration to a normal, full, and fruit-
ful life; to the Committee on Finance.
(See the remarks of Mr. HARM); when he
introduced the above bill, which appear un-
der a separate heading.)
RESOLUTIONS
INVESTIGATION OF ISSUANCE OF
PHOSPHATE PROSPECTING PER-
MITS
Mr. MOSS submitted the following
resolution (B. Res. 203) ; which was
referred to the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs:
Resolved, That the Committee on Interior
and Insular Affairs, or any duly authorized
subcommittee thereof, shall conduct a full
and complete investigation and study of the
manner in which the Department of the In-
terior is administering the provisions of the
Act entitled "An Act to authorize the issu-
ance of prospecting permits for phosphate in
lands belonging to the United States", ap-
proved March 18, 1960 (74 Stat. 7), in order
to determine if the intent of the Congress in
enactin, such Act is being led out.
- ;
COND ATI N
EC1.1TION
BY THE SOVIET UNION OF PER-
SONS BECAUSE OF THEIR RELI-
GION
Mr. RIBICOFF (for himself and Sena-
tors ALLOrT, ANDERSON, BARTLETT, BATE,
BEALL, BOGGS, BREWSTER, BURDICK, CAN-
NON, CASE, CHURCH, CLARK, COOPER, COT-
TON, DODD, DOMINIC, DOUGLAS, EDMOND-
SON, GOLDWATER, GRUENING, HART,
HARTHE, HOLLAND, HUMPHREY, INOUYE,
JACKSON, JAVITS, JORDAN (Idaho), KEAT-
ING, KENNEDY, KUCHEL, LAUSCHE, MAGNU-
SON, MCCARTHY, MCGOVERN, MCINTYRE,
McNAMARA, METCALF, MONRONEY, MORSE,
MORTON, MOSS, MUNDT, NELSON, NEU-
BERGER, PASTORE, PELL, PROXMIRE, -RAN-
DOLpH, SALTONSTALL, SCOTT, -SIMPSON,
SMATHERS, By2LINGTON, THURMoND,
TOWER, WALTERS, WILLIAMS (New Jer-
sey) , YARBOROUGH, and YOUNG (Ohio) ,
submitted a resolution (S. Res. 204) con-
demning persecution by the Soviet Union
of persons because of their religion,
which was referred to the Committee on
Foreign Relations.
(See the above- resolution printed in
full when submitted -y h ?r. 'PP
which appears under a separate head-
ing.)
CLOSING THE GAP IN MEAT
INSPECTION
Mrs. NEUBERGER. Mr. President,
some 18 months ago, President Kennedy
asked the Congress to extend meat in-
spection protection for American con-
sumers beyond its present scope. The
President's consumer message clearly
spelled out the need to provide inspection
for the 18 percent of red meat which is
now consumed without inspection for
wholesomeness and cleanliness by the
Federal Government.
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963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE 17035
Then, too, the rehabilitative services
-rovided for in the welfare amendments,
f they are to have value in the lives of
Reedy people, must be provided to them
zn a group or categorical basis.
The problems, the needs, the difficul-
lies of blind people are different from
Eiose of elderly people; arid" the needs,
'roblems, and clifficultiei of the totally
.nd permanently disabled are different
.nd distinct from the other two adult
.ided groups.
Rehabilitative services for each group
nust be designed and administered with
his fact in mind.
Rehabilitative services are intended to
telp disabled people help themselves?to
nelp them reconstruct shattered lives.
3uch services will only serve this fine
Durpose when they are oriented and di-
-ected to meet group needs, are directed
oiward group problems?problems which
ire shared by the blind?but not by the
iged or the disabled; problems which
ire held in common by the elderly, or
which are unique to the disabled and un-
:mown to the blind and the aged.
Therefore, I am Proposing that "serv-
ces" in public welfare be categorically
Drovided.
Section 10 would provide for an in-
5rease in the matching of State funds
Dy the Federal Government whereby the
Federal Government would pay six?
-
ievenths?$42.85? of the first $50 of the
average payment of aid to the blind,
End? from 50 percent to 75 percent---in
iccOrdaric-e with the variable grant for-
mula?of the difference between $50 and
3100.
Mr. President, according to the March
_ssue of IIEW's publication, the Social
Becurity Bulletin, the average amount of
5ash aid received by nearly 100,000 needy
Dlind persons last November Was $70,84.
Although the average money payment
was higher than this figure in some
Btates, it was substantially lower in
many States.
As you know, Mr. President, the re-
zipient of aid to the blind cannot buy his
food and clothing in special stores hay-
_rig special prices?prices geared to his
wery low monthly aid grant.
Nor are rents less or utility costs lower
necause a blind person is in need and
must live on public assistance.
The fact of the matter is, Mr. Presi-
dent, that the barest minimum stand-
ards of decency and health Cannot be
maintained on the monthly grants of aid
received by the blind in many of our
states.
A change in the amount of the Federal
share in blind-aid payments is very much
needed, an increase in the Federal finan-
cial contribution in such payments is
urgently necessary.
I am, therefore, proposing such a
change, that the level of aid income to
the needy blind may be raised, allowing
these people the chance to live?not lux-
uriously, but with a greater degree of
ndequacy.
Section 11 would provide that any in-
crease in Federil funds, made available
by Congress to raise the amounts of the
mid grants of m.edy blind persons be giv-
cn to the States only upon the condition
No. 153-2
that the States will pass on the addi-
tional funds to the aid recipients with-
out diminishing the State or local gov-
ernment's share in such public assistance
payments.
When the public welfare bill, HR.
10606, was being considered in executive
sessions of the Finance Committee, I
offered an amendment requiring that the
additional Federal money?$5 per month
per recipient?provided for in the bill to
increase the aid grants of needy blind
persons, be passed on to the recipients
by the States, without a lessening of the
State's share in such payments.
The committee and I were assured by
HEW officials that this pass-on require-
ment was unnecessary?that the States
would surely pass on the increase to their
needy citizens.
Since the passage of the welfare meas-
ure, the record shows that few States
have carried out the very specific direc-
tion of Congress?contained in the
House and Senate committee reports?
that the additional Federal share in aid
payments was intended to go to the recip-
ients, was intended to increase by $5
the monthly aid allowances of needy
people, and should be passed on by the
States to them.
Nor is this the first time that the wish,
Intention, and direction of Congress has
been disregarded in the matter of the
States passing on increased Federal aid
funds to recipients of public assistance.
Too often this has occurred over the
years?the States have used money in-
tended by Congress to increase payments
to the needy for other purposes, or have
passed on the additional Federal money
only to reduce by the same amount their
own contribution to such payments.
The proposal I am offering would
make sure that Federal money in the
federally supported State aid-to-the-
blind programs is actually given to the
needy, is actually received by them in
their monthly aid grants.
Section 12 would prohibit the imposi-
tion of any residence requirement as a _
condition for receiving aid-to-the-blind
payments.
I believe that blind persons on the aid
rolls who possess the ability to earn their
own living should not only be encour-
aged to do so, they should be helped to
do so by every means possible.
Laws which hinder or block the efforts
-of these people to reach the goal of eco-
nomic independence, I believe, should be
either repealed or prohibited. Such laws
are State residence laws which require
that a blind person must live a specified
period of time in a State in order to qual-
ify for aid-to-the-blind payments.
Needing the whole Nation, the whole
range of economic activities throughout
the Nation available to him?that he
may find his place, may find work com-
mensurate with his training and skills?
a blind person even though he is a pub-
lic assistance recipient, and because he
is a public assistance recipient, must be
free to search for employment anywhere
in the country, and he will be helped in
his searching by being able to obtain
public assistance in the new State where
he is seeking work until a job is finally
found, until earnings start coming hi.
State residence laws prevent such free-
dom of movement. They deny to the
blind aid recipient the opportunity to
go where he believes work can be found
and secured. Such laws condemn him
to a static existence in a State where his
kind of work is just not available.
In conclusion, Mr.-President, it is es-
sential that each of the proposals con-
tained in my blind-aid amending bill be
adopted by Congress if the many capable,
employable blind people on relief are to
be helped to achieve rehabilitation, if
they are to gain release from a lifetime
of economic and social captivity.
Each of my proposals is designed to
remove from the public assistance pro-
grams for the blind the punitive aspects
of such programs, they are designed to
make of these programs a bridge to re-
habilitation, a means and a way of
achieving, ultimately, self-support for
thousands of sightless men and women.
I urge the acceptance of all of my
proposals to improve public aid for the
blind that the public aid provided may
offer more than subsistence and survival;
rather, that such public aid may offer
adequate income with dignity, public
support without penalties.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the bill be held at the desk for
3 days for additional cosponsors.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be received and appropriately referred;
and, withottt objection, the bill will lie
on the desk as requested.
The bill (S. 2181) to amend titles X
and XVI of the Social Security Act to
improve the programs of aid to the blind
so that they will more effectively en-
courage and assist blind individuals to
achieve rehabilitation and, restoration to
a normal, full, and fruitful life, intro-
duced by Mr. HARTKE (for himself and
other Senators) , was received, read twice
by its title, and referred to the Com-
mitte on Finance.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I
should like to command the able Sena-
tor from Indiana for the introduction of
this bill and the delivery of the message
in conjunction with it. It has been my
privilege to serve with the Senator from
Indiana on the Finance Committee, the
taxation committee of the Senate, for
many years. I must state that through-
out that period of time he has been most
diligent in his efforts not only to protect
but to imporve the rights and privileges
of the aged and the halt, and the blind
particularly. I hope he will get the
recognition which he so richly deserves
for this vigilance, which he maintains
continually. I wish to commend him
for his efforts along this line. If there
is any way the junior Senator from
Florida can be of assistance to him in
' this most worthy project, I shall be most
pleased to do so.
Mr. HARTKE. I thank the Senator
from Florida. I will say that serving on
the Finance Conamitte I have had a most
able, qualified, and considerate tutor in
the distinguished Senator from Florida.
Mr. SMATHERS. The Senator is
very generous, far beyond what I deserve.
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17036 i'41 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
PEICUTION OF JEWS
AND OTHER PERSONS
Mr. ,RD3ICOPT. Mr. Presidiit, to-
day?the day after the U.S. Senate gave
its advice and consent. to the limited
nuclear test ban treaty?the world, looks
with renewed strength ang spirit toward
the prospect of peace. _
It looks with renewed strength and
spirit toward the day when all omen will
enjoy the basic freedoms.
Yet even today, as we look and, work
toward this goal, freedom of religion is
trampled by one of the principal parties
to a treaty that has given new hope to
the world.
In the soviet Union the free pirpreige
of religion in any meaningful sense has
been denied to everyone. AU religions
exist precariously, to say the least, in an
official:1,v antireligious atmosphere. But
in a variety of fundaments ways, Juda-
ism is subject to unique discrimination.
*Today the chief victims of religious per-
secution are the Jews.
The proposed execution of a -Jewish
rabbi for an alleged economic crime is
only the latest in a long, series of acts
that provide us with tragic and abun-
dant evidence of outright persecution.
Soviet law makes anti-Semitism
cr1mC in Russia. Tet in Russia the Jew
is branded as a ,Yew. Ws di4
passport is stamethe word "Jewish"
that identifies his nationality.
But while he has a nationality and
secondarily, in Russia a religion, he has
'none Of the rights of other nationalities
and cultural groups. Ills ways of wor-
ship are severely limited. His syna-
gogues are shut down, he is denied burial
In the consecrated ground of Jewish
cem teries.
Other religious groups are allowed
publishing facilities, central governing
bodies, and religious objects. But the
Jew has no religious articles?like the
prayer shawl or phylacteries. He is
permitted no publication facilities and
no publications. No ffebiew Bible has
been published for Jews since 1617. The
study of Hebrew has been outlawed, even
for religious purposes. He has no cen-
- tral organization? or nationwide federa-
- titan as do other major faiths. So he has
no voice or way of bolstering and serving
his faith.
