CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150007-0
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 27, 2004
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: September 11, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN

1962
Approved For:Release2006/11/11 CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150007-0
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
HOME PEACE CORPS PROPosED To PRESENT TRUE
AMERICAN IMAGE TO THE WORLD AT LARGE
A bold plan which would permit virtually
all Americans to participate personally and
directly in the objectives of President John
F. Kennedy's Peace Corps was proposed today
by Joseph Fisch, lifetime East Sider, at-
torney, and prominent community leader, in
an interview with Abraham Schlacht, pub-
lisher of East Side News. Fisch's idea would
enable Americans from every walk of life
to become part of a "home peace corps" and
serve their country without any interruption
of their normal life or bfisiness routine, and
without the necessity of leaving America.
President Kennedy's Peace Corps program,
Fisch explained, has basically two objectives:
(1) The export of specialized technical skills
to select underdeveloped countries, and (2)
the dissemination abroad of a favorable
American "image" by Peace Corps members
who serve, in a sense, as American ambas-
sadors overseas. These Peace Corps members
promulgate, indirectly rather than as mili-
tant propagandists, America's true national
character and purpose.
Fisch stated that his program would sup-
-plement the second objective of the Peace
Corps plan; namely, the presentation of the
true American Image to the foreigner. His
plan, he explained, "is designed for the mil-
lions of Americans who were stirred by the
President's inspiring call to service, and who
are eager to serve, but who either do not
possess the technical skills required for serv-
ice abroad, or who are unable to leave the
country."
Fisch's proposal does not require sending
additional Americans abroad, but is aimed
instead at the hundreds of thousands of for-
eign visitors who come here to America each
year,
"Unfortunately, these foreign visitors see
little more of America than its tourist sights,
national monuments and museums. A
country's true national image is reflected not
In marble edifices but in its people and their
manner of life. Access to an average Amer-
ican family is rarely available to the visitor
from abroad. Because of this, we are failing
to utilize our most valuable evidence of
America's true image and purpose--our peo-
ple," he said.
Under Fisch's plan, a foreign visitor would
be invited to meet and visit a typical Amer-
ican family with whom the visitor shares a
common interest. Basically,' the program
would operate as follows: Home peace corps
offices would be established, under the aus-
pices of the U.S. Information Agency or
Peace Corps, in major American cities.
These offices will maintain files of volun-
teer Americans who have offered to invite
foreign visitors to their homes, listing the
professions of these Americans, their educa-
tional background, hobbies, etc.
A foreign visitor wishing to avail himself
of this service merely contacts a home peace
corps office, indicates the intended length
of his visit, his background, profession, hob-
bies, etc. The files will then be examined
and an appropriate American family con-
tacted. Arrangements can be handled
through the home peace corps office which
will contact the foreign visitor, inviting him
to visit the American on a particular day.
Or the American can contact the foreign
visitor himself. in this way, a foreign visitor
who, for example, is a teacher by profession,
might be invited to meet an American
teacher and his family and dine with them
at home.
The program need not be limited to merely
a dinner Invitation, of course, but has un-
limited potential. The cost to the Ameri-
can host Is completely a matter of his own
discretion, as is the amount of time he
wishes to allot to a foreign guest. These
matters would be part of the information on
file in the home peace corps office and would
A6739
be checked again when an American host is
being selected for a particular foreign appli-
cant. If the volunteer American so chooses,
he can take his foreign guest to a concert,
to the theater, etc. There are many free
attractions and amusements which would
have greater appeal to a foreigner if he were
in the company of an American. The Green-
wich Village outdoor art exhibition, the free
concerts at Central Park, and the East River
Park Amphitheater, are but a few examples.
The foreigner can also be invited to visit
with his American host at work. Thus the
foreign teacher can visit a class taught by
his American teacher host, the lawyer from
abroad can see our courts in session, and the
merchant can visit the shop of his Ameri-
can friend. Of course, it need not be a simi-
larity of occupations or educational back
ground which bring the American and for-
eign visitor together, but perhaps a mutual
hobby. It may, therefore, develop that an
American officeworker is selected to act as
host to a physician from abroad because
they share a strong interest In amateur
photography, or stamp collecting, or Dixie-
land jazz music, or abstract art.
"The most important advantage of this
plan," Fisch declared, "is that it permits di-
rect personal contact and communication be-
tween people."
"I am confident," he continued, "of the
enthusiastic support for such a plan by
Americans who wish to do their share for
their country. How many of us would not
be willing to invite a foreign visitor to our
home for dinner, to meet our family and
friends and to discuss matters of mutual
concern?
"The foreign visitors should be afforded an
opportunity to see more of America than the
Empire State Building, and more of Ameri-
cans than the tourist guide or hotel clerk.
He should be permitted to communicate with
our people so that he may return to his
country and inform his countrymen of what
he has seen. This program would extend
to countless average Americans the opportu-
nity to further personally the interest of
universal understanding."
Mr. Fisch Is a Phi Beta Kappa member of
New York University, a graduate of Harvard
Law School, assistant counsel to the New
York State Investigation Commission, and
chancellor commander of the Albert Ein-
stein Lodge, Knights of Pythias.
But when you hope it will be nice for him
he adds, apologetically: "Ah senor, I am
leaving soon with my family for Florida."
Through all of this the Cubans have re-
tained their infinite capacity for courtesy
and friendliness.
In many visits to Cuba' I have never once
been treated with discourtesy-despite being
taken much of the time for an American.
The same applied on this occasion, even
though I tried to buy American magazines.
The shelves were stacked high with Mao and
Lenin, and a flood of Communist-bloc litera-
ture.
From the harbor wall where boys still cast
for snapper, I looked back, before leaving,
on a city that has worn itself out.
Russians move in by the thousands; but
the heady fervor of rebellion has spent its
force.
For Havana, 3 years and 7 months later,
the "Barbudos" (bearded ones) are but a
memory of what might have been.
Nothing is left now but the soldiers-and
the slogans-and everywhere the guns.
Home Peace Corps
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. LEONARD FARBSTEIN
OF NEW YORK:
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 13, 1962
Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks I am pleased
to include an editorial and feature
article printed' in the East Side News, a
local publication with wide distribution
in my congressional district relating to
a "home peace corps" proposed by one
of my constituents, Mr. Joseph Fisch.
I have, in this session of Congress, in-
troduced legislation to create a domestic
peace corps whose primary purpose
would be to combat the problem of juv-
enile delinquency. Mr. Fisch's proposal
would, In my opinion, foster better in-
ternational relations between our coun-
try and the nations abroad. I think Mr.
Fisch is to be commended on his excel-
lent proposal and am contemplating the
introduction of legislation based there-
on:
-HANm ACROSS TIRE SEAS
Neyer before has the home peace corps
been presented to the American people.
It is a novel plan which should merit the
earnest consideration of our President. It is
replete with unlimited potentialities to fos-
ter a better understanding between our Na-
tion and the countries abroad.
Under the plan proposed, American hosts
would have an opportunity at firsthand to
show the American image in action. Foreign
visitors would see how we live at home, how
we work in factories, plants and businesses,
how our schools and universities are con-
ducted, how we spend our leisure time, etc.
With the adoption of such a plan, Ameri-
ea's true national image could be projected,
which would do more to create good will and
better international relations than the prop-
aganda we constantly hear on radio or read
in the foreign press.
We urgently call upon the editors of our
city's newspapers to help us in bringing this
plan to the attention of the American peo-
ple, because we believe that a better ap-
preciation of our way of life could best be
promoted between ourselves and those who
visit our shores.
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF,
HON. DANIEL J. FLOOD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 11, 1962
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Charles
A. McCarthy, a historian in my congres-
sional district, has written a series of
articles on the early history of the Sus-
quehanna River, particularly in the.
Pittston area. The latest installment in
this series appeared In the Pittston Sun-
day Dispatch on September 9, 1962, and
as part of my remarks today I quote
the text of that article.
The article follows:
FROM LOCAL HISTORY: SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
IN PITTSTON REGION-PITTSTON FERRY
BRIDGE VICTIM OF WINDS, ICE, AND FLOODS
(By Charles A. McCarthy)
As early as 1858,. H. Litts was employed
as the tolltaker on the Pittston Ferry Bridge.
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 +a. .o o, wlaustiorm carried Immediate plans were formulated by Ferry
away one-third pf the bridge roof. This dam- Bridge Co. officials for the construction of a
age was completely repaired by May 28, 1860. new, Iron bridge at the same site.
A contract for a new two-lane, covered A contract for the erection of a new, iron
bridge was awarded on August 28, 1863, to bridge was awarded to the King Iron Bridge
Kellogg & Canner, contractors from Easton, Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, at a cost of
Pa., by the Pittston Ferry Bridge Co. $71,931.62.
Proximately the same local ion as the old
bridge _
.
Regarding the old bridge, soon to be re-
placed, an oidtimer of that _ era later re-
marked.: "The first bridge became moss and
dust covered-dingy, like the old oaken
bucket. He stated "Old Hoyt" was the toll-
taker at that time.
While the new bridge was being built,
temporary ferry service was established. Toll
rates on the ferry were: double team, 5
tickets for $1; one horse and vehicle, 10
tickets :for $1. Many boasts were also pressed
into service to carry passengers back and
forth across the river at thi.,_point.
Mr. Phillips' raftload-- of oak plank, for
the bridge's construction was washed away
in the high water on Sunday, May 15, 1864.
Harry Polen was the foreniul in charge of
construction work on the. new bridge.. Barnet
Serfass was a carpenter.
On August 31, 1864, B. IF. Snyder and Harry
Stetlar, both employed as carpenters, were
hit by an overhead crane anti were knocked
The initial crossing on the new bridge,
by teams, took place on the south side of the
structure on Saturday, September 17, 1864.
This br:.dge withstood the High water of
St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1865, the big-
gest flood in Wyoming Valley up to that time.
Houses, barns, canalboats, ;lumber, trees,
f
nce
e
s, horses, cattle, chickens, sheep, pigs,
and other valuable property were swept
away.
