SOUTH VIETNAM-THE EDGE OF CHAOS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 24, 2003
• Sequence Number: 27
• Content Type: OPEN

1963 Approved F 20p0p33/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
Sei~SNAL RECORD - SENATE 17251
demands" for residual oil-the encour- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With- There being no objection, the article
agement of consumers to invest in new out objection, it is so ordered. . r'' A + L_
Prminma:"+ .-A -1--4.- +., , Wg. ._
future quotas of imports would be raised ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTI_ THE EDGE or CHAOS: VIETNAM'S ROYAL
steadily to take care of "new demands." CLES, ETC., PRINTED IN THE FAMILY, LONG AIDED DY U.S. TROOPS AND
In spite of the Government's present im- APPENDIX MONEY, HAS PERSECUTED RELIGIOUS LEADERS,
port control EMBITTERED THE PEOPLE AND BUNGLED A
program even. the Govern- On request, and by unanimous con- CRITICAL STRUGGLE AGAINST COMMUNISM
them itself has continued to build new sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc., of the the Ap- helmeted
began. Truckloads of -
By Mr. DIRKSEN: South Vietnamese police, armed with h shot-
tempt to impose unrealistic limits on im- Booklet entitled, "You And Your Ballot- guns, ensubmacades, hineguns, carbines, and tear
ports which would penalize any section A History of Freedom," published by Clti go atttackXa Loi,ntheemain Buddhist temple
of the country or any friendly foreign tens Honest Elections Foundation, Chicago, in Sai
nation
o
I
g
n.
. nl~
nside, the monks shouted and
An essential need is to remove present BY Mr. FULBRIGHT: banged pots, pans, drums, and gongs as the
uncertainties inherent in the residual oil Article entitled "U.S. Government 'Isn't an Somses 400 monkswandhnuntemle's iron gate.
s cowered before
import control program under which Enemy'," published in the Arkansas Gazette the onslaught. There were screams, shots,
quotas must be set periodically on the on August 11, 1963. and explosions as the police attacked. Some
basis of human judgment of anticipated Article on Mrs.
j
Hall, new Assistant concrete courtyard, which lwasiehungowith such
udgment jec"dema tonbd," an eing swayed by Ores uressfrsub- om t beArdo i19 3, issu e opubli f Fshed -in the Sep- banners reading: "Thou Shalt Not Kill ?
Buddhists-who c ent The purpose of the escaped over a wall into an
News release of Veterans of Foreign Wars,
proposed legisla- Wadjac Government building-had
tion is to establish a formula by which dated September 24, 1963, opposing sale of been hauled d off to jail. Among those se arrested
the level of imports might be held at a U.S. wheat to Soviet Union, was 80-Old BudThich Tinh riRhiet, arc the coun-
fair rate while also mitigating against Artf Be in . RANDOLPH: September-October 1963, issue of try Four hundred milesis to the north, in the
the consequences of pressures which are Development, discussing - cleanup campaign provincial capital of Hue, the Government
inevitable under the present control Sys- now in progress in West Virginia, raid was even more fierce. There, while
tem. Article from September 23, 1963, issue of Buddhists fortified themselves inside the
The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail, "State Econ- Dieu De temple and fought off paratroopers
bill will be received and appropriately only set New Mark in 1962," and Harry Hoff- for 8 hours, some 1,500 people rioted through
referred. mann's Charleston (W. Va.) Gazette column, the streets. They ripped down barbed-wire
The bill (S. 2185) to impose quota "Rockefeller Showed Vast Misinformation,"- barricades with their bare hands while
limitations on imports of foreign residual also September 23, 1963. soldiers beat them down with rifle butts.
fuel oil, introduced by Mr. RANDOLPH They picked t seed gas bombs thrown by
(for himself and other Senators) was re- the troops and tossed them back.
ceived, read twice by its title, and re- SOUTH VIETNAM-THE EDGE OF a Western midmorning, correspondent tcounttl 0 truck-when was over,
ferred to the Committee on Finance. CHAOS ,lloads of students being driven off to prison.
Mr fT-TTTDr.v '
t
M
r. Preside
""" as
American press does
of for- they passed. a
the best job
PRINTING OF TAX BILL WITH TABLE Many Americans may feel there is solne-
OF CONTgNTS eign news reporting in the world. The thing remote about this strange conflict be-
Jo that have bee South Vietnam's Chic President
Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, i d
oing in outhiVietnamshas been excel- NgoeDinh Diem and the 1 aderslof Vietnam's
ask unanimous consent that when the lent, especially considering the restric- dominant religion. But the United States is
bill, H.R. 8363, the tax reduction bill, is tions imposed on them by the Diem re- inextricably involved. President Kennedy,
referred to the Committee on Finance, it gime. I wish to call special attention convinced that a Communist takeover of
be printed with the table of contents to an article by Stanley Karnow which southeast ieAsia, has irepe edl the fall of
y promised to
following the text of the bill and the appears in the September 28, 1963, issue defeat the guerrillas that dominate much of
signature of the Clerk.of the House. of the Saturday Evening Post headed: the country. He has backed up his words
The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With- "The Edge of Chaos: Vietnam's 'Royal with a 16,000-man U.S. force in Vietnam-
out objection, it is so ordered. Family,' Long Aided by U.S. Troops and more than 100 have lost their lives-and
Money, Has Persecuted Religious Lead- with $1e.5 million a day spent on
the war.
AID TO SOUTH VIETNAM-ADDI- ers, Embittered the People and Bungled using ericane of
pon to-trained dhist
t
a Critical Struggle Against Commu- templess made clear one fact that U.S. officials
TIONAL COSPONSORS OF RESO- nism," Mr. Karnow's article is a study have long tried to evade: No -matter how
LUTION in depth of the
Mr, CHURCH, Mr. President, on problems which face us much the United states supports the u-
iri Vietnam. popular regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, this re-
September 12 I submitted a resolution, Mr. Karnow's concluding paragraph is game's chances of victory over the Com-
Senate Resolution 196, to cut off aid to especially chilling: munists
U.S. are just about, nil.
offiublicl "" Diem's
South Vietnam unless the Diem govern- South- Vietnam lies on the edge of chaos. "repressivecials
actions" again t the deploredBuddhists,
ment made deeded reforms. Since the And in retrospect, the strongest Communist and there were private predictions that "Diem
introduction of the resolution, the junior allies in the country have been the Diem must go." But the prophets have been less
tor from Connecticut [Mr. RIBI- family. They have sown suspicion and certain on the questions of who could oust
Senator and the senior Senator from Ken- hatred, and their show of apparent power Diem and who could replace him. As for lis-
tucoFrI cky and he senior have asked that their has been a sham to conceal their weakness. tening to any advice, Diem cut short one top
[Mr. Back in 1933, when he was a names be added to the list of cosponsors see ant Ngo Dinh Diem made aou prophecy civil general commands me." If declaring; "Only God
of this resolution. The addition of these that may ." If he lackssuppyrt from
two Senators brings to 32 the number yet come true. "The Communists the people, Diem always his his "royal far-
will not take our country by virtue of their ily," one of the oddest political conglomera-
of Senators cosponsoring the resolution, strength," he said, "but by virtue of our tions in the world-brother Ngo Dinh Nhu,
I ask unanimous consent that both weakness. They'll win by default." chief of the secret lice; names be added to the list of cosponsors Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- first Madame
ar ogant
lady of V Nnu'_ the be ietnam; utifui abrother nde Ngo Dinh
of Senate Resolution 196 at the next sent to have this informative article Thuc, the arelibishop of Hue; brother Ngo
printing of the resolution, printed, at this point in the RECORD.
