NKVD OPERATIONAL METHODS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 8, 1998
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 12, 1947
• Content Type: REPORT

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NOTE
The followin6 article dates from the time of the last war.
However, most of what it says about the NKVD at that time applies
aS well to the OD at the present day. In addition, it treats
several unchanging principles of all espionage and counter-
espionage, so that the article has lasting value.
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25X1A8
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Prepared By
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP_
-- -
New War Department :Building
21st and Virginia-AWenue. N. W.
- _Weshhigton, O. C.
28X1A8a
ease 1999/09/07 :'ClA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
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4
WARN I NG
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES W I TH I N THE MEAN I NG OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT. 50
. C . 31 AND 32. AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO ANY imiummingi
UNAU1HORI1ED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LA*. REPRODUCTION OF THF
INTELLIGENCE IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT sprcuit-
AUTHORITY FROM THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
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25X1 A8a
-TRANSLATIO N
Number 53 12 Mar 1947
NKVD OPERATIONAL METHODS
Prepared by
?
25X1 A8a
CENTRAI INTaLIGENCE GOUP
2430 E Street, N. W.
aahinzton, ILL
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Distribmnpn List
State (up)
4
JIS
1
CINCFE
10
AAF
21
AG?.
4
ID
a
CINCPACFLT
5
COMNAVJAP
5
OMINATIMPAC
5
USW
1
Op-20.2 (via Op..32 Y-1)
2
OUI
8
CIG
3
DB
50
Total.
133
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;UNMARY OF CONTENTS
IKVD Nfrational Rethods
RP 7. s
(Doc No 362001) ife'(s ?
This is a complete translation of a 33?page
typewritten Lecture digest designed "to acquaint
the audience with the organization and methods of
work of the counterespionage organs of NXVD of the
USSR" by one Avilov, instructor. Authority, place
and date remain unknown, but the text would indi?
cate that it was written in 1942.
The introduction presents the problem of es?
pionage versuo counterespionage and briefly states
the historical background of NM. The main body
of the lecture continues with a discussion of the
organization and operation of NKVD, and concludes
with some basic foetal of Soviet legal procedure.
Formal division into introduction, parts, chapters,
etc., is almost entirely the work of the editor.
Pages 1 through 33
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Goy
russumi im
put ofettnovg, wore
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
ORGArILATIONAi ST2UC1'URE OF ra !MD
I Territorial Organs
Oblast Administration
B. Regional Department
C. City Department
/I Spacial Departments
? A. Special Department of the Army
B. Special Department of the Division
Part 2, Ot TION OF THE =D-
I Informational-Agency Net
A. Informer
IL Agent
,C. Resident
\ID. Counterespionage
II Cperational.Agency Net
A. External Observation--
B. Recording of Information
C. The Arrest
III Baeic_Facts of Soviet Legal Procedure
A. Crier, and Punishment
B. Code or Criminal Procedure .
C. Court Jurisdictioni
D. Preliminary Inquiry
E. Material Evidence
Part 1.
Conclusion
- 1 -
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A. Espionage Versus CounteresnionaRe
An intelligence agent must bear in mind that he will be
able to carry out his assignment only ifila remains at_ 100-.
ty, is unhampered in his activities, and may travel unhindered
whenever necessary. Also, if the intelligence agent does not
fully realize the cireumetaneee.Wihkkhia will be working,
he will not suspect those factors which may bring about his
arrest.
In the USE, as in any other country, there exists a spe-
cial organization, the function of which is to combat the es-
pionage of foreign countries, to expose those groups Which have
been sent to the Soviet Union by the intelligence *well's of
other governments for espionage purposes. This function is
known SS COUnter0SpiOnagto
?
?
In the Soviet Union, the functions of the counterespionage
organization involve a network of city and regional deRsrtments
of the NKVD, where the espionage agent works in ivij terri-
tories, an4 a series-of special departments of the NKVD (army,
division or brigade), where the espionage agent works in the
front lines.
.The problem of the future espionage agent is to study the
structure and methods of the Soviet :counterespionage organiza-
tions in both civil territories and the front lines and to ac-
quaint himself with their operational centers and probable net
locations in order to be able to identify and avoid them.
B. NKVD. Offshoot of Eolqhevism
Before presenting the basic course contained in the pre-
sent series of lectures which is of interest to the espionage
agent, I pause for some historic information. The Cheka, later
to become the Ogpu and then the NKVD, was a terrorist organiza-
tion, an agent of Jewiih Boisheviim which gained power over the
Russian people by fraudulent means. .The national economy, dis-
organized due to a long war, caused the people to rebel against
the tsar, as evidenced by mass desertions in the army.
Once in power, the Bolsheviks' fundamental problem waa to
atsy there. The people, convinced that they had been deceived,
began express dissatisfaction by organizing armed revolts in
the Ukraine and Caucasus, in Siberia, 'Aite Russia, etc. As a
preventive measure, the Bolsheviks organized a commission with
extraordinary power) a commission which could sentence a man to
be shot. Thus its name, "Extraordinary Commission." (TN: In
Russian, "Choke.") The Bolsheviks were able to strengthen their
power for a time, drowning the Russian people's will for free-
dom in a sea of blood and overcoming them with fear of the
Ixtra rdinary
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socialistic measures, such as five4year plans, government farms,
etc., in order to enelaVezthe people and exploit the national -
/ealth. Naturally, these measures provoked a new wave of vio-
lent hatred toward Bolshevism andl resulted in new mass suppres-
sion. In all the Soviet newspapers the Bolsheviks cried' "To
the white terror, we answer with the red terrort" The sword of
proletarian "justice" an the official emblem of the Eitraordin-
ary Commission touched Millions of people in the years 1937 and
1938. And it is known to each of us that there was no home or
farm where "enemies of the people" were not discovered and
arrested by organizations of the F4D.
These organs initiated public trials--the mythicil Coal-
!diner Affair, Industrial-Party Affair, Rightist-Trotsky Bloc,
etc.--to intimidate the people and stifle every attempt to ex-
press discontent. Besides the violent coercion of the popula-
tion, however, other duties were allotted to the Extraordinary
Ocamission, and, inconsequence, it was reorganized into the
Ugpu, and then into the NXVD. Among these additional duties
was that of counterespionAge.
Part 1. CRWIZATICUAL STRUOTUR1., OF THI....1.4iND
The main lower operational unite in the system of territor-
ial organs of NiXD'are the regional (RAYaNYY) departments of
the hhVD in regional centers and the city departments of the
NKVD in cities. The main lower operational units of Red Army
organs. of the ,NKVD are e peries of special departments (divi-
sional and brigade) which fulfill all the functions of punitive
and counterespionage as do organs inside the country.
The principles, and operational methods of these territorial
and military organs of the hhVD are the same and are based on
the work of undercover informative units organized in resi-
dencies ( SILENTURA). Their functions are the same,. and they
are distinguished from.each other only by their organizational
structure and sphere of activity. Hence, their designations,
"territorial organs" fulfilling the requirements of the civil
territories of the country and Red Army "special departments"
functioning in railways, etc. Needless to say, the espionage
agent must be cognizant of both, since bcth will be active in
the sphere of hie own activities. The organizational structure
of these. organs follows in greater detail. '
I. TERRITRIAL (AGMS
A. Oblast Adminiatration
. ?
? At the .head ufthoroperationalagenci (ALENTURNO OaRATIV?
NAYA) work and other activities of the regional and city de-
partments of the hte-is the hur oblast administration, with
a staff of up to 50 people. All regional- and city-department
reports on the progress of operations and the condition of
agency projects go to the oblast administration, which issues
the instructions. Chief of an tii.VD oblast administration is a
senior
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?
SECR-Kr
' A, A.
,ne rank oL *calor
ApprtAmA FEWItgtiANINMOVAIVIOT
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1. First Special .Department .
? This department Weep* a record of.theAKVD operationa,
and card files of .people whotave been Investigated by they.ar-
ious agencies and of the agenciesand their agents.. ,-
?
2. Operational Department
Ihin department Bikes all kinds of arrangeleents and ar-
rests as directed by othernblart-adndnistration departmente and
is 'responsible for special liaison (courier service) and public
Surveillance. ? ,??
3. Secret-Political-Department (WO_
? ?
This department makes a study of Ple counterrevolu-
tionary element workint?egainst.the governments
4. Oduntereapionare Department (00) . .
This department is in char!o of coping with espionage
(in wartime, conducting espionage activities behind the front
lines; dispatching Partisans,,diversionists gig, etc.). ?
5, Economic Department (MO.:.
This department supplies ths-agencies-with-the ?blast's
industrial and, rural eoccomic-Istatistica.
?
6. Inquiry Department
? This departinent investigates people arrested by the
oblast administration-'of the:,NICVD: '
7. Administrative and Supply?Departments
This blolk of departments fills thc requirements of
all the other de?artaants in those capacities indicated by the
title.
The first six departments listed aboe'are.uhder the direc-
tiOn of the-chleficfirst assistant, While the block of admin-
istrative_and supAy,dspartmentris underAhst of the sccond.
. ? ? , ?
2th dittinguithinL ihmi7nia of the various &Masa* of
State Security foli*St '
?
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Junior Lieutenant ,3 squares
Lieutenant 1 rectangle
Senior Lieutenant 2 rectangles
Captain 3 rectangles
Major 1 diamond
Senior Major 2 diamonds
Commissar, 3d Rank 3 diamonds
Commissar, 2d Rank ' ' '4 diamends
Commissar, 1st Rank 4 diamonds ard 1 star
General Commissar Angular collar 'tab and 1 star
The official uniform is analogous to that of Red Army'
officer perronnel, with a few exceptions. The cap is light
blue with a crimson border. The emblem is a sleeve patch
(worn on both sleeves above the elbow) on which is pictured an
oval laurel wreath with a hammer and sickle in the center and
"the sword of proletariat justice" running the length of the
oval. The collar tabs are crimson with rose edging, and the
distinguishing letters are "RKU" (Eat indicating Korkersi
and Peasants' Red Army). ?
14, Regional. Department
This department has A staff of 14 to 16 people: its
officials And their functional duties follow:
1. Chief of Regional i)epartment of the MC
A junior lieutenant of State Security, he handles the
general administration.
2. Vice Chief of the Re0.onal. Department of the NKVD
This office is a function of large regions (ROCNS)
and calls :tv a sergeant or junior lieutenant ef State
SecUrity to process documents and direct the,actiN.itieo of tie
deputies (aPCLNOMCCHENNYY).
3. Senior Deputy of the Regional Department of the NKVD
-A sergeant or jalnior lieutenant of 6tat e Security,
this official does liaison work between the department and
higher organizations, and counterespionage work, as well as
working with the control agencies (AGENTURA).
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A sergeant or junior lieutenant of Statit Sectrity,Ythis
,official works with the informational...agency network and is res-
ponsible for a series of villages. The number of dopUties do.
panda upon the suss of the region.
9itr Decertmept
This-type department carries on the same work as the
regional-type department, but in the area of a city and ite
suburbs. Also analogous is its organizational structure, exs..
cept for an increased staff of up to 20 people?a vice chief,
two senior deputies, and a larger nuaber of deputies being nec-
essary. The staff is divided in the execution of its functions,
not according to territory, i.e., villages or city wards, but
according to the more operational divisions of industry, Polit-
ical education, anti-Soviet political parties,: and activities .
Opposed to the Soviet system.
,II. SUCIAL DIWTLITTS
Irreclai Demo. t.fregi9f tike Arv
Top adminietrative organ of the. IZI/D special-department
setup is the Special Department of the Army. Just as the re-
ports of the regional and city departments go to the NEVD oblast
administration in the territorial-organization setup, allre-
ports of the special depertments'of%divisien, brigade an corps
go to the Special Department of the Argy, which department di-
rects and checks the daily work of others. It is comparable to
the NKVDoblast administration, but its operating staff is .
larger, numberins 60 people. In this number, hi:movers-is in-
cluded personnel. who, in agenwactivitios, serve such army
-units as the guard.mortar regiments, signal regiments, and bridge-
construction (sapper) regiments (served by the 34 Division);
the military field hospitals, clearing station', supply stations,
army depots, and railway junctions (served by the 5th Division);
etc. .