'There Is one ,synagogue and 011:6 rabbi
In the Soviet Union for each 16_406 or
16,000 Jewish believers. And thougl
one yeshiva?or rabbinical acaaemy?
WU established in 190, ' has been
transformed by restrictions into an
empty shell. This year there were only
four students left. Obviously, there will
be no way of replacing the rabbis now
serving Jews in Russia?And epgst of
them are in,. their seventies or e,ightlea
There are million Russian Jew, And
If they are not being slaughtered In MaSS
pogroms, as they once were in Russia,
and as they were in the ovens of the
Nazi concentration camps, they are being
slowly strangled. They are enjoying
none of the gradually increasing free-
doms of the Soviet society.
Chairman 104rushchey has labeled re-
ports of anti-Jewish persecution as "a
profound delusion.- But is it a delusion
when in the last 2 years at least V Jews
have been x utd out of 4, total of 146
?gtesee,on eznii for, alleged. econom1 c
? rs It a defusion When reputa-
ble reporters tell us of arrests, trials, and
executions?of mass trials in many cities
that have been markedly anti-Jewish?
Is it a delusion when kosher butcher
shops are closed and elderly Jews are put
In prison for baking matzoth or un-
leavened bread in their own homes and
selling it for the Passover holidays?
To put an end to the special qualities
of the Jew?to stymie him if he seeks
expression of his religious faith?to bully
him and harass him until he gives up
the religious heritage of the centuries?
these are the ends officially sought by
the Government of the Soviet Union.
The facts are most clearly stated in a
scholarly article by Moshe Decter pub-
lished in the distinguished quarterly re-
view Foreign Affairs this past January,
which I shall ask unanimous consent,
Mr. President, to have printed in the
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks.
The Jews are the only nationality de-
prived of the basic cultural rights ac-
corded to all others in the U.S.S.R.
The Jew has no Jewish books or pe-
riodical. He has no theater, though the
Yiddish theater was once considered a
matter of Soviet pride. He is villified
In the rigidly controlled Soviet press;
anti-Jewish sentiments and stereotypes
are built up, especially in the provincial
press.
MOst importantly, perhaps, he is cut
off from the outside world. He has been
warned: "Beware of foreigners." And
. of course, he cannot emigrate?cannot
leave to seek his freedom elsewhere.
It is time that the free peoples of the
world expressed their conscience about
the persecution of the Jews in the Soviet
Union. It is time we in the Senate speak
up?on behalf of the free peoples of the
United States.
The world has learned_ from bitter ex-
perience of the dangers of persecution
of the Jews. We have learned that it is
a symptom of a greater sickness. A
symptom, though it hurts the sufferer,
Is not felt by others until the sickness
spreads.
Let us try to curb this sickness before
it spreads. Let us join together to de-
mand that the Soviet Union curb her
persecution of the Jews.
Let us say to her:
If the world is to have new hope, if the
cold war is to ease, let the first thaw occur
In the icy indifference you have shown to
the plaintive criee of those, within your
borders who seek an end to religious persecu-
tion.
Mr. President. I therefore submit, for.
appropriate reference, a resolution ex-
pressing the sense of the Senate that
Soviet Persecution of Jews and all other
persons be condemned. I. submit this
resolution for Senators .A1407,rr, ANDER-
SON, BARTLETT, BATH, BEALL, BOGGS,
BREWSTER, BURDICK., CANNON, CASE,
CHURCH, CIARK, COOPER, COTTON, DODD,
DOMINICK, DouGLAS, EDMONDSON, GOLD-
WATER, GRUENING, HART, HARTKE, HOL-
LAND, HuK PERRY, INOUYE, JACKSON,
JAYITS, JORDAN of Idaho, KEATING, KEN-
NEDY, ICUCHEL, LAUS.CHE, MAGNUSON, MC-
CARTHY, MCGOVERN, /vICINTYRE, MC-
NAMARA, METCALF, MONROHEY, MORSE,
September 25
MORTON, MOSS, MUNDT, NELSON, NEU-
BERGER, PASTORE, PELL, PROXMIRE, RAN-
DOLPH, SALTONSTALL, SCOTT, SIMPSON,
SMATHERS, SYMINGTON, THURMOND,
TOWER, WALTERS, WILLIAMS of New
Jersey, YARBOROUGH, and YOUNG of Ohio,
and myself. I ask unanimous consent
that the resolution be printed at this
point in the RECORD, that it remain on
the table for 10 days, and that there be
printed in the RECORD, at this point an
article from the January, 1963, issue of
Foreign Affairs, entitled "The Status of
the Jews in the Soviet Union" by Moshe
Decter and an article from the June 16,
1962, issue of the Saturday Evening Post,
entitled "The Kremlin's Persection of
Jews" by Rowland Evans, Jr.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The resolu-
tion will be received and appropriately
referred; and, without objection, the
resolution will lie on the table, as re-
quested, and be printed in the RECORD,
along with the articles mentioned.
The resolution (S. Res. 204) was re-
ferred to the Committee on Foreign Re-
lations, as follows:
Whereas the Senate of the United States
deeply believes in freedom of religion for all
people and is opposed to infringement of
this freedom anywhere in the world; and
Whereas abundant evidence has made
clear that the Government of the Soviet
Union is persecuting Jewish citizens by sin-
gling them out for extreme punishment for
alleged economic offenses, by confiscating
synagogues, by closing Jewish cemeteries, by
arresting rabbis and lay religious leaders, by
curtailing religious observances, by discrim-
inating against Jews in cultural activities
and access to higher education, by imposing
restrictions that prevent the reuniting of
Jews with their families in other lands, and
by other acts that oppress Jews in the free
exercise of their faith; and
Whereas the Soviet Union has a clear op-
portunity to match the words of its consti-
tutional guarantees of freedom of religion
with specific actions so that the world may
know whether there is genuine hope for a
new day of better understanding among all
people: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate, That it is the sense
of the Senate that persecution of any per-
sons because of their religion by the Soviet
Union be condemned, and that the Soviet
Union in the name of decency and humanity
cease executing persons for alleged economic
offenses, and fully permit the free exercise
of religion and the pursuit of culture by
Jews and all others within its borders.
The articles presented by Mr. RIBICOFF
are as follows:
(Prom Foreign Affairs magazine, January
19631
THE STATUS OF THE JEWS IN THE SOVIET UNION
(By Moshe Decter)
During the past quarter-century, enlight-
ened public opinion throughout the world
has become keenly sensitive to the treatment
of minorities as a barometer of moral de-
cency and social sanity. The awesome ex-
periences of this period have drawn particu-
lar attention to the symbolic and actual posi-
tion of the Jewish minority. In this light,
the status of the Jews in the Soviet Union
warrants special concern.
The situation of Soviet Jews can be com-
prehended primayuy within the framework of
Soviet nationalities policy. That policy, as
reflected in Communist Party directives, the
Soviet Constitution, and public law, is based
on the ideological acceptance of the concept
of national self-determination and on the
legal recognition of the right of all nationali-
ties within Soviet borders to cultural tree-
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,f
CONTGRESSIONA.I. RECORD -- SENATE
_
dom. ActUal SOViet policy toward the Jews
clearly violates these principles. It is tanta-
mount to a policy of discrimination, for it
denies to t....??1,...,_,J-eWS such ethnic-cultural
rights as are generally accorded all other So-
viet nationalities, _ - -
The Soviet cnion,Dfilajally recognizes Jews
as a nationality. In the personal identifica-
tion papers which all Soviet citizens carry
(the internal passport), Jews must list their
nationality as "Jewish" (Yevrei) just as
es' nationalities--stich as_Russians, Ukrain-
ians, GeOrgIans, and others?must list theirs.
Thus, in theofficial Soviet census returns of
1959, published, in Pravda on February 4, 1960,
Jews are listed among the official nationali-
ties. In all ,previous censuses, citizens were
required to provide proof, in the form of their
internal pa?ssport?pf their clann to belong to
one or another nationality. In 1959, for the
first time, they were allowed to volunteer,
Without proof,_ the nationality with which
they chose t;t lae identified. Despite the pos- ?
sibility thus provider! for Jews to pass, 2,268,-
000 people specified their nationality as Jew-
ish (there are reason to believe that the total
nUinher more closely approximates 3 million) .
Soviet Jews constitute 1.09 percent of the
population, but they occupy a far more sig-
nificant place than this figure suggests. Of
the considerably more than 100 diverse So-
Viet nationalities, the_Jews are 11th numeri-
cally. The great majority of them live in
the three most populous Union Republics:
38 percent in. the Russian, Republic, 37 per-
? cent in the T.11?raine, 7 percent in White Rus-
ala; but there is no republic of the U.S.S.R.
where .Yel,Vian -Conan/Unities may not be
? fourid. And. an).mportant reflection of their
sense of Identification after several decades
of direct and indirect forcible assimilation
Is that 472,000 (20.8 percent) gave Yiddish,
which is the traditional language of speech
and literature of East European Jews, as their
mother tongue.
The Jews are also regarded, secondarily, as
a religious group. This complicates their
status and makes it even more precarious.
For though their unique dual character is a
netUral outgrowth of Jewish history and tra-
dition, it creates unusual difficulties for
them under Soviet conditions. An assault
upon the Jewish religion, for example, will
Inevitably be taken, by Jews and non-Jews
alike, as an attack_upon the Jewish na-
tionality as a whole?upon Jews as such.
And they have come increasingly to be con-
sidered an alien group in a land where they
have reskledfOr More than a thousand years.
Their vUlnerehility is increased by the fact
that, unlike ninst other Soviet nationalities,
Which have, their, own geographic territories,
the Jews are Widely dispersed throughout the
country. They are also the only Soviet na-
tionality a majority of whose total world
population lives ,oUtAlcle the U.S.S.R. Be-
cause the 804.et? Jewish minority has his-
toric and traslitional, ties of culture, religion
and family with Jewish communities
throughout the world .outside the Commu-
nist bloc, it J. subject to even greater sus-
Soviet ',.TewS are?especially sensitive to their
Vulnerable condition because their memory
Of what they themselves call the "black
years"?the last 5 years of Stalin's rule, when
his terror Wannest a viciously and openly
anti-Semitic forfuhas not been erased.
One reason they have not forgotten is that
Soviet poliey, toward Jews and Judaism has
Ternajnekosentisaly the same since 1948?
With_ the -vitaliy_ important exception, of
coiirse that the terror is gone And they are
- ?
not less keenly cognizant of the fact that,
Of all the crimes of Stalin cataloged by
?reader ICht,tiabeliev and his colleagues at
the 20th and 22d congresses of the C.P.S.U.,
his Crimes against the Jews were passed over
in utter silence,
The significance of Soviet policy toward
the , Jews was _dramatically highlighted in
September 1961 by the publication of a
poem, "Babi Tar," in the Literary Gazette,
organ of the Soviet Writers Union. This
poem by a loyal Communist, Yevgeny Yev-
tushenko?one of the most popular young
Soviet poets?caused a sensation. It is a
searing indictment of the anti-Semitism
both historically and as a facet of contem-
porary Soviet society. In his opening line,
the poet protests that there is still no monu-
ment to the scores of thousands of Jewish
martyrs slaughtered by the Nazis in 1941 at
Babi Tar, a vale on the outskirts of Kiev.
This is a pointed reflection of the fact that
Soviet authorities have been consistently
silent about the nature, dimensions and even
the very existence of the unique Jewish trag-
edy during the Second World War. Though
not himself a Jew, Yevtushenko identifies
himself in his poem with persecuted Jewry
throughout history. He thus points up the
existence of a historic Jewish people, which
Soviet doctrine denies?and of Jewish his-
tory, which Soviet policy prevents Jews from
learning.
