BRAZIL ALARMED BY CASTRO

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200160011-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 29, 2004
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: January 1, 1961
• Content Type: OPEN

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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
are slaves of an eastern European
dictator.
Castro has made his arrogant May Day
proclamation. His paraders flourished
Soviet weapons. His picture was flanked
by those of the Soviet's patrons-Marx
and Lenin. Castro is a Communist. He
says so himself. But the world, and our
own American Republics have a way of
forgetting these facts, as they too often
in the past ignored the gradual com-
munization of Cuba.
We must not let this advantage slip
by, as we have let so many others slip by.
Now is the time to rally the hemisphere.
Mr, President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the article entitled "Brazil
Alarmed by Castro's Stand," published
in. the New York Times of May 4, 1961,
be printed at this point in the RECORD,
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
BRAZIL ALARMED BY CASTRO STAND: PROCLA-
MATION OF SOCIALIST CUBA LEADS TO CLAMOR
FOR ACTION BY OAS
(By Juan de Onis)
RIO DE JANEIRO, May 3.-Premier Fidel
Castro's dedication of Cuba as a Socialist re-
public and one without elections has swung
Brazilian opinion strongly in favor of hold-
ing an American foreign ministers' confer-
ence to consider the Cuban problem.
The Cuban Premier's May Day speech was
greeted today by a chorus of alarmed edito-
rials, all striking the same chord. The sub-
stance of the editorials was summed up in
one sentence by the editorial column of the
influential Correia da Manha: "The continent
must react."
President Janto Quadros called a cabinet
meeting for Saturday and summoned Foreign
Minister Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco to
Brasilia Friday to analyze the Cuban situa-
tion. The Presidential Palace Issued last
night the latest in a series of telegrams ex-
changed between President Quadros and
Cuban authorities, who have been appealing
for Brazilian support.
In a message to President Osvaldo Dorticds
Torrado of Cuba, President Quadros said:
"I take this opportunity * * * to reiterate
the determination stated by Brazil on vari-
ous occasions that the principle of self-
determination of peoples and effective sover-
eignty of nations be respected in this con-
tinent. To this end my government will
always be ready to promote any initiative
that will be judged useful to maintain a
climate of harmony between countries of
our hemisphere for the sake of peace and
prosperity in the Americas and in the world."
This noncommittal statement which added
nothing to Brazil's position, since the Cuban
crisis began, did not reflect the hardening
view of all influential sectors of the Brazilian
press and the mounting conviction In official
circles that the time had come for collective
action on Cuba.
The preponderant opinion in the Foreign
Ministry now is not whether there should
be a conference, but what kind of confer-
ence it should be and what should be its
objectives. The dominant view is that the
American Republics should agree on defen-
sive measures to block any propagation of
the now manifest Communist situation In
Cuba.
Newspapers that were the most critical of
the April 17 invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro
rebels took the lead in condemning the Cu-
ban policy outlined by Dr. Castro.
Jornal do Brazil, a Roman Catholic in-
dependent newspaper, declared editorially:
"Fidel Castro burned his bridges on the
1st of May. He took a stand against the
inter-American system and not just the
United States * * * of course this does not
justify armed intervention in Cuba. But
democratic governments of the continent
must take necessary precautions that the
Cuban revolution does not spread and that
the Andes * * * should not become the
Sierra Maestra of the Americas."
Diario de Noticias, a nationalist news-
paper that has strongly backed President
Quadros' hands-off policy on Cuba, said that
the May Day statements by Premier Castro
"will require reformulation of the inter-
American system based on doctrinary sol-
idarity."
Correio de Manba declared that Dr. Cas-
tro, by refusing to invoke the 1947 Rio de
Janeiro Inter-American Defense Treaty to air
his invasion charges against the United
States, had "virtually abandoned the Or-
ganization of American States," The news-
paper added:
"He can on longer solicit mediation by
American foreign offices or the help of Ameri-
can governments. The continent must re-
act. But reaction against threats does not
necessarily mean military intervention. The
awaited and Irw inevitable foreign ministers'
conference has other means at hand, the
most effective of which will be that im-
posed by Fidel Castro himself: isolation."
Dr. Castro's assertion that Cuba did not
need elections tinder her new system as a
Socialist republic has had a sharply ad-
verse effect on official and public opinion.