1. Cfficials and Their Functional Duties
a. Chief--a captain of State Security and in charge of
.general administration.
?
t4 First Vice Chief.-...a senior lieutenant or captain
of State Security and responsible for the operational-a;ency
work of subordinate special departments (infantry divisions,
tank brigades, etveltreerpe, etc.).
7..!
investifration of
people arrested by.the Special Department of the Army and by
subordinate special-orgenizations.
?
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2. Divisions
-.* a. lit Diviaion-?serves those staffs and units which
go-to make up the army and is composedof the Chief of the de-?
nostalgia and two operational deputies. "
b. 2d Division?serves as an operating agency for the
army air forces and is composed of the chief of the department
and a senior deputy. ?
0. 3d Division..serves as an operating agency for
army tank troops and engineer, sapper, chemical 'and signal units,
and is composed of the chief of the department, a senior dep.
uty and a deputy.
d. 4th Divisionserves as an operating agency for
army infantry unite and is composed of the chief of the de-- ?
partmmnt, assistant chief, a senior deputy and two. deputies.
?
4
e.
5th Division?serves as an operating agency for
' army rear establishments and is composed of the chief of the de-
partment, s senior deputy and two deputies. .
f, .6th Division--besides counterespionage work, con-
ducts espionage activities beyond the front lines and is com-
posed of the chief of -the department, an assistant and three
senior deputies.
g. Inquiry Section?investigates people arrested by
operational departments of the Special Department of the-Army
and is composed of two senior examiners and six examiners.
. .t. Secretariat--handles correspondence, records the-
operational-agency work of the Special .Department of the Amy,
encodes operational documents keeps the personnel records of
Atli operational staff, and handles supplie,. and accounts. It
I,. divided into a cryptographic bureau, an operational-records
group, and a financial -section of two people each, and the ,
commandantle ?Meet which is composed of the commsndant and
his assistant, A department of apecial missions which executes
the death sentences, and the company' adNs .used here As ,an .
army unig of the 'Special Department of the Army. At the head
of these divisions is the Chief of Secretariat, an educated
operaticral worker.
B. .Spegialperlirtant'orthivieioq.
Personnel and functions of the 'operational staff of 14-16
people folio*
? - ??? -1 ..
, A 3441.0r*:er Haiti, lieutenant of State Security, this
official IA in charge of the division or brigade .special de- .
Pertnent..:
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2. Vice Chief
A junior lieutenemlior a lieutenant of Stat.* Siourity,
this official handles the operational processing of documents,
directs the operational-agency service of rear divisions and bri-
gades, and is in charge aE investigations.
3. Senior Deputy
A sergeant or junior lieutenant, of State Security, this
official (working within the organisation APPARAT 7) provides in-
formation and conducts counterespionage activities.
4. Zxaminer
A sergeant or JUnior lieutenantsJhie official7conducts
,, ?
5.4 Senior Regimental Deputies
Four sergeants er junior lieutenants of State Security,
the officials are responsible for carrying out lower operational-
agency work ..in the regiments.
.6. Deputies
Six sergeants of 3tate Security (rank.not a requisite),
these officials serve rear divisions and brigades, four of them
under the senior regimental agent, and the other tyre under the.
vice chief.
The staff of the. special department of the division (bri-
gade) also ipcludea,a commandant's office and a platoon which
fulfills special functions (messenger .service, bodyguard service,
executing death sentences, etu.): ? 4.
? ? ?
The uniform of members of the special departments is dif-
ferent from that of the operational personnel of territorial'organ-
izations in that, for purposes df:seereey, It is the general
military uniform with no exceptions. In the divisions pf the.
Special Department of the Arny, the Uniform of operational per-
sonnel conforis'to that of the officer personnel of the army units
which they serve. Accordingly, a deputy of the 3d Division wears
the uniform of an. officer of the tank troops, an operational work-
er of the 2d Division dresses like a.member of the air force, an
operational worker of the Isth- Division wears-the-general military
finfantri7 uniform, etc. .Such conformity of dress is necessary,
since approximately 50 percent of the unit personnel is acquainted
with each operational worker, and the secrecy of his work must be
maintain,
?
Presented above is
operational departments
Security Of NKVD and of
these departments which
the organizational structure of only the,
of organs of the Administration 'of State
'the special departmente, because It in
conduct counterespionage activitiei at
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home and. sapiawe, ateroa. anci expose those people
wit* Ittiti :pputi4,7 .10, pi** dersatistaftwiathltiet.
""- "-.1 " 'Ls "A'^' - wr4 ? .
? 1 ?
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CrIi,e
La.r.tt tivin5.1/?,# ti !fit r.1:11."1 f?'.
rf ,
??"? 4
The ila* "dr 'the teirifekal! Bit& lip'ec far departieente tet
t 'timed 'co" 'the iverViitiindeic'evee'in.fol?mationfil-;agenerladts?--
( .and ork an .riet of 'gigantic I-Lna? ?
(entry divial..ort of 12;001! ateif, 400450 work as 'agents- ant In-
formers' In the sibret iterrviee,'ior lipebitil-depirtaseht;ltrgans",?-:
organized by companies. into deptikaental grckips'?(reitideribilei).
In a village of 300 houses, there are, 3040 people enrolled .in
the secret work of the hKVD Orgaft; orgshiiMIANI
basis into a general group (residency). All such people engaged
in the NKVD undercover'wee.k ('both territorial emdliOcial -
departmental) are divided into varieus categariea and utilised
iri'different fields. l'hisre'le no previously stlpulated.remuni-
eiation tor such -work; it, for each lot of,.N pet-sons11 ardor; .
tame is proviaiOn for' double: 'remuneration out Ater, Mali mirk
? designated for special etEpietisea. Thie happens; however, only,
when the Information eruliaitted? or the work perforated is deemed
irdithwhile; '
. I. INFORIVATIOhne-ApEUg NET.
The informational-agency net is fundamentally clasiified
into three categories, amploying (1)-the informer (QSVEDVIITEL),
r2) the agent; and (y) the resident (RIZIWINT). A
Inforter i?
? ? . .
- The' informer is an 'undercover 'Werke,' for the NKVD organs'
who is ' net .coricaiiied With reispOnalble tasks; i.e., tilt: 'study
of particular individtittlap' either at the time ot 'lite recruit-
ment or in his.dailly'?itol?k2' Re 'id recruited from...that:part :of
the population consideresl, patriotic and is called a patriotic
agent. Despite the trist placed in timi however; du& an in-
former frequently acts as does the majority of the population
Of the Soviet Union, .ihotti "patriotism do es? not came 'up to the
hciptis ot the authorities* ??"., ? ? ' -?
? ???1 14:`? ? ?? .'F " ' t ?
At' bath" Npatstatisa, ", the. eagle- ? I
are presented* ,Irtom??tite- fine' c pent ef4.cfneof tbe
regiments, 17 solaiesor mat wet '? tis the side ?Lithe Wien
troops. It was shown in a subsequent investigation that five
of these Red Army soldiers were claesified.'aa'patrietics:,
information agents of the NKVD informational organs. Analogous
' inOtatbetis' 'ort SAM scale: F
r.' ?1, . : ? '
?
Depending upon :the field in which they work amdtupon:tbe
range of their worki- these informers are classified ass
.!. .
? 1. Informer ?
?3...'?1 ? . :?J* ,? .r,
Ihrit gerierailiatypia 'beerier. motes' atx4riteorturthe.441/1)
!'?1 ?.1.1 -P. ,?1 ?;r2110t1i. '
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circle of his acquaintances. Aie fOrhe the basic part of the
secret network of the second gig department of the NKVD
oblast administration and is used to discover, political suspects
and people carrying on'anti-Soviet activities. In 60 doing, he
throws light on the political wellbeing, of the Soviet Union's
populace, Nbieb'ie .the concern of the secret-political depart-
ment. 1n-the Amy, he also works in the secret-political field,
studying the personnel of the sub,division in which he finds him-
self._ Rearated tram trustworthy people, he constitutes the
basis for thelwhole Agency network. ,
2. Living?Quarters:Informer
. This-tyPe,informer.observes at a person does in his
own homn, who visits that pqrson, the pdreose of the visits,
etc., and so sup:Aies the NKVD or?-ans with information neces-.
sarvfor them to know what goes on in the dwelling of a person
In whom they are interested. Such informers are recruited tram
around objective, (vulnerable to sabotage, etc.,) of possible in-
terest to espionage agents of other governments and from the
people living at objectives in which the 1740 organs are inter-
ested.
3. Antisabotaf,e (PRCTIVODIMISIMCIS) Informer
By exposing suspicious people, this type informer serves
to anticipate and.orevent sabotai.,e. In the event of,discover-
ing an act of sabotage actually being committed, he must combat.
it physically. ilatur-ally, such informers are recruited from
people who have seen proved trustworthy (members of and candi-
dates for the Conuaunist Party and members of the Ycung Commun-
ists, League). :They are usually recruited at the objectives
liable to aabotage (ammunition dumps, power stations, water ,
mains, oil lines, heavy indtistrial centers?,etc.).
4. Neirhborhood (PC OKRUclihNITU) Informer ,
I .
f ? ,Thelleighborhood.informer notifiesthe NKVD,oreans of
the personal contacts which military personnel make with the
local populace, evosing the character and deeree of such ties.
Heim,recruited on the same basis as 'the living -quarters informer
-...from houses frequented by military personnel, or from among
the people connected: with military poreonnel. .
5. Criminal Informer
This informer opersteain theknetwork of militia organs
ard brings to light information on questions within the juris-
diction of the 'militia 4 c. .. ?
6. Control Informer
The control informer supervises the activities of the
other informational .organs.: Be may be an. informer of the secret-
political department, a living-quarters informer, an antisabotage
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tne nut& of tio.tIyitortitam; LK erCa6i,44
ApproveRitliottlaVrodeV
r4it-_; a
commilikigtet.massitch4osil-vir, ,. -11.s Ple. tic
i ';11. F /nr, :)e,/ CIO .1111;,!:.t
414.1.11,)f i1111 VCNIVIT ti 1.;.1 ^ bn.
t!! 011! C.;': 0(1.! corl
..1'3vihtritelfeti Asa air indentov Or seeks: ter- ?-? engem !he
ie eiTtrtined .40iLt3: witty resiptelaibils toasts. dtacaeprOgrtaact, Ap-
*es tigetine people phoetarsheenneeted aittt polibisat popet,iisn?.
working against the Soviet per (counterrevelattittlan0argen4-!
zatiorus); conducting sabotage or terroristic acts, collecting in-
f?i'ktior irtdiciativel at :Idpioneggs# etc., Auk. &oak trained,
'literate intettigt nee" agent conatitating the- iesaial? of y.thee tiCVD
Ortafia informational-mammy meteoric. U. is :aerated fro.
VariO'uss:? eirelesii'bdt1=LI: froar.-patribticallt lorslimed pecople#1
'biit even Tit peioPl'e conducting, arttioSoviekattivitiesi 49.# ?
people beinF, ii.nvestigated, by the XKVD organss;r, .
It is understartlable that a patriotically inclined, person
ahould work in the -an organs, since the work would correspond
-
to his *570! thinking (anti-countorreVolutionary)..-r: But . how
-are 'people -,disdatisfied with Saviet-polities tersecrte or for
' -the ?!CVD organs ? 156 report to the Organs on people.like them..
? selves? Plor' if they were niot fora** they Would not taillist;
or, once consenting, would not actUally work:.
5Tet , .
If an operational worker finds oecaeion 'for *Loh r.ecruit-
.