Dinh Can, the warlord of central Vietnam.
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 :LC PR BOCff ffi 0200170027-5-'; eptember 26
other relatives have served as envoys to colonial rule ended and Vii nam was d changed from a religious protest into an In-
Washington, London, and the 'United Na- nearly a million refugees organized expression of accumu-
tions. mi nst-oontrolled north to settle in the creasingly org
The Ngo Dinhs resemble a cross between southern sector. Most of them were Catho- lated political grievances. At Saigon's or-
the Borgias and the Bourbons. Narrow. Iles, and President Diem assumed they would nate Xa Lot temple, young Buddhist monks
installed
not
Buddh st chines to dupp cate p ess rele sees, and their
devious,
of neurotic abay& favor nd openly hdiscriminatee against could
tele functioned obstinate, and
an atmosph imperious,
sanctimonious egotism. They have plotted majority, but Catholics won many key jobs spokesman stated firmly that "we must con-
against their rivals, and played their own as province chiefs and military officers. tinue the light against those who try to
subordinates off against one another. They "Catholics are more trustworthy anti-Com- destroy Buddhism." Nor did Diem really
have preached puritanism but tolerated cop- monists," a Vietnamese official told me. "and mean to come too 81 r Aides the situ torn to ,
ed elec- the 're likely to be more loyal to the regime." relaxed," h had the upper hand
l e
ri
gg
mocracy yet
ruptioa, extolled de tions, and jailed at least 30,000 political
is naps In "reeducation" camps.
shouting, no ng
e
t
a
of Communist propaganda." lies among them consider Thuc more of s the Saigon PJohn yCXIII. Not far
While Diem is the President. last month's businessman than a clergyman. Thue has in memory of Pope
clashes made it obvious that many of his plunged Into all sorts of operations, buying away, at a street intersection, an aged Bud-
as seated
powers were being exercised by his brother apartment houses, sores, rubber estates, and dhst monk called Tbich on theang Due
Ngo Dinh Nhu, a voluble, shifty-eyed man timber concessions; and when he eyes a himself cross-legged
in his early fifty's. Nhu proclaims himself prospective purchase, other bidders somehow Be fingered a rosary of holy beads and softly
an intellectual revolutionary and spins out drop out. Thue enjoys an exclusive license chanted a prayer as another monk splashed
his abstruse theories with the intensity of a to import schoolbooks-which also makes his robes with gasoline. Without the slight-
precocious college sophomore. Not long ago, him official educational censor-and he has est tremor crossing his serene face, he
as I sat with him in his soundproof office requisitioned army trucks and labor to con- touched a match to himself, instantly burst-
adorned with books and stuffed animal heads. struct his church buildings. As a Presiden- ing Into a horror of flame and billowing
Nhu chain-smoked and shrilly denied the tial relative, says a Saigon merchant, his smoke.
many charges of corruption and venality requests for donations read like tax notices. The impact of that-and the other sui-
against him and his wife. But even if Madame Nbu, who adores him, thinks he cider to follow-sh nk the ilandworld. Bud-
else-
iraisedn chorus of complaint, and
people wrongly think you're cotrupttiI should be a b vie Thu emadeeaarrchlobbied dhists bsho where
asked, that still an important political strenuously P whe
reality?" He shrugged. ed. "Maybe, but I don't of Saigon. But the Vatican, aware that American clergymen of all denominations
typical understatement Pope intercede Paul
care what people think." Thue's activities
refused. The have Dinh family s i re- With titioned President
Nbu never opposed the influx of U.B. ace,
money, but he has often questioned the action was characteristic. When a new urged South Vietnam to find "the secret of
value of American advisers. "I don't think archbshop was appointed. Invitations to his unity:.
they can advise us on subversive warfare." investiture were strangely misplaced at the In one of the stiffest gestures it has ever
he said. "Americans are very advanced on post office, and only a handful of guests taken toward him, Washington privately
showed up. warned Diem to meet the Buddhist grie
matters like apace, but for small don't roblems of
the earth I'm afraid they y doknow as Buddhist resentment against the Ngo ances. Or else, American Charge d'Affaires
much as we do." Dinh family's narrow catholicism simmered William Truehart told Diem, the 'United
Alongside Nhu stands his extraordinary until last spring. Then, on a hot humid States would "disassociate" itself from his
o over President nt Diem. Madame peculiar power Huey, thmorning ousands in of the Buddhists to coddled for years by the United Sttates? who has long wielded a great status as one of the few members of celebrate the 2527th anniversary of the birth Vice President LYNDON JOHNSON called him
agreed
and. Lee Quyenare be aneoccasion of prayers. sermons a and pro- ttakenWabackn byh the He ,-Diem
the It was to ddaughtersfamily have Le Thuy, children.
that Buddhists could fly their flag, he
Beyond cessions.
and two some , she and Quyhn, 10.)