Moreover, considerable enthusiasm has been
expressed over Costa Rica's threat to break
relations with Cuba If prisoners taken after
the invasion are executed.
President Dorticds has promised Brazil that
the prisoners will receive "serene justice, free
of a spirit of vengeance." The promise was
contained in a telegram to President Quad-
ros in reply to an appeal by Senhor Quadros
on behalf of the prisoners.
At the same time, Dr. Dortied asked Se-
nor Quadros to "take such actions and meas-
ures as you consider pertinent" to prevent
the repetition of "similar or worse criminal
aggressions" against Cuba by the United
States, which Dr. Dorticds said had "assumed
responsibility for the unsuccessful invasion."
UNITED STATES .STUDIES POLICY ON CUBA
WASHINGTON, May 3-Immediate and
long-range U.S. policies toward Cuba and
Latin America were reported tonight to be
under review by the National Security
Council.
Some indications of the trend of the U.S.
thinking on hemisphere . problems in the.
wake of the unsuccessful April 17 landing In
Cuba by rebel forces and of the formal proc-
lamation Monday by Premier Fidel Castro
of a Socialist state may come Friday when
the National Security Council meets with
President Kennedy. It was believed that
Cuba might be one of the main topics of
the session.
Following statements on Cuba this after-
noon by Secretary of State Dean Rusk to
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
in the course of a general briefing on world
affairs, Senator J. W. FuLSRIGHT, Democrat,
of Arkansas, the conurlittee's chairman, de-
clared that the Cuban situation was being
closely examined.
"What to do next," he said, "is under-
very serious study. We are trying to develop
long-range plans."
The immediate problem facing the admin-
istration was to decide what action to take
in the face of the establishment by Premier
Castro of what was described by the Depart-
ment of State yesterday as a full-fledged
Communist state in the Western Hemi-
sphere.
Having ruled out armed intervention but
being unwilling to allow the Impression in
Latin America that the United States was
tacitly prepared to coexist with a Communist
May 4
regime 90 miles from its shores, the adminis-
tration still appeared to be groping for a
solution.
TELEVISION STATION WCKT, MI-
AMI, RECIPIENT OF PEABODY
AWARD '
Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I am
pleased to learn that a Florida television
station-station WCKT in Miami-has
been named the recipient of the Peabody
Award, a singularly high honor in the
field of television news coverage and
public affairs.
The awards are made to recognize dis-,
tinguished achievements and the most
meritorious service rendered each year
by radio and television.
The judging is done by the Henry
Grady School of Journalism of the Uni-
versity of Georgia.
Station WCKT received its award for
responsible leadership in the prompt
analysis and exposure of problems inci-
dent to the Cuban crisis through such
programs as: "Compass Points South,"
"Cuba on the Move," and "Gitmo: Leave
or Stay."
In addition to its coverage of many
phases of the Cuban crisis, station
WCKT also devoted much time and ef-
fort to programs pinpointing Communist
subversion and penetration in the United
States and the nations of Latin America,
I commend the staff of station WCKT,
including News Director Gene Strul, for
their enterprise and public service, and
I congratulate them for winning the
coveted Peabody Award.
AMBASSADOR TO IRAN
The Senate resumed the consideration
of the nomination of Julius C. Holmes,
of Kansas, to be Ambassador Extraor-
dinary and Plenipotentiary of the United
States of America to Iran.
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President,
when the distinguished junior Senator
from Kansas [Mr. CARLSON] and I left
the floor of the Senate shortly after 5
o'clock last evening, we were under the
impression that the debate on the nomi-
nation of Julius C. Holmes to be Am-
bassador to Iran would not begin until
today. However, the distinguished senior
Senator from Ohio [Mr. LAUScHE] and
the distinguished senior Senator from
Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS] each made a
statement in opposition to the nomina-
tion of Mr. Holmes. I wish to comment
on those statements before I give the
Senate my own views as to the nomina-
tion of Mr. Holmes.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Mr. President, will
the Senator from Missouri yield? I rise
to a point of per?onal privilege.
Mr. SYMINGTON. I yield for a
question.
Mr. LAUSCHE. Does the Senator
from Missouri imply that the Senator
from Ohio was a participant in the un-
derstanding that there would be no dis-
cussion of the nomination of Mr. Holmes
on the floor of the Senate last night?
