CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000500040016-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 5, 2005
• Sequence Number: 16
• Publication Date: January 1, 1960
• Content Type: OPEN

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1960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
tee, whicl killed the first effort of a bill
In -1956.
Also, .th position of the Republican
leadership on the Senate Banking and
Currency Committee, which opposes
even the 'administration's inadequate
bill, compounds the difficulty of getting
a law on the books this year.
in reality, there have been four vetoes
of area redevelopment legislation:
First. The first bill, which I introduced
in July 1955, was passed by the Senate
In 1956, and died in the House Rules
Committee. At that time, the adminis-
tration vetoed our efforts to pass even:
the administration's own bill. There
was not a formal Presidential vetd, but
for all practical purposes it had the same
effect.
Second.. The second bill, which I intro-
duced during the 1st session of the 85th
Congress in January 1957, was formally
vetoed-by pocket veto-by the Presi-
. dent in September 1958.
Third. The third bill, which I intro-
duced in the 86th Congress in January
1959, was vetoed by a formal Presiden-
tial message in May of this year.
Fourth. The fourth veto-by the Sec-
retary of Commerce, speaking for the
Ing I called on August 18, in my capac-
ity as chairman of the Subcommittee on
Production and Stabilization.
But perhaps the most revealing symp-
tom of the administration's diehards re-
sistance to good legislation is the prop-
aganda campaign being conducted
through its Cabinet officials and its po-
litical candidates in the field. Let me
cite just two examples:
First. The administration baldly con-
tends that more funds would be avail-
able under the administration bill than
under the vetoed bill.
The hard fact is that the administra-
tion's most recent bill calls for $86-mil-
lion, in contrast to the vetoed bill's $251
million.
How, then, can the administration
make the claim of more assistance?
It is done with this kind of statistical
sleight-of-hand. It so happened that
the administration finally came around
and agreed to a $75 million figure for
one aspect of our program, namely, in-
dustrial loans for private projects. By
pretending that this aspect is the ordy
one involved in area redevelopment leg-
islation-which it is not, for there are
many others-the administration dis-
torts the figures to show more assist-
ance, for the simple reason that the
vetoed bill is more comprehensive and
provides more coverage throughout the
country, especially rural areas.
A valid and honest statistical method
would show that, the administration fig-
ures are not even half truths. The
vetoed bill, by any _ accepted statistical
method, is shown to provide more than
double the administration's proposal,
even allowing for the fact of more cov-
erage under the vetoed bill.
Furthermore, my original bill, S. 722,
as passed by the Senate called for an
appropriation of $390 million and was
only scaled down by the House in the
hope that the President would not veto
it. This hope was dashed when Presi-
dent Eisenhower vetoed even the cut-
down bill.
If I am reelected, I will reintroduce
the bill with a $390 million authoriza-
tion, and, if we elect JOHN KENNEDY, we
can be sure he will sign it and will do
everything he can to help.
Second. Another example of distor-
tion of the facts is the charges made in
:my town State that the vetoed bill is
"'so broad as to include New York and
Detroit as distressed areas."
The fact is that New York City was
not included in the vetoed bill. The fact
is that Detroit is included in the admin-
istration proposal as well as in the vetoed
bill.
The use of the Detroit example by
the administration in my State is fur-
ther proof of the administration's cyni-
cal technique of playing one part of the
country against the other.
I regret deeply that the administra-
tion has failed to come forward in a co-
operative attitude.
We tried our best, but the administra-
tion brought us to a dead end of its own
making.
I don't think they are going to fool
anyone.
THE FREEDOM COMMISSION BILL
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I wish to
call the attention of my colleagues to a
pending measure on which the Senate
can act and should act, without acrimo-
nious debate or partisan division, before
this 86th Congress adjourns. I refer to
the Freedom Commission bill, S. 1689,
more commonly called the Freedom
Academy bill.
I would like to observe at the outset
that this is a bill of extraordinary im-
portance to the United States and the
free world. In fact, the Judiciary Com-
mittee, in reporting the bill favorably,
has described it as "one of the most
important ever introduced in the Con-
gress." I fully agree with this estimate.
If anything, I consider it an understate-
ment. I believe that the preservation of
our freedom, the preservation of the free
world as we know it, may ultimately
depend on the enactment of this meas-
ure.
. This is not a Democratic bill or Re-
publican bill. On the contrary it is a
measure which, as Life magazine ob-
served, persons of all shades of opinion,
save one, should be able to unite behind.
The bill was originally submitted by
Senators DOUGLAS and MUNDT. With
some minor amendments, it received the
unanimous approval of the Senate Judi-
ciary Committee.
I wish I had the talent to have au-
thored the bill, but I am proud to be
privileged to present this statement today
to the Senate.
The Subcommittee on Internal Se-
curity held hearings on the bill in April
and June of last year. A distinguished
panel of expert witnesses, representing
many shades of political opinion, testi-
fled overwhelmingly in favor of this
measure. It has been strongly endorsed
by the AFL-CIO, which has possibly
had more experience combating the
Communist conspiracy on the interna-
ganization, and by the Reserve Officers'
Association, which is one of the very
few private groups that has made a de-
tailed study of political warfare.
I believe it is a fine and wonderful
thing that a bill of such importance
to the cause of freedom should com-
mand, at the outset, such broad and dis-
tinguished bipartisan support.
Mr. President, the measure before the
Senate is quite unique. It is a truly pio-
neering bill which seeks to fill a major
gap in our national defenses. I believe,
without exaggeration, that it may make
the difference between victory and defeat
in the cold war. Because this bill is so
different, because it proposes to create
an entirely new instrumentality for win-
ning the cold war, I believe the Senate
should be informed in some detail of
the purposes and reasons for this
measure.
What is the gap in our cold war de-
fenses this bill seeks to fill? Why is it
necessary to create a new agency? How
will the new agency fit into the Federal
structure? These are the questions I
shall attempt to answer in my remarks
this afternoon. We are in the closing
days of the session. We must still at-
tend to many matters. Other Senators
are waiting to speak, and I do not wish
to impose on them. However, I hope
that the Senators who are not present-
and I know they are busy with com-
mittee work and other important mat-
ters-will read what I am saying, be-
cause I believe that if they have a real
knowledge of the content and purpose of
the bill, it can be passed with practi-
cally a unanimous vote.
We have been losing the cold war
partly because we have failed to under-
stand its total character, partly because
we have been amateurs fighting against
professionals. The Soviets have been
winning the cold war because they have
from the beginning accepted it as a total
war, to be waged with all their resources
and on every plane and, second, because
they have, through their specialized
training institutions, developed scores of
thousands of practitioners in the art of
total political warfare.
So long as we are amateurs pitted
against professionals, Mr. President, we
shall continue to lose the cold war. The
task of the Freedom Academy will be to
fill this gap in our defenses. Its function
will be, first, to develop systematic
knowledge about all aspects of the Com-
munist conspiracy; second, to develop a
science of counteraction against Com-
munist subversion that will see us
through the perilous period ahead and
ultimately pave the way for the victory
of freedom; and third, to train Ameri-
cans and nationals of other free coun-
tries in this science of total political war-
fare, as it must be waged by freemen.