Yevtushenko is not alone in mirroring the
mood and sensibility of the literate younger
Soviet generation. There is a whole under-
ground literature that passes from hand to
hand among the university and literary
youth, and one of its frequent leitmotifs is
isolated, disadvantaged Soviet Jewry. In
this, as in their general quest for a purified
idealism, Yevtushenko and his confreres are
In the main stream of the honorable tradi-
tion of the liberal Russian intelligentsia
from Pushkin to Tolstoy and Gorky.
II
The Jews are the only nationality which is
.deprived of the basic cultural rights ac-
corded to all others in the U.S.S.R. These
rights have recently been reaffirmed by no
less an authoritative source than the new
party program adopted by the 22c1 Congress
in October 1961: "The Communist Party
guarantees the complete freedom of each
citizen of the U.S.S.R. to speak and to rear
and educate his children in any language
ruling out all privileges, restrictions or com-,
pulsion in the use of this or that language."
Until 1948 the Jews were permitted a cul-
tural life in their own language, Yiddish
(though Heb,rew was forbidden), on a large
scale: newspapers, publishing houses, thou-
sands of books, a variety of literary journals,
professional repertory theaters and dramatic
schools, literary and cultural research insti-
tutes, a network of schools, and other means
of perpetuating Jewish cultural values, albeit
In a Communist form. In 1948 (and in some
cases during the purges of 1937-39), the
whole vast array of institutions was forcibly
closed.
No basic change in this policy of cultural
deprivation occurred, despite Stalin's death
and the gradual easing of the tyranny, until
1959. Since then, a grand total of six Yid-
dish books has been published?by writers
long dead. (None has been published in
1962 as of November.) They were put out
in, editions of 30,000 each, mostly for for-
eign consumption, but those copies that
were available to Jews inside the U.S.S.R.
were eagerly and quickly snapped up.
This total of six books is to be compared
with the facilities made available to many
ethnic groups far smaller than that of the
Soviet Jews, and which do not possess as
ancient, continuous and rich a culture. Two
striking examples are in order. The Maris
and Yakuts are two tiny primitive Asian
groups which number 504,000 and 236,000
respectively. In 1961 alone, Soviet printing
presses produced 62 books for the Maris and
144 for the Yakuts, in their own languages.
The Soviet Yiddish theater was once con-
sidered one of the prides of Soviet artistic
'achievement. Today there is only a handful
of amateur theatrical groups, made up of
Jewish workers banded together after work-
! ? _
17037
ing hours, existing on a marginal basis;
there is not even such a group in Moscow
or Leningrad, the two major centers of So-
viet Jewry, together totaling nearly 1 mil-
lion.
In the autumn of 1961, for the first time
sinbe 1948, a Yiddish literary journal, So-
vietish Heimland, began publication as a
bimonthly. Welcome though this is, it is
no more than the exception proving the rule.
But it does represent, along with the meager
half-dozen Yiddish books (and the concerts
of Yiddish dramatic readings and folk songs
which have been permitted and which have
been attended by millions of Jews in recent
years) a tacit repudiation of the oft-repeated
Soviet assertion that Soviet Jews have lost
interest in their culture. This state of af-
fairs is again to be contrasted with the press
available to the Maris and Yakuts. The for-
mer have 17 newspapers, the latter 28.
A frequent Soviet rationalization for the
absence of cultural institutions for the Jews
is that the Jews are so widely dispersed. This
Is invalidated, however, by the fact that tiny
minorities like the Chechens (418,000), Osse-
tians (410,000) and Kornis (431,000), which
do not have their own territories yet have
their own newspapers and literatures in their
own languages, and schools where their lan-
guages are taught. The Tadjik minority in
Uzbekistan (312,000 out of a total Republic
population of 8,106,000) has similar rights
and institutions, as have the Poles in White
Russia (539,000 out of 8,055,000).
It is not just schools that are forbidden
to the Jews., They are not even allowed
classes in Yiddish or Hebrew in the general
schools; nor for that matter, classes in the
Russian language (comparable to Sunday
School education in the United States) on
Jewish history and culture. Nor are Soviet
Jews permitted to have contact on purely
Jewish cultural matters with Jewish insti-
tutions abroad.
III
All religions in the U.S.S.R. exist very pre-
cariously within a context of official antireli-
gious ideology and propaganda. In a variety
of fundamental respects, however, Judaism
is subjected to unique discrimination. Jew-
ish congregations are permitted no variant
of the right enjoyed by the others to main-
tain nationwide federations or other central
organizations through which religious func-
tions are governed, religious needs serviced,
religious belief bolstered and communica-
tion between congregations strengthened.
Rabbis and synagogue leaders have nothing
at all comparable to the Holy Synod of the
Russian Orthodox Church, the All-Union
Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists,
the National Ecclesiastical Assembly of the
Armenian Church, the Lutheran Churches of
Latvia and Estonia or the Moslem Board for
Central Asia and Kazakhstan.
These churches are permitted a wide range
of religious publishing facilities, publishing
houses and paper supplies. Thus, the Rus-
sian Orthodox version of the Bible was re-
printed in 1957 in an edition of 50,000. In
1958, 10,000 copies of a Russian-language
Protestant Bible were published by the Bap-
tists. The same year the Moslem Directorates
in Ufa and Tashkent produced editions of
4,000 and 5,000 copies, respectively, of the
Koran. And in May 1962 the Moslem Board
for central Asia issued still another new edi-
tion. It should be noted that these editions
of the Koran are in Arabic, a language not
spoken by Soviet Moslems, but used for reli-
gious study and other religious functions.
This is comparable to what the status of
Hebrew might be there.
, Though Soviet law permits any 10 parents
who request it to organize instruction for
their children in their own language, Jewish
parents have been understandably loath to
take advantage of this provision.
_
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17038 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Judaism is permitted no publication facil-
ities and no publications. No Hebrew Bible
has been published for Jews since 1917. (Nor
has a Russian translation of the Jewish ver-
sion Of the Old Testament been allowed.)
The study of Hebrew has been oUtlawed, even
for religious purposes. Not a single Jewish
religious book of any other kind has appeared
in print since the early 1920s. In contrast,
prayerbooks are available to the other de-
nominations in relatively ample supply: the
Baptists were authorized in 1956 to publish
25,000 hymnals; the Lutheran Church of
Latvia has produced 1,500 copies of a pealter
and is now preparing a-new edition of its
1954 hymnal. Religious calendars, indis-
pensable guides for religious holidaye and
observances, are freely available. Other types
of re)igious publications are also permitted.
The Russian Orthodox Church publishes the
Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate, its offi-
cial monthly organ. It has also published
collections of sermons and several annuals.
The All-Union Council of Baptists puts out
a bimonthly, the Fraternal Review.
No such prerogatives have been vouch-
safed to the Jews. Until 1958, no siddur
(Sabbath prayerbook in Hebrew) was printed.
In that year, an edition of 3.000 copies of a
pre-Revolutionary siddur was provided by
photo-offset--a ridiculously small figure for
the hundreds of thousands of religious Jews
whope prayerbooks are tattered and worn.
No edition at all has been allowed of special
pralerbooka which Jews use on their High
Holidays and major festivals. As for calen-
dars, the Jews have had to depend 072 photo-
graphed copies of handvrriten ones, surrepti-
tiously circulated from hand to hand.
A: subtler but harsher form of discrimina-
tion has resulted from the ban on Hebrew.
The Russian Orthodox, Baptist, Lutheran,
Georgian or Armenian believer is not handi-
capped in his participation in religious serv-
ice, for they are conducted In his native
spoken tongue. But the half-century-old
ban on Hebrew has made it impossible for
Jews educated under the Soviet regime to
make sense of their synagogue services.
Thousands come--and must stand mute and
thitab.
The other major ecclesiastical bodies are
authorized to produce a variety of religious
articles?ritual objects such as church ves-
sels, vestments, candles, beads, crucifixes,
and ikons. The mass sale of such articles,
especially candles, is an important source
of church income. But the production of
such indispensable religious objects as the
tarns (prayer shawl) and teflulin (phylac-
teries) is prohibited to Jews.
A brief statistical examination illuminates
the extent to which the faithful are served
by churches and priests, synagogues and
rabbis. For the 40 million Russian Orthodox
there are some 20,000 churches and 35,000
priests (quite apart from those in the 69
monasteries and convents). This comes to
1 place of worship for each 2,000 believers
and 1 priest for each 1,100 believers. For
the 3 million Baptists (Including women and
children who are affiliated through family
membership) there are roughly 8,000 parishes
arid pastors, which amounts to I place of
Worship and I minister for each 500 be-
lievers. The Lutheran Churches of Latvia
arid Estonia have 100 churches and 150 pas-
tors for about 350,000 communicants--ap-
proximately 1 church for each 3,500 believers
and 1 minister for each 3,300. By contrast,
there are some 60 or '70 synagogues and rabbis
for the nearly 1 million Jewish believers?
Which amounts to I synagogue and 1 rabbi
or each 15,000 to 16.000 Jewish believers.
Most religious groups also maintain edu-
cational institutions to prepare men for the
priesthood. The Russian Orthodox have two
academies and five seminaries; the Moslems
have a madrassa where their mullahs are
trained. In addition, quite a few Moslem
clerical students have been permitted to ad-
yance their studies at the theological semi-
nary In Cairo. Young Baptist seminarians
have attended theological schools in Great
Britain and Canada. Such programs serve
the twofold function of maintaining spiritual
contacts with coreliglonista abroad and of
enhancing the quality of religious education
at home.
Until 1957, religious Jews had no Institu-
tion to train rabbis. In that year. a yeshiva
(rabbinical academy) was established as an
adjunct of the Great Synagogue in Moscow.
Since then, precisely two men have been or-
dained as rabbis, neither of whom has func-
tioned as a synagogue leader. Of the 13
students at the yeshiva until April 1962,
II were over 40?which means that very
little provision was made for replacing the
rabbis now serving in the U.S.S.R., all of
whom are in their seventies and eighties.
This is to be contrasted with the accent
on youth for Russian Orthodox seminarians.
The Jewish community is thus being de-
prived of needed religious leadership.
A most serious restriction was imposed on
the yeshiva in April 1982, when a majority
of the students, who came from the oriental
Jewish communities of Georgia and Daghes-
tan, were forbidden to resume their studies
In Moscow, on the ground that they lacked
the necessary residence permits for the cap-
ital city which is suffering from a housing
shortage. This left just four students In
an institution that has been transformed
into a virtually empty shell. Nor has any
Jewish seminarian in the last 5 years been
allowed to advance his studies at Institutions
of Jewish learning abroad.
In addition to their prerogatives at home,
other Soviet ecclesiastical bodies have en-
joyed the privilege of regular and permanent
ties with oorellgionista abroad, an incalcula-
bly important boost to their morale. Since
1958 there have been innumerable exchange
visite of religious delegations ? Russian
Orthodox, Baptista and Moslems?between
the U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, the United
States and the Middle East. The Soviet
Moslems have for years been associated with
a World Congress of Moslems. At the end
of October 1982 a national conference of
Moslem leaders, meeting In Tashkent was
authorized to establish a permanent depart-
ment for international relations, with head-
quarters in. Moscow. which would speak for
all Moslem Boards in the country. And
within the past year, the World Council of
Churches (Protestant) accepted the full-
fledged membership of the Russian Orthodox
Church and of five other major Soviet ec-
clesiastical bodies: the Georgian and Armeni-
an Churches, the Baptists. and the Lutheran
Churches of Latvia. and Estonia.