Mr. SYMINGTON. The Senator from
Missouri does not so imply.
Mr. LAUSCHE. I had no such under-
standing. If there had been such an
understanding, I would not have spoken.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
are needed, and it is to be hoped that
they will be forthcoming shortly.
Mr. President, I have translated the
article published in El Mundo, and I ask
unanimous consent that it be printed at
this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:.
I have read the recent discourse in the
Venezuelan National Congress of my first
cousin, Ignacio Luis Arcaya in which he sup-
ports Fidel Castro and his policies and cen-
sures those of the United States. Again our
family name appears in support of the assas-
sin of the Caribe..
We do not share the opinions of Ignacio
Luis respecting Cuba and could not hold his
views without going against the funda-
mental principles upon which our country
was established and under which we live.
We maintain that Venezuela was founded
upon the general principle of respect for
human lives as well as for that of private
property, freedom of expression, and free-
dom of worship. Castro, with his firing
squads assassinates his countrymen; with
his bands of spies he has eliminated freedom
of speech; he persecutes the church and
mocks humble priests and nuns dedicated to
aiding the poor. Castro has confiscated
private property and has in fact stolen the
lifetime savings of many aged persons who
cannot longer work.
Castro's system has not only hurt the
middle class, but has in fact ruined the
working class. In the Cuba of today the
worker is a virtual slave of the state, forced
to toil longer hours with a lesser real pay
than before, without the right to strike, in
fact practically without human rights at all.
Castro and his criminal accomplices, Rus-
sia and Red China seek not only to en-
slave Cuba-but also Venezuela as well.
To support Castro Is in fact tosupport an
enemy of Venezuela. To back Castro is to
accept the dissolution of our Armed Forces
as has been done in Cuba and the establish-
ment of an armed rutheless militia. To
lend even moral support to Castro Is to in-
vite mercenary communistic Intervention
into Venezuela emulating that of the Ar-
gentina Communist Che Guevara and that
of Chinese-Czecho-Russian pilots with their
MIG's that strafed the patriotic Cuban
invaders.
In our oponion the United States has been
too benevolent in the treatment accorded
the assassin Castro. Even today the United
States is purchasing Cuban tobacco and
other products and is sending food and
medicine when in reality the United States
should send a well trained and equipped
group of marines to end once and for all
that nest of foreign communists which
Cf. _
: A OVIET SATELLITE
with the continuing successes of Fidel
Castro and the open declaration by him
that Cuba is a Soviet satellite-just as
much as East Germany, Poland, Hun-
gary, or any other Iron Curtain coun-
try-the efforts of Communists in Latin
America have been redoubled.
They are making a particular effort
to work their ends in Latin America be-
hind the camouflage of Soviet-front
groups.
The noted scholar on Latin American
affairs, Dr. Joseph F. Thorning, in a
letter written to the New York Times,
and published on April 17, pointed out
the role of ex-President Lazaro Ce,r-
denas of Mexico as a "sponsor of nu-
me.rous Soviet-front activities through-
out', the globe."
Dr. Thorning's letter says in part:
Despite a few superficial differences, the
Mariast-Leninst planners are determined to
get the maximum advantages available in
the I; present partnership and collaboration
between ex-President Cardenas and Premier
Cast o.
The exposure of Soviet blueprints for
Latin America can help defend the se-
curity of the Western Hemisphere,
I ask unanimous consent that Dr.
Thorning's letter be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the - letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ROLE ~1 OF GENERAL CARDENAS-ASSOCIATION
WI'37H SOVIET-FRONT GROUPS Is CHARGED
To the EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES;
It would be comforting to be able to char-
acter, a ex-President Lazaro Cardenas of
Mexic , sponsor of numerous Soviet-front ac-
tivities throughout the globe, as a person be-
longing "in the line of the humanistic, lib-
eral traditions of Latin America." (The
Times, March 11.)
The ~ truth is that for the past 12 years
General Cardenas, although not a card-car-
rying Communist, has allowed his name,
popularity and prestige to be exploited by
forces that have been undermining of de-
stroying free, God-loving peoples in Latin
America, Asia and Africa.