the same time, she frightens Diem. Scyond But Archbishop Thuc, planning to com- promised to abrogate the old French law
a passing glance at a girl In his youth, he has memorate his silver jubilee as a bishop, did discriminating against Buddhists, and he
antigovernmentod monkt ations. release of mt
a life of celibacy. not only iinn general but particularly fearing femwomen not ale adorning yhis the sight of see. Through dhisstinflbanners ordered uence, arres dti the
conces
the
Mild
ng of re-
con-
ions tantrums, t which Madame Nhu is expert. the and local troops tried' to prevent too much for the rNhus. In part, sthey And so, without being marred. President ligtous
Diem has been been naggingiy henpecked by a the Buddhists from unfurling their multi- firmed the Nhus' deep-seated hostility to-
first lady not his own. In addition, Madame colored banners. Armored cars bristling ward interference by the United . ~a
Nhu has convinced Diem that without his with machineguna wheeled Into the streets power they have variously
family he stands alone. "His followers were to disperse the crowd. When this failed, an "capitalist imperialist," "neocolonialist" and o
unist-
his m
ered
erican efforts tokilled by the Comore ex ed.ur"The Nine women- anddchi dren were killed. act. to make Diemflmeet the Buddhist terms,
women saved him;' Plat
ivomn follow me, my husband has his youth In the days that followed, Buddhist pro- cried Madame Nhu, were "blackmail." . Led
onlysens
themes pert
hus Abi ant, the Catholics take orders from by~monks as d tnuns, absurdi fspread rail looking the S Buddhst dispute wasband
Archmbit is the President ? * ?. If there Is ne
tism, it is he President who profits." in their saffron robes and shaved heads, they flclal symptom of a far deeper resentment
Twice in the past 3 years non-Communist gathered silently in front of public buildings against the regime. He realized that his
military rebels made abortive attempts to and staged hunger strikes in their temples. family-run police state could not suddenly
overthrow Diem's government: A few Diem set his pollee and soldiers against compromise without falling apart. Instead,
months ago, however, a new and different them. Finally realizing that continued col- he mobilized his blue-uniformed Republican -of
supreme
h he Is "
kind of passive protest emerged poIn South Italons litical, Its formed a coimmitt to now study the n, leader',-and urged theme to oppose Diem's
Vietnam. Though it origins were religious. . In ~ 1954 196#, when French and a temporary truce was declared. half-hearted attempts at conciliation. On
p
p o
Devoutly Catholic by religion and archai-
cally Confucian by philosophy, President
Diem is a combination of monk and man-
darin, a kind of ascetic authoritarian who
might have flourished in the Middle Ages. A
small, rotund man who talks Incessantly. he
is persuaded that he possesses the "mandate
of Heaven," and the people must obey. "His
Republic of Vietnam is not government the people by the people."
gsays a overomeste n for
educated Vietnamese. "but
the people by Ngo Dinll Diem."
Certain that he knows best, Diem Is almost
immune to outside information. When a
prominent Vietnamese officer. returned to
Saigon from a tour of the countryside, Diem
asked him for a frank assessment of rural
morale. The officer had hardly begun to
enumerate complaints against the Govern-
ment when Diem Interrupted him angrily.
11
hi but lies-you're a victim
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
I "
Feeling especially privileged, Catholic he began to fee
functionaries out In the countryside often and he was thinking of some new drastic
took it upon themselves to harass Buddhists. action."
Under a statute passed in French colonial The tenuous truce was shattered by the
times. Buddhism was a private association fiery Madame Nhu. In private she berated
which required authorization for its activi- Diem for compromising with "illiterate,
ties. Despite Diem's promise to change it, crypo-Communist" Buddhists; at one point.
this rule stood. Under cover of the law, according to family intimates, she pounded
Catholic officials often broke up illicit Bud- the dinner table so fiercely that sheeu set
con-
public
dhist religious meetings. a bowl of chicken soup. For
No single did more than Times of Vietnam-aa Sa gon daily run byaan
to aggravate
Diem's shrewd older brother, Ngo Dinh Thuc, American protege-to publish a proclama-
66, archbishop of the Ngo Dinh family home- tion by her rubber-stamp Women's Solidar-
town
sm Is the state religion," dsas h a Catholic statem ent nt Committee. the Buddhists with every-
Vietnamese, "and that be can wield his au- thing from sedition and neutralism to in-
thority over all Catholics in the Govern- sulting the flag and being foreign agitators
"undermining the nation." And the angry,
ment." As the family's oldest living brother, flue confused battle against the Buddhists was
is hugely respected by Diem, who regards on again.
him as a great human benefactor, another It came to a climax a few days later, on
Dr. Schweitzer. Many Vietnamese, Catho- the morning of June 11. Diem had gone to
dral to celebrate a mass
th
C
 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
Nhu's, instructipxys, ,wounded, war veterans expect no U.S. air unless it gave Diem tance," and his commanders love to rely on
were rounded up to stage demonstrations "complete and implicit obedience," The aerial attacks, which usually kill more in-
against, Buddhist-temples. pirates were tracked down and seized, nocent peasants than Communists. "They
Nhu ade no secret of his -feeling that Against all odds and despite the most dire just have it all wrong," explains a seasoned
Diem was top soft: On one occasion he predictions of his downfall, he held on. American officer. "This Is not an artillery
called a group of army generals into his But those months of fighting and in- war or an air war but a rifleman's war."
office and provocatively told them to count trigue left him distrustful of all but his Military conditions have improved in cen-
him In if they were planning to overthrow immediate family. He concentrated all tral Vietnam. But Diem's reluctance to
the government. Another time, he implied authority unto himself and, afraid of dis- launch a major offensive during the recent
to a reporter that he might lead a coup d'etat loyalt
de
end
d f
y,
p
e
or his power on two of dry season, from autumn through spring, has
that would be "anti-Buddhist, anti-American his brothers. Nhu installed himself in the seriously impaired his position in the impor-
and against the weaknesses of the govern- Saigon palace; Ngo Dinh Can, a stout, sharp- tant southern delta. It spared the Commu-
ment." Echoing a -similar sentiment, his eyed man who drinks heavily, took over nists, who have emerged again in the rainy
Wife said, "The president worries too easily. central Vietnam and ruled from Hue, where months when the Government's tanks, artil-
He's not the type to take the initiative in a he also cared for the brothers' aging mother. lery and aircraft cannot easily operate.
crisis. His government is weak, and because (Past 80, she is bedridden and silently lies Though U.S. brass and. Saigon statisticians
of that weakness, I'm here. ' I'm for the. in state, like a wax mummy, occasionally claim progress, the Communists have in-
underdog. In this country, the upperdogs visited by dutiful officials.) creased their har'l-core regulars from 18,000
are the Communists and the Americans." To give the young government an ideol- to more than 25,000 in the past year. The
In her own inimitable fashion, Madame ogy, the intellectual brother Nhu invented ratio of weapons Captured and lost is said to
Nhu advocated beating the Buddhists "10 "personalism," which he evolved out of be improving, but these figures are illusory.
times more." She even told a TV Interviewer, Catholic existentialism and Confucianism. The Government loses Browning automatics
"All the Buddhists have done for this coun- Beyond a small circle of fellow highbrows, and recoilless rifles, and captures homemade
try is to barbecue a monk." Diem himself, in nobody has yet fathomed its meaning. Nhu lead-pipe pistols from the Communists. Cas-
a rare moment of candor, told an aide, "What also created the Can-Lao Nhan-Vi Cach- ualty tabulations are similarly deceptive. All
tali I do? I can't control her." . Mang Dang, or Revolutionary Labor Per- dead bodies are listed as Communists.