Paving of the bridge's east side approach
with cobblestones on November 23, 1865, was
considered a great improvement and was
beneficial to pedestrians and wagons,
J. S., Carpenter and several men cleaned
and relayed the planks in the bridge road-
way, on ;,rune 15, 1868. About the same time
a director's room was erected on the south
side of the Pittston end of the. bridge.
Footwaiks on the bridge Were widened,
after January 4, 1869.
It was mentioned on July :14, 1870, that
West Pittston Borough Council had built an
iron railing on the bridge's west end, at a
cost of $2.50 per foot. Jonah Howell modeled
and Installed the railing.
Qfficials of Pittston Ferry Bridge Co., on
October 13, 1870, placed hemlo'ik brush and
stones around the piers to catch and settl
e
dirt at the pier bases. of all Members of Congress and other
Government leaders. As a further Ind -
FLOODWATERS
Ice and floodwaters, which rose 8 feet in
1 hour devastated the area on St. Patrick's
Day, March 17, 1875, and washed the Ferry
Bridge away.
The Lackawanna & Bloomsburg (D.L. & W.)
Railroad bridge was wrenched from Its moor-
ings by the seething ice gorge and turbulent
waters anti it floated down the Susquehanna
River where it struck and lifted the Ferry
Toll Bridge clear of its piers and carried it
to a point .3 miles above Wilkes-Barre where
remnants of the debris were left on the
riverbank.
FINAL- CROSSING
The last persons to crass the ',Ferry Bridge
before it was swept away were Mr. and Mrs.
John Hurlbut and Mrs. Charles Law. They
-first rode to the Water Street Bridge in Mr.
Hurlbut's wagon but, finding it in a pre-
carious position, they hurried to the Ferry
Bridge which they crossed over safely to the
west side,
A6740 CoNGRESSJONAI, RECORD -APPENDIX
On April 5, 18'75, bridge company officials
requestecl permission of Pittston Borough
Council to extend and raise the proposed
bridge to the level of North Main Street.
The borough solicitor, Stark, rendered the
opinion that council had the right to grant
such a permit. Attorney Ferris, the repre-
sentative of the regional property holders,
took the opposite view. The permit to raise
the bridge 15 feet and extend it to connect
with North Main Street was granted by
Pittston :3orough Council on April 15, 1875.
NEW BRIDGE
The new bridge, 1,100 feet in length, was
completed within 11 months from the com-
mencement of its erection. It was opened
to public traffic on July 1, 1878.
Acting on the authority of borough coun-
cil, the burgess and borough engineer of
Pittston hired E. W. Miller on April 30, 1877,
to construct a railing on 'the wall at Ferry
Bridge, or,.nthe Pittston end of the structure,
If Red Cuba Was a TWeat Before, It's
More So Now
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. PAUL G. ROGERS
01' FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, September 6, 1962
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr, Speak-
er, the American people, in ever-growing
numbers, demand action against Rus-
sian intervention in this hemisphere.
The Florida press has been particular-
ly alert to this threat at our southern
door-only 90 miles from our own
beaches. Our editors and feature writers
report from the vantage point of close
proximity to the danger, and with the
advantage of contacts with Cuban exiles
now living in Florida.
Over the past months I have had re-
printed here in the RECORD stories and
editorials from Florida so that these
events would be called to the attention
these matters, I include the following in
the RECORD:
IF RED CUBA WAS A THREAT BEFORE I '
September 11
freedom fighters needed to make their in-
vasion a success,
Even those who formerly thought that Cas-
tro should be let alone to fall eventually to
internal forces have changed their think-
ing. John S. Knight, publisher of the Miami
Herald, wrote the other day:
"I am among those who long ago opposed
the idea that Castro should be thrown out
simply because we did not approve of him.
Cuba had a right to have a revolution. * * *
But today's situation is totally different.
Castro has betrayed the people who sup
ported the revolution. He is a Communist
dictator who would spread that insidious
ideology throughout Latin America.
"He has collaborated with a foreign
power-Russia-to extend its system to the
Western Hemisphere. This is a flagrant
violation of the Monroe Doctrine, and should
be dealt with as such."
Unfortunately, the people who have the
President's ear on foreign affairs are the
Walt Rostows and the Arthur Schlesingers
who are not unfriendly to leftwfng dictator-
ships. In fact, Professor Rostow merely
considers communism a "disease of mod-
ernization." He holds to the belief that
Communist regimes eventually will "mel-
low."
As far as we can see, the only mellowing
that has taken place in recent years has
been in the official backbone of the Nation's
leadership. We suggest that the President
scorn at this time the advice of Messrs.
Rostow and Schlesinger, and ask a famous
Democrat from Missouri what he would do
about Castro. Even Harry Truman's most
bitter critic knows that something would
have been done long before now if he were
still in the White House.
The first thing we think should be done
is the setting up, as Senator SMATHERs has
suggested, of a Cuban government-in-exile.
And then we should take whatever steps are
necessary to . put . it back in power in
Havana-regardless of Moscow's threats.
As it is, President Kennedy can always
switch his cool-weather vacation spot from
Palm Beach to southern California. But
we south FIoridians must live here and face
the daily reality of an ever-stronger Red
menace just over the horizon.
We say something should be done to dis-
pose of that menace, and done fast.
President Kennedy's Views on Amending
Constitution Questioned
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. 0. C. FISHER
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 11, 1962
MORE SO NOW T s Mr. FISHER. Mr. Speaker, President
"If the circumstances in 1960 and early Kennedy's recent declaration in appar-
1961 justified decisions by two administra- ent support of the process of amending
tions that a U.S.-sponsored invasion of Cuba the Constitution by interpretation, has
was essential, how can the far worse circum- aroused considerable concern.
stances of tcday require less? Inaction can The President delivered an extempo-
be justified at this point only by a no-win raneous address at the White House to
policy of paralysis. The longer the United a -group of students in which he dis-
-States waits to expel communism from cussed the Constitution, and spoke of
Cuba, the more difficult will be the job."
The inescapable logic of that analysis Sun- the need of men t "make it work," in
day by Senator STROM THURMOND, Democrat, the light of new and d changed conditions.
of South Carolina, of the situation facing the The President told the students:
United States cannot be disputed. The Well, the American Constitution is an ex-
debacle of the Bay of Pigs remains to haunt traordinary document and it is certainly the
President Kennedy and those advisers who most extraordinary written Constitution in
prevailed upon him to withhold the vital the history of the world, but it has required
American assistance that the valiant Cuban men to make it work, and It still does today.
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A,n i-nN(_` P T(1MAT. RFC'mRDD - APPENDIX A6755
requirements over the salt-water loaded up the bottom of tidal estuaries in many on their success in the river itself. We ex-
draft of the vessel. parts of the country. Touching bottom pect this model to save many times its cost
there may be no cause for concern at all, over future years.
Required ed typical carrier 2 28,06- but nearly every grounding, however slight, We have prepared an information bulle-
dea.dweight-ton channchannel tanker depth, or bulk 00in the Columbia calls for a vessel inspection. tin to summarize for the general public the
Feet Inches This is costly even when no repairs whatever principal points covered in our report as it
Salt water loaded draft ----------- 33 5 are needed. was submitted to Washington for approval.
Added draft in fresh water --------- - 8 Safe navigation of large vessels requires Copies are available from the Portland dis-
"Drag" (trim down at stern)-_--_- 1 8 that channel width as well as depth be en- trict office.
Open water "squat"'at 10 knots ---- 7 gineered to adequate standards. Vessels I would like to leave these thoughts with
Added "bottom effect squat --------- 1 8 passing close to the bank of the channel tend you: An estimated 45 million yards of exca-
to yaw toward a collision course due to what vation will need to be completed to Make
Total --------------- ------ 38 0 is commonly called bank suction. Of course this proposed channel a reality. After it is
Minimum safe bottom clearance--_- 2 0 this is just another way of expressing the completed, an estimated 14 million yards per
orces exerted by the lines of hydraulic flow year will have to be dredged to maintain
Total channel depth required- 40 0 around the vessel as they react with the it. Even small percentage improvements in
't h i ills a lar a sums of money
e
w av
The first item in the above table is the nearby bank.
salt water loaded draft of 33 feet 5 inches The bow has water piled up alongside it
for a typical 28,000 deadweight tons tanker. on the crest of the bow wave and the vessel
This vessel, carrying that load, will sink ap- tends to sheer away from the bank while at
proximately one-quarter inch additional as the same time the stern is traveling in a
she enters fresh water for every foot of draft trough, which attracts the bank, from which
in salt water, or about 8 additional inches. the term bank suction derived. These lines
To' improve the vessel's steering character- of flow interact as the vessels meet and pass
istics, she is normally loaded so as to set her each other. As the bows meet, they repel
down at the stern perhaps three inches or each other, while when the sterns pass each
a trifle less for each hundred feet of vessel other, they are mutually attracted.
length, or for this vessel about 1 foot 8 The formula we and other authorities
inches. The next two items concern squat have adopted for calculating the required
and I will discuss them later. I will.also ex- width allows the beam of one vessel, or a
plain the added 2 feet for minimum safe minimum of 100 feet, between vessel and
bottom clearance. Note, however, that in bank and between vessels. In addition, we
total, our 331,/2-foot draft, 28,000-ton vessel, allow 180 percent of the vessel beam for
requires a 40-foot channel to safely navigate each vessel traffic lane, much as the high-
in our fresh water channels. way engineer allows a 14-foot traffic lane for
I will now discuss the matter of squat. an 8-foot truck or a 6-foot car.