.ment, he has a detailed study made of the potential recruit, his
,:charact e r - and the: -exis tend e of any c ornieizmaterial. Then,
by' means of secret 'survey (summoning to the operttional depart-
ment -without notifiestion, so that no one else mill. 7
know 'cif iv), the -perion ?desigrtated-for recrlUitrient d.a delivered
to the NKVO department 'and presented with pristously prepared
docuMents for 'arreit, after Whidh he Ls toldt-% 11ELt4ter yousre1
r?
with liSit ot? &gene, tiI This is,called spediaSELEVAYA)?,,t),
.rectilitmeht ' ' '
:+ r ?
As an example of such special recruitment, I present, the
following. Citizen Ivanov, shift foreman of a manufacturing
concern served in the ''ihite A:Win 1917-1918 Ittriaaisatenant.
The rKVD organs had at their disposal incriminating documents
tP titer effete' that hil-hlielbee1Vieettatioaally4sutpressola dissatia-
. 'fait/Chi tit* eeviatoiierv LHia.:aearades-,Paelcreland? Gager-
? - yitie otrittiri# hatlaxixressed disoontsnt.everV mere
?
sharply, and the KICVD intended to begin investigating these
latter. However, they had shared that* Views ?Sitkiklo cite but
Ivanov. lAccording. to Soviet law, Ivanov and his friends were
7iviibjeet? Iliorev r, 001 remotogib-tbtinec tions
ttilb ;Maar, land thr ?potations'. softer
? tit;ote?ttrefriontooliwilotidtil vi_;.rifcl A
.J.1 ? .) :?". ? t r111.or i? t.??
*ken Ivanov was returning home from work, a person in
civilian dresc stopped him and compareht withiliti4lhatitigraph.
" elol!rf,1 _ 0 zlq:
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? Comlneed -that ? it ..wasONsdeve the eperstionlacilyeriget,:i.411Pated
that tif 'get Into:an .anItmobilenwhish had, .approashed,;; and, in
With tscrtlizaltaketi :to the AND .01)14st- administra-
tion (secret seizure). There they produeed.aseusations.0,.
counterrevolutionary activity on the confirmation of which they
could imprison him and presented Ivanov with an order for arr.
rest. !Alen he realized the situation, they sild.touumr "You
are hiWentliely-leslif?you?say right;yeurself.Pitk,the4oviet
-authority, 7and-.the Matta' bt releatkinryourseLt :row erreet is
this?work tor nioi," When leanow iconsentedi they put him to work
on his oWaeseeiateri- ? .6
f4n-inforderettO, as result Of his own undercover work,
comes upon ,a person of interest to the MVP organs is assigned
to work,on'that pereonl and scybecomes an agent. -*Thusl,,. it is
apnirewtthat.agenta develop from informers and arkreinforsed
. hy.,epecisl..reertits. , And, as .in the case of informers, agents
are classified.eccording to their fielda of work.'.. ? . ?
-1. Secret-Political...Department Agent
? This..type agent fUlfills the same functions .a the in-
former, but works on a particular person in connection with an
NKVD problem.. Hu is considered to be.a..part of the second
do-
partznont of the NKVD.oblaet administration, :or, Lathe army, of
the special department of the;divieion.: .
-2. Route Agent (LARSHaUTNIK)
. ?
. This-type agent.worki along a definite route and is the
.. most educated of the whole network of agents inside.the,country.
Recruited from the.;personhel of 44.1304 organ*, Mal Ont Rus-
sian abbreviation for unidentified organization) inspectors,
co--operative workers, journalists, etc., which affords them un-
obstrected.dovement from one region to another without suspicion,
the route'agent'is sent to a cort,ain city pr,village with the
assignment of working into the organization exiAlng..there. He
is a trustworthy person who has proved his devotion to his
country. : :?
?
? ..3. -Raiding Ageftt.(n4DCVIK) ?
This agent is sent.en 1,1raiden --he settles in.a certain
village and becomes.sequainted with those people through whom ha
may investigate questionevol..interest.to'the *VD ersanizatione.
? ? ? .
? ? ? ? ?
4. Neighborhood Agent . 4 . ? ..!
! ;? ?' ? y ?r!.
. . abis..tipa..agent-Le.a.pqrson:frem the' popula-
tion officer of the
RKKA. He'fulfilla the ease functionopej,he neighborhood,in0
former, but with a difinite assignment.
?? ? " ? j L
?
-?5-0.'Contrei Agent..
This agent controls the work of the other agents.
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NKVD organs who work only within the country. Beyond the
borders of the Soviet Union are agents with tlieltelltairing
olaseificaticeasj
1' I t.
" I
6. Bapienage Agent ' 1. .1
. Nrctiol ttle` ttfikdell. spd th -kb*ont,, rich an agent eon-
ducts his espionage Work, c "data:* a'aiilitary and
political nature. That agerit WiSi 'iis `another country with,
:which .the Soviet Union is?at. war is called an agent beyond t4te
front', (ZAFRONTOVIK); while that agent *Orkin 1 cciuntrj ivith
which the USSR is it peaCti it 1411-ed an agent terabit the corden
:1 1
7. righting mg.:nt IVIK) '1.
The fighting agent is sent to other Countries 170 per-
petrate terroristic. acts.
8. Diversioniat Agent (DIVERSANT) '
This type agent is sent to other Countries to conduct
-various acts of sabotage. For &mob work beyond the cordon, the
recruits (the majority of them volunteers), are party members or
candidates, people who have been checked and are prepared to
give their lite for their work. '
C. Resident
The resident is an indispensable cog playing, a significant
role in the NKVD system ot.iorgans. An intermediete step between
the operational worker (deity)and the lower-rankinformer, he
lightens the work of the operational. ataff and, in general,
makes it possible to handle the neteork of information, which is
colossal in its proportions (approximately 84 Rercent of the 0
USSR population is doing underooier work forl)e MD organs).
At the same time, the resident makes it *Bible id priiserve
secrecy of work within the. Units of ,a company in the Red ArrY,
.a factory,- a village, or a territory during a lengthy operation
end to keep secret the connection between the- informer and the
.varioua up organs. .
. ? .
,
How does he do all this? A deputy of the litfort?OKR BILD
(Ti OE may stand for Department of Counterintelligence; how-
ever, OKR NKO is used hereafter in preference to 'the vague, ? -
literal translation, !Special Department!) who is ,working in a
resg4ment hag .lntorreation in every i.intantry Section platoon
and ocespew... -politted out-aboVe.,the usual master -of workere
in the undercover unitalANIABATY.Of an infantry di/Anion Is'
.16O0-69, ind the deputy *1st meet-eich 'informer three-or-ft4r,
times each month. Re cannot 40 thie -in'persori,' since/. hid "
!tatting ,the same person' repeitedtp?would reveal'hii 'conneetion.
For this r-eesion., t.he Spat eniziitok Spaii4 undirbosior 'worker
14re4deni) *11 th4 onpariy through *toliv.,14. infOrmatiterialrans-
- witted. .The iroup which is oancibiect of theeePesdents is
.?-- ? , . ?
? . , t
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iemeismormomm
Approved For Release 1999/094Q4AikeaP65-00756R0005000*0002-3
. Jri, zJr01.:tStLI dIkuvcd4
betc,- .10JSLro. %Ino A-1,Aca
called 4t ?It
NOTES: (1) Informatioa is transmitted to the-icesrOehifi-etto
is in personal contact with the deputy.
..4v cr.aii).P7114? ? offs his p!fl residents he
r*Wishces his
r,11 4,nni
. ? ? , .1 ? 70- ,
In the R4 Amy,: 1.4oroe' are apripocted cOk004 riisidents
artd, in. tpi2ltoriefii;.#th ' a
. 11_
The residents, like informers and agents, are Amman:ed.
according to the sphere of their. works
?
1.. .Active Resident
? . ? A? A ? ??? ?? .! of, 1:
This.resident is in contact With'InibOkifiliatbAnformere,
with whey he works. ??
?
2. Reserve Resident.
? .
This, resiOent_does net Pave onneetions'ivith subordinate
informers, but is Suff1elentti..prepire8 to,liorkirith them i .In
case an active resident is remOV?d, hls'affairs? ares .tiakin.ov'et
?
by a reserve resident. .
3. Resident Beyond the Front
reSideqk, Is the icnior of alroui'dfteicitage
age.nts_lecrymOn foreigP..:tee01,0140
. .? ? -, 4
?
RAiident,'*yOnd tno tordon- '
, .i ? j j
?
. Ws: ro!liciprit f4iti3.110 'the 'sanigiVOveticirii u igifi resident.'
kieyondAtke'.front ,-tout'
. . , 4. .1 thIF ?
4014040 ? ofiyaktii
1 re4yretrata'asinsretre
.11 ?? a
ioteplgo40,,throigatOn'tr* caiOnigd'agektiland-triasslig:it
by such meins'of ocomuniekticeas they ha# tOt tsftlibieh
assigned them to duty. The espionage agentsflot'sudn4 residency
wor4 isOtate4 points from one apotncrl
1.,.
;' ? ?
D. COI/AoredIPUIriose 1 .; ,?? ? ? ? '
?
ita": ,11
..TIfit IP= 4rid 1 a I the
44444424 . ? d theiti?;cndirebsigerrit '..1.6fOrmer
ti betWaititi:the
fuctic?
-414jthii'la! I14'i6t4
? countgl o
. . t4?. tY 'lle.traniferrei4o ii.'%1J ?
Ikg.41109r 51* 044_,A . q
jbe, et At. oFeyoti IR*aC wOrkef:Of
ageninr Anit I- s ?
obande to irelion* attoeial 000nter-
espionage.ii tire, he is ?oad ierviniththi?ie1d.?FrobiAbis
it may be concluded that the manifold network of agencies doing
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espionage agents of ther CoUntrios as well 4816 fulfill,
the assignments connected with the,egendieir own wide range Of
work, e.g., af,entisabOtAge informer,. living.:ouarterS informers,
otos: alons.with their other duties, they ars'uled in Counter-
.
espiccage. .
,1 ?
is an example of the transfer of a:living-cluarters in-
former to counterespionage work, I present the following.
An operational worker of the secret.,political department
assigned to livinequartere.inforier Alexandrov the teak Of
observing who went to thetepartment ce, his neighbor IvinOv,
When, and what was done there.. Ay coinoidenoef,an espionage
agent Chose as a base of activities that house where ;
Alexandroy werke4, thus ccming igto the *kers of the latter'
observations. The espionage agent disguised his activities
so carelessly that he aroused the suspicions of 41exandrov,
and the latter reported on his observations at the regular,
meeting with his deputy and was assigned the task of observing
the espionage agent .from then an. Such information is reported
to the counterespienage department by the operational worker,
in whose hinds is placed the future. use of such an informer ad
klexandrov, now serving in the field of counterespionage.
. In conjunction with this, all measures are taken by the
counterespionage department to expose thu espionage agent con-
clusively. When the espionage agent's base of activities no
longer hides his activities, it becomes the core around which
the 14101.D counterespionage organs begin their work. The espion-
age agent is closely observed, not only by the informer Who .
discovered him, but by still another agency, which it assign-
cd the task of observing his actions. If he is often absent
from the house, and the counterespionage 'organization is con-
vinced that this is significant, he will be folloWed in order
to discover where he goes and what his connections are. Such
trailing is accomplished by workers of the NKVP oblast admin-
istration's operational .department and is called external
,observation.
In EuCh a Wainer and if not mitwitted by the'eepionage
agent, the counterespionage department is abld to use these
operational-agency measures to study the espionage agent's
activities. For investigating suspicious people, hoWevtr; the
counterespionage organizations fendaMentalmethed,is in the.
use of the agentinfoOmer.mt as previously deacribed:_ The
operational principles iR surrounding tho espiage ent "
agencies Are partially.explained tr the agency ClaSsificatiovls,
and more concerning this will be given in the miction, "he- '
cording of Information." Now, however, let us take up the
subject of external observation.
' J.Joi vr ir**474,6)!O
A. f.t1714. dqt1
:
? ?
?
ir
1 ?:1 ?