In September 1949, Cardenas was named
one of j several honorary presidents of the
ContinGntal Congress for Peace and Democ-
racy, ]Mexico City. The next year he was
elected ,a member of the Presidium of the
World Peace Council, Warsaw, Soviet Poland.
For the first 6 months of 1954 General Car-
denas was active in support of Col. Jacobo Ar-
benz Gnomon of Guatemala, the latter now
in Cuba and an open advocate of the Marx-
ist-Leninist dictatorship of the Castro broth-
ers, Fidel and Raul.
TOUR OF CAPTIVE NATIONS
Once more the World Peace Council listed
Cardena as a vice president at its meeting
in Helsiki, August 1955. After accepting
the Stall a Peace Prize in 1956, the general
was agait, elected as vice president of the
World Peace Council, Stockholm, in 1958.
His tour of many captive nations and praise
of Soviet! China followed in the winter of
1959-60. I
In April 1960, the ex-president, with con-
siderable) fanfare in Mexico, received a
World Peace Council delegation composed
of ViktorCbkhikvadze (U.S.S.R.), Abelardo
AdAn (Spain), and Ive Farge (France).
The recent Latin American Conference for
National Sovereignty, Economic Emancipa-
tion, and'iPeace, Mexico City (March 5-8),
demonstrably was the culmination of the
aforementioned activities, although, as the
conference, title indicated, it was principally
a propaganda show in favor of Fidel Castro
and aimed at inciting hatred of the United
States.
One of the proposals denounced by Gen-
eral Cardenas and his adherents at this con-
ference was the food-for-peace effort as an
Item in the broad program of -cooperative,
socioeconomic reconstruction described by
President Itennedy as a fruitful alliance for
progress. -
Joining in the bitter attacks against the
U.S. brotherly approach to a systematic,
scientific solution of inter-American social
problems was Vicente Lombardo Toledano.
The latter, according to UPI dispatches, em-
phasizes that his new-style, Popular Socialist
Party Is Marxist-Leninist. This follows the
pattern established by the Castro brothers
in Cuba, where the one legal political organ-
ization is called "Popular Socialist."
CHANGE IN TACTICS
Possibly it was a more coincidence that the
change in tactics was noted after a tour of
several South American countries by Vladi-
mir Baskin, Soviet Ambassador in Mexico,
and a sudden visit to Mexico by- Sergei
Kudriavtfeev, Soviet Ambassador to Cuba, on
the first day of a 4-day convention of Lom-
bardo Toledano's Popular Socialist Party.
Despite a few superficial differences, the
Marxist-Leninist planners are determined
to get the maximum advantages available
in the present partnership and collabora-
tion betwesn ex-President Cardenas and
Premier Castro.
Fair consideration of these facts can safe-
guard t:ie security of all the American Re-
publics and promote genuine social reform.
Snv. Dr. JOSEPH F. THORNING,
U.S. Honorary Fellow of the Historical
ar.d Geographic Institute of Brazil;
Profesaor of Latin American History,
Maryu,ount College, Ailing n. , ,
`"-BRAZIL ALARMED BY 1($ASTRO
Mr. SNIATHERS. Mr. President, to-
day's New York Times carries a front-
page story by Mr. Juan de Onis, one of
the most respected American reporters
of Latin. American affairs.
The story is headlined "Brazil
Alarmed] by Castro Stand."
The first paragraph reads:
Rio Di; JANESRO.-Premier Fidel Castro's
dedication of Cuba as a "Socialist Republic"
and one without elections has swung Brazil-
ian opinion strongly in favor of holding
an American Foreign Ministers' Conference
to consider the Cuban problem,
The story goes on to report that
Brazil's leading newspapers, reflecting
the opinion of the Brazilian people, have
declared that "the continent must
react."
According to the article, there is now
general agreement in official Brazilian
circles that a conference of American
Republics must be held immediately to
deal with the Castro-Communist men-
ace.
To me - it is heartening that - Latin
America's biggest nation has recognized
that Castro is a hemispheric problem
and a far greater threat to the Latin
American nations than to the United
States. -
For 18 rr:onths I have unsuccessfully
urged that the Department of State,
through our representatives in the Or-
ganization of American States, call for
a meeting of consultation of the foreign
ministers of the OAS, to expose Castro
as a Soviet stooge and to take steps to
expel the Communist invaders from
Cuba.