Ignoring for the moment any outside dis- Totaling these allowances, we come up with
the vessel sits at a a 600-foot channel for two 26,000-ton ves-
f the water
b
,
ance o
tur
depth determined by the relation between sels, or a comparable combination of one
her average density and the density of the larger and one smaller one, which we con-
water which she displaces. When the vessel sidered the most demanding situation oc-
. begins to move forward, however, water is curring often enough to be economically
piled up by the pressure of her bow, and a Justified as a design assumption.
bow wave starts moving away from the ves- I mentioned at the beginning that this
sel. The vessel itself steadily moves forward channel improvement is largely an enor-
into the space from which this bow wave mous earthmoving job.' What I did not say
has departed. We can see how the vessel then is that it would be a much greater
underway typically moves in an artificial earthmoving job had we not learned, to at
wave trough created by her own bow, so that least some degree, to make the river do as
she rides lower than she did when at rest. much of our earthmoving as possible. Our
This effect is greatly exaggerated when the men have studied sedimentation, measured
vessel cross-section is a considerable frac- the particle sizes in the water, and made
tion of the channel cross section. When studies of current velocity and direction.
this is the case, the vessel tends to gush all Authorities on open channel hydraulics of
the water in the channel ahead of it up or erodible channels generally agree that the
down the stream. Of course this is literally tractive force imposed by the stream on the
impossible, but in such situations, the particles varies approximately with the
.water velocities alongside and under the ves- square of the velocity. It can be appreci-
sel are greatly accelerated with respect to ated, therefore, that even rather minor dif-
the vessel. These increased velocities, and ferences in velocity will markedly affect the
the flow lines which they follow, interact erosion and deposition of bottom particles.
with the channel bottom and cause a marked Although experimental studies and field ob-
increased in squat which we refer to as bet servations have not yet given engineers any
tom effect. generally accepted correlation between pre
There are other effects which add to chan- case particle sizes and the bottom velocities
nel requirements, none of which are con-, necessary to start them in motion or keep
sidered important once vessels are inside the them moving, we have learned quite a bit
entrance proper. One of these effects, which about helping the river scour itself clean.
indirectly we do take into consideration, is I do not want to imply that we have all
that of roll, or heeling in a sharp turn. A the answers to sediment transport. Quite
cdepth than the same vessel when branch of engineering. Design of erodible
channel
rolled or heeled over even as little as 5 channels is still as much an art as a science.
degrees. We have acheived it channel align- Men like Bob Hickson, who have spent a
ment on the Columbia and lower Willamette lifetime studying this river, have been able
which reduces heeling to a negligible amount. to give us some measure of control over the
The 2-foot minimum bottom clearance is natural processes, but we still have a great
needed to avoid damage to ships' screws from deal to learn.
every sunken log or other debris which may We are placing more emphasis on research.
be carried into the channel, and to minimize We have under construction at the Corps
displacement of bottom sand by the ships' of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station
screws, which might easily scoop out a foot at Vicksburg, Miss., a complex model of the
or two of sand and pile it up a short dis- estuary reach of the Columbia River, up to
eagenerators
tance away to ground the next passing about included river mile ho52. pe Tide
n ae a good deal
vessel. about the many baffling habits of the river
It should be remembered that are
grounding
,.on the solid sands of the Columbia River is from this model. It will make it possible
quite a different matter from touching the for us to try out experimental control meas-
Soft flocculated colloidal muds which make ures whose cost would prohibit gambling
g
our Be n qu
s
for the taxpayers. Only extremely low unit
costs and sound engineering keep total costs
low enough to make feasible such projects
as a 40-foot channel from Portland and Van-
EXTENSION OF
OF
HON. ROBERT W. HEMPHILL
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 12, 1962
Mr. HEMPHILL. Mr. Speaker, all of
us are concerned with the Cuban situa-
tion. None of us want communism or
Communists on our doorstep. At the
same time, we do not want war, if we
can avoid it.
We have heard many proposals and
solutions to the Cuban problem. We
have heard many accusations, but nei-
ther the proposals nor the accusations
have produced to date.
In my district I am privileged to have
many fine ministers and priests. One
in particular has given me suggestions,
from time to time, of great value, and
he has written to me a letter about the
Cuban situation. I have looked the let-
ter over carefully and I thoroughly sub-
scribe to the reasoning contained. I
have written to this fine citizen and told
him of my intention to bring this to the
attention of everyone I could contact,
and under leave previously granted me,
I include his letter and commend it to
the thinking of our leaders and our peo-
ple as a whole.
The letter is as follows:
THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR,
Rock Hill, S.C., September 7, 1962.
The Honorable ROBERT HEMPHILL,
The House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR BOB: I am writing to the Senator and
congressional Representative whom I count
as my friends on a matter that to my mind
as a Christian American, and as an officer in
the Naval Reserve is of momentous im-
portance.
There is to my mind no doubt but that
Soviet Russia is engaged in the process of
making Red Cuba into a military base, de-
veloping an offensive potential which will be
directly aimed at our Nation. There is .also
in my mind no doubt that the Monroe
Doctrine has for some time been violated
by this move on Russia's part.
It appears to me that the whole matter
has reached a sharply urgent and critical
point.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
Therefore I, as a citizen, offer a proposal
which I have been turning over In my mind
for some months--a proposal short of actual
invasion of war-and yet, I believe, one as
effective under the circumstances.
In international law the phrase "pacific
blockade" is used, I understand, which de-
scribes the sort of maneuver which I have
in mind.
I propose a "pacific blockade" with cer-
tain variations which I feel w:ll make such
an action work, and keep it also within the
bounds of the international morality which
characterizes the United States' relation-
ships with other sovereignties.
Therefore, let a complete air-sea blockade
be thrown around and over Red Cuba, as a
unilateral action undertaken by the United
States in implementation of the Monroe
Doctrine. Let it be sternly and cleat stated
to the w=hole world that we do this Out of
moral necessity to defend our freedom, and
to keep the peace. ' ' '
Let it be stated with equal cllrity, and
sternness that no ship on or under the sea
will be permitted through the blockade
either Cuba-bound or ou,ibou;zd; and that
no aircraft will be permitted to,,fly in or out,
of that country; and that any attempt to,
run the blockade either by air or sea will re-
sult in the ship being sunk o.r the aircraft
.shot down; but that no shooting or harass-
ment will be done by our lamed Forces
otherwise.
Let it be stated that by airlift and para-
chute drop we will bring in to Cuba such -
food and medical supplies as will prevent
starvation. and epidemic dr.seaso- on the part
of the people of Cuba, opp:resseI as they are.
Finally, let it be stated that the blockade
will continue indefinitely and will be dis-
continued. only at the pleasure of the United
States.
As I say, I write this to you with a sense
of great urgency, and leave you to imple-
ment the Idea-or tell me, it cannot be
done-as you see best.
Most sincerely,
WILLIAM W. Lu aIPKIN,
Rector.
,
.
,
g
P.S.-This letter is also being sent to Sen-.. vigorously against such a, move.. He believed
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. BARRATT O'HARA
,OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 27, 1962
Mr. O'HARA of Illinois., Mr. Speaker,
I am extending my remarks to include an
article from the Morning Star of Oki-
nawa on the Honorable A. B. Won Pat,
speaker of the Legislature of Guam
whose frequent visits to Washington
when his own legislature is not in session
has made him almost one of us. Speaker
Won Pat presides over the most farflung
legislative body under the Stars and
Stripes. The article follows:
DEDICATIM SOLON GVIpsS GUAI4[ PROGRESS
(By Richard R. Williams)
About 1,200 miles southeast of Okinawa
lies a relatively small island that in recent
years has come to be known as the "gem of
the Pacific."
Back in 1898 the United States accepted
the island of Guam, principal island in the
Marianas chain, as the spoils of war fol-
lowing the Spanish-American War, At the
signing of the Treaty of Paris, U.S. officials
shrugged their shoulders. and said, "we'll
take the island, but we don't know what
we'll do with it."
The U.S. Navy was given the responsibility
of administering the island and the some
20,000 Guamanians. The Navy acted with
foresight. The first thing the Navy did was
move-the well known "little Am@rican red
Schoolhouse" to Guam.
So, for :.nore than half a century the
Guamaniar,.s have been English speaking,
American thinking, and probably our most
sincere Americans.
Guam has come a long way in a relatively
short period of time-50 years. The popula-
tion is now about 70,000. For most of that
50 years the Guamanians have and had some
semblance of a government by and for the
people, thanks to the Navy's foresight.
And this brings us to the subject of this
story, for this is not a story about Guam.
It is a story about a man who has been an
integral part of Guam's progress for the past
30 years.
Antonio 13. Won Flat, better known as Pat,
has been more than an integral part, he has
been the hub on the wheel of progress for
the newest American citizens.
Pat, speaker of the Guam Legislature, has
never been a successful businessman. He
has never had time for himself. He has been
working for his people since he became a
schoolteacher in 1928 at the age of 20.
But he, did find time to father eight chil-
dren with the former Ana Perez; who has en-
couraged her polit=ician husband through
many periods of heartbreaks and victories
alike.
The congenial political leader was born
in the southern village of Sumay, which was
destroyed during World War II. Just 2 days
before his l3d birthday Japanese bombers
destroyed Pat's home village.
He has been so affirmative for his people
that he son: etime e-becomes negative.
Two years after World War II ended one
political element started a campaign for a
territorial status to get out from under a
military government. With a fellow con-
gressman
Eduardo T
Calvo
" Pat fou
ht
the navy government should remain until
the island was rehabilitated and the island
economy fully recovered.
Debunking harsh criticism brought about
by American columnists and bids by other
U.S. Government departments for control of
the island, all of which brought Guam to the
fore in world news, the Guam congress on
resolution urging continuation of the naval
government.
But, almost immediately Pat took a 380'
turn. He started working for a territorial
status. He knew it would be a long, hard
fight and time was important. By the time
Washington could be convinced, Guam would
be in a position to handle the new status.
Three years later there was a new era for
Guam. The organic act, which Pat helped
draft, made Guam a territory of the United
States and the Guamanians American citi-
zens.
During that 3 years Pat gained In-
valuable friends in the U.S. Congress.
Through his efforts the organic act pro-
vided a free port, the only free port under
the American flag today. Anything that is
the growth of or manufacture of Guam
leaves there duty free and enters any other
American poets duty free. In addition, there
is not one red penny in. export or import
duties levied in Guam. One may import or
export anything and in any quantity without
the burden of duty charges.
Guam was also given a nice deal for the
territorial treasury. All U.S. income taxes
due the U.S..Government by residents of
Guam, U.S. civil service employees, and
American servicemenstationed on the island
September 12
does not go to the National Treasury. It goes
to the Guam treasury. This is in lieu of U.S.
Government appropriations to run the ter-
ritorial government. The more earnings, the
more money in the local coffers.