{
NrAt
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**CO'cOlir.ie"._41. eiley'ist ailed; lhel 8rganerta4e
aj1et several 'etsi ide .
a' 2itis
r:ith .10t4dh ;tq:totv.iiict 4t'Cpiarxage 3gdit'or-iti..eriniti,?!tif :an
actiot:44ulpalge With,-.Yega,rdd''tf tti6 Sirifet Stittettitia ? We shell/
aiialYteln cu1*bX d?c? ef the
espiceage agent in order that we may analyse the activity let :the
counterespionage organ..
- , k
.9 9
.40114 ,111a7 Ora't? opuriticiiial *wdrker of
_what the ,pciao.4 'euspected'ef espienalvi &ice 'in the 'agenare.
sphere, 'the counteierpicinIgii-,agent'in ttifis-"cabeLreiredetitthg?'?''
connedeioil of the oSpienage ,ageni:t.-.1f,'?lhowever.,* the eirtiieSisge
agent goes beyond this isiiiere of age-indy Obeetrilitiein,"thiore will bc
periods of time unacc,csuited toi.and*necessitating that tie '-
trailed and .ob5erv.4 in atiOthdr spher-e. In 'this , dada) the- NOD
organs Sea:4n an urAercoirie oPeriticeigai werkeritio
espidiage ? agent wtheriver, thie goes. 'raid obierve fn itiat eireIeif he
?
m9v.y, Thnd 'what he does.. ?" t
Such 'obserVStien has -.inherent 'shOrtcanizigs, hadireVei:' In the
first 'place, it is .conducted. only :este:many. .The operational
worker foll.owing'the espionage agellt can Only sec where snd by
what- route the latter goes. should' this ?latter enter a'touse; ?-
the ?pc:rational worker .cannot find out what goes on inside and
will .sutekit a report approximately, as-.followst 1,21 Sept 1942--
at 1209, ct Vorovsky Strt,;. thc sUbjeqtHinter,ed the front of
house number 23; sPent 35`minUtes there,, 'came out with ease ?
civilian, and returned to the' houSe Where 'he 'lives 'w
The 'eonversat;ctl between subject and civilian' reinains.unknowsn.
Hence tht: obscriatton.,' in the Seoond *SO., the
espionage agont may '6'ke11y discover that Ut is 'being' trilled.
Both of these Shortceadhgs,' however; 'ire; Suit by ari' erabOrate and
detailed 'study af the subjeet Under observation and s
worPtcd-otit .systca of conducting 'citernal obvii,? ?
? ?
the 'Operational workr, ft1os the uct4for.tiVS
six blodka in one 'direction a1cb i Cit$r atiest,. tah arlaiirkfthie?
or four turns in the street, thu subject is likely ttl-tiottiv* -and
make everyi,efl'ort, to, thr,c7r, Ilia trailer off, i.e../ going away from
or past that politt 'to which', he ,iyitended to .1tO'..Np..opertitifig point,
such ?00..-ilepAdened of aft' iicepop;icii,'the co'pionage objective,
hpweVer,. the "cppilOnage 'agcr!''').1..tOttlawod
opeirifqabriat ItOgitrilp hi* -41dpid,i1:0, .01: ?Ilieulk to ?tie...ai.atised,
since,nOmatter ..hoi fir he.:fp foll*ed; bhange.
Thus, tr,*(414t iiiv1611111* c;codueting
externiar:qbeeriikoh, 'and iliOdiattik di& 141n ',ohrsumi iitaying. a
Itotkoffa*:9111?11601 ileG 'Mk:1rib
? . , .
"7" ?
" t
....' I
?
Tho fork metivx1 vat ;occOucting_ sacA,ernal observation ia
employed in populated' ibdilitlei *heti the"espichage agent is
moving along his on planned route.' Three; .ppc_rational werkcre
observe him simultaneously, the first ittecea-hiatelf-iii:the? -?
right of the espicriage agcnt, and approximately 5-10 meters to
. the rear; the second is to the left of the espicedge agent at
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a distance of 15 meters he say take his position e other
Sidolf'thi,strOotIF0 ' the-tkird is about 1540deeters
bekind the slanlisingir.ao In i.arderpAhArlacifelalonu,
bArlikilbe-espicciageksOnt; T -"- ?
?-ift? 1- ? 'lit T..,1
- .
..,?3 - 1. .r..331 ,? ? ' .: ?
f; ? '
t 3, ?
" t
.t ? !,
? ! ; ? -?'? ,
?
.. ? ?
??1
: H.?- - ? ? ?
; ? ' ?
?
' '"; : ? !??
27sieg.
"`?
.1%.? , r ? 1
4:j
?
O Observers tspionage Agent
? : & ? 3 '
If the espionage agent terns his bead to the left or
right,?he *Ill 'not see any of the workers follesing behind. Lf
he happens to turn his body 'so as to Me one of the workers,
there is the possibility that he may remember; therefore, that
operational worker who has -'beeit 9?411 discontinues the .observation
?
with the 'first turn In the atreet; and the -one following behind
takes his ?place. Shduld the 'espicrtSge agent ,tura *26 as to see .
the worker on the other side, an 'analegous situation is. created;
but the fork method permits of following for five to 'six blocks,
or for ?three to four terns. ' ?:, ?
If; havevesl, the .espiontige agetstrs 'route - is longai `or
involves more turns, or if he ehoeld turn for a 'third tine,: a ?
light autecsobile ttith thret .mote operatitterl workers pasties .?
the espionage 'agent; end, st 'a `Contitittierit piece, these Workers
get 'cot; 'wait for ;theiri.quar,ry; and eohtinue The extereal'ebser-
, ,vation al a new fork, Mather, of the old fork having dispersed'.
? 'in ,iiit:ferent direot1e100. Stich -a .dhenige may take lelasce . two es.:
`three tieds, and tan& f burfliots. the espionage agent con.
tinues _ there -ere Ws -more .Peder*?operstiaal
werkere, the lait oceltinues the. ObserVetion to :thte encl.' ?
In spit. at tele changed; 'agent not
itifrequent4 Aniciedif ? Iiieadverikig ?the 'fork. ' Theieesiest means
ofdif*Xs .90epe;otting: thetL.ht It being :followed
alict ? -to ftt4tfir hlsespioictuil' the -aapionalie agent' stint
c)ZAsi 'fii)li..atreep si.th ,foi*e Osoplvi and ,whw, each
pijaVit-byW111 be clearly seen. Thereha i's able?ite see ishether
Qr. nqt..4 toric isto1lonhis. If SIN it is :necessary to alip
Stray trtim intd1i eirtWniai 61tiodri'etitsik ?-? ?, ? -t ?
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-
amms
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'P0 :db ;tidal/Abe &Spicing? -efoitkikutitioiN et440. a WU/0
thCrOkighinftrWitittietav publiereplaeiaifelhellfiastreetcore POMPRI,'
etc. He may unexpectedly jump into utotInteteer and leove,t1pe?
fork on the street; and, after going for two or three blocks, he
must transfer to a car going in the opposite direction. Or0
discovering that he is being trailed and there being no street-
care available, he may slip into a-movie-thenter.. There, for.a-
peridd of...2.hourATO will have a !chance to figura_out_hio next
move, for the operational workers Are most likely to be in tho
theater Also._ %n the movie ends, thc espionageegent must take
advantage of thc rush for the exit, where, despite their social
status, the spectators create a jam (one feels stifled,
another
has children at home, a third fears pickpockets, etc). It is
easy to remember cases when you hai,'e lei% eight of your friend or
wife when merging with the general drowd-te leaving a movie theater,
even though you have been holding onto each other's hand. _
'2. Parallel Mottled
- - Observing an espionage agent is miich easier if his route
passes through public places where there are large crowds of
people. Here the parallel method of external observation is
employed: This method does not necessitate the operational
worker changing "Mile moving along behind the espionageagent.
When the latter goes to parks, beaches, skating rinks, railway
stations, or aboard trainsp.etcrAhe eparational worker may
easily mergc.with the crowd, and.ithe person bying,trailed,is..,
frequently unable to verify the faett_'. :
, ? .
In order to understand theteohniqUe used w4en the
parallel methodAs employed, I.:give:you a 4ew,e*amples. A oatain
Kenstantin Kenstantinovich had t9 travel,from one city to another
.to.attend_a?counterrevolettcmary conference. NAVD organs found
.out about :this through ageney;investidetieti and4nterception.of
outgoing and, incoming correspondence.beering.Keilstantinevich'e
name. The day set Icor the conference was 20 .5ep 1942, and
Konstantinevieh had;to.leaye the ,evening befereet He arrived at
the railway station to :toxr it4,94et lair! Wes Volrx.surPrieed rto_,
learn that they oto4d,twtit,441 h1fin..91K 14; telnieF8*.a.r0144+
order i(the ,:peritticnal,.,department: had f arta e? 444 ... A
.line Laise4; ;ef4bGfll4flt4nOYi0h4 JA:04Biz!*; *WO ?1rg3gc4 in
carrreraatic4 with the an who .stood just, 'behind him, One 4..Vart
Ivanovieh, ? opertAianal weaker.; t.he q wag oft oh* Oat ion ,
the latterAtaidt,d.rip notVert044.10,414=00109cius, relative
works fin ttsisgtationt 31-1,17N5l3. 0441444040,4, Atever4 i
donA:want4ito atoms Wee, ,4t1 Tat %NA:, 401 ?nuri4
not be acquired by usual means, so Ionstantinovi-ch prowled to
Ivanowirb that AIL Wee:advert e;e4; Ale ortsymVianls 4 ivanovich
alb:wad ihkosele te ,Ast 'pa.And,. . 0114
jtimAiiet, lob iffociviit mkroi grArliii'l
KftitantirtgetabrtiailikaUri *44/4fica hli tification,
'-fellow. who Avirtobt?COO )4447:,aRit IfE"Fk
-warvatics out Abe liattter, Copt _Iihw fizOir# Upon
Cge r 4Pseatti utak AINNierek *VA.!'
fork, and, unwittingly, Uniptepir0044404qh
conference. .
I b ? I
ant.
ob."
wal,
it tem./Poi/tett .,
4#011.141(t?_tir
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Approwitgas,RalEmecapniNT: CIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
Here Is another example of the parallel'methed of..
exterual observatien:, itaing,the saMe:characters, Aonstantin
KonstantinoviChleft.ena speeific Mission, and;on-sitie. Be..
hind him went-Iiianlvippvich,'and,Alheh the latter, broke a ,
clamp and lost! a Skip the former stopped tad waiteckas one 1el-
.1.01/ traveler Tioctio for' another? 'hen ithfebiliar with the tech-
nique of conduct!Ag external opservation, a Konetantinovich would
never suspect a fe4oW traveler. df'having? plot:had Stith &situa-
tion. In this very lack of'huiPi4on. lies the besib charatter-
istic of the parallel method. ? .
3. How to Counter It
, The espionage Er/ea must remeMber that an external-2
obaervation worker desires above OA to remain:annoticed. There-
fore, once noticing that he is being followed, he must not rush
to hide hill:self.' rothing,threaters himp'and he mast carefully
fipure out a olan of action and nroeeed to execute it. As an
example, a deputy stopped in nernlexity :hen Konstaatinpvich,
whom he was followirg, unexpectedly jumped into a streetcar.
The latter was tired Of beino under observation and had decided
to show that he was aware or it. The denuty made the big mis-
take of thoughtlessly running after the streetcar, and Konstan-
tinovich 7layee the followinz joke. 141th two jerks of the sig-
nal cord he stopped the car and explained to the conductor: "I
beg your pardon, but my friend has missed the tar." Boarding
the streetcar and overhearing, the deputy became flustered. :
i:onstantinovich ccrtinued his joke and said: ' "Don't worry about
your ticket. I'll buy one for you." ..ith this, the deputy
was completel:. confounded.
4. Infrequent Use
External observation is -used by MVO or(tans only in a
Case where they have reliable knowledge of some.reprehenSible
action and want to add to the information the:r already have.