The Castro menace has long existed,
the authority to convoke an OAS meet-
ing to deal with that danger has been
available in the Rio Treaty and the
Caracas agreement, but nothing has
been done.
I again Inge that the Secretary of
State take advantage of the opportunity
offered by Brazil's strong stand against
Castro and that he seek an immediate
meeting of the OAS foreign ministers
to resolve the Cuban crisis. -
I think that our Voice of America must
meet the challenge by pressing home to
every person in Latin America the fact
that Cuba is a Communist satellite and
that Cuba's li million Latin Americans
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Resolved by the Senate (the House of
of Representatives concurring), That the
President is requested to take such steps
as may be necessary to provide for the ini-
tiation of action for the exclusion of repre-
sentatives of the present Government of
Cuba from membership on the Inter-
American Defense Board, or to support any
such action heretofore or hereafter Initiated
by any other nation or its representatives.
Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, it was
the intention of the senior Senator from
New Hampshire to supplement his ear-
lier warnings and appeals with a plea to
the administration on the floor of the
Senate today. I am delighted, Mr. Presi-
dent, that this is not necessary. Ap-
parently my previous entreaties, and
those of others concerned about the
presence of representatives from Cuba
on the Inter-American Defense Board,
have not gone unheeded.
The action of the IADB recently in
excluding Cuban representatives from
its secret Board meetings must be hailed
by all peace-loving peoples of this hemis-
phere as a significant contribution to the
future security of the Americas.
I am heartened by this decisive move
because I feel that the Inter-American
Defense Board can once again be an ef-
fective instrument in planning and pro-
moting the defense of the Western
Hemisphere.
TRAINING OF FREEDOM FIGHTERS
Mr. FONG. Mr. President, with each
day that passes, events in Cuba, Laos,
and elsewhere -in the world underscore
the compelling need for America to de-
vise new tools to counter the Communist
cold war offensive.
The need is unquestioned. The hour
is late.
America needs a total strategy for the
total warfare the Communists are
waging against us. For years, Commu-
nists have received indoctrination in the
strategy and tactics of revolution in the
Lenin Institute of Political Warfare-in
the Academy of Red Professors-in the
Sun Yat-sen University-in other train-
ing schools in Moscow, Leningrad,
Prague, and other Communist cities.
These institutions graduate Russian and
foreign students as professional fighters
in all forms of conflict-political, ideol-
ogical, psychological, economic, cultural
and technological.
We have nothing comparable in
America. -
On February 9 this year a bipartisan
group of 12 Senators, including myself,
joined in sponsoring a bill, Senate bill
822, to establish a Freedom Commission
and a Freedom Academy to outthink,'
outsmart, and outmaneuver the Commu-
nists on cold war battlefronts all over the
world.
The Freedom Commission would have
the task of developing a systematic, in-
tegrated applied science of nonmilitary
action appropriate to the cold war
struggle. The Freedom Academy would
offer courses in this applied science of
nonmilitary warfare to persons from
many walks of life: Government per-
sonnel, teachers, trade unionists, busi-
nessmen, clergymen, and others. For-
eign students also could receive instruc-
tion at the Academy.
Last August a. similar bill passed the
Senate without objection. President
Kennedy was serving in the Senate at
the time. Now I am hopeful that, as
President, Mr. Kennedy will urge enact-
ment this year by both Houses of Con-
gress.
The Freedom Academy bill is pending
before the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, which I hope will schedule
early hearings.
There Is growing support for a Free-
dom Academy, as evidenced by com-
ments of independent writers and ob-
servers. There has just come to my
attention an article entitled "West Point
for Freedom Fighters," which makes a
plea for the Freedom Academy. I ask
unanimous consent that this article
from the publication, Life Lines, dated
May 5, 1961, be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WEST POINT FOR FREEDOM FIGHTERS
A sort of West Point to train freedom
fighters is the goal of those who back the
proposal that the Federal Government estab-
lish a Freedom Commission and a Freedom
Academy.
It is known that the Soviet Union operates
an extensive system of political warfare
training schools and development centers at
Moscow, Leningrad, Tashkent, Prague, and
elsewhere on both sides of the Iron Curtain.
Some of these schools like the Lenin Insti-
tute of Political Warfare began operating in
the mid-twenties. The center at Prague spe-
cializes in training Latin Americans and
Africans, while the school at Tashkent trains
Communists from the Islamic countries.