The relations between President Diem and sonalism Party, a clandestine organization of At the same time, the massive "strategic
his first lady are unique. She thinks noth- some 70,000 agents who spy on citizens and hamlet" program, designed to put the popu-
ing of pushing him around, even in front transmit Nhu's orders to branches of the lation into fortified settlements, is not work-
of strangers. In the presidential palace, army and administration. More recently he ing well in the rich, ricegrowing region south
which she and her family share with Diem, formed his paramilitary Republican Youth. of Saigon, where over half the country's peo-
Madame Nhu was preparing to be inter- THE RISE OF MADAME Nov pie live. Again, Diem's concept of the plan
viewed on TV one day last month but decided is at
the setting was inappropriate. Without As the family clan grew tighter and more have odds mindwith what U.S. military arviterritory rs
hesitation she burst into a chamber where powerful, Madame Nhu's role loomed more andefend . "We mustcontrolun," he
Diem was seeing visitors and asked them to prominent. She became a member of the told and m . "We under the sun," -
leave, At the prospect of moving all their National Assembly, and she introduced to ists. This job me. s ob can'mustt be done one drop the by dnu
equipment, the TV crew dissuaded her from Vietnam's public affairs a feminine penchant 11 Brother rhythm r
changing places. "Oh, all right," she agreed, for generalizing from the particular. For BrNhu has set a lively rhythm for build
and turning to an aide, she said, "Go tell the example, when her sister's wealthy husband heming erected hamlets. He not ohm has ordered
President never mind." tried to get a divorce, Madame Nhu bull- them deep highly Com munist areas,
Presented with the case of Madame Nhu, dozed through a law banning divorce except has where they are highly vulnerable, but In
an amateur psychiatrist would be tempted by presidential decree. This family law, posted strest achievement targeth In
to look into her childhood, and_ she frankly as it Is called, also prohibits "too-free rela- too many places local officials have thrown
cOn3esses that her youth was miserable. Her tions" between the sexes. While she was up bamboo fences and barbed wire, forced
father was a wealthy lawyer and landowner, at it, Madame Nhu went on to abolish beauty people to move in, and announced that their
her mother, a member of Vietnamese royalty, contests, boxing, fighting, fish, sorcerers, hamlets are ready. Of the 4,000 settlements
and young Le Xuan, or "Beautiful Spring," prostitution, birth control, smoking and ?fficially claimed to exist in the strategic
h
ad her own liveried coolie to pull her to
school in a rickshaw. But she was a middle
child, between an older sister she had to
respect, and a younger brother who received
more attention. "It's too bad my parents
never loved me," she still moons.
At the age of 20, she escaped from home
into marriage with Ngo Dinh Nhu, then the
chief librarian in Hanoi. and. 13 years his
bride's senior. She also converted from
Buddhism to Catholicism,
When she married Nhu, Madame Nhu real-
ly married the Ngo Dinh family. They were
a distinguished family of Catholic mandarins
who had resisted French colonial. domina-
tion but also refused to ally-themselves with
the. Communist-led Viet Minh nationalists.
The eldest of the Ngo Dinh brothers and his
son were shot by the Communists; Madame
Nhu, her daughter, and mother-in-law were
imprisoned by them for 4 months, then re-
leased.
During the years the French fought to
keep Indochina, Diem, played virtually no
political role, . He traveled around the world
with his. brother, Archbishop Thuc, and set-
tled for some time in a New Jersey seminary.
After the French defeat in 1954- the United
drinking by minors, and all dancing. In
addition, she outlawed over 200 sad and
sentimental songs which allegedly "lowered
national morale." Despite some publicized
banning of U.S. Embassy square dances, this
effort to legalize morality has been less than
a success. Saigon is still full of roisterous
bars and flocks of streetwalkers.
In more serious fields, President Diem has
also been less than a success. He has made
some timid attempts at land reform and eco-
nomic development. But serious economic
projects were hampered by his claim to inner
revelation on almost every subject and his
inability or unwillingness to delegate au-
thority to experts. He would instruct forest-
ers on how to plant trees and tell contractors
where to build roads.
His inefficiency in military matters has
been even more crippling. Ever -fearful of
betrayal, he distrusts his top officers, and of
his 20 generals, only 4 or 5 actually command
troops. He also delights in shunting his
armies around whimsically, changing prior-
ities and ignoring advice.
Last year, over the howling protests of
V.S. advisers, every M-113 armored personnel
--r, -ca, ?niy about 1,000 are regarded
as "viable" by U.S. experts. "There's a basic
difference between ourselves and Vietnamese
officialdom," says an American who works
in the field. "We see security in terms of
people; they see it in terms of territory.
I don't think they've yet grasped the po-
litical aspects of this war."
For all too long, Washington also failed
to grasp the political aspect of this war. On
the assumption that there was no alterna-
tive leadership in Vietnam, the United States
treated Diem as indispensable. In 1961
President Kennedy's new military adviser,
Gen. Maxwell Taylor, flew out to Saigon and
recommended massive American military aid.
He also suggested that Diem reform his gov-
ernment by, among other things, appointing
a genuine cabinet, releasing thousands of
political prisoners, inviting his political op-
ponents to join the regime, and streamlining
his cumbersome chain of command.
Ambassador Frederick Nolti.ng, Jr., was left
to negotiate these reforms. For 3 weeks,
while the controlled Saigon press virulently
attacked "U.S. interference," Nolting tried
to persuade Diem to change. The evening
the talks finished, Ngo Dinh Nhu appeared
at a party. "Mr. Nolting is the most intel-
ligent American Ambassador we've ever had
in Saigon," he announced. Everyone pres-
ent knew immediately that the United States
had backed down. As a Washington official
explained it, "We just couldn't make Diem
budge, so we decided to fight the war first
and worry about reforms later."
Thus the U.S. Establishment, still scarred
by the disaster at the Bay of Pigs, declared
h moratorium on public criticism of Diem
and his family. The American Embassy in
Saigon began to sound like a branch of
Diem's own Public. Information Department,
- --------- .3a.' .-iui cue rcepuwiic
free .of French or Communist ties, decided Day parade. On the basis of some inspiration
on Diem to run the southern half of the a few months ago, Diem ordered Operation
partitioned country. He was an unknown Waves of Love, dispatching marine and naval
without political support. forces into the marshes of the Camau Penin-
The problems he faced were stagger- sula, at the southern end of the country.
ing. Refugees, were pouring out of the The men bogged around for a month and,
north; and in the south Diem was con- achieving nothing, withdrew,
fronted by dissident sects, pirates and a More significantly, Diem has never really
mutinous army. He decided to fight rather grasped the concept of counterinsurgency.
than compromise, and the United States To fight guerrillas, an army must be broken
helped him significantly. His most rebel- into small, fast, mobile units that' can pur-
lious general agreed to retire to France sue offensive operations quickly and flexibly.
after the American Ambassador let it be But Diem thinks in terms of artillery "be-
known that the Vietnamese Army could cause you can strike the enemy from a dis-
and probing reporters were treated like dis-
loyal citizens. When a correspondent asked
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027,e rem-ber
GRESSIONAL RECORD - StNATE
1725 CON
a sharp question at a briefing some months statement
and implying that s dxoe atinnrg't 1e rastic ago, visiting Adm. Harry D. Felt snappp
back, "OK, boy, get on the team" ing of the Saigon regime would not be
But the U.S. Policy of "sink or swim with unwelcome.