The organicact also provides for a 21-seat,
single house legislature, and the legislators
are elected at large by the people. The
legislature is empowered to enact laws for
the territory not inconsistent with national
laws. And there are provisions by which the
legislature may override the veto power of
the Governor.
Since the first Governor was appointed
in 1950, Guam has had six Governors.
Speaker Won Pat has never been a yes man
for any of them. He has fought them with
all his resources when it became necessary
for the welfare of the people. Under Pat's
leadership the Guamanian people have de-
veloped a stirring pride in the right and
ability to govern themselves.
One of the Governors, Ford Q. Elvidge, of
Seattle, left Guam in a huff when he learned
the island was not a sleepy little Pacific
island without problems. He later wrote a
story for a national magazine entitled, "I
Ruled Uncle Sam's Problem Child."
Guamanians took a bitter exception to the
story. But not the reference to being a prob-
lem child. They objected to the inference
that Elvidge ruled them. "No one rules us,"
retorted Won Pat, "we rule ourselves."
But the legislator has also joined forces
with the Governors, and even has caused
resolutions to be passed commending Gov-
ernors-when he thought it was deserved
or for the welfare of the people.
After more than 50 years under a military
government the Guamanians, with the lead-
ership such as that of Pat, it seemed it
was time the islanders and their political
leaders should be satisfied and feel as though
a long, hard battle had been won.
True, it was a big victory, and Guam was
jubilant. But Won Pat believes in exploit-
ing your successes. The stabilizing influ-
ence of the dedicated Congressman was again
felt at home and in Washington.
"This is not the time to relax," he said.
"On the contrary, the fight has just begun.
There is much yet to be done and there will
be much to be done from now until eternity.
We are on our own and we must make good,
not only for ourselves but for our country.
Guamis a picture window facing the Bam-
boo Curtain. We are the closest Americans
to that curtain. We must make good under
a democratic form of government and at
the same time create a favorable atmosphere
for our military forces."
Pat has always gotten along with the mili-
tary commanders better than he has with,
the Governors. At his instigation a resolu-
tion was passed commending the late Rear
Admiral William H. Erdmann, commander,
naval forces, Marianas. At the time the re-
solution was passed the Governor and the
admiral were not on speaking terms.
Since the Organic Act was passed, Guam
has received several Government grants with
which to improve medical and educational
programs of the island. These and other
"favors" were given to Guam through the
efforts of Pat's lobbying in Washington.
While the legislature is not in session the
speaker is in Washington working for Guam.
He receives expense money from the legis-
lature, but this money does not fully cover
his expenses in the Nation's Capital. He is
continuously digging into his personal funds
to make up the difference.
Probably the greatest and most valuable
political victory since the passage of the
Organic Act was won only recently. Until
a year ago there had been an economic
stranglehold on Guam in the form of a secu-
rity clearance required for all persons, In-
cluding American citizens, entering Guam.
A tourist industry has long been desired
there and foreign investments are needed.
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 1962 CONORE ONAL RECORD - APPENDIX
But the security clearance requirement
scared away potential investors. A year ago
the Navy suspended that part of the Presi- EXTENSION OF REMARKS
dential Executive order that pertained to of
American citizens. But aliens still could
not enter and the Navy could at any time put HON. E. C. GATHINGS
the clamps back on for American citizens.
As far as -enticing investments were con- OF ARKANSAS
cerned, the island was not much better off. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Won Pat joined with Gov. Bill Daniel
in lobbying where it would do the most Wednesday, September 12, 1962
good-in Washington. Last week thei ef- Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Speaker, the
forts paid off. President Kennedy lifted the people of the United States cannot per-
elitire Executive order, throwing Guam open mit the establishment of a Communist
to the world.
? .The modest lawmaker does not take full slave-state in Cuba.
credit for concessions that have been gained Mr. William S. White, one of Wash-
from the "big brothers" in Washington. "No ington's most knowledgeable writers, has
one man can take credit for anything like written an article which appeared re-
that," he says. "My fellow Congressmen, the Gently in the Washington Star. Entitled
Governor, and our Navy friends have all had "The Menace of Communist Cuba," the
ahand in mapping Guam's future, and they
always will have." article states the problem and makes cer-
"I have been, extremely fortunate in find- taro suggestions for a solution to the
ing U.S. Congressmen who are sympathetic matter. Since earliest solution to the
with our desires and who have an open mind problem is demanded, Members will be
to problems outside the continental United particularly interested in the proposals
States." Mr. White makes:
Pat has been not only a political leader,
but active in civic affairs as well. He is a THE PASSING SCENE: THE MENACE OF COM-
member of the Guam Junior Chamber of MUNIST CUBA
Commerce and, in 1947, represented the (By William S. White)
Guam Junior Chamber of Commerce at the The Soviet Union's publicly boasted mil-
international conclave in Dallas, Tex. He itary penetration of the Western Hemisphere
was the first president of the Guam Lions in Castro Cuba is many things, apart from
Club and Fraternal Order of Eagles. the most insolent menace to the New World
He frequently participates in committee that the United States has ever tolerated.
hearings in Washington. At home he is con- it destroys forever the airy assurances of
stantly being called upon to speak before pseudoliberals that "revolutionary move-
civic and professional clubs. ments" are fine things, indeed-so long as
The veteran politician was elected speaker they involve 3eftwingers and not right-
of the first Guam Legislature and has held wingers.
that post ever since, except during the third It I- es a terrible responsibility before
c
validity of the Organization of American
States. This association of the nations of
this hemisphere was created to prevent just
the kind of foreign penetration which is and
long has been so openly involved in Castro
Cuba.
But an effective majority of the OAS has
thus far been unwilling to take any fully
rational step against Castro Cuba. The
most ironic of all excuses Is given by the
nation closest in geography to us, Mexico.
She has said that while she would like to
help, she just can't find any precedent for
it in international practice. There is a sour
jest in this-for Mexico, of course, is famous
for its scrupulous respect for both law and
justice.
COURSE FOR UNITED STATES
So what is now left to the United States?
We should try one more time to persuade the
Organization of American States to act in
honesty and honor against the Soviet cancer
in the Caribbean.
Failing this, we should raise a new collec-
tive military organization from among the
minority who are our real friends in Latin
America. Much the same was done in 1949,
when we created the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization from within the United Nations
when it became clear that the U.N. would do
nothing about Soviet aggression in Europe.
And failing this, the United States should
act alone to clear the Soviet military appa-
ratus from Castro Cuba, come what might.
Knowles Stockholders To Vote on
Liquidation
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ARCH A. MOORE, JR.
- OF WEST VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, September 12, 1962
legislature ( th 6) when there was a revolt p
history upon all those Americans who cheered
on the floor of of the legislature by a minority Fidel Castro on in Cuba long past the point
group of independents who failed to abide where it was plain that he was transplant-
by an agreement reached during the caucus. ing the evil fungus of armed international
As busy as he is, Pat always has time for communism to within 90 miles of our Florida
his constituents, regardless of their social coastline.
position. At receptions, which he attends UNMASKS COMMUNISM
because it is politically neecssary, he in- bankrupts the whole evangelistic
variably talks business and listens to com It
with religious fervor, that
plaints and suggestions. He never takes them theory, parroted wi wi from capitalistic
lightly. Every complaint or suggestion is tice , et cetera, and will vanish at once, given
taken seriously and he always provides es an the spreading of sufficient welfarism among
answer to quarries, the masses. Cuba, before Castro, was never
When Congressman Won Pat visited Oki- half so underprivileged as dozens of other
nawa last summer as a guest of the Morning lands which have nevertheless never sought
Star his first request was an opportunity to the lethal embrace of Moscow.
meet with Guamanian servicemen stationed It fully supports what has long been fully
here, He, as all Guamanians are, is proud obvious-that communism, like Hitlerism
of the record of Guamanians who have en before. it, is a movement of bandit ferocity
tered the Armed Forces. He never misses and cannot be explained by old-lady minds
opportunity to pass on words of encourage-
as simply springing from too little milk for
meat and appreciation to Guamanians in the kiddies and too little free land for the
uniform. workers and peasants.
One of the probabilities in the future for' It brings into the gravest question the
Guamanians is the election of their own practicality of the vast effort being made by
Governor. There has been much speculation the United States through the Alliance for
that Won Pat would throw his hat in the progress to cure all the ills of Latin America
ring. But he scotches these speculations,
with economic aid. Foreign aid is a sound
There is still another probability for Guam's and splendid thing-when it is given to na-
future-a delegate to Congress such as tions willing and able to use it for freedom's
Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines at one strength and openly and unashamedly
time enjoyed and such as that now enjoyed against communism.
by Puerto Rico. But the bulk of the more powerful Latin
Pat is mum on the subject but it is be- American nations, while avidly ready for our
lieved that he is interested in this job. "This economic aid, repeatedly have refused to fol-
is the area in which I can best help my low us in any total quarantine of Castro
people," he once said. "It would mean leav- Cuba. It is fashionable to say that we, the
big my home to live in Washington, but United States, should never force our views
I'm away from home so much now that it upon the recipients of our aid. This is the
would not be much different." line even when precisely our views are essen-
era Guam and is it on wouldthe be a safe threshold beoft that another the ne 54- w tial to maintain that freedom from "for-
'year-old popular politician will be in there eign domination" for which the Latins so
"fighting even more vigorously. It's the new endlessly clamor-especially those who have
eras that prompt Pat to fight harder for his snuggled up closest to International com-
A6757
Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, those who
have suggested that American industry
is safe under the provisions of the new
foreign trade bill just recently passed
by the House of Representatives should
have cause to fear.
Recently in my district, the Edwin M
Knowles China Co., which had been in
business in this Nation for 63 years, an-
nounced it was closing its doors and
liquidating. By this decision, 500 em-
ployees have no place to go.
The reason for this decision was that
under present tariff policies, wherein
imports of foreign made pottery are en-
couraged, a company could not operate
profitably.
Mr. Speaker,. if this is so under ex-
isting trade policies, I hesitate to think
what will be the fate of many like in-
dustries after the new foreign trade bill
becomes law.