To illustrate the problem, I would like
to review recent events in four countries,
each of which occupies a position of im-
portance to the security of the free
world. One country is in the Middle
East, one is in the Far East, one is in
Africa and one is in Latin America. Each
has been a major target for Soviet polit-
ical-economic warfare. Each has already
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 26
been captured or seriously weakened. to illustrate the overall problem we face in Japan. Yet, when the Communists
What has happened there points up the and the need for the present legislation. were taking over, only a handZul of edu-
urgent need for the present bill. In these Let us take the case of the Japanese cators were willing to fight aback. And
countries the Soviets have demonstrated Teachers' Union, whose 500,000 members these very few who were willing to stand
a highly successful form of attack staff Japan's public schools. For some up, did so as scattered individuals, with-
'against which we have grossly inade- years now the Teachers' Union has been out organization. Not very surprisingly,
quate eountercapabilities. a captive of the Japanese Communist they were quickly crushed by the Com-
The first country is Iraq. Three years Party. While the overwhelming major- munist apparatus.
ago Iraq was considered a Middle East- ity of its members are non-Communists, Why, in heaven's name, have Japanese
ern bastion of stability and anti-Commu- the union's machinery is completely in parents remained passive when their
nist strength. The Iraqi Government the hands of the Communist Party. The sons and daughters come home from
was strongly pro-Western, it was the party has, in fact assigned some 1,500 school and inform them that Soviet
only Arab government to join the Bagh- party members to work as full-time Russia is their real homeland? Why is
dad Fact, and, because of its aparent union functionaries and organizers. it that no democratic force has developed
solidity, its capital had been chosen as The Japanese Teachers' Union makes in -Japanese universities to compete with
the seat of the Baghdad Pact organza- no bones about the fact that its principal the Zergakuren? Why has no third
tion. The Iraqi Army was well trained purpose is political rather than profes- force developed among the students even
and well equipped. Nuri el Said's gov- sional. In its pamphlet called "The in the Christian universities of Japan?
ernment was engaged in a program of Teacher's Code of Ethics," the Japanese Why is all the dedication and organiza-
social and economic reform which was Teaeheis' Union states that "the realiza- tional know-how on the side of the Com-
enlightened by Middle Eastern stand- tion of socialism is the historic task im- munists? What is wrong with the forces
ards. The country was receiving large posed on the teacher. It is the duty of of freedom? Where are they?
amounts of economic and military assist- the teacher to foster young people who I believe the Communist victory in
ance from the West. The Iraqi Commu- would help realize such a society." Since the Teachers' Union in terms of its long-
nist Party, sternly repressed by Nuri, had the Teachers' Union is Communist con- range implications may well be the
been reduced to a few hundred hard core trolled, it should be understood that the greatest single defeat the United States
members and driven underground. word "socialism," as used in this direc- has suffered in the Far East other than
Then, in a few hours, this citadel of tive, means "communism." the Communist victory in China.
free world strength was overwhelmed. A substantial number of Japanese For nearly a decade we ocupied Japan
In a sudden coup, the King was assassi- teachers are carrying out these instruc- and directed its reorganization along
nated and Nuri was dragged through the tions. Young children are being taught democratic lines. We spent hundreds
streets. In its precision and utter ruth- that the U.S.S.R. is their real homeland, of millions of dollars and devoted the
lessness, this coup was completely alien One common tactic is for the teacher to energies of many of our best minds, yet
to the Arab tradition; the staffwork% draw a map of Japan on the blackboard we may have failed, because in our
could only have been done by carefully with a red flag in the middle and tell political innocence we thought that the
trained professionals. A virulently anti- their pupils, "this is the Peoples Repub- only enemy was Japanese militarism,
American, pro-Communist military die- 'made of Japan." Constant reference is which was crushed and discredited, and
tatorship was established. With appall- made to the United States as an aggres- we totally failed to prepare the Japanese
Ing speed, the remaining Communists sive, imperialistic power, while constant to defend themselves against the real
emerged from underground. They or- praise is heaped on Russia and Red enemy.
ganized and led the street mobs which China, who are identified as Japan's real History may show that a few thousand
intimidated or tore to pieces all who op- friends. The effect on young minds of superbly trained professional Com-
posed them. They took over the educa- this corrosive propaganda, repeated munist conspirators had a far greater
tional system, including the all-impor- grade after grade, year after year, influence on the future of Japan than
tant indoctrination of. the army. They through their entire secondary educa- all the treasure and talent we poured
captured the press and radio. They tion, can well be imagined. - in.
whipped the people into an anti-Western The Teachers' Union has conducted I should have liked, if there were time,
frenzy with expert agitation and propa- violent demonstrations against proposals to discuss the critical situation in the
ganda. With great skill they manipu- to hoist the Japanese flag and to sing Japanese Socialist Party, Japan's prin-
lated their opponents from positions of the national anthem at school programs. cipal opposition party, whose dominant
power. The union throws itself into all sorts of leftwing has been successfully infil-
Why did this country of Islam, with political activities and demonstrations trated by the Communists,,and the sit-
every reason to be anti-Communist, which have nothing to do with educa- uation in the 3?/a million member Gen-
prove so susceptible to Communist sub- tional affairs and constantly agitates the eral Council of Trade Unions of Japan
version? During the many years Iraq teachers to bring the message of Socialist which also has been successfully gene-
was in the Western camp, why was the salvation into the classroom. trated and captured by the Communist
West so unsuccessful in getting across Westerners wonder why so many Japa- Party. But since I must limit my speech
its own message and getting across the nese students join the radical Zenga- at some point, let me only say that the
truth about communism? Why did Kas- kuren which led the recent rioting. story in each of these situations is the
sem and so many of the younger officers Correspondents who interviewed these same-well-trained Communist cadres
display an almost pathological hatred students were surprised by their warped versus untrained amateurs.
and suspicion of the West? Who forgot picture of the United State? and their Mr. President, the third country I
to educate the Iraqi Army about commu- fantastic ideas about democracy. If our should like to examine is Cuba. A little
nism? Who forgot to educate the stu- pundits had paid more attention to the more than a year and a half ago a
dents about communism? Why were so almost unbelievable situation that exists brutal dictatorship was overthrown in
many non-Communists so indifferent to in so many Japanese secondary schools, what appeared to be a popular revolu-
the Communist takeover? Why were they might have anticipated the results. tion. I am told that Fidel Castro had
they unable to organize effective oppo- To me the most alarming aspect of the the enthusiastic support of 90 percent
sition? Why did the principal opposi- Communist takeover of the Teachers' of the Cuban people when his victorious
tion have to come from the Nasserites? Union is not the systematic brainwash- column entered Havana. Seldom in re-
Why was there an ideological vacuum? ing in the classroom and the resulting corded history has a man been in a posi-
Mr. President, the second country I ideological prostitution of a generation tion to do so much for his people. Castro
propose to discuss is Japan. The full of Japanese youth. To me the most was welcomed in this country as a con-
extent to which this cornerstone of our disheartening thing is the way the great quering hero and we stood ready to ex-
Far Eastern defenses has been weakened mass of the Japanese people have sat on tend every assistance to his regime.
by Soviet political warfare and subver- their hands and permitted this to Today the lights are going out in Cuba.