Ngo Dinh Diem," as the New York Times DIEM'S MINISTER QUITS
Correspondent Homer Blgart coined it. was Overnight, the Diem regime's tottering
basically doomed. For one thing, Diem in reputation all but collapsed. South Vlet-
his infinite egotism did not cooperate. Not nam's Buddhist Foreign Minister Vu Van
long ago Ambassador Nolting pointed out to Mau resigned, shaved his head, and an-
Diem all the moral credit that the United pounced that he intended to make a reli-
states had built up In Vietnam and asked gious pilgrimage to India. (He was later
him to revoke a minor decision. Diem re- rlresled.) Diem's Ambassador to Washing-
." iy replied, "You have no credit with ton Madame Nhu'a father, Tran Van
me
me." For another, the U.S. Idea of post- Chuong. also resigned from "a government
poning political reforms Ignored the fact , . ' of which I disapprove." Under the
that Vietnam was immersed in political war- Diem regime, he said. "there's not one
fare. Diem's brother Nhu was perfectly chance In a hundred for victory" His wife.
aware of the fact. And in the Buddhist observer to the U.N., also quit.
crisis he and wife seized the opportunity to Washington's distress over the crisis had
become overt ong rs is, South Vietnam. no immediate effect In Saigon. After smash-
During s the long crisis, Nhu began
recluse. H Hee Ing the Buddhists, the Ngo Dinhs went on
don his pose as speeches intellectual l to crack down on teachers and students, a
made public bth Government printed up talked u to news- previously placid and apolitical group. Pro-
sands men, and posters rs with his photograph p thou- in the fessors and university leaders came out with
uniform m ., f t the Republican Can Youth. . He also banners denouncing Diem and Nhu. and the
_11 It_ 01,
police went Into action. As the students ar-
agents around Saigon. Four companies of
armored troop carriers, each equipped Noth
.50-caliber machineguns, were brought in
from central Vietnam. The US. Advisory
Command was told that these vehicles were
en route to the Mekong Delta, but they re-
mained in the capital. At the same time,
Nhu reinforced the Vietnamese special forces
battalions in Saigon, bringing their strength
up to about 1,200 men. Commanded by the
faithful Col. Le Quang Tung. a former
counterespionage chief, these units Included
two groups dressed in civilian clothes and
armed with knives, pistols, and grenades for
street fighting.
All together, more than 7.000 troops were
stationed in or near the capital. On the
Surface it looked as though Diem was being
protected against a potential attach from
the countryside, possibly by his own muti-
nous men. In reality, these troops to Saigon
were themselves preparing for an assault.
Last month, on Nhu's orders and with
Diem's apparent blessing. they struck
against the Buddhists. As soon as the raids
were finished, Diem moved one of his most
faithful generals Into Saigon as military
governor, and then took to the radio to de-
clare martial law throughout the country.
He called the Buddhist leaders "political
speculators who have taken advantage of
religion * * * to carry out repeated illegal
actions." Ngo Dinh Nhu was more specific.
He claimed that the Buddhists had hidden
weapons in their temples and were plotting
"to sabotage national security ' ' ? and
organize a coup d'etat." To observers it
looked as though Nhu's supposedly preven-
tive action might really be Nhu's own creep-
ing coup d'etat.
Nhu had obviously staged his move to
precede the arrival of the new U.S. Ambas-
sador, blunt, outspoken Henry Cabot Lodge.
But he and Diem had gone even further
than that in their deviousness.
The very night that their troops and
police sacked the Buddhist temples, the Ngo
Dinh brothers ordered a group of Viet-
namese generals to their palace. With the
palace surrounded by loyal units, Diem and
Nhu commanded the generals to sign a pre-
rived at Saigon's university. troops. and cops
neatly knocked them off their bicycles and
hauled them off to jail by the truckload.
(They also detained three American cor-
respondents, including the Post's Burt
Glinn.) Elsewhere in Saigon, where stu-
dents were planning noisier demonstrations,
the Government was harsher. Hundreds
were beaten, and one girl, allegedly trying to
"escape." was shot.
The rise to power of the feared and de-
tested Ngo Dinh Nhu helped to cyrstalize
the many military elements that have long
plotted against the Government. Until now
they have hesitated to act, because they
lacked cohesion, because they were uncertain
of getting U.S. benediction and because they
feared the Communists would profit from a
coup. There are several generals among
these potential insurgents, and they even in-
clude men close to Diem's family. "But
you've known Diem and the Nhus for years."
I asked one of them. "How could you kill
them in cold blood?" My friend shrugged
sadly. "We must choose between a few peo-
ple and a nation."
editorial printed in the RECORD at this
point.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
(From the New York Times, Sept. 20, 19631
CONFUSION ON VIETNAM
senator MANSFIELD, a penetrating student
of Par Eastern affairs, has called the Nation's
attention to a major bedevilment in our ef-
forts to help South Vietnam win the war
against Communist guerrillas. This com-
plicating element is the deep split inside the
administration on just what policy to pur-
sue-a split aggravated by the bitter hos-
tilities and contradictory courses among the
various American agencies in Saigon. The
result is all-around confusion so intense It
could mean disaster.
The situation the United States faces in
Vietnam is difficult and delicate enough
without such complications. The repres-
sive policies of President Ngo Dinh Diem
and his brother Nhu are alienating the coun-
try's red by divided command; campaign impending
debate on Vietnam in the United Nations
General Assembly will add new embarrass-
ments.
As President Kennedy has stated, the
stakes in southeast Asia are too high for us
to see the war lost. But the war will not
be won by what he himself characterized as
"ambivalence" in our effort. The obvious
remedy would seem to be the one Senator
MANSFIELD suggests: namely, to put all ac-
tivities under the overall direction of Am-
bassador Lodge and to institute such changes
in personnel as may be needed to insure
some consistency in our Vietnamese policy.
Any policy is better than no policy at all
or a dozen policies operating at cross-
purposes.
13nding the present mixup over who is in
charge should be a major goal of Secretary
McNamara and General Taylor on their trip
to Vietnam.
CHURCH. Mr. President, Max
Mr
.
Freedman is one of the most distin-
guished analysts of American politics.