No Jewish religious delegation from the
U.S.S.R. has ever been permitted to visit reli-
gious institutions abroad. Nor are syna-
gogues in the Soviet Union allowed to have
any kind of official contact, permanent ties
nr Institutional relations with Jewish reli-
gious. congregational or rabbinic bodies out-
side their country.
The process of attrition and pressure
against Judaism and Jewish religious institu-
tions and practitioners has been systemati-
cally stepped up since the middle of 1981.
In June and July of that year, the synagogue
presidents in six major provincial cities were
deposed. In the same period six lay religious
leaders in Moscow and Leningrad were se-
cretly arrested. In September 1981, on the
occasion of the Jewish High Holy Days, the
authorities ordered the construction of a
special loge in the Moscow Great Synagogue
to seat the Israel Embassy officials who came
to attend services?the better to cut off the
thousands of Jews who came to the syna-
gogue from their fellow Jews from abroad.
In October 1981. the Moscow and Leningrad
leaders were secretly tried and convicted of
alleged espionage, and sentenced to lengthy
prison terms. In January 1982, Trud, the
central trade union paper, published a note-
September 25
rious article that portrayed these devout reli-
gious Jews as agents of Israel spies who,
in turn, were described as tools of American
intelligence.
On March 17, 1962, Rabbi Judah Leib Levin
of the Moscow synagogue announced that
the public baking and sale of matzah (the
unleavened bread indispensable to the ob-
servance of the Passover) would be forbid-
den. This was the first time in Soviet his-
tory that a total ban on matzah was en-
forced throughout the country. The ban
was actually part of the larger official at-
tempt to destroy the bonds between Soviet
Jewry and the traditional roots of Judaism
that have a national historical significance.
Since Passover is the ancient feast that
commemorates the liberation of the He-
brews from Egyptian slavery and their es-
tablishment as a religious people, this holi-
day is subjected to especially virulent as-
sault in the Soviet press. It is linked with
"Zionist ideology." the State of Israel,
chauvinism and so forth. The propaganda
goes so far as to brand Jewish religious holi-
days, and Passover in particular, as subver-
sive. "Judaism kills love for the Soviet
motherland"?this is a slogan from a typi-
cal press article.
All this adds up to a systematic policy of
attrition against religious Jews and their
religious practices. The synagogues are the
only remaining institutions in the U.S.S.R.
which still embody the residues of tradi-
tional Jewish values and where Jews may
still foregather formally as Jews. The ob-
jective of this policy is clearly to intimidate
and atomize Soviet Jewry, to isolate it both
from its past and from its brethren in other
parts of the world, to destroy its specifically
Jewish spirit.
xv
This policy of cultural and religious repres-
sion is conducted within the charged atmos-
phere of a virulent press campaign against
Judaism. Prom it the image of the Jew
emerges in traditional anti-Semitic stereo-
types. The majority of the articles appear
In the provincial press?in the larger cities,
frequently the_ capitals, of the various re-
publics, primarily the Russian Republic,
the Ukraine and White Russia. These are
the regions where the bulk of Soviet Jewry
lives and where popular anti-Semitism is
still widespread and endemic.
A study of a dozen such publications re-
veals that the following themes recur re-
peatedly:
I. The stereotype that emerges most blat-
antly Is that of Jews as money worshipers.
Rabble and lay leaders of the synagogues are
consistently portrayed as extorting money
from the faithful for ostensibly religious
purposes, their object in fact being to feather
their own nests. Thus, whether it is the
religious service itself or some ancient rite,
it is all presided over by religious figures who
are "In reality" money-grubbing thieves.
2. Judaism is constantly denigrated. All
its rites are mocked in a manner which con-
trasts harshly with the Soviet Union's boasts
of religious toleration. Circumcision, for ex-
ample. Is denonunced in the crudest terms
as a barbarous and unhealthful ritual: "The
priests of the synagogue offer the regular
sacrifice to their God Jehovah."
3, Drunkenness In the synagogue is an-
other favorite theme. The scandalous rogues
who pocket the money innocently contrib-
uted by the believers are shown as devoted
to drink?guzzlers who confuse their pray-
ers under the influence of alcohol. The lead-
er of a synagogue burial society is quoted
as saying: "In booze?I believe; in God?I
don't."
4. Brawling is alleged to occur frequently
in the synagogue, Invariably over the division
of the 111-gotten profits from religious spec-
ulation. The newspapers "name the names"
of the religious "misleaders" allegedly in-
volved and frequently give their addresses
and public positions, if any.
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- CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE-
5. In these articles Jews often are used to
inform on fellow Jews and to denounce Juda-
ism. Many articles are signed by Jews; some
contain recantations, usually by elderly men,
of their religious faith.
6. A favorite device is for the writer to
single out for special attention the adult
children of elderly religious Jews. They are
usually named and their public positions
(teacher, engineer, nurse, etc.) noted, as well
as their places of work and, where relevant,
their party membership. Thus not only the
parents but the presumably loyal, non-
religious Communist children are held up to
public obloquy, in a not very subtle effort to
exert social blackmail on them.
7. Propaganda assaults on private prayer
meetings are also frequent. Since many syn-
agogues throughout the country are closed,
Jews have taken to foregathering in each
other's homes for prayers. Such gatherings
are frowned upon, indeed unauthorized, and
have regularly been dispersed, and their
members warned and even punished. Art-
icles list those who organize and attend such
- prayer meetings.
8. Perhaps the most ominous of all the
themes is the consistent portrayal of the
tenets and practitioners of -traditional Juda-
ism as potentially or actually subversive. The
following references are typical: "The Jewish
clericals and bourgeois nationalists provide
grist for the mills of our class enemies, dis-
tract workers from their class and Commu-
nist interests, and weaken their conscious-
ness with chauvinist poison." "The tradi-
tions bolstered by the synagogue are doubly
harmful. First of all, they contribute to the
:perpetuation of the false religious world out-
look. Secondly, they serve as an instrument
for the propagation of bourgeois political
"views which are alien to us."
This must be contrasted with the resolu-
tion of the Central Committee of the Com-
munist Party, signed by Premier Khrushchev
Dn November 10, 1954, and re-echoed in
Pravda on August 21, 1959: "It must not be
forgotten that there are citizens who, though
actively participating in the country's life
.nd faithfully fulfilling their civic duty, still
-emain under the influence of various sell-
-ions beliefs, Toward these the party has al-
leady demanded, and will always demand, a
eactful, considerate attitude. rt is especially
tupid to put these under political suspicion
ecause of their religious convictions."
These standards have been clearly violated
-here Jews and Judaism are concerned. In
^ Soviet Union official atheism affects all
sligious groups; but it is only with regard
s Jews and Judaism that the theme of lack
patriotism, disloyalty and subversion is
.jected into the propaganda. When the
digion of the Russian Orthodox, the
Tmenian Orthodox, the Georgian Orthodox,
_e Baptist or the Moslem is attacked in the
ess he does not thereby come under pout-
al suspicion, nor does he feel his loyalty im-
agned either as a member of a given na-
Dnality or as a Soviet citizen. By the same
ken, the mass of non-believing Russians,
anenians, Georgians or Uzbeks do not feel
tit they are involved when the religious
embers of their nationality see their reli-
on attacked in the official propaganda.
But with the Jews it is different. Because
the persistence of "popular" anti-
maim, subtly encouraged from above, an
:ack upon the religious Jew and the
-trayal of the Jewish image in traditional
;1.-Semitic stereotypes is felt even by the
Dreligious Jew as somehow involving him
And he is not far wrong in feeling that
riy of his non-Jewish neighbors under-
:id it in the same way. Small wonder,
al, that?in the absence of a consistent
-cational campaign against anti-Semitism,
Ii as was conducted in Lenin's time?an
tun upon the Jewish religion will be
sed, by Jews and non-Jews alike, as an as-
ft upon the entire Jewish group.
In such an atmosphere, it is hardly sur-
prising that Jews should be subject to a
subtle policy of discrimination in employ-
ment, education and other sectors of public
life. That policy may be summarized in the
phrase attributed, perhaps apocryphally but
nonetheless aptly, to a top-level Soviet
leader: "Don't hire, don't fire, don't
promote."
A few especially gifted or brilliant Jewish
individuals can still be found within the
Soviet leadership. Many occupy positions in
the middle ranks of professional, cultural,
and economic life. But virtually all face po-
tent discriminatory measures in key security-
sensitive areas of public life. The instru-
mentality for this exclusion, carried out
quietly and informally, is the nationality
listing on the internal passport. Thus, Jews
have virtually disappeared from positions of
major responsibility in the diplomatic serv-
ice and, with rare exceptions, in the armed
forces. This contrasts sharply with the situ-
ation that prevailed from 1917 to the late
1930's. The proportion in higher education,
science, the professions and political life has
also been declining for many years. The key
to the decrease is the system of nationality
quotas in university admissions. A consider-
able body of evidence points to the existence
of a numerus clausus for Jews in the univer-
sities and, in some cases, of a numerus nullus.
This explains the decline of Jewish repres-
entation in important activities.
The extent of the decline in higher educa-
tion is reflected in the fact that Jews today
represent 3.1 percent of all students in higher
- education, as contrasted with 13.5 percent in
1935. During this 27-year period, the Jewish
proportion of the population decreased
merely from 1.6 to 1.1 percent. There is no
way of accounting for this drastic decline in
a country with an expanding economy and
growing opportunities?except by discrimi-
nation.
Even the present 3.1 percent is a skewed
figure, for it fails to take account of two de-
cisive factors. In the first place, the cate-
gory "higher education," as given in Soviet
statistics, lumps together both universities
and many other types of specialized aca-
demies such as teacher training schools,
music conservatories, and journalism in-
stitutes. Jews have a strong position in the
latter types, and this fact artificially raises
the total by balancing out the much lower
proportion of Jews in the universities as
such. Secondly, it is estimated that 90 per-
cent of Soviet Jews are urbanized. Most
universities are located in the larger cities
and recruit their student bodies from the
children of the urban intelligentsia, in which
the Jews have traditionally occupied a lead-
ing position. To get a more accurate meas-
ure of Jewish representation in higher edu-
cation in proportion to the population, the
Jewish proportion would have to be com-
pared not with the percentage of Jews in
the total population of a given republic, but
with the percentage of Jews in an urban
university area.
As for the professions, the declining pro-
portion of Jews has been as much as ad-
mitted by Premier Khrushchev and Culture
Minister Furtseva themselves as a matter
of policy. (In making such admissions, they
have referred to the necessity of making room
for "our own intelligentsia"?clearly giving
away their feeling that the Jews are not
truly indigenous.) In general, the propor-
tion of non-Jewish nationalities among pro-
fessionals has been rising at a very rapid
rate, but that Of the Jews at a much slower
rate. For example, since 1955 the number
of Russians and Ukrainians in science has
increased by 40 percent, that of the Jews
by 25 percent. In 1955, Jews constituted 11
percent of Soviet scientists; the figure was
10.2 percent by 1958 and 9.8 percent by 1960.
Even this figure is deceptively high, for it
17039
Includes a substantial number of an older
generation who had far freer access to the
unit ersities and the professions in the 1920's
and 1930's. It is obviously the Jewish youth
who are hardest hit by the declining race;
they have to be very good indeed even to get
Into the universities, and they find it in-
creasingly difficult to enter the professions.
The disappearance of Jews from leadership
positions in political life has been striking
and dramatic. Soviet spokesmen have tried
to counter this fact by noting recently that
7,623 Jews were elected to local soviets all
over the country. This seems impressive
until it is realized that, as of 1960, more than
1,800,000 such local deputies were elected.
The "large" number of Jews thus comes to
less than one-half of 1 percent. Moreover,
in all but one of the Supreme Soviets of the
1,5 republics, the number of Jews is far below
their proportion of the population.