Mr. Speaker, under unanimous con-
sent, I include an article from the East
Liverpool (Ohio) Review which covers
the announcement that this company
will cease to do business:
KNOWLES STOCKHOLDERS To VOTE ON
LIQUIDATION
Stockholders of the Edwin M. Knowles
China Co. have received notice of a special
meeting Thursday, September 13 at 2 p.m.
in the company's office at Newell to vote on
accepting or rejecting a.plan for liquidating
the corporation.
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 Approved For Release 2006/11/11 : CIA-RDP64B00346R000200150007-0
"At the annual meeting of the share-
holders on March 20, 1962, the ]?,card of Di-
rectors was authorized and. dir,Icted to sell
the corporation. The Board 2k_ i21r;,ectors,that might have. been .adopted had the
and oi8cers have been unable kq =Arc _a opportunity presented itself
.
baser for the corporation and at a The trade bill as passed by this body
ecial meeting of the Board of I21rentors..was therefore the hill a_c it rmm. ?+ of
sar b the board of directors because of e Inventories and if they so regard his statement, in whole
y Y (3) collect ;he accounts receivable.
the continuing operating losses being suf- or in part. There has been no reply. I
fered by the corporation," the letter said. DISPOSE OF ASSETS feel that the absence of a refutation in
"Due to the present tariff poilcjes which _, Upon liquidation of the current assets, the
The letter revealed that the shareholders prior to the meeting upon notice In writing
at their annual meeting o:a March 20 author- delivered to the secretary of the corporation."
Ized the board of directors to sell the cor-
poration. Unable to secure a'purchaser, the YOUR STEPS PROVIDED
board voted unanimously August 21 to rec- The proposed plan of liquidation sets forth
ommend to the stockholders that the cor- four steps.' It would authorize the corpora-
poration be dissolved a.nd its assets be tion's officers, if they deem it advisable, to
liquidated, the letter said.,. seek the- advice of consultants "knowledg-
the UING LOSSES CITED able in such matters" concerning the vari-
ous steps to be followed in the liquidation.
Continuing operating losses made the ac- It would. authorize the officers to take
tion appear desirable because it seems un- necessary .ction to (1) dispose of the pre-
likely the operation will become profitable sent inventories In a manner most advanta-
in the foreseeable future, the letter to the geous to the corporation; (2) terminate all
stockholders said, It was signed by Roger inanufactw-ing operations as rapidly as pos-
A. Hall, as secretary of the corporation. sible consistent with the greatest possible
"This action is deemed desirable and necea- realization of cash from th
A6758 CO, GRESS.ICcNAL RECORD.- APPENDIX
w
n
i
m
now es re an ng assets to
1
a son of Isaac Watt Knowles, founder of the the shareholders.
Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Co.
PRODUCT OF QUALITY
not seem possible for the, operation, of the would be most beneficial to the corporation, Under leave to extend my remarks in
company to become profitable in the fore_ either by a. negotiated sale or sales or by the RECORD, I offer the analysis made by
seeable future." the employment of a professional liquidator. Mr. Strackbein and presented over TV
The 63-year-old company employes approx- The plan would authorize the board to channel 5 on August 22:
Imately 400 to 500. It was established at satisfy all debts and liabilities of the corpora- THE SPunsous TRADE BILL
Chester about 1900 b Ed
tion and distribute the
i
M K
i
`You are hereby notified that a special
meeting of the shareholders of the Edwin M.
Knowles China Co. will be held at the office
of the corporation at Newell O:a September
13, 1962; at 2 p.m. to consider and approve
or disapprove a plan of liquidation of the
corporations and the subsequent dissolution
of the corporation. A copy of the proposed
plan of liquidation is enclosed herewith.
The Spurious Trade Bill
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
at Newell. The Chester plant was sold about HON..4RCH A. MOORE, JR.
1930 to the Harker Pottery Co.
Here's the text of the letter, sent to the OF WEST VIRGINIA
stockholders: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
He erected a six-kiln Plant L in Chester,
which he named the Edwin M. Knowles
China Co., and "soon won fame for thequal-
ity of hie, product," according to contem-
porary porary newspaper accounts.
In 1913, Knowles erected a It-kiln factory
__ ?" committee. Numerous bills under an
unanimously decided to recommend to the
shasehoide:rs that the _ Corporation be open rule are amended on the floor.
liquidated and dissolved. This is not regarded as a reflection on
'This action is deemed. desirable' and' the committee that reported such legis-
necessary by the Board of Ilirec ,ors because lotion but a reflection of the will of the
of the continuing operating losses being House.
suffered by the corporation. ;?ue to the It is therefore not too much to say
present tariff policies, which encourage in- that had the trade bill been open to
creasing imports of foreign dinnerware pro- amendment on the floor some much-
possible with low labor costs, it does not seem
possible for the operation of the company needed amendments might have been
to become profitable in the foreseeable adopted. The escape clause, instead of
future. being weake:ae4 by gutting it, might have
SIXTY-PERCENT VOTE :1EQUatED been strengthened. The peril point, in-
"For the plan of liquidation and-the dis- stead` of being thrown overboard, might
solution of the corporation to become effec- have been reinstated. Other important
tive, a favorable vote of -at last Blipercent changes might have been made.
of the outstanding, shares of the corporation - The bill has some very objectionable
is required. If you cannot attend the meet- features and much of the endless propa-
ing in person, you are urged to promptly sign ganda that was poured out in its sup-
and return the enclosedproxy in the enclosed
envelope port by the White House, various gov-
.
"An executed proxy, upon which no ap- mental departments, and numerous
proval or dt:sapproval is noted, will be voted other Government officials was mislead-
by the proxies named therein for approval ing. No other bill has perhaps been more
of the plan of liquidation and in'lavor of the thoroughly oversold than this one. The
dissolution of the corporation. Any proxy public is beginning to sense this and
may be. revoked by a shareholder It any time questions are being asked that must be
September 12
most embarrassing to the official propa-
gandists.
A searching analysis of the bill and
what has been claimed for.it in the form
of larger exports of both industrial and
farm products, was recently made by
Mr. O. R. Strackbein, whose intimate
familiarity with the trade program and
the legislation relating to it needs no af-
firmation by me.
I would hope that those who disagree
with Mr. Strackbein's conclusions would
show, not by simple assertion, but by a
(By O. R. Strackbein)
A few weeks ago I spoke on the subject
of the trade bill that will shortly come
before the Senate.
This legislation has been described on
numerous occasions as the most important
to come before the Congress during this
session. I would say that its' importance
extends beyond that, and believe that you
will agree as we go along.
The original Trade Agreements Act was
passed in 1934, or 28 years ago. Under it
the President was authorized to enter into
foreign trade agreements with the purpose
of reducing our tariffs and other trade bar?
riers in return for similar action by other
countries.
The first act was for a 3-year period and
there have been 11 extensions of it since
1934, usually for a 1-, 2-, or 3-year period.
The last extension, passed in 1958, was for
4 years.
Previously the tariff was written by the
Congress itself, as provided in our Constitu-
tion. However, this became a laboriousand
highly technical process. The new system
of changing tariff rates through trade agree-
ments was substituted by a limited delega-
tion of authority to the President in 1934.
Today a much broader authority is sought.
Since1934 we have negotiated many trade
agreements and have brought down the pro-
tection afforded by our tariff from an aver-
age of a little over 50 percent on dutiable
items to about 11 percent. This represented
a decline of 80 percent. Beyond that, well
over a third of our imports are admitted
free of duty. If these are included in the
calculation, the average tariff on our total
imports would be equivalent to only about
6 percent.
The upshot is that the United States is
now one of the low-tariff countries of the
world. Moreover, we impose fewer other im-
port restrictions, such as import quotas, im-
port licenses, special taxes, etc., than most
others of the leading trading nations.
This is the record and I do not think that
anyone will gainsay it.
Why then the vastly overdrawn campaign
to strip away nearly all of what is left of
the tariff? It has all the earmarks of a
diversionary campaign.
Consider that few other countries have
matched us in this type of economic dis-
armament;that few have gone as far as we,
and that therefore few have as liberal a form
of trade as we; consider that we are four-
fifths of fhe way to free trade and that we
have no import quotas on any industrial
product and have only two on mineral prod-
ucts and a few on. farm products: keep in
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Wednesday, September 12, 1962
Mr. MOORE. Mr. Speaker, as action
on the trade bill, H.R. 11970, approaches
in the other body, we in this body should
not forget that the tariff and trade ques-
tion is still a very live issue.
It is true that this body passed the bill
late in June; but the bill came up un-
der a closed rule and the House mem-
bership was not able to work its will oil
 7
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1962
CON(RESSIONAL RECORD -HOUSE
preciate all the efforts he has made along
munism must not become a token of
barter for another cold-war hotspot.
The people of America will not tolerate
this type of rationale which might predi-
cate the trade of a Communist base In
Cuba for a rightful U.S. position in some
other area of the world such as Berlin.
Our position to protect the security of
the Nation in this hemisphere must not
be diverted to inaction because some
alleged action might be taken by the
Communists elsewhere.
. The need for action is urgent. The
United States must seize the opportunity
to reaffirm its tradition for the leader-
ship of freemen. Hopefully, America
will expel its unrealistic course and ad-
dress itself with the same confidence
which has made it great.
Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. I yield to
the gentleman from Pennsylvania.
Mr. WALTER. `Mr. Speaker, I wish
to congratulate the distinguished gentle-
-man from. Florida on a perfectly mag-
nificent statement. I think one of the
most dangerous situations confronting
the free world today is the lack of an
appreciation on the part of the people
generally of what the real menace of
communism is. The gentleman, as
usual, is making a very fine contribution
to that great fight in which we are en-
gaged.
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr.
Speaker, I am very grateful to the gen-
tleman from Pennsslvania for his re-
marks. Certainly his leadership in this
fight against communism is recognized
by all of us In the Congress and by the
people of the United States. Again, I am
most grateful for his comments.
Mr. HALEY. 'Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. I yield to
the gentleman from Florida.
Mr. HALEY. Mr. Speaker, I, too,
want to commend the gentleman for
the excellent statement he is making
here today. He and I and other mem-
bers of the Florida delegation have
watched this situation develop and have
tried to alert the Members of Congress
and the people of the United States to
what 'is really going on. I think the
American people and perhaps the Con-
gress and the executive branch of our
Government have forgotten one thing.