Mr. Freedman was formerly the Wash-
ington correspondent for the Guardian,
a leading English newspaper. While
serving in this capacity, Mr. Freedman
was judged the best reporter for the for-
eign press who was then reporting from
this country in a study of the subject
printed in Time magazine. All Amer-
icans who had occasion to be in England
at the time Freedman was writing for
the Guardian were grateful for the pen-
etrating and fair-minded quality of
Freedman's writing on American affairs.
Freedman has continuedto display these
qualities in the syndicated column that
he now writes for several American
newspapers, Including the Washington
Evening Star. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that a recent col-
umn by Mr. Freedman on South Vietnam
which appeared in the September 23
issue of the Star be printed in the RECORD
at this point.
There being no objection, the column
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
(From the Evening Star, Washington, Sept.
Most officers hoped, however, to avoid
bloodshed. Under the martial law, army
elements moved into administrative con-
trol. These military units could conceiv-
ably usurp the power of the Diem regime.
But if they stay faithful to Diem, they may
be opposed by other, less loyal elements.
which could touch off a confused, trian-
gular civil war-South Vietnam's Army
fighting within Itself, with the Communists
idly watching and winning.
South Vietnam lies on the edge of chaos.
And In retrospect, the strongest Communist
allies in the country have been the Diem
family. They have sown suspicion and
hatred, and their show of apparent power
has been a sham to conceal their weakness.
Back in 1933, when he was a young civil
servant, Ngo Dinh Diem made a prophecy
that may yet come true. ?"The Communists
will not take our country by virtue of their
strength," he said, "but by virtue of our
weakness. They'll win by default."
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, on Fri-
day, September 20, the distinguished
majority leader [Mr. MANSFIELD) made
a short but important speech outlining
some of our problems in the Vietnamese
dated document. This false document was
framed as a request by the generals asking
the Government to declare martial law and
crack down on the Buddhists. The fake re-
quest was aimed at Ambassador Lodge-
designed to give him the impression that the
sweeping repressions reflected demands from
a powerful group In the military high com-
mand. Virtually prisoners in the presiden-
tial palace, the generals bad no choice but
to sign. And Washington, which at first at-
tributed the raids to the Vietnamese Army,
soon found it had been duped. It issued a
do well to review his latest statement on
this problem. On Sunday, September
22, the New York Times published an
editorial calling attention to the ma-
jority leader's remarks on Vietnam. I
ask unanimous consent to have this
CIA'S BLUNDERS IN VIETNAM: DEVELOPMENTS
SHOW FOLLY OF LETTING INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY ESTABLISH POLICIES
(By Max Freedman)
As the war in Vietnam has continued, the
struggle in Washington between rival groups
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 1963 Approve F r Release 2003/10/10 CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
0 GRE$SIONAL RECORD - SENATE 17255
inside the administration has grown in bit- Secondly, the action of Senator CHURCH promise and performance. You will have to
terness and intensity. There have been and some 30 other Senators in threatening pardon us if we sometimes seem to be too
angry mutterings of resignation-not carried to cut off aid is designed to strengthen Presi- busy arguing among ourselves to argue with
out?in practice-and high words about drift dent Kennedy in his dealings with the Diem our visitors.
and danger. Part of the tension has been government. It arms President Kennedy Perhaps, Mr. Secretary General, you will
caused by clashes in temperament but the with a lever against that government if it recall some words spoken several years ago
central problem arises from differences over resists necessary reforms in Vietnam or if about the nature of this democracy of ours.
public policy. it flirts with a danger of neutralit
By the middle of April, or even a few days y 1 You might recall them because they were this earlier, it seemed clear to a few discerning - --+-[ spoken Burma, cUy by a former
whom Prime Mine
officials in the State Department that the THE aster s e No with whom you national
military struggle had begun to turn slowly USES OF DIVERSITY-ADDRESS associated before you left your national
yet decisively against the Communist forces, BY HARLAN CLEVELAND, ASSIST- launching pad, as Dag Hammarskjold used
This basic military fact has been obscured ANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR to say, and went into orbit as servant to
by the later political storms but the avail- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION the international community,
able evidence confirms this trend. Only AFFAIRS U Nu had spent aseveral nd he spok in a lunch-
about
about 10 percent of the Communist forces, eon the East o orr, ah he n at a lunch-
number somewhat less than 25,000 Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, on Sep- the o his honor of the amazing sights and
men, comes from outside Vietnam. tember 9, approximately 1 week before the overpowering size of this metropolis,
Then
This background deserves considerable the opening of the 18th session of the a said:
emphasis for it shows that the Defense De- well p night I sat up and the tout O roof
partment and the Central Intelli erf n_ United Nations General Assembly, the well past my bedtime and gazed out on the
ar area entitled to prase to this limited Assistant Secretary of State for Inter- city. I was away from the noise and dis-
achi.
, .. are enti As the weeks forgged on, how- national Organization Affairs, Harlan traction. Here I seemed to sense the great
ever, it became painfully evident that both Cleveland, delivered an address to the pulse that beats under the surface of your
of them were guilty of shambling inaccura- 18th assembly of the World Federation city. And I thought that the power of New
ties in reading the political stuation in Of United Nations Associations. Accent- York lies isti characteristics. any of these massive physical
Vietnam. ing the fact that the U.N., like the United greatest thing of tall e wasdthe living lesson
When the debate behind the scenes is States, thrives on diversity, Mr. Cleve- that New York offers the world: that peoples
made public years from now, no one will be land told the delegates: from man lands, man races, many cultures,
able to deny that the State Department, on many y
the able basis of papers and recommendations You are meeting today in the very citadel many religions can live together and work
written at the time and not with the wins of diversity, the seat of an organization with together; not only can they coexist, but all
writ of hindsight, had a far greater the w is- the misleading name United Nations. of them seem to draw at least some little
into the true situation in Vietnam than any United we certainly are not. We are glori- something from each other that makes them
other the true situation in Viet Government. ously, irretrievably diverse-diverse in social more complete and that adds vigor and en-
other a ence in the Amer has faced a des- organization, in economic theories, in po- durance to their lives. Yet Aerate and wearing tmentle has
get its view litical ideas, diverse in attitudes and alli- "Perhaps out of this kind of ferment, out
pmaodian in American policy, ances, in wealth and power; diverse, too, in of this kind of contact between peoples of
If the final result in olicy should be a the stages of development, such 'varied backgrounds, out of this kind
defeat for the cause supported of diversity can come the new ideas and the
by American He continued: new way of looking at things that are so
arms and American money, there will be a Because we are diverse, our United Nations badly needed in our world."
rush in this country to place the blame on is an intensely practical organization, For Those words were well received here, be-
the most vulnerable scapegoats. What is an what makes diversity work, as we have found cause we glory in the description of our so-
easier target than the State Department? here at home, is not men's ability to agree ciety as the great melting-pot. It is, of
It will be said that the State Department on philosophy or broad principles, but the course, nothing of the sort.
lost South Vietnam just as it once lost fact that they can agree on what to do next, The racial and ethnic and national groups
China. That charge is wrong about China, while continuing to disagree about why they that came here, and read a sign in the harbor
and it certainly never can be true about are doing it. saying "Send these, the homeless, tempest-
Vietnam.