When this pattern of discrimination is
linked to other facets of Soviet policy toward
the Jews, it becomes clear that they are con-
sidered a security risk group?suspected of
actual or potential disloyalty, of essential
alienness.
vs
Many nuances of the same pattern of hos-
tility have been revealed in the massive cam-
paign waged with increasing severity in the
past few years against the widespread eco-
nomic abuses that characterize so much of
Soviet life. A series of decrees, beginning in
May "961, called for capital punishment for
such offenses as embezzlement of state prop-
erty, currency speculation and bribery. The
authorities have made no attempt to conceal
their concern over these activities or the fact
that vast numbers of the population engage
in them. Major pronouncements by leading
officials have, indeed, given a picture of a
country shot through with corruption?
ironically, of a "capitalist" sort. All organs
of the party, the Komsomol, the state, the
press and other major institutions have been
pressed into service in the campaign against
it. The secret police, one of the last strong-
holds of Stalinism, plays a key role. And the
public at large has been strenuously urged
on to be vigilant, with all the overtones of
vigilanteeism.
Though the campaign's objective may not
be anti-Jewish, there is little doubt that it
has had anti-Jewish implications and con-
sequences, of which the authorities?and the
secret police?cannot but be aware.
Thus the poviet press has especially fea-
tured those trials that have resulted in
death sentences (frequently accompanied by
the denial of the right of appeal). To date,
36 such trials have been reported in 26
different cities. In these trials, death sen-
tences have been meted out to 70 individ-
nab; of whom 42 (and possibly 45) are
Jews. In a number of cases, the Jewish
religious affiliation of some of the culprits
was made explicit: the synagogue was por-
trayed as the locus of illegal transactions,
religious Jews were mockingly described as
money worshipers, the rabbi was shown
as their accomplice, their family connections
In Israel and the United States were pointed
up. In general, the Jews are presented as
people "whose only God is gold," who flit
through the interstices of the economy,
cunningly manipulate naive non-Jewish of-
ficials, prey upon honest Soviet workers and
cheat them of their patrimony. They are
portrayed as the initiators and masterminds
of the criminal plots; the non-Jews are de-
picted primarily as the recipients of bribes
and as accomplices.
The ominous significance of this publicity
is clear. It informs the conditioned Soviet
reader that the government thinks the tiny
community of Jews, which constitutes little
more than 1 percent of the population, is
responsible for nearly two-thirds?and in
some areas 100 percent?of the economic
crimes that warrant capital punishment.
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CONORESSIONAL RECORI:::-- SENATE
ti-Ben4itic feelings are ettteeitated /Pinata
ram, nitres Came reports of grumbling on
the iced Atterrey "The Jews are responsible
far the Shortages." Western travelers who
were in 'Vilna during and immediately after
a *Aloe' titerfibillic trial in February 1962?
Viii_ere all eight accused were Jews, four of
Theta reetving capital punishment and four
lengthy Prison-terms?reported that the au-
thorities tinffinlized the entire population to
attend What was universally called the Jew-
. tab shoSr-trial. The atmosphere of fright
in the Jewish noMmunities may be imagined.
surri, Soviet policy places the Jews In an
intatricable Vise. They are allowed neither
nate, near live a full Jewish life, nor
grate (as Many would wish) to Israel
or any other place where they might live
freely as Jews The policy stems, in turd:
from doctrinal contradictions abetted by
traditional anti-Jewish sentiments. On the
one hand, the authorities want the Jews to
sadmilate; On the other hand, they irration-
?ally fear the full penetration of Soviet life
Which assimilation Implies. So the Jews are
formally recognized as a nationality, as a
religious group, as equal citizens?but are
at the same time deprived of their national
alid religion* tights as a group, and of full
*quality as individuals
ThOtigh the Jews are considered a Soviet
nationality, official doctrine had consistently
denied the rexistence of a historic Jewish
people at an entity, and ?facial practice has
alwaYs Sought to discourage Soviet Jews from
feeling therfiselves members of that entity
throughout the world.
Soviet policy as a whole, then, amounts
eptrituat strangulation?the deprivation
Of Soviet Jewry's natural right to know the
Jewish past and to participate in the Jewish
present And Without a past and a present,
the future Is precarious indeed.
rOrn the Saturday Evenhig Post magazine.
aline 10, 19621
Tug Eirattateis Palismnritur or .firws---A
Plaarifserti Its:PORT ow Tem Nawzsr CAPS-
PAX= IsrinDirliassrs To STAMP Our AN AGE-
OLD nftlatan* Am) WAY or LIPS
(By ROI:eland Evans, Jr.)
It is now Shockingly Clear that the Kremlin
Is committed to a policy of trying to do what
centuries Of violent persecution of. the Jews
the world over have always failed to accom-
plish?eradicate the Jewishness of the al-
most 3 Minion Jews who live in the Soviet
The technique being used is strikingly dif-
ferent froth the historical methods of blood-
bath, extermination and violence, methods
that have been used in one country after
another back almost to the genesis of time.
The new method is infinitely subtle and
varied, but its object is clear: To put an end
to all the Special qualities that, like a kind,
of cement, have bound the Jews together
=smith the most rapacious persecutions in
all history. ,
Althotigh Turing the past couple of years
a dozen or more Sews have been executed in
the Soviet Union, this new campaign by the
Kremlin has none of the marks of an or-
ganized pogrom of the type that used to
sweep czarist Russia. It has nothing like
the awful finality of Hitler's systematic Mur-
der Of Sews by the millions. Its distinctive
mark is the breaking down of morale, the
"low strangulation of Jewish religion and
tultire, the steady erosion of all those spe-
cial aspects of life that have meant so much
to Yewith people.
,
I came upon melt evidence at this cam-
paign during a recent trip through Russia?
? evidenee of a sudden. grim Increase in official
anti-Jewish activity. The evidence strongly
indicated that denunciation of the conno-
politaniam and national narrowmindedness
Of Soviet Jews had advanced from the stage
df' Propaganda harassment to the deadly
serious stage of secret trial and imprison-
ment. It Is obviously quite impossible to
tell?without jeopardizing my sources--pre-
cisely how this evidence came Into my hands.
One important item of information, which
/ was able to document conclusively, con-
cerned the arrest last fall, and the sub-
sequent trial and 12-year prison sentence, of
a leading Jewish layman named Gedalla It.
Pee hersky.
Pechersky had served as chairman of the
Jewish religious community in Leningrad
from shortly after Stalin's death until 1956,
when be Was demoted on orders of the Coun-
cil of Religious Cults. Arrested with him
late in 1961 were two other lay leaders of
the Jewish religious community In Lenin-
grad. Three additional arrests of prominent
Jewish leaders in Moscow were confirmed
about the same time. At the time I was in
Russia no word of the action against these
six religious leaders had seeped into the So-
viet press.
Several months later, however, the Soviet
Government reported the whole affair in an
article in Tend, the Communist trade union
paper. The article charged that Pechersky
was part of a "Zionist espionage ring" cen-
tered in the Tinsel Embassy In Moscow. Fur-
ther, it contained an ominous accusation
that this espionage ring had contacts with
our own Central Intelligence Agency and
Western European agents who worked out
of an obscure townhouse in Vienna.
Since then, It has also been established
that the chairmen of the Jewish congrega-
tions in five other cities--Mliask, Vilnyus,
Tashkent, Kiev, and Riga?have been de-
posed by orders of the Soviet Government
and that synagogues have been locked up in
a dozen other Soviet cities.
On May 16, 1959, Premier Nikita S. Khru-
shchev was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize
at a ceremony in Moscow, and among his
remarks on this occasion was the following:
"We treat the believers in religion not only
with tolerance but also with respect. We
wage a fight only when religion is used for
bringing harm to man."
A glance at the Soviet press, particularly
party newspapers in the distant provinces,
makes a mockery of Mr. Khrushchev's use
of the words "respect" and "tolerance." Con-
alder, for example, a long, slanderous article
in a recent issue of Volzhskaya Kommuna, a
provincial organ published In Kuibyshev.
Titled "Under the Synagogue Walls," the
piece said In part:
"The traditions bolstered by the Kulby-
shev synagogue are doubly harmful. First
of all, they contribute to the perpetuation of
the false religious world outlook. Secondly,
they serve as an instrument for the propa-
gation of bourgeois political views which are
alien to us. And on the sly, a small group of
rascals, playing on the religious and na-
tionalistic feelings of backward people and
violating Soviet law, exploit the synagogue as
a source of easy profit."
TAB= BASIC ANTI-TEWISH THEPASS
Theer you have it?three of the basic anti-
Jewish themes in the campaign to subvert
and destroy Judaism: First, the theme that
the Jews are a veetige of bourgeois society of
czarist times; second, that an umbilical cord
of Jewish "chauvinism" ties the religious
leaders of Judaism in Russia to the Jewish
homeland in Israel; and third, that the life
of the synagogues is shot through with graft
and corruption, by which the Jewish leaders
enrich themselves at the expense of the
workers.
The false charge that Russian Jews are
more loyal to Israel than to the Russian
Motherland?and that this leads to subver-
sive activities?occurs over and over again,
but never with a shred of proof. The Soviet
Government has a pathological fear and sus-
picion of Soviet Jews as a possible fifth col-
September' 1.5
um.n, and this fear is mirrored In the press
of the Soviet republics where Jews live. The
obvious fraud of this Soviet case against the
Jews is that the number of practicing be-
lievers in Judaism is assumed to be less than
1 percent of the whole Soviet population,
and this minute minority has never ex-
hibited the slightest lack of patriotism. So-
viet Jews fought and died bravely in World
War II. Their skills and labor have been
given without stint in the enormous job of
postwar reconstruction and in moving the
country ahead economically.
Jews are the 11th largest "nationality"?as
the Kremlin Insists upon calling them?in
the Soviet Union. In the fifth paragraph of
their Internal passports (needed for travel
around the country) they are required to list
their nationality as "Jewish" in the same
way that Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Geor-
gians, Kaxakhs, and other minorities also
must identify themselves by nationality.
Since they are labeled-officially as a distinct
ethnic group, the Jews would presumably
have the same ethnic and cultural rights--
their own schools, for example, and their own .
press ahd a Yiddish theater?enjoyed by
other minorities. But although each of
these rights Is guaranteed by the Soviet Con-
stitution, the Jews enjoy none of them.
Until 1948 the Government permitted the
Jews to have their own Yiddish newspapers
and publishing houses. Scores of books and
literary journals were printed in Yiddish.
A popular Yiddish repertory theater had a
large following. Schools and other cultural
institutions existed in profusion. The Jew,
in other words, was treated, if not as an
equal, at least not as an outcast.
Soviet Jews also had something else which
they treasured deeply?a sense of world fel-
lowship with Jewish minorities outside the
Soviet Union. Within rigid limits this fel-
lowship encouraged contact with the out-
side world, and these contacts worried the
Soviet Government. Until very recently the
government has always gone to extreme
lengths to minimize contents between its
citizens and foreigners, but the Jewish mi-
nority presented a special problem.
The international fellowship of Jews Is one
of the phenomena of world history?the
tribes of Israel scattered to the /OUT winds
but never losing their sense of common
Identity, common traditions and supreme
faith in their religion. Thus Itwas only
natural that foreign Jews traveling through
the Soviet Union would visit Jewish lead-
ers?not to lay dark, subversive plots, but
simply because all Jews have so much in
common.
In 1948 the Soviet Government closed
down all cultural manifestations of Jewish-
nein. Theater, newspapers, periodicals, and
books vanished. This move, by chance or
not, coincided with the founding of the
new State of Israel. Since then, only insig-
nificant concessions have been made to the
cultural life of the Jews. In the last 2
years five Yiddish classics (by authors long
since dead) have been reprinted, and a few
Yiddish variety shows and amateur theatrical
troupes have been formed. Since September
a literary journal has been published every
other month.