Cuba enjoyed freedom only because of
the spilling of American blood, which
gave them that freedom. We as Ameri-
can citizens, I think, had an obligation
to see to it that Cuba remained a free
and independent nation. We had a
great }responsibility to see to it that the
Cuban people -remained free, and cer-
tainly we should have been alert to the
changing situation a long time ago. I
know that the gentleman from Florida
[Mr. RoGExsl and I and all other mem-
bers of the Florida delegation have urged
firm,, strong action. That is what was
needed 3-years . ago, 3 months ago, and
what is needed how to get rid of this
'cancerous growth in Cuba. It is the only
-way. _ I
Mr. ROGERS of Florida. Mr.
Speaker, t thank the gentleman. I ap-
No. 164=12
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. HIESTAND. Mr. Speaker, the
Nation again has been shocked with the
news of the buildup of Communist mili-
tary strength. This time in Cuba, 90
miles off our shores.
That our Government has allowed this
further aggression and insult is a fur-
ther shock to the American people. Over
a year ago at the time our State De-
partment and CIA induced the President
to withhold air support to a patriotic
band of 1,100 Cubans attacking Castro
in the Bay of Pigs, I addressed this
House warning that our position was
playing right into the hands of the Com-
munist Conspiracy.
Today, I have introduced a measure
reaffirming the principle known as the
Monroe Doctrine declaring that with re-
spect to the individual nations of the
Western Hemisphere, the United States
will review any interposition for the pur-
pose of oppressing them or controlling
their destiny as the manifestation of an
unfriendly disposition toward the United
States.
Mr. Speaker, I urge early action on
this resolution. The time is now. Russia
has publicly reaffirmed its policy of mili-
tary aid and buildup and has frankly
warned that any interference with her
operations in Cuba will call for reprisal.
A year ago I urged a blockade of
Castro's Cuba to prevent this very land-
ing of arms, ammunition, tanks, guns,
planes, and missiles. Now it is hap-
pening.
During this year we have continued to
ship Castro's government food supplies.
How many of the 7,000 Russian soldiers
known as "technicians" we are feeding
is not known but certainly Cubans who
could be raising food are working under
forced draft to militarize the island.
A year ago the Pentagon told me we
could take over the island in 18 hours.
A few months from now it would be
only at a bloody cost and long siege.
We have no desire to take over the
island except to free the beleaguered
Cuban people, to let them set up a free
government, which is not a threat to the
Western Hemisphere. Mr. Speaker, I
urge the early adoption of this measure.
IS KATANGA ON THE AUCTION
BLOCK?
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
LIBONATI). Under the previous order of
the House the gentleman from Indiana
[Mr. BRUCE] is recognized for 60 min-
utes.
(Mr. BRUCE asked and was given
permission to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BRUCk. Mr. Speaker, first I
want to take a moment to congratulate
18137
the gentleman from Florida [Mr.
RoGERs], who preceded me, for his ex-
cellent presentation.
I would like to preface my remarks to--
day with an expression of my apprecia-
tion for the research and translation
which was done by the staff of the Li-
brary of Congress during the past year.
Without their invaluable help this pres-
entation today would not have been pos-
sible and I wish to thank everyone at the
Library for their cooperation and help.
I wish also to express my gratitude to
my assistant, Nicholas Nonnenmacher,
who has worked day and night for
months in researching this case. Also
George Armstrong, of my staff, who was
most diligent; and the girls on the staff
who did double duty in this work.
Mr. Speaker, Dr. Albert Schweitzer,
revered throughout the world as Africa's
heroic scientist-humanitarian, recipient
of the Nobel Prize for his life of service
to the people of that great continent, has
expressed his profound concern with the
tragedy of the United Nations operations
in the Congo.
Dr. Schweitzer declared in a statement
to the Swiss journalist, M. Jean de Zieg-
ler, of Geneva, on August 28, 1961:
The policy of the V.N. In the former Bel-
gian Congo causes me great anxiety because
it proceeds from a total ignorance of the
country's problems. It is a grave error to
try and unite by force people so profoundly
divided among themselves. If Katanga is
unwilling to be reunited with the Congo, the
U.N. should respect its wishes and not try
to impose its own will at any cost.
To its everlasting shame, the United
States of America has backed to the hilt
the policy of the United Nations that
Albert Schweitzer deplores.
Mr. Speaker, does anyone In this
Chamber really know what is behind our
incredible policy in the Congo?
Bishop Fulton J. Sheen spelled out the
background for this tragedy in his col-
umn April 15, 1961. Let me quote him in
the Brooklyn Tablet of that date:
Behind the minor political struggles in the
Congo is the implacable war of the Com-
munists against the church. Here are the
inside facts of the Congo story:
Russia plans to Sovietize central Africa.
For 2 years the Soviets gave Lumumba
$400,000 a month to buy followers and pro-
vide them with cars.
Lumumba set up a Communist organiza-
tion among his fellow tribesmen, the Bate-
telas, making them believe he was the in-
carnation of his ancestors.
During the elections, Lumumba's troops
destroyed most of the ballot boxes of the
other candidates. But only 23 percent of the
population voted because of their opposition
to him; in other regions 85 percent voted.
The plans for the Communist revolution in
the Congo were prepared in Prague and in
the first 3 months Lumumba carried out the
first three points: (1) organize mutiny in
the army; (2) put the blame on the Bel-
gians; (3) organize a terrorist regime.
The resentment of the Soviets against the
death of Lumumba reveals their disappoint-
ment in not taking over the Congo. (The
Soviets could astonish the world by telling
their part in his death. Remember Lu-
mumba failed them.) But the Soviets have
-a substitute for Lumumba in Gizenga, the
Communist dictator in Stanleyville who was
educated in Moscow and Prague. Others are
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cQN RE,SSIONAL RECORD HOUSE September 12
Kaebpuka who visited P'.eipbolg and Dayal who
works under Communist orders.
The Communists have planted two ad-
visers in Washington, both of whom were
thrown out of_ Louvanium 'university in the
Congo for their Communist..:ativities.
'Sevin ty percent of ]:kopoldville's popula-
tion are unemployed. Com,nunist s have in-
troduced moral degeneration to the youth
of the city. Some 90 pert ent of the boys
smoke hemp;, immorality is encouraged; at-
tendance at mass. has _d.eclir ed to 10 percent
of the men, Z percent,o f thg,women._.,
Missionaries hs,vp been persecuted beyond
description-priests mutilated, nuns tor-
tured and ravished.
There, Mr. Speaker, is the naked truth
about the situation in the- Congo-pre-
sentecl by a most highly respected clergy-
man whose lifework is to know the prob-
lems of the people and. the areas in which
the irlissionaries of his' church labor
throughout the world. There are the
facts of the situatioU that, helped decide
Moishe Tshombe to had his Province of
Katanga outof chaos and_lnto sanity as
an independent country--yet establish-
ing in the new Katangan Constitution
the intention to join with a soundly con-
stituted confederation of- the Congo
Provinces. - - --
That Constitution state1i_in article .1:
Katanga is an independent, sovereign, and
constitutional state.
The Constitution shall not be suspended
either in part or as a whole. -
The State of Katanga adheres to the prin-
ciple of association with the other regions of
the former Belgian Congo provided they
themselves are politically organized with re-
spect to law and order. It shall open ne-
gotiatio:ns to constitute with- the same a
confederation based only upon the equality
of its partners.
President Tshombe, with. decision and
statesmanship, brought E.atanga from
the disorder and horror described. by
Bishop Sheen to order and peace within
a matter of days.
Katanga would have remained that
way-but we brought terror and chaos
back to Katanga-with the policy con-
demned by the man who may be Africa's
finest authority, Dr. Albers Schweitzer.
President John F. Kennedy, Secretary
of State Rusk, Under Secretary George
Ball, officials down the line in this ad-
ministration have lauded that policy,
have insisted on the wisdom of that
policy, and today ask us to vote _$100
million to pay for the costs of that policy
effected by the United Nations.
Mr. Speaker, is there a man in this
Chamber who will rise to chow creden-
tials establishing himself as a greater
authority on Africa than Nobel Prize-
winner Albert Schweitzer. Is there a
man in this Chamber who can rise and
prove Bishop Sheen in error as he de-
scribed the conditions from which
Tshombe seceded? - --
Is there a man in this Chamber who
can rise and prove that Katanga's Con-
stitution required that that state had to
be bullied and bombed by the United
Nations i;o restore unity to the Congo?
Mr. Speaker, then I repeat, Does any-
one in this Chamber really know what
Is behind our incredible policy in the
Congo? A policy that has sought to de-
For months I have pondered the ques-
tion-and sought the answer.
It wss best put by a European writer:
'Despite warning, Mr. Kennedy's entourage
has not modified its irrational policy in re-
lation to the Congo.
Why this obstinacy in pursuing an erro-
neous course?
Mr. Speaker; that writer gave a star-
tling answer. He said the reason was
that American business interests have
launched into profitable ventures in Leo-
poldville and elsewhere in the Congo.
I have.looked..into this possibility, and
have turned-up what many of you may
well consider to be supporting evidence
for that provocative answer to that per-
sistent, gnawing question. Why?
Mr. Speaker, exactly 1 year ago today
I stood in this Chamber and demanded
an Investigation into the policy of our
Government in the Congo. With the
facts in my possession at that time about
the State Department's irresponsible pol-
icy I knew we were headed for disaster
in that area.
On September 12, 1961, I cried out
from this very spot to my colleagues:
I beg the members of the Foreign Rela-
tions Committee, and the Foreign Affairs
Committee of the House of Representatives-
I beg anyone and everyone in this Chamber
to lend their influence toward raising a cry
that an investigation, not necessarily of sub-
version but of a repetition of failure of ,pol-
icy, be carried out right now in regard to
the Congo. It cannot wait until next year.
The time for action is now, not when it is
too late. i beg my colleagues to listen-now.
Mr. Speaker, here it is next year-1
year to the day since my call for an in-
vestigation a_ call that tragically has
-be enigncred..
-Since the U.S. Congress failed to un-
dertake an investigation into our pol-
icy-which has supported that of the
U.N. in the Congo, many innocent human
beings, men, women, and children have
died tragically-and millions of dollars
in destruction has been wrought In Ka-
tanga by the United Nations by planes,
bombs, and mortars in action paid, for by
your tax money and mine.