They may be reasonably sure that a certain person under inves-
tigationi.s an espionage igent, but this is not enoulh--he may
have one or :-..ore accomplices. Zxternal.observation-affords a
means of exposing these, i.e., Konstantinovich led his followers
to the counterrevolutionarY"conference. However, it is to be
concluded that the laTt) organs seldom employ external bserva-
tions and then, only in exceptional cases.
. This is explained br the following: (1) the staff of
,externalobservation operational workers is found only in the
oblast sdm4nistratJ.Ons. (not counting like workeralh the repub-
lic and. soviet 4,444str&tions)p (2) an external-Obeerfation
.worker traime.X6ig'.iil*Oa.tefore entering into serVice,-(3)
these workers are141). paid, and the support 'of such
c eta thf...g.;vnt a 3ri.4.,Ea, t4)
observation wor%er is confronted by the basic problem of not
letting the object -of his -observation 'slip away and,' at the
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, inompj
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tame time, of taking every precaution to keep himself from being
noticed, (5) the external...observation worker uaually works in
son* business for legalization purposes, and yet thia work must
occupy but-a minimum of hip time, (6) an extensive use of exter-
nal observation would hinder ,agency investigation, for once an
espionage agent under agency inveitigation learns that he is be-
ing trailed, he takes all moaaures to hide himself, and (7) with
the organization of new (;V: word apparently omitted) and new
departments (in addition to -active military commands, and reserve
unite and their comnands), trained operational workers at getting
scarce.
Also, it is necessary to remember that, with the approach
to the front line, the OKR become dominating organs in the regions
(RAIONS) and obLaats, vhile the staff of the oblaat administra-
tion is evacuated to the rear, And, since the OKR VKC undercover
units, no matter what their size, contain no staff of workers for
special external observation, it may be concluded that external
observation is not used at all for espionage agents in a front-
line area.
Finally, you must take into account that a woman, also
may be an external-observation worker.
B.. Recording of Information
How can the i1D organs keep under observation the huge pop-
ulation of the Soviet Union? how do they assip an arency to
:investigate a particular inAvidual manifesting counterrevolu-
tionary activities? For how long and to what extent dcithey ir
vestiote an individual? how do they classify the information
gathered? And, finally, how do they judre a group whose activ-
ities are oppoeed to the Soviet system? Answers to all these
-questions may be found in the organization of operational work
and in the systematizirg anpi subsequent developin of certain
operational underta%irLs Fart of the operational-acency work
has already been described, i.e., residencies whiCh:ald the NM
organs to control and preserve the secrecy of the informational-
agency network, and external observation which supplements the
informational-agency dOe...,
In addition, the operationalLagency system involves: (1)
exposing any kind of anti-Soviet activity on the part 1 an in-
dividual or a group, (2) surrounding that individual or group
with an agency for detailed and thorough investigation, (3) sys-
tematizing and putting into legal form the incriminating infor-
mation obtained and entering the incriminated-persons in the oper-
ational recor44.(4) arresting the personsbeing protessed upon
the completion of the inveetigation, (3) carrying out the inquiry
(SLEDSTVIYZ).Ln the natter df:the.persons Arrested, and (6) put-
. ting:th'e 4nci4ryrrissults into legal form end turning the defendant
over tothe court.. All:thia is the responsibility of the opera-
tionalmorker, and,;tollowing the procedure outlined. by the above
atepal he conducts several investigations Othd,!,,... at once.'
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. Proceeding from.the ebove, wejullye to determine:. 4) how
the initial ieforiatien priginetee, (0 hew het! agency Is aa.
signed tO aoliknieeilet10,0443).!?04t 410:0Peretlod41 record 141.1
for whom it is.opened,-and W at expecte it hu,. (4) what thepro-
cedure and formalities are for an.arreat, (5) what an'inquiry is
and what its chfiracteriOtico'are,"(6) what court jurisdictions
? are involved anti uhatlheir characteristics are, and (7) that the
basic principles of Soviet law are,
Let us beein pith an exposition of the first four points.
The entire informational network is directed at exposing people
gissatisfied with the Soviet regime and is at work in each link
of the national economy, in each unit of the Ited.Army. The in
former may report through his resident. that a 'worker in the fac-
tory where he ib employed, a Red Argy soldier of the unit in which
he serves, or hie neighbor is engaging in anti-Soviet activity.
Quite frequently such initial reports, although 'affording incrim-
inating inforiaation,'provide no tangible evidence against the'
person. irvolvad. Hence, to further the investisation, the opera-
tional agent must know all about the suspect (all the pertinent
facts), and, under his direction, the operational department of
.the eblast administration determines these necessary facts by
means of its own workers. ? t
?
?Establish:nent facti7"(nTANOVKA) ie the name given to
collecting information pertinent to an inquity by questioning
the suspect nia.self, his neighbors, fellow workers, etc. The
operational worker in charge of this establiehment of facts,,
provided with identification substantiating his role and raring
a militia uniform, a fireman's outfit, or civilian garb; enters
the suspect's house under the pretext of checking the entries
in the domestic lc!, books, ins)ecting the furnace, or checking
on sanitation. He then collects the data he needs and has the
suspect's activities subjected to thorough investigation.
? ?.
? As noted, in the organizational structure of NKVD organs,
the first spetial department of the oblast administration keeps
a special card index file made up.of questionnaire cards on which
are entered the data obtained by. the agency network. On the
back of a card is listed an agent's contacts, e.g., his acquain-
tances. Let us say that it has becoMe necessary to investigate
Ivanov, who is carrying an anti-Soviet activities. The card file
is checked and shows that .Lvanov is well known to the agents
Sidorov, Petrowand Alexandrov; it also shows to what operational
worker, these a-eets are attached. It is an easy: matter than to
pass the information on to the Operational agent, who, in turn,
contacts the agents .and asaigns them to a detailed investigation
of Ivanov.? This csrd file, with its record ot an agency and its
contacts. ie.o44.4dAtee9raliefed Card fly. In addition, a
? m
new agency may be:a4signed to /vamp( thi6 an operation called
special recruitment (e.4., a new agency connoting of perponal
friends turned traitaar.--tsee page 12). S.
. The information.submitted by tee agents Sidorov, Petrov and
Alexandrov is Systematited and filed under separate headings as
accumulated. If 'venal/Is anti-Soviet activities are coiprehen-
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??? gme ?
41111.11111111111111111111111111..1?
401111111114
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Rival, described, he is entered in the operational record. All
available information is studietand iummarized, end an order is
iisued ip mai% the oieritiongl Workez. empiiises hie Opinion es
to the necessity 'of proceeding with the investigation (RAZRABOTKA).
This pertinent order and i3.t the data it recorded by the first'
special-department of the.eblast administration. A form is fill-
ed out with an account of IvanOv's offensee,:land the data is en-
tered in the card file of operational records. '
A
Such a card file is noceesary in iltder to avoid duplication
of work, to aveid the possibility of several Workers subjecting
the same person to agency investigation For example; an employee
of oneofthe people's commissariats complained about his leek of
money while in cbnversation with friends. '"To hell with itf" he
said, rI have some Very secret data in ro desk.I'd.seIl to any
intelligence group fipr a few' thousand ruble." Having said this,
he forgot all aboat eha episode. One of the friendso'however,
happened to be an NKVD agent and reported the incident at the
next interview with his operational -Worker.
The latter devised a plan in accordance with which the agent,
upon next meeting his friend, snid: "The other day you said you
might sell a certain secret. I mentioned thie to a friend of
mine, and he'd like te buy it." ":ht are you talking about?"
the other replied, "1 vas only joking!" But the NNVD'agnt would
not let the matter drop, and, when -they separated, the employee
responiiblelor the situation vent to the NKVD office and told
of hi ?awn joke and of the insistence of his friend.
? Ttie ?Tim considered the information worthy of attention and
made a recruit of the fell-w.. They gave him the alias, "Alex-
androv," and assilned hiil. the duty of selling his material to the
interested peraon through his friend. The agent."Alexandrov"
acted'strictly in accordarce with instructions, midi an apooint-
ment? and appeared Ath.the material. When he Arrived at the
aP.lointi.d place, he vas arrested. DisCovering that he had been
arrested by the NKVD, he exclaimed: "Irlaw can I be a. spy? I
brnught this material upon NKVD instructions:" A checkup Was
made, and, convincing p.Alm oX the accuracy of his .statement,
"Alexandrovwwks released.
Such dO)licatior in proceasing occurred because the NKVD
organs did not check their own data with that in the centralized
card filo and the card file of operational records of the oblast
administration's first special department. -
? .,- ? . ?
. The Whole operationairiCord is .divided intbAhrde 'classes
of cases: (1) .the case for record.(UOLTKOYL DELOvect up for
ad anti-Soviet lndivideal'who is considered anti-Soviet by virtue
of his nelitic4 vies30. but is not partieipating in any overt
activities,. (k) the,cesil'Ortotmdlviddrd.(D2140-FOREULYAR), set
,up for an individual who:egrries on'enti4oviet activitiesi.but
operates alone, and .0) the agency case (A(4ITIECOYE DE40), set
up for a group of people who jointly carry on anti-Soviet activ-
'Wes.
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-'22 -
Approved Fir_ Ratite at? 1149/49*: pay 9.1;,6Matratit94)Nigg,3 osip2-3
4
Oatoar aRikheR60., .1NY, AS' -pj/Pt. *Orr 04nClific,r othbr zna
.tori 1.44testipor*,.4111,4u)sps,':3tat4ThflJ, tfP444-,tpriaolits,
Atc, 4.1-fTha, Pqr04010#4* 009r104941,tOpta pPoteB is
.surcpuNed by sgsacylt:roors..on4hres,bldese : .h plie of
rorlf.!.(ins,tit,4iocit;p4 ;;br 4LSP,sr,y`)1'
4.1-Atoct4, (aonl.s,'aP9UeintanOes),,,a0d t. h
14(PF1P4100al 1143j9Or's40,04,;40;1,,s :90le of rOter010:011110`11,C071,
is ocixon4fpt. oh. tpf,i., personal .cChhec tiOna*of ,t41,e --0159toltipsi,
cricisr!..... And, e,lohg with the meti-cil.nveagp.oki it,e. Case of
operational ,reCprd, ?the pperati.nnal ,WO4Ar: Ond4et,ie spier*, 'doe u-
zentsti.,60. (,Sseoret, 1.inquiry)., ? 4 " L. ? I
- .
' r '
3.40rat.lidocumenEation its the colled.t106 of data; thiough..the
eXamination: of witAtasei? ,theltaeritaisitie0 f:4acuie4iiii; the con-
: chictingof. varlcus. kiiids of inv,estigation by. Otperts,, and the
reviewing of auenci,' data which bears, 'xi the case qr,operational
record. Since this process of collecting dateis kept secret
from the person being investigated, it is called sooyt 4ocu-
?""
mentation.
Upon the completion of secret; doctimor.tation and hdving ac-
cumulated sufficient data, the operational worker transcribes
the documentation into official form and submits it to the public
? attorney (PROKU110.) to obtain his approval for the.arpiSte. tath
the sanction 0: .the public attorney, the data composing the -form
for arrest :is handed over to the ()blast adaiinistratio'nre oPota-
tional department, 'which Carriea out the actual arrest
'C. The Arrest
If the arrest is effected in the offenderta`lodginga, the
operational worker must search both the ?offendert.s lodginga and
person to obtain any additional date or-material evidence.
however, the offender is not found in his lodgings; the opera-
tional workers. lie in ainbush near the place until the former
appears. It must,also be noted that, antil they,call off their
ambush, the arreating agents allow anyone to enter thehouse,
but no one to; leave. This,. is to , prevent, anyone. le:airing the
house from passi4 the word to the person subject -to arrest.
Other elements, of. operationtarsgency work are of .except.ion-
al importance to gli,Utelligibccatent, ad $,e &1a afford
them individui; treat.mpat'-'
pgic, PAM: OF SOVIT. liEGAL" Pit.O.PPUR
, .1 ? ? ? ?