The top schools in Russia, China, and Czech-
oslovakia are not narrow trade schools, but
comprehensive training centers giving de-
tailed instruction in the vast field of political
warfare and supporting subjects with courses
often running 2 or 3 years in length. Sig-
nificantly, the training of Latin Americans
was stepped up in 1956 and in that year Red
China began operating a parallel system of
schools for Latin American Communists.
Working in close cooperation with the
political warfare schools are a number of
centers where political scientists, linguists,
anthropologists, psychologists, economists,
sociologists, and others have been enlisted
in the service of political warfare. They are
engaged in practical research projects aimed
at increasing communist operational capaci-
ties. In recent years these centers have
greatly increased their special studies pre-
paring for Soviet penetration of Africa and
Latin America.
The increased activities at these political
warfare schools and associated centers spell
our future Soviet intentions in clear terms.
Two communists' expanding industrial
base and scientific and technological ad-
vances give them not only a powerful new
propaganda theme but also greatly increased
means for economic subversions and missile
blackmail. A weak Soviet Russia, captur-
ing a third of mankind through superior
power-seeking techniques, was a formidable
enemy. Its increasing strength adds im-
measurably to the threat to America. Our
methods of meeting this threat have not
worked. New methods will have to be - de-
veloped and leaders systematically trained
in their use.
There are grave deficiencies in America's
preparation to defend itself in this total war
to the finish. At the top of the list, and
underlying our other failures, Is our failure to
May .4
institute an adequate cold war development
and training prcgram.
As hearings before the Senate Judiciary
Committee brought out, no concentrated,
systematic effort is being made to develop an
operational science for our side which will
meet the mistaken attack and work toward
our national objectives in a coordinated man-
ner. We have not been through all the
methods and means which free men can use
when' faced with this kind of antifreedom
challenge. We have not brought these meth-
ods and means together in a broad strategic
plan. This is particularly true in the field
of political and economic warfare. Bits and
pieces of the problems are being worked on
within the Government and at some educa-
tional institutions, but the total effort falls
far short of what we need.
Nowhere today can Government personnel
or private citizens receive broad training in
cold war, especially In the large and highly
complex field of political and economic war-
were. Not only do we lack top level schools,
we do not even have intermediate or lower
level schools. There is no place where the
bits and pieces are pulled together and taught
in concentrated form.
The Freedom Commission proposal has
two broad objectives:
1. To carry on research with a view to
developing the necessary science to meet
the political and economic attack against
us;
2. To train Government personnel, pri-
vate citizens, and foreign students in this
science.
The Freedom Commission would be au-
thorized to establish and administer an ad-
vanced cold war development and training
center, the Freedom Academy. The Acad-
emy is seen as the principal instrument for
achieving the two objectives listed. Prop-
erly staffed and financed, the Freedom
Academy would stand as a symbol of our
determination to win the cold war. It'would
instruct its students not only in the threat
to freedom but also in positive, practical
ways to meet that threat successfully.
Patriots will want to learn all they can
about this proposal for a Freedom Academy.
It may be the answer to a need that is great
and immediate.
RHODE ISLAND INDEPENDENCE
DAY
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, today is the
185th anniversary of the General As-
sembly of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations formally renouncing their
allegiance to Great Britain and King
George III.
Since the State of Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations passed this Act
of Independence on May 4, 1776, 2
months before the signing of the Dec-
laration of Independence of the 13 United
States of America, Rhode Island was the
first sovereign State of the United States.
This Act of Independence was the cul-
mination of many historical events that
took place in my State.
In September of 1765, resolutions were
adopted by the general assembly denying
the right of any power but that body to
levy taxes upon the colony. On Feb-
ruary 14, 1766, a liberty tree was dedi-
cated at Newport and on July 5, 1768,
another liberty tree was dedicated at
Providence. The first overt act of vio-
lence against the British Crown in
America was committed on July 19, 1769,
by the destruction of the British revenue
sloop, the Liberty, at Newport, R.I. This
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the JCS is!, the principal planning and ad-
visory agency in defense matters.
It would be the logical expectation that
alarmed patriotism to one of apathy to-
ward treason.