Sion is still imperfectly understood. I happen. The Communists have captured the gov-
will only take the Senate's time for one The Teachers' Union represents the ernment machinery. The non-Commu-
critical example which I hope, will. help best educated, major organized group nists and anti-Communists, who repre-
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
16575
sented thereat majority of Castro's another university, often under an as- omy has been mortgaged to the Soviet
supporters, have been decisively de- sumed name, to work full time as stu- bloc for years to come in a series of one-
feated. Today, communists are stream- dent organizers. This is the same tech- side trade agreements. Guinea's army
ing into Havana from all over the world rnique which worked so effectively in is equipped almost exclusively with
to consolidate their -victory. We have China prior to 1948. To me the dis- Czech arms and is being trained by
now a Soviet satellite within 90 miles heartening thing in Latin America, as in Czech instructors. Hundreds of Guin-
of our own border. The Monroe Doc- Japan, has been the near absence of or- ea's youth have been sent behind the
trine has been successfully flouted. Our ganized opposition in so many universi- Iron Curtain for political training, while
vaunted military preparations have ties to the Communist takeover of the large number of Iron Curtain techni-
proven useless. student organizations. cians swarm all over the country.
How were the Communists able to cap- U.S. News & World Report for August On June 6 of this year, Time magazine
ture a popular revolution so quickly and 1.. 1960, prints part of a letter from a observed:
so completely? Why were the Cuban Costa Rican student who had just com- Last week there were alarming so naive about Communist opera- g . ingna
tional methods? Why were the anti- pleted a year of study in the United that * Guinea was rapidly becoming a
Communists so disorganized and so inept States. He writes: police o under der the cold direction of fm-
when the showdown came? Why were Castro propaganda has increased error- ported Communist Instructors.
they outthought, outplanned, outorgan- kinds ofscomrit tees arehome
set up that present And Time further observed:
ized and outmaneuvered by the Commu- Fidel as a messiah. Communists now are If Toure is indeed no Communist, he
nists from the Very beginning? Why louder than ever, especially in the university, seemed fast becoming the captive of those
was the large middle class in Havana, who keep shouting "Yankee imperialism." who were.
which was solidly behind Castro, unable Indifference of the people to what is hap- I believe it is correct to state that
to cope with the Communist cadres? pening alarms me. Guinea has become the first African
Where were their leaders? Why were Why are so many non-Communist Cuba. Already the Reds are transform-
they not better trained? To what ex- educators and students in Latin America ing Guinea into a major staging area for
tent was our own negligence responsible passive and indifferent to this fearful the subversion of the rest of Black
for this catastrophe? challenge? Is the concept of freedom so Africa, just as they have turned Cuba
Once again I ask the question: Why blurred it is no longer worth fighting for? into an advanced post for the subversion
must the dedication and know-how so Why are the students of Latin America of Latin America.
often predominate on the Communist so naive about the methods of commu- Sekou Toure was recruited into the
side? Why does it always seem to be nism? Why do the Communists find French Communist Party during his
well-trained professionals versus disor- them so easy to manipulate? A substan- Paris student days shortly after World
ganized amateurs? tiai part of the youth in Latin America, War H. For many years the French
Mr. President, Cuba today is being as in Japan, are being led into the enemy Communist Party made a special effort
converted into a major staging area for camp while we stand by helpless. Where to befriend, indoctrinate, and recruit
the subversion and capture of Latin are the forces of freedom? Where are African students studying in France, be-
.America. While Castro may be increas- the articulate believers in freedom and cause the Communists, with their
ingly unpopular with many of the pres- democracy? Why are not some profes- vaunted long view of history, were aware
ent governments of Latin America, he sional students on our side? that these students were the future
seems to be increasingly popular with Mr. President, the fourth country I leaders of Africa.
the intellectuals, students, labor, and the propose to discuss is the newly independ- - Mr. President, why must it always be
peasants, and these groups may provide ent state of Guinea, which was formerly the Communists who have this fore-
the leaders who lead the next revolution a part of French West Africa, but chose sight? Where were the forces of free-
and form the next governments. Independence in the 1958 election. The dom?
So powerful has the Castro image be- President of Guinea, Mr. Sekow Toure, It is being said that France invited
come that certain governments appear was for many years a loyal member of Soviet penetration by pulling out in a
afraid of.taking any action against Cuba the French Communist Party. He held huff and taking everything with them
for fear of bringing down the wrath of positions of importance within the Com- when Guinea voted for complete inde-
powerful groups of their own country- munist-controlled General Confedera- pendence. I suspect the battle was
men. Many Latin American politicians, tion of Labor. He was careful) trained really lost 15
who privately denounce Castro's actions y years ago when a lonely
feel it necessary to support , in party schools in France, Prague, and African student, ignored by other
Our Government was dismayed rt him by recent nt Warsaw. In 1956, he said he broke with Frenchmen, was systematically culti-
Our Government
leading political figures the Communist Party. He claims that, vated by the alert Community Party.
remick who ading that Mexico would while he remains a Marxist, he is not a He found a home in the party. And to-
M
side e with Cuba to its dispute with the Connmunist. A serious question 'remains. day the Soviets have acquired a major
United States. And is the current h the Was this break made from conviction, or base in Africa.
g United the Organization of Amerimeet- can under party orders? In Iraq, Japan, Cuba, and Guinea the
ingtes, we have been unable A obtain During its 2 years of independence, Communists have demonstrated an im
States, for action against unable toro one- the government and social structure of pressive political warfare capability. In
tenth as vigorous as the st Castro
has Guinea have been ruthlessly organized four widely separated parts of the globe,
been taken ouaction along Communist police-state lines, - confronted with completely different po-
Thers against g tithe me for me to analyze There . is only one political party, which litical and social conditions, and operat-
e major i S tet and, to an increasing follows- the Red pattern from cell to ing in environments which by all rights
thee, the Red Chinese penetration of politburo. The agricultural, population should have been hostile,- they have
Latin America. The Senate has been is being forced into communes which scored major triumphs. In the first
kati ic The Senate experts been bear a marked similarity to the Red country they successfully penetrated and
kept well r Senator . I d as Chinese variety. In fact, Chinese in- manipulated a Middle Eastern Nation-
the j ao r from m one Florida aspect of structors are directing the work. The alist movement, in the very heart of
however, junior Set e, want t which I find especially police are being trained by imported Islam. In the second country, they have
this penetration members of the Czechoslovakian secret successful)
discouraging, y penetrated and manipulated
police, Is the deep and highly effective with ~Czand the ech-made wire is being
recorders. spied Ion the n the student r groups, the laboruniversities
unions,
penetration of the universities and stu- recent months hundreds have been -ar- and one of the two principal political
dent organizations. Many, possibly a rested as enemies of the state, and many parties of an advanced industrial nation.
majority, of the larger student organi- have been brutally and fatally tortured. In Cuba, they have captured a popular
zations in Latin America have been cap- The only news distributed comes from revolution in a Catholic country which
tured. One of the techniques is to use Russian, East German, and Red Chinese has traditional ties of friendship with the -
professional students, sometimes in their news agencies. Guinea is the first non- United states and lies on our very
thirties, who have already obtained their Communist nation to recognize the East doorstep. In Guinea, they have moved -
degree from one university and enter German government, Guinea's econ- , in on a primitive society and h ; n.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE'
over at the very momentthat its people
were supposed to gain their freedom.
Mr. President, why do we still try to
console ourselves with the thought that
if we just spend enough money on guns
and missiles and foreign aid, we can
make the Free World secure against
communism?
"Our recent disasters In Iraq, Japan,
Cuba, and Guinea should help us to real-
ize that we can outgun communism and
outspend communism-and still lose the
cold war.