Each Oiyc:U-knO?iii that' Wel ixiiicY of tiei-SoViet' Union has
always been to 'enslave the Rusaikh peoPls to a greater ?degree,
. .me.lse,..tileM *ark elusively for. the benefit, of the swill- t4
groui of Jews and 1:Olsheviks in Power; You alio. knOW 44at;:.:the
legislation is devised by this governing group to protecttas
own interestso.,Thtlev. 441 PerreCtly .Olear?that.th? Soviet
-3.0844 41Y8Pink, 3t;irk.e -4,41.thciLL 41,4, protects 'on*, ,t14.e.?Jeifr.
pptIshsvike., . -
-a:Lip:211,1 0.1 Jnwro11r4.1.),
Approved For Release 199910p191:AIA:RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
A p p,rovegoF $1164 1?spialpfcatip larqrailVigiiiiairea62(1802 -3
' *real, see tiO* _ I the4141 4,601000LOVATAAST);14. in-
vOlving ortmo, comm4.401W ipne'cit*egitnit'inethilr;ctiiele-
.,tione of,eoclil'rulee:,-At4rWfil iiit'skj3),.thirCounterrevolu...
tp,torlOy eecttion, 4 ,P4911-4,4vision"orthedriminil code 004-
ing-tO'criMma Onisitted 11.thi;citt*,igainet his iitherlandf
i
An4A,Ithe,MilitOy.seci. rolkitiv6144ng Crimes conakled'00177
'by apitaiy4ersOtinel. *epidapie iith'this, the i-itildWil
code is a book dividedintO 00 above Categories whieffpritid
for. p9aeible.iriblitIona designated by the apecific'sectiOne for
the lnititution of charges. Since the Soviet legal, system is
based on the criminal code of the the'hussian SocialittFeder?
ated Soviet Republic and since the definition of what consti-
tutes a crime againt the government and against arned-guard
personnel is characteristic of every country's legal system, let
. us now undertake an analyais of the RSFSR criminal code's coUnter-
revolutionary and military crimes.? .
A. ,Crine and Punishment
1. .Counterrevol9tionary
All the varieties of crimes conrAtted against the gdvern-
lent-are provided for in the criminal code under article 58.
They include treason, espionage, economic sabotage, terroristic
and diversionist activities, anti-Soviet agitation, participa-
tion in .counterrevolutionary organizations, etc. If all of these
are counterrevolutionary crimes according to article 58, how is
a distinction made between them? Article 58 is divided into 14
sections marked by code numbers 1-14 specifying the.class of
counterrevolutionary crime, 4,4,s
?
Article 58-1:
' 58-2:
586:
4
?
58-71
56-8:
58-10:
58-11:
treason. 4
armed insurrection against ihe'SOViet Oovernment.
engaging in espionage for the 'benefit of another
country.
engaging in economic sabotage.
engaging in.terroristicactiVities.
engaging in inti-Soviet agitation.
membership in a counterrevolutionary organization.
For such crimes, the Soviet law tries to impose ail severe a
punishment as possible on military personnel. For this purpose,
there is need for a supplementary indication of the type of of-
fender. TO the above is added a letter, e.g.:
Article 584-p-as' treason (committed by a civilian).
. .50,14 :p-bs treason (committed by some one in military
: .service):.
tf,; .1. .4 ZO'; _
iitteii0i)ovi'presumably stands for criminal (PRES-
TOW* ?" -?
'
. ;-?-?%; :!-?
'7' After the provisidniof eaCh article,?the heasures of
punibhient s it fdAii. treitirthe exception-of article 58-2
(armed insurrection against the Soviet System), every: counter-
revolutionary crime is punishable by confinement to correctiOn.?
Approved For Release. 199.9109/0T :'.G.Iii4REP65-00756R000500020002-3
?
ApprxIdargWa4sog.lrAciphQ7. ?
, anT,INFWA21217y5?511241fcRAM?2-3
e
ilig Pf97
414i MY .,4101#
;2 '1; "WrifityKoititei*.
89* PirsO44# cl*.?04. tkiwittiTtf?tileitviY- 'h-tv,fthl
,-
."P#P001441,..*trOat ef *)11,101 07 theliae's'Con-
11ASID:r..th0, defiwidint ?. 11' ibi) rtiiii.:100404, of d'es 13/*--- *Otani.
East do.ea,
the kOviat'? 0 f petith'tieforelthAiir?' 2
iirpoilie)i IN thF ; # *)."* 2, ' vtitht 410 6441 DP
for the 'deeth penaltY, In a' eciiriDn'riereferedj.n%he."
case of a person charged with anti-Stiiiet igitition'i' in. ithich
, neapecially. agzrayalIngcirmmetancesr werscnot indicated, g.he
appeer,-rik tr,-# Ws; sci? tlhe'tiniir
of ovit Sc 1*1-
?st Republica, tile raped4I '(1C011.4PITA) bf the ilblerit'i6hrt
has considered on thiridny.' the Case wbereih Ivanqii0;?:.41.32'the?
eatiablished data.' i,Speelfied:..--nis Charged With tripe's CCreered
by .articla 58-34 ctton 'I,,. and as ascertainedi"--4kerei
!stated the nature cf tt,e, charges.- .111e ientencertbe'defeondifit
Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovdh, for 'the .commidaion of a criine wider art.
_ -icle 54-10? sec Lion the penal. 4'01104?mi-of ? article *56-2,
?tne ertiprexad cr.r4at p, malty,. death by 4t100eingi: 'with 'cow
:fiscation of all the .personal propertsy, bel(7ingin! to the, deten-
? dant? This sentence is not subject to appealiM It Is evidetib
-from this that, should the penalties 'fort the ditY.O.i't.znder ehibh
one is charged not include that of death*, shootingl'ihe Court
may conveniently avail itself of the servides 'of article?58-4.
- ? .
4As menlioned.above, engaging .in inte1lit:4e.nd* work .?"?or
a .foreign power/ (espionage)' comes under 'article tn time
of war, however, this article is not invoked, since engaging in
intelligence woe,: is Considered treason at the present
:Charges are conseqUently ?broudat ,trlder article 5CL2. ArtiCle
58-6 is not excluded from the criminal 'code and is invoked' in'
the case of foreigners who have eorii.itted erimbs eovered'by
this article.
2. Military .
, Military. =lies are subject matter for the part
of tbe criminal .co4e.,4uad.ire Covered 'by article i9 6f the' 3!''s
criminal code 4644 In aueh. caaes,..bas 'beeh, taireh as': the sotatce
for 1402, 'Ortio!Aire, aboi transferred .tot the critriI:?cbdt4i' of
. ether. republics in cpriaariondini articls.: Just' as. lkytiete" 511
has,* code nuspers, arIV.c,lg?19.1 .haa 26, 'covering- cripes' ;61.0
only ,wilitlarty.,Oraonpol.! can Coatc4t ,and,' specifically clasalfying
these, ,r,imeat* ? ?? .
, 41
Article 19341 deserting
? ! .-I -:?,; y! ?
t, 4
It.C!..1"v ar service, .,
aer;Tyd), defined iri War :Dept
ail ',larceny 'coantitted tin -the battle.- '
.1 '; : i taking ,prqperty from? the killed or
ed . ? ?
P ?
.' vu . ? ' .
Approved For Release 1999/09102_2SIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
emillagrImmmi
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
? ? ? . -. ', -1' . ? v. t . t ..5e*.".?f+ :i_t *?:s ? ',..rs.?? ^ ? f. ' ' ' .: GI
?-1.1.10
th4.144f*.iiiial Isetrc6434 t ais Morbir `.0. ? ? al if
e tie's., are inv o
ed egaih#, zut) ..121t1411 . .40 dvitOr-
mined by that article calling fdf ir '''it lie Ito xtof.
041M101,, 4f,,..4 FemPfr.iPus4P ffrrO* mP13,4 F enisation,
Imarbov,!nas,;? as ..in .,Fn ' tted a diver-
.aional *t.,, 0Yn7 , - :
,....? f ? ? , ? r
J . 1 irk igiix 1. MA the-
.f441161v Obtor ' " d iitd 41.." Re *di
be:.41.iii,n4.r Ucl10 illicti"d . a 'dilrarslAnielt
act" 1 rlicts t..4i1U. ' tatif,iisit hW' waif 11,11ioh
engigifla in.an.t4ov$
. 4 .. ?,. rI ? X";) ,". 1E,E, ?f...af.i ,i. p."b, e,. i.I .. ..f-,rt. ?:, 1ti, ! iothe e'tr
reyoXe g NA .g '' i
?
'01 . '.." .1_.'img ' I if?lr - ? 4. % UL.1.2kwirl,-.? .1.
Wise 1111 irldiVLQUILL Pila,,,,dpiliaat:t iff fmrzrae not ..uvre. a or
In.the,larticlos -of ,thecrigainal".6ode,. c rgemi'*is bifo.tight"against
tiim acppriting to. that. er.ttUle- .dealing Itith,,the aelier ilA311 of crime.
:Irtar szaraple*_ Ivanov intvn4s tp, cciag.ix....ti?eapon by, icsatrig,"0,et to
the side, 9f_ Ulm Ion= force:S..; lie hti 'Oat .poitaitex,1 VII.* .6itria
as. :yet .however; arid the criminal coticla de:a?li onititti 1.iii3le5 '
. tttmt, have sheen .c oaimitted. ...In 'attich, m case, :they proceed li7 anal-
, llgr. ..ti not Arrested,. Ivanov woad tio&E'icone?6wer to ,t4s1 &risen
linea,.viould have doiscitted the erifte, of 'treason. For ?Ali tea-
? 4=40:Ahoy .prieter iagainst him thosc .chariei tinder ,sirtleie-1.15-58,
The ' code nurabet "16" "precedoe, inditattarthat rvirioi . has
. not yet committed' treason, but intends to. '-gdtts, Internist/on in
.preceding sUbaection..1 leads one 'to bfilieve that article 58 has
butt 14
bu ,eock niusbarsj/
.. . J., .?.. . . - . . .
.:
. . ,.. .
If &wane had aasiated Ivanov in his plan he would also be
Puniahed accordanca with the laws of the Sohet Union. The
criminal cod provides 'for acCemplicel alsb.,; They would bring
against him charzes uneer the tr.me artiele as against `Iviitiov,,
whi; would have actually committed the crime. In Ulla case; how-
ever, the?oodv number "20" i ,placed befOrel tho artiole ?overing
,
the crime,. i.e.,20-50-1," p=43-, '
B. Code of Criminal Procedure
Another part of the Soviet legal structuiel piiividelk for in
the. criminal cocle And not_ Oetaing with the classoa p; crime and
degrees of puilishineht?COleiaikti Of rii.e foFiihdli-tt: of the arrest
. 264.. the ,inyestigatincrergane, COitirts)*Iiing .jurijodiation
ang the pub1ii: tt,prneys, Pihdpentail.:iptird'isiii of TJEIS1 of' the
,?oviatt a4;u,c tura. It.S code': of eiliinat prOviiies
or as ?aline:of rules , defining the. rightis of, the ditandant and
the penal Orpfiliiiien ;,t1# Soviet cOurte aid *prui #74.titiistitry
intidry; however, do not 'el/Wage 'obserVe the*. but;'-in spit of
this, .the intelligence agent must know the 11)11-owing rule. of
procedures
.itti3O,ria?4' a person is
? -PRm4044'0.0!.0.?.(.',IK bu7-
lr tj 4,4i't-perraitted for a pers.
iod 'of 48 hours.
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 : CIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
`Pz--26 ?
Approved .-Fper6 90104.4149,94;16941441409R# )?,(5)S1,4.:6,,co.i.".90ACKWOJP,p1.(.*-3
-arylmeaity.t.:nelf.,lo it . 4 1; yi ,:1-1,-,?: . . i?., ..' ,,,..' 1 ili i.!,,,,.Lt .4??,, ?
..