One recalls the statement made by Presi-
dent Kennedy nine days after his inaugu-
ration: "Today," he said, "we need a nation
of minute men; citizens who are not only
prepared to take up arms, but citizens who
regard the preservation of freedom as a
basic purpose of their daily life and who
are willing to consciously work and sacri-
fice for that freedom. The cause of liberty,
the cause of America, cannot. succeed with
any lesser effort."
Studied in the context of current events,
the President's words are almost ominous.
SPACE-CIVILIAN CONTROL IN JOINT
CHIEFS OF STAFF
Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, the
Veterans of Foreign Wars have long
maintained a close and objective in-
terest in national security. An organ-
ization born of the Nation's armed con-
flicts, the VFW, in common with our
other great veteran's organizations, is
keenly aware of the complex and press-
ing requirements of defense.
No aspect of defense has received
closer scrutiny by the VFW than the
problem of civilian control over the vast
and powerful Defense Establishment.
The VFW has shared with the Congress
absolute faith in the fundamental con-
stitutional principle of civilian control
over the military forces of our Nation.
I find, therefore, of more than passing
interest a brief but penetrating com-
ment in the current issue of the VFW
American Security Reporter entitled
"Space-Civilian Control in the JCS." It
is an analysis, distinguished by its
clarity, of the delicate balance of
civilian-military leadership and effort
which must obtain at the highest level
of our defense organization if we are to
receive in full measure the best con-
tributions of both. Just as the Congress
must be ever alert to any erosion of firm
civilian control of the military, so also
must we insist that the JCS system be
used to the fullest. The country needs
the best of both its civilian and military
leaders.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the comment to which I refer
be printed at the conclusion of my re-
marks. It warrants the careful reading
of all thoughtful Americans.
There being no objection, the comment
was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
.SPACE-CIVILIAN CONTROL IN THE JCS
The Pentagon is still reverberating over the
recent decision` giving the Air Force pri-
macy in space development. The purpose
here is not to go into the, pros and cons
of that order-although it must be recog-
nized on the basis of congressional and Army
and Navy reaction--that grave questions are
raised by this edict.
The fundamental issue involved in the
recent space directive by the Secretary of
Defense is one of governmental procedure.
In this case the emphasis focuses upon the
role of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with respect
to the development of defense policies and
the relationship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
as a corporate body, to the Secretary of De-
fense. By law the Joint Chiefs of Staff
system is the central feature of defense
planning at the seat of government. Vested
with no plenary decisionmaking authority,
the JCS would functior;, in its advisory role
in the formulation of any policy as broad r
and far reaching as the recent directive on
space activity. Such an expectation, how-
ever, apparently is not justified in this In-
stance. As the background of the events
leading up to the space directive becomes
more apparent, it appears that the JCS was
excluded from participation in this vital
policy determination. Whether or not the
JCS was bypassed has resulted in one of
the most delicate exercises in semantic
hairsplitting in recent years.
As a result of queries from the press
the Pentagon stated, "The report that Gen-
eral Lemnitzer has protested to Secretary
McNamara that the Chiefs are being by-,
passed or edged out of crucial military de-
cisions by, the Kennedy administration is
simply wit' out foundation." Yet a Chicago
Sun-Times article by Its military affairs
specialist, 'Thomas B. lvoss, stated that the
JCS was given 1 week to submit its views
on the proposed space directive. Consider-
ing the magnitude of the proposal and its
manifold ramifications, such a deadline
could not kelp but raise questions as to the
motive behind it. After all, there was no
combat operational requirement for speed.
Furthermore, precipitant action in an issue
so vital to the long-range security of the
United States could be extremely danger-
ous. The result of the time-squeeze on the
JCS was that General Lemnitzer, as Chair-
man of t4 V JCS, reportedly expressed the
opinion th'iat the deadline made it impossible
for the J6s to develop its view, and that as
a result he submitted his "personal opinion."
To assert that General Lemnitzer's memo-
randum to the Secretary of Defense is not
a protest is questionable. But there is no
question but what his carefully chosen
words do express serious concern.
An administrative device which goes
through the motions of referring a basic
defense policy matter to the JCS, and yet
sets a deadline which makes it impossible
for the JCS to perform its role, could set a
most serious precedent. Also, there is a
question of just what is the status of the
personal opinion of the JCS Chairman. The
duties of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff are set out specifically and with great
deliberation in the National Security Act.