We are up against an enemy who has
mastered all forms of social conflict-
political, ideological, psychological, eco-
nomic, and organizational, as well as
military and paramilitary. With the
political warfare weapon he has moved
over and around our military defenses
to secure beachheads deep in our rear
areas. He has a coordinated long-
range strategy for victory in which he
will use all methods and all means
against us.
With - every day's news, it becomes
clearer that the old methods of defense
are not enough. Either this country
masters the new dimensions, of warfare
the Soviets are employing against us and
goes over to the offensive, using all of
our strength and wisdom, or we face the
certain prospect of increasing isolation
In a world which is swinging evermore
toward the Soviet sphere. -
There must be a new start, a new
approach in our planning and thinking.
I believe the most important question
before the country is this: How do we
prepare ourselves in the shortest possi-
ble time-because I am afraid there is
only a very short time left to us-to
meet and defeat the Soviets in this
many-sided conflict? How can we de-
velop a coordinated counterstrategy for
victory? What is the quickest and best
way to train our people In this new art
or science?
I emphasize the quickest as well as
the best, because we are many years into
the cold war. Regardless of how fast
we now move to repair our situation,
Important battles to come may already
have been lost for lack of preparation.
But if we move without delay, we can, I
am certain, still prevent a decisive shift
towards the Soviets, still recover the ini-
tiative, still make our way to victory.
As a starting point, I suggest that we
examine what the Communists have
done. How were they able to achieve
their very great capabilities in political
warfare? In suggesting this as a start-
ing point, I do not mean that we should
copy Soviet procedures. We can, how-
ever, learn a great dealfrom the Soviet
experience, even though we ourselves
must develop quite different methods-
methods which meet our special needs
.and are in accord with our own ethic.
The key to Soviet successes is their
massive development and training pro-
gram In political warfare.
This development and training pro-
gram, whose modern origins extend back
some 60 years, has given them a huge
fund of political warfare knowledge, an
effective operational science and large
numbers of highly trained, dedicated
professionals who have mastered all
phases of the total war.
Tere Is no time for a detailed resume
of the Soviet program. I will therefore
cover only its basic outline. But I be-
lieve this will assist the Senate in visual-
izing the dimensions of our own problem.
The father of modern political war-
fare and the architect of the Communist
Party was V. I. Lenin.
In 1895 Lenin, then an obscure lawyer
In St. Petersburg, and deep in the Rus-
sian underground, was arrested by the
czar's secret police. After serving 14
months in a St. Petersburg prison, he
was exiledfor 4 years to a remote village
In western Siberia. He received a
stipend covering his board, clothing, and
lodging, leaving him free to do pretty
much as he pleased. He used his time to
analyze what had gone wrong with the
Russian underground, which was mak-
Ing little headway against a very alert
police force.
For 4 years he pondered the prob-
lems of revolution. He concluded, in sub-
stance, that he and his associates were
amateurs using "primitive methods" of
conflict. What the revolution needed
was not eager amateurs, but highly
trained professional revolutionaries, who,
In Lenin's words, would give to the
revolution "not their spare evenings but
the whole of their lives." Lenin recog-
nized that political warfare is a com-
plex art or science and that it must be
intensively and systematically developed.
After completing his sentence, Lenin
made his way to Germany and then to
Switzerland. There he and other emi-
grees established a revolutionary ne\vs-
paper called Iskra, the Spark. In a series
of articles, beginning in 1900, he spelled
out the strategy and tactics which would
later be adopted by Communists through-
out the world. Again and again he
hammered at these central themes-
political warfare is a difficult science-
we must master all forms of conflict-the
revolution must be led by trained profes-
sional revolutionaries.
In 1902 he elaborated on these articles
and published them in a book called, very
appropriately, "What Is To Be Done?"
The last half of this book outlines a
deadly political science for waging all-
out political warfare against the estab-
lished order. On almost every page he
reemphasizes the need for trained pro-
fessional revolutionaries. "What Is To
Be Done" because the bible of Lenin's
Bolshevik faction. It is probably the
most important book of this century, in
terms of the forces it set in motion. Yet
I wonder if a handful of people In this
Chamber have read it.
Unfortunately for us, Lenin was a bril-
liant organizer and teacher as well as
theorist. It Is a little-known fact, but
prior to 1917 he established three politi-
cal warfare schools in Western Europe.
One on the isle of Capri outside Naples,
one at Bologna, Italy, and one in a Paris
suburb. Lenin and other revolutionary
figures taught in these schools, and the
graduates became the world's first pro-
fessionally trained revolutionaries.
The Senate will recall that in 1917 the
czar was overthrown and a democratic
regime was set up under Kerensky. The
Bolshevik leaders played a minor role in
the first revolution. Lenin was in West-
` August 26
ern Europe. Trotsky was in. Tew York;
and Stalin was in exile in Siberia.
Lenin then returned to Russia in the
famous sealed train and immediately
set to work undermining the new gov-
ernment. Those who have studied the
Russian Revolution of March and the
Communist counterrevolution of Novem-
ber 1917, have marveled at the efficient,
ruthless manner in which Lenin and his
small, but well-trained group of Bolshe-
viks, were able to penetrate and control
key army regiments, labor unions, and
intellectual groups, to isolate the gov-
ernment from the people by expert agi-
tation and propaganda, and to manipu-
late their opponents from positions of
power.
The graduates of Lenin's three politi-
cal warfare schools played a key role in
these operations. It took them just 7
months to lay the groundwork for the
November seizure of power.
When the Communist counterrevolu-
tion failed to ignite revolutions in other
countries, the Bolsheviks realized they
were in a long range struggle with the
Western Powers. But they were su-
premely confident of the superiority of
their new operational science. They
were convinced they could wage a war of
attrition against the West in which we
would, over the years, be isolated from
Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and our
will and ability to resist gradually
eroded.
This total, global political warfare had
to be codified and systematized, as
Clausewitz had systematized military
warfare. Thanks to Lenin's writings,
the early training schools and their ex-
tensive experience in Russia, the Bolshe-
viks were well on their way to achieving
this scientific know-how.
However, world revolution required
more sophisticated operational thinking.
The techniques which had prevailed in
Russia would need modification and spe-
cialization for the quite different con-
ditions in other countries. Those at the
control centers In Russia-the conflict
managers of world communism-would
need the most detailed information about
their victims. In each country they
would have to know the degree of po-
litical maturity and class consciousness,
the areas of friction, the symbols invok-
ing the greatest response, the decision-
making machinery, the vacillators and
opportunists who might be won over,
the identity of those who could never be
won over. Above all, they would need
native Communists, trained to execute
the complex strategy of subversion and
motivated to win.
All this required a vast development
and training program, without prece-
dent in world history.
THE COMMUNIST TRAINING ESTAELISMMENT
Shortly after their takeover, the Bol-
sheviks established a system of top-
level political warfare development and
training centers. These were in full op-
eration by the mid-1920's. There teas
the famed Lenin Institute of Political
Warfare, where students from all parts
of the world were given 3 years of the
most intensive training in every aspect
of political warfare. There was the
Academy of Red Professors, which had
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 16577
the function. of teaching the teachers,
with courses 4 to 7 years in length.