What a ghastly performance. Think
of it in the light of the words of Dr. Al-
bert Schweitzer:
If Katanga is unwilling to be reunited with
the Congo, the U.N. should respect its wishes
and not try to impose its own will at any
cost.
What a cost. What a tragedy. Be-
cause we did not investigate our fantas-
tic policy, it has been allowed to continue
for 12 additional months-long months
and costly ones-in treasure, and lives,
in brutality and horror, in maimed
bodies and broken hearts. And all of
this in the satanic hypocrisy that cries
to Heaven for revenge-in the name of
peace, committed by man's great hope,
the United Nations, endorsed by our
elected and appointed leaders-in your
name and mine.
Mr. Speaker, I am only one Congress-
man. I have no investigating committee
at my call. I have only a small staff.
But I felt it my duty to try to get to the
bottom of .it all-to find the why behind
a policy persisted in despite the con-
demnations of so many Americans like
Herbert Hoover, Senator THOMAS Donn,
and countless others.
I have spent every possible moment
researching this area, interviewing peo-
ple who come from the Congo and folks
who have visited there, reading reports
and books about that area, and I have
had members of my staff do likewise.
It was perhaps not politically expedi-
ent for me, for Katanga has no votes in
the 11th District of Indiana.
But because I sincerely believe our Na-
tion's honor and dignity and therefore
that of the people of my district, have
been despoiled as never before in our
history, I felt the compulsion to press
forward within the limitations of time
and size of staff toward the end that
justice be done in Katanga. History will
record us among the ranksof the world's
great hypocrites unless we right the
wrongs we have perpetrated in the
Congo.
Mr. Speaker, during the past year, and
of course, before that, I have sought out
reports on the Congo in the press of
Africa, Europe, and America. From time
to time I would come acrossan isolated
item that pointed toward the possibility
of something other than stupidity, which
long since must be written off as the why
behind our policy, something other than
Communist influence on our policy-
which ever remains a daily goal of our
enemies in Moscow, and which could be
the case. These items pointed toward
international avarice.
In fact, flat charges were made in the
international, press that this was the
case. I tried to track down these
charges. Today I bring them to your
attention.
Mr. Speaker, I as one man, am in no
position to verify these charges or show
their falsity. I have, however, deter-
mined many parts of these charges to be
true. In fact, I might say, I have de-
termined all the charges are true except
proof of intention, proof of motivation.
These charges are such, and the un-
assailable facts I have developed are
such, that this Congress has no other
course than to establish immediately a
bipartisan committee to investigate in
the most exhaustive manner the matter
I shall now present to you in detail.
Here are some of the headlines to the
stories I have referred to:
In a Swiss newspaper: "The Intense
Rivalry for Katangese Copper-the
Strange Role of Mr. H's Brother."
In a British fortnightly: "L'Union
Miniere and American Copper Interests."
in an American newspaper: "What
Was Dag's Congo Motive?"
In a French magazine: "American
Big Business in Katanga and the U.N."
In a Paris newspaper: "Katanga on
the Auction Block-I. Tribalism and
High Finance; II. The War of the
Lobbies."
Mr. Speaker, in that last item, by the
very titles of its two part series that ap-
peared in January of this year, the
French anti-Tshombe Parisian news-
paper, Le Monde, highly respected in
liberal circles, indicated that Union
Miniere-which is all we have heard
about in this country-was not the only
financial interest involved in the Katan
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1962 C IIQNGRESSIONAL RECORD JOLTSE
"AT MILITARY RECOMMENDED
The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Nation's
top military experts,` had no part in the
ifltary operations. Those military
actual m
leaders had recommended early that, to in-
sure success, some U.S. Armed Forces should
take part in any Invasion, and that air cover
and support should be supplied by the United
States.
The recommendations of the military lead-
ers were rejected. It was the Central Intel-
ligence Agency and the White House that
finally ran the show and fixed the terms on
which the anti-Castro Cubans could fight.
The fateful decision was a political deci-
sion-not a military decision.
One civilian official who was close to the
whole invasion operation now makes this
judgment:
"In retrospect, the political decision was
A military man, also close to the operation,
said this:
"If you go back to that time and look at
the whole problem, you find that'this coun-'
try faced one fundamentalquestion: Can we'
permit a Communist country in this Western
Hemisphere? Now, if the answer is 'yes,'
then you do one thing. If the answer is 'no,'
you do another.
"But if you weasel on that answer, start
compromising, then you wind up in confu
sion-with no real answer. Qlze thing we
should have learned from tbhis Cuban fiasco
is this: You can't run a military gperation
(Mr. GUBSER (at the request of Mrs.
MAY) was given permission to extend his
remarks at this point in the RECORD and
to include extraneous matter,)
Mr. GUBSER. Mr, Speaker, the news
of a Soviet military buildup in Cuba,,
which is now admitted by the adminis-
tration, is serious indeed.
,It is incredible to me that President,
Kennedy would allow the Soviet to make
good on Khrushchev's statement of 1961:
that "the only thing left to do with the
Monroe Doctrine is bury it." Because no
action was taken to protect what has
been a cornerstone of our hemispheric
policy since 1823, communism has in-
vaded this hemisphere in defiance of the
Monroe Doctrine. No amount of word
juggling can call that a "defensive" ac-
tion. This is not the type of leadership
which has thrilled readers of U.S. history.
While I fully believe it is proper for
members of both parties to criticize the
Kennedy administration's handling of
the Cuban situation, just as Senator
Kennedy made it a campaign issue in
1960, I do not care to dwell on the past.
I would rather talk about the future.
I fully believe the President should
order and openly announce daily 'U-2
flights over Cuba. I believe the pilots of
these planes should be ordered to photo-
graph every square inch of Cuba at regu-
lar intervals.
Second, I believe that several ocean-,
going ships should be fitted with short
wave television transmitters and should`
operate in international waters off the
coast of Cuba. These ships, would broad-
cast actual pictures taken' by, our U-2
planes to Cubans and all Latin Ameri-
cans. They should reveal the truth about
Soviet military penetration into Cuba.
Next, I believe the administration
should order a complete blockade against
strategic and military shipments to Cuba.
And as a fourth step, I sincerely be-
lieve that the administration should
recognize a Cuban government in exile
and furnish it with military assistance
in an amount sufficient to win. Never
again should this country be a party to
another Bay of Pigs fiasco.
I do not believe these actions will re-
sult in war with Russia. Russia is much
too practical to use a blockade as justi-
fication for a war which she would be
forced to fight at the end of a 5,000-mile
supply line.
'Unless the United States this firm ac-
tion now, Khrushchev will continue to
bluff for all he can get. Now, as always,
a firm U.S. position is all that will stop
the Communists.
I am confident that U.S. citizens will
support the President in these actions
and I am confident that the Republican
Party will support him. I also believe
that the rest of the world will respect us
for taking these actions and will gain
hope when we take them.
THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF
DEEP AID CUTS
(Mrs. BOLTON (at the request of Mrs.
MAY) was given permission to extend
her remarks at this point in the RECORD
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks I am in-
cluding an address by Hon. Frank M.
Coffin, Deputy Administrator for Opera-
tions, Agency for International Develop-
ment. Mr. Coffin is a former colleague
who served as a very able member of
the Douse Committee on Foreign Affairs.
He has provided a very clear presenta-
tion of the policy implications of deep
cuts in our foreign aid program. As we
will be considering the foreign assistance
appropriation bill next week, I hope that
all Members will read this address and
give careful thought to what Mr. Coffin
says about the situation:
THE POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF DEEP AID CUTS
(Remarks by Hon. Frank M. Coffin, Deputy
Administrator for Operations, Agency for
International Development, at a meeting
of the Point IV Information Committee,
Washington, D.C., Tuesday, September 11,
1962)
This is the season of the year when the
policy debates centering about the Foreign
Assistance Act have faded in memory al-
though they took place only 2 months ago.
Now, in the waning days of this Congress
come the committee actions and debates on
the vital question of the amount of money
to appropriate to carry out the policies.
With time pressing and patience strained,
there is now particularly a need for perspec-
tive and deliberateness. There is a need by
all to be aware of deep and broad policy
issues which, consciously or unconsciously,
are decided by votes on line items in the
upcoming foreign assistance appropriation
bill. There is always a temptation to accept
any round-looking number as an appropri-
ate figure for a cut-to relieve our frustra-
tion over our balance-of-payments problem,
or what we deem irresponsible acts of for-
eign governments. But so to act is like
determining our policy on Berlin on the basis
of the latest remarks of Gromyko or Khru-
shchev.
The round-looking number which I want
to discuss today is the figure of $1 billion
which has been written about as the pos-
sible magic figure for an aid cut. It doubly
deserves to be called round, for it is preg-
nant with many policy decisions.
THE FORGOTTEN FACTS
These decisions, unless we make an effort,
will be made in isolation, as if no history
had been written, as if no one else existed,
as if we were alone in the world. Let me
suggest some forgotten facts which we would
do well to remember.
There is the fact of tension. As we read
of a quickening pulse on the Berlin issue
and in Cuba, of the atmosphere of mingled
hope and apprehension in Laos, the Congo,
West Irian, and Algeria, of the violence in
South Vietnam, we know that this is a time
of tension. And we know also that those who
would have us relax in a time of tension
must bear the burden of persuasion.
The second factor is that of amount. What
is now being requested of Congress is-apart
from funds sought not for expenditure but
to replenish reserves for new investment
guarantees-approximately at the same level
of what was appropriated last year, includ-
ing the Alliance for Progress appropriation
in the spring of 1962. In short, even a cut
of several hundred million dollars will re-
duce our aid program below last year's, A
more massive cut is not only a out of this
year's request; it is a cutback.
The third fact is that of ability to pay.
Our memory is short. We are surprised to
learn that in the days of the Marshall plan
our aid was three times the percentage of our
GNP that it is now, and the absolute burden
on each American citizen was twice as much
then as now.
The fourth is that of partnership. We are
no longer the only nation extending aid.