The slow strangulation of Jewish culture
and art Is one of the three main levers the
Soviet Government is using to cut the hear
out of Judaism. The second goes to the COIN
of the religion itself.
Unlike other religions with substantis
followings in the Soviet Union, the Jew
are expressly forbidden to have a nations
association or federation of religious corn
munities. This ban makes It impossibl
for them to build new synagogues or even
keep the old ones in good repair: to mant
facture religious articles, such as pray
shawls; or to have a central clearinghou.
to perform the essential functions of in
national organization.
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1963 ONGRFOSIONAL li.KOTO0 UNAT
left the synagogue. This means that many
thousands of nonreligious Jews who want
nothing more than the right to be counted
as normal members of Soviet society are
forced_into a life apart, with special
die past 30 years the percentage of
Jews in Soviet universities has steadily de-
clined from 13 percent of the total enroll-
ment to about 4 percent today. Jews have
been removed in quite large numbers from
high positions in the government, particu-
larly in the diplomatic service and the army,
although it must be said honestly that prom-
inent exceptions remain. Only in science
and technology, specialized fields in which
Jews have always played an indispensable
role, are Russian Jews really conspicuous to-
day. As everyone knows, the Kremlin is
committed to ontpacing the United States
in this vital area, and Jewish brains are one
sacrifice the Soviet cannot afford.
Statistics give the cold outline of the
plight of the Soviet Jew today, but to grasp
the inner meaning in human terms, one must
examine a house of worship after almost
45 years of systematic depriviations.
"I went with another American," an
Ameri6an Jew told me after a visit to the
Moscow synagogue. "We took three Hebrew
prayer books with us to give to the rabbi.
When we arrived at the synagogue, I saw
a large building, shabby and coated with
grime. Underneath you could see the faded
beauty of the old fa?e, but you needed your
imagination to picture it as it once was.
"We heard the chanting of prayers in-
side. We went in. Maybe 40 people were
there. Most of the men were old, and their
prayer shawls were in shreds. When we
found the head rabbi and showed him our
siddurs, or prayer books, there was almost
a riot. ,
"The rabbi, a bent little man, had to
scream to make himself heard. 'These are
Americans,' he shouted; 'act civilized.' But
they hadn't seen a new siddur for quite some
time, the rabbi ,told us. He showed us his
prayer book, so tattered and thumbed you
could scarcely read it. Soon several young-
er men?maybe they were Communists?
came into the crowd and told the people
to go back to their prayers.
"The whole thing lasted about 2 minutes.
We suddenly knew that our presence was
harmful. As we left, one of the worshipers
ran by us and called in a low voice: 'Tell
them in America it is bad for the Jews in
Russia'"
This experience probably could be repeated
in any one of the 100-odd synagogues still
in use in the Soviet Union. It should be
added, however, that the persistence of the
Jewish religion, despite repression through
the centuries, is at least partly explained by
the fact that formal worship can take place
anywhere?in a cellar, a bedroom, a grocery
store?provided a minyan consisting of 10
mare Jews is present. In the absence of a
rabbi, one member of the congregation can
lead the service. Doubtless many such
groups are keeping the religion alive in Rus-
sia today. Also, it is undoubtedly true that
Hebrew is being taught to many Jewish
youngsters, despite a government flat offi-
cially banning the language.
The question arises: Why doesn't the gov-
ernment permit Soviet Jews to leave the
country and go to Israel,. America or some-
where else?
One reason is that emigration to Israel
would infuriate the Arab world, of which
Israel is the sworn enemy, Russia-the pledged
friend. Occasional public clashes with the
Israeli Government help to advance Soviet
policy in the Middle East.
But the Soviet refusal to permit any emi-
gration at all of Soviet Jews has other ex-
planations. The Soviet Government must
know that it would be a shocking admission
of failure, if, after 44 years of the socialist
No Hebrew Bible has beep printed since
1917. And a Prohibition on teaching the
Hebrew language makes it extremely difficult
for Jewish children tu learn-the traditional
langutfge and to 'understand and share in
their religious prayers.
onVir ONE-S4pm#AY
Every Jewish seminary was closed down
Within a few years after the Bolshevik revo-
futon of 1917. In 1957, when the Khru-
shchev thaw Was_ well underway, a single
yeshiva, or seminary, was permitted to open
in Moscow with a few more than 20 students.
Last summer its director was fired by state
religious authorities and replaced by a man
apparently more acceptable to the Kremlin.
This, the only training school in the Soviet
Union for Jewish rabbis, has been stripped
down to 12 students.
The third major line of attack on Soviet
Jews is in some ways the most sinister of
all. Along with the campaigns to liquidate
their cultural traditions and cireurnSCribe
their religious practice, a vicious assault on
individual Jews has become more intense
in the past few months.
For generations a relatively large propor-
tion of Russian Jews have made their livings
in the mainstream of economic activity. A
great many have earned their bread as book-
keepers, clerks, accountants, and small busi-
nessmen.
As the Soviet economy has moved from
bare subsistence to a more advanced level,
a vast gray market of illegal operations has
injected itself into the economic lifestrearn
of the state. There is no hard estimate of
just how widespread the gray market has be-
come in Russia, but the amount of gravy its
deep and absorbent roots soak up has caused
the most serious concern to the Soviet Gov-
ernment. What is involved is a massive di-
version of all kinds of materials, with thou-
sands of marketing, production, factory, con-
struction, transport, and collective-farm offi-
cials getting a slice of the pie.
Someone, of course, has to juggle the
figures to conceal these illegal transactions
from the state, and that someone often turns
out to be the accountant or clerk who keeps
the books and who takes his orders from the
factory managers and other senior members
of the economic hierarchy. Many of these
accountants and clerks are Jewish. Precisely
because they are Jewish, they risk unlimited
retaliation from their bosses?the managers
who profit from the gray market?if they re-
fuse to conceal the illegal transactions in
their accounting books. The mere fact of
their Jewishness makes them peculiarly vul-
nerable to pressure. And so some of them
do cooperate.
The penetration of the gray market into all
phases of the decentralized Soviet economy is
now so deep that a full-scale expos?ould
have damaging international repercussions.
Too many important people are engaged in
it,
And so the Government has adopted the
scapegoat cure for the disease of the gray
market. And the scapegoat, it is becoming
tragically clear, is likely to be the Jew with
his special vulnerability. The state is turn-
ing its investigative and prosecuting powers
on the Jew who clerks for the factory man-
ager, who keeps the books for the collective
farm or who does the accounting for the
manager of the wool combine. Trials for
thievery, speculation and other economic
crimes are W full swing today, and the ex-
ample serves as a warning for the real profit-
ers on ,the higher rungs of the economic
ladder.
THE KREMLIN'S SCAPEGOAT STRATEGY
Whether this scapegoat strategy is working
the way the Kremlin intends is problemati-
cal. But one result is clear?it is pushing
the Soviet Jew deeper into the pit of second-
class citizenship, whether he is a Jew who
practices his religion or one who long ago
17Q41
paradise, tens, perhaps hundreds of thou-
sands of Soviet Jews should choose to leave
their motherland for Israel or some other
country. And finally, an exodus of Jews
would diminish the Kremlin's power to ex-
ploit the Jew as a scapegoat or an example
to the rest of Soviet society. As we have
seen, the Jews are a useful tool to the
Kremlin.
WESTERN COMMUNISTS PROTEST
Nevertheless, emigration may eventually be
permitted. The Soviet Government is em-
barrassed by the searchlight of world opin-
ion on its discrimination against the Jews,
Communist parties in several Western coun-
tries have already protested to the Sovlets.
The U.N. may investigate.
But all that is in the future. The irony
of what is happening today is that as the
Soviet Government tightens the screws on
the Jewish minority, it is going out of its
way to make life easier for the Russian
Orthodox Church, and de-Stalinizing the
rest of Soviet society. By our standards
Russia remains a society hedged with in-
sufferable restraints; yet, compared to the
winter of Stalin's superpolice state, it is
on the edge of springtime today.
The very act of admitting thousands of
foreigners and of lowering some of the old
barriers has increased the risk of infection
from the West. Hence the clampdown on
the Jewish religious leaders serves as a delib-
erate warning to the whole country against
taking advantage of the Khrushchev thaw.
For example, at precisely the time that Mr.
Pechersky and his colleagues were being sent
to jail last fall, the Kremlin looked on ap-
provingly as the Russian Orthodox Church
was voted in to the World Council of
Churches. For the orthodox church, this
new union opens an unprecedented vista of
contact and collaboration with the outside
world. But the example of Mr. Pechersky
and his colleagues is a warning?don't go
too far.
This is the heart of the tragedy for the
Russian Jews today; that while Khrushchev
renounces the terrible excesses of Stalin
against all the people, one tiny minority is
singled out for special abuse, an example and
a scapegoat for everyone else. For most Rus-
sians, life is getting somewhat better. For
the Jew, it is becoming intolerable.
Mr. KEATING subsequently said: Mr.
President, anti-Semitism is again rear-
ing its ugly head in the Soviet Union.
The most recent atrocity is the Soviet
condemnation to death of a Jewish rabbi
for a so-called economic offense. With-
in the last 2 years, a total of 83 Jews
have been executed for economic offenses
out of more than 140 of them who have
been condemned. While blatantly deny-
ing any religious prejudice, the Soviets
underhandedly play up any economic
crimes committed by Jewish people?
and especially the rabbis. It seems quite
obvious that the Soviet Union has singled
out the more than 3 million Jews in
Russia as a scapegoat.
Mr. President, another disturbing ex-
ample of discrimination against the
Jewish people in the Soviet Union is the
deliberate violation by the Soviets of
Jewish burial rites. Jews are buried in
consecrated grounds and oftentimes the
Soviets will bury people of other faiths
in these grounds, which immediately de-
consecrates the Jewish nature of the
burial place. Even worse, on many oc-
casions Jews are denied burial in the
consecrated ground of Jewish cemeteries.
Mr. President, I have been in touch
with Under Secretary of State Harri-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD L- SENATE
man about tfiis increasingly urgent and
pressing problem. I was hoping that the
United /Rates Would take the initiative
to speak out against the continuing sup-
pression of Jewish religious and cultural
life, but as yet the United States has not
seen fit to do so.
Mr. President, / am very proud to join
so many of ray colleagues With the dis-
tinguished Senator from Connecticut
who introduced this resolution condem-
ning the Soviet persettition of the Jews.
The United States can no longer tolerate
the situation now existing in the Soviet
Union. I hope that this resolution will
Inspire the force of world opinion against
this deliberate violation of the Jewish
people.
JAVTTS subsequently said: Mr.
President, I wish to say a word about a
resolution, with very extensive cosponsor-
Ship, submitted by the Senator from
Connecticut [Mr. Marconi. The reso-
lution is entitled "Resolution Condemn-
ing Soviet Persecution of Jews."
'I deeply feel that the resolution de-
serves early action by the Senate. For
more than 2 years I have called to the
attention of the Senate recurrent in-
stances Of what can only be described as
persecution of Jews in the Soviet Union.
When I first went to the Soviet Union
In December of 1961 I ran across the
problem in the most marked way. I
could get absolutely nothing out of the
Soviet officials with respect to it. It will
be remenibered that the leading organi-
sations of the Jewish people of the
United States had their representatives
talk with Mr. Khrushchev in 1959 and
they were met with the blank statement
that, "the Soviet Union has laws against
anti-Semitism and there is none." That
Is the curtain of words which one gets
on the situation constantly from the
ItaSSIEUIS.
On Monday I laid before the Senate
the latest facts and figures on what is
taking place in the Soviet Union, giving
a Clear indication that, apart from the
suppres.sion of cultural institutions,
newspapers, synagogues, et cetera, which
Is bad enough in itself, and of the elimi-
nation of any opportunity for Jewish
education in the Soviet Union within the
past 2 years at least 83 Jews have been
executed for alleged economic offenses
out of a total' of 140 who Were executed
in the Soviet Union for such offenses.