There was the Sun. Yat-sen University,
sometimes called the Far Eastern Uni-
versity, which trained most of the pres-
ent top leaders of the Chinese Commu-
nist Party and gave them the political
and military know-how to conquer
China. These were the best known in-
stitutions. But there were many more
training centers, large and small, to take
care of every nook and cranny in the
spectrum of conflict.
It was estimated at the hearings that
these top schools have graduated more
than 100,000 Communists from all parts
of the world. These ace professionals
are the first group in history whose
training has prepared them to coordi-
nate the full range of political weapons
and cold-war weapons systems-the po-
litical, the economic, the social, the psy-
chological-with basic military strategy.
This synthesis has brought into being a
sophisticated, unified, operational science
that adds new dimensions to the global
power struggle.
At these top universities for political
warfare and at the auxiliary centers,
Russian political scientists and other
specialists undertook a tremendous re-
search program in tactics and strategy
of political warfare. They studied the
experiences of conquerors and power
seekers throughout history to determine
what techniques will or will not work
under various circumstances.
This vast body of knowledge was aug-
mented by affiliated research projects.
They studied the adaption of Pavlo-
vian studies of induced behavior to the
service of political warfare.
They developed advanced techniques
for penetrating and manipulating na-
tionalist parties in the colonial areas.
Special attention was given to the rev-
olutionary forces, at work in Latin
America, Asia, and Africa. The West
has set these forces in motion, but the
Soviets expect to harness and manipu-
late them for their own purposes.
Communist leaders were brought in
from all parts of the world to give the
students the advantage 'of their practi-
cal experience; and intensive area stud-
ies were undertaken of the conditions in
their assigned countries.
One former American Communist,
Joseph Kornfeder, who attended the
Lenin Institute from 1928 to 1931, testi-
fled at the subcommittees hearings that
by that time the Soviets had'already ac-
cumulated a central library serving these
centers, comparable in size to the Li- ;subjects taught at the Institute for the American Communist Parties now have a
brary of Congress. Study of Latin American Relations include number of leaders who have received this
In the Soviet Union, historians, soci- the history, culture, politics, law, and lan- special training. Beginning in 1956, the
ologists, anthropologists, linguists, psy- guages of the Latin American countries, all Communist Party of China also undertook
chologists, and ? economists have been rendered from a Marxist viewpoint. Special to give training to Latin American Com-
attention is devoted to the theory and tactics munist Party leaders.
fnlisted in the Service of political war- y They emphasize, among other subjects, the
.
fare. Their newly formed Academy of revolution, espionage, and sabotage of The institute's primary aim, however, is special contributions of the Chinese party in
Social Sciences has impressed the social not to turn out spies and saboteurs but ex- the field of clandestine work, agrarian re-
sciences into the service of political war- perts at infiltrating non-Communist organ- form and peasant affairs, guerrilla warfare,
fare.. Their Institute of World Eco- izations and institutions and at leading or and the manipulation of the bourgeoisie
nomics has the function of analyzing influencing mass movements, in accordance and other elements in the "anti-imperialist
economic situations in. other countries with the general strategy of exploiting and struggle."
to determine how economic difficulties channelizing the dominant trend in Latin Since 1956, there is evidence that the or-
may be exploited for the benefit of the America: nationalism. The trainees are ganization of such training has been im-
Communist movement. Their Institute handpicked from Latin America's Commu- proved, and that the Chinese Communist
hat Parties and their labor, intellectual, Party is now giving regular courses specific-
of International Relations has a similar peace, and youth fronts. These facts under ally for Latin American Communist stu-
function. Their Institute of Marxism- score the significance of the increasing flow dents, thereby paralleling the Soviet effort.
Leninism, not to be confused with the of Latin Americans to Communist centers in * i + s
Lenin Institute, develops the ideological Europe: there is scarcely any doubt that a
part of the program. Even their Acad- great many of them find their way to Prague.
emy of Sciences is. engaged in political
warfare to an important degree.
The extent to which these associated
centers support Soviet political warfare
is indicated in the following paragraph
from the speech of Gen. C. P. Cabell,
Deputy Director of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, to the National Guard
Association on November 8, 1959:
The Soviet Union is clearly preparing for
action in Africa. Since 1950, considerable
study and research has been underway in
various academies and institutes, of the So-
viet Union and bloc countries. An increas-
ing number of publicized studies on Africa,
some of real scientific value, have been
forthcoming from Soviet Government study
programs. Introduction of a wide range of
university courses and the stepped-up prep-
aration of instructors in African subjects
have been underway at Moscow, Leningrad,
and Prague universities. Language train-
ing in such languages as Youraba, Congo,
and Luba, has become a fixed part of the
curriculum. The aim is clearly to create a
nucleus.of Soviet experts on Africa and to
equip Communist engineers and scientists
with the necessary knowledge for work in
Africa. Standard among such training is
included the techniques and methods of
propaganda and subversion.
Below the top political warfare centers
in Moscow, the Soviets have set up a sys-
tem of intermediate level training cen-
ters on both sides of the Iron Curtain.
A school at Tashkent, Russia, trains
Communists from the Islamic areas.
Prague, Czechoslovakia, has become a
principal center for training foreign
Communists. One Prague school, which.
has the innocuous name of the Institute
for the Study of Latin American Rela-
tions, specializes in training Communists
from Latin America. As far back as
Another Prague school trains Africans.
Antony Head, the former British defense
chief, who has made a detailed study of
Soviet penetration of Africa, estimates
this school has facilities for 3,000 stu-
dents. Incidentally, a recent issue of
Newsweek magazine noted that 100
Congolese students undergoing training
at Prague and Warsaw are being grad-
uated ahead of schedule so they can
return to the Congo and fill the admin-
istrative vacuum.
I wonder how the Belgian Government
could have been so naive about the nature
of the global struggle as to permit these
students to journey to Prague for an
advanced education in subversion, while
denying to all but a handful of other
Congolese students university training
in Belgium or elsewhere in the free
world.
Antony Head, in a speech to Parlia-
ment on February 19, 1959, chided the
British Government for permitting a
number of Africans to travel freely to
Prague. He speculated that it might
only be a matter of time until some of
the key government positions in the
former colonies were held by Prague
alumni.
Thus do the democracies cooperate in
their own destruction.
Mr. President, I have been speaking of
schools operating in the Soviet Union
and its satellites. It is interesting, and
I believe most significant, that Red
China is now getting into the act on a
big scale. In 1956, the Soviet Union
stepped up its training of Latin Amer-
icans. In the same year, the Chinese
Communists established a parallel sys-
tem of political warfare training centers
1954, Daniel James, a leading authority for Latin Americans. I believe these
on communism in Latin America, de- stepped up training activities are a bet-
scribes this school as follows: ter indication of future Soviet intentions
The institute has an enrollment of 750 and activities than almost any other
students " * * The great majority of them indicia.
are Latin Americans, the rest Europeans. On November 5, 1959, General Cabell
The purpose in having Communists from gave this important testimony before
Latin America and Marope study together is the Internal Security Subcommittee:
to train them as teams. . 'Upon graduation,
the Latin Americans return to their native The training of Latin American Com-
countries and are later joined by European munist Party leaders at the higher party
graduates, who may be former classmates. school of the Communist Party of the Soviet
The latter are usually assigned to Iron Cur- Union has been going on continuously since
tarn diplomatic or trade missions in Latin 1953, with an increase noted since 1956.