How many of us realize that, counting West-
ern Europe, the United States, Japan, and
Canada, our partners in aid have 40 percent
of th$ total gross national product and con-
tribute 42.5 percent of total official aid?
Last year saw a greater percentage increase
in their official aid (23.7 percent) than in
ours (20.7 percent), a doubling of their loans
calling for a repayment period of over 20
years. If the United States at this point
were to adopt the policy decisions implicit
in a drastic cut, the effect on these other
nations would be both dramatic and
negative.
The final forgotten fact is that of con-
gressional action. We should not forget,
first, that last year Congress approved in
principle, by its authorization, a general
level of lending-subject to yearly scrutiny
of $1.6 billion a year for the next 4 years.
Secondly, we should not forget that 2
months ago it saw fit to authorize lending
of $1.250 billion for 3 regions of the world
and $500 million more for Latin America.
In other words, Congress not only ratified
but enlarged last year's authority. To
reverse these decisions by a massive cut in
appropriations at this time is to engage in an
adventure in policymaking without policy
debate, and, indeed, contrary to the policy
decisions which have taken place both this
year and last, after full debate.
These, then, are the perspectives for deci-
sion.
A CUT AGAINST WHAT?
How deep is a cut of a billion dollars?
That depends on what is being cut. What is
at stake in the aid battle is not the total $7
billion package being presented to the Con-
gress. For this includes not only our eco-
nomic and military aid programs, but also
such items as $2 billion in loans to the In-
ternational Monetary Fund, the Peace Corps,
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - I4OUSE September 12
administrative expenses for the :Export-Im-
port Bank, contributions to the Interna-
tional Development Association and the
Inter-American' Development :3ank, ad-
ministration of the Ryukyu Islands, and
sums for refugees and migrants; programs.
Against such an omnibus total a cut of
$700 million would appear to be only 10 per-
cent, a cut of $1 billion,.14 percent. But we
are not dealing with a $7 billiC,n aid pro-
gram. We are dealing with an economic aid
request of $3.252 billion and a military aid
request of $1.6 billion, or a total of $4,752
billion.
Against this amount a cut of t -bi lion Is
one-fifth, cc 21 percent. It is almost three
times last year's final percentage cut.
In the past the House 'has several times
shown its reluctance to slash military assist-
ance. If this item is left largely untouched,
then a cut of $1 billion would really be a 31-
percent out, in the total economic aid pro-
gram.
If it were felt that the Alliance for Progress
had more articulate defenders, this item
might be spared major surgery. Under these
circumstances the brunt of a billion dollar
cut would fall on the other 60 countries and
would be almost a 40-percent cut in our
program outside of Latin America.
But, whether it were 21, 31, or 40 percent,
any such cut means several major policy
decisions far this country. Since Africa is the area where our aid,
type-
WHAT WO'CLD BE THE POLICY DECISIONS? activity is new and concentrated in thistype
VV ale 14W...5 -.a.V..a 'P.. a.a ...w,,.,. } &5& be a decision. that our posture toward this
of the aid program: development loans, de-
velopment grants for technical assistance, vast continent in its formative period would
Alliance for Progress, guarantees, for private be a negative one.
for the hard needs 4. Failure to provide reserves for our in-
d
a
s, an
,
investment overse
of the cold war, supporting assistance and vestment guarantee program-$180 million is
the contingency fund, and' military assist- requested-would be a decision to deny to
ance. Any cut approaching a billion dollars the United StatesethQe tmaterrial~Yhelp and
20 European nations in 4 years of the Mar- of Latin America, the range of natural dis-
shall plan. Now we face a vastly more dif- asters such as the earthquake in Iran. * * *
ficult set of problems closer to home and A large cut here, then, is a policy decision
have set out to venture $2.4 billion, less than in advance that the U.S. interest is best
one sixth, over 4 years for 20 Latin American served by not giving the President the re-
nations. sources and the flexibility with which to
This past year has been one of planning act in any of these situations.
and of reviewing plans and proposals. This 6. A out in military assistance is, to its
was done with faith on both sides of the Rio extent, a decision to reduce our defense
Grande that there was a premium placed on overseas. It is a policy decision for uni-
deliberations, that we meant what we said lateral disarmament without having con-
in talking about a decade of progress for the sidered the implications.
Alliance. Today loan programs foreseen for The request for military assistance ($1,500
six countries alone total $360 million. million) is already $100 million less than
We are talalng aTioufa Western Hemis- last year's appropriation. One-half of this
phere loan program costing us 1 percent of goes to 5 countries-Greece, Turkey, Korea,
the Defense Department budget. We are Vietnam, and Taiwan. Eighty-eight percent
talking about an amount that is 10 percent goes to five countries-Greece, Turkey, Korea,
of our budge; this year for outer space. Is has been made that a cut of several hun-
not this investment in our neighbors to the dred million might be attempted. Secretary
south worth at least this fraction? McNamara has urged that we think of this
Any decision to forfeit orderly develop- as not just a cut in what was authorized-
ment in this space is of the utmost gravity. but as important as if our defense budget
3. A substantial cut in the $300 million itself were to be cut by the same percent.
development grant request is a decision for About a billion of this is for past commit-
no new activities in health, education, agri- ments, fixed charges, and maintenance. A
culture, community development, land, tax, cut of 20 percent would more than out force
and governmental reform, cooperatives, free improvement in half, for we have already
trade unions, savings and loan associations, seen -new needs in southeast Asia exceeding
and development banks. Our request is al- our original planning by over $100 million,
most identical with what was actually appro- which will have to come from other parts
"erg...... "` bring to developing countries. Not only is
these programs. Here are the kinds of dis-
tinct decisions we would be making. This is this money rot spent, in the absence of ca-
not, I assure you, the to-be-expected plea of tastrophe, but it would activate four times
an administration spokesman. This is the as much resources for assisting development,
result of hard thinking based on a realistic without taxing the American citizen.
allocation of the kind of deep out we have 5. Even a relatively small cut in the items
been hearing about. of supporting assistance and the contingency
r e-
i t d d
i
l
and narrowly confined as a tool of our foreign
policy. A cut of several hundred million dol-
lars-as rr.,uch as $500 million.-might be
allocated to this program. What is left for
development loans would be substantially
absorbed in fulfilling tentative commitments
to six major countries alone. What about
all the other countries in desperate need of
capital assistance? . - _ quarters of our request was slated for four
We would be shackled in responding to countries-Vietnam, Korea, Laos, Turkey.
the very real development needs of such Three hundred forty-nine million dollars was
countries as Greece, Taiwan, Iran, Thailand, slated for the Far-East alone. If a cut of as
Liberia, and Israel. Our ability to consider much as $75 million is made we would face
projects in at least 10 other countries would the hard choice of maintaining our efforts
be effectively wiped out-countries where in critical areas of the Far East only at the
programs and planning are going forward cost of lowering our guard everywhere else.
with a fair degree of success. faire would be This would mean Inability to respond or
hamstrung in trying to get other countries join other nations in responding to a finan-
off a dole basis and increasingl;r onto a de- cial crisis; inability to offer aid to a coun-
velopmentaI basis. As for the $200 million of try becoming disenchanted with the bloc;
projects nearly ready for approval as of June inability to strengthen a nation threatened
1962, work would be effectively halted except by bloc "liberation" efforts; inability to give
in a few top priority cases. needed assistance to a newly independent
Such a out would therefore be a decision country during a critically formative period;
that development lending was no longer a less ability to assure certain base rights.
vital tool' of foreign policy. Nations would What I have said also applies to the con-
know there would be little capacity to meet tingency fund. Last year $275 million was
new situations. This decision would not be appropriated. The actual uses amounted to
lost on the other developed nations which we something over this as some funds had to
have urged to increase their lending on be transferred from the Department of De-
liberal terms. fense. It is unrealistic to suppose any easier
2. Any >ignificant reduction in the $600 situation confronting the United States this
million for Latin America would be a body year when we consider the possibilities of
blow to the Alliance before the end of the these turbulent times-the unrest through-
first round. out the Far East, the problems of the new
This would be Interpreted as a decision government in Laos, the strife in Vietnam,
that we were writing off Latin America after the problems and opportunities posed by the
less than a year of serious effort. Fifteen new Algeria, the uncertainties of the Congo,
years ago we freely wagered $1.3 billion on the entire Middle East, the Caribbean, all
l..e ttypiuprlnb.v..a piwcaa .a - -....... -
one to spotlight waste and inefficiency, to
keep the executive department on its toes.
But there is a point when cuts in appropria-
tions become policy decisions of the most
sweeping kind. Such would be any cuts of
the magnitude suggested. In a time of ac-
celerating tensions over Berlin, Cuba, and
other cold war hotspots, these are grave
decisions.
If a patient has scalp wounds, a lobotomy
is not the wise approach.
CONFLICT IN ADMINISTRATION'S
URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAM
(Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois (at the
requestof Mrs. MAY) was given permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr.
Speaker, I believe there is a serious con-
flict in the administration's urban re-
newal program. High officials within
the administration are speaking out of
both sides of their mouths. They are
saying on the one hand, that the urban
renewal program is a local program that
is operated under local controls. At the
same time, they are issuing orders which
have but one ultimate purpose, and that
is, insuring complete dominance and
control over the program by the Federal
Government.
From the earliest time the proposal for
a Department of Urban Affairs began,
certain Members of the House kept insist-
ing that the urban renewal program was
a local program, locally conceived and
locally operated. Strong denials were
made that there is any invasion of State
or local authority by the Federal Gov-
ernment. But I submit that while this
sounds impressive and overwhelming,
the facts bear out a contrary position.
Perhaps the wording of the laws them-
selves cannot be construed to con-
tradict their claims that there is no
danger of usurpation of local pre-
rogatives, but it is the entire system, and
the administrative implementation of
all the laws pertaining to urban renewal
Approved For Release-200611 t11:1 :=CIA =R- DP64B0Q346R000200150007-0
s on o re uce ou
c dea
fund is a dr.tst
fense capacity in the most troubled areas
of the world.
I say this because cur request for support-
ing assistance this year ($416 million) is
about one-ha If of our appropriation for 1961.
Let me show you how hard core a figure that
is. We requested $481.5 million. This has