The record will show that the State De- In m
y test, to me * * *," didn't fly apart after
partment from the very beginning saw the speech before dthe World 1Federation of other, they huddled together foropr tection
tragic significance of the Diem government's United Nations Associations deserves the against the other groups that had already
attack on the students. It understood the widest attention, and I recommend its come, and against those further waves of
moral decay and political cruelty that careful reading to all. Therefore, I ask strangers that kept rolling in past the Statue
prompted the campaign against the Bud- unanimous consent that the Assistant of Liberty and
dhists. It regretted the timid, blundering, populating a continent with
and inconsistent appeal made to the army secretary's excellent and meaningful re- a nation of foreigners.
in Vietnam to assert its independence, marks be printed at this point in the No, the rNu's w rd: dive not theme newer rsity. It argues now that if it is hard to find an RECORD. pot, but U a the vAmeri The newer
alternative to the Diem group, the blame There being no objection, the address Americans and the older Americans learned
rests in no small part on the unfortunate was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, up tagainstteachtother,, andother theyhdisevexed
-alliance between the ntral Intelligence as follows: not that all men are brothers-that is an
Agency and the Defense Deparcmen , early, easier lesson-but that all brothers are
1-Sus impact in recent weeks on Ameri- THE USES OF DIVERSITY different, which is a later, harder lesson be-
can policy. (Address by the Honorable Harlan Cleve- cause it means learning about the value of
In-this distribution of blame, the heaviest land, Assistant Secretary of State for In- difference.
burden falls on the CIA. The officials mak- ternational Organization Affairs at the You who visit us for a few weeks may find
ing these criticisms" ffe not vindictive nor First Plenary Session of the World Fed- us in consequence a little confusing. Some
.clo they have any desire to stir up a row eration of 'United Nations Association, of you come from societies which can de-
inside the administration. September 9, 1963) scribe their goals and define their "system"
With the evidence in their hands of the with well-honed words frog ancient texts
:Incredible and garish blunders committed in The Secretary General, who honors us by our or modern manifestoes. Don't ask us for
n sickening sequence by the CIA. these men his presence here this morning, will welcome o manifesto-allouwill get will
In the State Department would be false to Y be a
you to the United Nations. My pleasure is blank seado
-theta trust If they remained silent while
to welcome you to the State of New York, For n d have a "system." have, .
omens of disaster steadily accumulated, anything, a protected plurality of f systems.
The wretched muddle in Vietnam shows and the United States of America. The Englishman, Edmund Burke, in his fa-
the folly and the danger of allowing the You u are e meeting, as well you know, in the mows speech about how to get along with
th
_IA to e o be a primary force in the ing the most antique democracy. I think
develop you will find it also one of the world's live- despair wild men across the Is Atlantic, said c
MM of American policy. The CIA should Best. despair that our religion is the he dissidence
e
be an instrument for carrying out agreed - dissent. Americans, he thought, were a
policy;
it should never be the architect of Ever since our forefathers got carried people who are still, as it were, but in the
policy, away with some heady ideas about human gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone
Two further points should be made: dignity and personal freedom and equal of manhood. What makes it so hard for
rights for all men we have been having a our own historians to capture and record
First, Ambassador Lodge, by consent of lively time trying to make good on their , the American way of life is precisely that
;hose best able to judge, is doing a first-rate promises. Right now we are busy trying to our way of life is a living denial of the
ob in very hard conditions. correct the worst and the oldest gap between dogma that any one man's view of society,
No. 154-b
Approved For Release 2003/10/%: CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 Y , r
as t
Approved For Release 2003/10/10: Cl ~~p ~gn0 00170027-5 September 26
CONGRESSIONAL REOOfIT
17256
southern
the
discrim
are
In iseve al conferences this summoerf
third or any one group 'e view of society, is the too Some ll,tohinc ude ivoices from all sions Parts of Africa. inat
correct, approved version. the newly independent world. one group of U.N. members has tried to
71 The Office of the Secretary General is still eject other members from the meetings. On
You are meeting today to the Very citadel handling an extraordinary range of peace- several occasions the resulting clamor has
of diversity, the seat of an organization with making tasks by putting an impossible bur- brought important work to a standstill-
the , misleading name United Nations, den on a handful of overworked men. and has brought disrepute to the United
United we certainly are not. We are glor- The United Nations has now undertaken Nations.
iously, Irretrievably diverse-diverse in so- 10 peacekeeping operations but the Secre- There to no doubt that If a large caucus
cial organization. in economic theories in tartat needs more of the military planning of member states is unified and determined,
political ideas; diverse attitudes and alit-skills that the next emergency, and the one and is willing to ignore legal rulings and
ances, in wealth and nd power: T: diverse, too, in after that, will require. the chairman's gavel, they can succeed in
the stages of development. There is no doubt that technical aid and making a shambles of any parliamentary
Because we are diverse. our United Nations preinvestment work-the development of body. There are plenty of instances, In the
is an intensely practical organization. For projects that make sense and the training tortured history of democratic institutions,
what makes diversity work, as we have found of people who can make them work-is now of frustrated minorities becoming so in-
here at home, is not men's ability to agree the main bottleneck in the whole develop- censed that they took their frustration out
on philosophy or broad principles, but the ment process. The U-N., which teaches pub- on the rules of the game of democracy Itself.
fact that they can agree on what to do next, Ile administration all over the world, still The claim In these Instances has always
while continuing to disagree about why they has administrative improvements to make in been same-that the end justified the
are doing It. unifying the contribution to this process of means-that if democratic procedures frus-
Some may agree to take the next step be- all the U.N. agencies. trate purposes of obvious nobility, then dem-
cause they see their interests served there-
by; others may see a mandate for the same rv ocratic procedures must be cast aside. The
boomerang effect ofsuch an attitude Is per-
next step in some religious text or economics But the biggest question about the United haps the clearest and most obvious lesson
textbook; still others may go along because Nations today is not whether it will be more in all the history of freedom. All of us who
they don't want to offend those who are pro- or less efficient. The biggest question is owe our freedom, and our national Inde-
posing the step be taken. The reasons for whether its members will stay on the course pendants, a the presence in the world of
common action can be mutually inconsist- they have laid out for themselves in the democratic procedures should think long and
out-in any large organization I think they charter. carefully before we cast them aside as an
often are, and in the United Nations almost In every country today, voices are raised obstacle to the early achievement of our
always so to ask: Do we really want an international own immediate aims.