America-hence the stress being laid by The usual curriculum is based on a 2- or
Communists everywhere in Latin America 3-year course of training, and the students
upon etsablishing diplomatic and trade rela- are active party leaders and functionaries
tions with the Soviet sphere. (It is quite , who have been selected by their parties and
possible that the Iron Curtain envoys in approved by the Communist Party of the
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16578 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE August ' 26
Chinese Communist revolutionary instrue- Rather he has at his finger tips a vast
tion is well received by Latin American array of nonmilitary weapons--of cold
Communist students who find it practical war weapons so to speak-which have
and well suited to the conditions in which been tested and perfected over many
they operate in Latin America. They espe- years. He knows how to combine and
dally unpreciaay the fact that the Chinese integrate these into a, complex strategy,
Communists pay even their travel expenses.
In February and March of 1959, Latin utilizing all methods and all means in
American Communist representatives re- a many directional approach to strategic
eeived specific advice and, guidance from problems.
Mao Tze-tung and other leading Chinese Activities which Western peoples look
Communists concerning international Com- upon as pursuits of peace, such as diplo-
munist policy and effective methods of carry- mace, education, trade, cultural ex-
change and scientific research, he looks
The intermediate level schools have upon as tools of strategy. His entire
been extended into the Western Hemi- career has been directed to the acquisi-,
sphere. For example, in the fall, of 1958 tion of power, both in the party where
the Communists were operating a secret he has stepped over the bodies of less
training school in a walled estate in a gifted comrades, and in planning and
suburb of Buenos Aires. Only a.few peo- directing the Soviet's carefully patterned
ple were supposed to be living in the total aggression against the world. For
estate, but local townspeople noted that nearly 60 years- he and his predecessors
enough food was being taken in to have perfected the deadly political sci-
feed an infantry platoon. Mysterious ence which Lenin first described in
strangers were coming and going at all "What Is To Be Done" and his articles
hours of the day and night. The local in "Iskra."
police, suspecting a narcotics operation, At the middle and lower levels are sev-
raided the estate and caught the school eral million Communist cadres who have
The students came from many parts of trained in methods ranging from subtle
Latin America and included lawyers, col- techniques of subversion to the organiz-
lege professors, schoolteachers, and ing of street mobs. They are deployed in
labor leaders. The course was 6 months every country. They work harder, they
long, 7 days a week. The training was are more dedicated and have more know-
comparable in intensity to our wartime how than do any of their opponents with
Officer Candidate Schools. Presumably rare exceptions. They give to the revolu-
some of these students ' took postgrad- tion the whole of their lives and not just
uate work at Prague and Moscow. A their spare evenings.
wide range of political warfare subjects I ask the Senate to consider for a mo-
were covered in the curriculum. ment the impact this Soviet training and
Below these intermediate level schools, development program will have in Africa.
the larger Communist Parties run a The hundreds of Africans graduating
whole system of training schools which every year from the centers at Prague,
teach political warfare as a matter of Warsaw, and Moscow are instructed to
course. conceal their party membership. They
In addition to general training, there do not return to Africa as open Com-
are specialist schools for training or- munists. Rather they return as na-
,ganizers, agitation and propaganda ex- tionalists, African Marxists, and anti-
perts, specialists in military questions imperialists. They are not instructed to
and penetration of military forces, spe- form mass Communist parties. Mather,
cialists in labor unions, race specialists, they are told to join the Nationalist
church specialists and guerilla-political parties emerging in the newly independ-
specialists. Also, they have specialist ent countries and to manipulate them
schools for specific national, ethnic or from within-first toward neutralism
regional groups. For example, there is and then toward the Soviet bloc.
a school for African labor leaders at Look at the fabulous opportunities
Warsaw. From 1953 to 1955 they ran a awaiting them in countries where only
school for Latin American Labor leaders a tiny fraction of the population has re-
at Budapest. One satellite school spe- ceived higher education, and almost no
cializes In training students from one has political experience. If Commu-
Guinea. nist cadres can capture the Socialist
Mr. President, this system of training Party in an advanced country like Japan,
schools and developnent centers con- what are their horizons in the Congo?
stitute the most elaborate establishment At present, I can see very little standing
in history for creating political warfare in the way of Communist capture of the
cadres and capabilities. bulk of the African nationalist move-
It is remarkable that, with all that ment. Diplomats and reporters who
Is being, written and said about Com- have little understanding of the tech-
plunism, so little mention has been made niques of communism, simply because
of these centers. Yet they are the key they see no evidence of large Communist
to Soviet victories. parties in Africa, conclude that commu-
At the upper level, these Institutions nism is a minor force in the dark con-
have provided the Soviets with a new tinent. They should visit Prague.
type of strategist, a conflict manager I hear suggestions that we should bring
who sees the cold war In all its dimen- thousands of Africans to this country
sions. Ile is at home with all forms and train them in administration and
of conflict-political, ideological, psy- the professions. This is all well and
chological, economic, cultural, technolo- good. I believe it should be done and
gical, military and paramilitary. In I will wholeheartedly support such a pro-
planning his strategy he is-not limited gram. However, we should ask ourselves
to the conventional means of diplomacy. 'this question: If we train 1,000 Congo-
been intensively and systematically
lese as technicians and administrators,
and the Soviets train 100 i political
warfare, which group will win ontrol of
the Congo?
I ask the Senate to consider the im-
pact of the Prague center on Latin
America. General Cabell recently told
the Internal Security Subcommittee that
all Communist Parties in Latin America
are under orders to recruit new members
on a secret basis. The days when the
Communists were seeking to produce
large mass parties are past, at least in
Latin America. The new technique is to
penetrate the existing institutions, es-
pecially the universities, the left of cen-
ter parties and mass communication sys-
tems, including newspapers, TV, radio,
publishing houses. Members recruited
in these groups are told to stay where
they are and to work from within.
Imagine the impact on the future
course of Latin American history when
many thousands of dedicated revolu-
tionaries, who have received advanced
training in - Prague, are redeployed
throughout the fabric of each Latin
American country-not as Communists,
but as apparently devoted, hard-working
members of the professions, the press,
the schools. Because of superior know-
how and conspiratorial endeavor, wher-
ever they are, they quickly rise to posi-
tions of control.
There is hardly a country in Latin
America that does not have, a revolution-
ary or potential revolutionary situation.
The Prague graduates are masters at
exploiting these situations by supporting
ostensibly non-Communist parties-and
then gaining control of the new revolu-
tionary parties. They have an intimate
knowledge of agrarian problems; but,
more important, they know how to or-
ganize the peasants into a political force.
They have an excellent working knowl-
edge of labor and labor unions; but,
more important, they know how to agi-
tate and organize labor into supporting
pro-Soviet causes. They understand the
Latin student and his problems; but,
more important, they know how to cap-
ture student organizations and use them
to spearhead revolutions.
Antony Head predicted that the day
would soon come when Prague alumni
would emerge as cabinet ministers in the
newly independent colonies. I wonder
if the graduates of Prague are not within
striking distance of achieving working
control of the Left in much of Latin
America. The progress they have made
in the last 2 years is impressive-and
frightening.
Mr. President, I submit that the Com-
munist political warfare centers in Mos-
cow, and other points, constitute the
most insidious and most deadly instru-
ment for conquest the world has known.
How well prepared is the United
States to engage in the new dimensions
of conflict?