The Chairman's duties, under law, do not
involve the submission of personal opinions.
One byproduct of the time squeeze placed
on the J(S in this instance is widespread
resentment that the very able JCS Chair-
man, General Lemnitzer, who has gained the
admiration and. respect of uniformed and
civilian officials for the circumspect manner
in which he has exercised his duties and
authority,, should be maneuvered into hav-
ing no practicable alternative to submit-
ting a personal opinion on a major issue.
The submission by the Chairman of per-
sonal opinion could set a precedent for
the Chairman being a de facto spokesman
for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. If such a pro-
cedure is I repeated, it could constitute an
important{, step toward the development of
the JCS Chairman as a single Chief of Staff.
Such an alteration of the status and func-
tions of the JCS Chairman has long been
recognize as the means by which supporters
of the single Chief of Staff could eventually
achieve their goal. General Lemnitzer's ad-
mirers, who are legion in the Pentagon and
in Congress, are highly critical of the pro-
cedure by which he has been forced into this
unenviable position.
There is no question, however, but what
the Secretary of Defense is legally the top
authority', in the Pentagon. Recognition' of
this basic fact is essential to the continua-
tion of the constitutional principle of
6805
civilian, control. His powers are limited only
by a few basic stipulations In law, and, of
course, by a sense of administrative discre-
tion. The e:percise of civilian authority over
the military :.s the most profound, yet deli-
cate problem, confronting the high civilian
defense ofiicirls. No detailed blueprint for
the relationst ip which a Secretary of Defense
establishes with his principal military sub-
ordinates can be devised. In the final
analysis the efficacy of top civilian direction
depends upon a sound-perhaps even an in-
tuitive---understanding of the philosophy of
civilian control of the military and a genuine
desire to make the legally established organ-
ization work >uccessfully.
As the old saying, goes, there Is more than
one way to akin a. cat; and there is more
than one way to change a governmental or-
ganization. Any organization will fail If
those to whose stewardship it Is entrusted
misuse It or don't use it. And the JCS is no
exception.
Consequently, I:: the bypassing of the Joint
Chiefs of Stafff in connection with the space
directive was intended to be an exceptional
and Isolated administrative procedure, than
it can be viewed as a specific and extraordi-
nary procedure--although a dubious one-
within the authority of the Secretary of De-
fense. If, however, it is to be considered as a
precedent, t nen continued use of such
method would quickly assume the character
of an extralegal procedure that could have
the practical end result of destroying the
Joint Chiefs c X Staff system and creating, out
of necessity to fill the resulting organiza-
tional vacuum, a single Chief of Staff.
This, of course, would be contrary to the
intent, legislative history and specific provi-
sion of existing law. All of which once again
illustrates how great is the obligation of
those in authority to conduct government
in accordance with both the letter nd the
spirit of the law,~j
]
SAN'C'IZONS AGAINST CUBA
Mr. BRIDGES. 'Mr. President, I had
intended today to speak at some length
about the ])revisions of Senate Concur-
rent Resolution 18, which was introduced
by the; senior Senator from New Hamp-
shire on March :13 of this year.
In recent weeks I have made a num-
ber of contacts with key members of
the administration stressing the need for
action by the executive branch in order
to implement the intent of my resolution
immediate]Zr. At this point in my re-
marks, I asl: unanimous consent that the
text of Se:aate Concurrent Resolution
18 beyprinted.
There being on objection, the concur-
rent resolution was ordered to be printed
in the RECO.ID, as follows :
SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 18
Whereas l;]Ie Government of Cuba has es-
tablished close diplomatic, economic, and
military ties with the several Communist-
dominated fovernments dedicated to the
overthrow by violence of all nations governed
by the republican or democratic processes;
and
Whereas such diplomatic, economic, and
military ties do in fact constitute a threat
to the free nations of the Western Hemis-
phere; and
Whereas the Inter-American Defense
Board is a military planning body composed
of army, navy, and air officers of the Amer-
ican Republics, who study and recommend
measures for the defense of the Western
Hemisphere; and
Whereas it is patently absurd to allow
an enemy tb sit in on our councils of de-
fense: Now, therefore, be it
Approved For Release 2004/10/12 : CIA-RDP64B00346R000200160011-5