-,;-:.1v.1.1 ,/14* ') ti.4...; : 'do . . ? ! '.. . -. ' . 04, thi liefterl_
'
da:at:6.1.-111tOri.=#!:t744-4. ' 14:77,1%7::: .
r
. .? .,... :a !Yu: ...+1-ii 7.1.:!/,.. ..,:, ,-/ - - - -f .1- , 7
5. In accordance with the rules of the cVosk .0 14 'bO.Mitnir -;
procedure, the organ of Inquiry must present thef "deendaitt with
-ill ths material preda0441bUt.40 W/.041,tigetinc_orean_af.tqr the
completion of the investigation.
..
6. The defendantLAS 4101YNLared t0.$411.034q4441pnY con-
cerning the substance of the accusation.
-...r.?.?; ?,.;.., :::. 7:1L...? ?.?.?:?.:.?.-1:' ?;..?.1 -,-, - . . . .- ? -
7. The defesdastAi;nop.
lieble-for =k L !-..ink filso statements.
. . . ....?
..
The intelligence:egant should know the. aboye_points for
the following reason. If he has not been presented With'offii. ,
eimal papera fer.a fovea arrest within 2 days from,tlae moment
' of hie detention, ;it. is indicateilhat the ergahs":e inquiry
probably ao.npt have .sufficient evidence fm?thieriPurpose, and
he should act accordingly. It is meow:ended that he rOrew.
sent himselUas accidentally detained and demand, his. liberation.
. Failure to present"the articles of accusation thttiin'14 days
shows without.a doubt ,that tht organs of inquiry .do,not have
aufficientAaba. , . . .. .
,l
. - . .
Should the above-mentioned rules of tha code Of -criminal
procedure bo violated by the organ of inquiry, the defekdant"May
appeal in writiAg to the pubic attorney. The public attorney's
office is the organ that supervises the corredt e,bservance of
the rules of procedure. Nosever,:in cases of,eounterrevolution-
ary)crices prosecuted by lOpp organs of,inquiry,Supervision and
control is conducted Iv the oblast deiwty publierney in
special district Cases, and by the military cohmandtS military
prcsecutor in 00 MO camp. .-. : ,. ,
-;,..7;. L ? . ?
? ;-? Actually, the rules of the'code of crinkle' procedure Urn-
-. 'ging tht-aotiono of the organ of .inquiry merely Provide reser*
vations, for thereare articles ,which permit their.eircumvention.
For instance, it's well known that the organ orinquity takes
considerably more than 2 ,months4o.complet t4h' preliminary in-
vestigation. And the consequent increase in the.peridd of de-
'IIitention isinot inNioiation of,the.T4les,of,precedure, for it is
legalized by the combination of a whole'airies ot'artiells . ,
con-
tained in the code of criminal procedure. .
When the preliminary inqUirylital-bean.c8apieted,'the case
regrieliMff14"--thepub3.tc,attorpey and,, upon hisiconcluaion as
to the criminality involved, ia.sant 44411,0 cpAirt:ol' jurisdic-
tion for consideration,
.17,.6.14019,71 -?? ?? ?11 ?
? 14.AWIFOOmmtiArtidittlions- 9) 1 T,14,1
? ?1,4 , ,?,!L tirc-? '0411A ?)"n ??
Just ea!** punitive mane, ,the AM. I? LndeAPECYficrFit Iiiiir6=64W436640.500020002 -3
jurisdictions in the Soviet Union, but, at piesiontetitiviarskTe-
,. duaed,to a. alias* of tiwo diyisipas: the court trying civil
Bats and the autt .trygireppee-uyte4tiitikoitspetritlerittiot of
the criminal cociU-danterrevolitabnerfiektnew..' This it the.:
givi;territilryssetmthe army" there are Only the mili-
jib:10484, ?-?-? . ? : r:, ?
,
...Caliesof-Teotiriterielielthionery.4iiefelire tried brthe
lowing special courts: ? .1 ',I...1..7: .
- ? , ?
l. SpeciAlliael'a"the'Obliat
" ?- _ , ?
This pane]. examines the inquiry results in the cases
of people errested?ty the Oblaet AdministratiO4?: .7
.2.. Special Panel 60,he Coirt:cif:the:RepUbLiir,
? .
This panel trifieRAZBIRAYET) *titularly important: cases
or PO0140 erre0e4 by the oblaet administration of the Nr/D And
&XI case f.the republic diviaiiin oft the MVD.?.
? ,
. 3. Ellitary Panel of the Supreme Cduet?of the USSR
This panel tries cases of counterreirolutioaary crimes
which are of special importance to the Union (.the'easeof the
Rightitt-Trotsky Bloc and the Shakhtin case *ere tried by this
. ,
court). .
4. Vilitary Tribunal of a:Division ?
. ?
, .
?
This tribunal tries.cate0-brought to court by the OKR
MO of the ditision and, as a body,may trY eases of all crimes
. ?
except treason. S.? ? j
5, Vilitary Tribunal of the'leiffet
. Thislribunal triel caeei of-alIforimea-brought before
? ?" ,
?
it by the. ppm MO of-the:army Arid cases of triasen.brought be.
fori Lt, ;b the MRof' ti. divleione.. L1
Front v ' - ?
? . . t, ,
bidught.'before- it-, by the, ,VOICR
:7? n!
to the }flCVD of Ui. U3
Norse of the:MD-organ, phich
!'v!?
t '
?
The right to confirm a sentence is eccercisod by the Special
Panel of the Court of the Republic :RULtettibliitiliTri.benal.
,the?Fr044.? Mei; dicisions are confirmed, if required, by the
Witter:, lip.e?V?iit ,Scip!iere*'catrecAlf !tive USSR,ir 3
' .!
6. Tilitary Tribunal cettie
?
. 4
t 'The tribunal tries
of the the frOnt. ' ?
. 1?.
7. .4mial Council Attached
? ?
,ecittnellttilei*.thoie
above doUrti einnOt?hear.'"
- ?
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 F4-CfA4k13P65-00756R000500020002-3
'66141immelimmo
ApproyggWeb
Ia., ? . ?
? 94n4 . Perth:4*as in the procieedisis 1 tVis1 Crci a came tee
; some through,the inquiry prodessithe defehdaat is nctqereSent
at a.trial coMuCtedtri the special council, and the'sehtence
is pronounee,:in ab#ntia:-.1
. .
There ii a etase'Cif pOeliMhtlei judicial ihquiil in all the
courts except the la0; that is, *mere is an easminatihnoe the
defendant and other persons involved de be'the subatihce.of the
crime., Ale?, the pleadings of the Parties concerned are permit-
ted, i.e.,'the.participation of Uld'ettate prosecdteir and the
attorney for the defense. Ihilaftie baierthe right ,of direct-
ing questiene to the court and to the defendant in the course of
the trial, &leo of expressing their" Opinions on the case being
tried.
. .
.C4set involving Certain defendants, the 'extent of whose
crimes it 1143 beer impossible' to examine fully, or eases where
there is not sufficient evidende for an'opei court hearing, but
where the defendant is dangerous to the Soviet system, are sent
before the Special Council. 'To the same eeurt'are sett those
cases the content of..which would divulge the method'cf work of
NKVD organs, tor example, an intelligence agent who has gone
to .a foreign country expresses his willingness to become a -
double-dealer (DVOYNIK) 'and work in the intelligence of that
foreign country.' Re has thus committed a crime aeainst the
Soviet Union .(unless this dual role scenes the purposes of
mvp), and his case is sent before the Special Council., Or,
the informer Alexandrov has not reported to the NKVD organs
the counterrevolutionary activities cf which he is cegnisant.
The case for ,the indictment of Alexandrov will be referred.
to.theSpecial Council.?
However, a person maY be sent to a concentretioneemp
without any court procedure at all, without any reference to
the above-enumerated courts. Only the decieion of the Special
Department LIdN: probably the Special Department of the Arme
is necessary for this kind of'repression. which is'I.OnliA to
people who appear to be Uhriliable, but the nature orwhose
offenses is such that they Cannot be subjected tO.Scourt trial.
Tho Special Department easel he's the exceptional authority to
_order shotothOge_people perticipating in mass desertien 'in the
Red
Ara, sabotage and flight from the field of.battleln,
thee of war.
D.
Ezaielpseirx
gothod. ok,Queitiohine
?
? aloprux ,a mole, the arrested person realises
:What4ie:OdnMemthwill be for the crime he has committed be-
fcire ttie ingtari begitis 'and; diiiirp* to eyelid it, decideinot
make, any stAteslontss, *I111 never ten the truth tes
court woinst,ItitDOVAIZO. any circurictincesio
in spite of this firetreeolutiont he begins to reveal the
29
Approved For Release 1999/09t07.? CIA-RDP65-00756R000500020002-3
?
PIVI9sifiatritnaiiiblic4194WW, If41.4/1, 00211002-3 .
,ttisakitimitosatisiollsakbari4W:#4!4%.
AL* mot destnew4utdaJOPtilit At /1913.4442L 8 . ?
to, *solo *IA rbAkost totrapPAm,- sit). iiir
saying', "Ikey licmf0101403104,0?410*.? ttoli
Strangely enough, no one has beaten or: opicout role(' .him.
He finally =lawless_ "The examine:: hjpnotlzed aser Pools
-
Otis eitpltaltairgfimmi**_ 11lhtufFiAstk-friPOSTste:
lac tualltsom 49/P. WaiR011 4 .44; FalF TO'Flic)t ?
firtsitemegse :from ;4`. 4101141104 1 t'
T.:11.'!AC n0.4 Iv 41; -;
-Ja46111 !the gmatibed 0.'4914;7. 7..
, ?
'?.-1, 11.'..1 41tAtYt--:. " '100 1'4 ? " '
A.,Aten ihejr4agner,grst:ippeiii_in'tho Shadt4T-Of te
examiner, the latter thOroUghly atudies'his cond4Cteaftd4the form
and logic of his thinking. Only when the examiner has fUlly'
appraised the man lrfors-.44,does he.begin.tir exisninaton.
If the first examinatiims,Ohould no provide Seficientevidence
for,hie!appraisal,:the,:exiiminer cOmMs to Understand the prisoner.
:
at Subsequent, examinatioFs.. All the while, the4priticiromr: is at
a-loss to undsrstand whir the eXamitler. away* talks ebsiut:Otire-
-ly theoretical subjects. ,
, . ? .c::'
laving thoroughly studied ths personality ot thsar-
*reited person, the examiner begins pp miound,out the Matti* at
hand: and stopsit that psychologic al moment which he kilOWS will
? most painfully affect prisoner. At such time,, the lat-
ex giyee aphis own thinking-Procass and thinke'as the exaMin-
et wants him te. think. A psychological.conhectiontasbeen,:
Aetablished between prisoner and investizator through *hich:
the thoughts of the former are cab/cremated to ttle woio
the latter. This ccntact established, the exaMirk apProaChas
the subject of investigation so carefully and smoothly that the.
prisoner, ltery sensitive and wary, to the turn he knows the con--
versation.muSt finally taktes.unwittingly,beginsto4X0a his
. . .
? crime. ; -? . ?
- ? .
'; ? 7 - ? ? ? ?
, ?
_Faciog7 e examining. Jwige a Man hail eilgagti
? ;? , 4
t4t..401;:lisymg,oftqlished a Cod t with
the inves4iisotPr..*lit not. aak,, questions prim '
den etsange tl,se .trips3d ,o4 ,,thciught, #.1 , rastActo., ? OPP
-ALIT:anti490,0 40,4400 41,4h '41e.youjkitriolitirri 0'
againat puthor ty/ lb!... woad interrtipt.
tact. Ihe examiner will ask Instead: "bid you. .014
Soviet anecdotes deliberately or thoughtlessly?"' 'The prisoner
will immediately answers "Thoughtles,? pi" c urge ,"" The .,
examiner continua's "And why did y t 1 sbeh
stories?" ?and the prisoner must- ,c9n1401 with 17.),,a awkward
answer.
at soakili tittf.4rtlf.9tid P017,1011t,,k
?
tzliT4P ? .