Let uS remember that at the most, so-
viet Jews acebunt for percent of the
population. rfere is a figure literally
dripping with blood: 83 out of 140 of
those executed for economic offenses
were Jews, and the Jewish population of
the Soviet is 1% percent.
There Is a great tradition in the Sen-
ate for denouncing actions of this bar-
baric and inhuman character. Even the
Idea that for an economic offense?that
IS, something relating to currency?even
if. as we Often do in the law, say "assum-
ing it is so," we think that the punish-
Ment of execution for that kind of an
alleged crime is barbaric, that in itself it
Is offensive to the morality of the entire
civilized world. ?
This body has, since the turn of the
century when there were programs in
'what was -then czarist Russia, felt, in
good conscience, the need to denounce
these outrages.
The resolution submitted by our col-
league from Connecticut [Mr. RIBICOFF],
joined in by so many Senators, including
myself, it seems to me is greatly in the
tradition of this body. It cries out for
prompt action, in view of our tradition,
In view of the case which has been made,
and the absolute failure of the Soviet
Union and all its officials to respond
satisfactorily.
There are two other points I wish to
make.
We all know from experience that the
Soviet Union is not impervious to world
opinion and to American opinion. What
more authoritative expression of Ameri-
can opinion could there be than the
adoption of this resolution by the
Senate?
I am deeply gratified that a majority
of Senators already have joined in sup-
port of the resolution. This is indicative
of the nature of the American protest.
The adoption of the resolution by con-
sidered action of the Senate would be
even more emphatic.
Many Senators expressed their con-
cern, during the debate on the nuclear
test ban treaty, about a state of euphoria
which might seize us or seize our coun-
try, and about the expectations which
could not be realized in respect to reliev-
ing the tensions of the cold war. The
adoption of the resolution is imperative,
in the face of so manifest a grievance on
the part of all civilized humanity against
the Soviet Union, with its clear intima-
tions of anti-Jewish action, confounding
all the laws on the books of the Soviet
Union. We face a wall of silence in re-
spect of this dreadful situation?silence
which cannot be penetrated within the
Soviet Union by talking to Jews there,
because they fear to speak. Silence re-
sulted when I protested this matter in
1962 in the Soviet Union. A document,
allegedly a letter, was issued. I ask
unanimous consent that it be printed in
the RECORD at this point with my reply
to it which appeared in the New York
Times, June 2, 1962.
There being no objection, the docu-
ments were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, RS follows:
OPEN LETritit FROM FIVE PROMINENT Sown'
JEWS TO NOVOST1 PRESS AGENCY (APN)
WASHINGTON, D.C.,
May 11, 1962.
To THE NOVOSTI PRESS AGENCY:
The authors of this letter are Soviet Jews,
of different ages and occupations. There are
Communists and nonparty people among us.
Each of us has chosen his own vocation. But
we have decided to write jointly a letter to
you in connection with the public statements
of the American Senator JACOB JAVITS on the
position of the Jews in the Soviet Union.
We are not going to enter into a debate
with either Mr. Javrrs or any other person
who has Incorrect notions of our life, for
people argue when there is a subject for
argument. The truth about the life of the
Jews in the Soviet Union needs no proof.
We address our words to those who are really
interested in our life.
We read with indignation the allegations
In the Western press about an anti-Semitic
campaign in the U.S.S.R. We declare before
all the world: The Soviet Jews need no pro-
tectors or patrons. An objective observer
cannot but admit that there is no Jewish
September 25
problem in the Soviet Union. We, Soviet
citizens of Jewish nationality, constitute a
part of the entire Soviet people. Our pri-
vate and public interests coincide with the
interests of all the Soviet people.
The Soviet state takes care of the Jewish
population in the same way as it does Soviet
citizens of any other nationality. Here are
a few facts which confirm it:
According to the 1959 census, the popula-
tion of the U.S.S.R. was 208,827,000. Of these
114,114,000 were Russians, 37,253,000 Ukrain-
ians, 7,913,000 Byelorussians, 6,015,000 Uz-
beks, 2,892,000 Georgians, 2,268,000 Jews.
In 1960-61 the U.S.S.R. had 2,395,545 un-
dergraduates, including 1,479,520 Russians,
346,618 Ukrainians, 77,177 Jews, 63,720 Byelo-
russians. 53.630 Uzbeks, 48,461 Georgians, etc.
Is it possible to speak of discrimination
against the Jews under such circumstances?
Furthermore, specialists with higher and
secondary specialized education in the So-
viet economy include: 5,509,000 Russians,
1,338,000 Ukrainians, 427,000 Jews, 257,000
Byelorussians. 155,000 Georgians.
Soviet scientific workers include 229,547
Russians, 35,426 Ukrainians, 33,529 Jews,
8,306 Georgians, 6,358 Byelorussians.
It may be added that the Jews make up 14.7
percent of all Soviet doctors, 8.5 percent writ-
ers and journalists, 10.4 percent jurists (pro-
curators, judges, lawyers) , 7 percent art
workers (actors, musicians, artists, sculp-
tors). The Jewish population of the U.S.S.R.
constitutes 1.1 percent of the country's popu-
lation.
The Jews take an active part not only in
the development of the Soviet economy and
culture but also in running the state. In
1961 the number of Jews elected deputies of
the local organs of Soviet Government we-%
7.623. There are Jews among the deputies
of the Supreme Soviets of the Ukraine, Byelo-
russia, Lithuania. and other Soviet Union
Republics, as well as of the U.S.S.R. Supreme
Soviet?Minister Venyamin Dyrnshits; Col.
General Yakov Kreiser, hero of the Soviet
Union; Revecca Vishchinikina, collective
farmer; Ilya Ehrenburg, author; Ilya Yagu-
din, collective farm chairman; Genrikh Zi-
mania, journalist; and Minister Ilya Velyavi-
chus.
Many thousands of Jews hold key positions
In the cities and In the provinces. This is
quite natural, for in the Soviet conditions a
man is valued for his capabilities, his atti-
tude toward work and toward the interests
of society, and not for his national origin,
color, or language.
There is no inequality in the use of one
or another language in the Soviet Union.
The Jewish magazine Sovetish Heimland
(Soviet Homeland) is published for that por-
tion of Soviet Jews who speak Yiddish. The
magazine is printed in 25,000 copies. Books
by Jewish writers are published in large
editions. In the past 7 years about 12 mil-
lion copies of books by Soviet Jewish writers
have been put out by various publishing
houses. Various Jewish companies and in-
dividual performers appear on the concert
stage and in the theater. Nearly half a mil-
lion people attend their concerts every year.
As Nikita S. Ehrushchev said at the 225
Congress of the Communist Party of the So-
viet Union (CPSU), "The party will further
insure the free development of the languages
of the peoples of the U.S.S.R., without allow-
ing any limitations, privileges or coercion for
one or another language."
A few words on religion. The Jewish reli-
gion Is not persecuted in the U.S.S.R. It is
placed in the same conditions as the (Rus-
sian) Orthodox, Moslem, Catholic, or any
other religion. Freedom of conscience is in-
sured to all citizens by law. The fact that
the number of believers is gradually decreas-
ing should not be attributed to any sort of
administrative measures. The explanation
lies elsewhere:. namely, that the materialist
outlook prevails over the idealistic,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
At one time Sholent Aleichem dreamed:
"The sun will rise over ___Russia and better
times will come." These times have come.
It is precisely in the Soviet Union that our
people, as all other peoples of the country,
have found a true freedom and a true hap-
piness. We must say that we value every-
_thing that the Soivet Government has done
for us. It is well known that Hitler wanted
to wipe our people off the face of the earth.
He succeeded in killing a third Of the world's
Jewish population. Just think of what
would have happened to us had it not been
for the Soviet power. It cannot be forgot-
ten that at the outbreak of the war, despite
Incredible difficulties, the organs of Soviet
power made heroic efforts to save Soviet
citizens, including many hundreds of thou-
sands of Jewish families whose lives ?were
threatened by the Fascist butchers.
We are living in the country which was
the first in history to make the equality of
all nations, races, and peoples the corner-
stone of its, national policy. There is not
a people in the U.S.S.R. which enjoys privi-
leges over any other people. As a matter of
fact, no peoples look for such privileges in
the 'U.S.S.R. The men of the older genera-
tion, who lived in, Russia before the revolu-
tion, probably remember quite well how hard
It was for the Jews under czarism. Even to
judge by official statistics, only 30 out of
every 100 Jews had independent earnings.
The majority of the Jewish population were
"men of air," in the apt description of
Sholem Aleichem's. The Jews were squeezed
within the tight borders of the Ukraine,
Byelorussia, the Baltic area. Now they live
all over the vast territory of the country
and in places where they were not allowed
to live under czarism. About a million Jews
live in the Russian Federation alone. They
live where they want to and do what they
like. The young people of Jewish_ nationality
now cannot even imagine what the "Jewish
pale" was like. _
We are proud of our Soviet homeland and
will not permit anyone to abuse it. We
strongly resent the continual distortions
? in the Western press of the truth about the
life of the Jews in the Soviet Union. What
aim is pursued in this? For what reason do
they slander us and, our country?
We think that the people who disseminate
all kinds of tales about "Soviet anti-Semit-
ism" pursue but one aim: to worsen re-
lations between nations, to divert the at-
tention of the peoples from the fight for les-
sening international tension, to impede the
establishment of friendly contacts and un-
derstanding between the peoples of the
U.S.S.R. and other countries. But it is well
known that a lie has short legs. The truth
will win out despite any intrigues of the
knights of the cold war.
We ask you to distribute our letter widely.
' Z. Wm:mow, Writer.
Prof..Bolus ET:DELMAN,
Master of Laws.
Lay Put.NRR,
People's Artist of the Russian Federation.,
Composer.
' Prof. lour Balkoncsi-cr,
Editor in Chief of the Magazine the Peo-
ples of Asia and Africa.
Prof. ILYA STRASHLTN,
Member of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences. -
{From the New York (N.Y.) Times, June 6,
1962]
SOVIET POLICY FOR JEWS?JAVITS CHALLENGES
REPLY TO HIS CHARGE or ANTI-SEMITISM
To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIDIES:
The Times of May 13 reported at length on
an open letter from five Soviet Jews purport-
ing to answer charges I had made of anti-
Jewish policies in the U.S.S.R.
NO. 153-3
This reply presents statistics intended to
show that Jews play an ostensibly prominent
role in higher education, science and the
professions and politics. Whether or not
these statistics are accurate they do not tell
the whole story.
The fact is that the proportion of Jews
in all these areas has been declining for
many years. The key to the decrease is the
system of nationality quotas in university
admissions where a policy has been in ef-
fect to decrease the proportion of Jews while
increasing that of other nationalities.
The open letter itself reveals the extent of
the decline. In higher education, for ex-
ample, Jews today represent 3.1 percent of
all university students. But in 1935 Jews
represented 13.5 percent of all students.
During this period Jews in the total popula-
tion decreased only 1.6 to 1.1 percent. Sim-
ilar patterns of discrimination appear when
the statistics in other fields are examined.
The most vital weakness of the Soviet re-
ply, however, is that it avoids the main point
of my charges. The letter does not answer
these material questions which I have raised:
QUER/ES POSED
Why the crackdown on Jewish cultural
life and the use of the Yiddish language, the
language of Russian Jewry, as compared with
different treatment for other Soviet minori-
ties? Why the prominence and unique treat-
ment in the Soviet press of Jews charged
with crimes, particularly in currency specu-
lation and black marketing? Why the link-
ing of these crimes with the synagogue al-
legedly as a cover for them?