We are told with tiresome repetition
that we are engaged in a world struggle
for the minds of men. It is axiomatic
that the cold war must be fought with
the same intensity as a hot war. But are
we taking the measures necessary to
win the war?
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE 16579
Lenin saki that political warfare is a
science and those who practice it must
be intensively trained professionals. He
was speaking, of course, of political war-
fare waged by an illegal international
conspiracy.
But I say to you that the political war-
fare of free men, though its objectives
and methods are quite different, is no
less a science and that those who repre-
sent our side must be trained with equal
vigor and Intensity."
I believe there is no area of human ac-
tivity which makes greater demands on a
person's courage, intelligence, integrity,
and stamina than political warfare. It
is, indeed, the most difficult and demand-
ing of all the arts or sciences.
It has taken the Soviets 40 years of the
most intensive development and training
to achieve their present capabilities.
The job of developing a science of
counteraction for the free world and of
training large numbers of our people to
apply this science to all phases of the
cold war will require at least as great an
effort on our part.
Mr. President, I now come to a shock-
ing and disheartening fact. We are in
the 15th year of the so-called cold war,
yet we have no development and training
program which can hope to produce the
cold war operational knowledge and the
trained leadership groups who can out-
plan, outthink, outorganize, and outdedi-
cate the Communists.
We are a happy, contented people. We
would like nothing better than to be left
alone., We have approached the grim
realities of the nonmilitary aspects of the
total struggle forced upon us, with the
timidity of an old lady tiptoeing into a
cold pool, one toe at a time. We have
simply refused to acknowledge the fact
that political warfare is a vast and com-
plex art or science, that it must be in-
tensively developed as such, and that
those who practice it must be given the
same lengthy, intensive, systematic
training as an engineer or a nuclear
physicist.
We recognize the urgency of staying
ahead in military technology and we
spend billions of dollars on research and
development. We recognize that our
military forces must be led by well
trained, dedicated professional officers,
and we have created a magnificient sys-
tem of training schools which provide the
)rofessional officer with superior train-
ng at each stage of his career. The
krmy, for example, has West Point, the
Command and Staff School, the Army
War College, the National War College,
and the Industrial College of the Armed
Forces, as well as many specialist schools.
In other words, we as a free, demo-
cratic people are able to respond to the
challenge of a possible hot war.
But we do not recognize that the non-
military arts or sciences of cold war must
be developed with the same intensity and
that we must train leaders for cold war
with the same intensity as leaders for
hot war.
The hearings on the present bill estab-
lishes these two facts, and here I read
from the committee report: .
1. No concentrated, 'systematic effort is
being made to develop an integrated opera-
tional science for our side which will meet
the entire Soviet attack and work toward our
long-range national objectives in a coordi-
nated manner, utilizing every area of poten-
tial strength In the public and private sec-
tors. We have not thought through all of
the short- and long-range methods and
means which free men can properly use when
faced, with a Soviet-type challenge, and we
have not integrated these methods into a
broad strategic plan. This is especially true
in the field of political and economic war-
fare. Bits and pieces of the problem are be-
ing worked on within the Government and
at some universities, and part of this de-
velopment work is of a high order, but the
total effort falls far short of seeking an in-
tegrated, operational science and, does not
begin to develop our true potential.
2. Nowhere today can Government per-
sonnel or private citizens receive broad spec-
trum. training in cold war, especially in the
large and highly complex field of political
and economic war. Not only do we lack top
level schools, we do not even have inter-
mediate or lower level schools. There is no
place where the bits and pieces are pulled
together and taught in concentrated form.
These are shocking facts. I know
there is a natural tendency to resist
these findings. Nevertheless, they are
true, and we could make no greater mis-
take than to try to sweep them under
the table-or to point to this limited
project or that limited project and try
to pretend that the job is being done.
One of the many well qualified wit-
nesses who testified at the hearings was
C. D. Jackson, who is presently pub-
lisher of Life magazine. In World War
II, he was Deputy Chief of Staff for
Psychological Warfare at SHAEF.
Later he was a member of the Jackson
committee which made a study of our
cold war machinery,. For 2 years he,
was a special assistant to President
Eisenhower on cold war planning. He
also served as president of the Free Eu-
rope Committee which operates- Radio
Free Europe. As you can see, he has
had extensive experience in political
warfare at the highest levels in the mili-
tary, civilian, and governmental spheres
and is well qualified to testify as to what
is being done-and even more impor-
tant, what is not being done.
I want to read a few short excerpts
from his testimony, and what he says
here was repeateil. again and again by
other equally well qualified witnesses.
I'4r. Jackson testified:
If there is a single common denominator
running through these different experi-
ences-military, civilian, governmental, and
private-it is the difficulty of finding Amer-
icans who have not only an instinct or a
flair for political warfare, but also the ele-
mentary knowledge and training on the na-
ture of the conflict and how to go about our
end of the conduct of this very real and
continuing warfare.
To be a Communist is to make political
warfare a full-time job and a life commit-
ment. For Americans it is at best a part-
time aspect of some other job, conducted
intermittently and with grossly Inadequate
training. There are far too few Americans
who are both dedicated enough and knowl-
edgeable enough to combat communism ef-
fectively on a full-time basis. If the Com-
munists are scoring steady political gains-
and we know they are, in all corners of the
world-it is because they take their political
warfare seriously and we do not. Our great-
est danger, it seems to me, is that we may
let the victory go by default, simply because
too few of us realize the nature and under-
stand the weapons of the struggle.
Now, Mr. Chairman, if I may repeat and
paraphrase, I am sure that there is a general
impression that adequate instruction places
exist where this art or this profession can be
studied. Actually, sir, there is no existing
place where the whole problem is pulled to-
gether and taught in concentrated form and
not in bits and pieces. That is why I think
this is a good idea.
It is only by uniting the study and teach-
ing of these elements in one place and one
time that the challenge can be fully com-
prehended and adequate response generated.
Mr. President, what is wrong with us?
How could we possibly permit ourselves
to enter the 15th year of the cold war
without creating the development and
training facilities which alone can lay
the foundation and create the capabili-
ties we must have if we are not to go
under?
In a moment I want to examine our
present training and development facili-
ties. But if this examination is to be
meaningful, we must first consider what
we need in terms of an operational
science for our side and what types of
trained leadership we must have.
The free world does not have to ape
Communist methods. This is neither
desirable nor necessary. It is a ques-
tion of thinking through all of the
methods and means free men can prop-
erly use when faced with a Soviet type
challenge, and then integrating these
into a total counterstrategy of our own,
which will meet the entire Soviet attack,
not just parts of it, and work towards
our national objectives in a systematic
manner.
Further, our own strategy must not
be merely defensive. Those who plan
only a holding operation are inviting
eventual defeat. Ours must be a stra-
tegy with the worldwide victory of free-
dom as its ultimate objective.
. At the upper levels of Government,
then, we need trained professionals who
are thoroughly familiar with the full
range of Communist operational meth-
ods and who are also at home with the
equally broad array of methods a free
people can properly employ.
But we cannot leave everything to
Government. We must be able to mobi-
lize and utilize the vast array of organ-
izations and talents in the private sector.
We must think through not only all of
the methods and means our Government
agencies can employ but all of the meth-
ods and means our private citizens and
organizations can employ.