?
I** 44_
t#11040.4444*Pg
ktitg.0008.Lti
?
-
.4(Fro klaqq Ptt.anLI18.
Otailtr*li , Dent
#fitigrie A.0111)s, 41
*p i.avjfrthno
"WI f091.(-1/ o4 crstod ft:
Approved For Release 1999/09/07 .C4AQRDP65-00756R000500020002-3
t
.to
' ? ?
ApprozaMtri?
r-TS cianii9eMaiii:61k*911?41VVIMPtiii0fialilli02-3
the receiver to a particular ;reqappoy, the reseiverlefale6;r
... 1:
wit4h.lit,
? &diet laraiiidePtul .11'eceiver
tt , and receptiCe results.
? 1 10141 riglaixr E-Lo . t . Vil z, 1 .t. Lt ittlA KJ , - ...; J:E. rnip, -- I ?.: (-qt.! nik
. .....- ..(:. ., n t Illic. ,,n trts I ?T.2"X ri.!.* ?#.1,:pf r!r:IJ
' Li. !: :L. I -..!: . i '..*?,''' 1 agifiCiiiilidieitt iiiii4iii deeire:t&liesome
.*,- 1:1?1! ? Ito I thi de t r
ertmenot 'Phydalogy 'of a
? a teacher i

cartati.p.Ae 9)m .flIt4ttSip..-,After a period of study end vacation,
? k!laRPvic Joi ,
.a? edlitioli Displeased
twiwgidla44.1tIl!' t 09 ' thilt yew' there?"
? _I'll's. riied,? tho`ixights' at a, oiCiv'he'figied- hot-thinking that
1 +
has; wo04, piT,ymixiti ? to i*tre thit. "Li Jean ';(6wito:USIrhi!*on14
? .terioiditt tioit:.he?eer
test him and 'the studen; lv
could0,,,t ,aprropopifie .*tiO. Wet told her: r ? ?
? ? it *4 ? I: ?-)114/??!
The next time .he returned to his, former school., Jean
was away, but her girl friend eagertf begin' td'Vellfhlk all
ahp4at. Jea,Ws vacation.?;' She had met. 1, young man named Kolya who,.
though very ?utiattreetivi; had torsi-him iianaged tdIdit her. ? In
confirmation, the friend showed .IVanov a yhotogradh, of Nays.
?
Jean thotidtit;*,..heiet kept thi arrfair sedret, but when
she rebyrned and Went wi,th fv.tiov to tile raciaaticiti room, the
letter managed tIlair.conv,e,ra.attOri eq. that hi "'clew 'Jean must have
? ?N.ikolay tolya. -Ciosed pia eye* abrupt, stretched
. his ham* n front. or him, and, . turning_ awe 'from Nero sel.d:
"I am. now reading your thohts. tou are thiitiOneof th? ehauf-
tour, o1yii ihom..YoU left, in"o4r. native 'town. ? ?Continuing, '
he told her all that he had learned ,frtei her ?l friend 'abut
kolya. Jean was iikeptipal firist";-tiut iceoir tumid away from
him tn.' t'error.. ' ?
,. ?? ..
...... , . - ;
She ha' 0. been .1o4tive that no one Ichei aeythisng about
Kolya and,. o_onvincod oof..Ivariby4 ability to 'read her thoughts
? . - i ...
from a distance and Oirrlfied' Of the' ecesibilit *Of further, ex-
posures, . ;the, ran 'away. from Ivanov., :N, matter ' hciiil har* OW:lat-
ter tried to 2eri aide' her "late that he had' iter. such abiliV, she
reemined cony4pod,end. avoided, him, altogetherr.' If; iiPotf-behar-
,.: ing the: atom .4'.rihm her ,f4end,"s/vanscnr hatilteily 'amended an
explanation ,froei-Jeari,ii to iihy she *hid been !ihtsithfu3., he
would ricke:ebtalird?her_sconfirmatiotf..ot, -the- 'artily' 'under ,
any circumstances. foto-that -Jain had no? I:Militia of telling
? Ivanov anything; neverthelesis, she did ?o, So. , This ,cami,AS 40'0-
? cult of a ccuitect being establighed.botWeem--ttsses:4104oune
.. aials. sItItsti.P**t1.1.1.s.E.t,".eilirlirr/.....,e4,.11;"4"114.8947.,..;?!.. the :
. .
,..:.. ? ? .. c.........p,,,,....... 1,;4., ,....,..: ..,01.: r?.: u-.1:-... . :,,, -%,, .,,,: ,tv, 0
r ? 40404 .-4-41?1954004* - . 1 t ? - ) . 4 ?
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mme a ciparacu.oriaTtx6 11 T,44 the gmaanwri.?
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Ai i't - ' !1,44estAtite tifiA_Plitibnel -
-e'betieearthailfoi feth'i toot -!
' .
?
-ft/ ? :* 04 ikiiii d le! Ivis -
, . ibils..ttj
4: -''. become' a e:" axis a . , . lh shilik, dr- 'tater
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APPIOACI gPPRAPPVW4PRON, 4411444.11P4P,..7.?WW5.9142.24erw ?2-3
ott,novr:..-11 -!..c.ivoli-ii:q. ot ti .1,1.,..::,.??? ,.'....)
? a 67:.,...1 -,, - f?;1,,s tv-1. Lila FW I7`t.r1P.,":J ''"U ." ;-ii..if... ' ?elf ' Iiiti . :ex-
1 ? .: ?:. it.'-01,o-P0atirrt sf ? itw ere d
Icil..c4. i'i 110 . 14"` ??sa ' 4 t .tci
*miner 1 a queettn' , ihin, as- it 'f-tiaillie0.. trOlnit 'the , use-
tion? will touch the ririeoner, and he will !tie -11- pOittif.'1 Laethr-
'11"*Iar't 47444-4441/ 4;ta...!.34srVirk"Irt-vt-44Vireatteirdidefleatetiled.
? 44 .,t310.410.410PrrIc :aokfre."It `Tr'!" 01.11)r.'.F.11!it.4b1",f '01" -..,?*, :I i
i :.:11.1irr ':::".fi ,:::)l.,L! P...." 1?tekc. Is is..?: '
r..,, I ,..7 :. irt If - trt.;11-.:P04191$4F: Or i 10104111,1111 f eh i sb Miro
-aberaeter4.fit. ice ./pf.',th, 6 , 'Itie ikirr'iViitik tit eir
7 . coneequenc,ei:tvi ... g4440 . -41.Vii4Cebili, fibiiiever,
_ ___,. , 4 41 *Ell/14k . i. eliattap: 'With' tt.'!:iintiiie- :
L , , , - ? .
ouly if IS PArri)iit,
-nepa,darkwg,: 4eicl: teei-opati.catOvs.,9melare, tn? ' atrial ecincl de
from this 0iit..t4ane:iuu-at?,* . on?r$4- -.et. 0' tars froi'?' tke4on-
duct of the person under' arrest 'during the'inquiry.I.,-
, ?? '
2. itethOd of INsfe
na4:
'I '
. 1
L
,
Du,ring .quit.41:b4ng, the person under .arreetr'ishokildi.
a, Itaintain'selt=Contror.'
Speak rtith cortfidegce while te11ii14, untruths.
c. ,Not avoid tho cxEuciner,,s gaze. - ?
d., Feign extreme inliffrence and weariness..
.e.. 1414ta1.n .personal cligriity at 'all times;
? ,f. Aninsor onl,y' 014 subs tan; e of the. queetion ask*,
bearing in mind .the-fact tfiat'he"ie On the defensive:- ' z? ?
*, g.' 1110-er tit4ieve ,what the".exitiner says; rio irattei haw
?hard hc tries' to porstiadc byliwonkising favors *n4 advantage's.
?, h: :AO a reat.reint of' indifference and wearinest force
itht exariner to speak up', to tall. BEAR 'ill WIRD. iffil's ? IMAM
DE CONVERSATION, 111::; EuLaNER MUST EXPC6K HD.17 AN.11.7- .60' DOING,
War,ST ;Fa; 4LkT. 21VTIGATING. capa HA s Apitusi
r 4 D t 4 ayerlook or. he ftattliiitivO'. tO single ques-
tion. of tin:ei .exwainor:;' Vut; tikaW.Oitti ;fiat( Is be-
hind and thin &ns-wer & ? * . .
' 4 li?ft. ? ? 144nt,47, se.l.f7c *Ober., and forte titelr ',V- think
4011440._ .tf14. , time4c,
nil. ? -14 11-
4, cia? r ?1111!)
cirliig
S: .91;891-00.1-
? .? tatie 3firoirliarki
:4 :? ?-"t ? . t
?
4 blt: ? 1 - i
1114_4 ;. 1i 1_50 ? 711 triqs ft 'IC it.1r
.,',," ,..1.1.4'i le*-4,3_?,. s-'4 I ? 1,?+ P . ' pa/
?".. A 'facie*. not gye t ?e a. a th 'in ihil-J., eittuekilt aftlefia.
. evidence. Only through .the int.elligetiii eve ' carelWilsitiese so
? ?4 :,) ,,,I.:419!1/4,11014!. t? in '' 0- pa, tit,diitc.ineor:-ttie examiner.
,eiXi!, 91,4* ..pf the ru4es of secrecy
.$4?Alit,441,41 ) 9f
, Airlit
4 tIA Ili l'' *li ii4 /lid 4 - ' .. 3 ifittelli'.
-h'idi At, *Kitt
?
? 4atteitt ter
39! ' iArritery, ?
,Iv144t5 114`1 idrelb tetAil all
r ir ivit" lit -iv in.
rr sr
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190 41.51.4W, $
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ial evidence, it is not advisable to disclaim it.. The explan-
ation, however, should be plausible (it was found, bought, trad-
ed, etc.)., Likewise* when planning a role in uhich you will
work. on the Soviet side, it is necessary to consider all the
circumstances and foresee possible checkups on your statements.
For instance, an intelligence agent declared at the time of
his arrest that he wag a resident of Moscow, naming the street
and house nuMbers and that he was serving in a military unit,
the 280th KAP (TN: Corps Artillery Regiment), "as battery comp-
mander. Suet testimony nay be easily verified. A checkup
in Moscow revealed that the intelligence agent did not reside
there and that there waa qp such military unit as the 280th
KAP 0 and both facts became'Material evidence.. IT IS NECESSARY
PCR ThIS ICASCI7 TO PLAN A ROLE (ArD STORT) IN SUCH A maim
1HAT IT IT/LL NCT PROVE INVALID UNDER CHECKUP.
\ CON9LUSIOV
Familiarity with the organisational structure and the op-
erational met::_ods of the NKVD organs gives one an idea of this
colossal, secrot informatimaI-agency apparatus operating with-
in the country and-being utilized also for countcrespionage
purposes. aowcver, as a counterespionage organ, this whole comp.
plicated mechanism is set in motion and begins to function ONLY
EZI TiE INVZ.LIG7:1:CZ AGralT CPERATZS IN FULL vim AID WITHOUT
E PRECAUTICH,_when his compromising actions make it possible
or the rym organs to ebtain evidence against him.'
However, if the intelligence agent will comport himself
in accordance with the elementary rules explained in this train-
ing course when working within the sphere of NKVD organs, his
? freedom and the c:;ccution of his aasigiwnt are insured, for
this huge network ,of counterespionage organs will not bo able
to discover an intelligence agent rh2 has fused himself with
the qeneral mass cf people and his surroundings.
!HUB, IT IS QUITE OBVIOUS 1HAT AGaiT :MO
Kir.13 1HE 3MUCT1RE AND OPERATION OF NKVD ORGANS LAY LASILY
CM:WM? TXL MAPS SET FOR RIM AND COLS OUT VICTORIOUS, EVEr
IF ARRESTED.
:End of Document No 3620011
End of DOC(ONTS BRANCH TRANSLATION No 532
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