If we had to wait around until two-thirds organization with a significant capacity to The specific a aims. for all the viruses that
of the delegates who meet in this place could keep the peace? currently T re the r United all t Naus s-t
agree as to why they were agreeing, no reso- In all of the big countries, this question Is current afflict delinquency, the tension between
lution would ever be passed and the 'United asked to justify a growing resistance to pay- peace and change, cthe temptation to set
Nations would not today be spending more Ing for international peacekeeping. A new aside the change, an rules of temptation
than half a billion dollars a year for peace- slogan, "our way or no pay," is today the simple. et I of is for all rules of to remember, and nation building. official policy of several member govern- assmple with our prayers, that what keeps
i rhat unites this diversity, then, is not so ments, Including two of the permanent mem- a world of diversity from blowing itself eto
much a paper agreement on'phtlosophy as a hers of the Security Council. eternity world if a consensus from how ngcitself n o
practical consensus on procedure. a prag- But the rest of us can hardly claim an made- Is lawyers us on n ow de to call it
matic agreement on how decisions will be unsullied virtue in the matter. Our de- be ni made a willingness to talk at tedious
made and who will carry them into action. bates on U.N. financing reveal strong minor- llaw ength with people whose principles you hate.
It is no accident that the Charter of the ity opinions to the same effect: If we are v
United Nations contains 4 pages of philos- paying part of the piper, shouldn't we be
ophy followed by 40 pages, of procedure. calling all of the tune? The creation of the U.N. did not end the
A marvelous practical system it Is: if we The doubts about international peacekeep- competition for power among nations. It
sat down in this place to write the charter ing also show up among those who advocate did broaden that competition, bringing in ders
l around
the again, It Is highly improbable that we would change at any price, and those Who t think
globe. It did provide arpmcello contain the
do as well. keeping the peace means keeping things just
As the U.N. has grown In maturity. In as they are. struggle-an arena for diversity. And it
strength, and in revelance to the major is- In Africa today the U.N. and most of its may In time civilize the settlement of dis-
sues of the day, It has collected enemies in members are In the middle-determined to putes among nations.
every nation as well as friends. Your United bring self-determination to all peoples, -but If we are going'to have an arena, we are
game, of p8 the mee,
Nations associations in every land bear the anxious-and obligated under the charter- going have
serious have
brunt of defending the organization against to pursue this goal by peaceful means. In the deadly y ther.
political attack, so there is no need to re- every society we have citizens who in their Without them, or when they are violated at
mind you of the gloomy forecasts that have pursuit of laudable goals are quite prepared f will, the civilizing game disis integrates Into is
regularly been made about It. to take the law into their own hands, con-bad enough
The onset of the cold war, the crisis In vinced In their own minds that a little blood- a sports arena. In the United Nations it is
Korea. the chronic warring in the Middle shed will lubricate the machinery for a formula for nuclear-powered jungle war.
East, the chaotic ordeal in the Congo, the change. The U.N. would be endangered if The future of these nations united In di-
growing gap between the rich countries and any of its members came to think that way.. verity does not hang on their ability to
the poor countries-each test of internatlon- The magnificent record of decolonization meld their differences into the dull and un-
al cooperation has produced its crop of gives hope that we can yet devise in the stable amalgam of resolutions on general
doomsayers. U.N. the methods of peaceful change which principles. It hangs on the "next steps" we
The detractors of the forties were certain will enable all the people of the southern can take together in this place, to make this
the organization would die of anemia: the part of Africa to exercise the rights to which a world as safe as it Is exciting to live in.
latter-day detractors are more Inclined to the charter and their own natural dignity The action we take together had better
predict the organization's demise from over- entitle them. But if the United Nations is contain the peril we share-for we all have to
indulgence. But they share a common char- going to play a central part in this process, be brothers whether we like it or not.
t of ns believe it should, all parties
acteristic: they m wrong. as mos
The U.N's capacity to act-which is its are going to have to be willing to talk and
most precious ass6t-has grown from year to mining the something about change-while main-
year. it has outlived a succession of threats
to its existence-each time, like Ulysses. Let me any It again: A world of diversity
emerging stronger from the trial. As Adlai will only work if there are some agreed rules;
Stevenson has said, the United Nations was and rules have to be taken most seriously
built for trouble and thrives on it. at moments of maximum annoyance and
33Y frustration. If a car In front of you at the
No organization can double in membership stoplight falls to move when the light turns
in less than two decades without putting an green, it is permissible to blow your horn
enormous strain on the original machinery. or even to call in the proper authorities to
The machinery devised to serve the 51-mem- help induce the other driver to move. It Is
her organization of 1045 Is plainly inadequate not permissible to express your sense of
for the 111-member organization of today, outrage that be done without rgetting hurt
For example: yourself.
The General Assembly is cumbersome-it A related threat to the Organization has
is, for example, the only parliamentary body
in the world which still tries to do most of its developedfr persistence oft same frustration on bout
work through committees of the whole. the
INDIANA DUNES AND BURNS DITCH
HARBOR
Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, an
editorial in this morning's Washington
Post correctly assesses the recommenda-
tions made by the Bureau of the Budget
this week as to the fate of the beautiful
Indian Dunes.
The editorial states that "not three,
not two, but one cheer is in order for
the administration's compromise deci-
sion." I am sure that all those who want
to preserve our Nation's natural treas-
ures for the generations to come will
share this view, although I might be
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 i CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
TRANSMITTAL SLIP
DATE
TO:
1?~ . Y , /i
ce
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
REMARKS:
FROM1
ROOM NO.
BUILDING
EXTENSION
FORM NO 241 REPLACES FORM 36-B
WHICH MAY BE USED.
Approved For Release 2003/10/10 : CIA-RDP65B00383R000200170027-5
 ,. ~~ I~~40raE 0
UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL SECRET
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
OFFICIAL ROUTING SLIP
TO
NAME AND ADDRES
DATE
INITIALS
I
CI 7E12
2
3
f
4
I
6
______
ACTION
IRECT REPLY
PREPARE REPLY
APPROVAL
DISPATCH
RECOMMENDATION
COMMENT
FILE
RETURN
CONCURRENCE
INFORMATION
SIGNATURE
Remarks :
The attached extract from the Congressional
Record of yesterday deals with Senator Church's
discussion of Vietnam and insertion of various
articles including the Max Freedman article
in The Star of 23 September. This is the first
floor reference to the Freedman article.
pohn S~ Warner
I
FOLD HERE TO RETURN TO SENDER
0 C`p/proved For Release 2003/1 -
UNCLASSIFIED CONFIDENTIAL
FORM,NO. 9-q7 Use previous editions
0
X27 Sept
25X1