Finally, we must provide broad but less
extensive training for large numbers of
people at the intermediate and lower
levels of our cold war agencies, our Armed-
Forces, and the general public. Other-
wise, good planning at the top will be
frustrated by.lack of know-how in the
field. Without such people at the lower
levels, our planners will be in the position
of a general staff without a trained army.
How do our present training and de-
velopment facilities stack up in relation
to these requirements?
They are grossly inadequate for the
simple reason that they were not de-
signed or staffed to do this comprehen-
sive job.
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16580 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 26
Take for example, the Foreign Service
Institute which was created In 1946 to
give in-service training to our Foreign
Service career people and also to the per-
sonnel of other agencies dealing with the
cold war.' The institute is divided into
two schools-a foreign affair school and
a language school. About 60 percent of
-its annual $5 million budget goes to lan-
guage training, which is certainly needed,
and this has improved the efficiency ' of
our Foreign Service-particularly in the
hard language areas. Igost of the re-
maining dollars go for traditional type
career training, like fiscal management,
economics, trade promotion, general
orientation and how to avoid irritating
the local nationals.
Certainly a Foreign Service officer
-must know these subjects, and I am sure
they are well taught. But they do not
prepare the student to participate in a
global struggle between freedom and
communism. On the contrary the
orientation is toward .a traditional, dip-
lomatic career. There is practically no
training designed to equip or motivate
the student to think in terms of counter-
action to the world Communist con-
spiracy.
The institute does offer a 2-week semi-
liar on communists, which I understand
is quite well done. However, considering
the present sophistication and , com-
plexity of the Soviet attack, this is equiv-
alent to a 2-week course in law, medicine,
or nuclear physics. This is the kind of
elementary knowledge that should pre-
cede any specialized study.
Most students attend" the Foreign Af-
fairs School for only ,a few, weeks and
the bulk of the training is designed
around this brief orientation course.
Last year the Institute inauguarted a 9
months' senior officer's course for about
a dozen high ranking Foreign Service of-
ficers at a time, Some of our top cold
war people give lectures or briefings dur-
ing this course and I understand, it does
a good job of preparing these senior offi-
cers for high-level diplomatic assign-
ments where they will employ the con-
ventional methods in the traditional
way. But there is little evidence this
course' produces or is. supposed to pro-
duce the type of cold war professional
we must have to win.
After all, they can hardly be trained
In an art or science which has yet to be
developed, and which the, Institute is
making no effort to develop.
One of our finest training facilities is
the National War College and below it
the Army War College, the Naval War
College, and the Air University. I have
always been impressed by the caliber of
instruction at these, institutions; indeed,
1 believe that our private universities
could learn a great deal by studying their
methods. The curriculum at the war
colleges goes beyond purely military sub-
jects and takes note of political-eco-
nomic warfare. However, the military
does not consider political-economic
warfare its area of responsibility and it
is always mindful of the traditional sep-
aration of our Armed Forces, from po-
three or four guest lecturers may give how to develop our own operational
the subject a light once-over in the science and train our own leaders.
course of a 1-hour lecture. Mr. President, the results of this fail-
The Central Intelligence Agency runs ure in the field of training and develop-
several secret training schools. I am ment are all around us.
not permitted to go into their curricu Within the Government, we find a
lum in any detail. However, these are grave deficiency at the higher policy-
agency schools concerned with the spe- making levels. Our policymakers and
cial training needs of Central Intelli- their advisers have not had systematic,
gence. They are not,designed to pro- intensive training in the complex strat-
duce qualified cold war practitioners. I egy of . the cold war. Their formal
believe it should be clear to the Senate schooling on the nonmilitary aspects of
that CIA is not the agency to have prime the cold war, of necessity, has been frag-
responsibility for training our rounded mentary and disorganized because there
cold war leaders. was no place they could go where the
The FBI has a school to train its in- whole problem was pulled together and
ternal security people. But again this taught in concentrated form. Actually,
school is primarily concerned with the to the extent that they have mastered
special and limited problems of internal the cold war,- most of our top experts are
security. self-taught.. But this field is so vast that
There is no point in reviewing the Gov- self-education inevitably leaves large
ernment's remaining training facilities, blanks in essential background and op-
because they have even less relation to erational knowledge. The result is that
our inquiry. our policymakers and advisers are gen-
I have thus far been discussing our erally not able to view the problem
training facilities. How about our re- whole, to anticipate the future, to make
search and development facilities for the plans that take advantage of all our
nonmilitary aspects of cold war? What potential resources.
about institutions like the Russian Re- Our capabilities are attuned and lim-
search Center at Harvard or the Rand ited to reacting on an ad hoc basis to
Corp., or the research programs going each Soviet thrust. Sometimes our Lim-
on at a number of our universities? ited holding operations, as in Lebanon,
Much work has been done in collecting are brilliantly planned and executed.
facts, figures, and analyses on the Soviet But we must ask ourselves: Is there any-
bloc. Research has been undertaken on thing we might have done in previous
some of our nonmilitary operational years that could have. prevented the
problems. _ And again let me emphasize, eruption of the Lebanese crisis and of
as the committee report emphasizes, all the other crises of recent years?
some, of this work has been of a high Many of the extremist mid-Eastern
order, leaders of today were educated in insti-
Hundreds of books and research pa- tutions established and endowed by
pers on, communism and the Soviet bloc Western philanthropy. As I see it, the
have been printed in the past 10 years. damage was done 10 to 20 years ago,
The Russian Research Center at when the Communists first planted their
Harvard, which is only one of many, has people in these universities with a very
gone into numerous aspects of the Soviet specific assignment: to foster a patho-
state and related -matters. As far back logical hatred of the West in young Arab
as 1952 the Rand Corp. produced students like Kassem.
an excellent advanced textbook on Com There were many things we could have
munist strategy called the "Organiza- done and still can do to prevent future
tional Weapon." I could go on and on. catastrophes. But it takes policy plan-
However, when we come to the most ning personnel trained to phase our
important part of the problem-the de- strategy in any area. over decades; and
velopment of a science, or strategy of it takes facilities that can assist those
total political warfare specifically de- who believe in freedom, first to under-
signed to serve the tree world-it Is stand, and second, to combat the Com-
here that our development program munist conspiracy.
stops short or breaks down. At this As things stand in the Middle East, the
point it becomes very much of a bits- Communist conflict managers have been
and-pieces affair, able to turn a generous and seemingly
Despite the many books on commu- enlightened Western educational en-
nism and the Soviets written within the deavor into an instrument for smashing
past decade, to my knowledge, In this the Baghdad Pact. I could point to hun-
15th year of the cold war, the first book dreds of similar examples of failure of
has yet to be published which even at- Government policy.
tempts to develop an integrated opera- It is in the private sector, however,
tional science for our side. This is amaz- where our training and development
ing. We seem to be so obsessed with failure is most clearly seen.
studying the enemy, we have no energy I have already pointed to the fact that
or talent left over for thinking through the Soviets have mobilized their entire
the conclusions to which these studies society to win the cold war, as well as
should point. It is almost as though we to prepare for hot war. In these cir-
were hypnotized into a condition of par- cumstances we must not fight with one
tial mental paralysis. hand tied behind our backs. We must
Actually, our situation bears a certain also organize. We must also utilize our
resemblance to that of the Russian revo- full potential In the private sector. But
lutionaries of 1900. We, like they, are coordinated, intelligent action in the pri-
.. ...