Why the charges that the synagogues are
centers of subversive activities by Israel and
its diplomatic representatives? Why the
prohibition on so elementary a religious
practice as the baking of matzoh at Pass-
over?a prohibition never denied by the So-
viet Government? Why all of these meas-
ures falling most heavily on Jews under the
guise of a general antireligious campaign?
I am gratified that the Soviet Union has
reacted to these inquiries?this is an excel-
lent first step. But it needs to be pursued
with fuller explanations and hopefully with
remedial action. We have learned all too
bitterly the dangers in taking the course of
silence in such situations or of averting our
eyes from them. Both the facts and the
remedies are far more likely to result from
inquiries and protests. There is every rea-
son to continue such inquiries and protests
regarding the condition of the Jews in the
Soviet Union.
JACOB K. JAVITS,
U.S. Senator From New York,
Mr. JAVITS. They issued a letter
subscribed to by Jews from various parts
of the Soviet Union seeking to answer the
points I made and the charges that a
calculated and considered anti-Jewish
policy was being pursued by the Pulers
in the Kremlin. All this together in-
dicates what we face.
Action of this character?the most
considered condemnation on the part
of the whole world?can, we hope, help
in some respect.
For all these reasons?and to counter
exactly the idea that we have lost sight
of the grave tensions in the world and
the grave grievances which mankind has
against the Soviet regime in the Krem-
lin?I ask that there be urgent action
on the resolution. It is the kind of res-
olution which perhaps should be con-
sidered by a committee, but that is not
absolutely essential. Senators may have
various ideas as to language. The lan-
guage is not critical. It is a sense res-
17043
olution, expressing the conscience of the
Senate and I am confident the con-
science of the Nation.
It is a resolution which can be called
up at any time by the leadership with or
without a committee report, though I
am hopeful it will have one promptly.
I feel it is our bounden duty to act in
this matter promptly.
If the resolution is not otherwise
brought before the Senate?and I cer-
tainly hope it will by the leadership and
by the Senator from Connecticut rMr.
RIBICOrrl ; and I cdtainly would join in
any move to bring it up?though I hope
It will not be necessary. If necessary, I
will bring it up myself. It is high time
that the Senate expressed itself on this
festering sore which has been becoming
more and more aggravated, and which,
as I said a minute ago, in view of the
executions, is now dripping with blood.
It is high time that the Senate spoke
out. This resolution gives us an op-
portunity to do so.
I am glad the Senator from Connecti-
cut did what he did, and especially
pleased that a majority of the Senate
rallied to the resolution, which itself is a
ringing condemnation of the actions of
the Soviet Union?not its words, but its
actions, which confound its words in this
field.
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. JAVITS. I yield.
Mr. SMATHERS. I congratulate the
Senator for the statement he is making.
I associate myself with it. I am one of
the Senators who cosponsored the res-
olution submitted by the able Senator
from Connecticut.
It is clear, as the Senator from New
York has so well stated, that though we
actually have no control over the kind
of action going on in the Soviet Union,
It is action which we as human beings,
as members of the human race living
under the conditions under which we
live and adhering to the philosophies
we have, greatly condemn and abhor.
I feel reasonably confident that the
resolution, considering all the support
which has been given to it and the feel-
ing behind it on the part of all Members
of this body, will shortly be made the
business of the Senate. It will be ap-
proved, I am certain, overwhelmingly by
the Senate.
Along with others, I appreciate the ac-
tion of the Senator from New York in
bringing this matter, which is of such
great concern, to the attention of all
who love freedom and who believe in the
dignity of human beings, no matter
where they are. I am sure all Senators
are grateful to the Senator from New
York for calling this subject to our at-
tention.
Mr. JAVITS. I am grateful to the
Senator from Florida. His assurance,
coming as it does from one who is in
the leadership on the majority side, is
most gratifying.
Mr. President, so that the RECORD may
be complete?I am not acquainted as yet
with exactly what the Senator from
Connecticut IMr. RisicoFri put in the
RECORD?I ask unanimous consent to in-
clude in the RECORD a statement as to
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IO the "sense" resolutions protesting acts
f inhumanity and breaches of religious
freedom adopted by the Senate of the
,
United States on previous occasions, so
that Senators can See What we all know
to ,be the fact, that the resolution is in
the deep and abiding tradition, a very
distinguished and honorable and most
creditable tradition, of the Senate.
There being no objection, the state-
Ment was Ordered to be printed in the
,
RECORD, as follows:
A partial ilia or resolutions adopted by the
Congress Conde/lining persecution of Jews
In Russia in-eludes those in 1879, 1892, 1906,
fand 1911; one condemning persecution by
Nazi Germany Was adopted in 1934. Among
, other resolutions are those protesting per-
t Benton or the Armenian people, the abduc-
tion of Greek children and In 1956 discrimi-
nation by Saudi Aradia against American
Jews,
HARTKE subsequently said: Mr.
President, from time to time, we Ameri-
Cana are Offered advice from abroad on
how to cofiduct ourselves and our affairs.
The Soviet Union sometimes has joined
, in giving us advice, especially on the
1 treatment of individual citizens by other
individuals.
Of course, *e are nOt perfect. And it
comes in poor grace for the Soviets to
pretend concern for the treatment of
s some of our people when their country is
police state with no regard at all for
' the rights of individuals.
In thiii country, the full force of the
U.S. Government is dedicated to the
preservation of full constitutional rights
for all citizens. Whatever discrimination
or bias may be practiced in this country,
the official position of the United States
Is in opposition to it. Our courts are the
bulwark of the freedom and liberty of
each American.
In tbe Soviet 'Union, however, the
courts are a principal agent of bias and
discrimination and often are used to
strip citizens of whatever freedom they
might have. In recent months these
courts have been used to take life from
Russians seemingly because they are
guilty of being leaders of the Jewish peo-
ple in the Soviet Union.
Trumped-up charges have been used
to put to death Jewish leaders, among
them rabbis, all under the guise of jus-
tice. All this smacks of genocide as
Practiced by Hitler and his stooges not so
long ago and now condemned by all the
civilized world, including Russia and the
official Government of Germany.
I am pleased to join the distinguished
junior Senator front Connecticut in his
Move to express our shock and disap-
proval over these new acts of terror
against the Jewish people. It is all the
more horrible in that these Pogroms are
being perpetrated among the Jewish
COMmrinity leaders during the Holy Sea-
son of these people who have suffered so
much.
-
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17044 CONGRESSIONAL
AMENDMENT TO r-r.rt. 3369?
CIVIL RIGHTS
Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, on
behalf of the majority leader, the Sena-
tor from Montana rMr. MANSFIELD], and
the Minority leader, the Senator from
Illinois (Mr. DIRESEN1, I send to the desk
RECORD SENATE
an amendment to the bill (HR. 3389) for
the relief of Mrs. Elizabeth G. Mason.
The amendment would extend the
Civil Rights Act of 1957, as amended.
for 1 year with no change in powers and
no change in the structure. It is a sim-
ple extension for 1 year. I have dis-
cussed the amendment with the distin-
guished minority leader and with the
acting majority leader, the Senator from
Florida [Mr. SMATHERS I . It would be our
intention to call up the amendment to-
morrow, because the Civil Rights Com-
mission would expire on September 30.
We would like to get this over tomorrow.
Perhaps?and I am not asking the act-
ing majority leader if he concurs?we
shall have to set aside temporarily the
bill making appropriations for the De-
partment of Agriculture and related
agencies for 1964 in order to take up
that bill and the amendment.
The amendment has been discussed
with other Senators who might be
interested.
Mr. SMATHERS. Would it be the
Intention of the Senator from Minnesota
to call up the bill immediately after the
morning hour as the first order of
business?
Mr. HUMPHREY. That would be the
Intention, and all Senators should be so
informed. Is that agreeable with the
minority leader?
Mr. DIRKSEN. Yes.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The amend-
ment will he received, printed, and will
lie on the table.
WA I eat POLLUTION CONTROL ACT?
ADDITIONAL COSPONSOR OF BILL
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the name of the
senior Senator from Hawaii (Mr. Form)
may be added as a cosponsor of S. 649,
the Water Pollution Control Act, at the
next printing.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without. ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM IN SEN-
ATE . CHAMBER.?ADDITIONAL
TIME FOR SENATE RESOLuTiON
202 TO REMAIN AT DESK
Mr. JAirrrs. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that Senate Resolu-
tion 202, to authorize the installation of
a public address system in the Senate
Chamber, which I submitted yesterday,
be permitted to remain at the desk until
the close of business 1 week from today
for further sPonsOrs.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered.
ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI-
CLES, ETC., PRINTED TN THE
APPENDIX
On request, and by unanimous con-
sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc.,
were ordered to be printed In the Ap-
pendix, as follows:
By Mr. EDMONDSON:
Address delivered by James G. Patton, of
the National Farmers Union, at the Farmer-
Labor Conferend, in Henryetta. Okla., on
September 2, 1963.
September 25
AN IDEA FOR "SPACE
PROPAGANDA"
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, recently,
the Sperry Utah Co. of the Sperry Rand
Corp. was occupied with a study of the
potential benefits derived from the im-
plementation of an "emergency detec-
tion system for manned space vehicles."
In the course of this study, the com-
pany's principal engineer, Mr. Frank
Ballard, developed a patriotic idea which
I consider of exceptional merit.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that Mr. Ballard's suggestion be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the memo-
randum was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STTJDY MEMORANDUM
INTRODUCTION
During the course of a Spertry Utah Co.
study to develop an emergency detection
system for use in manned space vehicles,
an idea for "space propaganda" was con-
ceived. In reality It was not an original idea,
but rather a countermeasure against the
Soviet propaganda machine. Basically, the
idea is to make use of the U.S. space pro-
gram documenting it on U.S. postage stamps
as a means to identify and enhance our
prestige abroad. This can be accomplished
through the use of a popular mass media
of communication which today goes on rel-
atively unused; the U.S. postage stamp. It
has become increasingy evident from a brief
survey of foreign stamps in circulation and
identified in the Scott stamp catalog, that
the Soviets are using postage stamps as a
means to propagandize a Soviet identity with
space successes and thus create an effective
prestige
profile as the leader in the space
The United States has published only two
postage stamps associated with the space
program during the past 12 years. The first
issue was in 1948 on the occasion of the
Fort Bliss centennial and it depicts an un-
glamorous rocket similar to the German V-2.
The second stamp was issued in 1962 on
the occasion of the John Glenn Mercury
flight. This stamp had a limited circulation
and is no longer available at any post office.
Furthermore, most commemorative stamps
honoring special events such as space flights.
Alliance for Progress, etc., have limited
printing and, for the most part, end up as
a collectors' item.
By comparison the Soviets have issued ap-
proximately 10 postage stamps identifying
sputniks, atomic disarmament and other
space successes. In addition, Rumania,
Czechoslovakia, and East Germany have pub-
lished at least eight stamps lauding the
Soviet space program. The United States
generally publishes anywhere from 5 to 15
stamps annually, generally depicting an un-
interesting historical event in terms of con-
temporary national and international inter-
ests. Whether we like it or not, the United
States is engaged in a battle for survival with
the Soviet Union. At the moment it is a
cold war with each side striving for political
or propaganda advantage. A propaganda
advantage could decide whether it becomes
a "hot war."
I merely wish to emphasize at this point
that propaganda on an immense scale is
here to stay and we Americans must become
informed and adept in its use, both defen-
sively and offensively or we may find the free
world in a state of confusion and losing
confidence in our ability to maintain leader-
ship in the free world.
In the face of the existing world struggle,
it is imperative, even urgent, that we utilize
all available media of communication to
advertise the forces of democracy. The
U.S. "stamp lag" is self-evident. We must
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